(1) For the purposes of the foregoing provisions of this

28. (1) For the purposes of the foregoing provisions of this Chapter— (a) any person who before Merdeka Day became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation by registration as a citizen or in consequence of his registration as the subject of a Ruler, or by the grant of a certificate of citizenship, under any provision of the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948, or of any State law shall be treated as a citizen by registration and, if he was not born within the Federation, as a citizen by registration under Article 17*; (b) a woman who before that day became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation by registration as a citizen, or in consequence of her registration as the subject of *NOTE—This Article has been repealed by section 5 of the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1962 [Act 14/1962] w.e.f. 1 July 1963—see L.N. 105/1963. See also notes on Article 17. [Article 28] Federal Constitution 37 a Ruler, under any provision of the said Agreement or of any State law authorizing the registration of women married to citizens of the Federation or to subjects of the Ruler shall be treated as a citizen by registration under Clause (1) of Article 15; (c) any person who before that day was naturalized as a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation under the said Agreement or became a federal citizen or a citizen of the Federation in consequence of his naturalization as the subject of a Ruler under any State law shall (subject to Clause (2)) be treated as a citizen by naturalization, and references in those provisions to the registration or naturalization of a citizen shall be construed accordingly. (2) No person born within the Federation shall be liable by virtue of this Article to be deprived of citizenship under Article 25. (3) A person who on Merdeka Day became a citizen by operation of law as having been a citizen of the Federation immediately before that day shall not be deprived of citizenship under Clause (1) or (2) of Article 24 by reason of anything done on or before that day; but in the case of any such person Clause (2) of Article 25 shall apply equally in relation to a period of residence in foreign countries beginning before Merdeka Day and in relation to such a period beginning on or after that day. Deprivation of citizenship of persons becoming citizens on Malaysia Day