The Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935

PART-1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 ¼fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk vf/kfu;e 6] 1935½ fcgkj [------] jkT; eas lgdkjh lkslkbVh laca/kh fof/k dks lesfdr rFkk la'kksf/kr djus ds fy;s vf/kfu;eA çLrkouk&p¡wfd —"kdksa rFkk lkekU; vko';drk okys vU; O;fä;ksa ds chp ferO;f;rk] Lo;a lkgk¸; ,oa mä lkgk¸; dh mUufr ds fy, lgdkjh lkslkbVh dk xBu] dk;kZUo;u rFkk lesdu dks vklku djuk ,oa vkilh ç;kstukFkZ fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk jkT;ksa esa lgdkjh lfefr laca/kh fof/k dks lesfdr rFkk la'kksf/kr djuk 'kkfey gS] vkSj pw¡fd bl vf/kfu;e dks ikfjr djus ds fy, Hkkjr vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 80 ¼d½ dh mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu jkT;iky dh iwoZ vfHker fey pqdh gS vr% ,r}kjk ;Fkk fuEu :i esa vf/kfu;fer fd;k tkrk gSA fVIi.kh [tgk¡ vR;f/kd la[;k esa tydjksa dh cUnkscLrh djuh gks] ,sls ekeyksa esa ipkl çfr'kr tydjksa dh cUnkscLrh vf/kfu;e] 1935 ds vUrxrZ fucfU/kr lfefr;ksa ds lkFk dh tk ldrh gSA 'ks"k cph ipkl çfr'kr dh vf/kfu;e] 1996 ds vUrxZr fucfU/kr lfefr;ksa ds chp muds lnL;ksa dh la[;k ds vuqikr esa dh tkuh pkfg,A fQj Hkh vf/kfu;e] 1935 ds vUrxZr fucfU/kr lfefr;k¡ tydjksa dh cUnkscLrh ds ekeys esa vf/kfu;e] 1996 ds vUrxZr fucfU/kr lfefr;ksa ij viuh vf/kekurk dk nkok ugha dj ldrh gSaA flejh cf[r;kjiqj ç[k.M eRL;thoh LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr lhfer cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2005 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 681] v/;k; 1 çkjfEHkd 1- laf{kIr uke rFkk foLrkj ¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e dks^ [fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1935] dgk tk;sxk A ¼2½1 [bldk foLrkj laiw.kZ fcgkj jkT; ea s gksxkA] fVIi.kh [lgdkjh lkslkbVh fof/k&lEer gSA 'ks[k eqgEen vyh cuke fcgkj LVsV gkmflax cksMZ] 1989 ihå,yå tsåvkjå 447% 1989 chå,yå tså 613% Mkå xhrk flag cuke fcgkj LVsV gkmflax cksMZ] 1989 chå,yå tså 613 A] vk;dj vf/kfu;e] 1961 dh /kkjk 81 ¼1½ ¼x½ ds çko/kkuksa ds rgr~ lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds ml vk; dks dj eqä fd;k x;k gS tks lfefr ds lnL;ksa }kjk lfefr dk;Z gsrq foi.ku dk;Z gsrq ifjyf{kr gSA tks lfefr ds dk;Zdyki dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA ¼1989½ 2 ,lålhålhå 679A 2- ifjHkk"kk&bl vf/kfu;e esa] vU;Fkk fo"k; vFkok çlax çfrdwy u gks& ¼d½ Þmifof/k^^ ls vfHkçsr gS rRle; ço`Ùk fucaf/kr mifof/k ,oa mlesa mifof/k dk fucaf/kr la'kks/ku 'kkfey gS; ¼[k½ Þlgdkjh ifjla?k^^ ls vfHkçsr gS og fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ftldk eq[; mís'; vU; fucaf/kr lkslkbfV;ksa ds dk;Zdykiksa dks lefUor rFkk vklku cukuk rFkk lgdkjh vkUnksyu ds fodkl dks lefUor djuk gS; 2 [¼[k[k½ Þlgdkjh o"kZ^^ ls vfHkçsr gS1 [1 vçhy] ls çkjEHk gksusokyk vkSj [31 ekpZ^^ dks lekIr gksusokyk o"kZ]; 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 5] 1989 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 2] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk 2 6[¼x½ ^^foÙknkrk cSad^^ ls vfHkçsr gS LVsV cSad v‚Q bafM;k] jk"Vªh;—r okf.kT; cSad] jkT; lgdkjh cSad] daUæh; lgdkjh cSad] Hkwfe fodkl cSad ;k jkT; ljdkj }kjk vf/klwfpr fd;k tkusokyk dksbZ vU; cSad] ftldks mís'; gSa ,sls fuf/k dk fuekZ.k djuk ftlls lgdkjh lkslkbVh ;k vU; laLFkk vFkok nksuksa dks /ku dk dtZ fn;k tk;]; 4[^^2 ¼x x½ ^^ljdkj^^ ls vfHkçsr gS fcgkj jkT; ljdkj^^]; ¼?k½ ^^ifjlekid^^ ls vfHkçsr gS fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkedkt ds ifjlekiukFkZ /kkjk 44 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fucU/kd }kjk fu;qä ,d ;k vf/kd O;fä;; 5[¼³½ ^^cksMZ^^ ls vfHkçsr gS funs'kd cksMZ vFkok 'kklh fudk; vFkok çcU/k lfefr] pkgs tks Hkh bldk uke gks] ftls lgdkjh lfefr ds dkedkt dk çcU/ku lkSaik x;k gksA; ¼p½ ^^lnL;^^ esa 'kkfey gSa lkslkbVh ds fuca/kukFkZ vkosnu esa lfEefyr gksusokyk O;fä ,oa ,slh lkslkbVh dh fu;ekoyh rFkk mifof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj fucU/ku ds i'pkr~ lnL; :i esa çfo"V O;fä; 1[¼pp½ ^^cgqca/kh lgdkjh lkslkbVh^^ og çkFkfed lkslkbVh gS ftldk xBu vius lnL;ksa dks ,d ls vf/kd çdkj dh lsok;sa çnku djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k gks vkSj blesa bZ[k mRiknd lgdkjh lkslkbVks ds :i esa fucaf/kr dksbZ lkslkbVh 'kkfey gS]; 2[¼ppp½ ^^ukeek= ;k lg&lnL;^^ ls vfHkçsr gS og lnL; tks lkslkbVh ds lnL; dk oSlk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ;k vf/kdkj j[krk gks vkSj tks lnL; ds ek= oSls nkf;Roksa ds v/khu jgs tks mi&fof/k;ksa }kjk fofgr fd;s tk;sa]; ¼N½ ^^inkf/kdkjh^^ ea s 'kkfey gS v/;{k] lfpo] dks"kk/;{k] çcU/k lfefr dk lnL; vFkok lkslkbVh ds dkjckj ds laca/k esa funs'k nsus ds fy, bl vf/kfu;e vFkok lkslkbVh dh fu;ekoyh ;k mifof/k;ksa ds }kjk ;k v/khu vf/kdkj çkIr dksbZ vU; O;fä; 5[^^¼NN½ ^^in/kkjh^^ ls vfHkçsr gS lgdkjh lfefr ds lHkkifr] milHkkifr] v/;{k] mik/;{k] lfpo vFkok dks"kk/;{k rFkk fdlh lgdkjh lfefr ds cksMZ }kjk fuokZfpr dksbZ vU; O;fäA^^ ¼NNN½ ^^çkFkfed lkslkbVh^^ og lkslkbVh gS ftldk dksbZ lnL; fucfU/kr lkslkbVh u gks]; 2 [¼NNNN½ ^^çkFkfed —f"k lk[k ¼ØsfMV½ lkslkbVh^^ ls vfHkçsr gS ,slh lgdkjh lkslkbVh ftldk çkFkfed mís'; fdlkuksa] xzkeh.k dkjhxjksa vkSj —f"k etnjw ksa dks vkfFkZd ;k vU; lgk;rk nsuk gS vkSj blesa —"kd lsok lkslkbVh vkSj cgqís'kh; lgdkjh lkslkbVh Hkh 'kkfey gS]; ¼t½ ^^fucfU/kr lkslkbVh^^ ls vfHkçsr gS bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fucfU/kr vFkok iath—r ekuh tkusokyh lkslkbVh; ¼>½ ^^fucU/kd^^ ls vfHkçsr gS bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu lgdkjh lkslkbfV;ksa ds fucU/kd ds drZ~rO; ikyu ds fy, fu;qä; ,oa ¼¥½ ^^fu;ekoyh^^ ls vfHkçsr gS bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fufeZr fu;ekoyhA 3 [¼V½ ^^ifjokj^^ ls vfHkçsr gS ifr] iRuh ,oa muds vkfJr iq=ksa rFkk vfookfgr iqf=;ksa dh bdkbZA fVIi.kh [fdlh Hkh la;qä ifjokj ds ,d ls vf/kd ckfyx lnL; lg;ksx lfefr ds lnL; ugha gks ldrs gSaA ,slk gksus ls lHkh lnL; lfefr ls dtZ yus s dk ç;kl djsaxs ftlds dkj.k lfefr ds fuf/k dks uqdlku igq¡p ldrk gSA ykyth Hkxr cuke galnhu lg;ksx lfefr] ,yåihå,å laå 14] 1942] fnukad 28&10&1942] iVukA] 4[¼B½ ^^vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk^^ esa 'kkfey gS jkT; lgdkjh cSad] dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad rFkk çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh; 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk vUr%LFkkfirA 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 21] 1976 }kjk vUr%LFkkfirA 3- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk vUr%LFkkfirA 4- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 18] 2008 }kjk vUr%LFkkfirA 5- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&5&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfirA 6- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk çfrLFkkfirA /kkjk,¡ 3&6] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [3 ¼M½ ^^jk"Vªh; cSad^^ ls vfHkçsr gS jk"Vªh; —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl cSad vf/kfu;e] 1981 ¼vf/kfu;e 61] 1981½ dh /kkjk 6 ds v/khu LFkkfir jk"Vªh; —f"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl cSad; ^^fjtoZ cSad^^ ls rkRi;Z gS Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vf/kfu;e] 1934 ¼vf/kfu;e 2] 34½ ds v/khu LFkkfir Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad; ¼.k½ ^^lEc)d lkslkbVh^^ ls vfHkçsr gS fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ftldk nwljh fucaf/kr lkslkbVh lnL; gS] vkSj lEc) lkslkbVh dk vFkZ gS fucaf/kr lkslkbVh tks lEc)d lkslkbVh dk lnL; gSA ¼r½ ^^iapk;r^^ ls vfHkçsr gS fcgkj iapk;rh jkt vf/kfu;e] 2006 dh /kkjk 11 ,oa le;&le; ij mä esa la'kks/ku ds }kjk vf/klwfpr xzke iapk;rA] 1["¼Fk½ ^^lkekU; fudk;^^ ls vfHkçsr gS ml lgdkjh lfefr ds lfEefyr :i ls lHkh lnL; vFkok lHkh lnL;ksa ds çfrfuf/kA" 1[^^¼n½ ^^—R;dkjh funs'kd^ ^ls vfHkçsr gS ml fu;ekoyh vFkok lgdkjh lfefr ds mifof/k;ksa esa fofufnZ"V lfefr ds —R;dkjh dk;Zikyd funs'kdA" 1[^^¼/k½ ^^fiNM+s oxksaZ ^^ ls vfHkçsr gS rFkk blesa lfEefyr gS ^^fcgkj inksa ,oa lsokvksa dh fjfä;ksa esa vkj{k.k ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tu tkfr;ksa ,oa vU; fiNM+s oxksa ds fy,½ vf/kfu;e&1991^^ ¼fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå&3] 1992½ dh vuqlwph&2 ea s fofufnZ"V fiNM+s oxksaZ ds ukxfjdksa dh lwph] le;&le; ij ;Fkkla'kksf/kr; 1[^^ ¼u½ ^^vfr fiNM+s oxksaZ^^ ls vfHkçsr gS rFkk blesa lfEefyr gSa ^^fcgkj inksa ,oa lsokvksa dh fjfä;ksa esa vkj{k.k ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tu tkfr;ksa ,oa vU; fiNM+s oxksaZ ds fy, vf/kfu;e 1991^^ ¼fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå&3] 1992½ dh vuqlwph&1 ea s fofufnZ"V fiNM+s oxksaZ ds ukxfjdksa dh lwph] le;&le; ij ;Fkkla'kksf/krA] 3- Hkkjrh; dEiuh vf/kfu;e] 1913 ykxw ugha gksxk&¼1½ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ij Hkkjrh; dEiuh vf/kfu;e] 1913 ¼7 lu~ 1913½] 2 ykxw ugha gksxkA 4- fo|eku lkslkbVh dh O;ko`fÙk&¼1½ bl le; fo|eku çR;sd lkslkbVh tks lgdkjh ØsfMV lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1904 ¼10 lu~ 1904½ ds v/khu vFkok lgdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1912 ¼2 lu~ 1912½ ds v/khu fucfU/kr gqbZ gS] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu iath—r ekuh tk;xh vkSj bldh mifof/k;k¡] tc rd ifjofrZ~rr ;k lekIr u gksa ml gn rd ço`Ùk jgsaxh ftl gn rd os bl vf/kfu;e ds Li"V çko/kkuksa ls vlaxr ugha gksaA ¼2½ mä vf/kfu;e ds v/khu dh xbZ lkjh fu;qfä;k¡] fufeZr fu;ekoyh vkSj vkns'k] fuxZr vf/klwpuk,¡ rFkk lwpuk;as] fd;s x;s lkjs laO;ogkj] lafLFkr okn ,oa vU; dk;Zokfg;k¡] ;Fkk'kD; bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu Øe'k% fufeZr] fuxZr fd;s x;s rFkk lafLFkr ekus tk;axs s A fVIi.kh [^^vkns'k^^ 'kCn ls vfHkçsr gS fu;ekuqlkj ikfjr vkns'kA dsnkjukFk yky cuk; f'koukjk;.k jke] ,åvkbZåvkjå 1957 iVuk 4081A] 5- vf/kfu;e esa lgdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1912 ds funs'kksa dk vFkZ yxk;k tkuk& Hkkjr esa fdlh çkf/kdkj }kjk fufeZr rFkk fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk ds çns'kksa esa rRle; ço`Ùk vf/kfu;e esa fd;s tkusokys lgdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1912 ds lkjs funsZ'k mä jkT;ksa ds oSls fdlh vf/kfu;e ds ç;ksx esa bl vf/kfu;e ds funsZ'k oSls gh ykxw ekus tk;saxsA v/;k; 2 lkslkbfV;ksa dk iath;u 6- fucU/kd&¼1½ jkT; ljdkj jkT; vFkokmlds fdlh Hkkx esa lgdkjh lkslkbfV;ksa ds fy, fdlh O;fä dks fucU/kd ds :i esa fu;qä dj ldsxh vkSj ml fucU/kd ds lgk;rkFkZ vU; O;fä;ksa dks fu;qä dj ldsaxhA 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 6]2013 fnukad&22&05&2013 }kjk vUr%LFkkfirA 2- vc ns[ksa&dEiuh vf/kfu;e] 1956 4 ] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk 6 ¼2½ jkT; ljdkj 'kkldh; jkti= esa vf/klwfpr lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'k }kjk fuEukafdr 'kfä lkSai ldsxh& ¼d½ fucU/kd ds lgk;rkFkZ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fu;qä fdlh O;fä dks bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu /kkjk 26 ds v/khu 'kfä;ksa dks NksM+dj fucU/kd dh lkjh vFkok dksbZ 'kfä] rFkk ¼[k½ fdlh lgdkjh ifjla?k vFkok foÙknkrk cSad dks ?kkjk 20] /kkjk 28 dh mi/kkjk ¼3½ rFkk [Hkkx 34] /kkjk 35 vkSj /kkjk 36] ds v/khu fucU/kd dh lHkh vFkok dksbZ 'kfä A 2[¼3½ tgk¡ jkT; ljdkj dh jk; gks fd dk;ksaZ ds 'kh?kz fucVkjs ds fy, fucU/kd dks vij fucU/kd dh lgk;rk visf{kr gS ogk¡ og jkti= esa çdkf'kr vkns'k }kjk mrus vij fucU/kd] fu;äq dj ldsxk ftruk og mfpr le>s A ¼4½ vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; micU/k esa fdlh çfrdwy ckr ds gksus ij Hkh fucU/kd] vij fucU/kd dks Fks 'kfä;k¡] —R; vkSj drZ~rO; çR;k;ksftr] vUrfjr ;k leuqnsf'kr dj ldsaxk tks og vko';d le>s ftlesa /kkjk 26 vkSj 56 ds v/khu dh 'kfä;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey gSA rc] vij fucU/kd dks bl çdkj çR;k;ksftr] vUrfjr ;k leuqnsf'kr ekeyksa esa fucU/kd dh 'kfä;k¡ gksxhA] vf/klwpuk] fnukad 20&11&1991 fcgkj xtV ¼vlk/kkj.k½ fnukad 27&11&1991 esa çdkf'kr½& fcgkj dks&v‚ijsfVo lkslkbVht ,sDV] 1935 dh /kkjk 6 ¼2½ }kjk çnÙk 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, fcgkj ds jkT;iky }kjk mikc) vuqlwph ds LrEHk 2 esa fuEukafdr inkf/kdkjh dks muds uke ds le{k LrEHk 3 esa of.kZr 'kfä;ksa] LrEHk 4 ea s of.kZr 'kfä lhek ds v/khu mä vf/kfu;e ,oa fcgkj lgdkjh lfefr fu;ekoyh ¼fcgkj dks&v‚ijsfVo lkslkbVht fu;e½] 1959 ds vUrxZr fuca/kd] lg;ksx lfefr;ksa dh 'kfä;k¡ çnku dh tkrh& Øekad inkf/kdkjh dk uke 'kfä;k¡ 'kfDr lhek 1 - Jh lqHkk"k 'k ekZ] Hkkåçåls] mä vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 26 ,oa 56 lHkh Lrj dh lgdkjh vij fucU/kd] lg;ksx rFkk fcgkj dks&v‚ijsfVo lkslkbVht lfefr;ksa ds laca/k esaA lfefr;k¡ ¼vkS|ksfxd½ fcgkj] ¼vkS|ksfxd½ fu;e] 1956 ds ,rn~ iVuk A laca/kh fu;e dks NksM+dj vf/kfu;e vkSj fu;e dh lkjh 'kfä;k¡A mi;qZä 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx muds inLFkkiu {ks= ds vUrxZr gh fd;k tk,xkA fVIi.kh [fuca/kd dh 'kfä;k¡ jkti= esa vf/klwpuk çdkf'kr dj Hkwry{kh çHkko ls lgk;d fuca/kd dks ugha lkSaih tk ldrh gSA vP;qrkuUn flag cuke jkT;] 1972 chåvkjå,yå tså ¼jsHkU;q½ 15 % ,åvkbZåvkjå 1971 ,lålhå 2001% 1972 ihå,yå tsåvkjå 146A fucU/kd ds lgk;rkFkZ fu;qä O;fä] /kkjk 26 ds flok;] vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fucU/kd dh lHkh ;k fdlh Hkh 'kfä dk ç;ksx djus dk gdnkj gS] ,sls lgk;d dkuwu ds }kjk vfHkO;är% vioftZr foLrkj ds flok; jkT; ljdkj }kjk vf/kfu;e ds v/khu çnÙk 'kfä dk dkuwu dh fØ;k }kjk] ç;ksx djus ds gdnkj gSaA ;ksxsUæ çlkn cuke vij fucU/kd] 1992 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 9 ¼,lålhå½A vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fuca/kd dk dsoy ;g dk;Z gS fd og bl ckr dks ns[ks fd vis{kkvksa dk vuqikyu fd;k x;k gS fd ugha vkSj ;fn vuqikyu fd;k x;k gS mls fucaf/kr dju s ds vykok vkSj dksbZ foosdkf/kdkj ugha gSA ljdkj blesa fdlh çdj dk dkV&Nk¡V vFkok mlesa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha dj ldrh gS] u gh og fdlh foijhr dk;Zdkjh funs'kksa ds }kjk mls fo'ksf"kr dj ldrh gSA bl vk'k; dh vf/klwpuk fd vkiokfnd ekeyksa esa vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fuca/kd dks fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dk fuca/ku eatwj djus ds iwoZ ljdkj dk vuqeksnu 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 2- fogkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir A /kkjk,¡ 7&9] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [5 ysuk pkfg,] fcuk fdlh {ks=kf/kdkj ds gS rFkk xyr <ax ls fuxZr fd;k x;k gSA vf/kfu;e ljdkj dks ,slk dksbZ vf/kdkj çnku ugha djrk] tks fuca/kd dks vf/kdkj ls oafpr dj lds] rFkk mls ljdkj ds vuqeksnu ds v/khu cuk ldsA rjMhg ç[kaM eRL;thoh LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2008 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 667 1] 7- lkslkbVh tks fucfU/kr gks ldrh gS&^ [¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e ds çko/kkuksa ds v/;/khu] le;&le; ij ;Fkk la'kksf/kr mä vf/kfu;e ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj xfBr lgdkjh lfefr] ftldk mís'; lgdkfjrk fl)kUr ds vuq:i lnL;ksa ds leku fgr dh vfHko`f) djus ds lkFk Hkkjr&lafo/kku ds [k.MAV ea s fufgr fdlh ;k lHkh funsZ'kksa dh iwfrZ lqfuf'pr djuk gS] dks bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu] lhfer ;k fcuk lhfer nkf;Ro ds jftLVªh—r fd;k tk ldsxk A] ¼2½ tgk¡ lkslkbVh dk nkf;Ro lhfer gksxk ogk¡ lHkh lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEifÙk dk nkf;Ro esa ifjlekiu dh n'kk esa mlds lnL; }kjk /kkfjr va'kksa ij vlanÙk jkf'k rd ;fn gks] vFkok tgk¡ nkf;Ro xkjaVh ds }kjk lhfer gksxk ogk¡ oSlh xkjaVh dh jkf'k rd vFkok tgk¡ fdlh vU; jhfr ls lhfer gksxk ogk¡ /kkjk 32 ds çko/kkuksa ds v/o/khu fu;ekoyh vFkok mifof/k;ksa esa ftl çdkj ls fofuf'pr gks ldsxk ml çdkj ls lhfer gksxk A ¼3½ tgk¡ lkslkbVh dk nkf;Ro vlhfer gksxk ogk¡ çR;sd lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; rFkk e`r lnL;ksa dh lEifÙk] ifjlekiu dh fLFkfr esa /kkjk 32 ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj lHkh çHkkjksa ds fy, la;qä :i ls rFkk i`Fkd~ i`Fkd~ nk;h gksax s A 8- iathdj.k dh 'krsaZ&¼1½ dksbZ Hkh lkslkbVh] ml lkslkbVh dks NksM+dj ftldk ,d lnL; iath—r lkslkbVh gks] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu iath—r ugha dh tk;xh tks vBkjg o"kZ ls Åij dh vk;q ds de&ls&de nl O;fä;ksa dh ugha gksxh ,oa ftl lkslkbVh dk çkFkfed mís'; vius lnL;ksa dks _.k nsus ds fy, fuf/k;ksa dk l`tu djuk gksxk] tc rd oSls O;fä& ¼d½ ,d gh 'kgj vFkok xzke ny ds fuoklh u gksaxs] vFkok ¼[k½ ,d gh tutkfr] oxZ vFkok /ka/kk ds lnL; u gksax]s fdUrq fucU/kd dk vU;Fkk funs'k viokn gksxk A 2 [¼1&d½ jkT; ljdkj jkti= esa vf/klwpuk }kjk lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds fdlh fof'k"V oxZ ds fy;s bu O;fä;ksa dh U;wure lnL; la[;k ?kVk ldsxhA] 3 [¼[k½ fcgkj ljdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 vFkok fdlh vU; fcgkj vf/kfu;e vFkok mlds rgr~ xfBr fu;ekoyh vFkok fdlh lgdkjh lfefr ;k lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds oxZ dh mifof/k vFkok jkT; ljdkj ;k fuca/kd] lg;ksx lfefr;k¡ }kjk fuxZr fdlh vkns'k esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh çfrdwy çko/kku ds gksrs gq, Hkh] ,d ç[k.M esa ek= ,d fucfU/kr eRL;thoh lg;ksx lfefr gksxh] ftldk dk;Z{ks= ç[k.M dh HkkSxksfyd lhek rd foLrkfjr gksxk A 9- iathdj.k gsrq vkosnu&¼1½ lkslkbVh ds fucU/ku gsrq vkosnu&i= fucU/kd ds ikl fn;k tk;xk] rFkk mlds lkFk lkslkbVh dh çLrkfor mifof/k;ksa dh ,d çfr jgsxh vkSj ftu O;fä;ksa ds }kjk vFkok ds rjQ ls oSlk vkosnu&i= fn;k tk;xk os lkslkbVh ds laca/k esa oSlh tkudkjh nsaxs tSlk fucU/kd vis{kk djs A ¼2½ vkosnu&i= ij fuEukafdr gLrk{kj djsaxs& 4 [¼d½ ;fn vkosnd esa dksbZ Hkh jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh ugha gks] rks /kkjk 8 dh mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ;k mi&/kkjk ¼d½ dh vis{kkuqlkj vgZrk çkIr de&ls&de nl ;k blls Hkh de O;fä;ksa }kjkA] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 3- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 22] 2010 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 4- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 6 ] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,¡ 10&11 1[ijUrq ;g fd vkosnd i`Fkd ifjokjksa ds iq#"k vFkokefgyk gksaxsA] ¼[k½ ;fn vkosndksa esa dksbZ fucaf/kr lkslkbVh gks rks oSlh çR;sd fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dh vksj ls lE;d~ :i ls çkf/k—r O;fä] ,oa ;fn lkslkbVh ds lHkh lnL; fucfU/kr lkslkbVh esa gks rks nl vU; lnL; vFkok] ;fn nl vU; lnL;ksa ls de lnL; gksa rks os lHkh lnL; A 1[¼3½ çR;ds ,slk vkosnu ds lkFk fuEufyf[kr layXu fd;k tk;sxk& ¼d½ laçorZ~rd lnL;ksa }kjk ;Fkk vaxh—r lgdkjh lfefr dh çLrkfor mifof/k dh pkj çfrd] ¼[k½ lnL;ksa ds ukeksa dh lwph] mudk irk] is'kk ,oa fgLlk Hkkxhnkjh] ¼x½ laçorZ~rd lnL;ksa }kjk fuokZfpr çFke cksMZ ds O;fä;ksa ds ukeksa dh lwph] ¼?k½ v/;{k }kjk fof/kor~ gLrk{kfjr ml cSBd ds ladYi dh lPph çfrfyfi] ftlesa mifof/k vaxh—r dh x;h gksA] 10- dfri; ç'uksa ij fucU/kd }kjk fu.kZ; yus s dh 'kfä&tc ç'u mRiUu gks fd bl vf/kfu;e ds ç;kstukFkZ veqd O;fä —"kd gS vFkok xSj —"kd] ;k dksbZ O;fä veqd uxj ;k xzke ;k xzke ny dk fuoklh gS] vFkok nks ;k vf/kd xzke feykdj ,d ny le>k tk; vFkok dksbZ O;fä fdlh fo'ks"k tutkfr] oxZ ;k /ka/kk dk gS rks ml ç'u dk fu.kZ; fucU/kd djxs k vkSj mldk fu.kZ; vfUre gksxkA 11- iathdj.k&2 [¼1½ ;fn jftLVªkj dk ;g lek/kku gks tk; fd lfefr us bl vf/kfu;e ds çko/kkuksa rFkk fu;ekoyh dk vuqikyu fd;k gS vkSj mldh çLrkfor mifof/k;k¡ bl vf/kfu;e vFkok fu;ekoyh ds çfrdwy ugha gS rks og lfefr ,oa mldh mifof/k dks jftLVªh—r dj ldsxk rFkk lfefr ds laxBudrkZ/laçorZd dks vkosnu çLrqr djus dh rkjh[k ls uCcs fnuksa ds Hkhrj jftLVªhdj.k çek.k&i= ,oa Lo;a }kjk lE;Øwi ls gLrk{kfjr ,oa eqgjcan jftLVªh—r mifof/k;ksa dh ewy çfr jftLVªh—r Mkd ls Hkst nsxkA ¼2½ ;fn jftLVªkj dh jk; esa mijksä mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vuqc) 'krksaZ dks iwjk fd;k x;k çrhr u gks rks bUdkj dju s ds dkj.kksa dks vfHkfyf[kr djrs gq,] vkosnu çLrqr djus dh rkjh[k ls uCcs fnuksa ds Hkhrj lfefr dk jftLVªs'ku djus ls og bUdkj dj nsxk vkSj laxBudrZ~rk/laçorZd dks fucfU/kr Mkd ls vius fu.kZ; dks çsf"kr djsxkA fu;r vof/k ds Hkhrj budk çsf"kr ugha fd;s tkus dh fLFkfr ea s lgdkjh lfefr jftLVªh—r le>h tk;sxh vkSj ,slh fLFkfr esa jftLVªkj ,d ekg ds Hkhrj jftLVªh—r le>s tkus dk çek.k&i= vkSj LogLrk{kfjr ,oa eqgj lfgr jftLVªh—r mifof/k dh ewy&çfr fucfU/kr Mkd ls çsf"kr djsxk A ¼3½ tgk¡ mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj jftLVªhdj.k dk vkns'k laxBudrZ~rk/laçorZ~rd dks çkIr gks x;k gks vFkok fofgr vof/k ds Hkhrj le>k x;k jftLVªhdj.k dk çek.k&i= laxBudrkZ/laçorZ~rd dks çkIr ugha gqvk gks] rks ;fn ,slk vkns'k /kkjk 6 dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds [k.M ¼d½ ds v/khu jftLVªkj dh lgk;rk ds fy, fu;qä O;fä }kjk fn;k x;k gks rks og lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds jftLVªkj ds ikl vihy dj ldsxk vkSj ;fn ,slk vkns'k lgdkjh lfefr ds jftLVªkj }kjk fn;k x;k gks rks] jkT; ljdkj ds ikl vihy lafLFkr fd;k tk,xk A ijUrq ,slh vihy bUdkj vkns'k ds çkfIr ds lkB fnuksa ds Hkhrj vFkok le>k x;k jftLVªhdj.k çek.k&i= ds lalwpu gsrq fofgr dh xbZ vof/k ds lekfIr ls lkB fnuksa ds Hkhrj dh tk ldsxhA ¼4½ ;fn jftLVªkj dh jk; esa lkslkbVh ds laxBudrZ~rk/laçorZ~rd }kjk lkslkbVh dk jftLVªs'ku Ny ;k xyrh ls djk fy;k x;k gS rks jftLVªkj mä jftLVªs'ku dks jí djus gsrq jkT; ljdkj ds ikl vihy dj ldsax]s ijUrq og vihy jftLVªs'ku vkns'k ds lkB fnuksa ds Hkhrj gh dh tk ldsxh A] fVIi.kh [vko';drk ugha gksus ij fdlh deZpkjh dks rhu ekg iwoZ ,rnFkZ lwpuk nsdj ;k rhu ekg dk osru nsdj inP;wr fd;k tk ldrk gSA prqHkqZt lgk; cuke ps;jeSu] funs'kd i"kZn] fcgkj jkT; dks&v‚ijsfVo cSad fyå] ,åvkbZåvkjå 1955 iVuk 223A mi fof/k;ksa tks vf/kfu;e ,oa fu;ekoyh ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqdwy u gksA vfof/kekU; le>h tk;sxhA 1959 chå,yå tsåvkjå 38 A fuca/kd dks iwoZ esa fn, x, vf/kdkj ls oafpr djus laca/kh vf/klwpuk ds ckn lgk;d fuca/kd }kjk fuxZr lgdkjh lfefr ds fuca/ku dk çek.k&i=A lgdkjh lfefr dks Loh—r fuca/ku rduhdh rkSj ij xyr gks ldrk 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10]2002 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 2- çfrLFkkfir r=So A /kkjk,¡ 11d&13d] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [7 gS] ysfdu dkuwuh rkSj ij xyr ugha gS] D;ksafd fuca/ku ds fy, fuca/kd ds ikl vkosnu fn;k x;k Fkk rFkk ljdkj ls vuqeksnu çkIr djus ds mijkUr mlus lgk;d fuca/kd dks mä fuca/ku djus dk funsZ'k fn;kA bldk çHkko ;g gS fd xyr O;fä u s l{ke O;fä ds funsZ'ku esa vius vf/kdkj dk ç;ksx fd;kA fuca/kd }kjk vius oS/kkfud dk;Z djus esa vlQy jgus ds fy, lgdkjh lfefr dks tokcnsg ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA rjMhg ç[kaM eRL;thoh LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2008 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 6671] 1[^^11&d- lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dk fucU/ku tks bl vf/kfu;e }kjk fucaf/kr ugha gSA tgk¡ fcgkj LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1996 dh /kkjk 5 ds vUrxZr fucaf/kr lfefr bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu lgdkjh lfefr ds :i esa lEifjofrZr djus dk fu.kZ; ysrh gS] bl ç;kstukFkZ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fyf[kr çko/kkuksa ,oa ljdkj ds fu.kZ; ds vuq:i fuca/ku gsrq vkosnu djsxhA^^] 2[ 11-[k- fcgkj vf/kfu;e VI] 1935 ;k fdlh vU; vf/kfu;e vFkok mlds rgr~ xfBr fu;ekoyh vFkok fdlh lgdkjh lfefr ;k lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds oxZ dh mifof/k vFkok jkT; ljdkj ;k fuca/kd] lg;ksx lfefr;k¡ }kjk fuxZr fdlh vkns'k eas vUrfoZ"V fdlh çfrdwy ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] lHkh fo|eku ç[k.MLrjh; eRL;thoh lg;ksx lfefr] ftudk dk;Z{ks= ç[k.M ds HkkSxksfyd {ks= rd lhfer gks] ,d lfefr esa lafofyr ekus tk,¡xs rFkk fcgkj vf/kfu;e VI] 1935 ds vUrxZr ,d ubZ lfefr Lor% fucfU/kr le>s tk,¡xs ,oa fuca/kd] lg;ksx lfefr;k¡ fuca/ku çek.k&i= fuxZr djsxk] ijUrq] ,slk iquxZBu gksus ij fo|eku lg;ksx lfefr vFkok fcgkj vf/kfu;e VI] 1935 vFkok fcgkj LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1996 ds vUrxZr fucfU/kr lgdkjh lfefr ds lHkh lnL; iquxZfBr lfefr ds lnL; le>s tk,¡xs ,oa lnL;ksa dks oSls lfefr ds lnL;ksa ds lHkh vf/kdkj ,oa nkf;Ro çkIr gksaxs A ijUrq] ;g vkSj fd] oSls iquxZBu ds ckn] fuca/kd /ljdkj] iquxZfBr lfefr ,oa oSls lEc) lfefr;ksa] ftlds eRL;thoh lg;ksx lfefr lnL; gks] ds dk;Z lapkyu gsrq rnFkZ çcU/k lfefr xfBr djsxk] ftldh vof/k ,d o"kZ ls vuf/kd gksxh rFkk ftlds v/khu fuokZpu ds ckn ubZ çcU/k lfefr dk xBu fd;k tk,xkA 12- jftLVªkj dk lk{;& tcrd ;g fl) u gks fd lkslkbVh dk iathdj.k fujLr dj fn;k x;k gS rc rd fucU/kd }kjk gLrk{kfjr iath—r çek.k&i= bl ckr dk fu'p;kRed lk{; gksxk fd mlesa fdr lkslkbVh fof/kor~ iathdj.k gSA v/;k; 3 iath—r lkslkbVh ds fuxeu&dk;Z ,oa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj 13- lkslkbVh fuxe fudk; gksxh& lkslkbVh dk iathdj.k ftl uke ls og iath—r gksxh mlds v/khu 'kk'or~ mÙkjkf/kdkj rFkk lkekU; eqgj ,oa lEifÙk vftZr rFkk /kkfjr djus] lafonk djus] oknksa vkSj vU; fof/kd dk;Zokfg;ksa dks lafLFkr rFkk çfrjf{kr rFkk ftu ç;kstuksa ds fy;s bldk xBu gqvk gS muds fy;s lc vko';d dk;Z dju s dh 'kfä ds lkFk mls fuxe fudk; cuk nsxkA 3 [13&d- jkT; ljdkj ds }kjk lgdkfjrk vkUnksyu dk mUu;u% [^^ ¼1½ jkT; esa lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds LoSfPNd xBu] Lok;Ùk dk;Zdyki] turkaf=d fu;=a .k ,oa O;kolkf;d çoU/ku dks çksRlkfgr ,oa mUu; djuk vkSj bl vksj ,sls dne mBkuk] ftldh vko';drk gks] jkT; ljdkj dk nkf;Ro gksxk A 4[ ¼2½ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds çko/kkuksa ds v/khu lgdkjh lfefr ds çksRlkgu ,oa mUu;u gsrq jkT; ljdkj] ;fn vko';d le>s rks& ¼d½ fdlh lkekU; ;k fucaf/kr lgdkjh lfefr ds fdlh oxZ ds fodkl esa lgk;rk ds fopkj ls lgdkjh lfefr dh fgLlk&iw¡th esa lh/ks va'knku ns ldsxh; ¼[k½ fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dh fgLlk iw¡th ds fuekZ.k ,oa lEcnZ~/ku ds fy, lgk;rk dj ldsxh; ¼x½ lgdkjh lfefr dks _.k ;k vfXxze ns ldsxh ;k lgdkjh lfefr ds }kjk fuxZr fMcsapj ij ewy /ku ds iquHkqZxrku vkSj lwn ds Hkqxrku dh xkjaVh ns ldsxh ;k fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dks fn;s x; s _.k ;k vfxze ds ewy/ku ds iquHkqZxrku vkSjlwn ds Hkqxrku dh xkjVa h ns ldsaxhA^^] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 18] 2008 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 22] 2010 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 3- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 5] 1989 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir A 4- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 6] 2013 fnukad&22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 8] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk,¡ 13[k&14 /kkjk [13&[k- uke dk laçn'kZu ¼1½ çR;sd lgdkjh lkslkbVh fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e 1935 ds v/khu vius jftLVªks—r dk;kZy; dk uke ,oa irk lqikBî v{kjksa esa rFkk ,sls çR;sd dk;kZy; ds LFkku ij tgk¡ bldk dkjckj gksrk gks] lgt –'; LFkkuksa vkSj fuEufyf[kr esa Hkh laçnf'kZr djsxk & ¼d½ çR;sd lwpuk ,oa çkf/k—r çdk'ku esa] ¼[k½ vius lHkh lfo;k] dkjckj ds i=ksa] eky ds fy, vkns'k] chtd] ys[kk&fooj.kh] jlhn ,oa çR;;&i=ksa ij] ¼x½ lHkh fofue;&i=ksa] opu&i=ksa] i`"Bkadu] psdksa ,oa Hkqxrku vkns'k ij ftu ij mldh ;k mldh vksj ls gLrk{kj fd;k tkrk gks] ¼2½ çR;sd jftLVªh—r lgdkjh lkslkbVh vius uke esa] jktHkk"kk esa ^^dksvkijsfVo^^ rFkk ^^fyfeVsM^^ vufyfeVMs ^^ vFkok jkT;&lwph esa ekU;rk çkIr vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dks vo'; j[ksxhA] 14- iath—r lkslkbVh ds ikl çcU/k lfefr vkfn gksaxs&¼1½ çR;sd fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dk fu;ekoyh ds vuqlkj ,d fucfU/kr irk gksxk ftl ij lkjh lwpuk;sa rFkk lapkj çsf"kr fd, tk ldsaxs ,oa mä irk esa dksbZ ifjorZu gksus ij bldh fyf[kr lwpuk fucU/kd dks] ml fdlh foÙkiks"kd cSad dks] ftldk og 'ks;j/kkjd] gks] rFkk lgdkjh ifjla?k dks] ;fn jgs oSls ifjorZu ds iUæg fnu ds Hkhrj çsf"kr djuh gksxhA 2[¼2½ jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh dk çcU/ku bl vf/kfu;e ,oa bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cukbZ xbZ fu;ekoyh/ mifof/k;ksa ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj xfBr çcU/k lfefr esa fufgr gksxkA bl vf/kfu;e ;k bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cukbZ xbZ lkslkbVh fu;ekoyh/mifof/k;ksa ds fdlh çko/kku ea s fdlh ckr ds vUrfoZ"V gksrs gq; s Hkh lkslkbVh dh çcU/k lfefr esa in/kkjd ;k in/kkjdksa lfgr 'kh"kZ ,oa jkT; Lrjh; lfefr esa vf/kdre lÙkjg] dsaæh; lgdkjh lkslkbVh esa iUæg rFkk çkFkfed lkslkbVh esa rsjg lnL; gksxkA 3 [''ijUrq ;g fd çR;sd lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds cksMZ esa vuqlwfpr tkfr ;k vuqlwfpr tu tkfr ds fy, nks LFkku] fiNM+s oxksaZ ds fy, nks LFkku vkSj vfr fiNM+s oxksaZ ds fy, nks LFkku vkjf{kr gksxk% ijUrq vkSj ;g fd mi;qZä ijUrqd esa ;Fkkfofgr LFkkuksa ds vkj{k.k ds /;s; ls jkT; ljdkj] lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'k ds }kjk] oSlh lfefr;ksa vFkok lfefr;ksa ds oxZ dks ftuesa lnL;ksa ds :i esa O;f"V vUrfoZ"V ugha gSa vFkok ftuesa mi;qZä vkj{k.k Jsf.k;ksa ls lnL; ugha gSa] dks vioftZr dj ldsxh% ijUrq vkSj ;g fd mi;qZä ds v/khu vkjf{kr LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k dqy LFkkuksa ds ipkl çfr'kr ls vuf/kd gksxk % ijUrq vkSj Hkh fd mi;qZä ds v/khu vkjf{kr LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k ds ipkl çfr'kr ds ;Fkk'kD; fudVre fdUrq blls vuf/kd LFkku ;FkkfLFkfr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ;k vuqlwfpr tu tkfr;ksa] fiNM+s oxksaZ vkSj vfr fiNM+s oxksaZ dh efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr fd;s tk;saxs % ijUrq ;g vkSj Hkh fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ;k vuqlwfpr tu tkfr;ksa fiNM+s oxksaZ ,oa vfr fiNM+s oxksaZ ds fy, tks LFkku vkjf{kr ugha ugha fd;s x;s gSa] muesa ls ipkl çfr'kr ds ;Fkk'kD; fudVre fdUrq blls vuf/kd LFkku efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr fd;s tk;saxs % ijUrq ;g vkSj Hkh fd bl çdkj efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr dqy LFkkuksa dh la[;k nks ls vU;wu gksxh% bl çdkj vkjf{kr LFkku] vuqlwfpr tkfr ;k vuqlwfpr tu tkfr ds lnL;ksa] fiNM+s oxksaZ vkSj vfr fiNM+s oxksaZ ds lnL;ksa rFkk efgykvksa ds chp ls] fuokZpu ;k/vkSj lg;kstu }kjk Hkjs tk;saxAs ;g çko/kku çkFkfed lkslkbVh ls 'kh"kZ lkslkbVh rd dh lHkh lkslkbfV;ksa ij ykx w gksxk % ijUrq vkSj Hkh fd çkFkfed lfefr rFkk 'kh"kZ lfefr rd ,slk vkj{k.k bl ç;kstukFkZ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cuk;h x;h fu;ekoyh }kjk 'kkflr gksxkA^^ 4[¼3½ tc jkT; ljdkj dk dksbZ inkf/kdkjh fdlh fucaf/kr lkslkbVh esa çca/k funs'kd] dk;Zikyd inkf/kdkjh vFkok mldk ml rjg ds fdlh vU; in ij çfrfu;qä gksrk gS rks og eq[; dk;Zikyd gksxk vkSj çcU/k lfefr ds lkekU; funs'k ,oa fu;=a .k ds v/;/khu mldh fuEufyf[kr 'kfä;k¡ ,oa —R; gksaxs& 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 3- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå&6] 2013 fnukad&22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 4- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 5] 1989 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A /kkjk 14] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [9 ¼i½ fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds ç'kklu ij lkekU; fu;=a .k j[kuk; ¼ii½ çca/k lfefr dh cSBd vkgwr djuk; ¼ii½ fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dh vksj ls lHkh #i;s rFkk çR;kHkwfr çkIr djuk rFkk fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds uxn 'ks"k rFkk vU; lHkh lEifÙk;ksa ds la/kkj.k ,oa vfHkj{kk ds fy, O;oLFkk djukA ¼iv½ fucksZ/kr lkslkbVh dh vksj ls çksfeljh uksV] ljdkjh rFkk vU; çR;kHkwfr;ksa dk i`"Bkadu ,oa vUrj.k djuk vkSj psdksa rFkk vU; usxksf'k;scqy bULVªwesaV dk i`"Bkadu] mlij gLrk{kj rFkk ijkØe.k djuk; ¼v½ fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds nSfud dkjksckj ,oa dk;Zdykiksa dk lkekU; lapkyu] i;Zos{k.k ,oa çca/ku ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksuk; ¼vi½ cSadksa ea s fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dk ys[kk lapkyu djuk rFkk lHkh çkfIr;k¡ rFkk tek ij gLrk{kj djuk; ¼vii½ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ds i{k ea s lHkh cU/k&i=ksa rFkk vuqcU/kksa ij gLrk{kj djuk; ¼viii½ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ds deZpkfj;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa] drZO;ksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk; ¼ix½ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dh mi&fof/k;ksa ds vUrxZr çcU/k lfefr esa fufgr 'kfä;ksa dks NksM+dj fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ds fdlh osruHkksxh dkfeZd dks fu;qä] inksUur] LFkkukUrfjr] nafMr] fuyfEcr] lsokeqä vFkok c[kkZLr djuk; ¼x½ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ds fo#) vFkok i{k esa eqdnek nk;j djuk vFkok fdlh eqdnesa ;k vU; U;kf;d dk;Zokgh dk lapkyu djuk] çfrokn djuk le>kSrk djuk ,oa okil ysuk rFkk fdlh nkok ds Hkqxrku vFkok iwfÙk ds fy, le; Loh—r djuk ;k le>kSrk djuk; [¼xi½ muds fu;a=.k ,oa i;Zos{k.k esa fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds fdlh deZpkjh vFkok deZpkfj;ksa dks lHkh vFkok dksbZ 'kfä çR;k;ksftr djuk A 1[¼4&d½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh çko/kku vFkok blds v/khu cuk;h x;h fu;ekoyh vFkok fdlh jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh tgk¡ jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh ea s jkT; ljdkj rhl yk[k #i;s ls vf/kd fgLlk iw¡th lh/ks fuos'k dh gks ml n'kk ea s ml lkslkbVh dh çcU/k lfefr esa jkT; ljdkj rhu O;fä;ksa dks lnL; ds :i esa uke funsZf'kr dj ldsxh% ijUrq mu uke funZsf'kr lnL;ksa eas nks ljdkjh lsok ls ,oa rhljk lkslkbVh ds fØ;kdykiksa ls lEcfU/kr lgdkjh/foÙkh; laLFkku dk inf/kdkjh gksxk % ijUrq vkSj fd lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa esa ;Fkk micaf/kr insu lnL;ksa dh x.kuk uke funsZ'ku gsrq micaf/kr dksVk/fu;r la[;k esa dh tk;xh % ijUrq vkSj Hkh fd ,sls uke funsZf'kr lnL; bl vf/kfu;e ;k blds v/khu cukbZ xbZ fu;ekoyh ;k lfefr dh mifof/k ds vuqlkj vkgwr dh xbZ jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh dh çcU/k lfefr dh fdlh cSBd vkSj vFkok 'ks;j/kkjdksa dh lkekU; cSBd esa Hkkx ys ldsaxs vkSj çcU/k lfefr dh cSBd esa er ns ldsax]s fdUrq 'ks;j/kkjdksa dh lkekU; cSBd esa er nsus ds gdnkj ugha gksaxs A] 2[^^¼4½ ¼[k½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh çko/kku vFkok blds v/khu cuk;h x;h fu;ekoyh vFkok fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dh mifof/k;ksa esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] lfefr ds cksMZ ea s cSfdax] çcU/ku] foÙk vFkok lfefr ds mís';ksa vkSj dk;Zdyki ds vuq:i nwljs {ks=ksa ds fof'k"V ;ksX;rk çkIr O;fä;ksa dks lnL; ds :i esa lfefr }kjk lg;ksftr fd;s tk ldsaxs; ijUrq bl çdkj lg;ksftr lnL;ksa dh la[;k nks ls vf/kd ugha gksxh vkSj ;g mi&/kkjk ¼2½ esa fofufnZ"V cksMZ dh vf/kdre la[;k ds vfrfjä gksxh; ijUrq vkSj fd ,sls lg;ksftr lnL;ksa dks lgdkjh lfefr ds fdlh fuokZpu esa ,slh lnL;rk ds v/khu er nsu s dk vf/kdkj ugha gksxk vkSj u os cksMZ esa in/kkjh ds :i esa fuokZfpr gksus ds ik= gksaxs; ijUrq vkSj Hkh fd lgdkjh lfefr ds —R;dkjh funs'kd Hkh cksMZ ds lnL; gksaxs vkSj mi&/kkjk ¼2½ esa fofufnZ"V funs'kdksa dh dqy la[;kdh x.kuk ds ç;kstukFkZ ,sls lnL; vioftZr fd;s tk;saxs A 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå&6]2013 fnukad&22&05&2013 }kjk iquZla[;kafdr A 2- vUr%LFkkfir r=So A 10] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk 14 1 [¼5½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh çko/kku] blds v/khucuk;h x;h fu;ekoyh ,oa lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh] jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh dh çcU/k lfefr esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk iwoZ esa euksuhr lnL; ,oa i/kkjh bl la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 2002 ds xtV esa çdk'ku dh frfFk ls uCcs fnuksa ds vUnj ineqä gks tk;sax]s vkSj og jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh fjä inksa ij viuh inkof/k dh vo'ks"k vof/k ds fy, fuokZpu djk;sxhA ijUrq vkSj fd voØfer lfefr;ksa esa lkslkbVh ds ç'kkld bl la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 2002 ds jkti= esa çdk'ku dh frfFk ls ckjg eghus ds Hkhrj fuokZpu }kjk ubZ çcU/k lfefr dk xBu djk;sax s vU;Fkk jftLVªkj vxy s rhu eghus ds fy, ml lkslkbVh ds fy, ,d u;k ç'kkld fu;qä djsxk vkSj fuokZpu }kjk ubZ çcU/k lfefr xfBr djk;xk A] ¼6½ 2[xxxx]] 1[¼7½ mi&/kkjk ¼9½ ds çko/kkuksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh çca/k lfefr dk uke funsf'kr lnL; jkT; ljdkj ds çlkn i;ZUr in /kkj.k djsaxAs ¼8½ 2[xxxx]] 3 [^^ ¼9½ fdlh lgdkjh lfefr ds fu;eksa ;k mifof/k;k¡ esa fdlh ckr ds vUrfoZ"V gksus ij Hkh] fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dh cksMZ ds fuokZfpr lnL;ksa ,oa inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh inkof/k fuokZpu dh frfFk ls ik¡p o"kksaZ dh gksxh vkSj inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh inkof/k cksMZ ds inkof/k ds lg&foLrkjh gksxh] ijUrq cksMZ vkdfLed fjfä dks mlh oxZ ds lnL;ksa ls] euksu;u }kjk Hkj ldsxk] ftlls lacaf/kr vkdfLed fjfä mRiUu gqbZ gks] ;fn cksMZ dh ewy vof/k ds vk/ks ls de dh ckdh gks; ijUrq ;g vkSj ;fn cksMZ dh vof/k mldh ewy vof/k ds vk/ks ls vf/kd ckdh gks] vkSj ;fn lnL;ksa vFkok inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds fuokZpu ds fy, pkgs ftl fdlh dkj.k ls dksbZ Hkh fjfä mRiUu gksrh gS rks 'ks"k vof/k ds fy,] fcgkj jkT; fuokZpu çkf/kdkj mi&fuokZpu djkdj fjfä dks HkjsxkA^^ [¼10½ fcgkj jkT; fuokZpu çkf/kdkj fdlh lgdkjh lfefr] tgk¡ jkT; ljdkj us fgLlkiw¡th vFkok _.k vFkok foÙkh; lgk;rk vFkok dksbZ ljdkjh xkjaVh nh gks] esa cksMZ dk fuokZpu lapkfyr djus esa ;fn dkj.ko'k vlQy gqvk gks rks cksMZ vof/k dh lekfIr dh frfFk ls Lor% vf/kØfer le>k tk;sxk rFkk fucU/kd] lg;ksx lfefr;k¡] fof/k ds vuqlkj u;s cksMZ ds xBu gsrq N% ekg ls vuf/kd vof/k ds fy, fdlh O;fä dks ç'kkld ds :i fu;qä djsaxAs bl çdkj fu;qä ç'kkld fcgkj jkT; fuokZpu çkf/kdkj dks fuokZpu ds lapkyu esa gj laHko lgk;rk djsxkA ;g O;oLFkk iw.kZr% vUrfje O;oLFkk gksxh vkSj ç'kkld] fofgr vof/k ds Hkhrj] fuokZpu ds mijkUr u;s cksMZ dks lfefr dk çcU/ku lkSi nsxk] ijUrq tgk¡ ljdkj fgLlk&iw¡th vFkok _.k vFkok foÙkh; lgk;rk vFkok fdlh çdkj dh xkjaVh ugha nh gks vkSj tgk¡ fcgkj jkT; fuokZpu çkf/kdkj cksMZ dh vof/k dh lekfIr ds iwoZ fuokZpu lapkfyr djus esa vlQy jgrk gS] rks fuca/kd] lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ fuokZpu lapkyu djus ds ç;kstukFkZ ,d rnFkZ cksMZ dh fu;qfä ds fy, lnL;ksa dh ,d fo'ks"k vke lHkk vk;ksftr djus dk vkns'k ns ldsax]s ijUrq ;g vkSj fd fuokZpu lapkyu djus ds ç;kstukFkZ rnFkZ lfefr esa cksMZ ds ofgxkZeh lnL; vFkok in/kkjh lfEefyr ugha fd; s tk;sax]s ijUrq vkSj Hkh fd bl çdkj fu;qä rnFkZ ckMZ dh vof/k N% ekg ls vf/kd dh ugha gksxh] vkSj] og rnFkZ cksMZ fcgkj jkT; fuokZpu çkf/kdkj dks fuokZpu ds lapkyu ea s gj laHko lgk;rk çnku djsxkA ;g O;oLFkk iw.kZr% varfje O;oLFkk gksxh vkSj bl çdkj fu;qä rnFkZ cksMZ] fofgr vof/k ds Hkhrj] fuokZpu ds mijkUr u;s cksMZ dks lfefr dk çcU/ku lkSai nsxkA^^ ¼11½ çR;sd jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh vius fucfU/kr irk ij gj leqfpr le; fuEukafdr dkxtkr fu%'kqYd fujh{k.k ds fy, [kqyh j[ksxh& ¼d½ bl vf/kfu;e dh çfr] ¼[k½ ml lkslkbVh dks ç'kkflr djusokyh fu;ekoyh dh çfr] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk çfrLFkkfirA 2- mi/kkjk ¼6½ ^^vkSj mi/kkjk ¼8½^^ fujflr r=So A 3- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå&6] 2013 fnukad&22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfirA /kkjk,¡ 14d&16] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [11 ¼x½ ml lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa dh çfr] rFkk ¼?k½ vius lnL;ksa dh iath 1[XXXX] fVIi.kh [çkFkhZ] lgdkfjrk cSad esa lkof/kd inLFkkiu ij ps;jeSu dk çHkkj/kkjh] çkFkhZ bl vk/kkj ij vius in ls gVus esa foyEc ugha dj ldrk fd 'kkldh; jkti= ea s blds çdk'ku gksus ij Hkh mUgsa la'kks/ku dh 'kh?kz tkudkjh ugha gqbZ D;ksafd vf/kfu;e esa la'kksf/kr çko/kku dsoy ljdkj }kjk euksuhr i/kkjdksa dks gh çHkkfor djus dks vk'kf;r Fkk vkSj la'kks/ku rR{k.k ls çHkkodkjh gksuk vkKkfir FkkA uoy fd'kksj ;kno cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2002 ¼4½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 426A] [14d&dqN jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh ds çcU/k lfefr dk fuokZpu [^^ ¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e rFkk mlds v/khu cuh fu;ekoyh rFkk fucfU/kr lfefr dh mi&fof/k ds fdlh çko/kkuksa esa varfoZ"V fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fucfU/kr lfefr ds çca/k lfefr ds fuokZpu dk lapkyu] fcgkj jkT; fuokZpu çkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2008 ds v/khu xfBr fcgkj jkT; fuokZpu çkf/kdkj }kjk fcgkj jkT; fuokZpu çkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2008 rFkk mlds v/khu cuh fu;ekoyh lifBr fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 rFkk mlds v/khu cuh fu;ekoyh ds v/khu fuokZpu ds lapkyu ds fy, fofgr jhfr ls fd;k tk;sxk] ijUrq fo|eku çko/kkuksa ds v/khu l{ke çkf/kdkj }kjk lapkfyr fucfU/kr lgdkjh lkslkbZVh ds lHkh iwoZ fuokZpu lqjf{kr jgsaxs] ijUrq] vkSj fd] lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds çca/k lfefr dk fuokZpu lEiUu djkus laca/kh dksbZ dkjZokbZ] vkns'k] fu.kZ; bl la'kks/ku ds v/khu fd;k x;k le>k tk;sxk rFkk oSlk lEiUu dksbZ fuokZpu fdlh U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;] vkns'k vFkok fMØh ds gksrs gq, Hkh] fof/kekU; le>k tk;sxkA^^ 3[^^ ¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e rFkk mlds v/khu cuh fu;ekoyh rFkk fucaf/kr lfefr dh mi&fof/k ds fdlh çko/kku esa varfoZ"V fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fucfU/kr lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds çca/k lfefr dk fuokZpu] bl /kkjk ds çko/kku ds v/khu lEiUu gksxk ;fn fuokZpu dh çfØ;k çkjEHk gks pqdh gks ijUrq fuokZpu dk ifj.kke ?kksf"kr ugha gqvk gksA^^ 3[^^¼3½ bl vf/kfu;e rFkk mlds v/khu cuh fu;ekoyh rFkk fucaf/kr lfefr dh mifof/k ds fdlh çko/kku esa varfoZ"V fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fucfU/kr lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds çca/k lfefr dk fuokZpu bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 14 dh mi&/kkjk ¼9½ esa ;Fkk fofgr çca/k lfefr dh dkykof/k dh lekfIr ds iwoZ vFkok bl vf/kfu;e ds çko/kkuksa ds v/khu ikfjr çca/k lfefr ds vf/kØe.k vkns'k dh frfFk ls ukS ekg ds Hkhrj laiUu gksxk] ijUrq bl la'kks/ku ds vf/klwpuk dh frfFk dks çca/k lfefr ds vf/kØe.k ds ekeys esa] çca/k lfefr dk fuokZpu ukS ekg ds Hkhrj gksxkA^^ [XXX] 4[XXX] 6- mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds rgr vf/klwfpr oxksaZ vFkok fdlh oxZ dh dksbZ Hkh jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh ds fuokZpu ds ifj.kke ds 90 fnuksa ds vUnj nkf[ky ,d fuokZpu ;kfpdk dks NksM+ dj fdlh Hkh jhfr ls ç'u ugha mBk;k tk,xk ,oa mls bl vf/kfu;e ds /kkjk 48 ds v/khu fookn ds :i esa fofu'p; fd;k tk,xkA ,sls fuokZpu ;kfpdk dks jftLVªkj vFkok bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk&6 ds v/khu jftLVªkj ds lgk;rkFkZ fu;qä ,sls vU; inkf/kdkjh ds le{k nkf[ky fd;k tk ldsxk A] 15- _.k ysus ij çfrcU/k& iath—r lkslkbVh ek= lnL;ksa rFkk xSj lnL;ksa ls ml lhek rd ,oa mu 'kÙkksa ds v/khu tek vkSj _.k çkIr djsxh tks fu;ekoyh vFkok mifof/k;ksa esa fofgr gksaxs A 16- _.k nsus ij çfrcU/k&¼1½ fcuk fuca/kd dh lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k eatwjh ds rFkk mlds }kjk vf/klsfir çfrcU/kksa ds v/khu fucfU/kr lkslkbVh& 1- mi/kkjk 11 dk ijUrqd fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk fujflr A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 18]2008 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir A 3- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 3] 2012 fnukad 10&02&2012 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 4- mi/kkjk ¼4½ vkSj ¼5½ foyksfir r=So A 12] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk,¡ 17&19 /kkjk,¡ 2 ¼d½ lnL;ksa dks NksM+dj fdlh vU; O;fä dks _.k ugha nsxh] vFkok ¼[k½ py lEifÙk dh çfrHkwfr ij #i;s m/kkj ugha nsxhA 1 [ijUr q ;fn dksbZ funZs'k çkIr gksrk gS rks jftLVªkj mldh çkfIr ds rhu ekg ds Hkhrj mldk fuiVkjk djsxk] ¼2½ jkT; ljdkj lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'k ds }kjk fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh vFkok iathd`r lkslkbfV;ksa ds oxZ dks vpy lEifr ds cU/kd ij :Ik;s dtZ nsus ls izfrf"k) ;k izfrcaf/kr dj ldsxhA ¼3½ tgk¡ fucU/kd us mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds çko/kkuksa ds v/khu foÙknk;h cSad dks eatwjh nh gks] ogk¡ fucaf/kr lkslkbVh] tks oSls foÙkiks"kd cSad dk lnL; gks- eatwjh ds 'kÙkksa tks fucU/kd }kjk fofgr fd;s tk;sa] fori; cSad ds fy, vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa dke dj ldsxh vkSj oSls vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa og deh'ku ¼'kqYd½A vFkok deh'ku ds fcuk foÙknk;h cSad }kjk fn;s x, vFkok fn; s tkusokys _.kksa vFkok vfxzeksa ls lEcfU/kr vFkok dksbZ lO;ogkj iwjk dj ldsxhA 17- xSj&lnL; ds lkFk vU; laO;ogkj çfrcU/k& lnL; ds vfrfjä vU; O;fä;ksa ds iath—r lkslkbVh dk laO;ogkj vkSj Hkh oSls #dkoV ,oa çfrcU/kksa ds v/;/khu gksxk tks jkT; ljg fu;ekoyh ds }kjk fofgr djsA 18- vkjf{kr fuf/k ¼1½ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ds 'kq) ykHk dk U;uw re iSarhl çfr'kr çfro"kZ vkj fuf/k esa tek dj fn;k tk;xk] ijUrq jkT; ljdkj fdlh lkslkbVh vFkok lkslkfV;ksa ds oxZ ds fy, bl vuqp esa fu;ekuqlkj deh ;k o`f) dj ldsxhA ¼2½ ml lhek rFkk ml jhfr] dks NksM+dj tks fu;ekuqlkj fofgr fd; s tk ldsaxs] vkjf{kr fuf/k … ç;ksx lkslkbVh ds dkjckj ij ugha fd;k tk;xk A 2[¼3½ lHkh fucfU/kr lkslkbfV;ksa }kjk vius 'kq) ykHk dk U;wure nl çfr'kr jkf'k ^lgdkjh f'k{kk fodkl fuf/k^ esa gLrkUrfjr fd;k tk;xs k A ¼4½ mu fucfU/kr lkslkbfV;ksa esa ftuds fgLlk iwath esa jkT; ljdkj dk va'knku gks] 'kq) ykHk ds U;wure nl çfr'kr jkf'k ^fgLlk ekspu fuf/k^ esa rc rd gLrkUrfjr fd;k tk;xs k tc rd og jkf'k ljdk ds fgLlk iw¡th ds cjkcj u gks tk;s A] 3[¼5½ lkslkbVh ds dkjckj ea s vç;qä vkjf{kr fuf/k dk dksbZ va'k /kkjk 19 esa fofufnZ"V ,d vFkj vf/kd rjhdksa ls ml fu;ekoyh ds v/;/khu] tks jkT; ljdkj ,rnFkZ fufeZr dj ldsxh] fuosf'kr v/kj fuf{kIr fd;k tk,xk A 19- fuf/k;ksa dk fuos'ku& /kkjk 16 dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds çko/kkuksa ds v/;/khu iath—r lkslkbos viuh fuf/k;ksa dks& 4 [¼d½ ljdkjh cpr cSad esa] vFkok ¼[k½ vius foÙknkrk cSad esa] vFkok ¼x½ Hkkjrh; U;kl vf/kfu;e] 1882 ¼vf/kfu;e 2] 1882½ dh /kkjk 20 esa fofufnZ"V fdlh çfrHkwfr esa] vFkok ¼?k½ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fofufnZ"V çfrHkwfr;ksa esa] vFkok ¼³½ jftLVªkj ds lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k eatwjh ls vkSj mu 'kÙkksa ij tks og vf/kjksfir djs] ¼i½ fdlh vU; fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dh çfrHkwfr ij vFkok 'ks;jksa esa] vFkok ¼ii½ fdlh vuqlwph cSad eas vFkok jftLVªkj ds eatwjh ls cSad dk dkjckj dju s okys fdlh jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh ds ikl ¼p½ fu;ekoyh }kjk vuqer fdlh vU; jhfr ls] fuosf'kr vFkok tek dj ldsxhA] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 2- mi/kkjk ¼3½ vkSj ¼4½ fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 3- mi/kkjk ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼5½ ds :i esa iquZla[;kafdr A 4- çfr LFkkfir r=So A /kkjk,¡ 20&24] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [13 20- nkrO; ç;kstu esa nku /kkjk 18 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ vFkok fdlh fu;e ds }kjk visf{kr jkf'k dks vkjf{kr fuf/k esa Mky nsus ds ckn dksbZ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh nkrO; foU;kl vf/kfu;e] 1890 ¼6 lu~ 1890½ dh /kkjk 2 esa ifjHkkf"kr dh vuqlkj fdlh nkrO; ç;kstu ds fy, 'kq) ykHk dk nl çfr'kr ls vukf/kd jde n s ldsxh% fucU/kd viu s lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'k ls fdlh lkslkbVh vFkok lkslkbfV;ksa ds oxZ dks bl /kkjk ds v/khu nku djus ij çfr"ks/k yxk ldsxk A 21- fuf/k;ksa ds foHkktu ij çfrcU/k & iath—r lkslkbVh dh fuf/k;ksa dk dksbZ va'k mlds lnL;ksa esa cksul ;k ykHkka'k ;k vU;Fkk foHkkftr ugha fd;k tk;xk % ijUrq] /kkjk 18 dks mi/kkjk ¼1½ vFkok fdlh fu;e }kjk visf{kr jde dks vkjf{kr fuf/k esa Mky nsus ds ckn] 'kq) ykHk ds fdlh vo'ks"k dks] foxr o"kksaZ ds fdlh miyC/k ykHk ds lkFk] lnL;ksa esa foHkkftr vFkok lkslkbVh dh fo'ks"k lsok djus ds fy, fdlh lnL; dks cksul vFkok ikfjJfed ds :i esa vnk;xh djus v/kok lnL;ksa ds lkekU; ykHk ds fy, ç;qä djds] ml ifjek.k rFkk mu 'kÙkksa ds v/khu forfjr fd;k tk ldsxk tks fu;ekoyh vFkok mifof/k;ksa }kjk fofgr gksaxsA 22- lnL; ds 'ks;j vFkok fgr fo"k;d~ çHkkj ,oa leatu& fdlh lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEifÙk ls ckdh lkslkbVh dk fdlh lnL;] ml lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; ds iwath dk 'ks;j vFkok fgr rFkk fu{ksi vFkok va'knku ij rFkk ykHk esa ls fdlh lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEifÙk dks lans; fdlh jde ij fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dk çHkkj gksxk vkSj fdlh lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEifÙk dks nh tkuos kyh vFkok lans; fdlh jde dks oSls _.k dh vnk;xh esa vFkok dh vksj leftr dj ldsxh A 23- lg;ksx lfefr dk iwoZ nkok& Hkw&jktLo ;k yksd ek¡x tSlk olwyh; /ku laca/kh fdlh ljdkjh nkok vFkok tehankj dk yxku ;k yxku tSlk olwyh; /ku laca/kh fdlh nkok ds v/;/khu] fdlh lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEifÙk ls fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ckdh dksbZ _.k ijkns; ek¡x iwfoZd çHkkj gksax s % ¼d½ ;fn mä ek¡x cht vFkok [kkn dh vkiwfrZ vFkok Ø; gsrq vuqnÙk fdlh _.k ds laca/k esa ckdh gks rks] oSlh vkiwfrZ vFkok _.k dh vfUre fdLr ds çfrlans; gksu s dh frfFk ls nks o"kZ ds Hkhrj fdlh le; oSls lnL; vFkok HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok oSls e`r lnL; dh lEifÙk dh mit vFkok vU; —f"k mRiknu ij] ¼[k½ ;fn mä ek¡x i'kq] i'kq ds fy, pkjk] —f"k dk;Z laca/kh vFkok vkS|ksfxd midj.k vFkok ;a= vFkok mRiknukFkZ dPps eky dh vkiwfrZ vFkok ,sls fdlh _.k ds iwjs vFkok va'k ls Øhr fdlh i'kq vFkok oLrq ij vFkok bl çdkj ls vkiwfjr vFkok Øhr dPps eky ls mRikfnr fdlh lkexzh ij A fVIi.kh [ ifjlekiuk/khu lfefr ds _.kksa ds fy, HkwriwoZ lnL; ds nkf;Ro dk mYys[k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 23 esa gS vkSj mls lkslkbVh ds fdlh lnL; dk lkslkbVh ds çfr _.k ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA cjgh Vksyk lgdkjh lfefr cuke 'kEHkqukFk flag] 23 ihå,yåVhå 104A] 23&d- xSj lnL;ksa ds çfr /kkjk 23 dk çorZ~ru& fdlh xSj&lnL; vFkok e`r xSj&lnL; dh lEifÙk ls /kkjk 16 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ dh df.Mdk ¼d½ ds v/khu çkf/k—r] iath—r lkslkbVh dks olwyh; dksbZ _.k vFkok ijkns; ek¡x oSls ifjek.k^ rd rFkk oSls nkoksa] 'kÙkksa ,oa çfrcU/kksa ds v/;/khu xSj&lnL; dh lEifÙk vFkok e`r xSj&lnL; dh lEifÙk ij iwfoZd çHkkj gksaxsA tSls fdlh lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEifÙk ls fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dk ckdh _.k vFkok ijkn;s ek¡x /kkjk 23 ds v/khu ml lnL; dh lEifÙk vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEifÙk ij iwfoZd çHkkj gksrh gSA 24- lnL; dh e`R;q gksus ij fgr dk vUrj.k ¼1½ fucaf/kr lkslkbVh] fdlh lnL; dh e`R;q gksus ij lkslkbVh dh iwath esa mldk 'ks;j vFkok fgr fu;ekuqlkj euksuhr O;fä dks vFkok] ;fn ,slk euksuhr O;fä u gks rks] ,sls O;fä dks] tks lkslkbVh vFkok çcU/k lfefr dks ml e`r lnL; dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh 14] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [24d vFkok oS/k izfrfuf/k izrhr gks] varfjr dj ldsxh] vFkok oSlk euksuhr O;fDr] mrjkf/kdkjh vFkok oS/k çfrfuf/k dks] ;FkkfLFkfr fu;e mifof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj fofuf'pr ml lnL; ds 'ks;j vFkok fgr vFkok oS/k çfrfuf/k çrhr gks] vUrfjr dj ldsxh] vFkok oSlk euksuhr O;fä] mÙkjkf/kdkjh vFkok /kkjk ewY;kuqlkj jkf'k ns ldsxh% ijUrq& ¼i½ vlhfer nkf;Ro okyh lkslkbVh ds ekeys esa oSlk euksuhr O;fä mÙkjkf/kdkjh vFkok /kkjk 22 ds v/khu 'kqYd dh jkf'k dh dVkSrh djus ds ckn lkslkbVh ls ysu s dh v₂ ¼5 çfrfuf/k ;FkkfLFkfr] e`r lnL; ds 'ks;j vFkok fgr dk mi;qZä vuqlkj fofuf'pr dj ldsxk] ¼ii½ lhfer nkf;Ro okyh lkslkbVh ds ekey s esa lkslkbVh e`r lnL; ds 'ks;j vFkok fgr dks ?kkj ds v/khu fo|eku 'kqYd ds v/;/khu oSls euksuhr O;fä mÙkjkf/kdkjh vFkok oS/k çfrfu dks ;FkkfLFkfr] tks fu;ekoyh ,oa mifof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj lkslkbVh ds lnL; gksus ;ksX; gks e`r lnL; dh e`R;q ds rhu eghus ds Hkhrj vkosnu nsus ij ml vkosnu i= esa of.kZr O; dks] ftlesa oSlh ;ksX;rk gks] vUrfjr dj nsxh % ijUrq vkSj Hkh ;g fd lnL; dh e`R;q dh frfFk ls N% ekg dh lekfIr rd vFkok ml vof/k Hkhrj fdlh vU; O;fä }kjk fd;k x;k fdlh nkok dk /kkjk 48 ds v/khu fucVkjk ,d lkS #i;s ls vf/kd cqykus dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku ml mÙkjkf/kdkjh vFkok oS/k çfrfuf/k dks ugha fd;k tk;xk tks fu;ekoyh ds vuqe~ vFkok euksuhr u gks A ¼2½ Åij fy[ks vuqlkj] fucfU/kr lkslkbVh oSls euksuhr O;fä] mÙkjkf/kdkjh vFkok oS/k çfrfuf/kd ;FkkfLFkfr lkslkbVh ds e`r lnL; dk lkjk vU; /ku vknk; dj ldsxh A ¼3½ iath—r lkslkbVh }kjk bl /kkjk ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj fd;s x;s lkjs vUrj.k ,oa Hkqxrku fd;ksa vU; O;fä }kjk lkslkbVh ij dh xbZ fdlh ek¡x ds çfr ekU; vkSj çHkkoh gksax s A 24&d- iath—r lkslkbVh vkSj mlds ysunkjksa ds chp lqyg eatwj djus dh fucU/kd dks 'kfä ¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh tgk¡ fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh vkSj mlds ysunk vFkok muds fdlh oxZ esa lqyg ;k O;oLFkk çLrkfor gksxh] ogk¡ fucU/kd lkslkbVh vFkok fdlh mÙkeka vFkok oSlh lkslkVh dh n'kk esa ftlds fo"k; esa ifjlekiu dk vkns'k ikfjr gks pqdk gks] ifjlekid vkosnu ij] ysunkj vFkok ysunkjksa ds oxZ dh ;FkkfLFkfr] cSBd oSlh jfr ls cqykdj laf{kIrr% lapkyu dk ldsxk tks fu;eksa }kjk fofgr gksxh A ¼2½ ;fn eYw ; esa rhu&pkSFkkbZ dk çfrfuf/kRo djusokys vf/klaj{kd ysunkj vFkok yus nkjksa ds oxZ Lok vFkok ijks{kh ds }kjk cSBd esa mifLFkr gksdj fdlh lqyg ;k O;oLFkk ds fy, lEer gksa rks og lqyg lks O;oLFkk fucU/kd ds vkns'k ls eatwj gks tkus ij ;FkkfLFkfr lkjs mÙke.kksa vFkok mÙke.kksaZ ds oxZ ij rFk la lkslkbVh ij Hkh vFkok oSlh lkslkbVh dh n'kk esa ftlds fo"k; esa lekiukns'k ikfjr gks pqdk gks] ifjlekQ ij rFkk mu lkjs O;fä;ksa ij ftUgsa /kkjk 44 dh mi/kkjk ¼3½ dh dafMdk ¼x½ ds v/khu dk;Z djrs gSaA ifjlekid u s lkslkbVh dh vkfLr;ksa esa va'knku djus dh vis{kk dh gks] vkc)dj gksxhA ¼3½ ;fn fdlh le; fucU/kd dk ,slk lek/kku gks fd fucfU/kr lkslkbVh vkSj mlds ysunkjksa vFko muds fdlh oxZ ds e/; fdlh lqyg vFkok O;olk; esa] tks fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbVh ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu; 1942 ¼fogkj vf/kfu;e 7] lu~ 1942½ dh vkjEHk frfFk dks ço`Ùk fof/k ds vuqlkj vfUre gks pqdh Fkh vFkok ftls bl /kkjk dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu jftLVªkj us frfFk ds ckn eatwj dj fy;k Fkk] lkslkbVh vHk; mlds ysunkj vFkok ysunkjksa ds dfFkr oxZ ds fgrkFkZ uohu lqyg ;k O;oLFkk djds iqujhf{kr vFko çfrLFkkfir djuk vR;ko';d gS rks og LosPNk ls vFkok lkslkbVh vFkok fdlh ysunkjksa ds vkosnu , ;FkkfLFkfr ysunkj vFkok yus nkjksa ds oxZ dh oSlh jhfr ls cSBd cqykdj lapkfyr dju s dk vkns'k ns ldsxk fu;eksa ds vuqlkj fofgr gksxh] vkSj ;fn ewY;kuqlkj rhu&pkSFkkbZ dk çfrfuf/kRo djus okys vf/kla[;d ysunkj vFkok ysunkjksa dk oxZ ;FkkfLFkfr Lo;a vFkok ijks{kh ds }kjk cSBd esa mifLFkr gksdj iwoZoÙkhZ lqyg O;oLFkk esa iqujh{k.k vFkok fdlh uohu lqyg vFkok O;oLFkk ds fy, lger gksosa rks fuca/kd oSlh iqujhf{kr lqyg vFkok O;oLFkk vFkok oSlh ubZ lqyg vFkok O;oLFkk dh eatwjh ns ldsxkA /kkjk 25] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [15 ¼4½ mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu eatwjh dksbZ Hkh iqujhf{kr lqyg vFkok O;oLFkk vFkok uohu lqyg ck O;oLFkk ml leku jhfr ls rFkk mu leku 'krksa ds v/;/khu ubZ lqyg ;k O;oLFkk ds }kjk iqujhf{kr vFkok çfrLFkkfir dh tk ldsxh ftl jhfr ls rFkk ftu 'krksaZ ds v/;/khu dksbZ lqyg ;k O;oLFkk ubZ lqyg v'ok O;oLFkk ds }kjk mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu iqujhf{kr vFkok çfrLFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA ¼5½ mi/kkjk ¼3½ vFkok mi/kkjk ¼4½ ds v/khu fucU/kd }kjk Loh—r dksbZ Hkh iqujhf{kr lqyg ;k vkc)dj gksxh A ¼6½ mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu lqyg ;k O;oLFkk vFkok mi/kkjk ¼3½ ;k mipkjk ¼4½ ds v/khu iqujhf{kr vU; vk/kkj ij xq.k&nks"k ds dkj.k vikLr] la'kksf/kr] iqujhf{kr vFkok fujLr ?kksf"kr ugha dh tk ldsaxh vkSj u mls pqukSrh nh tk ldsxhA ¼7½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ vFkok mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu ;FkkfLFkfr ysunkj vFkok ysunkjksa ds oxZ dh cSBd cykus ds fy;s fucU/kd dk vkns'k rFkk mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu lqyg vFkok O;oLFkk vFkok mi/kkjk ¼3½ fuca/kd dk vkns'k 'kkldh;

jkti= esa çdkf'kr fd;s tk;axs s A vFkok mi/kkjk ¼4½ ds v/khu iqujhf{kr lqyg vFkok O;oLFkk ubZ lqyg ;k O;oLFkk dks eatwj djrs gq, fuca/kd dk vkns’k 'kkldh; jkti= esa izdkf’kr fd;s tk;saxAs fVIi.kh bl vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj dh xbZ lqygukek vkSj fuft ,djkjukek ea s vUrj gSA lg;ksx lfefr ds fo#) ysunkj }kjk yk;k x;k okn ds nkSjku lqyg dh ;kstuk jgrh gS ftls fucU/kd dk vuqeksnu çkIr gksrk gSA Li"V cgqer }kjk Loh—r lqygukek fucU/kd dh Loh—fr ds i'pkr~ lHkh ysunkjksa ds fy, vkc)dj gksxh A] 25- iath—r lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa dk la'kks/ku& tc rd dksbZ la'kks/ku bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fucfU/kr u gks tk, rcrd fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa esa dksbZ Hkh la'kks/ku fof/kekU; ugha gksxhA 1 [¼2½ ;fn jftLVªkj dk lek/kku gks tk; fd mifof/k dk la'kks/ku bl vf/kfu;e vFkok fu;ekoyh ds çfrdwy ugha gSa rks og la'kks/ku gsrq çLrko ds miLFkkiu dh rkjh[k ls uCcs fnuksa ds Hkhrj la'kks/ku dks jftLVªh—r djsxk A] ¼3½ tc fucU/kd fdlh fuofU/kr lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa ds la'kks/ku dks fucaf/kr djsxk rks og lkslkbVh dks vius }kjk çekf.kr ml la'kks/ku dh çfr fuxZr djsxk tks bl ckr dk fu'pk;d çek.k gksxk fd la'kks/ku lE;d~ :i ls fucfU/kr gks pqdk gSA 2 ¼4½ ;fn mi/kkjk ¼2½ esa vf/kdfFkr 'krsaZ iwjh ugha dh x;h gksa rks jftLVªkj çLrko miLFkkiu dh rkjh[k ls uCcs fnuksa ds Hkhrj vLoh—fr vkns'k ds lkFk&lkFk mlds dkj.kksa dks fucfU/kr Mkd }kjk Hkstsxk A ¼5½ uCcs fnuksa ds Hkhrj vLoh—fr vkns'k ugha Hkstus dh n'kk esa la'kks/ku jftLVªh—r le>k tk;xs kA ,sls ekeyksa esa vius gLrk{kj ,oa eqgj ls fucU/ku çek.k&i= fuxZr djuk jftLVªkj ds fy, vfuok;Z gksxk tks fu'p;kRed lk{; gksxk fd la'kks/ku lE;d~ :i ls jftLVªh—r dj fn;k x;k gSA ¼6½ mi/kkjk ¼4½ ds v/khu jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh }kjk vLoh—fr vkns'k çkIr gksus vFkok mi/kkjk ¼5½ ds v/khu la'kks/ku ls lEcfU/kr fu'p;kRed lk{; ugha çkIr gksus ij] ;fn ,slk vkns'k vFkok fu'p;kRed lk{; dh vçkfIr ,sls jftLVªkj ls lacfU/kr gks ftlesa lgdkjh lfefr ds jftLVªkj dh 'kfä çR;k;ksftr gks rks lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds jftLVªkj ds ikl vihy gks ldsxh vkSj ;fn ,slk vkns'k lgdkjh lfefr ds jftLVªkj dk gks rks jkT; ljdkj ds ikl vihy gks ldsxh % ijUrq ,slh vihy vkns'k&çkfIr/lk{; vçkfIr ds nks eghus ds Hkhrj nk;j dh tk;sxhA] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk çfrLFkkfirA 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk vUr%LFkkfirA 16] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,¡ 26&24 /kkjk,¡ 29&32 26- iathdr lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa esa la'kks/ku funsf'kr dju s dh jftLVkj dh 'kfä& ¼1½ ;fn fucU/kd dks ,slk çrhr gks fd iath—r lkslkbVh mifof/k;ksa esa la'kks/ku mlds fgr esa vko fucfU/kr Mkd ls fyf[kr vkns'k tkjh djds ml vkns'k esa fofufnZ"V le; ds Hkhrj lkslkbVh ls ,lih vFkok lehphu gS rks lkslkbVh ds lEc)d lkslkbVh@la?k dh jk; ysus ds ckn] og ml lkslkbVh dks fucaf/kr Mkd ls fyf[kr vkns'k tkjh djds ml vkns'k esa fofufnZ"V le; ds Hkhrj lkslkbVh ls ,sls la'kks/ku dh vis{kk dj ldsxkA ¼2½ ;fn dksbZ lkslkbVh fofufnZ"V le; ds Hkhrj ,slk la'kks/ku djus esa foQy gks tk, rks fucu~ lkslkbVh dks lquokbZ dk mfpr volj nsus ds ckn ,sls la'kks/ku dks fucaf/kr djds ml la'kks/ku dh Lo;a çekf.kr çfrfyfi lkslkbVh dks fucfU/kr Mkd ls Hkst ldsxk tks bl ckr dk fu'pk;d çek.k gksxk la'kks/ku lE;d:is.k fucaf/kr gks x;k gS ,oa og la'kks/ku ml lkslkbVh ds lnL;ksa ds fy, vkc)dj gksxkA la'kks/ku lE;d~:is.k fucaf/kr gks x;k gS ,oa og la'kks/ku ml lklkbVh ds lnL;ksa ds fy, vkc)dj gksxkA ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu ikfjr fdlh vkns'k ds tkjh gksus dh frfFk ls nks ekg ds Hkhrj ml vkd ds fo#) jkT; ljdkj ds ikl vihy gksxhA vihy ij jkT; ljdkj ds vkn's k rFkk ml vihy ds ifj.kke ds v/;/khu fucU/kd dk vkns'k vfUre gksxk A fVIi.kh [lg;ksx lfefr dh vke lHkk gh dsoy fuokZpu vkSj viuh mifof/k;ksa esa la'kks/ku djus ds fo"k; fuca/kd ds funs'k dks ugha ekuus ds fy, l{ke gSA fot; dqekj feJ cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 198 ihå,yå tsåvkjå 846 % 1989 chå,yåtsåvkjå 636% 1989 ¼1½ chå,yåtsåvkjå 420A] 30 esa lnL; fdlh fM 1909½ çkIr f¼ v/;k; 4 iath—r lkslkbVh ds lnL;ksa ds vf/kdkj ,oa nkf;Ro 2[^^27- lnL; dk vf/kdkj& ¼1½ lgdkjh lfefr dk dksbZ Hkh lnL; fu;eksa ;k lfefr ds mifof/k esa fofgr lnL;rk fo"k;d vnk;xh dj nsus ds ckn lfefr ds lnL; ds vf/kdkjksa dk ç;ks dj ldsaxs] ijUrq bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh çko/kku esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq;s Hkh fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dk lnL;] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cuk;h x;h fu;ekoyh vFkok mifof/k;ksa }kjk fofgr ;FkkfLFkfr] lfefr ds çca/ku esa lgHkkfxrk vkSj U;wuÙke visf{kr lsok,¡ çkIr djus gsrq cqykbZ xbZ cSBdksa esa ;Fkksisf{kr U;wure mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr dju s ds ckn gh lfefr ds cksMZ ds lnL;ksa ds fuokZpu esa erkf/kdkj dk ç;ksx dk ldrk gSA ¼2½ çR;sd lgdkjh lfefr] çR;sd lnL; dh igq¡p dh O;oLFkk] ,sls lnL;ksa vius dkjckj ds fu;fer laO;ogkj esa j[ks x;s lgdkjh lfefr dh cgh] lwpuk vkSj ys[kk rd] djsxh A ¼3½ lgdkjh lfefr ds çR;sd lnL; dks lgdkjh lfefr esa la/kkfjr vfHkys[kksa] lwpukvksa rFkk O;olkj ls lacaf/kr fu;fer laO;ogkjksa ds ys[kkvksa ds laca/k esa lHkh tkudkjh/dkxtkr çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gksxkA lgdkjh lfefr ds eq[; dk;Zikyd inkf/kdkjh/çca/kd lHkh okafNr tkudkjh/dkxtkrksa rd lnL;ksa dks igq¡p lqfuf'pr djsxkA ¼4½ lgdkjh lfefr ds lnL;ksa dks bl vf/kfu;e] fdlh çko/kku ds v/khu cuk;h x;h fu;ekoyh rFk mifof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj lgdkjh f'k{kk rFkk lgdkfjrk laca/kh çf'k{k.k çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gksxkA^^ 28- lnL; dk er&3 [¼1½ bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ,oa /kkjk 14 dh mi&/kkjk ¼4½ ds v/;/khu iath—r lkslkbVh ds çR;sd lnL; dks lnL; ds :i esa iath—r lkslkbVh ds dk;Z&dykiksa esa ,d gh er nsj dk vf/kdkj gksxk] ijUrq cjkcj er çkIr gksus dh n'kk esa v/;{k dks fu.kkZ;d er nsus dk vf/kdkj gksxkAA ¼2½ fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh dks] tks fdlh nwljh iath—r lkslkbVh dk lnL; gks] mrus er gksaxs ftru ml vU; lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa esa fofgr gksaxs ,oa og ,slh mi&fof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj erkf/kdkj ds ç;ksx djus ds fy,] oSls erksa dh la[;k ls vuf/kd la[;k esa lnL;ksa dks fu;qä dj ldsxh] ijUrq dksbZ Hkh lnL;] tks fdl fu;e ds v/khu oSlh fu;qfä ds fy, v;ksX; gksxk] fu;qä ugha fd;k tk;xk A 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10]2002 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A /kkjk,¡ 29&32d] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [17 ¼3½ mi/kkjk ¼2½ esa micfU/kr jhfr dks NksM+dj] fucU/kd dks lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k Loh—fr ds fcuk fdlh lkslkbVh vFkok lkslkbfV;ksa ds oxZ ds fy, ijks{kh }kjk ernku vfHkLoh—r ugha fd;k tk;xkA fVIi.kh [erkf/kdkj çkIr lnL; dks lHkk dh uksfVl ugha nsus ls ogka lHkk xyr gksxh [kkldj tc mlesa lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds v/;{k ds f[kykQ vfo'okl çLrko gksA xtkuu ukjk;.k ikfVy cuke nÙkk=s; foeu ikfVy] ,åvkbZåvkjå 1990 ,lålhå 1023 ¼1990½½ 3 ,lålhålhå 634 ¼1990½ vkbZå tsåVhå 5171] 29- lnL; dh /k`fr ij çfrca/k& jkT; ljdkj vFkok vU; iath—r lkslkbVh dks NksM+dj fdlh Hkh iath—r lkslkbVh ds lnL; dks iath—r lkslkbVh dh iw¡th esa dqy iw¡th dk iapeka'k vFkok fu;e ds v/khu fofgr oSlk U;uw re vuqikr ls vukf/kd fgr vFkok nkok ugha gksxk A 30- 'ks;j vFkok fgr tIr ugha gksxk& /kkjk 22 ds çko/kkuksa ds v/;/khu iath—r lkslkbVh dh iw¡th esa lnL; dk 'ks;j vFkok fgr ;k va'knku ml lnL; }kjk mixr fdlh _.k vFkok nkf;Ro laca/kh U;k;ky; dh fdlh fMØh esa tIr ;k foØ; ugha fd;k tk ldsxk] u rks çsflMsUlh uxj 'kks/kk{kE; vf/kfu;e] 1909 ¼3 lu~ 1909½ ds v/khu 'kkldh; leuqnsf'krh vkSj u çkUrh; 'kks/kk{kE; vf/kfu;e] 1920 ¼5 lu 1920½ ds v/khu çkIr ¼fjlhoj½ oSlk 'ks;j] fgr vFkok va'knku dk gdnkj gksxk vFkok nkok dj ldsxkA 31- 'ks;j vFkok fgr ds vUrj.k ij jksd ¼1½ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dh iw¡th esa fdlh lnL; dk 'ks;j vFkok fgr dk vUrj.k ;k çHkkj.k vf/kdre /k`fr ds mu 'kÙkksa ds v/;/khu gksxk tks bl vf/kfu;e vFkok fu;ekoyh esa fofgr fd;s tk;saxs A ¼2½ vlhfer nkf;Ro dh iath—r lkslkbVh dh n'kk esa] lnL; rcrd lkslkbVh dh iw¡th vFkok lEifÙk vFkok mlds fdlh Hkkx esa vius 'ks;j ;k fgr dk vUrj.k ugha djsxk tcrd & ¼d½ og oSlk 'ks;j vFkok fgr de&ls&de ,d o"kZ rd ugha /kkfjr dj pqdk gks] ,oa ¼[k½ vUrj.k vFkok çHkkj.k lkslkbVh dks] vFkok lkslkbVh ds lnL; dks] vFkok ml O;fä dks] ftlds lnL;rkFkZ vkosnu lkslkbVh us Loh—r fd;k gks] ugha fd;k tk,A fVIi.kh [lg;ksx lfefr ds çfr nkf;Ro iwjs la;qä ifjokj dk gksrk gSA ,åvkbZåvkjå 1953 mM+hlk 300 A] 32- HkwriwoZ lnL; dk rFkk e`r lnL; dh lEink dk nkf;Ro & HkwrioaZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEink ls iath—r lkslkbVh ds ckdh _.k tks mldh lnL;rk R;kxus vFkok e`R;q dh frfFk ij ;FkkfLFkfr] fo|eku Fks] dk nkf;Ro oSlh frfFk ls nks o"kksaZ dh vof/k rd tkjh jgsxk A fVIi.kh [^^iath—r lg;ksx lfefr ds dtZ^^ ls vfHkçsr gSa lfefr dks lans; dtZA lnL; dh e`R;q dh frfFk ls nks o"kZ rd gh lfefr dks lans; dtZ dk nkf;Ro jgsxkA pUnj flag cuke deyiqj dks&v‚ijsfVo lkslkbVh] vkbZå,yåvkjå 24 iVuk 681 225 vkbZålhå 120&12&chåvkjå 553 1] v/;k;&4 d lgdkjh lfefr dh okf"kZd vke lHkk rFkk okf"kZd fooj.kh 1[32d- okf"kZd vke lHkk ¼1½ çR;sd lgdkjh lfefr dk cksMZ] foÙkh; o"kZ dh lekfIr ds ckn] Ng ekg ds Hkhrj okf"kZd vke lHkk cqyk;sxh] ftlesa cksMZ ds lnL;ksa ,oa mlds inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds fuokZpu dks NksM+dj] fuEufyf[kr lwphc) fo"k;ksa esa ls lHkh vFkok fdlh ij ppkZ djsxh %& ¼d½ fucU/kd ds le{k çLrqr djus ds fy, cksMZ }kjk çLrqr dh x;h okf"kZd ys[kk fooj.kh ij fopkj.k; ¼[k½ cksMZ }kjk çLrqr okf"kZd çfrosnu ij fopkj.k; ¼x½ lkafof/kd vads{kdksa ,oa vkUrfjd vads{kdksa dh fu;qfä ,oa gVk;k tkuk; 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 18] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk 32d ¼?k½ vads{k.k ds fjiksVZ vkSj fucU/kd dks nkf[ky dh tkus okyh vads{kr ys[kk fooj.kh fopkj.k% ¼³½ vads{k.k/fo'ks"k vads{k.k vuqikyu çfrosnu dk fopkj.k; ¼p½ tk¡p çfrosnu] ;fn dksbZ gks] ij dh xbZ dkjZokbZ ij fopkj.k; ¼N½ 'kq) vf/k'ks"k dk fuiVku; ¼t½ lackyu ?kkVk] ;fn dksbZ gks] dk iqufoZyksdu; ¼>½ nh?kZdkyhu Hkkoh ;kstuk vkSj okf"kZd ifjpkyu ;kstuk dk vuqeksnu; ¼¥½ ckf"kZd ctV dk vuqeksnu; ¼V½ fofufnZ"V vkjf{kr ,oa vU; fuf/k;ksa dk l`tu; ¼B½ vkjf{kr ,oa vU; fuf/k;ksa dh okLrfod mi;ksfxrk dk iqufoZyksdu; ¼M½ vU; lgdkjh lfefr;ksa esa lgdkjh lfefr dh lnL;rk ij çfrosnu; ¼<½ ftl O;fä dh lnL;rk ds fy, vkosnu vLoh—r dj fn;k x;k gks vFkok ftldh lnL;r cksMZ }kjk lekIr dj nh xbZ gks] O;fä dh vihy;] ¼.k½ fdlh funs'kd] vads{kd ;k vkUrfjd vads{k.k dks ml gSfl;r ls mlds drZ~rO; vFko lacaf/kr cSBdksa esa mldh mifLFkfr ds laca/k esa Hkqxrs; ikfjJfed] ¼r½ la?k/ifjla?k esa lgdkjh lfefr dh lnL;rk] ¼Fk½ vU; laxBuksa ds lkFk lg;ksx] ¼n½ mifof/k;ksa dk la'kks/ku] ¼?k½ funs'kdksa ,oa in/kkfj;ksa ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk cukuk] ¼u½ lnL;ksa ds ukekadu ,oa lnL;rk lekfIr ij fVIi.kh] ¼i½ lgdkjh lfefr dk fo?kVu] ¼Q½ ,sls vU; —R;] tks mifof/k;k¡ esa fofufnZ"V gksaA ¼2½ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fofufnZ"V dk;ksaZ ds fy, çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj lgdkjh lfefr ds okf"kZd vke lHkk] mifof/k;ksa ds vuqlkj vf/klwfpr le;] frfFk rFkk LFkku ij gksxh vkSj ;fn x.kiwfj ¼dksje½ mifLFkr gks rks lgdkjh lfefr ds v/;{k lHkk dk lHkkifrRo djsaxs] ijUrq v/;{k dh vuqifLFkfr ea s mik/;{k vFkok v/;{k vkSj mik/;{k nksuksa dh vuqifLFkfr esa lnL;ksa }kjk vius chp ls fuokZfpr dksbZ O;fä lHkk dk lHkkifrRo djsaxs] ijUrq vkSj fd ,slh fdlh lfefr dh n'kk esa tgk¡ bl vf/kfu;e ds çko/kkuksa ds v/khu çca/k lfeh vf/kØfer gks x;h gks] ogk¡ ç'kkld vke lHkk dk lHkkifrRo djsaxs vkSj mudh vuqifLFkfr esa] mu }kjk uke funsZf'kr dksbZ O;fä lHkk dk lHkkifr gksxk A ¼3½ lHkk dk lHkkifrRo djus okyk O;fä lHkk dh dk;Zokgh dk lapkyu ml jhfr ls djsxk os dkjckj ds rhozrk rFkk larks"ktud fuiVkjs ds fy, gks vkSj lHkk esa vkns'k ds lHkh fcUnqvksa ij fu.kZ; ysxkA ¼4½ vke lHkk dh lwpuk fuxZr gksus dh frfFk dks lfefr dh dqy lnL; la[;k tks gksxh mldk iapeka'k vke lHkk dh x.kiwfrZ ¼dksje½ gksxhA ¼5½ ;fn vke lHkk ds fy, fu/kkZfjr le; ls ,d ?kaVk ds Hkhrj x.kiwfrZ mifLFkr u gks rks lHk,slh frfFk ds fy, LFkfxr dj nh tk;sxh tks lkr fnuksa ls iwoZ vkSj bDdhl fnuksa ds ckn u gksA ¼6½ LFkfxr vke lHkk ds fy, fdlh x.kiwfrZ dh vko';drk ugha gksxh A ¼7½ vke lHkk ea s lHkh ç'uksa ij fu.kZ; cgqer ls fd;k tk;sxk vkSj erksa dh lerk dh fLFkfr gS- lHkk ds lHkkifr fu.kkZ;d er nsaxsA ¼8½ ijks{kh er Loh—r ugha fd;k tk;sxk] fdUrq fdlh fof'k"V fucaf/kr lgdkjh lfefr vFkok fdls fof'k"V fucaf/kr lgdkjh lfefr ds oxZ ds ekeys ea]s fucU/kd ,slk djus dh vuqefr ns ldsaxsA /kkjk,¡ 32[k&33] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [19 ¼9½ vke lHkk esa gkFk mBkdj ernku fd;k tk;xs k vkSj dsoy vkiokfnd ekeys esa] ;fn fucU/kd Loçsj.kk ls vFkok lacaf/kr lfefr }kjk çLrqr vkosnu ij bl çdkj dk funs'k ns rks] eri= }kjk ernku viuk;k tk ldsxk A ¼10½ vke lHkk dh dk;Zokfg;ksa dk dk;Zo`Ùk bl ç;kstukFkZ j[kh xbZ ,d cgh esa vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tk;sxk vkSj lHkk dk lHkkifrRo djus okys O;fä }kjk dk;Zo`r gLrk{kfjr fd;k tk;xk A ¼11½ fdlh vke lHkk esa viuk;h xbZ çfØ;k laca/kh lHkh ekeyksa esa vihy fucU/kd ds le{k lafLFkr gksxk vkSj ml ij mldk fofu'p; vafre gksxk A ^[32[k- okf"kZd fooj.kh nkf[ky fd;k tkuk çR;sd lgdkjh lfefr çR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ dh lekfIr ds Ng ekg ds Hkhrj fucU/kd ds le{k okf"kZd fooj.kh nkf[ky djsxh ftlesa fuEufyf[kr fo"k; 'kkfey jgsaxs %& ¼d½ dk;Zdykiksa dk okf"kZd fjiksVZ] ¼[k½ ys[kkvksa dk vadsf{kr fooj.k] ¼x½ lkekU; fudk; }kjk ;Fkkuqeksfnr vf/k'ks"k ds fuiVkjs dh ;kstuk] ¼?k½ lgdkjh lfefr dh mifof/k;ksa esa fd;s x;s la'kks/kuksa dh lwph] ;fn dksbZ gks] ¼³½ lkekU; fudk; dh lHkk ds vk;kstu dh rkjh[k rFkk fuokZpu dk lapkyu] ;fn ns; gks] ls lacaf/kr ?kks"k.kk] ¼p½ dksbZ vU; tkudkjh] tks fucU/kd }kjk vf/klwfpr vf/kfu;e ds fdlh çko/kkuksa ds fØ;kUo;u gsrq vko';d] gks A^^ v/;k; 5 vads{k.k ,oa fujh{k.k 2[^^33- vads{k.k ¼1½ lgdkjh lfefr viuh ys[kkvksa dk vads{k.k çR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ esa de ls de ,d ckj] bl gsrq jkT; ljdkj vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk çkf/k—r çkf/kdkj }kjk vuqeksfnr ukekoyh ds vads{k.k }kjk djk,xhA ,slk vads{kd pkVZM ,dkmUVsUV vf/kfu;e] 1949 ds vFkkZUrxZr ;k rks pkVZM ,dkmUVsUV gksxk ;k fucU/kd ds dk;kZy; dk vads{kd gksxkA ¼2½ jkT; ljdkj vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk çkf/k—r çkf/kdkj }kjk vuqeksfnr ukekoyh ds vads{kd dh U;wure 'kS{kf.kd vgZrk fdlh ekU;rk çkIr fo'ofo|ky; ls mÙkh.kZ Lukrd ¼xf.kr ds lkFk½ vFkok okf.kT; Lukrd gksxhA ,sls vads{kdksa vFkok pkVZM ,dkmUVsUV QeZ ls vads{k.k dk de ls de rhu o"kZ ds vuqHko dh vis{kk dh tk;sxhA ,sls vads{kd vFkok pkVZM ,dkmUVsUM QeZ gh lgdkjh lfefr ds ys[kkvksa dk vads{k.k dju s gsrq ik= gksaxsA ¼3½ çR;sd lgdkjh lfefr ds ys[kkvksa dk vads{k.k lgdkjh lfefr ds lkekU; fudk; }kjk fu;qä] mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ea s fofufnZ"V vads{kd vFkok pkVZM ,dkmUVsUV QeZ }kjk fd;k tk;sxk A ¼4½ çR;sd lgdkjh lfefr dh ys[kkvksa dk vads{k.k ml foÙkh; o"kZ dh lekfIr ds Ng ekg ds Hkhrj djuk vfuok;Z gksxk] ftl foÙkh; o"kZ ls ,slk ys[kk lacaf/kr gksA ¼5½ 'kh"kZ lgdkjh lfefr] viuh ys[kk&fooj.kh ds vads{k.k ds mijkUr] vads{kd dk çfrosnu] lkekU; fudk; ds vuqeksnuksijkUr] rhl fnuksa ds Hkhrj fucU/kd dks vfuok;Z :i ls çsf"kr djsxh ftls jkT; ljdkj }kjk] fo/kku e.My ds iVy ij bl ç;kstukFkZ vf/kdfFkr çfØ;k ds vuqlkj j[kk tk;sxk A ¼6½ lgdkjh lfefr dh ys[kkvksa ij çfrosnu ds vfrfjä vads{kd dk çfrosnu esa cksMZ dh cSBd esa funs'kdksa dh mifLFkfr] funs'kdksa }kjk lgdkjh lfefr dks eatwj fd, x, _.k ,oa vfxze ;k lgdkjh lfefr ds lkFk fd, x, dkjckj] cksMZ dh cSBdksa ij gq;s O;;] funs'kdksa dks Hkqxrku fd, x, ikfjJfed] funs'kdksa dks çfriwfrZ fd, x, O;;] lnL;] LVkQ] funs'kd rFkk vU; dh f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k ij gq;s O;; Hkh vUrfoZ"V gksaxsA 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6]2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 20 ] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk 33d] ¼7½ ;g lqfuf'pr djuk cksMZ dk drZO; gksxk fd foÙkh; o"kZ dh lekfIr ds iSarkyhl fnu okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.kh dks rS;kj dh vk; vkSj vads{k.k gsrq çLrqr dj nh tk;A ¼8½ va/kd ds ikfjJfed lgdkjh lfefr ds lkekU; fudk; }kjk fu;r fd;k tk;s;ki ijUrq ;fn vads{k.k] fucU/kd ds dk;kZy; ds vads{kd }kjk fd;k tkrk gS rks fucU/kd vads{k.k Qksl dk Hkqxrku lgdkjh lfefr djsxhA ¼9½ lkekU; fudk; mifLFkr lnL;ksa ds cgqer ls ikfjr ladYi }kjk fdlh vads{k.k dks in ls gVk ldsxkA ¼10½ fdlh lgdkjh lfefr ds vads{kd dh ek¡x ij lgdkjh lfefr ds orZeku ;kiwoZ cksMZ ds lnL;] lnL; ;k deZpkjh fuEufyf[kr dks miyC/k djk;saxs %& ¼d½ ,slh tkudkjh vkSj ,slk Li"Vhdj.k ftls vko';d le>k tk;] rFkk ¼[k½ lgdkjh lfefr ds çR;sd ,sls vfHkys[kksa nLrkostksa cfg;ksa y[s kkvksa vkSj Hkkmpjhdks vads{kd dh jk; esa tk¡p djus vkSj çfrosfnr djus esa mls leFkZ djus gsrq vko';d gksA ¼11½ tgk¡ dksbZ lgdkjh lfefr le; ij vius okf"kZd ys[kkvksa dk vads{k.k djkus esa vl gks ok fu;r rkjh[k ls uCcs fnuksa ds Hkhrj fucU/kd] lgdkjh lfefr ds ys[kkvksa dk vads{k.k dkjk;saxsA ¼12½ ,sls vads{k.k lapkyu djus dk [kpZ lgdkjh lfefr }kjk ogu fd;k tk;sxkA^^ fVIi.kh [vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cuh fu;ekoyh ds vuqlkj gh iath—r lfefr dk vkSfMV gksxkA ;qxy fØ;k flag cuke jftLVªkj] dks&v‚ijsfVo lkslkbVh] fcgkj] 1960 chå,yå tsåvkjå 49A ;fn cSad funs'kd eaMy }kjk iw.kZr% futh rkSj ij çcaf/kr vkSj fu;af=r gks] fLFkfr fHkUu gks ldsaxh lfefr voØfer gks xbZ gks vkSj fuca/kd }kjk fo'ks"k inkf/kdkjh dh fu;qfä dj nh xbZ gks rks lgdkjh cSad mlds deZpkfj;ksa dk fookn esa jhV ;kfpdk dh vf/kdkfjrk ugha gks ldrh gSA ,lå brjr gqlSu cuk fuca/kd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡] 2001 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 253 A fcLdkseku dh fo|eku oLrqfLFkfr 'kkspuh;A fcLdkseku ds Hkou esa vkokflr fdjk;snkj] vf/kdj fuxfer fudk;ksa ;k ljdkjh foHkkx fu%'kqYd vkokl dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSa vkSj fcLdkseku dks uqdlku igqap jgs gSaA fcLdkseku ,d fuxfer fudk;] c<+s nkf;Roksa rys py jgk gSA ;g fuxfer fudk; rnFkZokn dh fLd esa gS ftldk ys[kk vuadsf{kr gS] çcU/ku voØfer gS vkSj NksVs inkf/kdkjh rnFkZ ç'kkld cuk fn;s x;s gSa fcLdkseku vusd eqdneksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA ç'kkld dks funs'k fn;k tkrk gS fd og egkys[kkdk fcgkj ;k vf/kdkj çkIr ys[kkdkj ls ys[kk dks vadsf{kr djkdj vkfLr;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa dk iw.kZ fooj.k çLrqr djsaA ç'kkld] fcLdkseku cuke jkek/kkj 'kekZ] 2002 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 46A] [ ^^33-d- fo'ks"k vads{k.k ¼1½ jkT; ljdkj ;k vU; lgdkjh lfefr ;k vU; oká O;fd ;k laLFkk ls fuf/k;ksa dk laO;ogkj djus okyh fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dk fo'ks"k vads{k.k] _.knkrkvksa ds vuqjks/k ij ;k fucU/kd }kjk Loçsj.kk ls ,sls fyf[kr fofufnZ"V vkns'k/funs'k ls vkjaHk fd;s x, fo'kks vads{k.k ds v/khu jgrs gq,] gksxk A ¼2½ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fo'ks"k vads{k.k fuca/kd ds fu;a=.kk/khu ftyk vads{k.k inkf/kdkjh/ojh; Lrj ds vads{k.k inkf/kdkjh ;k ,sls inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh fdlh dfeVh }kjk fd;k tk;sxk A ¼3½ tgk¡ fo'ks"k vads{k.k esa xEHkhj dqçcU/ku dk irk pys] ogk¡ ,sls fo'ks"k vads{k.k dk [kpZ lgdkjh lfefr ls ;k dqçoU/ku ds fy, mÙkjnk;h O;fä;ksa ls olwy fd;k tk ldsxkA ¼4½ çR;sd fo'ks"k vads{k.k vkns'k fuxZeu dh rkjh[k ls ,d lkS chl fnuksa ds Hkhrj iwjk fd;k tk;l vkSj fuca/kd dks fjiksVZ çLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA ¼5½ ,sls fo'ks"k vads{k.k fjiksVZ esa fuEufyf[kr dk fooj.k vUrfoZ"V gksxk %& ¼d½ çR;sd Hkqxrku] tks vads{kd dks vf/kfu;e] vFkok vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cuh fu;ekoyh vFkok lgdkjh lfefr ds mifof/k;ksa ds çfrdwy çrhr gks] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6]2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir /kkjk 33 [k] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [21 ¼[k½ fdlh ?kkV s cckZnh vFkok gkfu dh] tks fdlh O;fä dks xHa khj mis{kk vFkok dnkpkj ds dkj.k gqbZ gks] dh jkf'k% ¼x½ çkIr dksbZ jde] tks ys[kk&tk[s kk ea s ykuh pkfg;s Fkh fdUrq fdlh O;fä }kjk ys[kk ea s ugha ykbZ xbZ gks] ,oa ¼?k½ dksbZ vkfLr;ksa vFkok /ku] ftlls dksbZ O;fä lgdkjh lfefr ds laxBu vFkok çca/ku ds lkFk lacaf/kr gks vFkok lgdkjh lfefr dk dksbZ HkwriwoZ vFkok orZeku lnL; lfefr dh fdlh laifÙk dk nqfoZfu;ksx fd;k gks vFkok diViwoZd j[k fy;k gksA ¼6½ fo'ks"k vads{k.k fjiksVZ dh çkfIr dh rkjh[k ls rhl fnuksa ds Hkhrj] fuca/kd mldh çfr;ksa fuEufyf[kr dks çsf"kr dj nsxk& ¼d½ vkosnd _.knkrk] ¼[k½ lEcfU/kr lgdkjh lfefr] vkSj ¼x½ tgk¡ /kkjk 40 ds v/khu vko';d gks] vf/kHkkj dh dk;Zokgh nkf[ky djus gsrq vf/k—r vads{k.k inkf/kdkjhA [33-[k- y[s kkvksa rFkk vfHky[s kksa dk la/kkj.k ¼1½ çR;sd lgdkjh lfefr vius fucaf/kr dk;kZy; esa fuEufyf[kr ys[kkvksa vkSj vfHkys[kksa dks j[ksxh%& ¼d½ le;&le; ij fd, x, la'kks/ku lfgr bl vf/kfu;e dh ,d çfr] ¼[k½ dk;Zo`Ùk iqLrd] ¼x½ fuca/ku çek.k&i= rFkk fucaf/kr mifof/k;ksa dh ,d çfr vkSj la'kks/ku dh rkjh[k ds lkFk le;&le; ij fucaf/kr la'kks/kuksa dh ,d çfr] ¼?k½ ,sls la?k/ifjla?k dh] ftldk og lnL; gks] rFkk vius çR;sd lnL; lgdkjh lfefr ds fy, vf/kçekf.kr mifof/k;ksa dh ,d&,d çfr; ¼³½ lgdkjh lfefr }kjk çkIr rFkk [kpZ dh xbZ lHkh jkf'k dh ys[kk rFkk mudk ç;kstu] ¼p½ lgdkjh lfefr }kjk lkekuksa dh lHkh [kjhn&fcØh dk ys[kk] ¼N½ lgdkjh lfefr dh vkfLr;ksa rFkk nkf;Roksa dk ys[kk] ¼t½ dqy lnL;rk rFkk fofHkUu lsokvksa dk lnL;okj mi;ksx çnf'kZr djus okyh iath] ¼>½ foÙkh; o"kZ dh lekfIr ds rhl fnuksa ds Hkhrj v|ru dh xbZ pkyw foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy, erkf/kdkj çkIr lnL;ksa dh lwph] ¼t½ cksMZ uhfr;ksa dh çfr;k¡] ¼V½ okf"kZd fjiksVZ] vads{k.k çfrosnu] fo'ks"k vads{k.k çfrosnu] tk¡p çfrosnu vkSj mudk vuqikyu; ¼B½ vU; fof/k;ksa rFkk fofu;eksa dh çfr;k¡] ftuds v/;/khu lgdkjh lfefr gks] ¼M½ ,sls vU; nLrkost] tks lgdkjh lfefr dh fØ;kvksa ls lqlaxr gks] ijUrq tgk¡ lgdkjh lfefr dk 'kk[kk dk;kZy; gks] ogk¡ 'kk[kk&dk;kZy;ksa laca/kh ys[kk ,oa vfHkys[k] foÙkh; o"kZ dh lekfIr ds iphl fnuksa ds Hkhrj fdlh vof/k ds fy, fucaf/kr dk;kZy; esa miyC/k jgsxk; ¼<½ ukokMZ] Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad rFkk fuca/kd }kjk le;&le; ij] fuxrZ ifji=ksa/çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj visf{kr lHkh vU; nLrkost] iath rFkk ifji= vkfn A ¼2½ leFkZdkjh vfHkys[kksa rFkk Hkkmpjksa lfgr] çR;sd lgdkjh lfefr dh ys[kk iqLrdsa ,slh vof/k ds fy, tks RkRle; izo`Ÿk fdlh vU; fof/k ds v/;/khu] mifof/k;ksa esa micaf/kr dh x;h gksA 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6]2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk vUr%LFkkfirA 22] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk,¡ 34&36 fVIi.kh [vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cuh fu;ekoyh ds vuqlkj gh iath—r lfefr dk vkSfMV gksxkA ;qxy fd'kksj flag cuke jftLVªkj] dks&v‚ijsfVo lkslkbVh] fcgkj] 1960 chå,yå tsåvkjå 49A ;fn cSad funs'kd eaMy }kjk iw.kZr% futh rkSj ij çcaf/kr vkSj fu;af=r gks] fLFkfr fHkUu gks ldsxh ;fn lfefr voØfer gks xbZ gks vkSj fuca/kd }kjk fo'ks"k inkf/kdkjh dh fu;qfä dj nh xbZ gks rks lgdkjh cSad ,oa mlds deZpkfj;ksa dk fookn esa jhV ;kfpdk dh vf/kdkfjrk ugha gks ldrh gSA ,lå brjr gqlSu cuke fuca/kd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡] 2001 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 253A fcLdkseku dh fo|eku oLrqfLFkfr 'kkspuh;A fcLdkseku ds Hkou esa vkokflr fdjk;ns kj] vf/kdrj fuxfer fudk;ksa ;k ljdkjh foHkkx fu%'kqYd vkokl dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSa vkSj fcLdkseku dks uqdlku igq¡pk jgs gSaA fcLdkseku ,d fuxfer fudk;] c<+s nkf;Roksa ry s py jgk gSA ;g fuxfer fudk; rnFkZokn dh fLFkfr esa gS ftldk ys[kk vuadsf{kr gS] çcU/ku voØfer gS vkSj NksVs inkf/kdkjh rnFkZ ç'kkld cuk fn; s x;s gSaA fcLdkseku vusd eqdneksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA ç'kkld dks funs'k fn;k tkrk gS fd og egkys[kkdkj] fcgkj ;k vf/kdkj çkIr ys[kkdkj ls ys[kk dks vadsf{kr djkdj vkfLr;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa dk iw.kZ fooj.k çLrqr djsaA ç'kkld] fcLdkseku cuke jkek/kkj 'kekZ] 2002 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 46A] 34- fucU/kd }kjk fujh{k.k&le;&le; ij fuca/kd Lo;a vFkok vius lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'k ls ,rnFkZ çkf/k—r fdlh O;fä }kjk fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dk fujh{k.k dj ldsxkA 35- fucU/kd }kjk tk¡p& LosPNk ls rFkk lekgrkZ ds vuqjks/k ij vFkok çcU/k lfefr ds vf/kla[;d vFkok lnL;ksa dh ,d frgkbZ ls vU;wu ds vkosnu ij fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh dh lajpuk] dkedkt ,oa foÙkh; fLFkfr ds ckjs esa fucU/kd tk¡p dj ldsxk vFkok vius fyf[kr vkns'k ls ,rnFkZ çkf/k—r fdlh O;fä }kjk tk¡p djus dks funsZf'kr dj ldsxk A ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fuca/kd vFkok mlds }kjk çkf/k—r O;fä& ¼d½ lkslkbVh ds fdlh vf/kdkjh ls lkslkbVh ds eq[;ky; ds LFkku ij oSls le; esa oSlh ckrksa ij fopkjkFkZ lkekU; cSBd cqykus dh vis{kk dj ldsxk tSlk og funs'k djsxk] ,oa ¼[k½ ;fn lkslkbVh dk vf/kdkjh oSlh cSBd cqykus ls bUdkj djs vFkok pwd tk, vFkok ;fn oSlh la;ksftr cSBd esa dksje u gks rks lkslkbVh dh lkekU; cSBd cqykus ds fy, lwpuk dh vof/k dks fofgr djusokyh fdlh fu;e vFkok mifof/k ds gksrs gq, Hkh lnL;ksa dks Lo;a lwpuk nsdj oSlh cSBd ml jhfr ls cqyk ldsxk tks og mfpr le>sxkA mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fucU/kd vFkok mldk çkf/k—r O;fä }kjk la;ksftr ml cSad dks lkslkbVh dh mifof/k;ksa ds v/khu la;ksftr lkekU; cSBd dh lHkh 'kfä;k¡ gksaxh A ¼3½ tc bl /kkjk ds v/khu tk¡p gksxh rks fucU/kd ml lkslkbVh dks] foÙknk;h cSad dks] ;fn gks] ftlls lkslkbVh lEc) gksxh rFkk mu O;fä;ksa dks vFkok çkf/kdkj dks] ;fn gks ftlds vuqjks/k ij tk¡p dh tk, tk¡p ds ifj.kkeksa dks lalwfpr dj nsxkA fVIi.kh [tk¡p çfrosnu dks lalwfpr djuk t:jh gksrk gSA jkek'kadj çlkn flag cuke jkT;] ,åvkbZåvkjå 1973 iVuk 269A] 36- fucU/kd }kjk iaft;ksa dk fujh{k.k ¼1½ iath—r lkslkbVh ds mÙke.kZ ds vkosnu ij fucU/kd Lo;a vFkok fyf[kr vkns'k ls ,rnFkZ çkf/k—r fdlh O;fä dks funs'k nsdj lkslkbVh dh iaft;ksa dk fujh{k.k dj ldsxkA ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu rcrd dksbZ fujh{k.k ugha gksxk vFkok fujh{k.kkFkZ funs'k ugha fn;k tk;xk tcrd vkosnd& ¼d½ fucU/kd dks larq"V u dj n s fd _.k dh jkf'k ckdh gS vkSj mlus lank; dh ek¡x dh gS vkSj leqfpr le; ds Hkhrj mls lanÙk ugha fd;k x;k gS] ,oa /kkjk,¡ 37&40 ] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [23 ¼[k½ çLrkfod fujh{k.k ij O;; ds fy, çfrHkwfr ds :i esa mruh jkf'k fucU/kd ds ikl tek u djs fuca/kd ftruh v/;kis{kk djsA ¼3½ tc mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fujh{k.k ds i'pkr fucU/kd lkslkbVh ds ysunkj dks rFkk ml fdlh foÙknk;h cSad dks] ftlls lkslkbVh dks lacU/ku çkIr gS] ml fujh{k.k dk ifj.kke lalwfpr dj nsxkA 37- foÙknkrk cSad }kjk cfg;ksa dk fujh{k.k&foÙknkrk cSad fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh dh] tks mlls lac) çkIr gS] cfg;ksa dk fujh{k.k djok ldsxk rFkk ml lkslkbVh dks visf{kr tkudkjh] fooj.k ,oa foojf.k;k¡ nsus dk funs'k ns ldsxkA ¼2½ lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'k ls fucU/kd }kjk vuqeksfnr foÙkiks"kd cSad dk dksbZ vf/kdkjh vFkok mldk osruHkksxh deZpkjh oxZ dk dksbZ lnL; mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fujh{k.k dj ldsxkA ¼3½ foÙkiks"kd cSad ml fujh{k.k dk ifj.kke fucU/kd dks rFkk lacfU/kr lkslkbVh dks lalwfpr dj nsxkA 38- ys[;ksa dks ek¡xku s rFkk lEeu tkjh djus dh 'kfä&/kkjk 33 ds v/khu lkslkbVh dh ys[kk dk vkSfMV vFkok /kkjk 34] 35] 36 vFkok 37 ds v/khu fujh{k.k vFkok tk¡p djus ds fy,& ¼d½ fucU/kd vFkok fdlh çkf/k—r O;fä dks gj leqfpr le; ij lkslkbVh dh vFkok mldh vfHkj{kk esa jgusokyh cfg;ksa] ys[kk] y[s ;ksa] çfrHkwfr;ksa] udn ;k vU; lEifÙk;ksa rd fuokZ/k igq¡p jgsxh ,oa og mu cfg;ksa] y[s kkvksa] ys[;ksa] çfrHkwfr;ksa] udn ;k vU; lEifÙk;ksa dks vf/kdkj esa j[kusokyk vFkok mlds fy, mÙkjnk;h fdlh O;fä dks mUgsa lkslkbVh ds dk;kZy; esa vFkok mlds fdlh 'kk[kk esa vFkok foÙknk;h cSad dh fLFkfr dks NksM+dj] mlds eq[;ky; ds fdlh LFkku ij] çLrqr djus ds fy, lEeu dj ldsxk] ¼[k½ fucU/kd vFkok dksbZ çkf/k—r O;fä fdlh O;fä dks] ftlds ckjs ea s mlds ikl fo'okl djus dk dkj.k gks fd mls lkslkbVh dh ckrksa dh tkudkjh gS] lkslkbVh ds dk;kZy; esa vFkok mldh fdlh 'kk[kk vFkok] foÙkiks"kd cSad dh fLFkfr dks NksM+dj] eq[;ky; ds fdlh LFkku ij vius le{k mifLFkr gksus ds fy, lEeu dj ldsxk ,oa ml O;fä dh 'kiFk ij ijh{kk dj ldsxk rFkk ¼x½ ;fn fucU/kd ;k fdlh çkf/k—r O;fä dks ,slh vk'kadk gks fd lkslkbVh dh vFkok mldh vfHkj{kk esa jgusokyh cfg;ksa] ys[kkvksa] y[s ;ksa] çfrHkwfr;ksa] udn rFkk vU; lEifÙk;ksa esa ls fdlh ds laca/k esa /kks[kk/kM+h] uqdlku ;k fo—fr dh tk ldrh gS rks og nks O;fä;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa mi;qZä lkefxz;ksa dks tIr dj ldsxk vkSj tIr djusokyk vf/kdkjh mlds fy, leqfpr jlhn nxs k vkSj ;fn og vf/kdkjh fucU/kd ds vykok dksbZ vU; gksxk rks og rqjUr ml tIrh dk çfrosnu vius O;ofgr ojh; vf/kdkjh rFkk fucU/kd ds ikl Hkstsxk % ijUrq bl dksaMdk ds v/khu 'kfä dk ç;ksx dsoy fu;ekoyh }kjk blds fy, çkf/k—r O;fä gksaxs A 39- tk¡p rFkk fujh{k.k dk O;;& tc /kkjk 35 ds v/khu tk¡p dh tk, vFkok /kkjk 36 ds v/khu fujh{k.k fd;k tk; rks fucU/kd] i{kksa dks lquokbZ dk volj nsus ds ckn rFkk dkj.kksa dks vfHkfyf[kr djus ds ckn] ,slh tk¡p vFkok fujh{k.k dk O;; vFkok O;; dk og va'k] tks og mfpr le>s tk¡p vFkok fujh{k.k dh ek¡x djuos kys ysunkj vFkok lkslkbVh ,oa lnL;x.k vkSj lkslkbVh ds vf/kdkfj;ksa vFkok iwoZorhZ vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp foHkä dj nsxkA fVIi.kh [fucU/kd] mi&fucU/kd vFkok lgk;d fucU/kd ds vuqjks/k ij Hkh Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 409 ds v/khu dkuwuh dkjZokbZ dh tk;xhA] 40- vf/k'kqYd ¼1½ vr% /kkjk 33 ds v/khu vads{k.k [rFkk /kkjk 33d- ds v/khu fo'ks"k vads{k.k] vFkok /kkjk 35 ds v/khu tk¡p] vFkok /kkjk 34] /kkjk 36 vFkok /kkjk 37 ds v/khu fujh{k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i fucU/kd dks ,slk çrhr gks fd fdlh O;fä us] ftlus lkslkbVh ds laxBu vFkok çcU/k esa Hkkx fy;k gS] vFkok lkslkbVh ds fdlh HkwriwoZ vFkok orZ~reku vf/kdkjh us& 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 24] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk 41 ¼d½ dksbZ ,slh vnk;xh dh gS tks lkslkbVh dh fof/k] fu;ekoyh vFkok mifof/k;ksa ds çfrdwy gS vFkok tks ml foÙkiks"kd cSad ds funs'kksa vFkok vuqns'kksa ds fo#) gS ftlds fy, lkslkbVh /kkjk 16 dh mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgh gS] vFkok ¼[k½ vius vkijkf/kd vis{kk v/kok dnkpkj ds dkj.k lkslkbVh ds vFkok ml foÙkçs"kd cSad dks ftlds fy, og /kkjk 16 dh mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgk gS] fdlh {kfr vFkok Å.krk esa vUrZxzLr dj fn;k gS] vFkok ¼x½ fdlh ,slh jkf'k dks ys[kk esa ykus dh pwd dh gS ftls ys[kk esa ykuk pkfg, ;k] vFkok ¼?k½ lkslkbVh dh vFkok ml foÙkiks"kd cSad dh ftlds fy, ;g /kkjk 16 dh mipkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu vfHkdrkZ ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgh gS] lEifÙk dk nqfoZfu;ksx fd;k gS vFkok mls NyiwoZd vius ikl j[k fy;k gS] fucU/kd oSls O;fä vFkok vf/kdkjh ds vkpj.k dh tk¡p dj ldsxk vkSj oSls O;fä vFkok vf/kdkjh dks lquokbZ dk volj nsus ds ckn] oSlh vnk;xh vFkok {kfr vFkok jkf'k ds laca/k esa {kfriwfrZ ds :i esa ;FkkfLFkfr lkslkbVh vFkok foÙkiks"kd cSad dh vkfLr;ksa esa ,slh jkf'k dk va'knku djus vFkok ,slh lEifÙk dk çR;korZ~ru djus dh vis{kk djrs gq, vkns'k ns ldsxk tSlk fucU/kd bl /kkjk ds v/khu dk;Zokgh ds O;; iwjk djus ds fy, ,slh jkf'k nsus dk vkns'k ns ldsxk tSlk og fu/kkZfjr djsxk% ijUrq] fdlh O;fä vFkok vf/kdkjh dks dksaMdk ¼d½ esa funsf'kr vnk;xh ds laca/k eas va'knku dju s dh vis{kk djrs gq, fdlh vkns'k ikfjr djus ds igys ml O;fä vFkok vf/kdkjh dks çkid ls oSlh vnk;xh dh jkf'k olwyus ds fy, rFkk ;FkkfLFkfr lkslkbVh vFkok foÙkiks"kd cSad dh fuf/k;ksa esa tek djus ds fy, ;qfä;qä le; fn;k tk;xk % ^ [ijUrq fd ftl frfFk dks ,slk dke gqvk vFkok pwd gqbZ ml frfFk ls Ng o"kksaZ ds Hkhrj ;k çLrko nkf[ky djus dh frfFk ls rhu o"kZ ds Hkhrj] tks Hkh igys gks] df.Mdk ¼d½] ¼[k½] ¼x½ vFkok ¼?k½ esa mfYyf[kr fdlh dke ;k pdw ds lEcU/k esa bl mi/kkjk ds v/khu dksbZ vkns'k ikfjr fd;k tk;sxk A] ¼2½ ,sls O;fä vFkok vf/kdkjh ij bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vFkok fdlh vU; fof/k ds v/khu mixr vkijkf/kd nkf;Ro gksrs gq, Hkh ;g /kkjk ykxw gksxk A ¼3½ fucU/kd ds vkns'k dh lalwpuk dh frfFk ls rhu ekl ds Hkhrj ml O;fä vFkok vf/kdkjh ds vkosnu ij] ftlds fo#) og vkns'k ikfjr gqvk gks] jkT; ljdkj ds ikl ml vkns'k ds fo#) vihy gksxhA vihy ij jkT; ljdkj dk vkns'k] rFkk ml vihy ds ifj.kke ds v/;/khu fucU/kd dk vkn's k vfUre gksax s A v/;k; 6 çcU/k lfefr dk fo?kVu 1[41- çca/k lfefr dk fo?kVu&2["¼1½ ;fn fucU/kd dh jk; ea s fdlh lgdkjh lfefr dk cksMZ] ftlesa jkT; ljdkj us fgLlk iw¡th dk va'knku fd;k gks vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk _.k vFkok foÙkh; lgk;rk nh xbZ gks vFkok lgdkjh xkjaVh ij _.k fn;k x;k gksA ¼i½ yxkrkj _.k vnk;xh esa pdw dh gks] vFkok ¼ii½ bl vf/kfu;e] fu;ekoyh ;k mifof/k;ksa }kjk mlij vf/kjksfir drZ~rO;ksa ds fuoZgu esa ykijokgh dh gks] ;k ¼iii½ lgdkjh lfefr vFkok mlds lnL;ksa ds fgr ds fo:) dk;Z fd;k gks] ;k ¼iv½ cksMZ ds xBu vFkok dk;Zdyki esa xfrjks/k gks] rks og lfefr ds cksMZ dks viuh vkifÙk vf/kdfFkr djus dk] ;fn dksbZ gks] volj çnku djus ds i'pkr~ dkj.kksa lfgr fyf[kr vkns'k }kjk lgdkjh lfefr ds cksMZ dks vf/kdre Ng ekg ds fy, vf/kØfer dj ldsax s vkSj vkns'k ns ldsax s fd mlds lHkh vFkok dksbZ lnL; vkns'k esa fofufnZ"V gksus okyh ik¡p o"kZ ls vuf/kd dkykof/k rd ds fy, lgdkjh lfefr ds cksMZ esa fuokZpu ds fy, fujfgZr gksaxsA fucU/kd bl /kkjk ds v/khu ikfjr çR;sd vkns'k dks fyf[kr :i esa vfHkfyf[kr djsaxs vkSj fucaf/kr Mkd ls lacaf/kr lgdkjh lfefr dks lwfpr dj nsaxsA rc cksMZ dk;Z djuk jksd nsxk] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e] laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A /kkjk 41] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx &1] [ 25 ijUrq ,slh lgdkjh lfefr ds ekeysea s tks cSafdax dk dkjksckj dj jgh gksa] cSafdax jsxwys'ku ,sDV] 1949 ds çko/kku Hkh ykxw gksaxs] ijUrq vkSj fd cSafdax dk dkjksckj djus okyh ,slh lgdkjh lfefr ds ekeys ea]s cksMZ ds vf/kØe.k dh vof/k vf/kdre ,d o"kZ dh gksxh% ijUrq vkSj Hkh fd cSafdax çpkyu okyh lgdkjh lfefr ds cksMZ dk