Ley 22/2003, de 9 de julio, Concursal.

This provision says insolvency proceedings may apply to any debtor, including natural and legal persons, may be opened for an estate before it is simply accepted, and cannot be opened for certain public-law entities.

Articles 142 to 144 are repealed.

Articles 145 to 147 are repealed.

Articles 148 to 153 are repealed.

Los artículos 154 a 162 están derogados.

Articles 163 to 166 are repealed.

Articles 167 to 173 are repealed.

Articles 174 and 175 are repealed.

Articles 176 to 182 are repealed.

Articles 183 to 189 are repealed.

Articles 190 to 191 quáter are repealed.

Articles 1 to 7 are repealed.

Los artículos 192 a 196 están derogados.

Articles 199 and 200 are repealed.

Articles 13 to 20 are repealed.

Los artículos 104 a 110 están derogados.

Articles 111 to 115 bis are repealed.

Articles 116 to 126 are repealed.

Articles 127 to 132 are repealed.

Articles 133 to 136 are repealed.

Articles 137 to 141 are repealed.

Regula qué juez de lo mercantil es competente para declarar y tramitar el concurso según el centro de intereses principales, el domicilio o el establecimiento del deudor.

This article says what a restructuring proposal may and may not include, and requires supporting payment and viability plans in some cases.

Una propuesta que haga depender la eficacia del convenio de una condición se considera no presentada. En concursos conexos, se permite una excepción para condicionar la propuesta de uno de los concursados.

Si una propuesta de convenio ofrece varias alternativas a los acreedores, debe indicar cuál se aplicará si no ejercen la opción. El plazo para ejercer esa opción no puede superar un mes desde la firmeza de la resolución judicial que aprueba el convenio.

Los acreedores pueden adherirse a una propuesta de convenio, pero la adhesión debe ser pura y simple y hacerse por los medios indicados.

The debtor may file an advance proposal for an agreement with the judge during the stated insolvency window, if liquidation has not been requested and the debtor is not subject to the listed prohibitions.

El concursado no puede presentar una propuesta anticipada de convenio si concurre alguna de las causas indicadas en el artículo.

Para que una propuesta anticipada de convenio sea admitida, debe ir acompañada de adhesiones suficientes; el juez decide su admisión y puede rechazarla si faltan requisitos o existe infracción legal.

If a proposed early arrangement is admitted, the court clerk must send it to the insolvency administrator, who must evaluate it within 10 days.

A creditor may join the proposed agreement during the stated window, and may revoke that joining within five days if the final creditor list changes the class or amount of the claim.

The judicial secretary checks whether the agreement has the required majority, and if it does, the judge approves it unless there is opposition or ex officio rejection.

En asuntos internacionales, the insolvency judge may only hear actions that are legally based in insolvency law and are directly related to the insolvency case.

If early approval of the settlement plan is not granted, the judge must immediately ask the debtor to choose between opening the settlement phase or asking for liquidation within three days. In the settlement phase, the debtor may keep, change, or replace the early settlement proposal.

El juez debe dictar un auto para cerrar la fase común y abrir la fase de convenio, y debe convocarse la junta de acreedores con notificación a las partes.

When the arrangement phase is opened, and while it is being processed, the rules for the common phase continue to apply.

El deudor concursado y ciertos acreedores pueden presentar propuesta de convenio en los plazos y condiciones indicados.

El juez debe admitir a trámite las propuestas de convenio que cumplan los requisitos; si hay defectos, debe notificarlos para que se subsanen en 3 días.

La administración concursal debe emitir un informe de evaluación en 10 días; después, los acreedores pueden adherirse a la propuesta de convenio dentro del periodo indicado y con las reglas de la ley.

For written processing of the composition agreement, the judicial clerk must verify the result within 10 days after the adhesion deadline ends, and the judge must issue an approving judgment within 5 days after the opposition period if the required majority is obtained, unless there is opposition or ex officio rejection.

The meeting must take place at the place, day, and time stated in the summons, and it is constituted only if the required creditor thresholds are met.

Los miembros de la administración concursal deben asistir a la junta; el concursado también debe asistir, personalmente o por representante con poder para negociar y aceptar convenios.

Certain creditors have the right to attend the meeting, and eligible creditors may appoint a proxy to represent them.

The attendance list must be attached to the minutes, and the secretary must endorse it.

This article lets a debtor, and other persons entitled to seek bankruptcy, challenge territorial jurisdiction within set deadlines.

