Strafflag

Chapter heading: scope of Finnish criminal law.

Chapter heading on the scope of Finnish criminal law.

Chapter heading on the scope of Finnish criminal law.

Kapitlet gäller tillämpningsområdet för finsk straffrätt.

Heading for Chapter 1 on the scope of Finnish criminal law.

Chapter on the scope of Finnish criminal law.

Chapter heading: scope of Finnish criminal law.

Chapter on the scope of Finnish criminal law.

Chapter heading about the scope of Finnish criminal law.

This chapter concerns the scope of Finnish criminal law.

Heading for the chapter on the scope of application of Finnish criminal law.

This chapter concerns the scope of Finnish criminal law.

This heading indicates the provision concerns the scope of Finnish criminal law.

Kapitlet gäller tillämpningsområdet för finsk straffrätt.

Crimes committed in Finland are governed by Finnish law.

Brott som begåtts i Finland ska omfattas av finsk lag.

Brott som begåtts i Finland omfattas av finsk lag.

Crimes committed in Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Crimes committed in Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Crimes committed in Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to crimes committed in Finland.

Brott som har begåtts i Finland omfattas av finsk lag.

Crimes committed in Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Brott som begåtts i Finland ska bedömas enligt finsk lag.

Crimes committed in Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Crimes committed in Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Offences committed in Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Crimes committed in Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg, särskilt när de är på öppet hav, i statslöst område eller i en främmande stats område, och i vissa fall även för brott som begås utanför Finland av befälhavare eller besättningsmedlemmar.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg, beroende på var fartyget befinner sig och vem som begått brottet.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på ett finskt fartyg eller luftfartyg.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg, särskilt när fartyget är på öppna havet, i område utan stat eller i en främmande stats område och gärningsmannen är befälhavare, besättningsmedlem, passagerare eller annan medföljande person.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg, särskilt när de befinner sig på öppet hav, i område utan statstillhörighet, eller i främmande stats område under angivna villkor.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg när de sker på öppna havet, i område utan statstillhörighet, eller i främmande stats område under vissa villkor.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg, särskilt när de sker på öppet hav, i område utan stat, eller i främmande stats område under vissa omständigheter.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg, och även för vissa brott utanför Finland som begås av befälhavare eller besättningsmedlemmar.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg, och i vissa fall även när ett luftfartyg landar i Finland eller är uthyrt utan besättning till en hyrestagare i Finland.

Bestämmelsen anger när finsk lag tillämpas på brott som har begåtts ombord på finska fartyg eller luftfartyg, samt i vissa fall på brott efter landning i Finland eller mot hyrda luftfartyg.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed on Finnish ships or aircraft, and in some landing, foreign-territory, and crew-duty situations.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed on Finnish ships or aircraft, including in international waters, in foreign territory, on landing in Finland, and in some cases involving crew duties or leased aircraft.

This section says when Finnish law applies to crimes linked to Finnish ships or aircraft, including cases on the high seas, in foreign territory, on landing in Finland, and in some crew-duty cases.

Finnish law applies to offences committed outside Finland if they are directed at Finland.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begåtts utanför Finland men riktar sig mot Finland.

Crimes committed outside Finland that target Finland are treated under Finnish law.

Crimes committed outside Finland are subject to Finnish law if they are directed against Finland.

Finsk lag applies to crimes committed outside Finland if the crime is directed against Finland.

Finnish law applies to offenses committed outside Finland if the offense is directed against Finland.

Finnish law applies to crimes committed outside Finland if the crime is directed against Finland.

Crimes committed outside Finland that target Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Crimes committed outside Finland that are directed against Finland are subject to Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to crimes committed outside Finland when the crime is directed against Finland.

Offences committed outside Finland that target Finland are subject to Finnish law.

If an offence committed outside Finland targets Finland, Finnish law applies.

Crimes committed outside Finland are treated under Finnish law if they are directed against Finland.

Offences committed outside Finland are treated under Finnish law if they target Finland.

Finnish law applies to certain offences in chapters 40 and 45 when they are committed outside Finland by specified persons.

Finnish law applies to certain Chapter 40 offences committed outside Finland by persons covered by Chapter 40, section 11(1), (2), (3) and (5), and also to certain Chapter 45 offences committed outside Finland by persons to whom Chapter 45 applies.