vf/kØe.k Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds ijke'kZ ls fd;k tk;sxkA ¼2½ tgk¡ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dk;Zokgh djrs le; fucU/kd dh jk; esa fucaf/kr lfefr ds fgr ea s cksMZ dk fuyacu vko';d gks] rks os cksMZ dks fuyfEcr dj ldsaxs] tks mlds ckn dk;Z ugha djsxk vkSj mi&/kkjk ¼1½ dh dk;Zokgh dh lekfIr rd fucaf/kr lfefr ds dk;Zdyki ds çca/ku ds fy, ,slh O;oLFkk djsaxs] tks os mfpr le>sa% ijUrq ;fn bl çdkj fuyfEcr cksMZ vf/kØfer ugha gksrk gS] rks Ng ekg ds mijkUr dk;Z djus yxsxk vkSj fuyacu esa jgus dh vof/k dh x.kuk mldh vof/k esa dh tk;sxhA ¼3½ tc dksbZ lgdkjh lfefr mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fuyacu ds v/khu gks rks fuoU/kd lgdkjh lfefr ds dk;Z lapkyu ds fy, ç'kkld fu;qä djsaxsA fu;qä ç'kkld mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fofufnZ"V vof/k ds Hkhrj lgdkjh lfefr ds cksMZ ds uo fuokZpu gsrq lHkh vko';d dkjZokbZ djsaxs rFkk uo fuokZfpr cksMZ dks çca/ku dk dk;ZHkkj lkSai nsaxs%& ijUrq fuca/kd dks vf/kØe.k dh vof/k ds nkSjku ç'kkld dks cnyu s dh 'kfä gksxhA ¼4½ mi&/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu fu;äq ç'kkld lgdkjh lfefr ds dk;Z lapkyu ds fy, ,slk ikfjJfed çkIr djsxk] tks fuca/kd }kjk ;Fkksfpr fu;r fd;k tk;A bl çdkj fu;r ikfjJfed lgdkjh lfefr ds [kkrs ls Hkqxrs; gksxk% ijUrq mi&/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu fu;qä ç'kkld] fucU/kd }kjk fufeZr lsok 'kÙkksa ds v/khu dk;Z djsaxs rFkk bl vf/kfu;e] fu;ekoyh ,oa lfefr dh mifof/k;ksa esa cksMZ dks çnÙk lHkh drZO;ksa rFkk nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djsaxsA^^ ¼5½ jftLVªkj fdlh fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dh çca/k lfefr dks fo?kfVr dj nsxk ;fn& ¼d½ fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds cgqla[;d lnL; vkSj çcU/k lfefr ds fuokZfpr in/kkjh viuh lnL;rk ;k in ls R;kx dj ns; ;k ¼[k½ fdlh fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dh çcU/k lfefr ds LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k dk vk/kk fdlh dkj.ko'k fjä gks tk; % vkSj fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ds csgrj çcU/ku ds fy, ç'kkld fu;äq djsxk] ijUrq ;g fd ;fn çoU/k lfefr ds fo?kVu dh vof/k ds nkSjku jftLVªkj dk ;g lek/kku gks tk; fd fucksZ/kr lkslkbVh ds dk;Zdyki esa i;kZIr lq/kkj gks x;k gS vkSj fdlh uoxfBr çcU/k lfefr dks çcU/k lfefr dks çcU/ku çR;kofrZr djuk okaNuh; gS rks og vkns'k }kjk funs'k ns ldsxk fd ç'kkld ubZ çcU/k lfefr ds xBu dh vko';d dkjZokbZ djs vkSj ,slh lfefr dk xBu gks tkus ij ç'kkld ,sls uoxfBr çcU/k lfefr dks rqjUr çcU/k lkSai nsxk A ¼6½ mi&/kkjk ¼1½1 [,oa [mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds vUrxZr jftLVªkj }kjk fn;s x;s vkns'k lEcfU/kr fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dks lalwpuk ds^ [,d eghus] ds Hkhrj çcU/k lfefr ds fdlh lnL; ds vkosnu ij jkT; ljdkj ds ;gk¡ vihy gksxh] vihy ij jkT; ljdkj dk vkns'k vkSj ,slh vihy ds çfrQy ds v/;/khu ;fn dksbZ gks] jftLVªkj ds vkns'k vfUre gksxkA ¼7½ jftLVªkj] ç'kkld dka mldh 'kfä;ksa vkSj —R;ksa rFkk fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dk;Zdykiksa ds laca/k ea s ,sls funs'k ns ldsxk tks og okaNuh; le>s vkSj ç'kkld jftLVªkj ds ikl fdlh le; vuqns'k gsrq vuqjks/k djsxk fd ç'kkld fdl jhfr ls fuckZ/kr lkslkbVh ds çcU/k dk lapkyu djsA ¼8½ /kkjk 42 ds vUrxZr lfefr ds ifjlekiu vFkok /kkjk 44 dh mi/kkjk ¼8½ ds vUrxZr lfefr ds fucU/ku dks jí djus lEcU/kh jftLVªkj dh 'kfä;k¡ bl /kkjk ls çHkkfor ugha gqbZ le>h tk;xh A] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir A 2- çfrLFkkfir r=So A 26 ] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk 41 fVIi.kh [ lfefr ds çcU/k dks fu/kkZfjr vof/k ds fy, okil ysus dk dnkfi vFkZ ugha fd mlds lajpuk esa dksj ifjorZu gks ldsA dkerk ikBd cuke fucU/kd] dks&vkijsfVo lkslkbVh fyå] 1971 chåvkjå,yåå ¼jsHkU;q½ 117A iwoZ lwpuk fn, çcU/k lfefr dks Hkax dj nsus dk vf/kdkj jkT; ljdkj dks ml fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa miyC/k gS tgk¡ lwpuk nsus ls og ç;kstu gks foQy gks tk;xk ftl ç;kstu ds fy, lfefr dks Hkax djuk] visf{kr gksA ubZ lfefr ds xBu laca/kh ljdkjh vf/klwpuk gksus ij iqjkuh lfefr ds lnL;ksa dks lquokbZ xj volj nsuk vko';d ugha gSA lnL;ksa ds rhu o"kZ dh inkof/k dh lekfIr ds i'pkr~ vkSj /kkjk 14¼9½ dh –f"V ls 9 ekg dh foLrkfjr vof/k ds Hkhrj fdlh dkj.k ls fuokZpu ugha gS rks bl vf/kfu;e dh bl /kkjk ds v/khu ml lgdkjh lkslkbVh dh çcU/k lfefr mä frfFk ds çHkko ls vf/kØkar le>h tk;sxhA uoy fd'kksj cuke fcgkj jkT;] 1991 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 572A /kkjk 4 ds v/khu vkjaHk dh xbZ dk;Zokgh esa fucU/kd bl /kkjk ds v/khu dkjZokbZ vxzlj djrs gq, fuyEcu dk varfje vkn's k dj ldrk gSA vUrfje fuyEcu dk vkns'k ledkyhu gksus ij Hkh i`Fkd vkSj Lora= vkns'k le>k tk;sxk vkSj mls lkekfld vkns'k ugha dgk tk;sxkA lkBh tks;kUV QkfeZx dks&v‚ijfsVo lkslkbVh cuke fucU/kd] 1991 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 625 1991 ¼1½ chå,yåvkjå 265 1 fcLdkseku dh fo|eku oLrqfLFkfr 'kkspuh;A fcLdkseku ds Hkou esa vkokflr fdjk;snkj] vf/kdrj fuxfer fudk;ksa ;k ljdkjh foHkkx fu%'kqYd vkokl dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSa vkSj fcLdkseku dks uqdlku igq¡pk jgs gSaA foLdkseku ,d fuxfer fudk;] c<+s nkf;Roksa rys py jgk gSA ;g fuxfer fudk; rn'kZokn dh fLFkfr esa gS ftldk ys[kk vuadsf{kr gS] çcU/ku voØfer gS vkSj NksVs inkf/kdkjh rnFkZ ç'kkld cuk fn;s x; s gSaA fcLdkseku vusd eqdneksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA ç'kkld dks funs'k fn;k tkrk gS fd og egky[s kkdkj] fcgkj ;k vf/kdkj çkIr ys[kkdkj ls y[s kk dks vadsf{kr djkdj vkfLr;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa dk iw.kZ fooj.k çLrqr djsaA ç'kkld] fcLdkseku cuke jkek/kkj 'kekZ] 2002 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 46A fdlh lfefr dk fo?kVu /kkjk 41 ds micU/kksa ds vuqlkj fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj lfefr ds fo?kVu ds ckn fuoU/kd }kjk /kkjk 41 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ;k ¼5½ ds rgr~ ç'kkld fu;qä fd;k tk ldrk gSA chjsUæ dqekj jk; cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2005 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 423 A ftl {k.k lfefr viuk vfLrRo [kks nsrh gS] çcU/k lfefr dk Hkh vfLrRo lekIr gks tkrk gS D;ksafd bldk vfLrRo lfefr ds vfLrRo ;k oS/kkfud vof/k rd lg;ksftr ¼Co&terminu½s gksrk gSA nks lfefr;ksa ds foy;u ds i'pkr~ ,d u;h lfefr vfLrRo esa vkrh gS rFkk blds fucU/ku ds i'pkr~ u;h lfefr dks viuh çcU/k lfefr dk pquko djuk gksxkA chjsUæ çlkn jk; cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2005 ¼1½ ikså,yå tsåvkjå 423A fucfU/kr lfefr dh vlEc)rk ,oa funs'kd i"kZn~ ds fuyEcu gsrq çFker% ,oa vfuok;Zr% dkj.k i`PNk fuxZr djuk lUrqf"V ek= gS ftls fucU/kd }kjk vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tkuk gS ,oa rn~uqlkj fopkj fd;k tkuk gSA vuq'kalk,¡ tks fookfnr Fkha ds vk/kkj ij dkj.k i`PNk lwpuk ewyr% fcYdqy vfof/kd gSA jktfd'kksj çlkn cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2005 ¼3½ chåchålhå tså ¼V½ 22A lg;ksx lfefr dk fuyEcu rF;ksa dh vf/kdE; dks lwpuk fuxrZ djrs le; mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA fogkj jkT; lgdkfjrk cSad cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2005 ¼3½ chåohålhå tså ¼V½ 107% 2005 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 6851 vkifÙk nkf[ky djus gsrq uksfVl fuxZr djus ds igys fucU/kd dks ;g vo/kkfjr djuk gS fd blds vk/kkj D;k gSaA ,slh vo/kkj.k rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr rFkk rF;ijd ¼Subjective½ gksuh pkfg,A vxj çkf/kdkjh ds le{k vo/kkj.k gsrq dqN rF; gks rks bldh vf/kdkfjrk lwpuk fuxZr djus ds çkjfEHkd çØe ij udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA fcgkj jkT; lgdkjh cSad cuke jkT; ljdkj] 2005 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 6651] ?kkjk,¡ 42&44] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx &1] [ 27 1["42. lekiukns'k-& fucU/kd vf/klwpuk }kjk fdlh fuokZ/kr lgdkjh lfefr dk ifjlekiu vkn's k ns ldsaxs] ;fn& ¼d½ dksbZ lfefr ds rhu pkSFkkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk ikfjr fo'ks"k ladYi }kjk lfefr ds ifjlekiu gsrq vuqjks/k çkIr gqvk gks] ¼[k½ /kkjk&35 ds v/khu tk¡p vFkok /kkjk&34] /kkjk&36 vFkok /kkjk&37 ds v/khu fujh{k.k ds ckn ;fn fucU/kd dh jk; gks fd lnL;ksa ds fgr esa ml lgdkjh lfefr dk ifjlekiu vko';d gks] ¼x½ fuca/ku ds mijkar lgdkjh lfefr }kjk dksbZ dk;Z çkjEHk ugha fd;k gS vFkok dk;Z djuk cUn dj fn;k x;k gks] ¼?k½ fuca/ku dh 'krksaZ ds çfrdwy lgdkjh lfefr ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k de gksdj nl ls de gks xbZ gks] ijUrq ,slk vkns'k] lgdkjh lfefr ds fgLlk/kkjd lnL;ksa rFkk fgrc) O;fä;ksa/laLFkkvksa dks de ls de ,d ekg dk uksfVl nsdj mUgsa lquus ds i'pkr~ gh ikfjr fd;k tk;sxkA^^ fVIi.kh [lfefr ds fo#) vfrØe.k dk vkns'k iwoZ lwpuk dkj.k crku s gsrq nsus ds i'pkr~ gh ikfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn fucU/kd /kkjk 42 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dksbZ vkns'k ikfjr djrs gSa rks lfefr ds dk;Z O;oLFkk dk çcU/k Hkh djuk gksxk D;ksafd fucU/kd dk ,slk vkns'k ek= vUrfje gksrk gSA lkBh tks;kUV QkfeaZx dks&v‚ijsfVo lkslkbVh cuke fucU/kd] 1991 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 625 ¼1991½ 1 chå,yå tså vkjå 6251] 43- ifjlekiukns'k ds fo:) vihy& 1["(1) ml lgdkjh lfefr dk dksbZ lnL; vFkok fgrc) O;fä/laLFkk] jkti= esa /kkjk 42 ds v/khu ikfjr vkns'k ds çdkf'kr gksus dh frfFk ls nks ekg ds Hkhrj] ml vkns'k ds fo:) jkT; ljdkj ds le{k vihy dj ldsxkA^^ ¼2½ /kkjk 2 ds v/khu vkns'k 'kkldh; jkti= esa çdk'ku gksus dh frfFk ls nks ekg O;rhr gks tkus rd çHkkoh ugha gksxk vFkok ;fn vihy dh xbZ gks rks rcrd çHkkoh ugha gksxk tcrd vihy ds ckn vf/klwpuk ls mls laiq"V u dj fn;k tk,A ¼3½ vihy ij jkT; ljdkj dk vkns'k vkSj ml vihy ds ifj.kke ;fn dqN fudy]s ds v/;/khu jftLVªkj vkns'k vfUre gksaxsA 44- ifjlekid ,oa fo?kVu&¼1½ tgk¡ fucU/kd fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh ds ifjlekiu ds fy, vkns'k ikfjr djsxk ogk¡ og ,d vFkok vf/kd O;fä;ksa dks ml lkslkbVh dk ifjlekid fu;qä djsxk A ¼2½ /kkjk 43 dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] fu;qfä ds i'pkr ifjlekid dks lkslkbVh dh lHkh vkfLr;ksa rFkk mlds laO;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr ,oa lkalkbVh ds laO;ogkj dks pykus ds fy, visf{kr lHkh ofg;ksa] vfHkys[kksa rFkk vU; ys[;ksa dks vius dCtk esa vfoyEc ysus dh 'kfä gksxh] ,oa bl rjg ls lkslkbVh ds lkjs vf/kdkj] drZ~rO;] vkfLr;k¡ ,oa nkf;Ro ifjlekid esa fufgr vkSj ml ij U;k;xr gks tk,¡xs A ¼3½ fucU/kd ds fu;U=.k rFkk iqujh{k.k dh 'kfä ds v/;/khu oSls ifjlekid dks ;g 'kfä Hkh gksxh fd og& ¼d½ lkslkbVh dh vksj ls vius inuke ij okn rFkk vU; dkuwuh dk;Zokfg;ksa dks lafLFkr rFkk çfrjf{kr djs] ¼[k½ fdlh O;fä ls lkslkbVh dh ckdh lkjh jkf'k;k¡ vo/kkfjr rFkk olwy djs] ¼x½ le;&le; ij] /kkjk 32 ds çko/kkuksa ds v/;/khu lkslkbVh dh vkfLr;ksa esa lnL;ksa vFkok HkwriwoZ lnL;ksa vFkok e`r lnL;ksa dh lEinkvksa] vFkok euksuhr O;fä;ksa] mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa vFkok fof/klEer çfrfuf/k;ksa ds }kjk vFkok fdlh vf/kdkjh vFkok iwoZorhZ vf/kdkjh ds }kjk fd;k tkusokyk va'knku dks vo/kkfjr djsa rFkk lekiu ds iw.kZ gksus rd va'knku ds fdlh vkns'k dks iqujhf{kr djs ,oa oSls va'knkuksa dks olwy djs] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 28] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk 44d ¼?k½ lkslkbVh ds izfr lkj s nkoksa dh Nkuchu djs rFkk blvf/kfu;e ds çko/kkuksa ds v/;/khu lHkh ysunkjksa dks lquokbZ dk volj nsus ds ckn nkokdŸkkZvksa esa mRiUu izkFkfedrk ds iz'uksa dk fucVkjk djsaA ¼³½ lkslkbVh ds ifjlekiu lEcU/kh vkns'k nsusokyh vf/klwpuk ds 'kkldh; jkti= esa çdk'ku dh frfFk rd lwn lfgr lkslkbVh ds çfr nkoksa dks çkFkfedrk ds Øekuqlkj] ;fn gksa iw.kZr% ;k vuqikrr% lkslkbVh dh vkfLr;ksa dh –f"V ls] tSlk mfpr gks] lank; djsa] ,oa nkoksa dh iwjh vnk;xh ds ckn 'ks"k jgs vkf/kD; dks vius }kjk fuf'pr nj] fdUrq gj gkyr esa lkslkbVh }kl fu/kkZfjr n;s nj ls vuf/kd] ij mä frfFk ls C;kt dh vnk;xh ea s ç;ksx djsa] ¼p½ ftu O;fä;ksa vkSj lkslkbVh ds chp dksbZ fookn gks mu O;fä;ksa ls lqyg dh O;oLFkk dks vFkok ,slk fdlh fookn dks e/;LFkrk esa funZsf'kr djs] ¼N½ vo/kkfjr djs fd ifjlekiu ds O;; dks fdu O;fä;ksa }kjk vkSj fdl vuqikr esa ogu fd;k tk;xk] ,oa ¼t½ lkslkbVh dh vkfLr;ksa ds lekgj.k vkSj forj.k ds lEcU/k esa oSlk funs'k ns tks lkslkbVh ds dkedkt ds ifjlekiu ds fy, mls vko';d çrhr gks % ijUrq fdlh O;fä dks lquokbZ dk volj fn;s fcuk ifjlekid mlls olwys tkus okys va'knku] _.k ;k vkfLr;ksa dk vo/kkj.k ugha djsxkA ¼4½ ;fn /kkjk 43 ds v/khu ifjlekiu ds vkns'k ds fo#) dh xbZ vihy jkT; ljdkj eatwj dj ysa rks ifjlekid lkslkbVh dh vkfLr;ksa] cfg;ksa] vfHkys[kksa rFkk vU; ys[;ksa ij ls viuk dCtk R;kxdj mu lc dks çcU/k lfefr dks lwiwnZ dj nsxk rFkk lkslkbVh ds laO;ogkj dks pykuk cUn dj nsxk] ijUrq ifjlekid dh gSfl;r ls mlds }kjk fd;s x;s lkjs dk;ksaZ dh oSf/kd ekU;rk cuh jgsxh ekuks os lkslkbVh dh çcU/k lfefr }kjk fd;s x;s gksaA ¼5½ fucU/kd dh fo'ks"k Loh—fr ls] lEc) O;fä mi/kkjk ¼3½ dh dafMdk ¼[k½] ¼x½] ¼?k½] ¼³½] ¼p½ vFkok ¼N½ ds v/khu ifjlekid ds vkns'k dh fucfU/kr Mkd ls lalwpuk çkIr djus dh frfFk ls rhu ekg ds Hkhrj ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ds U;k;ky; esa vihy dj ldsxkA ¼6½ iqujh{k.k ds nkSjku fucU/kd }kjk fn;k x;k fdlh vkns'k vFkok vihy ds nkSjku ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ds }kjk fn;k x;k fdlh vkn's k ds v/;/khu ifjlekid dk vkns'k] iqujh{k.k ea s fucU/kd dk vkns'k rFkk vihy ij ftyk U;k;k/kh'k dk vkns'k vfUre gksaxsA ¼7½ tc lkslkbVh dk dkedkt ifjlekIr dj fn;k tk;xk rks ifjlekid lkslkbVh ds vfHkys[kksa dks ml LFkku ij tek dj nsxk tks LFkku fucU/kd funsf'kr djsxk A ¼8½ mi/kkjk ¼7½ ds v/khu lkslkbVh ds vfHkys[; tek dj fn; s tkus ds okn] fuoU/kd lkslkbVh ds fucU/ku dks jí dj nsxk vkSj lkslkbVh dk fuxe fudk; dk Lo:i lekIr gks tk;xkA 1[ v/;k; 6&d Hkwfe fodkl cSad 44&d- ifjHkk"kk,¡& bl v/;k; esa tcrd fd lanHkZ ls vU;Fkk visf{kr u gks& ¼d½ ^cksMZ^ ls jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh çcU/kd lfefr vfHkçsr gS] ¼[k½ ^Hkwfe fodkl cSad^ ds vUrxZr jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad vkSj çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad Hkh gS] ¼x½ ^fofgr^ ls bl v/;k; ds v/khu cuk;s x;s fu;eksa }kjk fofgr vfHkçsr gS] ¼?k½ ^çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad^ ls ml uke dh dksbZ jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh vfHkçsr gS] ¼³½ ^jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad^ ls /kkjk 11 ds v/khu jftLVªh—r ml jde dh dksbZ lkslkbVh vfHkçsr gS] vkSj blds vUrxZr /kkjk AA ds v/khu ml :i esa jftLVªh—r fcgkj jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe cU/kd cSad fyfeVsM Hkh gS vkSj ¼p½ ^U;klh^ ls /kkjk 44 ds fufnZ"V U;klh vfHkçsr gSA 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir A /kkjk,¡ 44[k&44?k] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [ 29 44&[k- bl v/;k; dk micU/k Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa dks ykxw gksxk& bl v/;k; dk micU/k blea s ;gk¡ fn;s x;s lHkh ;k fdUgha ç;kstuksa ds fy, m/kkj nsusokys Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks ykxw gksaxs] vFkkZRk~ & ¼1½ Hkwfe dh mUufr vkSj mRiknudkjh ç;kstuA ¼ii½ Hkwfe ds cU/kdksa dk ekspuA ¼ii½ vU; ewY;oku LFkkoj lEifÙk ds cU/kdksa dk] ,slh 'kÙkksa ds v/;/khu tks fofgr dh tk,] ekspu A ¼iv½ —"kdksa ds _.kksa dk ,sls fucU/kuksa ds v/;/khu tks fofgr fd;s tk; lekiu A ¼v½ dk'rdkjksa }kjk —f"k Hkwfe ds gd dk Ø; ;k vtZu A ¼vi½ —f"k&ç;kstuksa ds fy, edku mBkuk] mUgsa fQj ls cukuk ;k ejEer djuk A Li"Vhdj.k^ Hkwfe dh mUufr vkSj mRiknudkjh ç;kstu^ ls dksbZ ,slk ladeZ] fuekZ.k ;k fØ;kdyki vfHkçsr gS tks Hkwfe dh mRiknu 'kfä dks c<+k, vkSj fof'k"Vr% blds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr Hkh gS] vFkkZr~ & ¼d½ —f"k ç;kstu ds fy, ;k [ksrh esa yxs O;fä;ksa vkSj eosf'k;ksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, ty ds lap;] çnk; ;k forj.k ds fy, dqavksa ¼ftlds vUrxrZ uydwi Hkh gS½] rkykcksa ;k vU; ladeksZ dk lafuekZ.k vkSj mudh ejEer A ¼[k½ iwoZxkeh fdlh Hkh ladeZ dk uohdj.k dk iqufuZek.k A ¼x½ flapkbZ ds fy, Hkwfe dh rS;kjhA ¼?k½ —f"k ç;kstu ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;h tkusokyh Hkwfe ;k —f"k ;ksX; cUtj Hkwfe dk ty fudkl] unh ;k vU; ty çkax.k ls d"kZ.k dk ck<+ ls vFkok ty ls gksus okys dVko ;k vU; {kfr ls cpko A ¼³½ ck¡/k fuekZ.k vkSj blh çdkj dh mUufr A ¼p½ —f"k ds ç;kstukFkZ&Hkwfe dk d"kZ.k] mldh lQkbZ vkSj mu ij ?ksjk Mkyuk ;k mldh LFkk;h mUufr A ¼N½ ckxokuh ¼t½ blesa mfYyf[kr fdlh Hkh ç;kstu ds fy, rsypfyr batuksa] ifEiax lsVksa vkSj fo|qrpkfyr eksVjksa dk Ø; A ¼>½ VªSDVjksa ;k vU; —f"k e'khujh dk Ø; A ¼t½ Hkwfe esa fo'ks"k fdLe dh feêh Mkydj Hkwfe dh mRiknu 'kfä c<+kuk A ¼V½ LFkk;h [kfygku ?kj] eos'kh 'ksM vkSj fdlh Hkh çØe ij —f"k mit dks çlaL—r djus ds fy, 'ksM cukuk; ¼B½ Å[k isju]s xqM+ ;k [kkaMlkjh phuh ;k phuh rS;kj djus ds fy, e'khujh dk Ø; A ¼M½ pdcUnh ds fy, Hkwfe dk Ø;A ¼<½ ugjksa dh [kqnkbZ; vkSj ¼ .k½ dqDdqV ikyu] eRL;ikyu] Ms;jh] lwvjikyu] HksM+ikyu vkfn m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk; rFkk ¼r½ vU; ç;kstu ftUgsa jkT; ljdkj] le;&le; ij] ljdkjh xtV esa vf/klwpuk }kjk] bl v/;k; ds ç;kstukFkZ Hkwfe&lq/kkj ;k mRiknudkjh ç;kstu ?kksf"kr djsaA 44&x- U;klh dh fu;qfä rFkk mldh 'kfä;k¡ vkSj —R; ¼1½ fucU/kd ;k ml d{kk ea s tc jkT; ljdkj fdlh vU; O;fä dks bl fufeÙk fu;qä dj s rc og O;fä cksMZ }kjk tkjh fd;s x;s fMosapjksa dks /kkj.k djusokys O;fä;ksa ds çfr jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds nkf;Roksa dh iwfrZ lqfuf'pr djus ds ç;kstukFkZ U;klh gksxkA ¼2½ U;klh dh 'kfä;k¡ vkSj —R; bl v/;k; ds micU/kksa ls] vkSj jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad rFkk U;klh ds chp fu"ikfnr vkSj cksMZ rFkk U;klh dh ikjLifjd lgefr ls le;&le; ij mikUrfjr U;kl fy[kr ls] 'kkflr gksaxs A 44&?k- U;klh dk ,dek= fuxe gksuk& U;klh] fMcsapjksa ds fy, U;klh uke dk ,dek= fuxe gksxk vkSj ^^l :i esa mls 'kk'or mÙkjkf/kdkj gksxk rFkk mldh lkekU; eqgj gksxh vkSj og vius fuxe uke ls okn yk ldsxk vkSj mlh uke ls mlij okn yk;k tk ldsxkA 32 ] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,¡ 446&447 ijUrq ;g vkSj fd ogO;fä ftldks ,slk _.k ns; gks] fookn esa fofu'p; ds yfEcr jgu s rd bl ckr ds fy, vkc) gksxk fd og ml _.k ds e)s Hkwfe fodkl cSad }kjk ç[;kfir jde dk lank; çkIr djs fdUu ,slh çkfIr;ksa ls ml O;fä ds ml vf/kdkj ij] ;fn dksbZ gks] tks mlds }kjk nkok—r vfr'ks"k dks olwy djrs dk mldk gS] dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+sxkA ¼3½ tgk¡ fdlh O;fä ij mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dksbZ lwpuk mls ns;ksa dk lank; çkIr djus ds fy, rkehy dj nh xbZ gks] ogk¡ ,slk O;fä bl ckr ds fy, vkc) gksxk fd og mi;qZä lwpuk esa fofufnZ"V rkjh[k dks ;k mlds iwoZ ns;

_.kksa ds fy, HkksxoU/kd ds :i esa /kkfjr dksbZ lEifÙk ,sls cU/kddrkZ dks ifjnÙk dj ns % ijUrq og fdlh —f"k Hkwfe dk dCtk] [kM+h Qly ;fn dksbZ gks] dkVus ds i'pkr~ ifjnÙk dj ldsxk vkSj ,slh n'kk ea s mls cU/kddrkZ dks dCts ds ifjnku dh rkjh[k dks mls ns; jde Hkwfe fodkl cSad ls çkIr djus dk gd gksxkA ¼4½ tgk¡ HkksxcU/kd ds :i esa fdlh lEifÙk dks /kkj.k djusokyk O;fä mi&/kkjk ¼3½ esa minf'kZr jhfr ls dCts dk ifjnku djus ls bUdkj djs ogk¡ dyDVj] Hkwfe fodkl cSad }kjk mls bl fufeZr fd;s x; s vkosnu ij] laf{kIr tk¡p djus ds i'pkr~ cU/kdnkj dks csn[ky dj nsxk vkSj cU/kfdr Hkwfe cU/kddÙkka dks ykSVk nsxk vkSj rnqifj cU/kd i;oZ flr le>k tk,xkA ¼5½ bl /kkjk ds micU/k] rRle; ço`Ùk fdUgha dk'rdkjh fof/k;ksa ds v/;/khu gksaxAs 44&<- m/kkj nsus vkSj Hkwfe dks /kkj.k djus dh Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa dh 'kfä& bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ds v/;/khu jgr s gq, vkSj r)hu cuk;s x;s fu;eksa ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkwfe fodkl cSad bl ckr ds fy, l{ke gksxk fd og /kkjk 44&[k esa fufnZ"V ç;kstuksa ds fy, m/kkj ns vkSj ml Hkwfe dks /kkj.k djs ftldk dCtk mls v/;k; ds micU/kksa ds v/khu vUrfjr fd;k x;k gksA 44&.ka- vk{ksiksa dks xzg.k djus ds fy, yksd&lwpuk ¼1½ tc /kkjk 44&[k esa of.kZr ç;kstuksa esa ls fdlh ds fy, m/kkj ds fy, dksbZ vkosnu fd;k tk; rc ml vkosnu dh yksd lwpuk tks fgrc) lHkh O;fä;ksa ls ;g vis{kk djs fd os m/kkj ds ckjs esa vius vk{ksi] ;fn dksbZ gks] mlesa fofufnZ"V rkjh[k ls iwoZ djsa] ,slh jhfr ls vkSj ,sls çk:i esa tks fofgr dh tk,¡ nh tk;xhA og O;fä ftlds }kjk ,slh yksd&lwpuk nh tk;xh vkSj og jhfr ftlesa vk{ksi dk fuLrkj.k mlds }kjk fd;k tk;xk ,slh gksxh tks fofgr dh tk,A ,slh yksd&lwpuk dh çfr;k¡ i`Fkd&i`Fkd ,sls O;fä;ksa dks vkSj ,sls le; ds Hkhrj tks fofgr fd;k tk;] Hksth tk,¡xhA ¼2½ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu lwpuk nsus ds fy;s l'kä O;fä ml /kkjk ds v/khu fd;s x; s gj vk{ksi ij fopkj djxs k vkSj ;k rks mls iq"V djusokyk ;k eatwj djusokyk vkns'k fyf[kr :i esa iFkjr djsxkA tc vk{ksi ukeatwj dj fy;k tkrk gS rks og Hkwfe fodkl cSad ls flQkfj'k djsxk fd vkosnu ij fopkj djs% ijUrq tc vk{ksi }kjk mBk, x, ç'u dk Lo:i] ,sls O;fä dh jk; ea s ,slk gks fd og larks"ktud :i ls flfoy U;k;ky; }kjk gh fofu'p; fd;k tk ldrk gks vU;Fkk ugha rc og ml vkosnu ij fopkj djuk rcrd ds fy, LFkfxr dj nsxk tcrd fd og ç'u bl çdkj fofuf'pr u gks tk; A ¼3½ fofgr jhfr ls çdkf'kr mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dh vf/klwpuk ds ckjs esa bl vf/kfu;e ds ç;kstu ds fy, ;g le>k tk;xk fd og mUur dh tkusokys ;k m/kkj ds fy, çfrHkwfr ds :i esa çLFkkfir] Hkwfe ;k fgr j[kuos kys ;k fgr dk nkok djusokys lHkh O;fä dks mfpr lwpuk gSA ¼4½ tgk¡ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fdlh vkosnu dh flQkfj'k dh tkrh gS ogk¡ Hkwfe fodkl cSad vius }kjk bl fufer cuk;s x;s fu;eksa ds vuqlkj] m/kkj nsus ds ç;kstu ds fy,] ,sls vkosnu ij fopkj djsxkA ¼5½ tgk¡ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dksbZ vk{ksi u fd;k x;k gks ogk¡ fookn ç'u vk{ksiksa ij fopkj djrs ds fy, l'kä O;fä;ksa }kjk ,slh jhfr ls fofuf'pr fd;k tk;xk tks og Bhd le>s vkSj fdlh O;fä dh fdlh Hkh nkos dk] ftlds vUrxZr mn~x`ghrk dh ml lEefÙk ds fo#) ftlds fy, vkosfnr m/kkj bl v/;k; ds micU/kksa ds v/khu eatwj fd;k x;k gks fdlh Hkh çdkj ds cU/kd ls mRiUu gksusokyk dksbZ nkok Hkh gSA vf/kdkj ml le; rd ugha gksxk tcrd fd m/kkj ml ij O;; lfgr ;k m/kkj ls mRiUu gksus okys dksbZ vU; :i ls lanÙk u dj fn;s tk,¡A /kjk,¡ 44r&u ] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1 ][ 33 44&r- la;qä fgUnw dqVqEcksa vFkok vIo;ksa ;k fu%'kä O;fä;ksa ds uSlfxZd ok fof/kd laj{kdksa }kjk fu";kfnr cU;d&¼1½ Hkwfe fodkl cSad }kjk] pkgs fcgkj lgdkjh lksukbVh ¼la'kks/ku½ vkv/;kns'k] 1975 ds iwoZ ;k mlds iUpr~ fn; s x;s mlksa dh ckoj cU/kd tks fdlh fgUnw la;qä dqVqEc ds çoU/kd vFkok fdlh vçkIrO; ;k fu%'kä O;fä ds usludk fof/kd la/kd }kjk ?kkx 44&[k esa f'kfufnZ"V ç;kstuksa esa ls fdlh ds fy, fd, x, gksa] çfrdwy fdlh fof/k ds gksrs gq, Hkh ,sls la;qä fgUnw dqVqEc ds gj lnL; ,uvk;,us çkO; ;k fu%'kä O;fä ij ok/; gksaxsA ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ micU/kksa ds v/;u jgrs gq, ;g gS fd ogk¡ pkgs fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbVh ¼la'kks/ku½ v/;kns'k] 1975 ds iwoZ mlds i'pkr~ Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds i{k esa fu"ikfnr cU/kd dks bl vk/kkj ij çluxr fd;k tk; fd og fgUnw la;qä ds vFkok vçkIro; ;k fu%'kä O;fä ds uSlfxZd ;k vf/kd laj{kd }kjk ,sls ç;kstu ds fy, fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k Fkk tks ,sls fgUnw la;qä nqEc ds lnL;ksa vFkok vO;;kfu%'kä O;fä ij ck/; ugha gSa rks mls lwfpr djus dk Hkkj] rRçfrdwy fdlh fof/k ds gksrs eh mls vf/kd djusokys i{kdkj ij gksukA 44&Fk- m/kkj vuqnÙk djuos kys vkns'k dk dfri; fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa fu'pk;d gksuk&Hkwfe fodkl cSad ;k vkx 44&[k esa fofufnZ"V ç;kstuksa esa ls lHkh Fkk fdUæksa ds fy, bl v/;k; }kjk ;k cSad dh mifof/k;ksa ds vk/khu çkf/k—r O;fä ok çcU/kd lfefr;ksa dk ,slk vkns'k ftlls pkgsa fcgkj lgdkjh lkslVh ¼iape lk¡xpu½ v/;kns'k 1975 ds iwoZ mlds i'pkr~ eqfu ds Qk;ns ds fy, ;k mlesa fofufnZ"V mRiknudkjh ç;kstuksa ds fy, mlesa of.kZr O;kfä dh ;k mldh lgefr ls dksbZ m/kkj vuqnÙk fd;k tk;- fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa fu'p; gksxk vFkkZr~& ¼d½ vfiZr deZ ;k mUufr ftlds fy, mu fd;k x;k gS] ?kjk 44&[k ds vFkZ esa] ;FkkfLFkfr ¼[k½ ml O;fä dk vkns'k dksdks O;kU;fr ,slh mUufr dju s dk ;k ,sls mRiknudkjh ç;kstuds fy, O;;jr djus dk vf/kdkj Fkk] vkSj ¼x½ mUufr fofufnZ"V Hkwfe dks Qk;nk djuos kyh gS vkSj mRiknudkuh ç;kstu ml Hkwfe ds tks çfrHkwfr dh :i esa çfrLFkkfir dh xbZ gks ;k mlds Hkkx ds tSlk Hkh lqLr gksa] lEcU/k esa gSA 44&n- Hkwfe fodkl cSad }kjk m/kkjksa dh olwyh Hkwfe fodkl cSad }kjk vuqnÙk dksbZ m/kkj ftlds vUrxZr ml ij çHkk;Z dksbZ O;kt rFkk ml lEcU/k esa mixr ,slk dksbZ [kpZ ;fn dksbZ gks] tks fofgr fd;k tk;] Hkh ns; gksus ij lEc) cSad}kjk oluh; gksyk% ijUrq ,slk dksbZ m?kkj] O;kt ;k [kpZ jkT; ljdkjksa ewfu fodkl cSad }kjk Hkh olwyuh; gksxk pkgs og m/kkj mlls lEc) fdlh çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad }kjk gh vuqnÙk fd;k x;k gksA 44&?k- dfri; dkykof/k ds nkSjku dyDVj dk olwyh djuk & ¼1½ ,slh dkykof/k ds nkSjku tks jkT; ljdkj] lk/kkj.k ;k fo'ks"k vkns'k }kjk ljdkjh xtV esa vf/klwfpr djs dyDVj ds fy, ;g l{ke gksxk fd og mls ml fufeu] Hkwfe fodkl cSad }kjk fd; s x;s vkosnu ij cSad dks nso lHkh jkf'k;k¡ ftlds vUrxZr ,slh olwyh dk [kpZ Hkh gS] olwy djsaA ¼2½ dyDVj ;k mlds }kjk bl fufeÙk fo'ks"k :i ls vf/k—r dksbZ O;fä Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks ns; lHkh jkf'k;k¡ fuEufyf[kr Øe vkSj jhfr ls olwyh djsxk& ¼d½ m/kkj ysuos kys ls ,l ekuksa og mlls ns; Hkw&jktLo dk cdk;k gksA ¼[k½ ml Hkwfe ls ftlds Qk;ns ds fy, m/kkj vuqnÙk fd;k x;k gS ,sls ekuksa og mls Hkwfe dh ckor ¼Hkw&jktLo dk cdk;k gksA ¼x½ çfrewfr ls] ;fn dksbZ gks] ,sls ekuksa og mlls ns; Hkw&jktLo dk cdk;k gksA ¼?k½ leikfjaod çfrHkwfr esa lekfo"V lEifÙk ds foØ; }kjk Hkw&jktLo dh olwyh ds fy, gks ¼3½ bl /kkjk ds micU/k rRle; ço`Ùk fdlh Hkh dk'rdkjh fof/k ds v/;/khu gksxkA 44&u- djLFke vkSj foØ;&¼1½ ;fn Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds i{k esa fu"ikfnr fdlh vU; lafn; dksbZ fdLr ;k ,slh fdLr dk dksbZ Hkkx ml rkjh[k ls ftldks og ns; gqvk ,d ekl --------------------- /kkjk,¡ 44c&44e] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [35 vannŸk jg tkrk gS rks ,sls cSad dks çcU/kd lfefr ;k cksMZ cSad dks miyC/k fdlh vU; mipkj ds vfrfjä cU/kfdr Hkwfe ds mRikn ds ftlds vUrxZr ml ij [kM+h gqbZ Qly Hkh gS vkSj O;frØeh dh taxe lEifÙk QjLFk ;k foØ; }kjk ,slk fdLr ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dks clyks ds fy, jftLVkj ls fofgr jhfr ls vkosnu dj ldsxkA ,sls vkosnu dh çkfIr ij jftLVªkj ij lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882 ¼4]1882½ ea s fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh cU/kdrkZ dks jftLVªh—r lwpuk nsus ds i'pkr~ ,sls mRiknu dh vkSj ;fn vko';d gksrks O;fäØeksa dh ,sls vU; taxe lEifÙk ds djLFke vkSj foØ; dk funs'k ns ldsxk% ijUrq Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks cU/khd`r midj.kksa ls fHkUu [ksrh ds ,sl midj.k O;fä;ksa ds ,sls eos'kh tks jftLVªkj dh jk; esa] O;frØeh dh dk'rdkj ds :Ik esa viuh&viuh thfodk dks miktZu ds fy, le; cukus dh n`f"V ls vko';d gks] ,sls djLFke vkSj foØ; ds Hkkxh u gksaxs : ijUrq ;g vkSj fd ,slk dksMZ djLFke ml rkjh[k ls ftldh fdLr ns; gbZ ckjg ekg dks volku ds i'pkr~ ugha fd;k tk;xkA ¼2½ djLFke dh xbZ lEifÙk dk eqY; ;kor'kä ns; jde dh djLFke O;; vkSj foØ; ds [kpZ ds cjkcj gksxkA 44& i- foØ; dh 'kfä dk mi;ksx dc fd;k tk, ¼1½ lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882 ¼4] 1882½ esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh ;g gS fd tgk¡ cU/kd foys[k }kjk Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks ;g 'kfä vfHkO;fä :i ls çnÙk dh tk, fd ;g U;k;ky; ds gLr{ksi ds fcuk foØ; dj ldsxk- ogk¡ ,sls cSad dks çcU/kd lfefr ;k cksMZ ;k ,slh çoU/kd lfefr ;k cksMZ }kjk çkf/kdr fdlh O;fä dks cU/kd /ku ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ds lank; ds O;frØe dh n'kk esa] cSad dks miyC/k fdlh vU; mipkj ds vfrfjä ;g 'kfä gksxksa fd og U;k;ky; ds gLr{ksi ds fcuk ca/kh—r lEifÙk dk foØ; djk ysaA ¼2½ ,slh fdlh 'kfä dk ç;ksx rcrd ugha fd;k tk;xk tcrd fd& ¼d½ cksMZ us cU/kddÙkkZ ds vH;kosnu ij] ;fn dksbZ gks] fopkj djus ds i'pkr~ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ }kjk çnÙk 'kfä dk ç;ksx igys ls gh çkf/k—r u dj fn;k gksA ¼[k½ ,sls cU/kd /ku ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ds lank; dh vis{kk djus okyh jftLVªh—r lwpuk fuEufyf[kr dks u nh xbZ gks& ¼1½ cU/kddrkZ] ¼ii½ dksbZ O;fä ftldh cU/kfdr lEifÙk vFkok mls eksfpr djus ds vf/kdkj esa dksbZ fgr vFkok mlij dksbZ çHkkj gS] ¼iii½ cU/kd _.k ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ds lank; ds fy, dksbZ çfrHkwfr; vFkok ¼iv½ oU/kddrkZ dk dksbZ ysunkj ftlus mldh lEifÙk ds ç'kklu ds fy, fdlh&fdlh cU/kfdr lEifÙk ds foØ; ds fy, fMØh çkIr dj yh gS] vkSj ¼x½ ,sls cU/kd /ku ;k mlds Hkkx ds lank; esa O;frØe] bl fufer nh xbZ lwpuk ds i'pkr~ rhu ekg rd u fd;k x;k gksA 44&Q- tgk¡ cU;fdr lEifÙk u"V gks tk, ;k çfrHkwfr vi;kZIr gks ogk¡ Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh 'kfä;k¡&tgk¡ Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks oU/kfdr dksbZ lEifÙk iw.kZr% ;k va'kr% u"V gks tk, vFkok fdlh vU; dkj.k ls] çfrHkwfr vi;kZIr gks tk, vkSj cU/kddrZ~rk mruh vfrfjä çfrHkwfr micU/k dju s ds fy, tks iw.kZ çfrHkwfr dks vi;kZIr dgus ds fy, vps"V gks ;k _.k ds mrus Hkkx dks iqu% lank; djus ds fy, tks mä cSad dks cU/kd lfefr ;k cksMZ }kjk vo/kkfjr fd;k tk;] çcU/k lfefr ;k cksMZ }kjk ;qfäçn volj fn;s tku s ij Hkh ,slh çfrHkwfr dk micU/k ;k m/kkj ds ,sls Hkkx dk iqu% lank; u djs ogk¡ iw.kZ m/kkj] mlds fucU/ku vkSj 'kÙkksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh] rRdky ns; gqvk le>k tk;xk vkSj çcU/kd lfefr ;k cksMZ dks mldh olwyh ds fy, cU/kddrkZ ds fo#) /kkjk 44&?k] /kkjk 44&u ;k /kkjk 44&i ds v/khu dkjZokbZ djrs dk gd gksxk A Li"Vhdj.k&bl Hkkx ds ç;kstu ds fy,] çfrHkwfÙk rcrd vi;kZIrh le>h tk;xh tcrd fd cU/kfdr lEifÙk dk] ftlds vUrxZr ml ij dh xbZ vfHko`f);k¡ Hkh gS] ewY; cU/kd ij rRle; ns; jde ls mrus vuqikr esa vf/kd u gks tks fu;eksa ;k Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh mi&fof/k;ksa esa fofufnZ"V fd;k tk,A /kkjk,¡ 44c&44e] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [35 44&c- O;frØeh ds fo#) dkjZokbZ djus dh cksMZ ;k U;klh dh 'kfä&¼1½ cksMZ ;k U;klh] fdlh çkFkfedh lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh çcU/kd lfefr dks fdlh O;frØeh ds fo#) /kkjk 44&i- 44&u] 44&i ;k 44&Q ds v/khu dkjZokbZ djus dk funs'k ns ldsxk vkSj ;fn çcU/kd] lfefr ,slk djus ea s mis{kk djs ;k vlQy jgs rks] cksMZ ;k U;klh ,slh dkjZokbZ dj ldsxkA U;klh cksMZ dks funs'k ns ldsxk fd ;g fdlh O;frØeh ds fo#) oSlh gh dkjZokbZ djs vkSj cksMZ ds ,slk djus esa mis{kk djus ij ;k vlQy jgus ij] Lo; a ,slh dkjZokbZ dj ldsxkA ¼2½ tgk¡ cksMZ }kjk /kkjk ¼1½ ds micU/kksa ds v/khu dksbZ dkjZokbZ dh tk; ogk¡ bl v/;k; ;k mlds vuqlj.k esa cuk, x, fdUgksa fu;eksa ds micU/k ,sls ykxw gksaxs ekuks mlesa çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad vkSj mldh çcU/kd lfefr ds çfr lHkh funsZ'k jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad vkSj cksMZ ds çfr funs'k gks A ¼3½ tgk¡ U;klh }kjk mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds micU/kksa ds v/khu dksbZ dkjZokbZ dh tk; ogk¡ bl v/;k; ;k mlds vuqlj.k esa crk, x, fu;eksa ds micU/k ,sls ykxw gksaxs ekuksa mlsa çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad vkSj mldks çcU/kd lfefr ;k jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad ;k cksMZ ds çfÙk lHkh funsZ'k U;klh ds çfr funsZ'k gksaA 44&Hk- foØ; dh iqf"V&tgk¡ dksbZ cU/kfdr lEifÙk fdlh çkFkfedh Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds }kjk /kkjk 44&i ds micU/kksa ds v/khu csph tkrh gS ogk¡ cSad] fofgr :i ls jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad vkSj jftLVªkj dks fjiksVZ Hkstsxk ftlesa og jhfr ftlls foØ; fd;k x;k gS vkSj foØ; esa ifj.kke] miof.kZr gksaxAs tgk¡ foØ; jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad ;k U;klh }kjk fd;k tk, vkSj U;klh jftLVªkj ls fHkUu O;fä gks] ogk¡ oSlh gh fjiksVZ ;FkkfLFkfr] cksMZ ;k U;klh }kjk jftLVªkj dks Hksth tk,xh A ¼2½ jftLVªkj dks mi;qZä fjiksVZ ds Hksts tkus ds i'pkr~ ;FkkfLFkfr] çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh çcU/kd lfefr ;k cksMZ ;k U;klh jftLVªkj ds vuqeksnu ls] foØ; dks] foØ; dh rkjh[k ls ,d lkS chl fnu ds Hkhrj u"V ;k jí dj ldsxkA ¼3½ tgk¡ jftLVªkj U;klh gks vkSj mlus /kkjk 44&c dh mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds vuqlj.k ea s dksbZ dkjZokbZ dh gks] ogk¡ og Loçsj.kk ls ;k Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds vkosnu ij] cU/kfdr lEifÙk ds foØ; dks] foØ; dh rkjh[k ls ,d lkS chl fnu ds Hkhrj u"V ;k jí dj ldsxk A ¼4½ lEc) Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds dk;kZy; ij] i'pkRorhZ C;kt vkSj foØ; dh çfØ;k ds nkSjku mixr [kpZ] ;fn dksbZ gks] vkSj mlds }kjk fuf{kIr Ø; /ku ls ik¡p çfr'kr ds cjkcj Øsrk ds lank; ds fy, deh'ku dh jkf'k lfgr; /ku dh mruh jkf'k;k¡ tks /kkjk 44&i dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds [kaM ¼[k½ ds v/khu rkehy dh xbZ lwpuk esa fofufnZ"V gksa] fuf{kIr djus ds i'pkr~ cU/kddrZ~rk ;k cU/kfdr lEifÙk esa dksbZ vf/kdkj ;k gd ;k fgr j[kusokys fdlh O;fä ds] foØ; dks vikLr djus ds fy, ;FkkfLFkfr Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh çcU/kd lfefr ;k cksMZ ;k U;klh ;k jftLVªkj dks vkosnu djus ij] cU/kfdr lEifÙk dk foØ; bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ;k ¼3½ ds micU/kksa ds v/khu jí fd;k tk;xk A ¼5½ tgk¡ bl /kkjk ds micU/kksa ds v/khu foØ; iq"V dj fn;k tk, ogk¡ og vkR;fdr gks tk,axk vkSj flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ¼5] 1908½ ds ç;kstu ds fy, vkR;afdr le>k tk;xk A 44&e- foØ; vkxe dk O;;& ¼1½ bl v/;k; ds v/khu fd, x, foØ; ds vkxe çFker% foØ; ;k Ø;kfrr foØ; ds lEcU/k esa mixr lHkh [kpZ] çHkkjksa vkSj O;;ksa ds lank; ds fy,] f}rh;r% ml cU/kd ds dkj.k ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i cU/kfdr lEifÙk csph xbZ Fkh] ns; fdlh ;k lHkh C;kt ds lank; ds fy,] vkSj r`rh;r% cU/kd ds dkj.k ns; ewy ds ftlds vUrxZr olwyh ls vkuq"kafxd [kpZ vkSj çHkkj Hkh lank; ds fy, mi;ksftr fd, tk;sax s A ¼2½ ;fn mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu fufn"V foØ; ds vkxeksa dk dksbZ vof'k"V jg tkrk gS rks og ml O;fä dks lanÙk fd;k tk;xk tks lEifÙk eas viuk fgro) gksuk lkfcr dj ns vkSj ml n'kk esa tc ,sls O;fä ,d ls vf/kd gksa rc mudh la;äq çkfIr ij vFkok mlesa muds fgrksa ds vuqlkj lanÙk fd;k tk,xk % ijUrq blds iwoZ fd ,sls lank; fd, tk, os çfrHkwr jkf'k;k¡ tks Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks cU/kddrZ~rk ls ckdh gksa] lek;ksftr dh tk,xhA 36 ] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk 44;&d&?k 44&;- Ø; dk çek.k&i= lEifÙk dk ifjnku vkSj Øsrk dk gd& ¼1½ tgk¡ cUFkfdr lEifr dk foØ; vkR;fdr gks x;k gks] ogk¡ cSad] csph xbZ lEifÙk] foØ; vkxe] mlds foØ; dh rkjh[k] mez O;fä dk uke ftls foØ; ds le; Øsrk ?kksf"kr fd;k tk, vkSj og rkjh[k ftldks foØ; vkR;fdr gqvk gks] fofufnZ"V djusokyh] fofgr çk:i esa çek.k&i=] Øsrk dks vuqnÙk djsxk vkSj ,sls çek.k&i= ds is'k fd, tkus ij] Hkkjrh; jftLVªhdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1908 ¼16] 1908½ ds v/khu fu;qä og voj&jftLVªkj ftudh vf/kdkfjrk dh ifjlhekvksa ds Hkhrj] çek.k&i= esa fofufnZ"V iw.kZ lEifÙk ;k mldk dksbZ Hkkx fLFkr gks] ,sls çek.k&i= dh çfr viuh ,slh lqlaxr iqfLrdk esa çfo"V djxs k tks bl ç;kstu ls j[kh xbZ gksA ¼2½ tgk¡ cU/kfdr lEifÙk bl v/;k; ds micU/kksa ds v/khu csph tk; vkSj Øsrk dks mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds micU/kksa ds v/khu çek.k&i= vuqnr fd;k tk, ogk¡ dyDVj Øsrk mlds pkfjl ;k fgr esa mÙkjkf/kdkjh ds vkosnu ij dCts dk ifjnku ,sls O;fä dks fd, tkus ds fy; s vkns'k nsxk vkSj ,sls O;fä vkSj mlds mi&funsZf'krh dks dCtk fnyk nsxkA 44&d&d- Øsrk ds gd dk vfu;ferrkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ç'uxr u fd;k tkuk&tgk¡ dksbZ lEifÙk bl v/;k; ds v/khu foØ; dh 'kfä ds ç;ksx esa csph tk; ;k Øsrk dk gd bl vk/kkj ij ç'uxr ugha fd;k tk;xk fd& ¼d½ foØ; dks çkf/k—r djus ds fy, visf{kr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu ugha gqbZ Fkha] ¼[k½ foØ; dh lE;d~ lwpuk ugha nh xbZ Fkh] vkSj ¼x½ foØ; dh 'kfä dk ç;ksx vU;Fkk vuqfpr ;k fu;fer :i ls fd;k x;k Fkk; fdUrq ,sls fdlh O;fä dks ftls ,slh O;fä ds vçkf/k—r] vuqfpr ;k vfu;fer ç;ksx ls dksbZ uqdlku gqvk gks] Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds fo#) uqdlku ds fy, mipkj dk gd gksxkA 44&d&[k- cU/kddrkZvksa ds fnokfy,iu ds vk/kkj ij cU/kd dks ç'uxr u fd;k tkuk&fnokfy,iu ls lEc) fdlh fof/k esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] fdlh Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds i{k esa fu"ikfnr dksbZ cU/kd bl vk/kkj ij fd og ewY;oku çfrQy ds fy, ln~HkkoiwoZd fu"ikfnr ugha fd;k x;k Fkk ;k bl vk/kkj ij fd og cU/kddrkZ ds vU; ysunkjksa ds Åij Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks vf/keku nsus dh –f"V ls fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k Fkk] ç'uxr ugha fd;k tk,xkA 44&d&x- fjlhoj dh fu;qfä vkSj mldh 'kfä;k¡&¼1½ cksMZ] Loçsj.kk ls ;k çkFkfed Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds vkosnu ij vkSj mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ftuesa /kkjk 44&i }kjk çnÙk foØ; dh 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] lEc) Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh çcU/kd lfefr ds lnL; ls fHkUu fdlh O;fä dh fyf[kr :i ls cU/kfdr lEifÙk ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dh mit ;k vk; dk fjlhoj fu;qä dj ldsxk vkSj ,slk fjlhoj bl ckr dk gdnkj gksxk fd og lEifÙk dk dCtk ys ys ;k] ;FkkfLFkfr] mlds mRikn ;k vk; dk ;k nksuksa dk laxzg.k djs] vius }kjk olwy fd, x, /ku esa ls çcU/kd ds lEcU/k esa viuk O;; ftuds vUrxZr mldk ,slk ikfjJfed] ;fn dksbZ gks] Hkh gS tks cksMZ }kjk fu;r fd;k tk,] j[k ys] vkSj vfr'ks"k dks lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882 ¼4]1882½ dh /kkjk 69&d dh mi&/kkjk ¼8½ ds vuqlkj mi;ksftr djs A ¼2½ cksMZ] i;kZIr gsrqd ls] ,sls fjlhoj dks cU/kddrZ~rk }kjk fd, x, vkosnu ij gVk ldsxk vkSj fjlhoj ds in dh fjfä Hkj ldsxkA ¼3½ bl /kkjk dh dksbZ ckr cksMZ dks ml n'kk esa fjlhoj fu;qä djus ds fy, v'kä ugha djsxh tc oU/kfdr lEifÙk l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk fu;qä fjlhoj ds vf/kdkj esa igys gh ls gksA 44&d&?k- iêksa ij fucU/ku&¼1½ lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882 ¼4] 1882½ dh ;k rRle; ço`Ùk fdlh vU; fof/k esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] fdlh Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks cU/kd dh xbZ lEifÙk dk dksbZ cU/kddrZ~rk ,slh fdlh lEifÙk dk iêk ;k mlds fdUgha dk'rdkjh ds vf/kdkj ;k fdlh vU; vf/kdkj] gd ;k fgr dk l`tu] fyf[kr :i esa ny dh iwoZ lgefr ls gh vkSj ,sls fucU/ku vkSj 'k=ksa ds v/;/khu gks tks cSad vf/kd ?kksf"kr djs] dj ldsxk] vU;Fkk ugha% ijUrq Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds vf/kdkj] ;FkkfLFkfr] iêk/kkjh ;k dk'rdkj ;k fdlh vU; O;fä ds fo#) ,sls çorZuh; gksaxs ekuks og Lo;a cU/kddŸkkZ gks A /kkjk,¡ 44d&³] d&> fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [37 ¼2½ tgk¡ Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks dCts lfgr cU/kd dh xbZ Hkwfe fdlh dk'rdkj ds okLrfod dCts esa gksa ogk¡ cU/kddÙkkZ ;k Hkwfe fodkl cSad dk'rdkj dks bl ckr dh lwpuk nxs k fd og iêk vkSj cU/kd ds pkyw jgus ds nkSjku Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh yxku lanÙk djs vkSj ,slh lwpuk fn, tkus ij ;g le>k tk;xk fd dk'rdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad dk dk'rdkj gks x;k gSA 44&d&³- Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh vksj ls fu"ikfnr nLrkostksa dk jftLVªhdj.k&¼1½ Hkkjrh; jftLVªhdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1908 ¼16] 1908½ esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh fdlh Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds fdlh vf/kdkjh ds fy, ;g vko';d u gksxh fd og viuh 'kkldh; gSfl;r ls vius }kjk fu"ikfnr fdlh fyf[kr ds jftLVªhdj.k ls lEc) fdUgha dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fdlh jftLVªhdj.k dk;kZy; ij Lo;a ;k fdlh vfHkdrkZ }kjk miltkr gks ;k ml vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 58 esa ;Fkk micfU/kr ls gLrk{kj djsA ¼2½ tgk¡ dksbZ fyf[kr ,sls fu"ikfnr dh tk, ogk¡ jftLVªhdj.k vf/kdkjh ftls ,slh fy[kr jftLVªhdj.k ds fy, miLFkkfir dh tk, ;fn og Bhd le>s] rks mlds lEcU/k esa fdlh tkudkjh ds fy, Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds iwoksZä vf/kdkjh dks funs'k dj ldsxk vkSj mlds fuIiknu ds ckjs esa viuh lek/kku gksus ij fy[kr dk jftLVªhdj.k dj nxs kA 44&d&p- oksMZ }kjk dfri; 'kfä;ksa dk çR;k;kstu&cksMZ ;fn ;g Bhd le>s rks /kkjk 44&i] 44&o] 44&e] 44&d&x ds v/khu dh viuh 'kfä;k¡ ;k muesa ls dksbZ] vius }kjk xfBr ,slh dk;Zikfydk lfefr dks çR;k;ksftr dj ldsaxk tks mlds rhu ;k vf/kd lnL;ksa ls feydj cuh gks A 44&d&N- lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882 ds micU/kksa dk bl v/;k; ds v/khu lwpukvksa dk ykx w gksuk&lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e] 1882 ¼4] 1882½ dh /kkjk 102 vkSj 103 ds vkSj mä /kkjkvksa ds ç;kstuksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, ml vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 104 ds v/khu mPp U;k;ky; }kjk cuk, x, fu;eksa ds mioU/k ;Fkk'kD; bl v/;k; ds v/khu rkehy dh xbZ lwpukvksa dh ckor ykxw gksaxsA 44&d&t- çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds i;Zos{k.k dh cksMZ dh 'kfä&bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ds v/;/khu jgr s gq,] cksMZ dh çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa ds i;Zos{k.k dh ,slh 'kfä;k¡ ftuds vUrxZr ,sls cSadksa dk ys[kk&cfg;ksa vkSj dk;Zokfg;ksa ds fujh{k.k dh 'kfä;k¡ Hkh gSa] gksaxh tks fu;eksa }kjk fofgr tk,A 44&d&>- fu;e cukus dh 'kfä&¼1½ jkT; ljdkj bl v/;k; ds ç;ksx dks çHkkoh dju s ds fy,] iwoZ çdk'ku ds i'pkr~ fu;e cuk ldsxhA ¼2½ ,sls fu;e fuEufyf[kr lHkh ;k muesa ls fdUgha fo"k;ksa ds fy, micU/k dj ldsax]s vFkkZr~ & ¼d½ bl v/;k; ds v/khu djLFke dks çHkkoh djus dh jhfr] djLFke dh xbZ lEifÙk dh vfHkj{kk] laj{k.k vkSj foØ;] fou'oj oLrqvksa dk ml n'kk esa rqjar foØ; tgk¡ ,slh oLrq,¡ djLFke dh xbZ gksa] ¼[k½ Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks cU/kfdr lEifÙk ds foØ; dk lapkyu] foØ; vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä] ,sls foØ; ds O;;ksa dh olwyh] muls lEc) Ø;&/ku] Ø;&fu{ksi vkSj cU/kfdr lEifÙk dk ml n'kk esa iqufoZØ; tc foØ; /ku foØ; dh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fuf{kIr u fd;k tk,] ¼x½ çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa }kjk muds laO;ogkjksa dh ckor jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad dh foojf.k;k¡ vkSj fjiksVZ çLrqr fd;k tkuk] çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa vkSj jkT; ljdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad ds chp ys[kkvksa dk dkfyd fooj.k] mu jdeksa dk lank; tks jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad dks vUrfjd] cU/kdksa ij çkFkfed lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa }kjk olwy dh xbZ gksa] og çk:i ftlesa m/kkjksa ds fy, Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa dks vkosnu fd, tk ldsaxs; ,sls m/kkjksa ds fy, çfrHkwfr ds :i esa çLFkkfir lEifÙk;k¡] cU/kddrkZvksa ls Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa ds dkjokj ds lapkyu esa lk/kkj.kr% lEc) gksa] vkSj ¼?k½ ,sls lHkh fo"k; tks fu;eksa }kjk fofgr fd, tkus ds fy, bl v/;k; esa visf{kr ;k vuqKkr gSaA 38] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,a 44&44& [ v/;k; 6&[k lgdkjh cSad 44&d&t] v/;k; dk lgdkjh cSadksa ij ykxw gksuk&¼1½ bl v/;k; ds micU/kksa fu{ksi fuxe vf/kfu;e ¼fMiksftV ba';ksjsal d‚jiksjs'ku ,sDV½ 1961 ¼47] 1961½ esa ;FkkifjHkkf"kr lgdkjh cSad ij- bl vf/kfu;e ds vU; Hkkxksa esa vUrfoZ micU/kksa ds vfrfjä ykxw gksaxAs tgk¡ çdV vFkok fofHk vlaxfr dk dksbZ ç'u mRiUu gks ogk¡ bl v/;k; ds micU/k bl vf/kfu;e ds vU; Hkkxksa ds mid çHkkoh gksaxsA ¼2½ bl v/;k; ds ç;kstukFkZ] fu{ksi chek fuxe ls rkRi;Z gSA gS fu{ksi chek fuxe vf/kfu;e] 1961 ¼47½ 1961½ dh /kkjk 3 ds v/khu LFkkfir fu{ksi chek fuxe vkSj fjtoZ cSad ls rkRi;Z gS fjtoZ cSad v‚Q bafM; ,sDV] 1934 ¼2] 1934½ ds v/khu] LFkkfir fjtoZ cSad v‚Q bafM;kA 44&d&V-foHkktu] lekesyu] le>kSrk vkfn&¼1½ fdlh lgdkjh cSad ds ckjs esa le>kSrk d O;oLFkk ;k mlds lekesyu ;k iqufuZekZ.k vFkok mldks vkfLr;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa ds foHkktu ;k varj.k dks dksbZ Ldhe eatwj djus ds vkns'k] fjtoZ cSad dh iwoZfyf[kr eatwjh ds fcuk u fn;k tk,xkA ¼2½ tgk¡ dsUæh; ljdkj us fdlh lgdkfjrk cSad ds lEcU/k ea]s cSaddkjh fofu;eu vf/kfu; ¼cSafdax jsxqys'kUl ,sDV½] 1949 ¼10] 1949½ dh /kkjk 45 dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu vf/kLFkxu vkns'k fn;k gks] ogk¡ jftLVªkj fjtoZ cSad ds iwoZfyf[kr vuqeksnu ls vf/kLFkxu dh vof/k esa fuEufyf[kr Ldksj rS;kj djk ldsxk ¼i½ lgdkfjrk ds iqufuekZ.k ds fy;s] ;k ¼ii½ fdlh vU; lgdkfjrk cSad ¼blesa vkxs ^^varfjrh cSad^^ ds :i esa fufnZ"V½ ds lkFk mlds lekesyu ds fy; s A ¼3½ bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh çfrdwy ckr ds gksus ij Hkh] ;fn dksbZ lgdkfjrk cSad tks fu{ksi&cksek fuxe vf/kfu;e ¼fMiksftV bU';ksjsUl d‚jiksjs'ku ,sDV½] 1961 ¼47] 1961½ ds vFkZ ds vUrxZr chek—r cSad gks] lekesfyr fd;k tk; ;k ftlds lEcU/k esa le>kSrk ;k O;oLFkk vFkok iqufuekZ.k dh dksbZ Ldksi eta wj dh xbZ gks vkSj fu{ksi&chek fuxe] ml vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 16 dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu chek—r cSad ds fu{ksidrkZvksa dks Hkqxrku djus dk Hkkxh gks x;k gks] rks ,slk chek—r cSad ftl cSad ds lkFk lekesfdr fd;k x;k gks og cSad vFkok ,sls lekesyu ds ckn xfBr u;k lgdkfjrk cSad v/kok] ;FkkfLFkfr] chek—r ;k varfjrh cSad] ml vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 21 esa fufnZ"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] lhek rd vkSj jhfr ls] fu{ksi chek fuxe dks çfrlanÙk djus dh