Creditor attendees at the meeting, or their representatives, may ask for clarifications on the insolvency administrator’s report, its actions, the proposed arrangement, and the evaluation writings.

The chair opens and runs the meeting, the secretary presents the proposals, and creditors vote on them under the stated sequence and voting rules.

Los titulares de créditos subordinados no pueden votar en la junta, pero sí pueden votar por otros créditos que tengan.

A privileged creditor’s vote on a proposal has legal effect only if the proposal is accepted by the board and approved by the judge; a creditor with both privileged and ordinary claims is presumed to vote only as to the ordinary claims unless stated otherwise at the vote.

This article sets the voting majorities needed for a convenio proposal to be accepted and says what happens if the majorities are not reached.

A proposal for a convenio with special treatment for certain creditors needs the required majority plus favorable votes from the unaffected liabilities; a proposal that adds new obligations for creditors cannot be submitted without their prior consent.

El secretario debe levantar acta de la junta, se puede grabar el acto y los interesados pueden pedir testimonio o copia.

The secretary must send the meeting minutes to the judge on the same day the meeting ends or the next business day, and if there is an accepted agreement, submit it to the judge for approval.

Some parties may object to judicial approval of an arrangement within 10 days, and the debtor may also object or ask for liquidation in that same period.

This article sets out how an opposition to a proposed bankruptcy agreement is handled by the court.

El juez debe examinar la solicitud de concurso el mismo día o, si no puede, el siguiente hábil, y puede pedir subsanación si hay defectos; el Secretario judicial debe comunicarla a ciertas autoridades según el tipo de entidad.

Si termina el plazo de oposición sin que nadie se oponga, el juez debe dictar sentencia aprobando el convenio aceptado por la junta, salvo lo que diga el artículo siguiente.

The judge must reject an accepted concordat on their own initiative if the law’s requirements on its content, adhesions, written processing, or the meeting’s constitution/holding were breached.

The approving judgment for the agreement must be made public as provided in Articles 23 and 24 of the Law.

El convenio pasa a ser eficaz cuando se dicta la sentencia que lo aprueba, salvo que el juez retrase esa eficacia. Desde entonces cesan los efectos del concurso, con algunas excepciones.

El convenio vincula al deudor y a ciertos acreedores; los acreedores subordinados conservan la facultad de aceptar conversiones alternativas, y los privilegiados solo quedan vinculados en casos concretos o si se alcanzan determinadas mayorías.

Los acreedores que no votaron a favor del convenio no quedan vinculados por él respecto de sus derechos frente a deudores solidarios, fiadores o avalistas, y estos no pueden usar el convenio en su perjuicio.

Certain creditor claims are extinguished, deferred, and otherwise affected by the agreement’s contents.

The agreement may impose prohibitive or limiting measures on the debtor’s management and disposal powers.

El deudor debe informar al juez del concurso sobre su cumplimiento cada seis meses.

Cuando el deudor considere cumplido el convenio, debe presentar un informe justificado al juez y pedir que se declare el cumplimiento; luego el secretario lo pondrá de manifiesto y, pasados quince días, el juez lo declarará si sigue estimándolo cumplido.

Si el deudor presenta la solicitud, el juez debe dictar auto declarando el concurso cuando la documentación acredite los hechos previstos o la insolvencia alegada. Si se desestima la solicitud, solo cabe recurso de reposición.

A creditor may ask the judge to declare a plan breach; the request must be made within two months of the compliance order’s publication. A breach declaration ends the plan, but certain secured creditors may separately enforce their collateral.

If the compliance order is final and the time limit for breach declarations has expired, or any such claims have been finally rejected, the judge must issue the order ending the insolvency proceeding.

El deudor puede pedir la liquidación en cualquier momento y debe pedirla si no puede cumplir lo pactado; también pueden pedirla ciertos acreedores o la administración concursal en casos concretos.

This article is repealed.

The court must open liquidation on its own initiative in specified cases, such as when no composition proposal is filed or accepted, or when an approved agreement is later invalidated or breached.

When a judicial resolution opens the liquidation phase, it must be publicized as provided in Articles 23 and 24.

Durante la liquidación, el concursado queda suspendido en sus facultades de administración y disposición sobre su patrimonio. Si es persona natural, normalmente se extingue el derecho a alimentos con cargo a la masa activa, salvo necesidad mínima. Si es persona jurídica, la resolución de apertura debe incluir la disolución y el cese de administradores o liquidadores.

When liquidation opens, deferred insolvency claims become immediately due and claims payable in other performances are converted into money.