Finnish law applies to certain offenses in chapters 40 and 45 when they are committed outside Finland by the persons covered by those chapters.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott i 40 kap. och 45 kap. när de begås utanför Finland av angivna personer.

Finnish law applies to certain offences in chapters 40 and 45 when they are committed outside Finland by the specified persons.

Finnish law applies to certain offenses committed outside Finland by specified persons.

Finnish law applies to certain offences listed in Chapter 40 and Chapter 45 when they are committed outside Finland by the persons named in those chapters.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland by specified persons under Chapters 40 and 45.

Finnish law applies to certain offences in chapters 40 and 45 when they are committed outside Finland by specified persons.

Finnish law applies to certain offences in chapters 40 and 45 when they are committed outside Finland by the persons described in those chapters.

Finnish law applies to certain offences in chapters 40 and 45 when they are committed outside Finland by the persons covered by those chapters.

Finnish law applies to certain offences in chapters 40 and 45 when they are committed outside Finland by the persons specified in those chapters.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland by specified persons.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott i 40 och 45 kap. när de begås utanför Finland av personer som omfattas av de angivna kapitlen.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland against Finnish persons or entities, if the act can lead to more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finsk lag applies to offences committed outside Finland if they target listed Finnish persons or entities and the act can lead to more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if they target specified Finnish persons or entities or a foreigner permanently resident in Finland, and the act may carry more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed outside Finland if they target specified Finnish persons or entities and the act can carry more than six months’ imprisonment.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås utanför Finland mot finska personer eller finska rättssubjekt, om gärningen kan ge mer än sex månaders fängelse enligt finsk lag.

Finsk lag applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if they target listed Finnish persons or entities, and the offence can lead to more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland against listed Finnish persons or entities if the act can lead to more than six months' imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland when they target specified Finnish persons or entities, and the act may lead to more than six months' imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if they target specified Finnish-linked persons or entities and the act can be punished by more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås utanför Finland mot finska personer eller vissa finska juridiska personer, om gärningen kan ge över sex månaders fängelse enligt finsk lag.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if they target specified Finnish persons or entities and the act can carry more than six months’ imprisonment.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås utanför Finland om de riktas mot en finsk medborgare, ett finskt samfund, en finsk stiftelse, annan finsk juridisk person eller en i Finland varaktigt bosatt utlänning, och brottet kan ge mer än sex månaders fängelse enligt finsk lag.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland against Finnish or other specified protected persons or entities, if the act can carry more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland against Finnish persons or entities if the act may lead to more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law.

Finnish law applies to offences committed outside Finland by a Finnish citizen.

Finnish law applies to offences committed outside Finland by a Finnish citizen, with a six-month imprisonment threshold when the offence was committed in no-state territory.

Finnish law applies to offences committed abroad by a Finnish citizen, with a six-month imprisonment threshold for offences committed in territory belonging to no state.

Finnish law applies to offences committed outside Finland by a Finnish citizen, with a six-month imprisonment threshold if the offence was committed in a territory belonging to no state.

Finnish law applies to offences committed abroad by a Finnish citizen.

Finnish law applies to crimes committed abroad by a Finnish citizen, with a special six-month imprisonment threshold for offenses committed in territory belonging to no state.

Finnish law applies to offenses committed abroad by a Finnish citizen. If the offense was committed in a stateless area, punishability requires that Finnish law allows imprisonment of more than six months.

Finnish law applies to offenses committed abroad by a Finnish citizen, with extra conditions for offenses committed in stateless areas.

Finnish law applies to crimes committed outside Finland by a Finnish citizen; if the crime was committed in a stateless area, punishability requires that Finnish law allows imprisonment for more than six months.

Finnish law applies to offenses committed outside Finland by a Finnish citizen.

Finsk lag gäller för brott som en finsk medborgare begår utanför Finland; i vissa statslösa områden krävs dessutom att brottet kan ge fängelse i över sex månader enligt finsk lag.

Brott som en finsk medborgare begår utanför Finland omfattas av finsk lag; om brottet skett i ett område som inte tillhör någon stat krävs dessutom att det enligt finsk lag kan leda till fängelse i över sex månader.