e/;rk ds v/khu gksxkA 44&d&B- lgdkjh cSadksa dh çcU/kd lfefr dk vfrf"Br fd;k tkuk&bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh çfrdwy okr ds gksus ij Hkh] ;fn bldh vis{kk fjtoZ cSad }kjk fyf[kr :i esa yksdfgr esa vFkok fdlks lgdkjh cSad ds dke&dkt dh fu{ksidrkZvksa ds fgr ea s vfgrdj gksus nsus ls jksdus ds fy;s ;k lgdkjh cSad dk mfpr çoU/k lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s dh tk; rks jftLVªkj] ,slh 'kÙkksa ij vkSj dqy feykdj ik¡p o"kksaZ ls vuf/kd ,slh dkykof/k ds fy;s tks fjtoZ cSad }kjk le;&le; ij fofufnZ"V dh tk;] ml lgdkjh cSad dh çoU/kd lfefr ;k vU; çcU/k fudk; dks ¼pkgs og ftl fdlh uke ls Hkh dgk tk;½ vfrf"Br djus rFkk mlds fy, ç'kkld fu;qä djus dk vkns'k ikfjr djsxkA 44&d&M- ifjlekiu vkns'k ds fy, fjtoZ cSad dh eatwjh ;k v/;is{kk&¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh çfrdwy ckr ds gksr s gq, Hkh] dksbZ lgdkjh cSad fjtoZ cSad dh fyf[kr iwoZ eatwjh ds fcuk ifjlek, ugha fd;k tk;sxkA ¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh çfrdwy ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] fu{ksi chek fuxe vf/kfu;e ¼fMiksftV bU';ksjsUl d‚jiksjs'ku ,sDV½] 1961 ¼47] 1961½ dh /kkjk 13&?k esa of.kZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fjtoZ cSad }kjk ;fj jftLVªkj ls oSlh vis{kk dh tk; rks og fdlh lgdkjh cSad ds ifjlekiu ds fy, vkns'k nsxkA 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1933 44&d&d-fo'ks"k chek fuxe dh çfrHkwfr&tgk¡ dksbZ lgdkjh cSad fo'ks"k chek fuxe vf/kfu;e] 1981 ¼47] 100½½ ds vFkZ ds rkS/k—r cSad gksus ds ikrs ifjlekIr gks vk; dk lekiuk/kh= dj fy;k tk; vkSj fu{ksi ch/kk fox ml vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 16 dh mi/kkjh ¼1½ ds v/khu Jh/kk—r cSad ds fu{ksidrkZvksa dks Hkqxrku djus dkUnk gks tk, rks fo'ks"k Jh/kk fox dks ml vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk gSA esa micaf/kr lh/kk yd vkSj jhfr ls çfriwfrZ dh vkFkxhA 44&d&.k-fjtoZ cSad dh eatwjh dk vHeis{kk&dh vafrHkrk bl vf/kfu"k/k eas varfuZ'k fdlh çfrdwy ckr dks gksus ij Hkh dg fjtoZ cSad dh iwoZ fyf[kr eatwjh ls ;k mlds }kjk vis{kk djus ij ¼1½ fdlh lgdkfjrk cSad ds ifjlekiu dk vkns'k fn;k tk;] ;k ¼ⅱ½ mlds lEcU/k esa le>kSrk ;k O;oLFkk ;k iqufuZekZ.k ;k lkesyu dh Ldhe cukbZ tk;] ;k ¼m½ mlds lEcU/k esa mldh çcU/kd lfefr fdlh vU; çoU/k fudk; ¼pkgs ftl fdlh xk; ls Hkh dgk vk;½ ds vf/k{kku vkSj mlds fy;s ç'kkld dh fu;qfä dk vkns'k fn;k tk,] ogk¡ blds fo#) u gks dksbZ vihy iqujh{k.k vFkok iqufoZyksdu fd;k tk;xk vkSj i ug vuqKs; gh gksxk rFkk fjtoZ cSad dh ,slh eta wjh Fkk v/;{kk ij fdlh Hkh jksfr ls ç'u ugha mBk;k tk,xkA 1[v/;k; 6&Xk çkFkfed —f"k lkslkbVh] —"kd lsok lkslkbVh vkSj cgqns'kh; lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds fy;s fo'ks"k micU/k 44&d&r- bl v/;k; ds micU/k dsoy —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh ij ykxw gksaxs& bl v/;k; ds vUrfoZ"V micU/k dsoy çkFkfed —f"k lkslkbVh] —"kd dsUæ lkslkbVh vkSj cgqís'kh; lgdkjh lkslkbVh ij ykxw gksaxs A 44&d&Fk- lkslkbfV;ksa ds lekiu vkSj vusd lkslkbfV;ksa ds lekesyu ¼,d eas feykus½ dk vkns'k nus s dh jftLVªkj dh 'kfä&¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh çfrdwy ckr ds gksus ij Hkh tgk¡ jftLVªkj dk lek/kku gks fd lgdkjh vkUnksyu ds fgr esa] ;k lgdkjh lkslkbfV;ksa dk mfpr çcU/k lqfuf'pr dju s ds ç;kstukFkZ vFkok bl dkj.k ls fd lkslkbVh thou{ke ¼py ldus okyh½ bdkbZ ds :i ea s dke ugha dj ik jgh gS] ;k mlus v'kks/;k _.k ¼Mwch jde½ mixr dj fy;k gS vFkok og fuf"Ø; gks pqdh gS] ;g vko';d gS fd ml lkslkbVh dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;] ogk¡ og ¼jftLVªkj½ jkti= esa çdkf'kr vkns'k }kjk lkslkbVh ds lekiu dk fun's k ns ldsxk vkSj /kkjk&44 esa lekid ds tks —R; crk, x; s gSa mUgsa dk;kZfUor djus ds fy;s O;fä ;k O;fä;ksa dh fu;qfä dj ldsxkA 2[^^¼2½ ¼d½ bl vf/kfu;e ds mís';ksa dks çkIr djus ds Øe esa] bl v/;k; ds v/;/khu lkslkbfV;ksa ds çpkyu esa ,d:irk ykus gsrq muds etcwrh ,oa mi;ksfxrk dks c<+kus ,oa —f"k fodkl ds mís'; ds fy, mUgsa l{ke ¼Hkk;cqy½ cukus gsrq çkFkfed lgdkjh lk[k lkslkbVh dk {ks= iapk;r ds lg&vard gksxk ,oa çR;sd iapk;r esa dsoy ,d tSlk ls lkslkbVh gksxkA ¼[k½ bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; mica/k esa fdlh ckr ds çfrdwy gksus ij Hkh ;fn ,d çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh dk {ks= bl mi&/kkjk dh mi&dfMdk ¼d½ ds çko/kkuksa ds vuq:i ugha ik;k tk;sxk] rks jftLVªkj vFkok jftLVªkj dh vksj ls dke djus ds fy, mlds }kjk çkf/k—r inkf/kdkjh tks fd lgk;d fuca/kd dh iafä ls uhps dk u gksA ;g vkns'k }kjk ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd lkslkbfV;ksa tSlk fd ekeyk gks] ds fo[k.Mu vFkok lfofy;u ftlesa fd iquxZBu 'kkfey gksa ds fy, vkns'k dj ldsxk ,oa oSls iquxZBu ds i'pkr~ ubZ lkslkbVh/lkslkbfV;ksa dk fuca/ku dj ldsxkA^^] 2[^^¼3½ bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh ckr ds çfrdwy gksus ij Hkh bl mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu iquxZfBr lkslkbVh ;k lkslkbfV;k¡ vius çca/k lfefr ds lkFk fo?kfVr le>s tk;saxs ,oa bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu ubZ lkslkbVh/lkslkbfV;ksa ds fuca/ku dh frfFk ls ineqä le>s tk;saxs ,oa oSls jftLVªh—r lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk iapk;r ds fy, l`ftr vius&vius çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh eas gLrkUrfjr le>s tk;saxs tks fd mi&/kkjk 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 21] 1976 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 18] 2008 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 40 ][Hkkx&A fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,¡ 44d&n&44d&Q ¼2½ ds v/khu iquxZBu ds i'pkr~ oSls lnL; tks ml iapk;r ls lEcU/k j[krk gks ,oa muds lHkh vkfLr;k¡ o nkf;Ro u;s lkslkbVh/lkslkbfV;ksa esa ck¡V fy;k tk;sxk tSlk fd jftLVªkj ljdkj }kjk jhfr fofgr gks % ijUrq jkT; ljdkj le;&le; ij bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu l`ftr ubZ lkslkbVh/lkslkbfV;ksa ds nkf;Roksa ds vf/kLFkku dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldsxkA-^^] 1[^^¼4½ ¼d½ bl vf/kfu;e esa fdlh ckr ds çfrdwy gksus ij Hkh bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu lkslkbfV;ksa ds iquxZBu ,oa bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu ubZ lkslkbVh/lkslkbfV;ksa ds LFkkiuk gsrq jftLVªkj/ljdkj oSls le; tc rd ubZ çca/k lfefr dk xBu u gks tk;s rnFkZ çca/k lfefr xfBr djxs k vFkok rnFkZ çca/k lfefr ds xBu gsrq çko/kku fofgr djsxk ,oa rnFkZ çca/k lfefr tks xfBr gksxh çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj —R;ksa dk ikyu ,oa oSls 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djsxh tSlk fd fofgr gksA ¼[k½ bl vf/kfu;e ea s fdlh ckr ds çfrdwy gksus ij Hkh bl mi&/kkjk dh dafMdk ¼d½ ds v/khu fuokZpu ds i'pkr~ ubZ çca/k lfefr ds xBu ds ckor lHkh oSls lEc) lkslkbfV;ksa ds çca/k lfefr ftlds çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh lnL; gks ;k oSls lEc) lkslkbfV;ksa ;k ifjla?k dk bl vf/kfu;e esa fofgr çko/kkuksa ds v/khu xBu fd;k tk,xk] rkfd oSls lkslkbfV;ksa ds çca/k lfefr dks xfBr fd;k tk ldsA^^] ¼5½2 [XXXX] ¼6½ 3[^^mi&/kkjk ¼2½^^] ds v/khu LFkkfir ubZ lkslkbVh esa LFkkuh; {ks=ksa ds Hkhrj iM+usoky s ifjokjksa dk de&ls&de ,d o;Ld lnL; gksxkA og lkslkbVh dk ukeh; ¼ukfeuy½ ;k lg&lnL; gksxkA mls ernku dk vf/kdkj çkIr gksxk] c'krsZ fd og [^^lnL;rk 'kqYd^^] pqdk,A og lkslkbVh dk iw.kZ lnL; gks ldsxk c'krsZ fd og lkslkbVh dk de&ls&de ,d 'ks;j [kjhnsA mls lkslkbVh ls dtZ vkSj vU; fo'ks"kkf/kdkj çkIr djus dk gd gksxkA mls lkslkbVh dk dksbZ fuokZpu ¼,ysfDVo½ in /kkj.k djus dk Hkh gd gksxkA 44&d&n- jftLVªkj ds vkns'k ds fo#) vihy& /kkjk 44&d&Fk dh mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu] lekiu ls ;k lekesyu ls ;k u;h lfefr dh LFkkiuk vkSj mä /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu jftLVªhdj.k ls O;fFkr dksbZ O;fä jftLVªkj ds vkns'k ds fo#)] vkns'k dh frfFk ls 30 fnuksa ds Hkhrj jkT; ljdkj ds le{k vfHkosnu ns ldrk gS vkSj jkT; ljdkj vkifÙk;ksa dh lquokbZ ds ckn mu ij ,slk vkns'k ns ldsxh tks og mfpr le>s vkSj jkT; ljdkj dk og vkns'k vfUre gksxk vkSj ml ij fdlh fof/k&U;k;ky; ea s vihy ugha dh tk;xhA 44&d&/k- lekesyu ¼feyk, tkus ds ckn xfBr ubZ lkslkbVh dk fuokZpu&/kkjk 44&d&Fk dh mi&/kkjk ¼2½ ds v/khu LFkkfir ubZ lkslkbVh dk fuokZpu lkslkbVh ds jftLVªhdj.k dh rkjh[k ls N% eghus ds Hkhrj gksxk fdUrq vfHkfyf[kr fd;s tkus okys fo'ks"k dkj.kksa ls ljdkj bl vof/k dks vkSj N% eghus rd c<+k ldsxhA] 4[ ^^v/;k; VI&?k vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk dh lfefr;ksa ds ç;ksT; fo'ks"k mica/k 44 ^d u^- v/;k;VI&?k dk vf/kçHkkoh gksuk& bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh nwljs v/;k; vFkok fcgkj LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1996 ;k fufeZr fu;ekoyh ;k fuxZr vkns'k ea s fdlh çfrdwy ;k vlaxr ckr gksus ij Hkh bl v/;k; ds çko/kkuksa dk vf/kHkkoh çHkko gksxkA 44 ^d i^- çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh ds tekdrZ~rkvksa ,oa m/kkjdrZ~rkvksa ds fy, lnL;rk lqfuf'pr djuk&çR;ds O;fäa tks çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh ds m/kkjdrZ~rk ;k tekdrZ~rk gksa ;k ,slh lfefr ds tekdrZ~rk ;k m/kkjdrZ~rk cuuk pkgrs gksa] rks mUgsa /kkjk 44 ^d Fk^ ¼AQ½ dh mi&/kkjk ¼6½ ds 'krksaZ ds v/khu ml lfefr dk lnL; iw.kZ erkf/kdkj ds lkFk lnL; vFkok lg&lnL; cuk;k tk ldsxkA 44 ^d Q^ lHkh foÙkh; ,oa vkarfjd ç'kklfud ekey s ea s Lok;Ùkrk & vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxZr lgdkjh lkslkbVh dks lHkh foÙkh; ,oa vkarfjd ç'kklfud ekey s esa Lok;Ùkrk fuEu {ks=ksa lfgr çkIr gksxk& 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 18] 2008 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 18] 2008 }kjk foyksfir A 3- çfrLFkkfir r=So A 4- vUr%LFkkfir r=So A /kkjk,¡ 44 dc&[kp] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [41 ¼d½ fjtoZ cSad ds fn'kk&funsZ'k ds vuq:i tek ,oa _.kksa ij lwn nj; ¼[k½ m/kkj ,oa fuos'k; ¼x½ _.k uhfr ,oa oS;fäd _.k fu.kZ;% ¼?k½ dkfeZd uhfr] deZpkjh dh HkrhZ] inLFkkiu ,oa eqvkotk; rFkk ¼³½ vads{kdksa dh fu;qfä ,oa vads{k.k ds fy, {kfriwfrZ vkSj vkarfjd fu;=a .k ç.kkyhA 44 ^d c^ jkT; ljdkj ds va'knku dh lhek&vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxZr fdlh lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds fgLlk iw¡th esa jkT; ljdkj dk va'knku ml lkslkbVh ds dqy çnÙk fgLlk iw¡th ds 25 çfr'kr ls vf/kd ugha gksxk] ijUrq jkT; ljdkj ;k ,slh lkslkbVh jkT; ljdkj ds vius va'knku ?kVkus ds fy, Lora= gksxh vkSj lkslkbVh dks ,slk djus ls jkT; ljdkj }kjk ugha jksdk tk,xkA 44 ^d Hk^ ljdkj }kjk euksuhr çfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k ,oa çfrca/k&¼1½ jkT; lgdkjh cSad rFkk dsUæh; lgdkjh cSadksa ds çca/k lfefr esa ljdkj dk dsoy ,d ukfer lnL; ¼Nominee½ gksxkA ¼2½ çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh ds çca/k lfefr esa ljdkj dk dksbZ ukfer lnL; ¼Nominee½ ugha gksxkA 44 ^d e^- lEc)d lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk&¼1½ ¼d½ ljdkj }kjk vf/klwfpr ,oa ;Fkkfofgr çko/kku fd, tkus ij fcgkj ljdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 ds rgr~ fucaf/kr vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxrZ lgdkjh lfefr fcgkj LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ vf/kfu;e] 1996 ds v/khu fucaf/kr lfefr lEc)d lfefr dk lnL; cuk;k tk ldsxkA ¼[k½ ljdkj }kjk vf/klwfpr ,oa ;Fkkfofgr çko/kku fd, tku s ij fcgkj LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr vf/kfu;e] 1996 ds v/khu fucaf/kr vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk vUrxZr bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fucaf/kr lEc)d lfefr dk lnL; cuk;k tk ldsxkA ¼2½ vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxrZ lgdkjh lfefr vius ilUn dh lac)d lfefr dk lnL; gks ldrk gS vFkok ml lfefr dh lnL;rk NksM+ ldrk gSA 44 ^[k d^ dk;Z{ks= ls lacaf/kr çfrca/k&vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxZr fdlh lkslkbVh dks O;olk; djus ds fy, dk;Z{ks= ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ çfrca/k ugha jgsxkA 44 ^[k [k^ tek fuos'k dh Lora=rk& vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxZr lkslk;Vh dks vius fuf/k dks fjtoZ cSad ds }kjk cuk;s x;s fn'kk&funsZ'k ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh foÙkh; laLFkk esa fuos'k vFkok tek djus dh Lora=rk jgsxhA 44 ^[k x^- m/kkj ysu s dh Lora=rk& vYidkyhu lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxZr lgdkjh lkslkbVh fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu;af=r foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls _.k çkIr dj ldrk gS ,oa iqufoZÙk jk"Vªh; cSad ;k fdlh nwljs iqufoZÙk ,tsUlh ls çR;{kr% vFkok fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu;af=r vius ilUn dh fdlh Hkh foÙkh; laLFkku ls çkIr dj ldsxkA ;s lgdkjh lkslkbVh lac)d lfefr ls iqufoZÙk çkIr djus ds fy, ck/; ugha gksxkA 44 ^[k ?k^] çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh }kjk ykHkka'k ds Hkqxrku gsrq fn'kk&funsZ'k&jk"Vªh; cSad ds ijke'kZ ls çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh }kjk ykHkka'k Hkqxrku djus gsrq fuca/kd lkekU; fn'kk&funZs'k tkjh djsaxsA 44 ^[k ³^ fdlh en esa va'knku&vYidkyhu lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxZr dksbZ Hkh lfefr viuk 'kq) ewY; ,oa viuh iw¡th c<+kus ds vfrfjä fdlh nwljs en esa va'knku ugha djsxhA 44 ^[k p^- jkT; lgdkjh cSad vFkok dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k lfefr dh lnL;rk gsrq v;ksX;rk;sa&¼1½ çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh dks NksM+dj vU; fdlh lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds lnL; tks jkT; lgdkjh cSad vFkok dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k lfefr ds lnL; dks ftlesa ml lkslkbVh ds }kjk 90 fnuksa ls vf/kd dh vof/k rd ds fy, O;frØeh gks rks lEcfU/kr cSad ds eq[; dk;Zikyd dh lwpuk ij fuca/kd] lg;ksx lfefr;ksa }kjk mUgsa çca/k lfefr ds lnL; ds :i esa cus jgus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA ¼2½ vYidkyhu lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxZr lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds çca/k lfefr dk lnL; tks jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k lfefr ds lnL; dks ftlesa ml lkslkbVh ds }kjk ,d o"kZ ls 42] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk,¡ 44[kN&44[kV vf/kd dh vof/k ds fy, O;frØeh gksa] rks lEcfU/kr cSad ds eq[; dk;Zikyd dh lwpuk ij fuca/kd] lg;ksx lfefr;ksa }kjk mUgsa lnL; ds :i esa cus jgus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA ¼3½ dksbZ Hkh O;fä vYidkyhu lk[k lajpuk vUrxZr lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds çca/k lfefr esa fuokZfpr gksus dk ik= ugha gksxk] ;fn& ¼d½ og O;fä lfefr dk lnL; ugha gks] ;k ¼[k½ og O;fä ukekadu Hkjus dh frfFk dks] mlds }kjk fy;s x;s fdlh çdkj ds _.k ;k lkslkbVh ds fdlh cdk;s ds lEcU/k esa lkslkbVh vFkok fdlh vU; fucaf/kr lkslkbVh dk O;frØeh gks] vFkok ¼x½ mls lkslkbVh esa fd, x;s fdlh fuos'k vFkok mlls fy, x, fdlh _.k dks NksM+dj lkslkbVh ds lkFk fd, x, fdlh vfLrRo;qä lafonk esa ;k lkslkbVh }kjk csph ;k [kjhnh xbZ fdlh lEifÙk ea s vFkok lkslkbVh esa fdlh laO;ogkj ea s fdlh çR;{k vFkok vçR;{k :i ls fgr gks] vFkok ¼?k½ mlds fo#) fdlh fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ls lacaf/kr vf/kHkkj dh dksbZ dk;Zokgh yafcr gks] vFkok ¼³½ mlds fo#) fdlh fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds fdlh laO;ogkj ls lacaf/kr dksbZ nkafMd dk;Zokgh yksacr gks] ftlesa laKku ys fy;k x;k gksA ¼4½ fdlh fuokZfpr O;fä dks lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxZr çca/k lfefr dk lnL; ;k in/kkjd ds :i esa dk;Z djus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk,xhA ;fn og ,d o"kZ ls vf/kd vof/k ds fy, lkslkbVh ds cdk; s ds Hkqxrku ds lEcU/k eas O;frØeh gks] tc rd lkslkbVh dk cdk;k jkf'k lwn lfgr muds }kjk tek ugha fd;k tkrk gSA 44 ^[k N^] vYidkyhu lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk dk voØe.k&¼1½ jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k lfefr dk voØe.k bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41 ds vUrxZr fuca/kd }kjk fjtoZ cSad ds ijke'kZ ls fd;k tk;sxkA ¼2½ çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh ds çca/k lfefr dk voØe.k bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41 ds rgr~ fuca/kd }kjk flQZ fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr gh fd;k tk;sxk& ¼d½ vxj lkslkbVh rhu lky yxrkj ?kkVs esa jgk gks] vFkok ¼[k½ ;fn xaHkhj foÙkh; vfu;ferrk ;k /kks[kk/kM+h çdk'k esa vk;k gks] ;k ¼x½ ;fn bl ifj.kke dk U;kf;d funs'k gks] ;k ¼?k½ ;fn rhu yxkrkj cSBdksa esa x.kiwfrZ dk vHkko jgk gksA 44 ^[kt^- fuokZpu&¼1½ vYidkyhu lk[k lajpuk ds vUrxrZ lgdkjh lkslkbVh dk fuokZpu orZeku çca/k lfefr ds dk;Zdky lekfIr ds iwoZ djk;k tk,xk rFkk çca/k lfefr ds voØe.k dh fLFkfr esa fuca/kd ml lkslkbVh ds voØe.k dh frfFk ls Ng eghus ds vanj fuokZpu djk;k tk,xkA ¼2½ ftl lkslkbVh dk voØe.k mi;qZä /kkjk 44 ^[k N^ ds mi&dafMdk ^d^ ,oa ^[k^ esa of.kZr ifjfLFkfr esa gqvk gS] ml çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh ds çca/k lfefr dk lnL; voØe.k ls ik¡p o"kksaZ ds fy, nqckjk pquko yM+us ;ksX; ugha gksxkA 44 ^[k >^] foosdiw.kZ ekud&fuca/kd }kjk lHkh çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh ds iw¡th dk fjLdosVsM ,lsV jsfl;ks lfgr foosdiw.kZ ekud dk fu/kkZj.k jk"Vªh; cSad ds ijke'kZ ls fof'k"V :i ls fd;k tk,xkA 44 ^[k ¥^ funs'kdksa ,oa eq[; dk;Zikyd inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh c[kkZLrxh&¼1½ jkT; lgdkjh cSad vFkok dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k lfefr ds lnL; ;k eq[; dk;Zikyd inkf/kdkjh ds fy, Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekun.M dks iwjk djuk gksxkA ¼2½ dksbZ O;fä jkT; lgdkjh cSad vFkok ,d dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds lfefr ds lnL; vFkok eq[; dk;Zikyd inkf/kdkjh tks fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekun.M dks iwjk ugha djrs gksa] mä in ds fy, v;ksX; ekus tk;sax s ,oa ;fn og O;fä in ij inklhu jgrs gSa] rks ] rks fjtoZ cSad vFkok jk"Vªh; cSad dks bl ifj.kke ds ijke'kZ çkIr gksus ij fuca/kd }kjk c[kkZLr fd, tk ldsaxsA 44 ^[k V^ jkT; lgdkjh cSad rFkk dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k lfefr esa fo'ks"kKksa dk lg;kstu& ¼1½ jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh/ka lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k ds lfefr esa mrus gh fo'ks"kKksa dh la[;k jgsxh ftrus Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu/kkZfjr lnL; O;kolkf;d ;ksX;rk vFkok vuqHko j[kr s gksaA /kkjk,¡ 44[kB&45] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [43 ¼2½ ;fn ,sls fo'ks"kK jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k lfefr esa fuokZfpr ugha gksr gSa] rks ,sls deh dh lhek rd mudh fjfä;k¡ ,sls O;fä;ksa ds çca/k lfefr esa lg;kstu ds }kjk Hkjh tk,xh rFkk mUgsa iw.kZ erkf/kdkj gksxkA 44 ^[k B^] ys[kk dk vads{k.k& jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad vius ys[kk dk vads{k.k jk"Vªh; cSad }kjk vuqeksfnr iSuy ds lunh ys[kkdkj ¼pkVZMZ vkdm.VaVs ½ ls djk;sxkA 44 ^[kM^- jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad dk fo'ks"k vads{k.k&¼1½ fuca/kd] fjtoZ cSad ds vuqjks/k ij ,sls fopkjkFkZ fo"k; ftl ij fuca/kd dh lgefr gks] jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds fo'ks"k vads{k.k djus dh O;oLFkk djk;sxk ,oa fjtoZ cSad }kjk fu;r le; ds vUnj mls fjiksVZ miyC/k djkus dh O;oLFkk djk;sxkA ¼2½ fuca/kd Lor% ;k jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds çca/k lfefr ds vuqjks/k ij ,sls cSad dk fo'ks"k vads{k.k djkus dh O;oLFkk djk,xkA 44 ^[k <^- çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh }kjk cSad ^'kCn^ ds ç;ksx ij çfrca/k&¼1½ dksbZ çkFkfed — f"k lk[k lkslkbVh ^cSad^] ^cSadj^ vFkok ^cSafdax^ 'kCn ds fdlh nwljs O;qRiUu dk ç;ksx ugha djsxkA ¼2½ fuca/kd ml çkFkfed —f"k lk[k lkslkbVh dks vfucaf/kr djsxk] tks bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds çko/kkuksa dk mYya?ku djsxkA 44 ^[k .k^] dSMj ç.kkyh dks lekIr djuk&vYidkyhu lk[k lajpuk esa dksbZ dSMj ç.kkyh ugha gksxh tks jkT; ljdkj }kjk vf/klwfpr gksus dh frfFk ls çHkkoh gksxhA 44 ^[k r^- jkT; lgdkjh cSad vFkok dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad dk ifjlekiu & fuca/kd fjtoZ cSad ds ijke'kZ ij jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad dk ifjlekiu djus dk vkns'k nsxk rFkk ,d ekg ds vUnj ifjlekid dh fu;qfä djsxkA 44 ^[k Fk^- fjtoZ cSad ds fu;ked vf/kdkj dk dk;kZUo;u&bl vf/kfu;e ;k blds v/khu fufeZr fu;ekoyh esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh jkT; lgdkjh cSad ;k dsUæh; lgdkjh cSad ds ekeys esa fuca/kd] lg;ksx lfefr;ksa }kjk fjtoZ cSad ds fu;ked vf/kdkjksa dks ykxw djkuk lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,xkA 44 ^[k n^ jkT; ljdkj }kjk NwV&vYidkyhu lk[k lajpukUrxZr dksbZ lkslkbVh fjtoZ cSad ;k jk"Vªh; cSad ijke'kZ ds fcuk bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 62 ¼2½ ls fdlh Hkh rjg bl v/;k; ds çko/kku ds ç;ksx ls foeqä ugha gks ldsxkA^^] v/;k; 7 naM ,oa çfØ;k 1[^^45- vijk/k vkSj 'kkfLr;k¡&¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vijk/k gksxk] ;fn& ¼d½ dksbZ lgdkjh lfefr] vFkok mldk dksbZ inkf/kdkjh] vFkok lnL;] tkucw>dj feF;k fooj.kh cuk;s] ;k feF;k tkudkjh ns] vFkok bl fufer çkf/k—r fdlh O;fä }kjk mlls visf{kr dksbZ tkudkjh vFkok bl vf/kfu;e ds çko/kku ds v/khu dksbZ tkudkjh fuca/kd dks tkucw>dj ugha nsa] vFkok] ¼[k½ dksbZ O;fä tkucw>dj vFkok fcuk fdlh ;qfä;qä dkj.k ds fdlh lEeu] vf/k;kpuk vFkok bl vf/kfu;e ds lqlaxr çko/kkuksa ds v/khu fuxZr] fof/klEer fyf[kr vkns'k dh voKk djs] vFkok] ¼x½ dksbZ fu;ksäk tks fcuk fdlh i;kZIr dkj.k ds] vius dkfeZdksa ls dVkSrh dh xbZ jkf'k dks dVkSrh dh frfFk ls pkSng fnuksa ds Hkhrj lgdkjh lfefr dks Hkqxrku djus esa vlQy gks] vFkok ¼?k½ dksbZ inkf/kdkjh] vFkok vfHkj{kd] tks lgdkjh lfefr dh iaft;ksa] ys[kkvksa] nLrkostksa] vfHkys[kksa] udn] çfrHkwfr ,oa vU; ifjlEifÙk;ksa dh vfHkj{kk] ftudk og inkf/kdkjh vFkok vfHkj{kd gks] tkucw>dj vf/k—r O;fä dks lkSaiu s esa vlQy gks] vkSj 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 44] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,a 45d&46 ¼³½ dksbZ O;fä] tks lgdkjh lfefr ds cksMZ ds lnL;ksa] vFkok in/kkfj;ksa ds fuokZpu ds iwoZ fuokZpu ds nkSjku] vFkok mlds i'pkR] Hkz"V vkpj.k ea s lafyIr gksA ¼2½ bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu dksbZ vijk/k ,d o"kZ rd dh vof/k ds dkjkokl ls ;k 2000@& ¼nks gtkj½ #å rd ds tqekZus ls] ;k nksuksa ls n.Muh; gksxk% ijUrq tgk¡ dksbZ O;fä nqfofuZ;kstu] diV] U;kl&Hkax] Ny ;k ,sls vU; fdlh dk;Z] ftloa uSfrd v/kerk vUrxZzLr gks] dk nks"kh gks] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i lgdkjh lfefr dks gkfu gqbZ gks] rks og Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1860 ds lqlaxr çko/kkuksa ds v/khu Hkh n.Muh; gksxkA^^ 1[45&d- u;s lfpo dks dk;ZHkkj lkSaik tkuk&¼1½ u;k lfpo fuokZfpr gks tkus ;k fdlls lgdkjh lkslkbVh dk voØe.k gksus vFkok lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh inkof/k lekIr gks tkus ij] inkf/kdkjh lfpo ;k lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds dk;kZy; dk çHkkj /kkj.k djusokys O;fä vius dk;kZy; dk çHkkj vkSj mä lkslkbVh ds lfpo ;k dk;kZy; çHkkjh ds :i esa vius dCts ds lHkh dkxt&i= vkSj lEifr u; s lfpo dks vFkok mä lkslkbVh ds dke&dkt dk çHkkj ysus ds fy;s fofgr çkf/kdkjh }kjk funsZf'kr O;fä dks lkSai nsxkA ¼2½ ;fn fdlh lgdkjh lkslkbVh dk inkojksgh lfpo ;k lfpo ds in dk çHkkj /kkj.k djus okyk O;fä mi;qZä mi&/kkjk ¼1½ dh vis{kkuqlkj viu s in dk çHkkj lkSaius esa vlQy gks ;k lkSaius ls bUdkj djs] rks fofgr çkf/kdkjh ;k bl fufeÙk mlds }kjk l'kä ¼bEikoMZ½ dksbZ inkf/kdkjh fyf[kr vkns'k }kjk inkojksgh lfpo ;k lfpo ds in dk çHkkj /kkj.k djusokys O;fä dks vius in dk çHkkj vkSj ,sls lfpo ds :i esa vius dCts ds lHkh dkxt i= vkSj lEifÙk u;s fuokZpu dh n'kk esa u;s lfpo dks vkSj voØe.k ;k inkof/k lekIr gks tkus dh n'kk esa lkslkbVh ds dkedkt dk çcU/k djus ds fy, fu;qä inkf/kdkjh dka rqjUr lkSai nsus dk funs'k ns ldsxkA ¼3½ ;fn dksbZ O;fä ftls mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu funs'k fuxZr fd;k x;k gks mä funs'k dk vuqikyu dju s esa vlQy gks] rks og N% eghu s rd ds dkjkokl ls ;k 500 #å rd ds tqekZus ls vFkok nksuksa ls n.Muh; gksxkA ¼4½ ;fn ,slk visf{kr gks] fofgr çkf/kdkjh fyf[kr vkns'k }kjk fdlh inkf/kdkjh dh LFkkuh; iqfyl vkSj inkf/kdkjh eftLVªVs dh lgk;rk ls inkojksgh lfpo ds in dk çHkkj /kkj.k djus okys O;fä ls ia dkxt&i= vkSj lEifÙk cyiwoZd dCtk dj ysus vkSj mUgsa] u;s fuokZpu dh n'kk esa u;s lfpo dh vksj mlds voØe.k ;k inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh inkof/k lekIr gksus dh n'kk esa tgk¡ u;k fuokZpu gksuk ckdh gks] ogk¡ lkslkbV dk dke&dkt pykus ds fy, fu;qä jkT; ljdkj ds inkf/kdkjh dks lkSai nsus ds fy;s çkf/k—r dj ldsxhA 45&[k- lfpo ;k lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds dk;kZy; ds çHkkjh O;fä }kjk vfHkys[kksa dk is'k fd;k tkuk&¼1½ jftLVªkj ;k lgdkjh foHkkx ds fdlh vU; jktif=r inkf/kdkjh ds funs'k ij lgdkj lkslkbVh dk lfpo rqjUr lkslkbVh ds oSls lHkh dkxt&i= vkSj nLrkost lkSai nxs k] tks jftLVªkj ;k Åij of.kZr inkf/kdkjh mä lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds dkedkt ds laca/k esa fujh{k.k ;k tk¡p ds fy, vis{kk djsaA ¼2½ ;fn lfpo ;k lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds dk;kZy; dk çHkkjh O;fä iwoZorhZ mi/kkjk ¼1½ dh vis{kkuqlkj nLrkost lkSaius ea s vlQy gks ;k lkSaius ls bUdkj dj s ;k lkSais tkus ls vius vius dks cpk,] rks og N% eghus rd ds dkjkokl ;k 500 #i;s rd tqekZus vFkok nksuksa ls n.Muh; gksxkA ,slk vijk/k laKs; gksxkA ¼3½ tc dksbZ O;fä ftls bl /kkjk dh mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu funs'k fuxZr fd;k x;k gks] lHkh vfHkys[k ;k nLrkost çLrqr djus esa vlQy gks ;k çLrqr dju s ls ls bUdkj djs ;k dks cpk;s rc funs'k fuxZr djusokyk inkf/kdkjh iqfyl vkSj n.Mkf/kdkjh ;k çLrqr fd, tkus ls vius cyiwoZd ml lkslkbVh ds lHkh vfHkys[k vkSj nLrkost vfHkxzg.k ¼lht½ dj ldsxhA] 46- lgdkjh 'kCn ds ç;ksx ij jksd&¼1½ iath—r lkslkbVh dks NksM+dj vU; O;fä vFkZ'k lkslkbVh jkT; ljdkj dh eatwjh ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh O;kikj vFkok laO;ogkj oSls uke vFkok inuke ls ugha djsxh ftlesa ^^lgdkjh^^ 'kCn tqM+k jgs % 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A /kkjk,¡ 47&48] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx 1] [45 ijUrq] bl /kkjk dh dksbZ Hkh ckr ml frfFk dks ^^lgdkjh^^ 'kCn tqM+k uke vFkok inuke ls laO;ogkj djusokys fdlh O;fä vFkok fgr mÙkjkf/kdkjh ij ykx w ugha gksxh ftl frfFk dks lgdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1912 ço`Ùk gqvk A ¼2½ lkslkbVh dk dksbZ vf/kdkjh vFkok lnL; vFkok dksbZ Hkh O;fä tks mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds çko/kkuksa dk mYya?ku djxs k] dks vFkZn.M dk Hkkxh gksxk tks ipkl #i; s ls vf/kd ugha gksxk vkSj ;fn mldk vijk/k tkjh jgsxk rks ltk çkfIr ds ckn vijk/k dks tkjh j[kus dh fLFkfr esa ik¡p #i;s çfrfnu dh nj ls vfrfjä vFkZn.M yxxs k A 47- vijk/k dk laKku&¼1½ f}rh; Js.kh n.Mkf/kdkjh ds U;k;ky; ls vU;uw U;k;ky; bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fdlh vijk/k dh tk¡p ugha djsxkA ^[^^¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 45 dh mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ¼x½ ds v/khu vijk/k dks NksM+dj bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu çR;sd vijk/k n.M çfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 ¼2] 1974½ ds ç;kstukFkZ laKs; ekuk tk,xkA^^ ¼3½ fucU/kd dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fdlh vijk/k ds fy, dkuwuh dkjZokbZ ugha dh tk;saxh rFkk fuoU/kd fdlh O;fä ij dkuwuh dkjZokbZ dh vuqefr ugha nsxk tc rd og ml O;fä dks lquokbZ dk volj ugha nsA 48- fookn&¼1½ ;fn fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh ds laO;ogkj dks Li'kZ djrk gqvk ¼lkslkbVh ds fdlh osru Hkksxh lsod ds fo#) lkslkbVh vFkok mldh çcU/k lfefr }kjk vuq'kklfud dkjZokbZ lEcU/kh fookn dks NksM+dj nwljk½ dksbZ fookn& ¼d½ lnL;ksa] HkwriwoZd lnL;ksa vFkok e`r lnL;ksa ds }kjk nkok djus oky s O;fä;ksa vkSj lnL;ksa] HkwriwoZ lnL;ksa vFkok e`r lnL;ksa dh çfrHkwfr;ksa esa gksa pkgs os çfrHkwfr;k¡ lnL; vFkok xSj&lnL; gksa; ¼[k½ lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; ds }kjk nkok dju s okys O;fä vFkok lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok er` lnL; dh çfrHkwfr;k¡] pkgs oSlh çfrHkwfr;k¡ lnL; gksa vFkok xSj&lnL;] vkSj lkslkbVh] mldh çcU/k lfefr vFkok lkslkbVh ds fdlh vf/kdkjh] vfHkdrkZ vFkok lsod esa] vFkok ¼x½ lkslkbVh vFkok mldh çcU/k lfefr vkSj lkslkbVh ds fdlh HkwriwoZ vFkok orZ~reku vf/kdkjh] vfHkdrkZ vFkok lsod esa] vFkok ¼?k½ lkslkbVh vkSj fdlh vU; fucfU/kr lkslkbVh esa] vFkok ¼³½ /kkjk 16 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds çko/kkuksa ds v/khu çkf/k—r foÙknk;h cSad vkSj oSlk O;fä esa tks fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dk lnL; u gks] mRiUu gks tk, tk; rks oSlk fookn fucU/kd ds ikl funsZf'kr dj fn;k tk;xk % ijUrq] ;fn /kkjk 32 vFkok /kkjk 63 ds QyLo:i HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEink dk nkf;Ro lekIr gS tk, rks HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok er` lnL; dh lEink ds fo#) dksbZ nkok fookn ugha ekuk tk;xk A Li"Vhdj.k&¼1½ lnL;] xSj&lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; vFkok xSj&lnL; ds euksuhr O;fä mÙkjkf/kdkjh vFkok oS/k çfrfuf/k vFkok lnL;ksa] HkwriwoZ lnL;ksa vFkok e`r lnL;ksa dh çfrHkwfr;ksa] pkgs ,slh çfrHkwfr;k¡ lnL; vFkok xSj&lnL;

gks] ls ckdh fdlh _.k vFkok ek¡x ds lEcU/k esa fucfU/kr lkslkbVh }kjk dksbZ nkok bl mi/kkjk ds vfHkçk; ds vUrxrZ lkslkbVh ds laO;ogkj dk Li'kZ djrk gqvk fookn gksxk ;|fi oSlk _.k vFkok ek¡x eku yh xbZ gks ,oa fooknkLin fcUnq dsoy lks/ku&{kerk vFkok lks/ku çorZu&jhfr gks A Li"Vhdj.k&¼2½& ;g fd veqd O;fä iath—r lkslkbVh dk lnL; Fkk ;k gS] vFkok ugha] bl mi/kkjk ds vfHkçk; ds vUrxZr ,d fookn gksxk A ¼2½ ,sls funsZ'k dh çkfIr ij fuca/kd& ¼d½ Lo; a fookn dk fucVkjk dj ldsxk] vFkok 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 46] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk 48 ¼[k½ ,rnFkZ fucU/kd dh 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djusokys fdlh O;fä ds ikl fu"iknukFkZ vUrfjr dk ldsxk] vFkok ¼x½ fdlh fu;e ds v/;/khu e/;LFk ;k e/;LFkksa ds ikl fu"ikn.kkFkZ funsZf'kr dj ldsxkA ¼3½ fdlh fu;e ds v/;/khu] fucU/kd mi/kkjk ¼2½ dh dksaMdk ¼[k½ cds v/khu vUrfjr vFkok mä mi/kkjk dh dksaMdk ¼x½ ds v/khu funsZf'kr fdlh funsZ'k dks okil ysdj mä mi/kkjk esa micfU/kr jhfr esa dkjZokbZ dj ldsxkA ¼4½ e/;LFk vFkok e/;LFkksa dh fu;qfä rFkk fucU/kd e/;LFk vFkok oSls vFkok e/;LFkksa ds le{k dk;Zokgh ea s vuqlfjr çfØ;k fu;ekoyh ls fofu;fer gksxhA ¼3½ oSls fookn dh n'kk esa] ftlesa lkaikf'od çfrHkwfr vUrxZr gks] ml fookn dk fucVkjk djus okyk O;fä cU/kd vf/kfu.kZ; nsus dks l{ke gksxk vkSj mldk ogh çHkko gksxk tks fdlh l{ke O;ogkj U;k;ky; dh cU/kd fMØh dk gksrk gSA ¼6½ mi/kkjk ¼2½ dh dafMdk ¼[k½ vFkok ¼x½ ds vHkhu varfjr vFkok funZsf'kr fookn esa gq, fdlh fu.kZ; ls /kqC/k O;fä ml fu.kZ; dh frfFk ls rhu ekg ds Hkhrj jftLVªkj ds ikl vihy dj ldsxkA ¼7½ bl /kkjk ds v/khu fooknksa ds ekey s esa] fucU/kd dks O;ogkj çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 dh /kkjk 114 ,oa vkns'k XLVII, fu;e A ds v/khu flfoy U;k;ky; esa fufgr iqufoZpkj.k dh 'kfä gksxh vkSj mä lafgrk dh /kkjk 151 esa fofufnZ"V varZHkwr vf/kdkfjrk Hkh gksxhA ¼8½ tgk¡ fucU/kd dks mfpr çrhr gks] ogk¡ og] vkosnu ij vFkok Loçsj.kk ls] ekey s dk vfHkdFku djds mls ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ds ikl fu.kZ;kFkZ fufnZ"V dj ldsxk vkSj ftyk U;k;k/kh'k dk fu.kZ; vafre gksxkA ¼9½ bl /kkjk esa Li"Vr;k micfU/kr ckrksa dks NksM+dj] bl /kkjk ds v/khu fucU/kd dk fu.kZ; rFk viksy v/kok iqufoZpkj ij fucU/kd ds vkns'kksa ds v/;/khu] mi/kkjk ¼2½ dh dafMdk ¼[k½ ¼x½ ds v/khu vUrfjr vFkok fufnZ"V fookn esa fn;k x;k fu.kZ; vafre gksxk A fVIi.kh [çcU/k lfefr }kjk la;qä funs'kd ds vkns'k ls fdlh deZpkjh dks gVk;k tkrk gS rks og deZpkjh funs'kd ds ikl vihy dj ldrk gSA fcgkj jkT; dks&v‚ijsfVo cktkj la?k fyå cuke dks&v‚ijsfVo inkf/kdkjh] 1973 chå,yå tsåvkjå 353 ,åvkbZåvkjå 1973 iVuk 74A deZpkjh dh lsok&'kksa ls lEcfU/kr fookn dk ekeyk fucU/kd ds vf/kdkfjrk ds ckgj gSA fucU/kd ds fu.kZ; tks lfefr ds fdlh fookn ls lEcfU/kr gks rks nwljh vihy ugha dh tk ldrh gSA ekså bLyke cuke ftyk lg;ksx inkf/kdkjhA 1979 chåchålhå tså 101% 1979 chå,yå tså 87A lgdkjh lfefr }kjk ikfjr fu.kZ; fMØh ds gh leku gS jkepUæ flag cuke lsUVªy dks&vkijsfVo cSad] uoknk 1941 ihåMCywå,uå 536- fucU/kd /kkjk 48 ¼2½ ds v/khu lfefr ls lEcfU/kr fdlh fookn ds lek/kku ds fy, l{ke gSA ,åvkbZåvkjå 1962 ,lålhå 1367% 1962 chå,yå tsåvkjå 687- çLrqr /kkjk ds vUrxZr fucU/kd lfefr ds fdlh fookn dks vUrfjr djus ds l{ke gS rFkSo ! fucU/kd vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 48¼6½ ds v/khu ikfjr vius vkns'k dk iqujh{k.k dh çnÙk 'kfä ds vuqlkj iqujh{k.k ugha dj ldrs gSaA rFkSo A bl /kkjk ds v/;/khu 'kfä dh ç—fr U;kf;d gS vkSj pquko&fookn Hkh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr bl /kkjk dh ifjf/k esa lekfo"V gks tkrk gSA pUns'oj çlkn cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 1987 ihå,yå tsåvkjå 159 % 1987 chåchålhå tså 132 % ,åvkbZåvkjå 1987 iVuk 208% 1987 chå,yå tså 203 A bl /kkjk ds v/khu dk;Zokfg;k¡ flfoy okn dh ç—fr dh gSa tks flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 9 ds v/ku flfoy U;k;ky; }kjk vU;Fkk laKs; gksrhA dkuwu us flfoy U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjrk dks fudky fy;k gS vkSj mls lkslkbVh ds lnL;ksa] HkwriwoZ lnL;ksa] in/kkjdksa] vfHkdŸkkZvksa vkSj lkslkbVh ds inkf/kdkfj;ksa ;klsodksa ds chp lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj ;k çoU/k ls la;qä fooknksa ds fofu'p;kFkZ fucU/kd ;k fucU/kd dh 'kfä ç;ksx djus oky s O;fä dks çnÙk dj nh gSA ;ksxsUnz izlkn cuke vij fuca/kd] 1992 ¼1½ ihñ,yñtsñvkjñ 9 ¼,lñlhñ½A /kkjk 48 ] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx &1] [47 ;fn cSad funs'kd eaMy }kjk iw.kZr% futh rkSj ijçcaf/kr vkSj fu;fa=r gks] fLFkfr fHkUu gks ldsxh ;fn lfefr voØfer gks xbZ gks vkSj fuca/kd }kjk fo'ks"k inkf/kdkjh dh fu;qfä dj nh xbZ gks rks lgdkjh cSad ,oa mlds deZpkfj;ksa dk fookn esa jhV ;kfpdk dh vf/kdkfjrk ugha gks ldrh gSA ,lå brjr gqlSu cuke fuca/kd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡] 2001 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 253 | ;fn fuca/kd }kjk iqufoZpkj.k dh lquokbZ dh xbZ gks vkSj vafre rkSj ls fu.kZ; dj fn;k x;k gks rks ml ij vkxs dksbZ iqufoZpkj ugha gks ldrkA viuh vf/kdkfjrk dk ç;ksx djrs gq, fuca/kd dk drZ~rO; gksrk gS fd og bl fu"d"kZ dks vfHkfyf[kr djs fd og fo"k;oLrq dks ftyk U;k;k/kh'k dks funsZf'kr djuk mi;qä le>k gS; ijUrq oSls ekey s esa] ftlesa fuca/kd fo"k;oLrq dks ftyk U;k;k/kh'k dks funsZ'k djuk mi;qä ugha le>rk gks vkSj vius Lrj ls fucVkjk pkgrk gks rks vafre fu.kZ; ds ckn /kkjk 48 ¼8½ ds rgr~ ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ds fu.kZ; ds fy, funsZf'kr djus dh mldh 'kfä ugha gksxhA jkek/kkj 'kekZ cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2002 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 646 1 ;fn cSad funs'kd eaMy }kjk iw.kZr% futh rkSj ij çcaf/kr vkSj fu;af=r gks] fLFkfr fHkUu gks ldsxh ;fn lfefr voØfer gks xbZ gks vkSj fuca/kd }kjk fo'ks"k inkf/kdkjh dh fu;qfä dj nh xbZ gks rks lgdkjh cSad ,oa mlds deZpkfj;ksa dk fookn esa jhV ;kfpdk dh vf/kdkfjrk ugha gks ldrh gSA ,lå brjr gqlSu cuke fuca/kd lgdkjh lfefr;k¡] 2001 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 253 1 ;fn fuca/kd }kjk iqufoZpkj.k dh lquokbZ dh xbZ gks vkSj vafre rkSj ls fu.kZ; dj fn;k x;k gks rks ml ij vkxs dksbZ iqufoZpkj ugha gks ldrkA viuh vf/kdkfjrk dk ç;ksx djrs gq, fuca/kd dk drZ~rO; gksrk gS fd og bl fu"d"kZ dks vfHkfyf[kr djs fd og fo"k;oLrq dks ftyk U;k;k/kh'k dks funsZf'kr djuk mi;qä le>k gS; ijUrq oSls ekey s esa] ftlesa fuca/kd fo"k;oLrq dks ftyk U;k;k/kh'k dks funsZ'k djuk mi;qä ugha le>rk gks vkSj vius Lrj ls fucVkjk pkgrk gks rks vafre fu.kZ; ds ckn /kkjk 48 ¼8½ ds rgr~ ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ds fu.kZ; ds fy, funsZf'kr djus dh mldh 'kfä ugha gksxhA jkek/kkj 'kekZ cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2002 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 646 1 Hkw[kaM ls lEcfU/kr fookn ds U;k;fu.kZ; ds fy, okn lafLFkrA okn dh la?kk;Zrk dks vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 57 ds rgr~ pqukSrh nh xbZA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 57 vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 48 ds v/khu ;FkksicfU/kr fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj ls lEcfU/kr fookn ds lEcU/k esa okn dh vf/kdkfjrk oftZr djrh gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjkvksa 48 vkSj 57 dks lkFk&lkFk i<+us ls Li"V gS fd ;fn lnL;ksa ds chp fucaf/krlkslkbVh ds dkedkt ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ fookn mB [kM+k gks] rks mls fuca/kd }kjk fucVk;xk vkSj mlds lEcU/k ea s fdlh flfoy ;k jktLo U;k;ky; dh dksbZ vf/kdkfjrk ugha gksxhA fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj ls lEcfU/kr rFkkdfFkr fookn esa dsoy fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj gh ugha] cfYd fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkedkt Hkh varfoZ"V gksaxsA çko/kku dk O;kid vFkZ fn;k x;k gSA Hkw[kaM dh igpku vkSj lnL;ksa dks mUgsa csps x, Hkw[k.M ij dCtk fnykuk fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj dk fgLlk gS vkSj fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkedkt ls lEcU/k j[krk gSA fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj dks blls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gS] ,slk dguk mfpr ugha gSA okn vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 57 ds rgr~ oftZr fd;k tkrk gSA jk/kk —".k tk;loky cuke 'khyk dapu] 2003 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 18A çkFkhZ vihykFkhZ fjV ;kfpdk ds ek/;e ls mÙkjokfn;ksa dks pquko esa Hkkx ysus dks pqukSrh nsrk gSA vr% /kkjk 48 ds vuqlkj fjV ;kfpdk viLFkkfir vkSj feF;k/kkfjr gSA çkFkhZ dks fuca/kd ls gh vuqjks/k djuk gS fd ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ls ekeyk ds lEcU/k esa earO; fnyok nsrsA çkFkhZ dks 30 fnuksa ds Hkhrj /kkjk 48 ¼8½ ds rgr~ mipkj ds fy, dne mBkus dh NwV nh tkrh gSA fot; dqekj cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2003 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 647 | 'kfäeÙkk&;fn çkFkhZ ds fo#) yksd _.k dh HkjikbZ ds fy, dk;Zokgh yfEcr gks vkSj vihyh çkf/kdj.k dk vkns'k gks ftlea s ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gks fd funs'kd eMa y dks ¼la;äq ;k i`Fkd~ i`Fkd~ :i esa½ jkf'k olwy djuk gSA çkFkhZ bl dkj.k viuk euksu;u i= Loh—r djkus esa leFkZ ugha gks ldkA fLFkfr ,slh mRiUu gks ldrh gS] ek= ;g otg mPp U;k;ky; ds fy, vk/kkj ugha gks ldrh] ftlij og bl igyw ij fopkj djs fd D;k vf/kfu;e vf/kdkjkrhr gSA ;fn çkFkhZ pquko esa ços'k ds fy, ikliksVZ ds rkSj ij Hkh jkf'k 48] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [/kkjk,¡ 49&51 tek dj ns rks og vius fy, fLFkfr ls cpko dj ldrk gSA ;g iw.kZr% çkFkhZ ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og tek djs ;k ughaA mPp U;k;ky; ds y, ;g vPNk vk/kkj ugha gS ftl ij og vf/kfu;e ds vf/kdkjkrhr gksus ij fopkj djsA ujsUæ dqekj cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2003 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 410 A lsok fooknksa dks /kkjk 48 ds vUrxZr fu.kZ;kFkZ fucU/kd ds ikl çklafxd ¼referred½ ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls fooknksa dks /kkjk 48 ¼1½ ds vUrxZr çklafxd lkekU; fooknksa ls vyx le>k tkuk pkfg,A gYds fooknksa dks /kkjk 48 ds prqfnZd ifjf/k ds vUrxZr lfEefyr ugha le>k tkuk pkfg,A fo|k Hkw"k.k flag vHk; cuke fcgkj jkT; lgdkjh nqX/k mRiknd la?k lfefr] 2005 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 386A /kkjk 48 esa fufgr çko/kkuksa ds rgr~ fn, x;s mik;ksa ¼remedy½ ds mi;ksx fd, fcuk jhV ;kfpd nkf[ky dks xbZA fuokZpu dk;Zokgh çkjEHk gksus ds ckn dksbZ lgk;rk ugha nh tk ldrh gSA pw¡fd fuokZpu dk;ZØe igy s gh fuxZr gks pqdk gS] dqN fgLlksa esa fuokZpu lEiUu gks pqdk gS] vihykFkhZ ds fy,] bls pqukSrh ek= vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 48 ds rgr~ nsus dk mik;k 'ks"k Fkk] ftls mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;kA vc dksbZ lgk¸; çnku ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA mes'k jk; cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2004 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 818 A lgifBr fuca/ku vf/kfu;e] 1908&vkoaVu dk jí fd;k tkuk çk—frd U;k; ds fl)kUrksa dks vun[s khA ;|fi fuca/ku vf/kfu;e esa bl ckr dk dksbZ fof'k"V mik; ;k rjhdk ugha gS] ftlds }kjk nLrkost dk fuca/kd ds le{k iwoZ esa fucaf/kr vUrj.k dk nLrkost fdlh vuqorhZ fu"çHkkfor foys[k ds }kjk jí fd;k tk ldsA ysfdu blds ckotwn ;fn nLrkost ds fuca/kd dks ,sls fu"çHkkoh nLrkost dks fuca/ku ds fy, Lohdkj djus dk vf/kdkj Fkk rks ;g dk;Z çk—frd U;k; ds fl)kUrksa dh vis{kk ds vuqlkj fd;k tkuk Fkk rFkk ;g fdlh ,sls O;fä dks uqdlku igq¡pk dj ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ftl O;fä ds i{k esa iwoZ iwoZ vUrfjr nLrkost fucaf/kr fd;k x;k FkkA tc ,d ckj fdlh fucaf/kr nLrkost ds }kjk ,d lEifÙk dk vUrj.k fd;k tkrk gS] rks vUrj.k djus okys O;fä esa fufgr flfoy vf/kdkj mls lqiqnZ fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ,sls fufgr vf/kdkj dks lekIr djus dk vf/kdkj ,d l{ke {ks=kf/kdkj okys flfoy dksVZ dks gh gS ,oa fuca/kd dks flfoy dksVZ dk ,slk dksbZ vf/kdkj çkIr ugha gS ftlls fd og vf/kdkj ,oa i{kdkj ds LokfeRo dk fu.kZ; dj ldsA vk{ksfir vkns'k [kf.Mr fd;k tkrk gS ,oa ekeys dks fuca/kd ds ikl iqufoZpkj gsrq Hkstk tkrk gSA Lokfr ik.Ms cuke fuca/kd] lgdkjh lfefr] 2007 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 525 1] 49- fuca/kd ifjlekid ,oa e/;LFk dks O;ogkj U;k;ky; dh dfri; 'kfä;k¡ gksxh&bl fu;ekoyh ds v/;/khu fucU/kd /kkjk 35 ds v/khu tk¡p vFkok /kkjk 36 ds v/khu fujh{k.kkFkZ çkf/k—r fdlh O;fä] fdlh ifjlekid] fuca/kd dh 'kfä;ksa dk ç;kstu djus okyk fdlh O;fä] vFkok /kkjk 48 ds v/khu fu;qä fdlh e/;LFk vFkok e/;LFkksa] tgk¡ rd bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh Hkh ç;kstu ds vuqikyu ds fy, 'kfä;ksa dh vko';drk gS] mUgha lk/kuksa ls ,oa ;Fkk lEHko] mlh jhfr ls lkf{k;ksa vkSj lacfU/kr i{kksa ds lEeu dju s rFkk mUgsa mifLFkr gksus dks foo'k djus] 'kiFk ij mudk ijh{k.k djus rFkk mUgsa ofg;ksa] y[s kkvksa] ys[;ksa vFkok lEifÙk dks çLrqr djus ds fy, foo'k djus dh 'kfä gksxh ftu lk/kuksa rFkk ftl jhfr dk çko/kku O;ogkj çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ¼5 lu~ 1908½ esa O;ogkj U;k;ky; ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA 50- lEifÙk dh tIrh&¼1½ tgk¡ ifjlekid vFkok lkslkbVh ds vkosnu ij fucU/kd dk lek/kku gks tkus ij dksbZ Hkh O;fä fdlh oSls vkns'k ds fu"iknu dks foQy vFkok foyfEcr djus dh uh;r ls] tks /kkjk 44 ;k 48 ds v/khu mlds fo#) ikfjr fd;k tk ldsxk A ¼d½ viuh lEifÙk dks iw.kZr% vFkok va'kr% O;;u djus dks gS] vFkok ¼[k½ fucU/kd ds {ks=h; vf/kdkfjrk ls viuh lEifÙk dks iw.kZr% vFkok va'kr% gVkus dks gS] ogk¡ fucU/kd tcrd mlds lek/kku i;ZUr leqfpr çfrHkwfr u nh tk,] mä lEifÙk dks vFkok mlds oSls Hkkx dks] ftls og vko';d le>s] tIr djus dk funsZ'k ns ldsxk vkSj ml rjg dh tIrh dk ogh gksxk tks l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk tIrh dk gksrk gSA ¼2½ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu ikfjr tIrh dk vkns'k fucU/kd ds vkosnu ij] mi lekgrZ~rk }kjk ftldh vf/kdkfjrk esa og lEifÙk fLFkr gks mlh jhfr ls fu"ikfnr fd;k tk;xk ftl jhfr ls jktLo U;k;ky; dk vkns'k fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA 51- vkns'kksa dk ykxw gksuk&/kkjk 44] 48 ,oa 50 ds v/khu ikfjr vkns'k] bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khj miofU/kr ykxw gksus dh fdlh vU; jhfrds vfrfjä] vkosnu ij ls fuEukafdr rjg ls ço`Ùk djk, tk;saxs& /kkjk,¡ 52&56 ] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [49 ¼d½ tc fucU/kd ifjlekid vFkok e/;LFk vFkok e/;LFkksa ds }kjk ikfjr gksaxs rks {ks=h; vf/kdkfjrk j[kusokys fdlh O;ogkj U;k;ky; ds }kjk mlh jhfr ls ftl jhfr ls oSls U;k;ky; dh fMØh ykxw djkbZ tkrh gSA ¼[k½ tc ftyk U;k;k/kh'k }kjk ikfjr gksaxs rks mlh jhfr ls ftl jhfr ls ftyk U;k;k/kh'k ds le{k yfEcr fdlh okn esa ikfjr dh xbZ fMØh ykxw djkbZ tkrh gSA 52- cdk;k jkf'k dh olwyh& fdlh O;fä vFkok fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh }kjk lans; jkf'k& ¼d½ tks /kkjk 33 ds v/khu fd;k x;k vkSfMV&'kqYd ds :i esa gks] ¼[k½ tks fucU/kd ds ml vkns'k ds vuqlkj gks ftls mlus /kkjk 39 ds v/khu tk¡p vFkok fujh{k.k O;; dks foHkkftr djus ds fy, fn;k gks] ¼x½ tks /kkjk 40 ds v/khu ikfjr vkns'k ds vuqlkj gks] ¼?k½ tks /kkjk 44 ds v/khu fucU/kd vFkok ifjlekid }kjk ikfjr vkns'k ds vuqlkj gks] vFkok] ¼³½ tks /kkjk 48 ds v/khu ikfjr vFkok fn;k x;k vkns'k] fu.kZ; vFkok vf/kfu.kZ; ds vuqlkj gks] dh olwyh ml {ks= esa] ftlea s fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk yksd ek¡x olwyh vf/kfu;e] 1914 ¼fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk vf/kfu;e] 4 lu~ 1914 ço`Ùk gks] yksd&ek¡x ds :i esa vFkok jkT; Hkj esa Hkw&jktLo ds cdk;s ds :i esa dh tk;sxh ftls og yksd&ek¡x lans; gks vFkok ftls Hkw&jktLo dk cdk;k lans; gks A 1[¼p½ fdlh çkFkfed lgdkjh lkslkbVh ds fdlh lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; ;k mlds }kjk euksuhr O;fä] mÙkjkf/kdkjh ;k e`r lnL; ds oSf/kd çfrfuf/k dk ns; jde ds :i esaA] fVIi.kh [lg;ksx lfefr ds lgk;d fucU/kd }kjk /kkjk 6 ea s fn;k x;k vf/kfu.kZ;] tks vihy esa iq"V gks pqdk gks] çek.k&i= U;k;ky; }kjk mYyaf/kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk A] 53- ljdkj ds lans; jkf'k;ksa dh olwyh&iath—r lkslkbVh vFkok mlds orZeku ;k HkwriwoZ vf/kdkjh vFkok lnL; ls] vFkok mldh çfrHkwfr;ksa ls vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEink ls vFkok mldh çfr;ksa ls ljdkj dks vf/kfu.kZ; O;; lfgr lans; lHkh jkf'k;ksa dh olwyh Hkw&jktLo ds cdk;s ds leku dh tk;sxh A 54- lEink ftlls lkslkbVh ds ftEes ckdh jkf'k;k¡ olwy dh tk;saxh&ljdkj dks fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ds