When a productive unit is transferred, certain contracts, licences, and authorisations pass to the buyer, and the buyer generally does not have to pay unsatisfied pre-transfer debts unless an exception applies.

During liquidation, the rules in Title III continue to apply unless they conflict with the specific rules of this chapter.

The insolvency administrator must submit a liquidation plan to the judge within 15 days after notice of the opening of liquidation, and the plan is then made available for comments and possible judicial approval or modification.

This article sets rules for how assets are sold during liquidation, usually as a whole and usually by auction, with court-approved alternatives in some cases.

This article sets the court’s procedure for insolvency applications, including when the judge must issue the declaration order, when the application is admitted and the debtor is notified, and when later applications are joined together.

Los bienes o derechos litigiosos pueden venderse con esa condición, y la administración concursal debe comunicar la venta al juzgado o tribunal del litigio.

Administradores concursales may not acquire assets or rights belonging to the bankruptcy estate, even by proxy or at auction.

La administración concursal debe informar periódicamente al juez sobre la liquidación y comunicar esos informes a los acreedores por vía telemática cuando conozca su dirección electrónica.

After one year of liquidation without completion, any interested person may ask the insolvency judge to remove the insolvency administrators and appoint replacements.

The insolvency administrator must set aside the estate assets and rights needed to pay claims against the estate before paying ordinary insolvency claims.

Special privilege claims are normally paid from the affected assets; the bankruptcy administrator may instead choose to pay them from the estate under certain timing conditions.

Claims with general privilege must be paid from the estate in the order set by article 91. A judge may allow payment before objections are finished and may take protective measures.

Los créditos ordinarios se pagan después de los créditos contra la masa y los privilegiados, salvo autorización judicial excepcional para pagar antes.

Subordinated credits cannot be paid until ordinary credits are fully satisfied.

If a credit is paid before its maturity at the opening of liquidation, the payment must be reduced by the corresponding discount calculated at the legal interest rate.

If bankruptcy is declared or the declaration request is admitted for processing, the judge must order the formation of the first section, which starts with the request.

El acreedor puede cobrar en el concurso del deudor las cantidades correspondientes si antes del concurso ya había cobrado parte del crédito de un fiador, avalista o de un deudor solidario, hasta completar el importe total del crédito.

If a credit is recognised in multiple insolvency proceedings of joint debtors, the total amount collected across those proceedings cannot exceed the credit amount.

Si hubo pagos parciales antes de la liquidación, se consideran legítimos salvo fraude u otras causas; quienes los recibieron deben conservarlos y no pueden cobrar en la liquidación hasta que los acreedores de su misma clase hayan cobrado un porcentaje equivalente.

The insolvency proceeding is classified as either fortuitous or culpable, and that classification does not bind criminal courts.

El concurso puede calificarse como culpable si hubo dolo o culpa grave en la insolvencia o si se dan ciertos hechos graves, como incumplir la contabilidad, presentar documentos falsos, perjudicar a acreedores o simular patrimonio.

This article says bankruptcy is presumed culpable if the debtor or certain company officers fail to request insolvency, cooperate with the court and insolvency administration, provide needed information, attend creditors’ meetings in some cases, or comply with required accounting filing/audit/deposit steps; it also covers unreasonable refusal of debt capitalization or convertible issuance in some restructuring contexts.

This article defines who counts as an accomplice in a culpable insolvency case.

El órgano judicial debe ordenar la formación de la sección sexta en la misma resolución que apruebe el convenio o el plan de liquidación, o que ordene la liquidación; hay una excepción cuando se aprueba un convenio con condiciones mínimas de quita o espera, salvo incumplimiento.

Creditors and persons with a legitimate interest may appear and take part within 10 days after the relevant publication; in one reopened case, their filings are limited to the question of culpable insolvency.

La administración concursal debe presentar un informe al juez dentro de 15 días; luego el Secretario judicial lo traslada al Ministerio Fiscal, que tiene 10 días para dictaminar, con posible prórroga judicial de hasta 10 días.

Before bankruptcy is declared, the judge may order precautionary measures, may ask the applicant to provide security, and must later decide whether those measures remain effective.

Si el informe concursal y el dictamen fiscal califican el concurso como fortuito, el juez debe archivar el caso sin más trámite y no cabe recurso. Si no, debe oír al deudor y citar a otras personas afectadas o cómplices para que comparezcan y aleguen en plazos breves.

Si el deudor o algún comparecido se opone, la oposición se tramita como incidente concursal; si hay varias oposiciones, se tramitan juntas. Si no hay oposición, el juez debe dictar sentencia en cinco días.