Finnish law applies to offenses committed outside Finland by a Finnish citizen.

Finsk lag gäller för brott som en finsk medborgare har begått utanför Finland. Om brottet begåtts i ett område utan statstillhörighet krävs att gärningen enligt finsk lag kan ge fängelse i över sex månader.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed outside Finland, including internationally punishable offences and specified nuclear, preparatory, and human trafficking offences.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland, including internationally binding crimes and specified nuclear and trafficking offences.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland, including treaty-based international crimes, some nuclear-related offences, and human trafficking offences.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland, including internationally bound offences, nuclear-related offences under the relevant treaty, and human trafficking-related offences.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland when punishability is based on an international agreement or other internationally binding rule for Finland.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed outside Finland, including internationally binding offences and listed offences such as human trafficking, offences under chapter 34 a, robbery/extortion linked to those offences, and certain forgery offences.

Bestämmelsen säger att finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås utanför Finland.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås utanför Finland, särskilt internationella brott och vissa uppräknade brottstyper.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland, including internationally binding treaty-based offences and several listed offences.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed outside Finland, including internationally punishable offences and specific listed offences.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed outside Finland, especially where punishability is based on an international agreement or another internationally binding rule, and to several specifically listed offences.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begås utanför Finland, särskilt internationellt förpliktande brott och vissa uppräknade brottstyper.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland, especially internationally punishable offences and several listed offences.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed outside Finland, including internationally binding treaty-based crimes and listed offences.

Finsk lag gäller för vissa brott som begåtts utanför Finland, om straffet kan vara över sex månaders fängelse och vissa utländska begäranden har gjorts och avslagits.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if the offence may lead to more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law and the foreign state has requested prosecution in a Finnish court or requested extradition but that request was denied.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland when the offence is punishable by more than six months’ imprisonment and either a foreign state has requested prosecution in a Finnish court or an extradition request has been refused.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if the offence is punishable by more than six months’ imprisonment under Finnish law and the foreign state requests prosecution in a Finnish court or asks for extradition but is refused.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if the foreign state asks for prosecution in a Finnish court or asks for extradition and that request is refused.

Finsk lag tillämpas på vissa brott som begåtts utanför Finland, om villkoren i bestämmelsen är uppfyllda.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if the offence may lead to more than six months’ imprisonment and the foreign state has asked for prosecution in a Finnish court or extradition has been requested and refused.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed outside Finland if the offense can lead to more than six months’ imprisonment and the foreign state asked for prosecution in a Finnish court or asked for extradition and the request was refused.

Finnish law applies to certain crimes committed outside Finland when the offence may lead to more than six months’ imprisonment and the foreign state has sought prosecution in Finland or extradition has been refused.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if the offence can lead to more than six months' imprisonment under Finnish law and the foreign state requested prosecution in a Finnish court or extradition was requested and refused.

Finnish law applies to certain offenses committed outside Finland if the offense is punishable by more than six months’ imprisonment and the foreign state has requested prosecution or extradition, and the extradition request was refused.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if the possible penalty is more than six months’ imprisonment and the foreign state has requested prosecution in Finland or requested extradition that was refused.

Finsk lag tillämpas på vissa brott som begåtts utanför Finland om straffet kan vara mer än sex månaders fängelse och den andra staten har begärt åtal i finsk domstol eller begärt utlämning som har avslagits.

Finnish law applies to certain offences committed outside Finland if the offence can lead to more than six months’ imprisonment and either a foreign state requests prosecution in a Finnish court or requests extradition but the request is refused.

When Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, corporate criminal liability is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of a legal person is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

If a crime under this chapter is governed by Finnish law, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined by Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined by Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

If a crime under this chapter is governed by Finnish law, a legal person’s criminal liability is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

If Finnish law applies to an offence under this chapter, the criminal liability of legal persons is also determined under Finnish law.

This provision says when a crime is treated as having been committed at a place: where the act was done, where the result occurred, where an omission should have been corrected, and, for attempted offences, where the result would likely have occurred if completed.

This section says where a crime is legally considered to have been committed, including completed crimes, omission offences, attempts, and participation by instigators or accomplices.