ftEes ckdh lHkh jkf'k;k¡ rFkk /kkjk 33] 39] 44] vFkok 48 ds v/khu fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ls olwyh; lHkh jkf'k;k¡ çFker% lkslkbVh ds lEifÙk ls f}rh;r% ml lkslkbVh dh n'k esa ftlesa lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro lhfer gS] mlds nkf;Ro dh lhek ds v/;/khu lnL;ksa] HkwriwoZ lnL;ksa vFkok e`r lnL;ksa dh lEinkvksa vFkok mldh çfrHkwfr;ksa ls ,oa r`rh;r%] vU; lkslkbfV;ksa dh ifjfLFkfr esa fucU/kd }kjk fu/kkZfjr ifjek.k vFkok vuqikr dh lhek rd lnL;ksa] HkwriwoZ lnL;ksa vFkok e`r lnL;ksa dh lEinkvksa vFkok mldh çfrHkwfr;ksa ls olwy dh tk ldsxhA 55- HkwriwoZ lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro&/kkjk 53 ,oa 54 esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] gj gkyr esa HkwriwoZ lnL;ksa rFkk e`r lnL;ksa dh lEinkvksa dk nkf;Ro /kkjk 32 ,oa 63 ds çko/kkuksa ds v/;/khu jgsxkA 2[56- fucU/kd dks iqujh{k.k dh 'kfä& jftLVªkj vkosnu fd;s tkus ij vFkok Loçsj.kk ls jftLVªkj vFkok /kkjk 44 ds v/khu fu;qä ifjlekid dh 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djus okys O;fä }kjk ikfjr fdlh vkns'k dks iqujhf{kr dj ldsxk ijarq ,slk vkns'k vf/kdre Ng ekg ds Hkhrj ikfjr fd;k x;k gks % ijUrq jftLVªkj dks ,sls fdlh vkns'k ds iqujh{k.k djus dh 'kfä ugha gksxh tgk¡ bl vf/kfu;e ds mica/kksa ds v/khu vihy dk çko/kku gks A fVIi.kh [fucU/kd }kjk iqujh{k.k dh 'kfä ds ç;ksx vFkok iqujh{k.k ds fy, vkosnu djus dh le;&lhek fu/kkZfjr ugha gSA] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 5] 1989 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 50 ] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,¡ 57&57d 5-7 U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjrk ij jksd&1¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e esa Li"Vr% micaf/kr ckrksa ds flok] fdlh O;ogkj vFkok jktLo U;k;ky; dks bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds ifjlekiu vFkok fo?kVu vFkok fdlh fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dh çca/k lfefr ds fuyEcu vFkok jftLVªkj dks /kkjk 48 ds vis{kk vuqlkj funsZf'kr fd;k tkus okyk fdlh fookn vFkok v/;k; ¼VIId½ ds v/khu fdlh dk;Zokgh ds laca/k esa vf/kdkfjrk ugha jgsxhA] ¼2½ tc dksbZ lkslkbVh ifjlekiuk/khu jgs] rks ifjlekiuk fof/k esa fuoU/kd dh vuqefr ds fcuk rFkk mlds }kjk yxk;s x, 'kÙkksa ds v/;/khu lkslkbVh ds dkedkt dks Li'kZ djus okyh fdlh ckr ds lEcU/k esa ifjlekid vFkok lkslkbVh vFkok mlds fdlh lnL; ds fo#) dksbZ okn vFkok vU; oSf/kd dk;Zokgh ugha gksxh vkSj u lafLFkr dh tk;sxhA ¼3½ jkT; ljdkj] ftyk U;k;k/kh'k] fucU/kd] fucU/kd ds lgk;rkFkZ fu;qä O;fä] ifjlekid] e/;LFk vFkok e/;LFkksa ds fdlh Hkh oSls vkns'k dks] tks bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh Hkh çko/kku ds v/khu vfUre fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ea s ekU; ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gks vf/kdkfjrk Hkko dks NksM+dj xq.kkxq.k vFkok fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij pqukSrh] vkikLr] 'kksf/kr] iqujhf{kr vFkok fujLr ugha fd;k tk;sxkA fVIi.kh [/kkjk 57 ds mís'; ;g gS fd lkslkbVh ds C;ksjs lEcU/kh lHkh ckrksa dk fucVkjk fucU/kd djsxkA ifjlekid dks vius fu.kZ; lEcU/kh gsrq dks le>kus ds fy, U;k;ky; esa ys tkuk vuqfpr gSA Hkw[kaM ls lEcfU/kr fookn ds U;k;fu.kZ; ds fy, okn lafLFkrA okn dh la/kk;Zrk dks vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 57 ds rgr~ pqukSrh nh xbZA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 57 vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 48 ds v/khu ;FkksiofU/kr fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj ls lEcfU/kr fookn ds lEcU/k esa okn dh vf/kdkfjrk oftZr djrh gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjkvksa 48 vkSj 57 dks lkFk&lkFk i<+us ls Li"V gS fd ;fn lnL;ksa ds chp fucaf/krlkslkbVh ds dkedkt ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ fookn mB [kM+k gks] rks mls fuca/kd }kjk fucVk;xk vkSj mlds lEcU/k ea s fdlh flfoy ;k jktLo U;k;ky; dh dksbZ vf/kdkfjrk ugha gksxhA fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj ls lEcfU/kr rFkkdfFkr fookn esa dsoy fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj gh ugha] cfYd fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkedkt Hkh varfoZ"V gksaxsA çko/kku dk O;kid vFkZ fn;k x;k gSA Hkw[kaM dh igpku vkSj lnL;ksa dks mUgsa csps x, Hkw[k.M ij dCtk fnykuk fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksckj dk fgLlk gS vkSj fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkedkt ls lEcU/k j[krk gSA fucaf/kr lkslkbVh ds dkjksokj dks blls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gS] ,slk dguk mfpr ugha gSA okn vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 57 ds rgr~ oftZr fd;k tkrk gSA jk/kk —".k tk;loky cuke 'khyk dapu] 2003 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 18A lSjkr cUnkscLrh ds ekeys esa 1935 vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr fucfU/kr lfefr;ksa dks] 1996 vf/kfu;e ds vUrxrZ fucfU/kr lfefr;ksa dh vis{kk vf/kekU;rk ¼priority½ nh tkuh pkfg,A vf/kfu;e] 1996 ds rgr~ fucfU/kr lfefr;ksa ljdkjh gLr{ksi ls fcYdqy LorU= gSA ckdjxat eNqvk LokoyEch lgdkjh lfefr lhfer cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2005 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 172A] 2[ v/;k; 7&d djLFke~ 57&d- ekeys ftuesa djLFke~ ds fy, vkosnu fd;k tk ldsxk&tgk¡ fdlh lnL;] HkwriwoZ lnL; vFkok e`r lnL; dh lEink ls fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dks vFkok oSlh fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dks tks bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 16 ds mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds fdlh Hkh çko/kku ds v/khu xSj&lnL;ksa dks _.k Loh—r djus ds fy, fucU/kd }kjk lE;d:is.k çkf/k—r gks] fdlh O;fä ls tks fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dk lnL; u gks vFkok ;fn oSls O;fä dh e`R;q gks xbZ gks rks mldh lEink ls dksbZ _.k vFkok ijkn;s ek¡x lan;s jgs] ogk¡ lkslkbVh] fdlh vU; mipkj ds vfrfjä] ftldk og fo/kkukuqlkj gdnkj gks] fucU/kd ds ikl vkosnu i= ns ldsxh ftlesa og O;frØeh ds dCtk esa jguos kyh fuEukafdr oLrqvksa dks djLFke~ djds _.k vFkok ijkns; ek¡x dh olwyh dk vuqjks/k djsxh& 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 5] 1989 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 16] 1948 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A /kkjk,¡ 57[k&57M+] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [51 ¼1½ O;frØeh dh /k`fr ij [kM+h vFkok vlax`fgr [kM+h vFkok vlax`fgr dksbZ Qly vFkok /kjrh dh vU; mit A ¼2½ dksbZ Qly vFkok /kjrh dh vU; mit tks O;frØeh dh /k`fr ij mxkbZ xbZ gks rFkk dkVh vFkok laxzg dh tk pqdh gks ,oa [ksr vFkok ?kj&vkaxu esa vUu&nekgh ds LFkku ij vFkok /k`fr vFkok [kfygku ea s tek djds j[kh gksA 57&[k- vkosnu dk çi=&¼1½ iwoZxkeh /kkjk ds v/khu çR;sd vkosnu i= esa fuEukafdr ckrksa dk mYys[k jgsxk& ¼d½ O;frØeh dh ?k`fr rFkk mldh lhek;sa] oSlk vU; fooj.k tks mldks igpku ds fy, ;Fks"V gks] ¼[k½ O;frØeh dk uke] ¼x½ cdk;ksa dk foLr`r fglkc] ¼?k½ djLFke~ dh tkuos kyh mit dk çdkj vkSj vuqekfur ewY;] ¼³½ LFkku tgk¡ og feysxh vFkok oSlk vU; fooj.k tks mldh igpku ds fy;s ;Fks"V gks] ,oa ¼p½ ;fn Qly [kM+h gks vFkok tek ugha dh xbZ gks rks tc mls dkVs vFkok tek fd;s tkus dh laHkkouk gks] ml le; dk mYys[k A ¼2½ O;ogkj çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ¼5 lu~ 1908½ ea s okn&i= gLrk{kfjr rFkk lR;kfir djus ds fy; s tks jhfr fofgr gS mlh fu;ekuqlkj vkosnu&i= dks gLrk{kfjr rFkk lR;kfir fd;k tk;xs k A 57&x- vkosnu&i= dh çkfIr ij çfØ;k&¼1½ vxxz keh /kkjkvksa ds v/khu vkosnu nsus ds le; vkosnd fucU/kd ds ikl oSlk fyf[kr lk{; nsxk tks og vkosnu ds ç;kstukFkZ vko';d le>s A ¼2½ fucU/kd] ml lk{; dks ysus ds ckn ;fn mfpr le>sxk rks vkosnu dks xzg.k vFkok vLoh—r djsxkA ¼3½ tgk¡ fucU/kd vkosnu dks rR{k.k xzg.k vFkok vLoh—r ugha dj lds ogk¡ og] ;fn mfpr le>s] vkosnu&i= ea s fofufnZ"V mit dks djLFke~ gsrq vkosnu ds dk;kZUo;u ds yfEcr jgus rd vFkok vkosnu&i= dh vLoh—fr rd gVk;s tkus ls çfr"ks/kukFkZ vkns'k ns ldsxkA ¼4½ tc mit dkVs tkus vFkok laxzg fd;s tkus dh laHkkouk ds ;Fks"V le; ls igys fdlh mit dks djLFke~ ds fy, vkns'k fn;k tk; s rks fucU/kd mru s le; rd ds fy;s vkns'k ds dk;kZUo;u dks LFkkfir dj ldsxk ftruk le; rd og mfpr le>sxk] vkSj ;fn og vko';d le>sxk rks djLFke~ ds fy, vkns'k ds dk;kZUo;u ds yfEcr jgus rd mit dks gVk;s tkus ls çfr"ksf/kr djrs gq, vkns'k dj ldsxkA ¼5½ mi/kkjk ¼3½ ds v/khu vFkok mi/kkjk ¼4½ ds v/khu vkns'k dk rkehyk rFkk çdk'ku ml jhfr ls fd;k tk;xk tks jkT; ljdkj fu;ekoyh }kjk fu/kkZfjr djsxh A 57&?k- djLFkekns'k dk dk;kZUo;u&¼1½ ;fn vfUre iwoZxkeh /kkjk ds v/khu dksbZ vkosnu&i= xzg.k fd;k tk;s rFkk fdlh mit ds djLFke~ ds fy, vkns'k fd;k tk;s rks fuca/kd fu/kkZfjr C;ksjs ds lkFk ml vkns'k dh ,d çfr lekgrZ~rk ds ikl dk;kZUo;u gsrq çsf"kr djsxkA ¼2½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ea s fufnZ"V vkns'k dh çkfIr ds i'pkr~ lekgrZ~rk ml vkns'k esa fofufnZ"V mit vFkok ml mit ds fdlh oSls va'k dks tks og mfpr le>s] djLFke~ djus ds fy, vf/kdkjh çfrfu;äq djsxk vkSj og vf/kdkjh ogk¡ tk;xk tgk¡ og mit gS rFkk og ml mit dks Lo;a vius çHkkj esa ysdj vFkok viuh vksj ls fdlh vU; O;fä dks mldk çHkkjh cukdj ,oa jkT; ljdkj }kjk ml vkJ; dh cuk;h xbZ fu;ekoyh ds vuqlkj djLFke~ dh vf/klwpuk çdkf'kr djds djLFkEk~ djsxk % ijUrq] oSlh mit ftldh ç—fr laxzg ds ;ksX; ugha gksxh] dkVs vFkok laxzg fd;s tkus ds ;ksX; gksus ds le; ls de&ls&de chl fnu ls iwoZ fdlh le; bl /kkjk ds v/khu djLFke~ ugha dh tk;xs h A 57&³- ek¡x rFkk fglkc dh rkehyh&¼1½ djLFke~ djus ds le; djLFke~ djus okyh vf/kdkjh O;frØeh ij djLFke~ djus ds vk/kkjksa dks çnf'kZr djrs gq, fglkc ds lkFk ckdh jkf'k ds fy, fyf[kr ek¡x rFkk djLFke~ esa mixr O;; rkehy djsxk A -¼2½ tgk¡ djLFke~ djusokys vf/kdkjh dks ,slk fo'okl djus dk dkj.k gks fd djLFke~ dh xbZ lEifÙk dk Lokeh O;frØeh ds vykok dksbZ vU; O;fä gS ogk¡ og ml O;fä ij mlh rjg ek¡x rFkk fglkc dh çfr;k¡ rkehy djsxkA 52] [Hkkx&A fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,¡ 57p&57M+ ¼3½ ;Fkklk/; ek¡x vkSj fglkc O;fäxr :i ls rkehy fd;s tk;saxs] fdUrq ;fn og O;fä ftl ij os rkehy fd; s tkus gS] iyk;u dj jgk gks vFkok vU;Fkk miyC/k u jgk gks rks vf/kdkjh e‚x vkSj fglkc dh çfr;k¡ ml edku ds ckgj lgt–'; Hkkx esa fpidk nsxk ftlesa og lkekU;r% fuokl djrk gSA 57&p- mit dkVus vkfn dk vf/kdkj&¼1½ bl v/;k; ds v/khu djLFke~ fdlh O;fä dks dksbZ mit dkVus] laxzg vFkok tek dju s vFkok mls lE;:is.k laj{k.kkFkZ vU; vko';d dke djus ls çfr"ksf/kr ugha djxs kA ¼2½ ;fn gdnkj O;fä mfpr le; ij oSlk djus ls pwd tk, rks djLFke~ djuos kyk vf/kdkjh djLFkE&xr [kM+h Qly vFkok vlax`ghr mit dks id tkus ij dVok ysxk vFkok laxzg djok ysxk rFkk ml rjg dh dksfV;ksa esa vFkok vU; LFkkuksa] ij ftl rjg dh dksfV;k¡ vFkok LFkku ml ç;kstu ds fy, lkekU;r% ç;qä fd;s tkrs gSa] vFkok iM+ksl esa fdlh vU; lqfo/kktud LFkku ij tek djok nsxk vFkok mlds lE;d~ rjg ls laj{k.k ds fy, vU; vko';d dke djsxkA ¼3½ gj gkyr esa djLFkexr lEifÙk djLFke~ djusokys vf/kdkjh ds vFkok mlds }kjk ,rFkZ fu;qä fdlh vU; O;fä ds çHkkj esa jgsxhA 57&N- tc rd ek¡x dk lek/kku u gks] foØ; dh mn~?kks"k.kk fuxZr gksxh&¼1½ tc rd djLFke~ ds iwjs O;; ds lkFk ek¡x dk rqjUr lek/kku gks tk,] djLFke~ djusokyk vf/kdkj djLFkExr lEifÙk ds C;ksjs dks rFkk ftl ek¡x ds fy, djLFke~ fd;k x;k gks mldks fofufnZ"V djrs gq, ,d ?kks"k.kk tkjh djds vf/klwfpr djsxk fd og veqd LFkku ij rFkk veqd fnu dks] tks djLFke~ fd; s tkus ds le; ls de&ls&de rhu fnu vFkok vf/kd&ls&vf/kd lkr fnu ckn gksxk] djLFke ~ lEifÙk dks yksd uhyke }kjk csp nsxk % ijUrq] ;fn Qly vFkok mit bl çdkj dh gks fd mldk HkaMkj.k fd;k tk lds fdUrq mldk HkaMkj.k ml le; rd ugha gqvk gks rks foØ; dk ,slk fnu fuf'pr fd;k tk;xk ftl fnu ds vkus ds igy s Qly ;k mit HkaMkj.k ds fy, rS;kj gks tk;s A ¼2½ ftl xk¡o esa O;frØeh dh Hkwfe fLFkr gks ml xk¡o esa fdlh lgt –'; LFkku ij mn~?kks"k.kk&i= fpidk fn;k tk;xk A 57&t- foØ;&LFkku&foØ; ml LFkku ij fd;k tk;xk tgk¡ djLFkEk~xr lEifÙk fLFkr gks] vFkok yksd fuokl ds fudVre LFkku ij djLFke~ djusokys vf/kdkjh dh jk; esa foØ; djuk vf/kd ykHkçn gksA 57&>- [kM+h Qly dc csph tk;xh&¼1½ ml Qly vFkok mit dks dkVus vFkok tek djus rFkk HkaMkj.k gsrq rS;kj gksus ls igys ugha cspk tk;sxk tks HkaMkj.k fd;s tkus ;ksX; gksxhA ¼3½ ml Qly vFkok mit dks dkVus vFkok tek djus ls igys cspk tk ldrk gS tks HkaMkj.k fd;s tkus ;ksX; u gks] ,oa Øsrk Lo;a vFkok ,rFkZ fu;qä fdlh O;fä }kjk ml Hkwfe ij ços'k rFkk Qly ;k mit dks lgstus] dkVus vFkok tek djus ds ç;kstukFkZ lHkh vko';d dk;Z djus dk gdnkj gksxkA 57&t- foØ; dh jhfr&foØ; djuos kys vf/kdkjh ds fopkjkuqlkj lEifÙk dh yksd&uhyke ls fcØh] ,d vFkok vf/kd ykSV esa] dh tk;xh vkSj ;fn lEifÙk ds va'k dh fcØh ls djLFke~ foØ; ds ifjO;; lfgr ek¡x dk lek/kku gks tk, rks 'ks"k ds lEcU/k esa djLFkekns'k dks dk;kZfUor ugha fd;k tk;xkA 57&V- foØ; dk LFkxu&;fn] lEifÙk ds foØ;kFkZ j[ks tkus ij ¼foØ; djusokys vf/kdkjh ds vuqeku esa½ mfpr dher u is'k vk;s] vkSj ;fn laifÙk dk Lokeh vFkok mlds }kjk ,r) çkf/k—r O;fä lEifÙk dh fcØh dks nwljs fnu rd] vFkok ¼;fn foØ; LFkku ij gkV yxrk gks½ nlw js gkV ds fnu rd LFkfxr djus ds fy, vkosnu djs rks ml fnu rd fcØh LFkfxr dj nh tk;xs h] vkSj ml fnu fcØh iwjh dj yh tk;sxh pkgs tks Hkh ml lEifÙk dh dher fey s A 57&B- foØ; /ku dh vnk;xh&çR;sd ykSV dh dher foØh ds le;] vFkok fcØh djusokys vf/kdkjh ds funs'kkuqlkj fcØh ds rqjUr ckn] Hkqxrku dj nh tk;xh] vkSj oSlh vknk;xh ds O;frØe gksus ij lEifÙk dh iqu% fcØh dh tk;xhA 57&M- Øsrk dks çek.k&i= fn;k tk;xk&tc foØ; /ku dh iwjh Hkqxrku gks tk;xh rc foØ; djusokyk vf/kdkjh Øsrk dks mlds }kjk Øhr lEifÙk rFkk Hkqxrku dh xbZ dher dk o.kZu;qä çek.k&i= nsxkA /kkjk,¡ 57<&+ 57u] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx &1] [53 57&<- foØ; dh vkenuh dk mi;ksx fdl çdkj gksxk&¼1½ bl v/;k; ds v/khu djLFkExr lEifÙk dk çR;sd foØ; dh vk; ls foØ; djuos kyk vf/kdkjh jkT; ljdkj }kjk djLFke~ rFkk foØ; ds ifjO;; dh x.kuk ds fy, fu/kkZfjr Qhl dh nj ds lEcU/k esa le;&le; ij cukbZ tkusokyh fu;ekoyh ds vuqlkj djLFke~ rFkk foØ; dk ifjO;; Hkqxrku djsxkA ¼2½ 'ksi dk mi;ksx ml ckdks jde rFkk foØ; ds fnu rd ml ij lwn ds la/kku ij fd;k tk;xk ftlds fy, djLFke~ fd;k x;k gks rFkk cph jde ¼;fn cps½ ml O;fä dks ns fn;k tk;xk ftldh lEifÙk csph xbZ gksA 57&.k- dqN O;fä Ø; ugha dj ldrs gSa&bl v/;k; ds v/khu lEifÙk foØh djusoky s vf/kdkjh rFkk mu vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fu;qä vFkok muds v/khuLFk lHkh O;fä ,oa fucfU/kr lkslkbfV;ksa ds lHkh vf/kdkjh vkSj deZpkjh oxZ ds lnL; vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk foØhr fdlh lEifÙk dks çR;{k vFkok vçR;{k :i ls [kjhnus ls çfrisf/kr fd;s tkrs gSaA 57&r- foØ; ds igys ek¡x dh vnk;xh gks tkus ij çfØ;k&¼1½ ;fn bl v/;k; ds v/khu djLFke~ fd;s tku s ds ckn vkSj djLFkExr lEifÙk dh fcØh ds igys fdlh le; O;frØeh vFkok djLFke~ lEifÙk ds Lokeh ds :i esa ;FkkFkZ nkok djusokyk dksbZ O;fä] ;fn og O;frØeh u gks] djLFkekn's k dk;kZfUor djusokys lekgrZ~rk ds ikl] vFkok djLFke~ djusoky s vf/kdkjh ds gkFk esa /kkjk 57&M- ds v/khu rkehy dh xbZ ek¡x esa fofufnZ"V jdeksa dks] ek¡x dh rkehyh ds ckn mixr lHkh [kpZ ds lkFk] tek dj nsxk] rks ;FkkfLFkfr lekgrZ~rk vFkok vf/kdkjh mlds fy, jlhn Loh—r dj nsxk ,oa djLFkekns'k dk;kZfUor ugha fd;k tk;xkA ¼2½ tc djLFke~ djusokyk vf/kdkjh tek jde çkIr dj ysxk rc og ml jde dks rR{k.k lekgrZ~rk dks ns nsxkA ¼3½ bl /kkjk ds v/khu tek fd;s tkus dh frfFk ls ,d ekl dh lekfIr ds ckn lekgrZ~rk ml tek jde esa ls djLFkekFkZ vkosnd dks mldh ckdh jkf'k vnk;] djsxk] fdUrq og rc ,slk ugha dj ldsxk tc bl chp djLFkExr lEifÙk ds Lokeh ds :i esa ;FkkFkZ nkok djusokyk O;fä djLFke~ dh oS/krk dks pqukSrh nsrs gq, rFkk ml lEcU/k eas çfrdkj dk nkok djrs gq, vkosnd ds fo#) okn lafLFkr dj nxs kA 57&Fk- tIrh ds v/khu lEifÙk dk djLFke~& tc bl v/;k; ds v/khu fuxZr djLFkekns'k vkSj djLFke~ ds v/;/khu lEifÙk ds lEcU/k esa O;ogkj U;k;ky; }kjk fuxZr tIrh vFkok foØ; ds vkns'k esa dksbZ fojks/k mRiUu gks tk, rks djLFkekn's k vfHkHkkoh gksxk; fdUrq ;fn ml vkns'k ds v/khu lEifÙk csp nh tkrh gS rks fcØh dh vfrfjä vk; /kkjk 57&< ds v/khu lEifÙk ds Lokeh dks ml U;k;ky; dh eatwjh ds fcuk ugha nha tk;xh ftlus tIrh vFkok fcØh dk vkns'k fuxZr fd;k gSA 57&n- xyr djLFke~ ds çfrekj ds fy, okn ,oa vihy&bl v/;k; ds v/khu fuoU/kd ;k lekgrZ~rk }kjk ikfjr fdlh vkns'k ds fo#) dksbZ vihy ugha gksxh] fdUrq ;fn dksbZ Hkh O;fä ftldh lEifÙk /kkjk 57&d ds v/khu fd;s x; s vkosnu ij oSls ekeys esa djLFke~ dh xbZ gS] ftl rjg ds ekeys esa ml /kkjk us oSlk vkosnu dju s dh vuqefr u nh gks] rks og çfrdj dh olwyh ds fy, ml vkosnd ds fo#) okn lafLFkr dj ldsxk % ijUrq] ;fn fucU/kd dh 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq, lgk;d fucU/kd vFkok mifucU/kd oSlk vkns'k ikfjr djs rks djs rks fucU/kd ds ikl vihy gksxh vkSj ml vihy ij fn;k x;k mldk fu.kZ; vfUre gksxkA 57&/k] fu;ekoyh cukus dh 'kfä&bl v/;k; ds iwoZoxkeh çko/kkuksa ds v/khu lHkh ekeyksa esa çfØ;k dks fofu;fer djus ds fy, jkT; ljdkj le;&le; ij fu;ekoyh cuk ldsxhA 57&u- fuokZpu&bl v/;k; esa] tcrd dksbZ ckr fo"k; vFkok lanHkZ ds fo#) u gks& ¼d½ ^^lekgrZ~rk^^ eas og vf/kdkjh 'kkfey gksxk ftls jkT; ljdkj bl v/;k; ds v/khu lekgrZ~rk ds fdlh Hkh dk;Z lEiknu ds fy, fu;qä djsxhA ¼[k½ ^^ vfrØeh^^ ls vfHkçsr gS ¼e`r O;fä ds çfrfuf/k :ir½ og O;fä ftls dksbZ _.k vFkok ijkn;s ek¡x olwyuh; gks tSlk /kkjk 57&d esa fufnZ"V gS] ¼x½ ^^/k`fr^^ ls vfHkçsr gS —f"k vFkok m|ku ds ç;kstu ds fy, ç;qä dksbZ HkwfeA] 54] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk,¡ 58&64 v/;k; 8 çdh.k Z 58- fucU/kd ,oa vU; vf/kdkjh yksd lsod gSa&fucU/kd] fucU/kd dh 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djusokyk O;fä] /kkjk 34 vFkok 36 ds v/khu fujh{k.k vFkok /kkjk 35 ds v/khu tk¡p ds fy, çkf/k—r O;fä] ifjlekid rFkk e/;LFk vFkok e/;LFkx.k ftUgsa /kkjk 48 ds v/khu dksbZ fookn fufnZ"V fd;k tk;xk] Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk ¼45 lu~ 1860½ dh /kkjk 21 ds vUrxZr yksd lsod ekus tk;saxsA 59- lkslkbVh dh iaft;ksa ls çfof"V;ksa dk çek.k&¼1½ dkedkt ds nkSjku fu;fer :i ls j[kh xbZ fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dh cgh] iath vFkok lwph esa fdlh çfof"V dh çfrfyfi] ;fn fu;ekuqlkj fu/kkZfjr jhfr ls çekf.kr jgs] rks og ml çfof"V dh fo|ekurk ds lk{; esa xzkã gksxh rFkk çR;sd ekeyk esa tgk¡ vkSj ftl ifjek.k rd og ckrksa] laO;ogkjksa rFkk y[s kkvksa dks çekf.kr djus ds fy, ekSfyd çfof"V çLrqr fd;s tkus ij xzkã gqbZ gksrh ogk¡ vkSj ml ifjek.k rd og ckrs] laO;ogkjksa rFkk y[s kkvksa ds lk{; ds :i esa xzkã gksxhA ¼2½ oSlh lkslkbfV;ksa ds ekeys esa] ftuds fo"k; esa jkT; ljdkj lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k funs'k djs] lkslkbVh ds fdlh vf/kdkjh dks fdlh oSlh oSf/kd dk;Zokgh ea]s ftlesa lkslkbVh i{k u gks] lkslkbVh dh dksbZ Hkh oSlh cgh çLrqr dju]s ftldh fo"k;oLrq dks mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu çekf.kr fd;k tk lds] vFkok mlesa vfHkfyf[kr] ckrsa] laO;ogkjksa rFkk ys[kkvksa dks çekf.kr djus ds fy, lk{kh ds :i esa mifLFkr gksus dks foo'k ugha fd;k tk ldrk tcrd U;k;ky; vFkok U;k;k/kh'k fo'ks"k gsrqd ls ,slk vkns'k u nsaA 60- vihy lquus dh 'kfä dk çR;k;kstu& jkT; ljdkj1 [XXXX] bl vf/kfu;e ds çko/kkuksa ds v/khu vihy dh lquokbZ dh viuh 'kfä dks lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'k }kjk vius vkns'k esa fofufnZ"V fdlh çkf/kdkjh dks çR;k;ksftr dj ldsxhA 61- iath—r lkslkbfV;ksa dk lgdkjh ifjla?k esa vfuok;Z lEca/ku&2[¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cukbZ xbZ fu;ekoyh ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj jkT; dh jftLVªh—r lkslkbfV;k¡ oSlh jhfr ls rFkk mu 'kÙkksa ij fcgkj dks&v‚ijsfVo QsMjs'ku ls lEc) gksxh tks jhfr rFkk tks 'krZ~r bl ç;kstukFkZ fu;ekoyh }kjk funfs'kr dh x;h gksA ¼2½ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cukbZ xbZ fu;ekoyh ds çko/kkuksa ds v/khu fcgkj dks&vkijsfVo QsMjs'ku ds laxBu rFkk dk;ksaZ dks fofu;fer fd;k tk;sxk ftlds lEcU/k esa mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vfuok;Z lEcU/ku dk çko/kku gSA 62- iath;u dh v/;kis{kkvksa ls foeqfä&¼1½ bl vf/kfu;e esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] jkT; ljdkj ds çR;sd ekeyksa esa fo'ks"k vkns'k ds }kjk rFkk oSls 'kÙkksa ds v/;/khu] tSls 'krZ~r ;g vf/kjksfir djsxh] fdlh lkslkbVh dks bl vf/kfu;e dh iath;u lEcU/kh fdlh v/;kis{kk ls foeqä dj ldsxhA ¼2½ jkT; ljdkj lkekU; vFkok fo'ks"k vkns'k ds }kjk fdlh fucfU/kr lkslkbVh dks bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh Hkh çko/kku ls foeqä dj ldsxh] vFkok funs'k ns ldsxh fd veqd çko/kku veqd lkslkbVh ds çfr oSls mikarj.kksa ds lkFk ykxw gksxk tSls vkns'k esa fofufnZ"V jgsaxsA 63- ifjlheu& Hkkjrh; ifjlheu vf/kfu;e] 1908 ¼9 lu~ 1908½ ea s fdlh çko/kku ds gksrs gq, Hkh fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ds fdlh lnL; ls ckdh C;kt lfgr _.k ds fy, ifjlhek dh vof/k dh x.kuk ml frfFk ls dh tk;xh ftl frfFk dks ml lnL; dh e`R;q gqvk gks vFkok lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk lekIr gks xbZ gksaA 64- vk;dj] eqækadu 'kqYd rFkk iath;u 'kqYd ls foeqä djus dh 'kfä&¼1½ 'kkldh; jkti= esa vf/klwpuk tkjh djds dsUæ ljdkj fdlh fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ,oa fucfU/kr lkslkbfV;ksa ds oxZ ds ekeys esa lkslkbVh ds equkQk vFkok equkQk ds dkj.k lkslkbVh ds lnL;ksa }kjk çkIr ykHkka'k vFkok vU; vnk;fx;ksa ds lEcU/k esa lan;s vk;dj dks ekQ dj ldrh gSA 1- 'kCn ^^/kkjk 26] 40 ,oa 41 esa vihy dh lquokbZ dh 'kfä dks NksM+dj^^ fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk foyksfir A 2- çfrLFkkfir r=So A /kkjk,¡ 65&66] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 Hkkx&1] [55 ¼2½ vf/klwpuk tkjh djds laxzkgd ljdkjfdlh fucfU/kr lkslkbVh ,oa fucfU/kr lkslkbfV;ksa ds oxZ ds ekeys esa fuEukafdr dks ekQ dj ldrh gS& ¼d½ iath—r lkslkbVh ;k mlds fdlh vf/kdkj ,oa lnL; ds }kjk vFkok mldh vksj ls fu"ikfnr fy[kr vkSj ,slh lkslkbVh ds dkjckj vFkok ,sls fy[krksa ds fdlh oxZ] vFkok jftLVªkj vFkok fdlh ifjlekid vFkok ifjlekidx.k ds bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu fu.kZ;ksa] vf/kfu.kZ;ksa vFkok vkns'kksa ls lEcfU/kr rRle; çHkk;Z eqækad 'kqYd; rFkk ¼[k½ rRle; ço`Ùk fucU/ku fof/k ds v/khu lans; dksbZ 'kqYd A bl mi/kkjk esa ^^ laxzkgd ljdkj^^ ls ogh vfHkçsr gS tks Hkkjrh; eæq kad vf/kfu;e] 1899 ¼2 lu~ 1899½ esa vfHkçsr gSA fVIi.kh [lgdkjh lfefr vf/kfu;e ds v/khu iath—r lkslkbVh fdlh rjg ds nLrkost ds fy, eqækad 'kqYd nsus ls eqä gSA ikVyhiq= dks&v‚ijsfVo lkslkbVh gkml dULVªD'ku lkslkbVh fyå cuke fcgkj jkT;] 1977 chåchålhå tså 78] 65- iath—r lkslkbVh ds 'ks;j ,oa fMcsUpj ls lEcfU/kr fy[krksa dh vfuok;Z fuca/ku ls foeqfä&Hkkjrh; fucU/ku vf/kfu;e] 1908 dh /kkjk 17 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ dh dafMdk ¼[k½ vkSj ¼x½ dh dksbZ ckr fuEukafdr ij ykxw ugha gksxh& ¼1½ fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh dh vkfLr;k¡ lEiw.kZr% vFkok va'kr% vpy lEifÙk ds :i esa gksus ij Hkh bl lkslkbVh esa 'ks;jksa ls lEcfU/kr fdlh fy[kr] ;k ¼2½ tgk¡ rd fdlh fMcsapj ds /kkjd ds ykHk ds fy, U;kl ij U;kfl;ksa dks lkslkbVh }kjk mldh iwjh ;k FkksM+h vpy lEifÙk ds ca/kfdr] gLrkarfjr ;k vU;Fkk vUrfjr djusokys fdlh fucfU/kr fyf[kr ds tfj, çnÙk çfrHkwfr dk /kkjd gdnkj gks] ogk¡ rd NksM+dj vpy lEifÙk ij vFkok ea s fdlh vf/kdkj] gd ;k fgr dks ifjlhfer vFkok lekIr djrs gq, vl`ftr] v?kksf"kr djusokys lkslkbVh }kjk fuxrZ dksbZ fMcsapj] vFkok ¼3½ fdlh ,slh lkslkbVh }kjk fuxZr fdlh Mcsapj dk vUrj.k vFkok ml ij i`"Bkadu A fVIi.kh [fuca/kd dks ftl çdkj fuokZpu lEcU/kh fdlh eqdnes dks vUrfjr djus dk vf/kdkj gS Bhd mlh rjg jkT; ljdkj dks fuokZpu lEcU/kh eqdnes fuca/kd ls ys yus s dk vf/kdkj gSA jkT; ljdkj esa lgdkjh foHkkx dk e=a h 'kkfey gSA] 65&d-¹ [XXXX] 2[65&[k- dfBukbZ nwj djuk&;fn bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa dks çHkkoh cukus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ mRiUu gks] rks jkT; ljdkj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj] jkti= esa çdkf'kr vkns'k ds tfj;s] dfBukbZ njw djus ds ç;kstu ls ,slk dqN Hkh dj ldsxh tks bl vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ls vlaxr u gksA] 66- fu;e cukus dh 'kfä& jkT; ljdkj bl vf/kfu;e ds lHkh vFkok fdlh ç;kstu ds lEiknukFkZ lEiw.kZ jkT; vFkok mls fdlh Hkkx ds fy, ,oa fdlh iath—r lkslkbVh vFkok iath—r lkslkbfV;ksa ds oxZ ds fy, fu;e cukukA ¼2½ iwoZxkeh 'kfä dh loZlk/kkj.kr% ij çfrdwy çHkko Mkys fcuk ;s fu;e fo'ks"kdj& ¼i½ lkslkbVh ds iath;u ds fy, vkosnu ds çi= ;k ikyuh; 'krZ~r vkSj oSls vkosnu ds fo"k; esa çfØ;k fofgr djuk; ¼ii½ ços'kkFkZ vkosnu djusokys ;k lnL; #i esa çfo"V O;fä;ksa }kjk ikyuh; 'krZ fofgr dj ldsaxs ,oa lnL;ksa ds ços'k rFkk fuokZpu] rFkk lnL;rk ds vf/kdkjksa ds ç;ksx ds igy s dh tkusokyh vnk;xh rFkk vftZr fd;s tkuos ky s fgrksa dk çko/kku djuk] 1- ^^/kkjk 65 d^^ fcgkj vf/kfu;e 10] 2002 }kjk foyksfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 31] 1976 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 56] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk 66 ¼iii½ fdlh lkslkbVh ds lnL;ksa dh vf/kdre la[;k fofgr djukrFkk /kkjk 29 ds çko/kkuksa ds v/;/khu fdlh lnL; }kjk lkslkbVh esa /kkfjr 'ks;jksa dh vf/kdre la[;k vFkok iw¡th dk Hkkx fofgr djuk] ¼iv½ lnL;ksa ds inR;kx dh Loh—fr ds 'krZ fofgr dj ldsaxs] rFkk lnL;ksa ds fu"dklu ,oa lnL;rk R;kxus okys vFkok fu"dkflr fd;s tkusokys lnL;ksa dh vnk;xh fofgr dj ldsaxs] ¼v½ lnL;ksa dh lk/kkj.k cSBd rFkk oSlh cSBd esa çfØ;k ,oa oSlh cSBd esa çkIr 'kfä;ksa dk çko/kku djuk] ¼vi½ lkslkbVh ftu fo"k;ksa ds lEcU/k esa mifof/k;k¡ cuk;sxh vFkok cuk ldsxh mu fo"k;ksa rFkk mifof/k;ksa ds fuekZ.k] ifjorZu rFkk fujkdj.k esa vuqlfjr çfØ;k] ,oa oSlk fuekZ.k] ifjorZu vFkok fujkdj.k ls igys iwjs fd; s tkusokys 'kÙkksa dks fofgr djuk] ¼vii½ ml jhfr dks fofgr djsaxs ftl jhfr ls çcU/k lfefr;k¡ vFkok mudh milfefr;k¡ [^^ /kkjk 14 ^d^ mi&/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vFkok vU;Fkk xfBr çkf/kdkj }kjk fuokZpu lapkfyr gksxk^^]] rFkk çcU/k lfefr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ,oa vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä] fuyEcu vkSj fu"dklu ds fy,] ;k çcU/k lfefr;ksa ,oa vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk ç;ksx dh tkusokyh 'kfä;ksa rFkk lEikfnr fd;s tkusokys dk;ksaZ ds fy, çfØ;k dk çko/kku djuk] ¼viii½ mu 'kÙkksa dks fofgr dj ldsaxs ftuds v/khu fdlh lkslkbVh ds O;frØeh lnL; dks mldh çcU/k lfefr esa fu;qä djus ls fdlh lkslkbVh dks çfr"ksf/kr fd;k tk;xk ,oa ml lkslkbVh esa lnL;rk ds vf/kdkjksa dk ç;ksx djus dh mls Loh—fr vFkok vU; lkslkbVh esa çfrfuf/kRo djus ds vf/kdkj fofgr djuk] ¼ix½ tc lkslkbVh viuk nkf;Ro dk Lo#i vFkok ifj.kke cny s rks mlds fy, çfØ;k fofgr dj ldsaxs] rFkk lkslkbfV;ksa ds ,dhdj.k vkSj foHkktu ds fy, çko/kku dj ldsaxs ,oa oSls ,dhdj.k vkSj foHkktu ds 'kÙkksa dks fofgr djuk] ¼x½ mu 'krksaZ ,oa cU/kstksa dks fofgr dj ldsax s ftu ij rFkk ml jhfr dks fofu;fer dj ldsaxs ftlds v/khu 'ks;j] tek vFkok fMcsapj ls vFkok vU;Fkk fuf/k;k¡ vftZr djuk] ¼xi½ _.k gsrq vkosnu djusokys lnL;ksa }kjk iwjk fd;s tkusokys 'krZ] ftl vof/k ds fy, _.k fn;k tk ldsxk og vof/k] nh tk ldusokyh _.k jkf'k rFkk _.k ykSVkus dh jhfr fofgr djukA ¼xii½ lkslkbVh dh fu;=a .kk/khu fdlh fuf/k dk fu{ksi.k vFkok fuos'ku ds fy;s çko/kku djuk] ¼xiii½ mu 'kÙkksa] çfr"ks/kksa ,oa çfrcU/kksa dks fofgr dj ldsaxs ftuds v/;/khu lkslkbVh& ¼d½ xSj&lnL;ksa ls dkjckj djuk] vFkok ¼[k½ py lEifÙk ds çfr vfxze nsuk] ¼xiv½ dke&dkt iw¡th rFkk 'kq) ykHk dh x.kuk dk rjhdk] ml ykHk ds forj.kkFkZ 'krsaZ] rFkk fdlh lkslkbVh vFkok lkslkbfV;ksa ds oxZ }kjk lans; ykHkka'k dks vf/kdre nj fofgr djuk] ¼xv½ vkjf{kr fuf/k;ksa dk fuekZ.k ,oa vuqj{k.k rFkk mu fuf/k;ksa dks ftu oLrqvksa ij yxk;k tk, mu oLrqvksa ds fy, ,oa Mwcar _.kksa ds viys[ku ds fy, çko/kku dj ldsaxs] ¼xvi½ 'ks;j&/ku dh okilh ,oa 'ks;jksa ds vUrj.k ds fy, 'krZ~r fofgr djuk] ¼xvii½ ml rjhdk dk çko/kku dj ldsax s ftlds vuqlkj e`r lnL; ds fgr dk ewY; fu/kkZj.k rFkk ml O;fä dk euksu;u gksxk ftls oSlk fgr fn;k vFkok vUrfjr djuk] ¼xviii½ lnL;ksa dh iath rFkk] tgk¡ lnL;ksa dk nkf;Ro 'ks;jksa ds tfj, lhfer gks ogk¡ 'ks;j rFkk 'ks;j/kkjdksa dh iw¡th ds fuekZ.k ,oa vuqdj.k ds fy, çko/kku djuk] ¼ix½ lkslkbVh }kjk ç;ksx fd;s tkusokys çi=ksa] j[kh tkus okyh y[s kkvksa vkSj iaft;ksa ,oa lefiZr fd;s tkus okys çfrosnu vkSj fooj.k lefiZr fd;s tk;saxs mudk ,oa oSls fdlh çfrosnu vFkok fooj.k dks lefiZr djus ls pdw us dh n'kk esa mu lcdh rS;kjh ij O;; ds mn~xzg.k dk çko/kku djuk] ¼xx½ /kkjk 33 ds v/khu vads{k.k ,oa lkslkbVh dh vkfLr;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa dks çnf'kZr djrs gq, rqyu&i=ksa ds vkof/kd çdk'ku ls fy, fu;e fofgr dj ldsaxs] 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 18] 2008 }kjk vUr% LFkkfir A /kkjk,¡ 66d&66[k] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbVh ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 2008 Hkkx &1] [57 ¼xxi½ ftu O;fä;ksa ds }kjk ,oa ftu çi=k sa esa lkslkbVh ds vfHkys[kksa vkSj iaft;ksa dh çfof"V;ksa dh çfrfyfi;ksa dks çekf.kr fd;k tk;xk mudk ,oa oSlh çfrfyfi;ksa dh vkiwfrZ ds fy, mn~x`ghr fd;s tkus okys 'kqYdksa dk çko/kku djuk] ¼xxii½ vfHkys[kksa ,oa ift;ksa dks vfHkjf{kr djus rFkk u"V djus dk çko/kku djuk] ¼xxiii½ ifjlekid dh fu;qfä vFkok fu"dklu] rFkk mlds ikfjJfed ds Hkqxrku esa viukbZ tkusokyh çfØ;k dk çko/kku djuk] ¼xxiv½ ifjlekid }kjk viukbZ tkusokyh çfØ;k fofgr dj ldsaxs rFkk lkslkbVh ds fdlh vf/k'ks"k ds fuLrkj dh jhfr dk mik; djuk] ¼xxv½ bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vihy djus rFkk mlds fuLrkj ds fy, viukbZ tkusokyh çfØ;k fofgr djuk] ¼xxvi½ e/;LFk vFkok e/;LFkksa dh fu;qfä esa] jftLVªkj ¼vFkok fucU/kd dh 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djrk gqvk fdlh O;fä½ rFkk e/;LFk vFkok e/;LFkx.k ds le{k dk;Zokgh ea]s lkFk&lkFk ekeyksa ds vUrj.k] funsZ'ku ,oa çR;kgj.k esa] viukbZ tkuos kyh çfØ;k fofgr djuk] ¼xxvii½ /kkjk 49 ea s çnÙk 'kfä;ksa ds ç;ksxkFkZ çfØ;k ,oa 'kÙk fofgr dj ldsaxs] ¼xxviii½ ?kkjk 24&d ds v/khu mÙke.kksa dh cSBd cqykus] dju s rFkk lapkyu ds fy, çfØ;k fofgr djuk] ,o a ¼xxix½ bl vf/kfu;e esa fu;ekoyh ls fofgr fd;s tkusokys Li"Vr% v/;kisf{kr vFkok vuqer lHkh fo"k;ksa dk çko/kku djuk] 1[^^¼xxx½ lnL;rk 'kqYd dh jhfr fofgr dj ldsxh ,oa lnL;rk 'kqYd gsrq va'knku ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk ds lkFk&lkFk efgyk] vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tu tkfr ,oa fiNM+s oxZ lnL;ksa tks fdlh jftLVªh—r lkslkbfV;ksa ds [kkl oxZ vFkok oxksaZ ls lEcU/k j[krk gks] ds U;uw re fgLlk&iw¡th dk çko/kku dj ldsaxsA^^ ¼3½ bl /kkjk esa çnÙk fu;e cukus dh 'kfä çdk'ku ds i'pkr~ cuk;h xbZ fu;ekoyh ds 'kÙksZ ds v/;/khu jgsxhA ¼4½ bl /kkjk ds v/khu cuk;h xbZ lHkh fu;eksa dk 'kkldh; jkti= esa çdk'ku fd;k tk;xk ,oa bl çdk'ku ds ckn os ,sls çHkkoh gksaxs ekuks bl vf/kfu;e esa vf/kfu;fer gq;s gksaA 2[66&d- vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tu tkfr] y?kq —"kd] lhekar —"kd vkSj lekt ds vU; detksj oxksaZ ds fy, lgdkjh _.k ds vuqikr dk fu/kkZj.k&,sls funs'kksa ds v/khu tks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk tkjh fd;s tk;sa] çkFkfed —"kd lgdkjh lkslkbVh lgdkfjrk o"kZ ds nkSjku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa/vuqlwfpr tu tkfr;ksa] y?kq vkSj lhekar —"kdksa vkSj lekt ds vU; detksj oxksaZ ds chp dqy m/kkj dk ,slk vuqikr lforfjr djsxh] tks jftLVªkj] lgdkjh lkslkbVh }kjk] lkslkbVh ds oxZ vkSj mi;qZä oxksaZ ds O;fä;ksa dh lnL; la[;k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, le;&le; ij vf/kdfFkr fd;k tk; A mä lkslkbVh mi;qZä oxksaZ dks m/kkj nsus ds lEcU/k esa i`Fkd y[s kk jftLVªkj }kjk fofgr jhfr ls j[ksxhA 3[66-[k- lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh dkfeZd uhfr&¼1½ lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks] viuh mifof/k;ksa esa mfYyf[kr çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj] lfefr ds dkfeZdksa ds inksa ds Lo:i vkSj la[;k rFkk dkfedZ ksa dh HkrhZ dh jhfr vo/kkfjr djus dh Lok;Ùkrk gksxhA bl ç;kstukFkZ lgdkjh lfefr viuh dkfeZd uhfr cuk ldsxhA lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ viuh mifof/k;ksa ds çko/kkuksa ,oa dkfeZd uhfr ds v/khu jgrs gq, vU; ds chp fuEufyf[kr ds fy, mica/k dj ldsxh%& ¼1½ ik=rk] vk;q vkSj vuqHko] ¼2½ osrueku vkSj vU; miyfC/k;k¡] ¼3½ HkrhZ dh jhfr] ¼4½ lsok dh 'kÙks] vkSj ¼5½ viukbZ tkusokyh vuq'kklfud çfØ;kA 1- fcgkj vf/kfu;e 18] 2008 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 2- fogkj vf/kfu;e 39] 1982 }kjk vUr%LFkkfir A 2- fcgkj vf/kfu;e laå 6] 2013 fnukad 22&05&2013 }kjk çfrLFkkfir A 58] [ Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ /kkjk 66[k ¼2½ mifof/k;ksa ds çko/kkuksa ,oa dkfeZd uhfr dk vfry?ku ea s dh xbZ fu;qfä 'kwU; le>h tk;sxh ekuk ,slh fu;qfä dHkh fo|eku ugha Fkh ,oa osru rFkk vU; HkÙkksa ds :i esa fd;s x;s Hkqxrku dh jkf'k ;fn dksbZ gks] /kkjk 40 ds v/khu olwyuh; gksxhA^^ fVIi.kh [ladYi fnukad 9&2&1989 }kjk xfBr lfefr ds fy, ;g lEHko ugha gS fd og jkT; Hkj esa tkdj fofHku jkT; Lrjh; lgdkjh lfefr;ksa esa fu;qfä/çksUufr djsA fuxe fu;qfä ;k ,oa fu;fefrdj.k vkSj çksUufr ds fy, dh igpku djs vkSj fQj lfefr ds inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds ikl vko';d fu;qfä fu;fe HkstsA çkFkh ds fu;fefrdj.k vkSj çksUufr lkQ rkSj ls /kkjk 66 oh ds çfrdwy Fkk] vr% okil fy, x,A ç'kkld dks pkfg, fd og ladYi fnukad 6&2&1989] tks loS/kkfud :i ls oS/k gS] ds vyksd esa fuxe ds vko';drk vk/kkfjr inksa dh igpku djs vkSj mi;qä vkSj fof/kekU; fu;fqä;k¡ djsA jke dqekj flag cuke chå,lå,lålhåd‚iå Msoå dkjiksjs'ku dkjiksjs'ku fyå] 2002 ¼2½ ihå,yå tså Hkkjå 744A /kkjk 66 ch vkSj vf/klwpuk fnukad 9&2&1989 lafo/kku lEer gSaA fcgkj jkT; lgdkfjrk cSad esa fdlh in ij fu;qfä foHkkxh; vf/klwpuk o vf/klwpuk fnukad 9&2&1989 ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj gh dh tk ldrh gSA çfrfu;qfä;ksa dk cSad dh lsok esa varfoZy;u/fu;fefrdj.k vf/klwpuk ds çko/kkuksa dk mYya?ku gksxkA fç; jatu flUgk cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2002 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 33A jkT; ljdkj us fu;qfä dh i)fr fu/kkZfjr djr s gq, fnukad 9&2&1989 dks vf/klwpuk ds ek/;e ls ,d fu;qfä&lfefr xfBr dh gSA iwoZ esa U;k;ky; us /kkjk 66 ch dh 'kfä vkSj vf/klwpuk dh oS/krk dh iqf"V dhA çkFkhZ ds iwoZ ea s fd;s x;s fu;fefrdj.k vkSj çksUufr dks vf/klwpuk dk loZFkk mYya?ku ekuk x;k vkSj çkFkhZ dh iwoZ fjV&;kfpdk Hkh [kkfjt dj nh xbZA iqu% çkFkhZ dh mlh in ij rnuUrj dh çksUufr vkSj fu;fefrdj.k dks oS/k ugha /kkfjr fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd lfefr }kjk oSlk ugha fd;k x;k FkkA fu;qfä lfefr ds vykok fdlh vU; çkf/kdkjh }kjk 9&2&1989 ds ckn dh xbZ dksbZ Hkh fu;qfä/çksUufr/fu;fefrdj.k vf/klwpuk dk mYya?ku gSA rFkkfi ç'kkld dks funsZf'kr fd;k tkrk gS fd og vko';drk vk/kkfjr inksa dks igpku djsa vkSj vf/klwpuk fnukad 9&2&1989 ds vuqlkj lh/kh HkrhZ ;k iwoZ ds in/kkjdksa ds fu;fefrdj.k ;k çksUufr ds }kjk mi;qä vkSj fof/klEer fu;qfä ds fy, dkjZokbZ djsaA jke dqekj flag cuke chå,lålhålhåMhå dkjiksjs'ku fyå] 2002 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 202 A dsUæh; lgdkfjrk cSad ftuesa yksd ys[kk lfefr;k¡ lEc) gS; fofufnZ"V ys[kk [kksydj yksd ys[kk lfef;rksa ds çcU/kdksa dks osru vnk;xh dh i)fr esa ifjorZu yksd ys[kk lfefr;ksa ds dkedkt esa lq/kkj dh dM+h gS vkSj blls lsok&'kÙksa esa dksbZ Qsjcny ugha gksrk gSA fcgkj jkT; lgdkfjrk çca/kd la?k cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2003 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 322 A lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ij foLr`r fu;=a .k j[krk gS vkSj bl rjg ls lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ okLro esa jkT; dh ç'kklfud vax dk dke djrh gSaA vr% jkT; ljdkj okLro esa yksd ys[kk lfefr;ksa ds çcU/kdksa dh lsok&'kÙkksa dks fu;af=r djrh gS vkSj muds osrueku Hkh fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA vr% mudk osru jkT; ljdkj fu/kkZfjr djrh gS tks thou&;kiu Lrj ij gksrk gSA vr% eg¡xkbZ HkÙkk nsdj eYw ;o`f) ds fo#) lqj{kk nus s ls bUdkj djuk lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 vkSj 21 dk mYya?ku gSA fcgkj jkT; lgdkfjrk çcU/kd la?k cuke fcgkj jkT;] 1999 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 110 A ;|fi yksd ys[kk lfefr;ksa ds çca/kd jkT; ljdkj ds deZpkjh ugha gSa] fQj Hkh Hkkjr ds ukxfjd gksus ds ukrs U;k;ksfpr vkSj mi;qä osru fn;k tkuk ykfteh gSA vr% mudk osru jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS u fd osru vk;ksx tSlk fo'ks"kK fudk; }kjkA vr% mUgsa eg¡xkbZ HkÙkk vkfn ds fy, jkT; ljdkj ds lsodksa ds leku lqfo/kk feyuh pkfg,A blls budkj djuk mfpr ugha gSA lkekftd U;k; ds fl)kar ls tqM+s dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dks ,slk djus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk ldrh] D;ksafd ,slk djuk vuqfpr] xyr vkSj vlaoS/kkfud gSA yksd ys[kk lfefr;ksa ds çcU/kd jkT; ljdkj ds dfeZ;ksa ds leku egaxkbZ HkÙkk ds gdnkj gSaA r=So A lgdkjh lfefr ds mik/;{k }kjk oxZ 3 vkSj 4 inksa ij dfeZ;ksa dh fu;qfäA jkT; ljdkj ds ifji= }kjk fucaf/kr lfefr;ksa ds fy, fofuf'pr çfØ;k dk mYya?ku djds dh xbZ çr;sd fu;qfä voS/k gksxhA vatuh dqekj flag cuke çca/kd] teqbZ dsUæh; lgdkfjrk cSad fyå] 1994 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 761A /kkjk 66 [k] fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbVh ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 2008 Hkkx&1] [59 fcuk foHkkxh; dk;Zokgh 'kq: fd, çkFkfed —f"k lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds 'kk[kk çca/kdksa ds foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy, _.kksa dh olwyh ds fy, fu:fir ekudksa dks çkIr djus esa foQyrk ds dkj.k lsok dh lekfIrA ek= dkj.k i`PNk uksfVl dk rkehyk uSlfxZd U;k; ds fl)karksa dk lEiw.kZr% vuqikyu ugha gSA dfiy's oj 'kekZ cuke fcgkj jkT;] 1993 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 552 A fcgkj ljdkj jkT; Hkj esa lHkh lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ij vf/kdkfjrk ykxw djus dks l{ke gSA vr% bls fu'p; gh fu;qfä ds fy, ekinaM vkSj HkrhZ dh i)fr fu:fir djus dk dkuwuh vf/kdkj gS vkSj ,sls ekeys /kkjk 66 ds ifj{ks= ds vUrxZr gSaA jk¡ph ftyk/dSMj lgdkjh lfefr fyå cuke ihåvkså] 1998 ihå,yå tsåvkjå 591 jkT; ljdkj dks lgdkfjrk cSad }kjk nh xbZ fu;qfä;ksa dks jí djus ea s l{ke ugha gSA /kkjk 66 ch jkT; ljdkj dks HkÙkhZ vkfn ds lEcU/k esa vke uhfr fu/kkZfjr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA lgdkfjrk cSad ds fo'ks"k inkf/kdkjh ¼jkT; ljdkj ds dk;Zdkjh½ }kjk jkT;

ljdkj ds funs'k ds vuqikyu djrs gq, cSad ds vLFkk;h deZpkfj;ksa dh lsok&lekfIr ds vkns'k dks fo'ks"k inkf/kdkjh dk vkns'k ugha dgk tk ldrkA f'ko'kadj çlkn flUgk cuke fcgkj jkT;] 1987 ihå,yå tsåvkjå 270 A p;u çkf/kdj.k dh lajpuk vkSj p;u çkf/kdj.k }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ rkfydk ls fHkUu fdlh lw= ls dh xbZ fu;qfä ds fo#) jksd yxkus lEcU/kh vf/klwpuk dh oS/krk fu%lUngs oS/k gSA rstk çlkn cuke fcgkj jkT;] 1992 ¼2½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 568 A çkFkhZ ml fu;qfä vkns'k ds rgr~ vius vf/kdkjksa dk nkok djrs gSa tks vf/kfu;e dh 'kÙkksa ds rgr~ igy s ls f'kfFky gSA ,slh fu;qfä dk dksbZ vfLrRo vkjaHk ls gh ugha gSA r=So A çkFkhZx.k igy s nSfud osruHkksxh ds vkSj ckn esa mudh fu;qfä fu;fer vk/kkj ij] vkisf{kr vkns'k ls bl vk/kkj ij jí dj nh xbZ fd ;s fu;qfä;k¡ iwoZ ea s vf/klwfpr 'kkldh; vkns'k ds foijhr FkhaA vf/kfu;e esa micfU/kr Li"V otZuk ds gksr s gq, ;g /kkfjr djuk dfBu gS fd p;u dh fu/kkZfjr i)fr vkSj çfØ;k ;k ekin.Mksa ds vuqikyu fd;s fcuk vkSj fdlh vU; lw= ls fu;fer fu;qfä;k¡ dh tk ldrh gSaA ek= bl otg ls fd p;u çkf/kdj.k dk iw.kZr% xBu ugha gqvk Fkk A r=SoA bl /kkjk dh 'kfäeÙkk dks bu vk/kkjksa ij pqukSrh nh xbZ gS fd fo/kkf;dk }kjk fcuk fdlh ladsr ds fd vf/kfu;e dk mYya?ku fdu&fdu ckrksa ls gksxk] vFkok bldk foLrkj D;k gS; ;g /kkjk jkT; ljdkj dks O;kid 'kfä;k¡ çnku djrh gS vkSj uSlfxZd U;k; ds fu;e dks njfdukj djrh gSA tc fdlh U;k;&fu.kZ;u dh vko';drk gks vkSj çkf/kdj.k ds ikl foosdkf/kdkj ds fy, dksbZ vo;o gksA ;fn Lo;a fo/kkf;dk dfri; dksfV;ksa dh fu;qfä;k¡ jí vkSj ?kksf"kr djrh gks] rks U;k; fu.kZ; loZFkk vuko';d gks tkrk gSA uSlfxZd U;k; ds fu;e dkuwuh fu;e ugha gS] ftldk ç;ksx oftZr ugha gks ldrk ;fn bldh otZuk vko';d fufgrkFkZ ls Hkh vuqers; gks A çko/kku dks euekuh vkSj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 dk mYy?a ku ugha dgk tk ldrkA r=So A deZpkjh dh vuqdEik ds vk/kkj ij fu;qfä] ckn ea s /kkjk 66 ch dh vogsyuk ds vk/kkj ij cj[kkLrxhA vuqdEik ds vk/kkj ij fu;fqä ds fy, dksbZ dkuwuh çko/kku ;g vf/kdkj ljdkjh ifji=ksa ls fu"ikfnr gksrh gSaA ljdkjh ifji= dkuwuh vkns'k dks vfHkHkwr ugha dj ldrkA /kkjk dh dlkSVh ij ,slh fu;qfä dks lkekU; fu;qfä ls vUrj djuk dfBu gSA og flQZ bl ckr dk gdnkj gS fd mlds ekeys ij ,d fHkUu oxZ ds :i esa fopkj fd;k tk,] D;ksafd bl tSlh fu;qfä vuqPNsn 14 vkSj 16 esa varfoZ"V lkekU; fu;eksa dk viokn&Lo:i gSA r=So A deZpkjh dh lsok lekIr dj nh xbZ ¼osru ;k HkÙkksa ds :i esa çkIr½ /ku dks okil ugha fy;k tk ldrk A fu;kstd çR;sd fof/kd] xSj&fu%'kqYd dke ;k lsok ds fy, çfrdj nsus dks ck/; gSA ;fn fdlh O;fä us oLrqr% dk;Z fd;k gks] rks mls mlds }kjk okLrfod :i esa çkIr ;k çkI; ifjyfC/k;ksa ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrk A r=So A osru Hkqxrku LFkfxr fd;k x;kA /kkjk 66 ch ds vUrxZr fof/kor~ fu;qä ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks osru udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA jkT; ljdkj dsoy inksa dh ç—fr ,oa l`ftr la[;k dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, rFkk iSDl ds ds eSustj ds osru Hkqxrku dk rjhdk tks dsUæh; lgdkjh vf/kdks"k 'kk[kk esa fo'ks"k [kkrk [kksydj fd;k tk ldrk gS] ns[kus ds fy, vf/k—r gSA ;g fcydqy gh ugha vo/kkfjr djrk gS fd fof/kr% fu;qä ,oa mfpr rjhdk ls dk;Zjr~ deZpkjh dks fcuk osru Hkqxrku ds bruh yEch vof/k rd jguk iM+sA ;ksxsUæ çlkn flag cuke fcgkj jkT;] 2004 ¼4½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 448 ¼iVuk½A 60] [Hkkx&1 fcgkj lgdkjh lkslkbZVh vf/kfu;e] 1935 [ ?kkjk 67 fuca/kd vFkok lfpo] lgdkfjrk foHkkx ds }kjk dk;Z djus okyh ljdkj dks funsZ'k fuxZr dju s dk oS/k ,oa ekU; vf/kdkj gSA ,sls funsZ'kksa dh oS/kkfud fLFkfr gS rFkk bl gn rd ;g jkT; esa fucaf/kr vusd çdkj dks lfefr;ksa ij ck/;dkjh gSA ';ke fd'kksj flUgk cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2007 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 830A /kkjk 66&ch&lgdkjh lfefr ds deZpkfj;ksa ds lsokfuo`fÙk dh vk;q 58 ls c<+kdj 60 dh tkrh gS] bl 'krZ ds v/;/khu fd oSls deZpkjh ftUgsa xcu] Hkz"Vkpkj] vuq'kklughurk] v;ksX;rk vFkok /kks[kk/kM+h ds vkjksi esa ltk gks pqdh gks] mUgsa bl cM+h gqbZ vk;q lhek ds ykHk ls ckgj j[kk tk,xkA ;g lqLFkkfir gS fd ,d gh vkjksi esa ,d O;fä dks nks ckj ltk ugha nh ldrhA vkosnudrkZvksa dks 58 o"kZ dh mez esa lsokfuo`Ùk fd;k tk jgk gS] D;ksafd mudh lsok iqfLrdk esa ;g mfYyf[kr gS fd mUgsa iwoZ ea s nf.Mr fd;k tk pqdk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20 ¼2½ ds v/khu fofgr xkj.Vh ,oa laj{k.k dk mYya?ku fd;k x;k gSA iqu% ,slh ltk ls ;qä lsok fu;ekoyh esa la'kks/ku ds vHkko esa bl {ks= esa vkns'k dks O;kid ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vkSj ;g Hkh fd] tc vfuok;Z lsokfuo`fÙk dk çko/kku gS] rks ltk ds ,d&nwljs Hkkx dk l`tu djrs gq, deZpkjh dks 58 o"kZ dh vk;q esa lsokfuo`Ùk djus dk dksbZ volj ugha gSA og Hkh dsoy bl vk/kkj ij fd cgqr igys mls dksbZ ltk nh xbZ FkhA vkxs ;g Hkh fd] deZpkfj;ksa dh ok/kZD; lsokfuo`fÙk ds ekeys esa lsokfuo`fÙk dh nks vk;q lhek ugha gks ldrhA vk{ksfir [k.M dks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 ,oa 20 ¼2½ dk mYya?ku ekuk x;k rFkk bls vf/kdkj dk vfr'k; ¼vfrØe.k ds gn rd½ ç;ksx ekuk x;kA vr% bls [kkfjt fd;k tkrk gSA vkosndksa dks lHkh ykHkksa ds lkFk lsok esa iqulZ~Fkkfir djus dk funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS rFkk os lsok esa 60 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dju s rd cus jgsaxsA ';ke fd'kksj flUgk cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2007 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 8301 /kkjk 66&ch&nqX/k lgdkjh lfefr ¼dkseQsM½ ds deZpkfj;ksa ds lsokfuo`fÙk dh vk;q esa o`f)A jkT; ljdkj ds funZs'kksa dh vogsyuk djrs gq, lsokfuo`fÙk dh vk;q ea s o`f) djus ls badkj djukA /kkjk 66&ch dks ,d oS/k fo/kk;u ekuk x;k gSA fu;qfä ,oa lsokfuo`fÙk ds ekeys esa fofHkUu lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks funsZ'k fuxZr djus dk vf/kdkj jkT; ljdkj dks gS rFkk lfefr ds v/khu dke djus okys deZpkjh bu funZs'kksa ls ç'kkflr gksaxsA ;s funsZ'k ^^dkseQsM^^ lfgr lHkh lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ij ykxw gksaxAs ^^dkseQsM^^ ds fun's kd i"kZn~ }kjk lsokfuo`fÙk dh vk;q dks 60 o"kZ rd ugha c<+kus dk fu.kZ; euekuk ,oa voS/k gS rFkk bls [kafMr fd;k tkrk gSA funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd mudh lsok esa fQj ls cgkyh dh tk, rFkk os 60 o"kZ dh vk;q çkIr djus rd mlesa cus jgsaxsA dkseQsM dks vius fu.kZ; ij iqufoZpkj djus dh LorU=rk nh tkrh gS] ;fn ckn esa os ;g ik,¡ fd vkosndksa u s lfpo }kjk fofgr 'kÙkksa dks iwjk ugha fd;k gksA jke ukjk;.k flag cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2007 ¼3½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 214 A /kkjk 66&ch&ihå,ålhå,lå ds isM eSustj ¼lanÙk çca/kd½ dks osruA ,slh lfefr;ksa dk ihå,ålhå,lå ds :i ea s dke djus ds laca/k esa jkT; ljdkj ij dksbZ tokcnsgh ugha yknh tk ldrhA ,slh lfefr;ksa dks viuk dks"k l`ftr djuk gS rFkk çca/kdksa dks olwyh ,oa tek çkIr djuk gSA 'kSy nsoh cuke fcgkj ljdkj] 2007 ¼1½ ihå,yå tsåvkjå 533A] 67- fujlu&bl vuqlwph esa fofufnZ"V vf/kfu;e ,rn~ }kjk] tgk¡ rd os jkT; ij ykx w gSa] mä vuqlwph ds pkSFks LrEHk esa fofufnZ"V ifjek.k rd fujflr fd;k tkrk gSaA vuqlwph fujflr vf/kfu;e ¼/kkjk 67 ns[ksa½ o"kZ la[;k laf{kIr 'kh"kZd fujlu dk ifj.kke 1 2 3 4 1912 II ljdkjh lkslkbVh vf/kfu;e] 1912 1920 XXXVIII Uk;kxeŸkk vf/kfu;e tgk¡ rd mldk laca/k 1912 1920 ds vf/kfu;e AA ls gS A The Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Act VI of 1935] [29th May, 1935] An Acts to consolidate and amend the law relating to Co-operative Societies in the State of Bihar2[(x xx) Preamble.