If a bankruptcy is classified as culpable, the judgment must state the reasons and impose listed consequences, including disqualification and other losses; parties to the qualification section may appeal.

El juez puede condenar a ciertos administradores, liquidadores, apoderados generales o socios a cubrir total o parcialmente el déficit del concurso en los supuestos indicados.

Disqualified administrators and liquidators must leave office, and the insolvency administration must call a partners’ meeting if needed to fill the vacancies.

Si una autoridad supervisora acuerda medidas administrativas que disuelven y liquidan una entidad y excluyen el concurso, debe comunicar la resolución de inmediato al juez competente; al recibirla, el juez debe dictar auto para formar una sección autónoma de calificación, incluso si la resolución no es firme.

La sección debe ir encabezada por la resolución administrativa que acordó las medidas, y los interesados pueden personarse y ser parte en la sección dentro de 15 días desde la publicación prevista en el artículo anterior.

This article says a bankruptcy case is concluded and the proceedings are archived when one of several listed conditions is met.

Regula cuándo puede cerrarse un concurso por falta de masa activa y qué debe hacer la administración concursal antes del cierre.

This article says there is no appeal against the order ending the bankruptcy proceeding, and that a final resolution ending the proceeding must be personally notified and publicly disclosed.

When insolvency concludes, a natural-person debtor may remain liable for remaining debts, creditors may start individual enforcement actions, and a legal-entity debtor can be dissolved with its registry entry cancelled.

A natural debtor may seek discharge of unpaid debt after liquidation or insufficiency of assets, if the article’s conditions are met.

Regulates when a bankruptcy case is treated as reopened and what the court must do.

If the debtor accepts the request or does not oppose it in time, the judge must declare bankruptcy; if the debtor opposes, the court must set a hearing and the debtor must prove solvency if that is the basis of the opposition.

En caso de reapertura, la administración concursal debe actualizar el inventario y la lista de acreedores en dos meses, y la actualización solo puede referirse a las cuestiones previstas en el artículo.

La administración concursal debe rendir cuentas completas e informar del resultado y saldo final en sus informes antes de la conclusión del concurso; deudor y acreedores pueden oponerse en 15 días.

La muerte o declaración de fallecimiento del concursado no termina el concurso; el procedimiento sigue como concurso de la herencia.

This article divides the insolvency proceeding into six sections and says each section’s matters are handled in separate procedural files as needed.

Este artículo regula quién debe comparecer representado por procurador y asistido de letrado en el concurso, y cuándo el secretario judicial o el juez pueden actuar para localizar al deudor y continuar el trámite.

Certain creditors may ask the court to inspect case documents about their claims, and a lawyer or representative can do this without needing to appear in person for that step.

Tras declararse el concurso, el Secretario judicial impulsa de oficio el proceso y el Juez decide sobre el desistimiento o la renuncia del solicitante.

The judge may open needed days and hours for urgent insolvency proceedings, and the judicial secretary may do so for ordered procedural acts or to carry out the judge’s rulings.

If the law requires judicial authorization, the request must be made in writing; affected parties must be heard and given time to object; the judge must decide by order within five days after the objection period ends.

Criminal proceedings related to the insolvency case do not suspend the insolvency process, and the insolvency judge may order payment-retention measures in certain criminal-complaint situations.

Regulates the court hearing in a bankruptcy case, including who must appear, when it is held, and what the judge may do.

El juez puede aplicar el procedimiento abreviado en ciertos concursos, y debe hacerlo en un caso específico; también puede cambiar entre procedimiento abreviado y ordinario cuando cambien las circunstancias.

This article sets deadlines and procedural steps for the insolvency administrator and the court clerk on inventories, reports, objections, and liquidation.

The court and court officials must act on a debtor’s composition proposal within set deadlines, and creditors may join it within a limited period.

Any matters in this chapter that are not expressly regulated are governed by the rules for the ordinary procedure.

Reglas especiales para la liquidación abreviada cuando se pide la liquidación y se presenta un plan de liquidación.

Certain disputes and actions in a bankruptcy case must be handled through the concursal incident procedure, and the bankruptcy judge may suspend affected proceedings in some cases.

En el incidente concursal, ciertas personas pueden intervenir con plena autonomía, y las partes que intervengan deben contestar a las demandas opuestas y pedir con claridad la tutela concreta que soliciten cuando haya demandas acumuladas con peticiones distintas.