The section says when a crime is deemed committed: where the act happened, where its result appeared, and in attempts, complicity, or omission cases, it may be deemed committed in additional places.

This section says where a crime is deemed to have been committed, including for omissions, attempts, accomplices, and cases where the exact place cannot be determined.

The provision says where a crime is deemed to have been committed, including attempts, omissions, accomplice conduct, and cases where the exact place cannot be established.

This section says when a crime is treated as committed for venue purposes, including completed offences, omission offences, attempts, participation, and cases tied to Finland.

This section says where a crime is legally treated as committed, including ordinary offenses, omissions, attempts, accomplice liability, and cases where the place cannot be determined.

A crime is treated as committed where the act was done and where the result occurred; attempts and participation are also treated as committed in specified places.

This section states where an offense is treated as having been committed, including for acts, omissions, attempts, and participation.

A crime is treated as committed at the place where the act was done and where its consequence occurred; for an omission offence, also where the person should have acted. Attempt, aiding, and incitement are treated as committed in the places specified in the section, and if the place cannot be determined but there is reason to believe the crime was committed in Finland, it is treated as committed in Finland.

This section says where a crime is treated as committed, including for attempts, omissions, accomplices, and uncertain place cases.

This section says where a crime is treated as committed.

This section says when an offence is treated as having been committed in a place, including completed offences, omission offences, attempts, accomplices, and cases where the exact place cannot be determined.

This section says where a crime is treated as having been committed, including for omissions, attempts, and participation.

Finnish law may apply to crimes committed in a foreign state only if the act is also punishable where it was committed and a court there could have imposed a sentence, with listed exceptions.

Finnish law may apply to an offence committed abroad only if the act is also punishable where it was committed, unless listed exceptions apply.

Finnish law may apply to an offence committed abroad only if the act is punishable where it was committed and a court there could have imposed a penalty; any Finnish sentence must not be harsher than the foreign-law penalty.

Finnish law may be applied to an offence committed in another state only if the act is also punishable where it was committed and a court there could have imposed a penalty; if Finnish law applies, the penalty in Finland may not be harsher than the foreign-law penalty, with listed exceptions for certain offences and persons.

Finnish law may be applied to an offence committed in a foreign state only if the act is also punishable where it was committed and a court there could have imposed a penalty; some listed offences are exceptions.

Finnish law may apply to an offense committed abroad only if the act is also punishable where it was committed and a foreign court could also have punished it; in Finland, the penalty cannot be harsher than the foreign-law penalty, with listed special exceptions.

Section 11 sets conditions for applying Finnish law to offences committed abroad, including a dual-criminality rule and several listed exceptions.

Finnish law may apply to a foreign offense only if the act is punishable where it was committed and a court in that state could also have imposed a penalty, with listed exceptions.

Finnish law may apply to an offence committed in a foreign state only if the act is also punishable where it was committed and a court there could have imposed a penalty; for some listed offences, Finnish law can apply even without foreign punishment.

Finnish law may apply to a foreign act only if it is also punishable where it was committed, with listed exceptions.

Finnish law may apply to certain offences committed abroad only if the conduct is also punishable where it was committed and a court there could have imposed punishment; for some listed offences, Finnish law can still apply even without foreign punishment rules.

Finnish law may be applied to an offence committed in a foreign state only if the act is also punishable there and a court in that state could have sentenced the offender, with some listed exceptions.

Finnish law may apply to offenses committed abroad only if the act is also punishable where it was committed and a court in that foreign state could have imposed punishment, with listed exceptions.

Finnish law may apply to crimes committed abroad only if the act is also punishable where it was committed and a court there could have sentenced it; in some listed special cases, Finnish law can still apply even without foreign punishment.

Brottmål får som huvudregel inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande, men flera uttryckliga undantag finns.

Certain criminal cases may not be tried in Finland without the Prosecutor General’s prosecution order, subject to listed exceptions.

Brottmål får inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande i vissa gränsöverskridande och liknande fall.

Brottmål får inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande, men flera undantag anges i paragrafen.

Brottmål får inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande i vissa gränsöverskridande eller särskilt angivna fall.

Brottmål får inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande, men flera uttryckliga undantag finns.