--Whereas it is expedient to facilitate the formation, working and consolidation of co- operative societies for the promotion of thrift, self help and mutual aid among agriculturists and other persons with common needs and for that purpose to consolidate and amend the law relating to co- operative societies in the State of Bihar 2[(xxx) And whereas previous sanction of the Governor-General under sub-section (3) of section 80-A of the Government of India Act has been obtained to the passing of this Act; It is hereby enacted as follows : CHAPTER! Preliminary 1. Short title and extent.--(1) This Act may be called the Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935. (2) It extends to the whole of the State of Bihar. Comments & case-law {The whole gamut of this Act and the Rules framed thereunder as also the model Byelaws for the co-operative societies would show in the ultimate analysis, that they rested on the larger principles of co-operation which are sought to be codified and given a legalistic form by the statutory provisions. The golden web that runs through the fabric of the co-operation movements is that of self- help and mutual help through democratic management and a conscious eschewing of the profit motive. Every member, regardless of number of shares he owns, has only one vote to further this concept. Harender Narain Banker vs. State of Bihar, 1985 PLJR 1078. The preamble, the scheme and other available material must be examined to see if there are any discernible guidelines. Power granted to State Government to exempt a Co-operative society from application of provisions of the Act or application of its provisions with modification will not make that provision void on the ground of excessive delegation. Registrar of Co-operative Societies v. K. Kunjabmu, AIR 1980 sc 350: (1980) 1 SCC 340. The Act virtually provides a complete Code for both election to the Board of Directors of the Co- operative movement; and the resolving of election disputes in appellate forum. The object is to promote self help, non-profit motive and democratic legislative papers-For Statement of Objects and Reasons, See the B & 0. Gazette 1934, Pt. V. p. 106; for report of the Select Committee, see ibid, 1935 Pt. V, p. 65; and for proceeding in Council, see B & 0, Legislative Council Debates, Vol. XXXI, p. 225 and Vol. XXXII, pp 603 and 665. local Extent-See sl. (2). 2. Omitted by Act 5 of 1989. 2] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Sec. 1 working thereof evidenced by electoral process. Chandeshwar Prasad vs. State of Bihar, 1987 PLJR 159 (FB.) :1987 BRLJ 55 :AIR 1987 Pat 208. Co-operative Societies Act cannot be challenged on the ground that the protection afforded by Article 31 A (1)(c) was not available to co-operative societies. Protection of Article 31 (1) (c) cannot be said to be not available on the ground that interest of co-operative,society may not necessarily be in public interest. Daman .Singh vs. State of Punjab, AIR 1985 SC 973. Power to order amalgamation of a co-operative society of which an individual is a member, with another society cannot Be remotely held to offend the dignity of a human being so as to offend the basic structure of the Constitution within the meaning of Article 20ibid.'.. '' An exemption granted in favour of all buildings belonging to Co-operative societies from the provisions of Rent Control Laws cannot be said to be discriminatory and violative of Article 140 of Constitution of India. S.M. Mahendra vs. State ofTamil Nadu, AIR 1985 SC 270 : (1985) 1 SCC 395. In a field where both Central and State legislation is envisaged under the constitution, the fact of legislation by Parliament does not necessarily mean that the field has become occupied, thereby ousting the State Legislature's competence to pass any law in respect of the matter. Both Central and State Acts can operate in the same field if they are. not found to be repugnant or inconsistent with each other. Mohan Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1996 (2) PLJR 171. , There can be no fixed connotation in regard to co-operative societies. The concept of co-operation a as enshrined in the parent Act is concept derived from the statute and not from the constitution. The picture that has emerged by the Statute can always be altered by statute by the law making body. It cannot be contended that the frame work of the co-operative ·societies is a. basic structure of the. Constitution and are, therefore, unalterable by the State legislature. If the fundamental of co-operative laws are derived from State legislation, it cannot be doubted for a· moment that the State legislature has the jurisdiction to alter the nomenclature of the co-operative societies. The. history of co-operative no legislation itself shows that there is fixed connotation of co-operative societies. It is well known that initially a cooperative society was formed on the basis of co-operation of individuals. The next . . . step was the concept of incorporation of co-operative societies, that brought in the State. With the State having come in the picture, the concept relating to charge of liability was introduced. With the power of the legislature to make laws, care the provision of liability of the members. Initially, the liability of members was unlimited. Then came the concept of liability limited by shares. Co-operative Societies Act now recognises limited liability of co-operative societies as well as unlimited liability of· co-operative societies. Promotion of co-operative societies has now been included in the directive principles of the Constitution. The State have been enjoined to act in a manner so as to promote the concept of co- operation. It would thus be seen that there is no fixed, concept in regard to the co-operative societies. The concept has been changing from time to time. In that view of the matter, one cannot jusifiably contend that there was fixed notions guiding co-operative societies. But, by this, it should not be misunderstood that the democratic principles' may be completely waived or done away within the matter of functions of co-operative societies. It is, therefore, unsound at the threshold to contend that the amendments are annihilative Sec. 2 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [3 of the concept of co-operative societies. The right of voluntary and autonomous asscciation or the right to democratic control and self management or the right to equality is managing the affairs of society has not been annihilated by the Ordinances. They have only been placed within chartered channels consistent with public interest. The conclusion therefore, is that the Ordinances do not lack legislative competency. They are clearly enactments falling within item 32 of List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. They do not fall within item 43 of List I. Competencewise they are valid pieces of legislation. Sheetal Prasad Gupta vs. State of Bihar, (1990) 1 BLJ 493 (FB). Legal fictions are only for a definite purpose and they are limited to the purpose for which they are created and should not be extended beyond the legitimate field. 3engal Immunity Co. Ltd. vs. State of Bihar, AIR 1955 SC 661. Where the Statute enacts that something is to be deemed to exist or some status be deemed to have been acquired which would not otherwise have been so, full effect must be given to the fiction but not so as to extend it beyond the purpose for which it was created. Bindesh Kumar Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1995 (1) PLJR 86; State of Travancore-cochin vs. S. V.C.F., AIR 1953 sc333.. Where the language is plain and unambiguous and admits of only one meaning no question of construction or interpretation of the provision arises, for the State speaks for itself. State of U.P. vs. Vijay Anand Maharaj, AIR 1963 SC 946; Ramsakha Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1992 (2) PLJR 598. The removal from Membership of Managing Committee of Co-operative society on ground of default in repayment of loan within the prescribed period is contemplated under the Rules. Jai Karan Singh vs. State of Haryana, AIR 1996 P & H 67. The prescribed procedure under the.Act must be strictly followed in case of expulsion of a Member, and notice to show cause must also be given. Smt. Sarla Devi vs. Shailesh, AIR 1996 Bom 98. Restrictions imposed by Registrar, Co-operative, on Co-operative Societies, requiring purchases of machinery to be made through Regional Agro Industries Development Co- operative Ltd. are justifiable, when in public interest George Kokkattummdayil vs. Joint Registrar, AIR 1996 Ker 26. Review.--Power of review has been given only to Registrar, Co-operative Societies, and is vested in State Government under the Assam Act. C.B.K. Fishery Co-operative Society Ltd.: vs. State of Assam, AIR 1996 Gau 23. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and others cannot be in addition to total strength of Board of Directors provided Linder law. H.L. Roche vs. Citizen Co-operative Bank, Ltd. AIR 1996 Bom. 126. Scope.--Societies registered under this Act cannot claim priorities over those societies registered under 1996 Act in the matter of settlement of Jalkars. Simri Bakhtiarpur Prakhand Matsyajivi Swablambi Sahkari Samiti Ltd. vs. State of Bihar, 2005(3)PLJR68.] 2. Definitions.---In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject orcontext (a) 'bye-laws' means the registered bye-laws for the time being inforce and includes a registered amendment of the bye-laws; (b) · 'Co-operative Federation' means a registered society the main object of which is to co- ordinate and facilitate the activities of other registered societies and to foster the growth of the co-operative movement; 4 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Sec. 2 1 [(bb) 'Co-operative Year' means a year beginning with the [1st April] and ending on the [31st March;] 3·{(c)S ec. 2] 'financing bank' means the State Bank of India, a nationalised Com- mercial Bank, a State Co-operative Bank, a Co-operative Bank, a Development Bank, a Regional Rural Bank or any other bank to be notified by the State Government the objects of which include the crea tion of funds out of which money is to be lent to the co-operative soci- eties or other institutions or both;] 5[(ccc) "Government" means State Government of Bihar." (d) 'liquidator' means a person or persons appointed by the Registrar un der sub-section (1) of Section 44 to wind up the affairs of a registered society; 4["(e) "Board" means Board of Directors or Governing Body or Managing Com- mittee by whatever name it is called to whom the management of the affairs of a Co-operative Society is entrusted;" (f) 'member' includes a person joining in the application for the registra tion of a society and a person admitted to membership after registra tion in accordance with the rules and the bye-laws of such society; 4(ff) 'Multi-purpose Co-operative Society' is a primary society formed for providing more than one type of service to its members and includes a society registered as a Cane-growers' Co-operative 1[(fff) S'noocmieintya;l] o r associate member' means a member who possesses such privileges or rights of a member of a society, and who is subject only to such liabilities of a member as may be specified by the bye-laws;] (g) "Officer" includes a chairman, secretary treasurer, member of a manag ing committee or any other person empowered by or under this Act, or the rules or the bye-laws of registered society to give direction in regard to the business of the Society; 6["(go) "Office-bearer" means a President, Vice-president, Chairperson, Vice- chairperson, Secretary or Treasurer of a Co-operative Society and in- eludes any other person to be elected by the Board of any Co-operative Society." 1(ggg) 'primary society' is a society of which no member is a registered soci ety;] '[(gggg) 'Primary agricultural credit society' means a co-operative society, the primary object of which is to render assistance, financial or otherwise, to farmers, rural artisans and agricultural labourers and includes farm- ers service society and multipurpose co-operative society;] (h) 'registered society' means a society registered or deemed to be regis tered under this Act; (i) 'Registrar' means a person appointed to perform the duties of Registrar of Co-operative Societies under this Act; 1. Ins. by Act 39 of 1982. 2. Subs. by Act 5 of 1989 3 Subs. by by Act. 39 of 1982 . 4. Ins. by Act 21 of 1976 5 Ins. by Act 18 of 2008. .6 Subs by Act 6 of 2013 . 6 Subs by Act 6 of 2013 . (( 55 SSeecc.. 22]] BBiihhaarr CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee SSoocciieettiieess AAcctt,, 11993355 ((jj)) ''rruulleess'' mmeeaannss rruulleess uunnddeerr tthhiiss AAcctt.. ''[[((kk)) FFaammiillyy"" mmeeaannss hhuussbbaanndd,, wwiiffee aanndd tthheeiirr ddeeppeennddeenntt ssoonnss aanndd uunnmmaarrrriieedd ddaauuggnneerrss aass uunniitt.."" 22[[((kk)) ““SShhoorrtt TTee rrmm CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee CCrreeddiitt SSttrruuccttuurree"" iinncclluuddeess tthhee SSttaattee CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee BBaannkk,, CCeennttrraall CC oo --ooppeerraattiivvee BB aannkkss aanndd tthhee PPrriimm aarryy AAggrriiccuullttuurraall CCrreeddiitt SSoocciieettiieess.. ((mm)) ""NNaattiioonnaall BBaannkk"" mmeeaannss tthhee NNaattiioonnaall BBaannkk ffoorr AAggrriiccuullttuurree aanndd RRuurraall DDeevveellooppTTeenntt eessttaabbllii sshheedd uunnddeerr SS eeccttiioonn 33 ooff NNaattiioonn aall BBaannkk ffoorr AAggrriiccuullttuurree aanndd RRuurraall DDeevveellooppTTeenntt AAcctt,, 11998811 ((AAcctt 66 11 ooff 8811)).. ((nn)) ""RReesseerrvvee BB aannkk"" mmeeaannss RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff IInnddiiaa eessttaabblliisshheedd uunnddeerr SSeeccttiioonn --33 ooff tthhee RReesseerrvvee BB aannkk ooff IInnddiiaa AA cctt,, 11993344 ((AAcctt NNoo.. 22 ooff 3344)).. ((oo)) ""AAffffiilliiaattiinngg SSoocciieettyy"" mmeeaannss aa rreeggiisstteerreedd ssoocciieettyy ooff wwhhiicchh aannootthheerr rreeggiisstteerreedd ssoocciieettyy iiss aa mm eemmbbeerr;; aanndd "" aaffffiilliiaatteedd ssoocciieettyy"" mmeeaa nnss aa rreeggiisstteerreedd ssoocciieettyy,, wwhhiicchh iiss aa mmeemmbbeerr ooff aann ""aaffffiilliiaattiinngg ss oocciieettyy"".. ((pp)) ""PPaanncchhaayyaa tt"" mmeeaannss tthhee GGrraamm PPaanncchhaayyaatt nnoottiiffiieedd aass ppeerr SSeeccttiioonn--1111 ooff tthhee BBiihhaarr PPaanncchhaayyaatt RRaa jj AA cctt,, 22000066 aa nndd aammeennddmmeennttss mm aaddee tthheerreettoo ffrroomm ttiimmee ttoo ttiimmee.."" 33[[""((qq)) ""GGeenneerraall BBooddyy"" mmeeaannss aallll tthhee mmeemmbbeerrss oorr ddeelleeggaatteess ooff aallll tthhee mmeemmbbeerrss ooff tthhaatt CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee SSoocciieettyy cc oolllleeccttiivveellyy;; ""((rr)) ""FFuunnccttiioonnaa ll DDiirreeccttoorrss"" mmeeaannss ffuunnccttiioonnaall eexxeeccuuttiivvee ddiirreeccttoorrss ooff tthhee SSoocciieettyy ssppeecciiffiieedd iinn RRuulleess oorr BB yy ee--llaawwss ooff tthhaatt CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee SSoocciieettyy;;"" ""((ss)) ""BBaacckkwwaarrdd CCllaasssseess"" mmeeaannss aanndd iinncclluuddeess tthhee ffiisstt ooff BBaacckkwwaarrdd CCllaasssseess ooff cciittiizzeennss ssppeecciiffiieedd iinn AAnn nneexxuurree--22 ooff tthhee BBiihhaarr RReesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff VVaaccaanncciieess iinn PPoossttss aanndd SSeerrvviicceess ((ffoorr SScchheedduulleedd CCaasstteess,, SScchheedduulleedd TTrriibbeess aanndd OOtthheerr BB aacckkwwaarrdd CCllaasssseess)) AAcctt,, 11999911 ((BBiihhaarr AAcctt NNoo.. 33,, 11999922)),, aass aammeennddeedd ffrroomm ttiimmee ttoo ttiimm ee;;"" ""((tt)) ""EExxttrreemmeellyy BBaacckkwwaarrdd CCllaasssseess"" mmeeaannss aanndd iinncclluuddeess tthhee lliisstt'' ooff BBaacckkwwaarrdd CCllaasssseess ooff cciittiizzeennss ssppeecciiffiieedd iinn AA nnnneexxuurree--tt ooff tthhee BB iihhaarr RReesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff VVaaccaanncciieess iinn PPoossttss aanndd SSeerrvviicceess ((ffoorr SScchheedduulleedd CCaasstteess,, SScchheedd uu llee dd TTrriibbeess aa nndd OOtthheerr BBaacckkwwaarr dd CCllaasssseess)) AAcctt,, 11999911 ((BBiihhaarr AAcctt NNoo.. 33,, 11999922)),, aass aammeennddeedd ffrroomm ttiimmee ttoo ttiimmee;;""]] CCoommmmeennttss && ccaassee--llaaww [[MM eemmbbeerr ooff JJooiinntt ffaa mmiillyy jjooiinniinngg ssoocciieettyy wwhheetthheerr rreepprreesseennttss eennttiirree jjooiinntt ffaammiillyy?? FFrroomm tthhee bbyyee--llaaww tthhaatt iiff aa cceerrttaaiinn mmeemmbbeerr ooff aa jjooiinntt ffaammiillyy bbeeccoommeess aa mmeemmbbeerr ooff tthhee ssoocceeiittyy nnoo ootthheerr mmeemmbbeerr ooff tthhee ffaammiillyy ccaann aafftteerrwwaarrddss bbeeccoommee aa mm eemmbbeerr ooff tthhee ssoocciiee ttyy,, iitt ddooeess nnoott ffoollllooww tthhaatt iiff aa mmeemmbbeerr ooff tthhee ffaammiillyy jjooiinnss tthhee ssoocciieettyy hhee mmuusstt nneecceessssaa rrii llyy jjooiinn tthhee ssoo cciieettyy aass rreepprreesseenntt iinngg tthhee eennttiirree jjooiinntt ffaammiillyy aanndd nnoott iinn hhiiss iinnddiivviidduuaall ccaappaacciittyy.. IItt ssii mmppllyy mmeeaannss tthhaatt mmoorr ee tt ttiiaann oonnee m d m dii ff ee ffee mm rr bb ee ee nn rr tt mm ooff ee aa mm JJ bb oo ee iinn rrss ffaa oo mm ff tt ii hh llyy ee cc jj aa oo nn iinn nn tt oo ff tt aa jj mm ooii ii nn llyy tt hh ww ee hh ii ss cc oo hh cc ii hh ee aa ttyy vv ,, ee tt hh mm ee ee ii aa nn nn ttee tt nn aa ttii oo gg nn rr ee bb aa ee tt iinn dd gg rraa tt ii oo nn pp uu rr pp ee oo vv nn ee nn ff tt uu nn ss dd eepp ss aa oo rraa ff tt tt ee hh ee dd ee ss bb oo tt cc ss ii ee bb tt ee yy ii .. nn LL gg aa cc lljj oo ii nn BB ttrr hh aa aa cc gg ttee aa dd tt vv bb ss yy .. HHaa nnssddiinn CCoo--ooppeerraattiivv ee SSoocciieettyy,, LLPPAA NNoo.. 1144 ooff 11994422,, ddaatteedd 2288..1100..11994422 PPaatt.. WWhheerree nneeiitthheerr tthh ee AAcctt nnoorr tthhee rruulleess ffrraammeedd tthheerreeuunnddeerr ccoonnffeerr ppoowweerr oonn tthhee CCooooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy ttoo aa mm eenndd iittss bbyyee --llaawwss wwiitthh rreettrrooss ppeeccttiivvee eeffffeecctt,, aannyy aammeennddmmeenntt mmaaddee iinn tthhee bbyyee--llaawwss ooff aa CC oo--ooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy ww ii llll hhaavvee pprroo ssppeeccttiivvee eeffffeecctt oonn llyy.. CC..II.. TT.. vvss.. BBiizzppuurr CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee SSuuggaarr FFaaccttoorryy LLttdd..,, ((11998888)) 33 sseecc 553333.. TThhee SSuupprreemmee CC oouurrtt lleefftt ooppeenn tthhee qquueessttiioonn aass ttoo mmeemmbbeerr ooff pprriimmaarryy ssoocciieettyy iiss ccoommppeetteenntt ttoo rraaiiss ee dd iissppuuttee ttoouu cchhiinngg bbuussiinneessss ooff aa CCeennttrraall SSoocciieettyy ooff wwhhiicchh tthhee pprriimmaarryy ssoocciieettyy iiss tthhee mmeemmbbeerr.. TTaarraa CChhaanndd vvss.. ZZaamm ii nndd aarr CCoo-- oopp eerraattiivvee MMaarrkkeettiinngg--cc uumm--PPrroocceessssiinngg SSoocciieettyy LLttdd..,, AAIIRR 11998800 SSCC 11666633.. ""PPeerrssoonn aaggggrriieevv eedd""--MMeeaanniinngg ooff------DDeeffaammaattiioonn------MMaannaaggeerr ooff CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee BBaannkk---- SSeeccttiioonn 550000 ooffllnnddiiaann PPeennaall CCooddee----AAIIRR 11995500 PPaatt.. 554455.. ·· AA CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy iiss nnoott aa ssttaattuuttoorryy bbooddyy bbeeccaauussee iitt iiss nnoott ccrreeaatteedd bbyy aa ssttaattuuttee.. fftt iiss aa bbooddyy ccrreeaatteedd bbyy aa ggrroouupp ooff iinnddiivviidduuaallss iinn aaccccoorrddaannccee wwiitthh tthhee pprroovviissiioonnss ooff aa ssttaattuuttee.. AA ccooooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy iiss,, tthheerreeffoorree,, nnoott aa CCoo rrppoorraattiioonn,, eessttaabblliisshh eedd bbyy oorr uunnddeerr aann AAcctt ooff CCeennttrraall oorr SSttaattee LLeeggiissllaattuurree.. SS.. SS.. DDhhaa nnooaa vvss.. MMuunniicciippaall CCoo rr ppoo rraattiioonn,, AAIIRR 11998811 SSCC 11339955:: 11 998811 BBBBCCJJ ((SSCC)) 220066 :: ((11998811)) 33 sseecc 443311.. AA CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee ss oocciieettyy iiss nnoott aa ''SSttaattee'' wwiitthhiinn tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ooff AArrttiiccllee 1122 ooff tthhee CCoonn ssttiittuuttiioonn.. HHeennccee,, aa ww rr iitt pp eettiittiioonn bbyy nnoonn--eemmppllooyyeeee ooff aa ccoo--ooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy cchhaalllleennggiinngg hhiiss tteerrmmiinnaattiioonn ooff sseerrvviiccee iiss nnoott mmaaiinnttaaiinnaabbllee.. HHaarreennddrraa NN aarraaiinn BBaa nnkkeerr vvss.. SSttaattee ooff BBiihhaarr,, 11998855 PPLLJJRR 11007788.. sseeee aallssoo CChhaakkrraaddhhaarr PPaattee ll vvss.. SSaammaassiinngghhaa SSeerrvvii cc ee CCoo--oopp.. SS oocciieettyy,, AA IIRR 11998822 OOrriissssaa 3388.. 11 :: IInnss.. bbyy (( AArrnnddtt..)) AAcctt 1100 ooff 22000022.. 24.. IInnss.. bbyy AAcctt 1188 ooff 22000088 35.. IInnss bbyy AAcctt 66 ooff 22001133 [Sec.2 Bihar Co-operative Societies Act,1935 [7 CHAPTER II Registration of Societies 6. The Registrar.---(1) The State Government may appoint a person to be Registrar of Co-operative Societies for the State or any portion of it, and may appoint persons to assist such Registrar. 2 The State Government may, by general orspecial order published in the ocia Gazette, confer-- (a) on any person appointed under sub-section (1), to assist the Registrar, all or any of the powers of the Registrar under the Act except the powers under Section 26, 2[xxx] [and] 4[(b) on any Co-operative Federation or Financing Bank all or any of the powers of the Registrar under Section 20, sub-section (3) of Section 28, Section 33, Section 34, Section 35 and Section 36. '[(3) Where the State Government is of opinion thatthe Registrarneeds the assistance of Additional Registrar for speedy disposal of business, it may by order published in the official gazette, appoint such number of Additional Registrars as it may deem fit]. (4) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other provisions of the Act, the Registrar may delegate, transfer or assign to the Additional Registrar· such of his powers and functions and duties as he may consider necessary including the power under sections 26 and 50 and the Additional Registrar shall, thereupon have powers of Registrar in matters so delegated, transferred or assigned to him] Comments & case-law [Powers of Joint Registrar to review judgments. Jahanabad Consumers Co-op. Stores vs. State of Bihar, 1959 BLJR 298 : ILR 38 Pat. 877. An order conferring Registrar's power on Assistant Registrar by Gazette notification could not have a retrospective effect. Achyuta Nand Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1972 BRLJ (Rev.) 15: AIR 1971 SC 2001 : 1972 PLJR 146. Assistant Registrar if conferred with powers of Registrar for deciding dispute under section 48(1). The Assistant Registrar would be deemed to be persons assisting the Registrar within the meaning of section 6(1) and exercising powers of the Registrar within the meaning of section 6(2)(a). Raghav Jha vs. Registrar, Co-op. Societies, AIR 1983 Pat. 137 : 1983 BRLJ 7s. A person appointed to assist the Registrar is entitled to exercise all or any of the powers of the Registrar under the Act except under Section 26, such Assistant Registrars are entitled by statutory operation to exercise the power under the Act conferred by the State Government except to the extent expressly excluded by the statute. Yogendra Prasad vs. Additional Registrar, 1992 (1) PLJR 6 (S.C.)] Section 6 makes a clear distinction between the exercise of powers of the Registrar by the Additional Registrar as a delegate of the Registrar and or the Assistant Registrars or Deputy Registrars appointed to provide assistance to the Registrar and empowered as such in the discharge of their functions under the Act. Such subordinate Officers are empowered by Statutory operation to exercise the powers under the Act conferred by the State Government except to the extent expressly excluded by Statute. Yogendra Prasad vs. Additional Registrar, 1992 (1) BLJ 1 (SC).] 1. Ins. by Act 39 of 1982. 2. Omitted by A ct 29 of 1956. 3.Subs. by ibid. [ Sec. 2 8] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 7.Societies which may be registered.--'(1) Subject to the provisions of the Act, a Co-operative Society constituted in accordance with the provisions of the said Act as amended from time to time, which has as its object, the promotion of the common interest of its members in conformity with the co- operative principles and securing the fulfilment of any or all directives contained in Part IV of the Constitution of India, may be registered under this Act with or without limited liability." Provided that, unless the State Government by general or special order otherwise directs- (a) the liability of a society of which a member is a registered society shall be limited; and (b) the liability of a society of which the primary object is the creation of funds to be lent to its members, and of which the majority of the members are agriculturists, and of which no member is a registered society, shall be unlimited. (2) Where the liability of a society is limited, the liability of each member, past member, or the estate of a deceased member shall on liquidation, be limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares held by such member, or where the liability is limited by guarantee, to the amount of such guarantee, or where it is limited in any other manner, then as may be determiend by the rules or bye laws subject, however, to the provisions of section 32. (3) Where the liability of a society is unlimited, all members, past members, and the estates of deceased members shall on liquidation, be jointly and severally liable for and in respect of all its obligations, subject, however, to the provisions of section 32. 8. Conditions of registration.--(1) No society, other than a society of which a member is registered society, shall be registered under this Act which does not consist of at least ten persons above the age of eighteen years and, where the primary object of the society is the creation of tunas to be lent to its . members, unless such persons (a) reside in the same town or village or in the same group of villages; or (b) save where the Registrar otherwise directs, are members of the same tribe, class or occupation. 2[(1A) The State Government may by notification in the official Gazette reduce the minimum number of membership of 10 persons for particular class of Co-operative Socieites.] 3[(1b) Notwithstanding anything contrary contained in Bihar Co-operative ye Societies Act, 1935 or any other Bihar Act or' Rules framed thereunder or laws of a Co-operative Society or class of Co-operative Societies or any order issued by the State Government or Registrar of Co-operative Societies, there shall be only one registered Fishermen Co-operative Society in a Block with its area of operation extending over the whole Geographical limit of the Block.] (2) The word "limited" shall be the last word in the name of every society with limited liability registered under this Act. Comments & case Law [Sections 8 and 41 (b) read with Rules 8 to 10 and bye-laws-reduction of the area of thana resulting in taking out the residence of some members of the society-termination of membership of such members and subsequent supersession of the Managing Committee which comprised of some membefS from above-since the registration of the society was thanawise the result of reduction of the area of the thana in question would be that its area of operation) S also reduced-consequently those persons whose residence falls out of the revised area of thana would automatically cease to be members-question of amendment of bye-laws before termination of their membership not necessary in view of language employed in the bye-law. Bhawanipur Fishermen's Co-operative Society vs. State of Bihar, 1995(1) PLJR 366.] 1. Subs. by (Arndt.) Act 10 of 2002. 2. Ins. by Act 39 of 1982. 3. Ins. by Act 22 of 2010. Secs. 9-11] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [9 9. Application for registration.-(1) An application for the registration of a socsty sale made to the Registrar, and shall be accompanied by a copy of the proposeed bye-laws of the society and the persons by whom or on whose behalf such application is made shall furnish such information in regard to the society as the Registrar may require. (2) The application shall be signed- '[a) if none of the applicants is a registered society by at least ten persons or less number of persons qualified in accordance with the requirements of sub-section (1) or sub-section (1-A) of section 8'] 2[Provided that applicants, either male or female, shall be from different families : (b) if any of the applicants is a registered society, by a duly authorised person on behalf of every such registered societies, and where all the members of the society are not registered societies by ten other members or, where there are less than ten other members, by all of them. 3[(3) The following shall be attached to such applications : (a) Four copies of the proposed bye-laws of the Cooperative Society as adopted by the founder members (b) A list containing names of members with their address, occupation and share participation. (c) A list containing names of the persons of first Board as elected by the founder members. (d) True copy of the resolution of the meeting duly signed by the Chairman in which the Bye Laws have been adopted. 10. Power of Registrar to decide questions.-When any question arises whether for the purposes of this Act a person is an agriculturist, or non agriculturist, or whether any person is resident in a particular town or village or group of villages, or whether two or more villages shall be considered to form a group or whether any person belongs to any particular tribe, class or occupation, the question shall be decided by the Registrar, whose decision shall be final. Comments & case-law [Registrar is vested with powers to pass order of appointment of special officers for interim period where holding of annual general meeting for election of office-bearers of society has been stayed by High Court. Such order is not illegal or without jurisdiction. Nawal Kishore Prasad Sinha vs. State of Bihar, 1982 PLJR 376 : AIR 1983 Pat. 8] 11.Registration.---4[(1) If the Registrar is satisfied that a society has complied with the provisions of this Act and Rules and that its proposed bye-laws are not contrary to this Act or to the Rules, he may register the Society and its bye-laws. And he will send by registered post to the organiser/promoter of the Society, within 1. Subs. by Act 39 of 1982. 2. "Proviso" ins. by Arndt. Act 10 of 2002. 3. Sub-section (3) ins. by ibid. 4. Subs. by ibid. 10] [ Sec. 11 Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 90 days from the date of submission of. application, a registration certificate and original copy of the registered bye-laws duty sealed and signed by him. (2) If in the opinion of the Registrar, the conditions stipulated under sub-section (1) above appear not to have been complied with, within 90 days of the presentation 'of the application before him, he shall record. reasons for refusal and refuse to register the society and send this decision by registered post to the organiser/ promoter. In the event of the refusal not being sent within the stipulated period, the Society shall be deemed registered and in such a situation the Registrar within one month thereafter shall ·send by registered post, the registration certificate for deemed registration alongwith original copy of the registered bye-laws duly sealed and signed. .(3) In the event where the organiser/promoter has received the refusal order in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (2) or has not received registration certificate of deemed registration an appeal shall lie to the Registrar if the refusal order has been passed by an officer appointed to assist the Registrar under subsection 2{a) of section 6 of this Act and to the State Government if such order has been passed by the Registrar himself : Provided that such appeal shall lie within sixty days from the receipt of the refusal order or within sixty days from the expiry of th~ prescribed period of communication in case of deemed registration. (4) If in the opinion of the Registrar, the organiser/promoter has got a society registered by fraud or mistake, then the Registrar shall appeal to the State Government· for cancellation of the said registration. Provided that such appeal may be filed within sixty days from the registration order. Comments & case-law [Removal of servant on ground of shrinkage of work-previous approval of Registrar is not necessary. Wher the petitioner who was holding a post of Credit. Agricole Inspector under Bihar State Co- operative Bank, was removed from his service on the ground of shrinkage in business, it was held that the order of removal was not illegal as the Board of Directors of the Bank had power under the bye laws to and regulations of the Bank terminate the services of any officer when no longer, required on giving three months notice or pay in lieu thereof. Previous approval of the Registrar of Co operative Societies is not necessary for the removal. Chaturbhuj Sahai vs. Chairman, AIR 1955 Pat. 223. Sections 11 (1), 14(2) · and 25 of the Act show that the constitution of the Managing Committee must be made in accordance with the rules, and the bye-laws made by any society must conform to the Act and the Rules. Bye-laws made in contravention of the Act and the Rules will be invalid and cannot prevail over the rules. 1959 Pat. LR 175 : 1959 BLJR 38. An act beyond the object mentioned in the memorandum is ultra vires. But if the act done is fairly incidental, reasonably ancillary to its main business, conducive Secs. 11A-13A ] [11 Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 to the statement of the objects, unless such an act is expressly prohibited, it cannot be held to be ultra vires. The acquiring of land for cultivating and procuring good quality seeds by a Society carrying on business of distribution of seeds to agriculturists is not prohibited by bye-laws. Gajadhar Prasad Choudhary vs. State of Bihar,1983 PLJR 662: AiR1984 Pat. 105.] 1[“11A. Registration of societies not registered under this Act.--Where a society registered under section 5 of the Bihar Self Supporting Co-operative Societies Act, 1996 intends to convert itself into a co-operative society under this Act, it nay apply for registration under provisions of this Act in accordance with procedure o be, prescribed and notified by the Government. 2[11B. Notwithstanding anything contrary contained in any provision of Bihar Act VI of 1935 or any other Act, Rules made thereunder and Bye-laws of a regis tered Co-·operative Society or class of Co-operative Societies, any order issued by the State Government or Registrar, Co-operative Societies, all existing Fishermen Co-operative Societies at block level, area of operation being confined to the Geographical limit of, the Block shall stand merged in one Co-operative society and shall be deemed to be registered as a new Co-operative Society under Bihar Act VI of 1935, and the. Registrar, Co-operative Societies shall issue registration certificate: Provided that on such reorganisation, all members of the existing Co-operative Society or Societies registered under Bihar Act VI of 1935 or Bihar Self Supporting Co-operative -Societies Act, 1996 shall be deemed to have become members of such reorganized Society and shall have all rights and liabilities as members of the said Society: Provided further that on such reorganisation, for managing the affairs of the_©Y Society and all such affiliating Societies of which the Fishermen Co-operative Society is a member, the Registrar/Government shall constitute an ad hoc Managing 5mimittee for a period not exceeding one year, within which the new Managing Committee shall be constituted after elections."] 12. Evidence of registration.-A Certificate of registration signed by the Registrar shall be conclusive evidence that the 'society therein mentioned is duly TQ96 tered unless it is proved that the registration of the society has been cancelled . . CHAPTER III .- Incorporation, Duties and Privileges of Registered Societies 13. Societies to be bodies corporate.--The registration of a society shall render it a body corporate by the name under which it is registered, with perpetual succession and a common seal and with power to acquire and hold property, to enter into contract, to institute and defend suits and other legal proceedings and to do allthing necessary for the purposes for which it is constituted. 3[13-A, Promotion of Co-operative movement by Government.--"(1) lt shall be the duty of the State Government to encourage and promote the voluntary forma tion, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of Co-operative Societies in the State and to take such steps in this direction as. may be necessary. . (2) To encourage and promote the Co-operative Society, the State Government, if it deems necessary, may- (a) With a view to aid the growth of a Co-operative Society in general or of any class of registered societies subscribe directly to the share capital of a Co-operative Society; (b) assist in the formation and augmentation of the share capital of a Co-operative Society; (c) give roans or make advances to a Co-operative Society or guarantee repayment of principal amount and payment of interest on debentures issued' by a Cooperative society or guarantee repayment of principal amount and payment of interest on loans or advances to a Co-operative Society." 1. Ins. by Act 18 of 2008. 2. Ins. by Act 22 of 2010. 3. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Secs. 13B-14 '[13B. Display of Name.--Every Co-operative Society shall display name and address of its registered office as registered under the Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 in legible letters and at such conspicuous places of every such office where it carries its business and in the following also: (a) Every information and authorised publication; (b) All contracts, business, letters, indents, Invoice, Statements of accounts, Money receipts, Vouchers etc : , (c) All Bills of Exchange, Promissory Notes, Endorsements, Cheques and pay orders which are signed by it or on its behalf. (2) Every registered Society must have the word/words "Co-operative" and "Limited/unlimited" in its name in State language or synonymous words of other languages recognised in the State list. · Comments & case Law [Sections 13-A, 66B read with Rule 33 of Bihar Co-operative Societies Rules, 1959---amendment in the Act in 1989 by which certain class of societies qualify as 'State' within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution---but such societies were not so before 1989 Amendment--- therefore, appointments made in 1987 cannot be challenged for the alleged violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution because at that time the society was not a 'State'-accordingly no writ can lie in the matter. Ajay Kumar Mishra vs. Registrar, Co- operative Societies, 1995(2) PLJR 397 .] 14. Registered societies to have a managing committee etc.--(1) Every registered society shall have an address, registered in accordance with rules, to which all notices and communications may be sent, and shall send notice, in writing to the Registrar and to the financing bank, if any, of which it is a share holder and to the Co-operative Federation, if any, of which it is member, of any change in the said address within fifteeri days of such change, 2[(2) The management of registered Society shall be vested in managing committee constituted in accordance with the provisions of this Act and rules/byelaws of the society made under this AGL. Notwithstanding any thing contained in any provision of this Act or Rules Byelaws of the Society the maximum number of members including office bearer or office bearers in a managing committee of Society shall be seventeen in Apex and State level Society, fifteen in Central Co- operative Society and thirteen in Primary Society: 4["Provided that there shall be reservation of two seats for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes, two seats for the Backward Classes and two seats for the Extremely Backward Classes on the Board of every Co-operative Society: Provided further that for the purpose of reservation of seats as in the above proviso, the State Government may, by general or special order, exclude the Board of societies or class of societies not consisting of individuals as members or not having members from above categories of reservation: Provided further that the total number of seats so reserved shall not exceed fifty per cent of the total number of seats: Provided further also that as nearly as but not exceeding fifty per cent of the total number of seats so reserved shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes, the Backward Classes and the Extremely Backward Classes, as the case may be: Provided further also that as nearly as but not exceeding fifty per cent of the total number of seats not reserved above for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes, the Backward Classes and the Extremely Backward Classes shall be reserved for women: 12 ] Provided further also that the total number of seats so reserved for women shall not be less than two.