Regulates how an incidental claim is admitted or rejected, how the parties are notified, and when the judge holds a hearing or decides without further steps.

This article sets out how a labor-related insolvency incident is filed, scheduled, and heard, including correction periods and minimum timing before the hearing.

El juez debe dictar sentencia dentro de 10 días tras terminar el juicio y resolver el incidente.

This article is repealed.

This article sets out the Public Insolvency Register, under the Ministry of Justice, and says its contents must be publicly accessible online for free; the article is noted as repealed, but it remains in force until the referenced regulation is approved.

This article says the title applies without prejudice to insolvency regulation and other related community or treaty rules, and that chapters III and IV do not apply to proceedings in a foreign State when there is no reciprocity or there is a systematic lack of cooperation by that State’s authorities.

This provision says a bankruptcy filing is allowed when the common debtor is insolvent, defines insolvency, and sets different supporting requirements depending on whether the debtor or a creditor files.

Articles 25 to 25 ter are repealed.

Articles 27 bis to 32 are repealed.

Articles 201 to 209 are repealed.

Los artículos 210 a 213 están derogados.

Articles 214 to 219 are repealed.

Articles 220 to 226 are repealed.

Articles 227 to 230 are repealed.

This provision states that Articles 231 to 242 bis are repealed.

El juez debe dictar auto en tres días y la resolución puede ser apelada; también se regulan quién puede recurrir y cómo se imponen las costas.

Spanish law sets the requirements, effects, development, and conclusion of insolvency proceedings declared in Spain, subject to the following articles.

Las reglas sobre ciertos derechos reales y ventas con reserva de dominio se aplican según la ley del Estado donde estén los bienes cuando se declara el concurso, con una excepción expresada para las acciones de reintegración.

For debtor rights tied to registered real estate, ships, or aircraft, the effects of the insolvency proceeding follow the law of the State that controls the registry.

After a bankruptcy filing, the validity of for-value disposal acts by the debtor over registered real estate, ships, or aircraft is governed by the law of the location of the property or the registry authority.

In insolvency, the law of the state of the relevant register governs rights over book-entry securities, and the law applicable to the relevant system or market governs participants’ rights and obligations in payment, clearing, or financial market systems.

A bankruptcy declaration does not remove a creditor’s right to set off its claim if the law governing the debtor’s reciprocal debt allows set-off in insolvency.

For insolvency effects on contracts involving immovable property, the law of the state where the property is located applies exclusively.

The effects of insolvency on an employment contract and labor relations are governed only by the law of the State that applies to the contract.

Recovery actions are not allowed under this law if the beneficiary proves the harmful act is governed by another State’s law that cannot be challenged at all.

Pending declaratory proceedings about an asset or right of the estate are governed only by the law of the state where they are pending.

El auto de declaración de concurso fija efectos y ordena notificaciones, avisos y comunicaciones a acreedores y autoridades.

This article says territorial insolvency proceedings follow the same rules as the main insolvency proceeding, except where this section provides otherwise.

A recognised foreign main proceeding allows a territorial bankruptcy proceeding to be opened in Spain without first checking the debtor’s insolvency.

This article says who may ask for a territorial insolvency proceeding to be declared.

Limitations on creditors’ rights from an approved territorial insolvency agreement only take effect for the debtor’s assets outside that insolvency if all affected creditors agree.

La administración concursal debe informar sin demora a los acreedores conocidos en el extranjero cuando se declare el concurso, y hacerlo por escrito y de forma individualizada salvo decisión distinta del juez.

El juez puede ordenar la publicación del contenido esencial del auto de declaración del concurso en el extranjero, y la administración concursal puede pedir publicidad registral en el extranjero de ese auto y de otros actos del procedimiento.

Un pago al concursado en el extranjero solo libera al deudor si hizo el pago sin saber que el concurso estaba abierto en España.

Foreign creditors must communicate their claims to the insolvency administration, and any creditor may file a claim in a main or territorial insolvency proceeding opened in Spain.

Después de abrirse un concurso principal en España, el acreedor que cobre con bienes del deudor situados en el extranjero debe devolver lo obtenido a la masa; en ciertos casos, el juez puede autorizar a los acreedores a ejecutar individualmente en el extranjero.

Certain creditors abroad must file their claim notice in Spanish or another official language of the court’s autonomous community. The insolvency administrator may later require a Spanish translation if another language is used.

The article classifies an insolvency proceeding as voluntary if the debtor filed the first request; otherwise it is necessary, with a special rule making it necessary if another admitted petition was filed within the previous three months.