Criminal cases may not be tried in Finland without the Prosecutor General’s order, unless one of the listed exceptions applies.

Certain criminal cases may not be tried in Finland without the Prosecutor General’s authorization, subject to listed exceptions.

Brottmål får som huvudregel inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande när vissa gränsöverskridande eller särskilda situationer gäller.

Criminal cases in Finland generally may not be tried without a prosecution order from the Prosecutor General, subject to listed exceptions.

Brottmål får normalt inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande, men flera uppräknade undantag finns.

Brottmål får som huvudregel inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande, men flera uttryckliga undantag gäller.

Brottmål får som huvudregel inte prövas i Finland utan riksåklagarens åtalsförordnande, men vissa uttryckliga undantag finns.

Criminal cases may not be tried in Finland without the Prosecutor General’s authorization, unless one of the listed exceptions applies.

The Prosecutor General may order charges to be brought in Finland in certain cases despite an earlier foreign judgment, but not if the offence was partly committed in the EU state that gave the judgment.

Prosecutor General may order charges to be brought in Finland in certain cross-border cases, but not for a partly domestic EU-state offence in the specified situation.

Åtal får inte väckas i Finland när det redan finns en lagakraftvunnen dom för samma gärning i den stat där den begicks eller i en annan EU-medlemsstat, med vissa angivna undantag. Riksåklagaren får i vissa fall ändå besluta att åtal ska väckas i Finland.

Åtal får i regel inte väckas i Finland om det redan finns en lagakraftvunnen dom i den stat där gärningen begicks eller i en annan EU-medlemsstat.

Riksåklagaren får i vissa fall besluta att åtal ska väckas i Finland trots en tidigare utländsk dom, men inte när brottet delvis har begåtts i den EU-medlemsstat där domen gavs.

Riksåklagaren får i vissa fall besluta att åtal ska väckas i Finland trots en utländsk dom, men får inte göra det för brott som delvis begåtts i den medlemsstat där domen meddelades.

Åtal i Finland får inte väckas för vissa gärningar som redan har lett till en lagakraftvunnen dom utomlands, men riksåklagaren kan i vissa fall ändå besluta att åtal ska väckas.

Riksåklagaren får i vissa fall besluta att åtal ska väckas i Finland trots en utländsk dom, men inte om brottet delvis begåtts i den EU-stat där domen gavs.

Åtal i Finland får inte väckas om samma gärning redan har lett till en lagakraftvunnen dom i gärningsstaten eller en annan EU-medlemsstat, med vissa uttryckliga undantag. Riksåklagaren kan i vissa fall ändå besluta att åtal ska väckas i Finland.

I Finland får åtal normalt inte väckas om det redan finns en lagakraftvunnen dom för samma gärning i den stat där gärningen begicks eller i en annan EU-medlemsstat, men riksåklagaren kan i vissa fall ändå besluta att åtal ska väckas.

Åtal får inte väckas i Finland för vissa gärningar som redan har lett till en lagakraftvunnen dom utomlands eller i en annan EU-stat, med några uttryckliga undantag. Riksåklagaren kan ändå i vissa fall besluta att åtal ska väckas i Finland, men inte om brottet delvis begåtts i den medlemsstat där domen gavs.

In Finland, charges may not be brought for an offence already finally decided in the place of the offence or another EU Member State, unless one of the stated exceptions applies. The Prosecutor General may order charges in Finland for certain foreign-judgment cases.

Åtal får normalt inte väckas i Finland om det redan finns en lagakraftvunnen dom för samma gärning i den stat där gärningen begicks eller i en annan EU-medlemsstat.

In Finland, prosecution is barred for an act already covered by a final judgment in the state where the act was committed or another EU Member State, subject to listed exceptions.

This section says that matters on extradition for offences, other international legal assistance, and immunity in certain cases for persons taking part in a trial or investigation are regulated separately.

This section says that extradition, other international legal assistance, and immunity in certain cases are regulated separately.

This section says that extradition, other international legal assistance, and immunity for people taking part in a trial or preliminary investigation are regulated separately.

This provision says that extradition for crime, other international legal assistance, and immunity in certain cases are regulated separately for persons taking part in a trial or preliminary investigation.