The seats so reserved shall be filled up from amongst the members of Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, Backward and Extremely Backward Classes and women either by election or/ and by co- option. This provision shall apply to all societies from the Primary Society and up to the Apex societies: pProvided further also that such reservation in Primary Society and up to the Apex Society shall be governed by the Rules made under this Act for this purpose." 3[(3) An Officer of the State Government if deputed to a registered society either as a Managing Director, Executive officer or in similar position shall be the Chief Executive thereof and subject to general direction and control of the Managing Committee, shall have the following powers and functions; (i) to have general control over the administration of the registered society; (ii) to convene meetings of the Managing Committee; (iii) to receive all moneys and securities on behalf of the registered society and to make arrangement for the proper maintenance and custody of cash balances and other properties of the registered society; 1. "Sec. 13B" Ins. by (Arndt.) Act 10 of 2002. 2. Subs. by ibid. 3. Ins. by Act 5 of 1989. 4. Subs by Act 6 of 2013 Sec. 14] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [13 (iv) to endorse and transfer promissory notes, Government and other Securies and to endorse, sign and negotiate cheques and other negotiable instrument on behalf of the registered society. (v) to be responsible for the general conduct, supervision and management to the day-to- day business and affairs of the registered society; (vi) to sign all deposits, receipts and operate the accounts of the registered society with Bank . (vii) to sign all bonds and agreements on behalf of the registered society; (viii) to determine the powers, duties and responsibilities of the employees of the registered society; (ix) to appoint, promote, transfer, punish, suspend, remove or dismiss any paid employee of the registered society except to the extent of the powers vested in the Managing Committee under the bye-laws of the registered society; (x) to institute, conduct, defend, compound or to withdraw any suit or other legal proceedings for or against the registered society and also to compound and allow time for payment to satisfaction of any claims; . (xi) to delegate all or any of the powers to an employee or employee of the registered society subject to his control and supervision; 1[(4) 3[(a) Notwithstanding any thing contained in any provision of this Act, or of rules framed there under or the bye laws of any registered Society where the State Government has subscribed directly to the Share Capital of a registered Society an amount exceeding Rupees Thirty Lakh, in that case the State Government shall have the right to nominate three persons as members on the Managing Committee of that Society : Provided that among the members so nominated two will be from the Government service and the third one will be an officer of Cooperative/ Financing Institution connected with the affairs of the Society. Provided further. that those ex-officio members as provided in the bye-laws of the society shall be counted in the quota/numbers fixed/provided for nomination. Provided further also that such nominated members shall participate in any meeting of the managing committee or ordinary general meeting of the share holders of the registered Society, convened in accordance with the provisions of the Act and Rules framed thereunder and its bye laws. They shall have right to vote in the meeting of the managing committee but shall have no right to vote in the ordinary general meeting of the share holders." 3["(4)(b) Notwithstanding anything contained in any provision of this Act, or Rules framed thereunder or the Bye-laws of any Co-operative Society, persons having experience in the field of banking, management, finance or specialization in any other field relating to the objects and activities undertaken by the Co-operative Society may be coopted to the Board of the Society: Provided that the number of such co-opted members shall not exceed two and that number shall be in addition to the specified maximum number prescribed in the subsection (2.): Provided further that such co-opted members shall not have the right to vote in any election of the Co-operative Society in their capacity as such members or to be eligible to be elected as Office-bearers of the Board: Provided further also that the Functional Directors of a Co-operative Society shall also be the members of the Board and such members shall be excluded for the purpose of counting the total number of Directors specified in the sub-section (2.)" 2[(5) Notwithstanding any thing contained in any provision of this Act, Rules made there under and bye laws of the Society the existing members and office bearers nominated by the Government shall cease to be a member of the managing committee within ninety days of the publication of this Amendment Act in the official gazette; and such registered society shall have elections to the vacant posts for the remaining period of its term; 1. Sub-Section ( 4) "Subs. by (Admt) Act 10 of 2002. 2. Sub-section (5) subs. by ibid. 3. Sub-Sec. 4 renumbered as 4(a) and 4(b) Ins by Act 6 of 2013. Sec. 14 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Sec. 14 Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 Provided further that in superseded societies the Administrator of the Society shall constitute new managing committee by election within twelve months from the date of publication in the official gazette of this Amendment Act 2002; otherwise the Registrar shall appoint a new Administrator for a further period of three months and get the man- aging committee constituted by election. '[xxx ] 2[(7) Notwithstanding the provisions of re-numbered sub-section (9) the nominated members of the Managing Committee including the Chairman shall hold office durinc the pleasure of the State Government.] , · 3[xxx ] 4["(9) Notwithstanding anything contained in any provision of Rules or the Bye-laws of any Co-operative Society the term of office of elected members of the Board and its_ Office- bearers shall be five years from the date of election and the term of Office-bearers shall be co-terminus with the term of the Board: Provided that the Board may fill a casual vacancy on the Board by nomination out of the same class of members in respect of. which the casual vacancy has arisen, if the jerm of the Board is less than half of its original term:· ' Provided further that if the term of the Board remains for more than half of its. original term and if any vacancy arises for elected members or Office-bearers for any reason whatsoever, the Bihar State Election Authority shall fill the vacancy for remaining period by holding by-election." , 4["(1 O) If for any reason Bihar State Election Authority has failed to conduct the elec tion of the Board in any Co-operative Society where Government has provided share capital or loan or financial assistance or any Government guarantee, the Board shall be deemed automatically superseded from the date of expiry of its term and the Registrar, Co-operative Societies shall appoint any person· as Administrator for a period of not more than six months for getting the new Board constituted by election. The Administrator so appointed shall provide every possible help to the Bihar State Election Authority to, conduct the election. This arrangement shall be' an interim arrangement arid the Adrlf istrator shall hand over the management of the Society to the new Board after election within the prescribed period: · · · Provided that where the Government has not provided share capital or loan or, financial assistance or any Government guarantee and where the Bihar State Election Authority fails to conduct elections before the expiry of the term of the Board, the Registrar of the Co- operative Societies may order to convene a special Gene!@} Meeting of the members, for appointing an ad-hoc Board for the purpose of conduct: ing elections: pProvided further that the outgoing members and Office-bearers of Board shall TO! be included in ad-hoc Board for the purpose of conducting elections: Provided further also that the term of ad-hoc Board so appointed shall not exceed six months and the ad-hoc Board so appointed shall provide every possible help to the Bihar State Election Authority to conduct the election. This arrangement shall be an interim arrangement and such appointed ad-hoc Board shall hand over the management of the Society to the new Board after election within the prescribed period." (11) Every registered society shall keep open to inspeition free of charge at all resonable times at its registered address- (a) a copy of this Act. (b) a copy of the rules governing such society (c) a copy. of the bye-laws of such society, and (d)a register of its members; 3[xxx] 1. "Sub-Section (6)" "repealed by (Admt) Act of 2002. 2. "Sub-section (7), (9) & (10) subs. by ibid. 3. Sub-Section (8) and proviso to sub-section(11) omitted by ibid. 4, Subs by Act 6 ot2013. 16] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 . [ Sec. 14 The restraints contained in Section 14(1) are in public interest and are not vulnerable to any serious challenge. Sheetal Prasad Gupta vs. State of Bihar, (1990)1 BLJ 493 (FB). It cannot be accepted that the amendments by the ordinance have no nexus with the Preamble to the Ordinances. The amendment are in relation to co-operative societies and for putting them financially on sound footing. It cannot therefore, be contended that the provisions of Section 14(4) of the Ordinance are not in accordance with the Preamble to the Ordinances or that they are not law for the purpose of placing co-operative societies financially on sound footing. Further, whether the amendment is in consonance with the preamble or not has to be judged from the provisions of the Statute itself. It cannot be judged with reference to political public statements. A politician may have various reasons of their own for making particular statement in public. They have to cater to public whims. A court of law, therefore, is not concerned with public statement which are for consumption of politicians and people at large, rather the Court concerned with the statute itself to find out whether the amendments have any nexus with the objective of the Ordinance. Judged by those standards, it is manifest that there is no clash between the avowed and the real objectives. The amendments, therefore, cannot be said to be pieces of colourable legislation. Sheetal Prasad Gupta vs. State of Bihar, (1990)1 BLJ 493 (FB). The third proviso to Section 14(4) lays down that the State Government shall nominate members of the Managing Committee including the Chairman as far as possible from amongst the persons (i) having interest in co-operative movements, (ii) having knowledge and experience of organizing or managing Co-operative societies or (iii) having experience of general administration, or (iv) is the member of such registered society, or (v) is or was associated with the administration and implementation of the Bihar and Orissa Act VI, 1935. From this, it cannot be contended that these categories are foreign to the objectives of sound management of co-operative societies. The categories mentioned nomination are based on sound footing. It is well known that there is not in the present situation in Bihar in regard to the co-operative societies. Persons who have been at the helm of affairs have been more concerned about enriching themselves rather than attending to the well being of the share holders and farmers. The State Government lacks the power of taking effective measures to stem that rot. That has called for amendments clothing the State Government with the power to control the management. It is obvious that Sections 13(A) and 14 of the Act are provisions in the interest of society for their better management. They are, therefore, in public interest. Sheetal Prasad Gupta vs. State of Bihar, (1990)1 BLJ 493 (FB). The appointment of an Administrator is a kind of interim arrangement in cases where either the Managing Committee ceases to exist by lapse of time without holding elections within the stipulated period, or is superseded under sub-section (1) or sub-section (5) of section 41. Ramsakha Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1992 (2) PLJR 598. Sub-section (8) of section 14 provides that no person shall be eligible for election or nomination as an "Office-bearer" of the Managing Committee if he has been an "Office-bearer" of the Managing Committee for two consecutive terms of office. Section 14 (9) provides that not withstanding anything contained in the Rules or Bye-Laws, the term of the Members and Office- bearers of Managing Committee of a registered Co-operative Society shall be three Co-operative years. A person who Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [17 Sec. 14] was nominated or co-opted in place of an elected member who died during the currency of his terms of office cannot have a term of office for full three co-operative years from the date of his nomination or co-option. His term will come to an end when. 6 . The managging Committee's term is completed. Shambhu Prasad Roy vs. State of Bihar, 995(1)PLJR319. 7 The language of sub-section (10) of section 14 is quite clear and is quite clear and is quit unambiguous. It provides that concequence envisaged therein will set in only if the elections for electing the office-bearers of Co-operative Society are not at all held. Where election are duly held within prescribed time, but are set aside by the Registrar in deciding an election dispute under section 41, the provisions of section 14(10) of the Act per se will not be applicable. Ramsakha Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1992(2)PLJR 598. Sections 14 and 41 read with Rule 211 of Bihar Co-operative Societies Rules, 1959- election commences from the initial notification calling upon the constituency or the representatives who have to participate at such election by filing nomination paper and it culminates only with the declaration of the result-therefore the direction· of the Registrar to ignore the election held on 20.4.1990 on the basis of notice of programme issued on 29.3.90 and voter list prepared upto 30.6.89 is not valid-such election held valid. Nawal Kishore Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1991(1) PLJR 572. Sections 41 and 66B read with rule 33 of Rules, 1959---temporary appointments made by Managing Committee, Central Co-operative Bank without properly giving advertisements calling for applications for filling vacancies and ignoring directions of Registrar, Co-op. Societies-Administrator appointed after the State Government had dissolved the erstwhile managing committee cancelling appointment of petitioners on ground that appointments had been made in contravention of procedure prescribed by Registrar-order of termination simpliciter--appointment of a paid employee in any registered co-operative society is subject to any general or special order issued by the Registrar in exercise of power under rule 33--- order of termination simpliciter is not bad as principles of natural justice are not attracted. Satish Kumar vs. State of Bihar 1990(1) PLJR 219; 1989 PLJR 566. Sections 14(2), 41, 48 & 65-Stay order passed by the High Court directing no meetings to be held till disposal of the case on 23.12.1980--meeting held on 30.12.1980 by the members of the Co-operative Bank electing office bearers-some business also transacted by the new office bearers on the next day and a copy of proceedings sent to Registrar---election held void by Registrar and special officers appointed to look after the work of the Co-operative Bank- elected members disputing the decision of the Registrar holding the election void on the ground that there was no notice and knowledge of the stay order to the members who participated in the election meeting-plea challenged on the ground that notice of stay order was communicated to the executive officer and that amounts to sufficient noticevalidity of action of Registrar who acted on the directions of Minister, Co-operation in holding the election void because of the stay order is not merely the wish of the court but a command-the plea that if any violation of stay was there it should be dealt only under Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 and the action should not be held void cannot be accepted. Nawal Kishore Prasad Sinha vs. State of Bihar, 1982 PLJR 377. 18] [Sec.15-19 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 14 Sections 14(4), 14(9) and 14(10) read with Rule 22(2) of Bihar Co-operative Societies Rules, 1959--date of commencement of term of Managing Committee-provisions of section 14 and rule 22 prescribe for constitution of a Managing Committee of a Registered Co-operative Society-term [19 of Members and Office-bearers of the Managing Committee is three co-operative years from date of their election and not from the date on which the constitution of the Managing Committee was completed on nomination by the State Government-from a bare perusal of sub-section (9) of section 14 it is clear that the term of Members and office-bearers is "three co-operative years" and these persons can continue to hold office even on expiry of their terms till election is held or for nine months from the close of the co-operative year, whichever is earlier-under proviso to sub-sec- tion (10) of section 14, irrespective of the date when the election is held, the term of the Members and office bearers is deemed to have commenced from the beginning of the co-operative year in which election was held-decisions of Registrar are correct. Bihar State Handloom Weavers Union vs. State of Bihar, 1994(1) PLJR 584. Sections 14(5) and (6) as inserted by Amending Ordinance of 1988-power of Registrar--sub- section (9) of section 14 being part of section 41, will not override the provisions of sub-sections (5) and (6)-similar is the position in case of rules 20 and 21Registrar, cannot, therefor give election programme or directions in this regard to Administrators and it is the latter who have to do it themselves-similarly, Registrar cannot appoint Returning Officer for elections. Vidya Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1989 PLJR 377.] 1[14A. Election to the managing committee of certain registered societies.--"(1) Notwithstanding, any thing contained in any provision of this Act, rules made thereunder and byelaws of a registered society, the election to the managing committee of cooperative societies registered under this Act shall be conducted by Bihar State Election Authority constituted under Bihar State Election Authority Act, 2008 in the manner prescribed for the conduct of election under Bihar State Election Authority Act, 2008 and rules made thereunder read with Bihar Co- operative Societies Act, 1935 and rules made thereunder: Provided that all the previous elections of registered co-operative societies conducted by the Competent Authority under the existing provisions would be saved. Provided, further that any action, order, decision to hold the election of managing committee of cooperative societies shall be deemed to have been made under this Amendment and any election so held shall be valid, notwithstanding any judgment, order or decree of any court." 1 ["(2) Notwithstanding, any thing contained in any provisions of this Act, rules made thereunder and bye-laws of a registered society, the election to the managing committee of co- operative societies registered under this Act shall be held in terms of the provision of this Section, even if the process of election has commenced but the result of such election has not been declared." 2["(3) Notwithstanding, any thing contained in any provision of this Act, rules made thereunder and bye-laws of a registered society, the election to the managing committee of co- operative societies registered under this Act shall be held before the expiry of the term of managing committee as prescribed in Sub-section (9) of Section-14 of this Act or within period of nine months from the order of supersession of managing committee passed under the provisions of this Act: Provided that in the case of supersession of managing committee of any society as on the date of notification of this Amendment, the election to the managing committee shall be held within nine months." 2[(4)[xxx] 2[(5)[x x x ] 1. Subs. by Act 3 of 2012. 2. Deleted by ibid. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 20 ] [Sec. 20-23A (d) in securities specified by Reserve Bank of India, or (e) with the general or special sanction of the Registrar and on such conditions as he may impose. (i) In shares or securities of any other registered societies. (ii) In any scheduled Bank or with the sanction or Registrar in other registered societies carrying Banking business. (f) may invest or deposit in any other mode permitted by the rules. Comments & Case Law [Section 19- -Accused, Secretary of a Co-operative Society--held, accused, is not a public servant-accused's conviction under Section 408, Penal Code not justified.' Basudeo Mandal vs. State, 1974 PLJR (NOC) 1.] 20. Contribution to charitable purpose.-Any registered society may after the amount required by sub-section (1) of section 18 or by any rule has been carried to the reserve fund, contribute an amount not exceeding ten percent of the net profits to any charitable purpose, as defined in section 2 of the Charitable Endowments Act, 1890 (6 of 1890): Provided that the Registrar may, by general or special order, prohibit any society or class of societies from making any condition under this section. 21. Restrictions on division of funds.--No part of the funds of a registered society shall be divided by law of bonus or dividend or otherwise among its members; provided that after the amount required by sub-section (6) of section 18 or Dy any rule has been carried to reserve fund, the balance of the net profits, if any, together with any available profits of past years, may be distributed as dividend among members or paid as bonus or remuneration to a member for any specific service rendered to the society or used for the common benefit of members to such extent and under such conditions as may be prescribed by the rules or bye-law. 22. Charge and set off in respect of shares or interest of members.- A registered society shall have a charge upon the share or interest in the capital and on the deposits or contribution of a member, past member or deceased member and upon any amount payable out of profits to a member or past member or to the estate of a deceased or the estate of such deceased member to the society, and may setoff any sum credited or payable to a member, past member or the estate of a deceased member in or towards payment of any such debt. 23. Prior claim of society.--Subject to claim of the Government in respect of land revenue or any money recoverable as land revenue or as a public demand or any claim of landlord in respect of rent or any money recoverable as rent, any debt or outstanding demand due to a registered society from any member, past member, or the estate of deceased member, shall be a first charge. (a) if the demand as due in respect of the supply of or any loan granted for the purchase of seed or manure upon the crops or other agricultural produce of such member or past member or belonging to the estate of such deceased member, at any time within two years from the date on which the last instalment of such supply or loan shall become re-payable. (b) if the demand is due in respect of the supply of or any loan granted for the purchase of cattle, fodder for cattle, agriculture or industrial implements or machinery or raw materials for manufacture any upon cattle or thing so supplied, or purchased, the whole or any part from any such loan or upon any articles manufactured from raw materials so supplied or purchased. Comments & case-law [Section 23 merely deals with the liability of a past member for the debts of a society in winding up, and has no reference whatever to a debt of a member of a society to the society. Barhitola Co-po. Society vs. Sambhunath Singh, 23 PLT 104.] 1[23A. Application of section 23 to non-members.-Any debt to outstanding 1. Ins. by Act. 16 of 1948 [Sec.24-24A ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ 21 demand due to a registered society, authorised under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 16, from any non-member or estate of a deceased non-member, shall be a first charge on the property of the non-member or belonging to the deceased nonmember to the same extent and subject to the same claims, conditions and restrictions as debt or outstanding demand due to a registered society from any member or the estate of a deceased member is under section 23, a first charge on the property of the member or belonging to the estate of the deceased member.] 24. Transfer of interest on death of member.-(1) A registered society, may on the death of a member, transfer his share or interest in the capital of the society to the person nominated in accordance with the rules or, if there is no person so nominated, to such person as may appear to the society or, managing committee to be the heir or legal representative, as the case may be, a sum representing the value of such member's share or interest, as ascertained in accordance with the rules or bye-law; Provided that- (i) In the case of society with unlimited liability, such nominee, heir or legal representative as the case may be, may require payment by the society of the value of the share or interest of the deceased member ascertained, after, deducting the amount of any charge existing under section 22; (ii) in the case of society with limited liability, the society shall transfer, subject + to any charge existing under section 22, the share or interest of the deceased, member to such nominee, heir or legal representative, as the case may be, being qualified in accordance with the rules and bye-laws for membership of the society or in his application within three months of the death of the deceased member, to any person specified in the application who is so qualified: Provided further that no payment of sum in excess of rupees one hundred shall be made to any such heir or legal representative who has not been nominated in accordance with the rule, until after the decision under section 48 of any claim which may, within that period, be made by any other person. (2) Subject as aforesaid, a registered society may pay all other money due to deceased member from the society to such nominee, heir or legal representative, as the case may be. : (3) All transfers and payments, made by a registered society in accordance with the provisions of the section shall be valid and effectual against any demand made upon the society by other person. '[24A. Power of Registrar to sanction compromise between a registered society and its creditors.-(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, where a compromise or arrangement is proposed between a registered society and its creditors or any class of them, the Registrar may on the application in a summary way of the society or of any creditor, or in the case of society in respect of which an order of winding up has been passed, if the liquidator, order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors as the case may be, to be called, held and conducted in such manner as may be prescribed by rules. (2) If a majority in number representing three-fourths in value of the creditors, or class of creditors, as the case may be present either in person or by proxy at the meeting, agree to any compromise or arrangement, the compromise or arrangement shall, if sanctioned by an order of the Registrar, be binding on all the creditors or the class of creditors as the case may be and also on the society, in the case of a society in respect of which an order of winding up has been passed, on the luquidator and on all persons who have been or may be required by the liquidator acting under clause (c) of sub-section (3) of section 44 to contribute to the assets of the society.) (3) If at any time it appears to the Registrar that it is expedient that any compromise or arrangement between a registered society and its creditors or any 1. Ins. by Act 8 of 1935. 2. Sub-sections (3) to (7) ins. by Act 16 of 1948. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Sec. 25 22 ] class of them, which has become final in accordance with the law in force on the date of the commencement of the Bihar Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Act, 1942 (Bihar Act 7 of 1942), or which was, after the date sanctioned by the Registrar under sub-section (2) of this section, should, in the interest of society or of its creditors or of the said class of creditors, be revised or replaced by a fresh compromise or arrangement, he may either of his own motion or on the application of the society, order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors as the case may be, present either in person or by proxy at the meeting, agree to the revision of the previous compromise or arrangement, or to any fresh compromise or arrangement, the Registrar may sanction such revised compromise or arrangement or such fresh compromise or arrangement. (4) Any revised compromise or arrangement or fresh compromise or arrangement sanctioned under sub-section (3) may be revised or replaced by a fresh compromise or arrangement in the like manner and subject, to the like conditions as a compromise or arrangement may be revised or replaced by a fresh compromise or arrangement under sub-section (3). (5) Any revised compromise or arrangement or fresh compromise or arrangement sanctioned by the Registrar under sub-section (3) or sub-section ( 4) shall be binding on all- the creditors or the class of creditors, as the case may be, and also on the society. (6) A compromise or arrangement under sub-section (2) or a revised compromise or arrangement or a fresh compromise or arrangement under sub-section (3) or sub-section (4) shall not be liable to be challenged, set aside, modified, revised or declared void in any Court, upon merits or upon any ground whatsoever except want of jurisdiction. (7) The order of the Registrar calling a meeting of creditors or class of creditors, as the case may be, under sub-section (1) or sub-section (3), and the order of the Registrar sanctioning a compromise or arrangement under sub-section (2) or a revised compromise or arrangement or a fresh compromise or arrangement under sub-section (3), or sub-section (4) shall be published in the official Gazette.] Comments & case-law [Composition arrived at in pursuance of the provisions of this Act does not stand on the same footing as a private agreement where pending a suit by a creditor against a Co-operative Society, a scheme of composition is adopted and approved by the Registrar, that binds the plaintiff in the suit who is a party to the scheme. If he continues the suit and obtains a decree, the decree cannot be executed and the scheme can be pleaded as a bar of execution. The creditor's remedy is to obtain satisfaction of the decree in the manner provided for in the scheme. Mahamaya Ojhain vs. Laheriasarai Central Co-operative Bank, 1941 IC 468 : 7 BR 780 : 1941 PWN 531 : AIR 1941 Pat. 497. Section 24-A (2) of this Act makes a scheme of compromise agreed to by the specified majority, if sanctioned by an order of Registrar binding on all the creditors or the class of creditors, as the case may be and also on the Co-operative Society. It may be that a particular creditor was no party to the scheme of compromise, but section 24-A (2) makes his individual participation absolutely immaterial. Where therefore pending a suit by a depositor against a Co-operative Bank for recovery of his deposit a scheme of compromise under section 24-A of the Act is agreed to by the required majority of creditors and sanctioned by the Registrar of Co-operative Societies; and a decree is subsequently passed in favour of the depositor in his suit the decree cannot be executed, against the Bank. The depositor-plaintiff is bound by the compromise though not a party to it. It was further held that the compromise, while not a bar to the passing of decree, is a clear bar to execution. Buxar Central Co-op. Bank Ltd. vs. Akhauri Bindhyachal Prasad, 185 IC 606: AIR 1940 Pat. 361.] 25. Amendment of the bye-laws of a registered society.-(1)No amendment of the bye- laws of a registered society shall be valid until the amendment has been register<d under this Act. [ Sec.26 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [23 1["(2) If the Registrar is satisfied that an amendment of the byelaws is not contrary to this Act or to the rules, he shall register the amendment within ninety days from the date of submission of the proposal for amendment. (3) When the Registrar registers an amendment of the bye-laws of a registered society, he shall issue to the society a copy of the amendment certified by him, which shall be conclusive evidence that the amendment has been duly registered. 2["(4) If the conditions specified in sub-section (2) have not been fulfilled the Registrar shall dispatch refusal order with reasons by registered post within ninety days from the submission of the proposal. (5) In case of non-dispatch of the refusal order within ninety days, the amendment shall be deemed registered. In such cases it will be essential for the fegistrar to issue the certificate of registration under his seal and signature, which will be conclusive evidence that the amendment has been duly registered. (6) On receipt of the refusal order under sub-section (4) and on non- receipt of the conclusive evdience relating to the amendment as specified under sub-section (S) an appeal shall lie before the Registrar if the conclusive evidence or refusal order relates to the Registrar having been delguated with the power of Registrar and if such order has been passed by the Registrar Co- operative Society himself then appeal shall lie before the State Government : Provided that such appeal shall be filed within two months from the receipt of order or non receipt of conclusive evidence.] Comments & case-law [The bye-laws of a co-operative society framed in pursuance of the provisions of the relevant Act cannot be held to be law or have the force of law. They are neither statutory in character nor they have statutory flavour so as to be raised to the status Of law. Statutory provisions have precedence and must be complied with bye-laws if not in conformity with the statute, have to be ignored, in order to give effect to the statutory provisions. Central Co-operative Bank Ltd. vs. Addl. Industrial Tribunal, AIR 1970 SC 245. See also B.K. Garad vs. Nasik Merchants Co-op. Bank, AIR 1984 SC 192. Rules have the status of subsidiary legislation or delegated legislation. Byelaws of a co-operative society, on the other hand, can at best have the status of an Article of a Company governed by the Companies Act, 1956. ibid. lt is function of the Court to construe legislative measures and enriching the correct meaning of a statutory provision, opinion of executive branch is hardly relevant. Nor can the court abdicate in favour of such opinion. ibid. Sections 25, 26 read with Rules 16 to 20 amendment in bye-laws- amendments suggested by Registrar to be discussed by General-body for which Board of Directors were directed to call a special general meeting-Registrar also directing for stay of election on the date fixed already for the purpose till amendments are approved by the general body-no such power to Registrar to stay election-amendments having been approved through a sub-committee by the outgoing Board of Directors not valid not having been approved by the general body---elections held ignoring the direction 5j Registrar valid. Vijay Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1989 PLJR 846.] 26. Power of Registrar to direct amendment of the bye-laws of a registered society.-(1)lf it appears to the Registrar that an amendment of the byelaws of a registered society is necessary or desirable in the interest of such society 3[after taking the opinion of affiliating society/federation of that society], he may, by order in writing to be issued to the society, by registered post, require the society to make the amendment within such time as he may specify in such order. (2) If any society fails to make any such amendment within the time specified, the 1.Subs. by (Amdt.) Act 10 of 2002 2.Sub-section (4), (5) & (6) added by ibid. 3.Ins. by (Amdt.) Act 10 of 2002. 24 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 27 Registrar may, after giving the society an opportunity of being heard, register such amendment, and issue to the society by registered post a copy of the amendment, certified by him, which shall be conclusive evidence that the amendment has been duly registered, and such amendment shall be binding on the members of such society. (3) An appeal shall lie to the State Government from any order of the Registrar passed under sub-section (2) within two months from the date of the issue of such order. The order of the State Government on appeal and, subject to the result of such appeal, if any, the decision of the Registrar shall be final. Comments & case-law [Power of the Registrar to impose amendment of bye-law cannot be exercised without hearing the concerned society. Order registering amendments without giving opportunity of hearing to the society is liable to be quashed. Kinigam Service Co-op. Society vs. Dy. Registrar, AIR 1981 Orissa 112. The General Body of a Co-operative Society is alone competent to consider amendments to be made in its bye-laws. The General Body is fully competent to ignore the direction of the Registrar of Co-operative Societies to stay the holding of election at its Annual General Meeting and proceed to hold election of office-bearers. The Registrar enjoys plenary powers under section 26 (2), but should always be extremely circumspect in forcing a society to accept a clause in its bye-laWS, which the members of the Co-operative Society sitting together do not approve, unless of course, the society's bye-laws are completely contrary to the provisions of this Act. Vijoy Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1988 PLJR 478. Section 26(2)---the Registrar while enjoying the plenary powers under this section should always be extremely circumspect in forcing a society to accept a clause in the bye- laws which the members of the society sitting together do not approve and which affect their right detrimentally unless the society's bye-laws are completely contrary to the provisions of the Act and the Rules and are detrimental to the co-operative movement. Vijay Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1989 PLJR 846. Sections 26 and 28--Section 28 (1) does not prohibit the concept of indirec elections, even though the whole Act is silent on indirect elections-the concept of one member one vote' also does not rule out indirect elections-the right to one vote does not imply that the voter has a right to vote at every stage-indirect elections must be permitted where the electorate is too large. Pancharian Sharma vs. Stale of Bihar, '1989 PLJR 437. Power of Registrar to amend Bye-Laws-The Registrar is empowered to amend Bye-laws of a Co-operative Body and provide for prohibiting members of affiliated Co-operative Societies to participate ir election where such' affiliated GO operatives are defaulters. The Registrar is competent to lay down not only criteria for admission to membership of apex bodies but also the consequences of default. The Registrar in exercise of power under section 25 can direct amendments to be made ir Bye-laws of Affiliating Society for _regulating admission and eligibility to participate in election by Primary affiliated Co-operative Societies. Representative of affiliated Co-operative found to be a defaulter in respect of sum due by Primary Affiliated Society to Affiliating Society" becomes ineligible to participate in election of officer-bearers of Affiliating Society. Mohan Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1996, (2) PLJR 171. Prescription of eligibility to participate in election being limited to only those Primary Affiliated Societies who have repaid atleast 40% of the loans amount is not unreasonable and is in the interest of Co-operative, movement. being an attempt to bring about financial discipline. ibid.] CHAPTER IV Rights and Liabilities of Members of Registered Societies · 1["27. Right of a Member.--(1) Member of a Co-operative Society shall exercise the rights of a member after he has made such payment to the Society in respect of membership as may be prescribed in the rules or Bye-laws of the Society: Provided that notwithstanding anything contained in any provisions of this Act, 1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013. Secs. 28-31 ] [ 25 Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 26 ] [Sec. 32 the member of a Co-operative Society can exercise the right to vote at the election of members of the Board of Society only after ensuring minimum attendance, as required in the meetings convened for participation in management of the Society and availing of minimum requisite services of the Society as may be prescribed by the Rules or the Bye-laws of the Society made under this Act. (2) Every Co-operative Society shall provide access to every member to the books, information and accounts of the Co-operative Society kept in regular transaction of its business with such member. (3) Every member of a Co-operative Society shall have the right to get all infor- mation/documents regarding books, information and accounts of the Co-operative Society kept in regular transaction of its business. The Chief Executive Officer/ Manager of the Co-operative Society shall ensure access to the member to all required information/documents. (4) The members of any Co-operative Society shall have the right to get cooperative education and co-operative related training as per the Rules or Bye-laws made under any provisions of this Act." 28. Votes of members.--'[(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) of this section and of sub-section (4) of section 14 each member of a registered society shall have one vote only as a member in the affairs of the society, provided that in the case of an equality of votes, the Chairman shall have a casting vote.] (2) A registered society which is a member of any other registered society shall have as many voters as may be prescribed by the bye-laws of such other society and may, subject to such bye- laws, appoint any number of its members, not exceeding the number of such votes, to exercise its voting power, provided that no member who is disqualified for such appointment under any rule shall be so appointed. (3) Save as provided in sub-section (2), voting by proxy shall not be allowed except with the general or special sanction of the Registrar for any society or class of societies. Comments & case-law [The voting right in proportion to the financial share holding of each member (as in Companies) has been excluded. A member, regardless of number of shares he owns, has only one vote. Harender Narain Banker vs. State of Bihar, 1985 PLJR 1078. The provisions of this section do not negative the system of indirect election. To permit every member to take part in election of Director may be colossal task. Therefore provisions can certainly be made for indirect election. Panchanan Sharma vs. The State of Bihar, 1989 PLJR 437. A member having a voting right, if he is not given a notice of a meeting such meeting will be illegal especially when there is a no confidence motion against the chairman of the co-operative society. Gazanan Narain Patil vs. Dhattatraya Waman Patil, AIR 1990 SC 1023 : (1990) 3 SCC 634: (1990) IJT 517.] 29. Restriction on holding of members.-No member of a registered society 2[other than the State Government or another registered society]. shall have or claim any interest in the capital of a registered society exceeding one-fifth of the total capital or such smaller proportion as may be prescribed by the rules. 30. Share or interest not liable to attachment.-Subject to the provisions of section 22, the share or interest of a member in the capital of, or contribution to, a registered society shall not be liable to attachment or sale under any degree or order of a Court of justice in respect of any debt or liability incurred by such member and neither the Official Assignee under the Presidency-towns lnsolvencey Act, 1909 (3 of 1909) nor a Receiver under the Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920 (5 of 1920) shall be entitled to, or have any claim on, such share, interest or contribution. 31. Restrictions on transfer of share or interest.-(1) The transfer of charge of the share or interest of member in the capital of registered society shall be subject to such conditions as the maximum holding as may be prescribed by this Act Or by the rules. 1. Ins by Act 6 of 2013 1. Subs. by 2A. ct S1u4b os.f b 1y9 i5b5id .f o r "other than another registered society". 2. Subs. by (Arndt) Act 5 of 1989. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [26A Sec.32 (a) Conservation of the Annual Statement of Accounts presented by the Board for being filed before the Registrar, (b) consideration of Annual Report presented by the Board, (c) appointment and removal of Statutory Auditors and Internal Audi (d) consideration of the auditor's report and audited Statement of Accounts for being filed with the Registrar, (e) consideration of audit/special audit compliance report, (f) report on action taken on inquiry report, if any, (g) disposal of net surplus, (h) review of operational deficit, if any, (i) approval of the long term perspective plan and the annual operational plan, (j) approval of the annual budget, (k) creation of specific reserves and other funds, (l) review of actual utilization of reserve and other funds, (m) report on membership of the Co-operative Society in other Co-operative Societies, (n) appeal of a person whose application for membership has been rejected or whose membership has been terminated by the Board, (o) remuneration payable to any Director, Auditor or Internal Auditor in connection with his duties in that capacity or his attendance at related meeting, (p) membership of the Co-operative Society in Union/Federation, (q) collaboration with other organisation, (r) amendment of Bye-laws, (s) formulation of code of conduct for the Directors and Office-bearers, (t) note on admission and termination of membership of the members, (u) dissolution of the Co-operative Society, (v) such other functions specified in the Bye-laws. (2) In accordance with the provisions for the works specified, under sub-section (1), the Annual General Meeting of the Co-operative Society shall be held at a time, date and place notified in accordance with the Bye-laws and if a quorum is present, the Chairman of the Co-operative Society shall preside the meeting: Provided that in the absence of Chairman, Vice-Chairman, or in the absence of both Chairman and Vice-Chairman, a person elected by the members from among themselves shall preside the meeting: Provided further that in case of a Society where the Managing Committee has either been superseded under the provision of the Act, the Administrator shall be the Chairman of the General Meeting and in his absence a person nominated by him shall be the Chairman of the meeting. (3) The person presiding at the meeting shall conduct the proceedings in such manner as may be conducive to expeditious and satisfactory disposal of business and shall decide all points of order at the meeting. 26B ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 33 (4) The quorum for a General Meeting shall be one fifth of the total membership of the Society on the date of issue of the notice of the meeting.