Foreign insolvency opening decisions may be recognised in Spain through exequatur if the listed conditions are met.

La persona o órgano facultado puede ser considerado administrador o representante de un procedimiento extranjero, y si se reconoce un procedimiento extranjero principal debe publicar el procedimiento, pedir las inscripciones registrales procedentes y respetar la ley española al ejercer sus facultades.

Certain insolvency resolutions are recognized in Spain without a separate procedure if article 220 requirements are met; interested persons may seek exequatur in case of opposition, and the trial judge/court can decide the issue incidentally in ongoing proceedings.

Foreign judgments and territorial insolvency proceedings have the effects set by the law stated in this article, subject to the listed exception.

Foreign judgments that are enforceable under the law of the state where the proceedings were opened need prior exequatur to be enforced in Spain.

Un pago hecho en España a un deudor en insolvencia extranjera solo libera al pagador si ignoraba el procedimiento.

Foreign insolvency precautionary measures may be recognized and enforced in Spain with exequatur, and Spanish precautionary measures may be adopted before recognition on request of the administrator or representative.

Administrators in Spanish and foreign insolvency proceedings must cooperate, share useful information, coordinate control of assets and activities, and allow timely filings in territorial Spanish cases.

En ciertos casos, el administrador o representante y la administración concursal pueden comunicar o presentar créditos y participar en procedimientos de insolvencia extranjeros o en un concurso en España.

A creditor who gets part payment in a foreign insolvency proceeding cannot ask for extra payment in the Spanish bankruptcy case until other creditors of the same class and rank have received a proportionally equivalent amount.

La publicidad del concurso y sus comunicaciones debe hacerse preferentemente por medios electrónicos; el extracto debe publicarse de forma gratuita y urgente en el BOE, y otras resoluciones deben insertarse en el Registro Público Concursal.

If reciprocity applies, leftover assets at the end of a territorial insolvency proceeding must be made available to the recognized foreign main proceeding’s administrator or representative in Spain.

This article sets who may start an extrajudicial payment agreement, the eligibility conditions, and several exclusions.

El deudor que quiera un acuerdo extrajudicial de pagos debe pedir el nombramiento de un mediador y presentar la solicitud con la documentación exigida.

Regulates how a concursal mediator is appointed and what the mediator, registrar/notary, and chambers must do after acceptance.

El mediador concursal debe revisar la documentación del deudor, comprobar los créditos y convocar a deudor y acreedores a una reunión dentro del plazo indicado, excluyendo a los acreedores de derecho público.

Al solicitarse la apertura del expediente, el deudor puede seguir trabajando, pero debe evitar actos de administración o disposición fuera del giro ordinario de su actividad.

The insolvency mediator must send creditors a proposed out-of-court payment agreement, and creditors may suggest changes within 10 days.

Los acreedores convocados deben asistir a la reunión, salvo quienes ya hayan aprobado u objetado dentro de los 10 días anteriores. La reunión puede modificar el plan de pagos y el plan de viabilidad si no cambia el pago de ciertos acreedores ausentes que sí aprobaron a tiempo.

This article sets voting thresholds and follow-up steps for accepting an extrajudicial payment agreement.

The out-of-court agreement binds the debtor and the listed creditors. Secured creditors are bound only for the part of their claim that does not exceed the security value if they voted in favor; otherwise, they are bound only to certain measures if the required majority is reached.

Un acreedor puede impugnar el acuerdo dentro de 10 días desde su publicación si no fue convocado, no votó a favor o ya había manifestado su oposición.

El artículo regula qué resoluciones y datos del concurso deben inscribirse o anotarse en distintos registros públicos y quién debe ordenar esas inscripciones.

This provision limits enforcement against affected creditors, lets the debtor ask for release of attachments, and preserves certain claims and rights depending on whether creditors accepted the agreement.

El mediador concursal debe supervisar el cumplimiento del acuerdo y, según el resultado, dejar constancia notarial si se cumple íntegramente o instar el concurso si se incumple.

Regula varias especialidades del concurso consecutivo, incluyendo quién puede pedirlo, qué documentos deben acompañarse y varios plazos y facultades procesales.

For natural persons who are not entrepreneurs, the debt-settlement request must be filed with the notary at the debtor’s domicile, and the notary must manage and notify the negotiations, with several short deadlines for appointment, acceptance, meetings, and further steps.

El artículo permite pedir conjuntamente el concurso de varios deudores en ciertos casos, y fija qué juez es competente.