(5) If within an hour of the time scheduled appointed for the meeting the quorum is not present, the meeting shall stand adjourned to a date not earlier than seven days and not later than twenty-one days. (6) No quorum shall be necessary for an adjourned meeting. (7) All questions before a General Meeting shall be decided by a majority of votes and in the event of equality of votes, the Chairman of the meeting shall have a casting vote. · (8) Voting by proxy shall not be allowed, but the Registrar may permit this to be done in the case of any particular Registered Society or class of Registered Societies. (9) Voting at a General Meeting shall be done by show of hands and only in exceptional case voting by ballot may be resorted to if the Registrar so directs, on his own motion, or on the application filed by the Society concerned. (10) The minutes of proceeding of General Meeting shall be recorded in a book to be kept for the purpose and the minutes shall be signed by the person presiding at the meeting. (11) An appeal shall lie to the Registrar on all matters relating to procedure followed at any General Meeting and his decision thereon shall be final. 1[328. Filing Annual Returns. Every Co-operative Society shall file Annual Returns before the Registrar within six months of the end of each financial year which shall include following subjects:- (a) Annual Report of the activity; (b) Audited Statement of the Accounts; (c) Plan to deal with the surplus as approved by General Body; (d) List of the amendments done, if any, in the Bye-laws of the Cooperative Society; (e) Declaration relating to the conduct of election, if due, and date for the arrangement of General Body Meeting; (f) Any other information, if required to carry out any of the provisions of the Act notified by Registrar. CHAPTER V Audit and Inspection 2[33 Audit.-(1) A Co-operative Society shall get its accounts audited by Auditor from a panel approved by State Government or the authority authorized by the State Government, at least once in every financial year. Such Auditor shall either be Chartered Accountants within the meaning of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 or Auditors from the office of the Registrar. (2) The minimum educational qualification of the Auditors from a panel approved by State Government or an authority authorized by the State Government shall be Graduate (with Mathematics) or Commerce Graduate from any recognised University. Such Auditor or Chartered Accountants firm shall be required to have at least three years of audit experience. Only such Auditor or Chartered Accountants firm shall be eligible for the audit of the accounts of Co- operative Society. 1. Ins by Act 6 of 2013 2. Subs. by ibid. Sec. 33] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [26C (3) The audit of the accounts of every Co-operative Society shall be done by the Auditor or Chartered Accountant firm, specified under sub-section (2), appointed by the General Body of Co- operative Society. (4) It shall be mandatory to audit the accounts of every Co-operative Society eithin six months of the end of the financial year to which accounts is related to. (5) Apex Co-operative Society, with the approval of General Body, shall compulsonly submit the Audit Report, after the audit of its statement of accounts, to the Fegistrar within thirty days which shall be placed before the State Legislature in accordance with the procedure laid down for this purpose by the State Government. (6) The Auditor's Report in addition to the report on the accounts of the Cooperative Society shall also contain report on the attendance at Board meeting, by Directors, the loans and advances sanctioned to or the business done with the Cooperative Society by the Directors, expenditure on Board Meetings, remuneration paid to Directors, expenditure reimbursed to Directors, expenditure on education and training for members, staff, Directors and others. (7) It shall be the duty of the Board to ensure that annual financial statements are prepared and presented for audit within forty-five days of closure of the financial year. (8) The remuneration of an Auditor shall be fixed by the General Body: Provided that if audit is done by the Auditor of the office of Registrar, the Cooperative Society shall pay the audit fee fixed by the Registrar. (9) The General Body may, at a special meeting, remove an Auditor from office by a resolution passed by a majority of the members present and voting. (10) Upon the demand of the Auditor of a Co-operative Society the present or former Office- bearers, Board members or employees of the Co-operative Society shall furnish- (a) such information and explanation, as may be considered necessary, and (b) each of the record, documents, books, accounts and vouchers of the Co- operative Society as are, in the opinion of the Auditor, necessary to enable him to make the examination and report. (11) Where a Co-operative Society fails to get its Annual Accounts audited when due, Registrar shall get the accounts of the Co-operative Society audited within a period of ninety days from the date when the audit was due. (12) The cost of conducting such audit shall be borne by the Co-operative Society." Comments & Case-law [Section 33 requires the audit of registered society to be conducted in accordance with rules framed under the Act. Where no rules had been framed under the Act and there was procedure prescribed for the manner in which the audit had to be conducted, the general rule will apply that the person who has to conduct the audit shall lay out his own machinery and procedure for conducting the same. Apart from that even in absence of the rules, the auditor has jurisdiction to audit and the audit report cannot be challenged as being void because of absence of the rules. Juga! Kishore Singh vs. Registrar, 1960 BLJR 49.] 1. Ins by Act 6 of 2013 [ Sec. 33A Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 26D] 1["33A. Special Audit.--(1) A Co-operative Society dealing with funds from the Government or other external individual or institution may be subject to a special audit initiated by the Registrar at the request of such creditor or of his own motion with written specific order/direction. (2) Special Audit under sub-section (1) shall be done by District Audit Officer/ Senior level Audit Officers or any Committee of such Officers under the control of Registrar. (3) Where the Special Audit reveals serious mismanagement in the Co-opera- tive Society, costs of such Special Audit may be recovered from the Co-operative Society or the persons responsible for the mismanagement. (4) Every Special Audit shall be completed and the report submitted to the Registrar within one hundred and twenty days from the date of issuance of the order. (5) The Special Audit Report shall contain a statement of: (a) every payment which appears to the Auditor to be contrary to Act, Rules or Bye-laws of the Society, (b) the amount of any deficiency, waste or loss which appears to have been caused by the gross negligence or misconduct of any person in the performance of duties, (c) the amount of any sum received which ought to have been accounted for, but it is not brought into account by any person, and (d) any asset or money to which any person related with the organization or management of the Co-operative Society or any former or present member of the Co-operative Society has misappropriated or fraudulently retained any property of the Society. (6) The Registrar shall, within a period of thirty days train the date of the receipt of the Special Audit Report transmit copies of the same to (a) the applicant creditor, (b) the Co-operative Society concerned, and (c) the authorized Audit Officer to file proceedings of surcharge, where necessary, under Section 40. 1[33B. Maintenance of accounts and records.--(1) Every Co-operative Society shall keep at its registered office the following accounts and records: (a) a copy of this Act with amendments made from time to time, (b) the minutes book, (c) registration certificate and a copy of the registered Bye-laws and the amendments registered from time to time with date of amendment, (d) a copy of the authenticated Bye-laws of the Federation/Union of which it is a member and for each of its member Co-operative Societies, (e) account of all sums of money received and expended by the Co operative Society and their respective purposes, (f) account of all purchases and sales of goods by the Co-operative Society, (g) account of the assets and liabilities of the Co-operative Society, Secs. 34-35 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [27 {h) a register showing total membership and the member wise use of various services, (i) a list of members with voting rights for the current year updated within thirty days of closure of the financial year, (j) copies of the Board policies, (k) Annual Report, Audit Report, Special Audit Report, Inquiry Report and their compliances, (1) copies of other laws and regulations to which the Co-operative Society is subject, (m) such other documents as are relevant to the functioning of the Society: Provided that where a Co-operative Society has branch offices, accounts and records related to the branch, shall be available at the registered office for any period within twenty five days of the end of the financial year, (n) all other documents, register, circulars, etc. required in accordance with the provisions and circulars issued by NABARD, Reserve Bank of India and Registrar from time to time. (2) The books of accounts of every Co-operative Society together with supportng records and vouchers shall be preserved for such period as may be provided in the Bye- laws subject to any other laws for the time being in force." 34. Inspection by Registrar.--The Registrar may from time to time inspect a registered society himself or cause it to be inspected by some person authorised by him in this behalf by general or special order. 35. Inquiry by Registrar.--(1) The Registrar may, of his own motion and shall, on the request of the Collector, or on application of a majority of the managing committee, or of not less than one-third of the members, hold an inquiry, or direct some person authorised by him by order in writing in this behalf to hold an inquiry, into the constitution, working and financial condition of a registered society. (2) The Registrar or the person authorised by him under sub-section ( 1) may: (a) require an officer of the society to call a general meeting at such time and place at the headquarters of the society, and require the society to take into consideration such matters, as he may direct, and (b) if the officer of society refuses or fails to call such a meeting or if there be no quorum at a meeting so convened, call such meeting himself by giving notice to the members in such a way as he may consider rea- sonable, notwithstanding any rules or byelaws prescribing the period of notice for calling a general meeting of the society. Any meeting so convened by the Registrar or the person authorised by him under sub- section (1) shall have all the powers of a general meeting convened under the bye-laws of the society. (3) When an enquiry is made under this section, the Registrar shall communicate the results of the inquiry to the society, the financing bank, if any, to which the society is affiliated and to the persons or authority, if any at whose instance the inquiry is made. 1. Ins by Act 6 of 2013 28] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Secs .36-38 [29 Secs. 39-40 ] Comments & caca-law [The communication of result of the enquiry is essential. Ramashankar Prasad Singh vs. State, AIR 1973 Pat. 269.] 36. Inspection of books by Registrar.-(1) Registrar may, on the application of a creditor of a registered society, inspect or direct some person authorised by him in this behalf by order in writing to inspect, the books of the society. (2) No inspection shall be made or directed under section (1) unless the applicant- (a) satisfies the Registrar that the debt is a sum then due, and that he has demanded payment thereof and has not received satisfaction within a reasonable time; and (b) deposits with the Registrar such sum as security for the costs of the proposed inspection as the Registrar may require. (3) Where an inspectior. is made under sub-section (1 ), the Registrar shall communicate the results of such inspection to the creditor, to the society and to the financing bank, if any to which the society is affiliated. 37. Inspection of books by financing bank.--(1) A financing bank may cause an inspection to be made of the rooks of any registered society which is affiliated to it and mav direct such society to furnish such information, statements and returns as may be required. (2) An inspection under sub-section (1) may be made by any of the officers of the financing bank or by any member of its paid staff approved by the Registrar by general er special order. (3) The financing bank shall communicate the rc,sult of such inspection to the Registrar and to the society concerned. 38, Power to call for documents and to issue summons.-- The Registrar or any person authorised to audit the accounts of a society under section 33 or to mak3 an inspection or to held an inquiry under sections 34, 35, 36, or 37. (a) shall,at a!! reasonable time have free access to the books: accounts, documents, securities, cash and other properties belonging to, or in the custody of the society and may summon any person in possession of or respons:ble for the custody of any such books, accounts, documents, securities, cash or other properties, to produce the same at the office of the society or at any branch thereof or except in the case of a financing bank, at any place at its headquarters;]' [**] (b) may summon any person who, has reason to believe has knowledge of any of the affairs of the society to appear before him at the office of the society or, at any branch thereof or except in tits case of a financing bark, et any place at its headquarters, and may examine such person on oath; [and] 2[(c) may seize in presence of two persons the bocks, account, document; securities, cash and other properties belonging to or in the custody of the society, if he apprehends any fraud,or damage or mutilation of any of the articles above referred to, and the officer so doing shall grant proper receipt therefor and, ner he is an officer other than the 1. The word "and " omitted by Act of 1956. 2. Ins. by ibid. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 40 30 ] such order. The order of the State Government on appeal, and subject to the result of such appeal, if any, the order of the Registrar, snall be final. Comments & case-law [In a case coming under section 40 (1) (b), opportunity to recover the amount from the person to whom it is paid referred to in the proviso to section 40 (1), is not available to the ·hairman against whom the order of surcharge is passed. Moreover, absence of oppe tunitv is a mere irregularity and does not render the surcharge proceading void. Under the proviso to section 40 (1); the petitioner is not entitled, in law, to have a notice giving him an opportunity to recover the amount from the payee. Jugal Kishore Singh vs. Registrar, 1960 BLJR 49. The prosecution under section 49 of Indian Penal Code be initiated not only at the instance of appropriate authority of the society, but also at the instance of the Registrar, Deputy Registrar or the Assistant Registrar of the Co-operative Societies as provided under section 40 of this Act. State of Bihar vs. Amulya Ratan Pathak, 1968BLJR474. When a matter falls under any specific provision, then it must be governed by that provision and not by other general provisions. Therefore, where the Society held its employee 'iable for shortage of assets put under his custody and charge by reas011 of his negligence or misconduct, the matter being fully covered by section 40 (1) (b), must mean that section 48 is not applicable. Uma Shanker Sharan Shrivas~ava vs. Biscomaun, 1985 PLJR 19: 1984 BBCJ 905: AIR 1985 Pat. 46. . The roviso to section 40 (1) providing the period of limitation speaks of passing the order within-the period of six years, unlike the periods fixed under Limitation Act for initiating an action or starting a proceeding within the prescribed pericd of limitation. The period of limitation referred to in this provision is not for initiat:ng c\ proceeding but only for passing of order under the section. Sction 40 perts.ins to the administrative power of the Registrar, flowing only as a pre- condition from the results of an audit, inquiry, inspection or winding up. This section is not attracted or applicable to a reference of a dispute under section 48 by a Society against it officer, agent or servant for defalcation of its funds. Kinjer Vyapar Manda/ Sahyog Samiti !td. vs. Deputy Registrar. 1986 PLJR 264 (FB): AIR 1986 Pat 206 (Uma Shankar Sharan Shrivastava vs. Biscomaun, 1985 PLJR 19: 1984 BBCJ 904:AIR 1985 Pat. 46 Overruled) Sections 40 and 48 are mutually exclusive and operate in altogether different fields Action under section 40 must be preceded by r proceeding under sections 33 to 37. No such pre-requisite 0r ve-condition is necesse·,, for action under section 48. ibid. Mere acquittal in criminal case does rot automatically absolve the liability of a cashier of a co-operative society under surcharge proceeding initiated against him for misai:propriation. P. Narayan Rao vs. State of Orissa, AIR 1984 Orissa 32. A proceeding under this section is not in substitution of section 48 therefore mere initiation or an order passed under this Section does not divest its jurisdiction or power of the Registrar u/s 48 when it was referred for a decision to the dispute. Mo reover exercise of the jurisdiction to pass an award under this section or revision u/s 56 does not amunt to double jeopard,y. Yogendra Prasad vs. Additional Registrar, 1992 (1) PLJR 9 (SC). Sec. 40 pertains to 'S:. rcharge' whilst Sec. 48 pertains to wide-ranging disputes. Under Sec. 40 only the Registrar is empowered to take ction and if conditions in clauses (a), (bj, (c) ana (d) of sub-section (1) herect are satisfied, he may enquire Sec. 40 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [31 into the matter and fix the quantum of the surcharge by way of compensation. On the other hand, under Sec. 48 it is only the parties to the dispute who can move and initiate action for the reference of such a dispute to the Registrar. Section 40 pertains to the administrative power of the Registrar stemming from the result of an audit or an enquiry or an inspection, etc. It is a vested power to penalise for misconduct and negligence on the one hand, in order to compensate the society by way of surcharge therefor on the other. It has nothing to do with inter se disputes which may rise under the five sub-clauses of sub-section (1) of Sec. 48. In a limited way the two sections can be said to be mutually in altogether different fields, The pre-requisite for any action under Sec. 40 is that it must be preceded by a proceeding under Secs. 33 to 37 of the Act. It is only after the result of an audit, an inquiry, an inspection or a winding up of the society that the Registrar gets vested with the power to inquire into the conduct of a person and to levy a surcharge in order to compensate the society, On the other hand, Sec. 48 envisages no such prerequisite or pre-conditions for its coming into operation. No audit, inquiry or inspection etc., need precede a dispute with regard to which a reference may be made under Sec. 48. Kinjer Vyapar Mandal Sahyog Samiti Ltd. vs. Deputy Registrar, Co-operative Societies Patna, 1986 BLJR 237: 1986 BBCJ 209: 1986 BLJ 569 (FB). Section 40 pertaining to surcharge, provides that if as a result of an audit or enquiry, it appears to the Registrar that any person who has taken part in the organisation or management of the Co-operative Society or any past or present Officer of the Society has either made a paymetn contrary to law or has been guilty of misappropriation etc., the Registrar may enquire into the matter and make an order requiring that person to contribute sum by way of compensation to the assets of the Society. Such an order can be passed only within six years of the act of omission or commission. Bihar State Co-operative Marketing Union vs. Uma Shankar Sharan, 1992 (2) PLJR (SC) 42. In the instant case, a Board of Directors was very much in existence be it the Board which came into power in 1983 or the one that claims to have come into power on 15.11.1986. Therefore, the grounds stated in Annexure 14 are not covered by the situations under which Section 41 (6) of the Act' empowers the State Government to dissolve the Board of Directors of the Society. Vijaya Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, (1989) 1 BLJ 636. The disciplinary authority was within his right not to accept the report of the enquiry committee and for differing with the report and before recording his own finding in law the special officer was not required to give any notice to the respondent. But the special officer when he differed with the findings of the enquiry committee was required to record the reasons on the basis of the evidence for holding the respondent guilty of the charge. Special Officer, Hazaribagh Central Co-operative Bank Ltd. vs. Madanmohan Prasad, 1987 BLJR 439: 1987 PLJR (NOC) 74. Section 41 of the Act, as it appears, empowers the Registrar and on the recommendation of the Registrar, the State Government, to dissolve a Managing Committee and follow up steps are thereafter provided. In these applications, the procedure provided under sub-sections (1) to (5) of Section 41 does riot apply since Annexure 14 has been issued by the State Government on the basis of the report amde by the Registrar as contained in Annexure 13 under sub-section (6) of Section 41 of the Act. Vijaya Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, (1989) 1 BLJ 636. Article 19 (1) (c) of the Constitution provides a citizen with a right to form associations of unions. By the impugned provision of Section 41 (6) of the Act, the union or association which has been formed is not being dissolved. Secondly, the 32 ] [Sec. 41 Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 right to form an association by its members does not confer a right on them to claim under Article 19 (1) (c) that the activities of the association must also be permitted to be carried on in the manner desired by the members. In the instant case, it is obvious that by Section 41 (6) there will be no alteration in the composition of the association. All that is provided therein is that in the circumstances enumerated, the management for a specified period will be taken over by the Government from the Managing Committee. Brijesh Rai vs. State of Bihar, 1982 BLJ 133. The removal from membership of Managing Committee of Co-operative on ground of default in repayment of loan within the prescribed period is contemplated under the Rules. Jai Karan Singh vs. State of Haryana, Al R 1996 P & H 67. Two situations are envisaged in which the State Government becomes endowed with the powers to effect the dissolution of a Managing Commitee of a Co-opearative Society (i) when the State Government feels that the dissolution of the managing committee of a Co-operative Society is essential in the interest of the co-operative movement as a whole and the society in particular, and (ii) when the State Government apprehends any mismanagement of the society. Vijaya Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, (1989) 1 BL.J 636. Sub-section (6) of section 41 provides for an appeal from the order of the Regis- trar under sub-section (1) of section 41. In other words, if the Registrar passes an order of dissolution of the Managing Committee of a Co-operative Soecity, an Ag° grieved person has a right to appeal to the State Government. However, "deemed supersession" of Managing Committee under section 14 (10) is not subject to appeal under section 41 (6) . Ramsakha Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1992 (2) PLJR 598. Sections 40 and 48--period of six years limitation is limited for the purpose of section 40 and cannot govern the reference u/s 48 where all actions were taken within 2 years, the aid of section 32 or 63 cannot be taken. Bihar State Co-op. Marketing Union Ltd. vs. Uma Shankar Sharan, 1992(2) PLJR (SC) 42. Sections 40 and 48-remedies under---both remedies continue to be available until one is chosen--- therefore, amount can be recovered by taking recourse to section 48 even though remedy for this was available u/s 60 specially since no step to recover the amount u/s 40 was taken. ibid. Section 40-Secretary of a Co-operative Society can be prosecuted by Regis- trar, Deputy Registrar or Assistant Registrar. State of Bihar vs. Amutya Ratan Pathak, 1968 PLJR 474. Sections 40 & 48--Both the sections are mutually exclusive and operate in altogether different fields-while action u/s 40 must be preceded by a proceeding u/ ss. 33 to 37 no such pre-requisite or pre-condition is necessary for action u/s 48. Kinjer Vyapar Mandal Sahyog Samiti vs. Dy. Registrar, 1986 PLJR 264 (FB).] CHAPTER VI Dissolution of Managing Committee 1[41. Dissolution of Managing Committee.-"(1) In the opinion of the Registrar, the Board of any Registered Society, the State Government has contributed to the share capital therein, or loan or financial aid has been provided by the State Government or loan has been provided on Government guarantee, (i) is persistently making defaults or (ii) is negligent in the performance of its duties imposed on-it by this Act, the Rules or the Bye-laws, or 1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013 Sec. 41 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ 33 (iii) has conducted against the interest of the Co-operative Society or its members or (iv) there is stalemate in the constitution or functioning of the Board, he may, after giving opportunity to the Board/Managing Committee to state its objection, if any, by order with reasons in writing, supersede the Board of the Co-operative Society for a period not exceeding six months and order that all or any of its members may be disqualified from being elected to the Board of the Co- operative Society for a period to be specified in the order not exceeding five years. Registrar shall record every order passed under this Section in writ- ing and inform the concerned Co-operative Society through registered post. The Board shall thereupon cease to function: Provided that in case of Co-operative Society carrying on the business of banking, provisions of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 shall also apply: Provided further that in case of Co-operative Society carrying the business of banking the maximum period of supersession shall be of one year: Provided further also that the dissolution of the Board of the Co-operative Society having banking operation shall be done in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India. 1 [(2) Where the Registrar while proceeding to take action under sub-section (1) is of opinion that suspension of the Board is necessary in the interest of the Registered Society, he may suspend the Board which shall thereupon cease to function and make such arrangement as he thinks proper for the management of the affairs of the Registered Society till the proceedings under sub-section (1) are completed: Provided that if the Board so suspended is not superseded it shall be reinstated after six months and the period during which it has remained suspended shall count towards its term. 1 [(3) When any Co-operative Society is under supersession under sub-section (1), the Registrar shall appoint an Administrator to conduct the affairs of the Society The Administrator appointed under sub-section (1), shall take necessary action fo the holding of fresh election of the Board of the Co-operative Society within the specified period as under sub-section (1) and shall hand over the management to the newly elected Board: Provided that the Registrar shall have the power to change the administrator during the period of supersession. 1[(4) The Administrator appointed under sub-section (3) shall get remuneration, as may be fixed by the Registrar, as he deems fit to carry on the business of the Cooperative Society. The remuneration so fixed shall be payable from the accounts of Co-operative Society: Provided that the Administrator appointed under sub-section (3) shall work under the service condition laid down by the Registrar and shall perform all the duties and carry on responsibilities assigned to the Board under this Act, Rules and the Bye-laws.] (5) The Registrar may dissolve the Managing Committee of a registered society in case where- (a) majority of the members and elected office-bearers of the Managing Committee of a registered society resign from their respective membership or office; or (b) half the total number of seats of the Managing Coinmittee of a registered society, becomes vacant for any reason whatsoever; and shall appoint Administrator for the better management of the registered society; 1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013 34] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 41 Provided that if during the period of dissolution of the Managing Committee, the Registrar is satisfied that the affairs of a registered society have sufficiently improved and it is desirable to restore the management to a newly elected Managing Committee, he may by order direct that the Administrator shall take steps for the constitution of a new Managing Committee and on such Committee having been constituted in accordance with the provision of this Act and the Rules, the Administrator shall hand over the management to such newly constituted Managing Committee forthwith. (6) An appeal shall lie from an order of the Registrar under sub-section (1) '[& sub section (2) to the State Government on application made by any member of the Managing Committee within '[one] month from the date of communication of the order to the registered society concerned. The order of the State Government on appeal, and subject to the result of such appeal, if any, the order of the Registrar shall be final. (7) The Registrar may issue such direction to the Administrator as to his powers and duties and the affairs of registered society as the Registrar deems desirable and the Administrator may apply to the Registrar at any time for instruction as to the manner in which the Administrator shall conduct the management of the registered society. (8) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to effect the powers of Registrar to order the windings up of a registered society under section 42 or to cancel the registration of the registered society under sub-section (8) of Section 44.] Comments & case law [The word "dissolve" convey the meaning of putting an end to the very existence of the managing committee and cannot be revived. Sub-section (3) also indicates that the word "dissolve" has not been used in narrow sense. Kamta Pathak vs. Registrar, 1971 BRLJ (Rev.) 117. ,.. Where a meeting to elect office bearers was held when the High Court had issued a stay order, the Registrar was justified in holding such meeting void and appointing a special officer to look after the management of the society till fresh election according to law. Nawal Kishore Pd. Sinha vs. State of Bihar, 1982 PLJR 376: AIR 1983 Pat. 8. The provision of Sec. 41 (6) does not provide for alteration of the composition of the association rather it provides for taking over of the management for a specified period. The provisions of Sections 41 (1) and 41 (6) take into consideration different circumstances and therefore the provision of Sec. 41 (6) is not discriminatory. The power given to the State Government u/s 41 (6) to dissolve the managing committee without notice is for a specific purpose i.e. to act quickly under the particular circumstances where giving of notice may frustrate the purpose of taking such an action. However, since such a power will cloth the State Government with an arbitrary power which would be violative of the principles of natural justice and fair play, it is necessary for the Government to afford an opportunity to show cause against the decision soon after dissolution of the committee. Brijesh Rai vs. State of Bihar, 1982 PLJR 136: 1982 BBCJ 190. The provisions of section 41 (6) only empower the State Government to pass a tentative order subject to the final decision in the matter. Therefore, the provisions of section 41 (6) cannot be said to be unconstitutional on the ground of being violative of principles of natural justice. Md. Maqsood Alam vs. State of Bihar, 1987 PLJR 958. The real purpose of enacting sub-sections (6) to (10) of section 41 is to prevent a serious apprehended mismanagement of a Co-operative society, which cannot be averted except by action without delay. There must be some material to justify such an apprehension, to validate an order under section 41 (6). ibid. Where the Board of Directors is superseded by the Registrar of Co-operative Societies, the authority appointed by the Registrar to exercise the powers of the 1. Subs. for words "three" and sub-section (2) added by (Amdt.) Act 10 of 2002. Sec. 41 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ 35 erstwhile Board of Directors has no power to divest itself of the power conferred by the Registrar and to invest another person with that power. Gwalior District Cooperative Central scc Bank Ltd. vs. Ramesh Chandra Mangi, AIR 1987 SC 337: 1984 (Supp) 528. The two grounds for dissolution stated in section 41 (6) clearly visualise a situation in which the Board of Directors is in existence and its continuance is detrimental to the Co- operative Society itself. This provision does not envisage a situation in which the Board of Directors has disappeared completely or lost its existence. Where the order of dissolution is based on report assailing the conduct of the General Body of the society and not that of the Board of Directors, the order of dissolution will be unjustified and without substance. Vijay Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1988 PLJR 478. Where it is specifically mentioned in the notification that it is to remain in force until further orders, the Government is empowered to issue a fresh notification making a fresh committee. Therefore, setting up of a new committee replacing the committee earlier set up for the purpose even during the currency of it cannot be termed as supersession or removal of that committee. The notification which is to remain in force till further orders does not confer any legal right on the members of the committee- mentioned in the notification and. therefore where a new notification is issued by the Government with a new committee it cannot be said that it was necessary on the part of the Government to have provided to the members of the old committee a hearing, otherwise it amounts to infringement of the rule of natural justice. Radheshyam Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1981 BRLJ 233: 1981 BLJR 497: AIR 182 Pat. 35. Where managing committee of a society has been superseded, and a committee of Administrators appointed, no tenure for members of committee or Administrator is fixed. This Committee can be reconstituted by dropping some of the members without the dropped members being entitled to a hearing before order of removal by the Registrar. Padma Charan Samant Singhar vs. Registrar, AIR 1981 Orissa 150. See also Parmeshwara Bagh vs. State ofOrissa, AIR 1981 Orissa 154. Where written consent of financing Bank has been obtained prior to the passing of order of supersession of managing committee of a co-operative society, the order of supersession is not vitiated on account of any defect in notice to the Bank, since no further notice was required under law. Durga Shankar Kar vs. State of Orissa, AIR 1982 Orissa 20. Order of supersession passed by Assistant Registrar by virtue of powers of Deputy Registrar delegated to him, cannot be said to be without jurisdiction. ibid. Where the Managing Committee of a Co-operative Bank has been superseded by an order of the Registrar, the Special Officer appointed under section 41 has jurisdiction to discharge the functions of the erstwhile Managing Commitee. The Special Officer, acting as the Disciplinary Authority is competent to reject the findings of an Enquiry Committee. However, in such cases, the Special officer must record his reasons for coming to a contrary conclusion, and the contrary finding by him must be based on the materials on record. Special Officer vs. Madan Prasad, 1986 PLJR (NOC) 74. The power of State to act under sub-section (9) of section 41 is not available where the initial order had been passed by the Registrar under section 41 (1). The power conferred on the State Government by section 41 (9) can be exercised only in cases where the order of supersession was passed by the State Government itself in exercise of power under section 41 (6). Prabhu Dayal Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1987 PLJR 645. Removal of office bearers of a society without opportunity of hearing is violative of principles of natural justice. Narsingha Charan Acharya vs. State of Orissa, AIR 1985 Orissa 62. Under this section it is only the Registrar who has power to direct to special Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 41 36] officer to terminate services of an employee. Nandkishore Roy vs. The State of Bihar, 1989 (1) BL.J 472. Sub-section (9) of this Section is applicable only in cases of supersession of the managing committee of the co-operative society but shall not override the special provisions under Sub-sections (5) and (6) of this Section which are applicable in cases where the old managing committee ceases to exist. As a result of corning into force of sub-section (5) of this Section a fresh election is to be held. Vidya Singh vs. The State of Bihar, 1989 (1) BLJR 513. If for any reason election is not held after expiry of 3 years term of the members and within the extended period of 9 months in view of section 14 (9). the managing committee of such co-operative society shall be deemed to have been superseded with effect from the said date under this section of the Act. Nawal Kishore vs. The State of Bihar, 1991 (1) PLJR 572. In a proceeding initiated under this Section, it is open to the Registrar to make an interim order of suspension while proceeding to take action under this Section the order of interim suspension shall be deemed as separate and independent order, although contemporaneous and cannot be said to be a composite order. Saathi Joint Farming Co-operative Society Ltd. vs. The Registrar, 1991.(1) PLJR 625: 1991 (1) BLJR 265. . Section 41(6)-supersession of Co-operative Society and taking over of its management by State Government-nature of power. Brij Bihari Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1990(2) PLJR 217. Sections 41 and 48---no election of a Board of Directors can be set aside except by filing an election petition-no election can be said to be void ab initio merely on the suo motu assessment of a party or the Government-the Government or the appellate authority cannot abrogate to itself the authority to declare an election void even if according to it correct procedure was not followed and it cannot proceed to effectively destroy the result of the election by resorting to dissolution of the Board of Directors. Vijay Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1989 PLJR 846. • Section 41--Limitation on power of the Registrar for supersession of managing committee. Chandeshwar Prasad vs. State of Bihar, 1987 PLJR 159 (FB).] Dissolution of a society can be done in accordance with provisions of section 41 and Administrator can be appointed by Registrar after dissolution of society under sub-section (1) or (5) of section 41. Virendra Kumar Roy vs. State of Bihar, 2005(1) PLJR423. Order of Managing Director deaffiltating the petitioner Bank from the Apex Bank challenged before Registrar. Registrar, on the recommendation of Managing Director of the Apex Bank issuing show cause as to why the Board of Directors of the petitioner Bank be not suspended. First and foremost requirement u/s 41 (1) even for issuing show cause notice being satisfaction to be recorded by Registrar and opinion to be formed. Registrar neither recording satisfaction nor forming opinion and simply referring to recommendations of the Managing Director of Apex Bank. Show cause notice patently illegal. Raj Kishore Prasad vs. State of Bihar, 2005(4) PL ·'R 571. Registrar has to form an opinion about the existence of the grounds before issuing a notice inviting objection. Such opinion should be subjective one based on materials. Recording of pnma facie satisfaction about the existence of the grounds before issuing trie notice and the materials for forming the opinon being before the Registrar then it cannot be said that the Registrar issued the notice without forming an opinion. It there are some materials before the authority to form an opinion then its sufficiency cannot be gone at the initial stage of issuance of notice. Bihar State Cooperative Bank vs. State of Bihar, 2005(2) PLJR 665.] 1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013 1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013 Sec. 42 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ 37 " 1[42. Winding-up order.-The Registrar may, by notification, order a registered Co- operative Society to be wound up if- (a) on receipt of a request for the winding-up of the Society by, special resolution passed by three-fourth of the members of the Society, (b) after an inquiry has been held under Section 35 or an inspection made under Section 34, Section 36 or Section 37, the Registrar is of the opinion that winding-up of the Society is necessary in the interest of members, or (c) if a Society has not commenced working after registration or has ceased working. (d) if the number of the members of the Society has been reduced to less than ten contrary to the condition of registration: Provided that such order can only be passed after giving a notice of one month and providing opportunity of hearing to the shareholder members and persons/institutions having interest in the Society." Comments & case-law [The order of supersession can only be passed after giving a showcause notice. The contemplates interim suspension it is necessary in the interest of the society. TheRegistrar has to make necessary arrangements for the management of the airs of the society till the proceeding under sub-section 1 of the Section is com< te. Thus the suspension is only interim in nature. Saathi Joint Farming Co-operative Society vs. The Registrar, 1991 (1) PLJR 625: (1991) 1 BLJR 265. Section 42--if the Registrar proposes to pass an order of winding up of a Societ• · the Society or the concerned office bearers must be informed about the reasons or he grounds on which he proposes to make such an order-the absence of such opportunity will make the order bad in law and cannot be sustained. Bihar Co-op. Fruits & Veg. Mktg. Fed. Ltd. vs. State of Bihar, 1996(2) PLJR 796. Section 42---even though the section from a plain reading does not contemplate any prior notice and opportunity of hearirg, the need for such notice or opportunity of hearing has to be read impliedly because otherwise such order would violate the principles of natural justice in view of the nature of the order which would definitely visit the Society and the concerned persons with civil consequences. ibid.] 43. Appeal against the order of winding up.-'["(1) Any member of a Society or person/institution having interest in it, may appeal against an order passed under Section 42 to the State Government, within two months from the date of the publication of such order in the Official Gazette." (2) An order under section 42 shall not take effect until the expiry of two months from the date of the publication of such order in the official Gazette or, if an appeal be preferred, unless and until it is confirmed by notification on appeal. (3) The order of the State Government on appeal and, subject to the result of such appeal, if any, the order of the Registrar shall be final. Comments & case-law [The Registrar of Co-operative Societies has clearly no jurisdiction over a per- son who neither is not has been member of a Co-operative Society. but has jurisdic'tion over a past member under section 43 of this Act. It cannot be said that this award is without jurisdiction merely on the ground under the claim was barred by limitation or because the award was a second award in respect of the same debt which was the subject matter of prior award. These points are clearly within the Registrar's jurisdiction and the fact that the falls into an error of law in deciding them does not make his award any way less valid. Burhitola D. Co-op. Society vs. Shambhunath Singh, 23 PLT 104.) 1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013 • 38] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 44 44, Liquidation and dissolution.--(1) Where the Registrar has passed an order for the winding up of a registered society, he shall appoint a person or persons to be liquidator of the society. (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2) of section 43, a liquidator on appointment shall have power to take immediate possession of all assets belonging to the society and all books, records and other documents pertaining to the business thereof and to carry on the business of the society so far as may be necessary, and all the rights, duties, assets and liabilities of the society shall be vested and shall devolve upon the liquidator as such. (3) Subject to the Registrar's power of control and revision, such liquidator shall also have power- (a) to institute and defend suits and other legal proceedings on behalf of the society by his name of office; (b) to determine and realise all sums due to the society from any person; (c) to determine from time to time, subject to the provisions of section 32, the contribution to be made or remaining to be made by the members or past members or by the estates or nominees, heirs or legal representatives of deceased members or by any officers or former officers, to the assets of the society and from time to time, to revise any order of contribution until the winding up is completed, and to realise such contribution; (d) to investigate all claims against the society and subject to the provisions of this Act, to decide questions of priority arising between claimants after giving an opportunity of being heard to all the creditors; (e) to pay claims against society the (including interest) up to the date of the publication in the official Gazette of the notification ordering the winding up of the society according to their respective priorities, if any, in full or rateably as the assets of the society permit; and to apply the surplus, if any, remaining after payment of the claims in full, in payment of interest from the said date of a rate fixed by him but not exceeding in any case the rate agreed to be paid by the society; (f) to make any compromise or arrangement with persons between whom and the society there exists any dispute or to refer any such dispute to arbitration; (g) to determine by what persons and in what proportions the cost of the liquidation are to be borne; and (h) to give such directions in regard to the collection and distribution of the assets of the society as may appear to him to be necessary for winding up the affairs of the society; Provided that the liquidator shall not determine the contribution, debt or assets to be recovered from any person unless an opportunity of being heard has been given to such person. (4) If an appeal from the order of winding up is allowed by State Government under section 43, the liquidator shall give up possession of the assets, books; records and other documents of the society or the managing committee; and shall cease to carry on the business of the society, provided that all his acts done in his Secs.

44A-44B ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [39 capacity as liquidator shall continue to have legal validity as if they had been done by the managing committee or the society. (5) With the special sanction of the Registrar, an appeal shall lie to the Court of the District Judge within three months from the date of communication by registered post of an order of a liquidator under clauses (b), (c), (d), (e), (g) or {h) of sub-section (3) to the person concerned. (6) The order of the liquidator, subject to any order of the Registrar in revision or to any order of the District Judge on appeal, if any shall be final. (7) When the affairs of the society have been wound up, the liquidator shall deposit the records of the society in such place as the Registrar may direct. (8) After the records of a society have been deposited under sub-section (7), the Registrar shall cancel the registration of the society and the society shall then cease to exist as a corporate body, Comments & case-law [Determination of contribution-Opportunity of being heard should be given to members-- Effect of non-compliance-Order by liquidator, to be without jurisdiction. AIR 1955 Orissa 158. Principles governing exclusion of jurisdiction of civil court See AIR 1935 Orissa 300.] '[CHAPTERVI-A Land Development Banks 44/4, Definitions.---In this Chapter, unless context otherwise requires. (a) 'Board' means the managing committee of the State Co-operative Land Development Bank; (b) 'Land Development Bank' includes the State Co-operative Land Development Bank and the Primary Co-operative Land Development Bank; (c) 'Prescribed' means prescribed by rules made under this Chapter; (d) 'Primary Co-operative Land Development Bank' means a registered society of that name; (e) 'State Co-operative Land Development Bank' means registered society of that name, registered under section 11, and includes the Bihar State Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank Ltd. registered as such under section 11; and (f) 'Trustee' means the Trustee referred to in section 44-C. 448. Applications of Chapter to Land Development Banks.---The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to Land Development Banks advancing loans for all or any of the purposes herein enumerated, that is to say- (i) land improvement and productive purposes; (ii) the redemption of mortgages on lands; (iii) the redemption of mortgages an other valuable immovable property subject to such conditions as may be prescribed; (iv) the liquidation of debts of agriculturists subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed; 1. Chapter VI-A with sections 44-A to 44-0 ins. by Act 39 of 1982 and shall be deemed to have been ins. from 25th June, 1968. [Secs. 44C-44D Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 40 ] (v) the purchase or acquisition of title to agricultural lands by tenants; or (vi) the erection, re-building or repairing of houses for agricultural purposes. Explanation.--"Land improvement and productive purposes' means any work, construction or activity which adds to the productivity of the land, and, in particular, includes the following, that is to say. (a) construction and repair of wells (including tube-well, tanks and other works) for the storage, supply or distribution of water for the purpose of agriculture or for the use of men and cattle employed in agriculture; (b) renewal or reconstruction of any of the foregoing work; (c) preparation of land for irrigation; (d) drainage, reclamation from river or other waters or protection from floods or from erosion or other damage by water, of land used tor agricultural purposes or waste land which is cultivable; (e) bunding and similar improvements; (f) reclamation, clearance and enclosure of permanent Improvement of land for agricultural purposes; (g) horticulture: (h) purchase of oil-engines, pumping sets and electrical motors for any Of the purposes mentioned herein; (i) purchase of tractors or other agricultural machinery; (j) increase of the productive capacity of land by addition to it of special variety of soil; (k) construction of permanent farm-house, cattle sheds and sheds for processing of agricultural produce at any stage; (I) purchase of machinery for crushing sugarcane, manufacturing gur or Khandsari sugar or sugar; (m) purchase of land for consolidation of holdings; (n) digging canals; (nn) the establishment of poultry, fishery, dairy, piggery and sheep repairing, etc. and (o) such other purposes as the State Government may, from time to time, by notification in the official Gazette declare to be improvement or productive purpose for the purposes of this Chapter. 44C. Appointment of Trustee and his powers and functions.--(1) The Registrar, or where the State Government appoint any other person in this behalf, such person shall be the Trustee for the purpose of securing the fulfilment of the obligations of the State Co-operative Land Development Bank to the holders of debenture issued by the Board. (2) The powers and functions of the Trustee shall be governed by the provisions of this Chapter and by the instrument of trust executed between the State Cooperative Land Development Bank and the Trustee, as modified from time to time by mutual agreement between the Board and the Trustee. 44D. Trustee to be a corporation sole.--The Trustee shall be a corporation sole by the name of the Trustee for the debenture and as such shall have perpetual succession and a common seal and in his corporate name may sue and be sued. Secs. 44E-44G ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [41 44E, Issue of debenture by the Board.--(1) With the previous sanction of the Trustee, and subject to such terms and conditions as he may impose, the Board may from time to time, issue debentures of such denominations for such period as Ip 'Tay deem expedient on the security of the mortgages held or mortgages partly helg and partly to be held and either transferred or deemed to have been transferred, under the provisions of section 44-J, to the Co-operative Land Development Bark and other properties of such Banke Provided that notwithstanding anything contained in this sub-section regarding issue of debentures on security of mortgages, it shall be competent for the Board with the previous sanction of the trustee, and subject to such terms and conditions as it may impose to issue debentures in the security of the Government guarantee regarding re-payment of principal and payment of interest thereon in respect of loans issued to the corporate bodies implementing special schemes of agricultural development, irrigation etc, on the basis of Government Guarantee. (2) Such debentures may contain a term fixing a period not exceeding thirty years, from the date of issue, during which they shall be redeemable, or reserving to the Board the right, to call in at any time any of the debentures in advance of the date fixed for redemption, after giving to the debenture holders concerned not less than three month's notice in writting. (3) The total amount due on the debentures issued by the Board including those issued before the commencement of the Bihar Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Ordinance, 1975 and outstanding at any time shall not exceed the aggregate of- (a) the amounts due on the mortgages: (b) The value of the properties and other assets transferred or deemed to have been transferred under section 44-J to the State Co-operative Land Development Bank and subsisting at such time; (c) the amounts paid under the mortgages aforesaid and remaining in the hands of the Board or of the Trustee at that time; (d) the amount due on the Government guarantee on the basis of which loans have been issued to corporate bodies. (4) Debentures in excess of the limit specified in sub-section (3) may be issued with permission of the Trustee. 44F, Vesting of mortgaged property in the Trustee and floating charge of debenture holders.--Upon the issue of debentures under the provisions of section 44E, the mortgages, properties and other assets, referred to in sub-section (3) of that section, held by the State Co- operative Land Development Bank shall vest in the Trustee and the holders of debentures shall have floating charge on all such mortgages, properties and assets and on the amount paid under such mortgages and remaining in the hands of the State Co-operative Land Development Bank or of the Trustee. 44G. Guarantee by the State Government of principal and interest on debentures.-(1) The State Government may, if in their opinion it is necessary in the public interest so to do, and subject to such terms and conditions as the State Government may think fit to impose, guarantee the principal of and interest on the debentures issued by the Board, including debentures, if any, issued prior to the commencement of Bihar Co-operative Societies (Amendmbnt) Ordinance, 1975 subject to such maximum amount as may be fixed by the State Government. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Secs. 44H-44K 42 ] (2) The State Government may, subject to the provisions of any Act in that \ regard, increase the maximum amount of any guarantee given under sub-section.(1 ). · 44H. Priority of mortgage, over claims.--(1) Mortgage executed in favour of a Land Development Bank shall have priority over any claim of the State Government arising from a loan, under the Land Improvement Loans Act, 1883 (19 of 1883), of the Agriculturists' Loans Act, 1884 (12 of 1884) or any other law for the time time being in force, granted subsequent to the execution of the mortgage. (2) A mortgage executed in favour of a Land Development Bank shall have priority also over the claim of any other person arising out of a mortgage of any description executed or any other charge created, after the issue of a public notice under section 44. C in respect of the property of the loanee specified in the said public notice. 441. Right of Land Development Bank to purchase mortgaged property.- Notwithstanding the provisions contained in the Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land} Act, 1961 (Bihar Act XII of 1962) but subject to any tenancy law for the time being in force, it shall be lawful for Land Development Bank to purchase any mortgaged property sold under this Chapter, and the property so purchased shall be disposed of by such bank by sale in such manner and within such period as may be fixed by the Trustee: Provided that a purchaser of such mortgaged property from a Land Development Bank shall purchase it subject to the provisions of the Bihar Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling Area and Acquisition of Surplus Land) Act, 1961 (Bihar Act XII of 1962). 44J. Mortgages executed in favour of Land Development Bank to stand vested in Trustee.--The mortgages executed in favour of and all other assets transferred to the State Co- operative Land Development Bank by its members, either before or after the commencemnt of the Bihar Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Ordinance, 1975 shall vest in the Trustee with effect from the date of such execution or transfer and likewise mortgages or transfer of assets in favour of Primary Co-operative Land Development Bank by its members shall be deemed to have been transferred to the State Co-operative Land Development Bank and shall vest in the Trustee. Comments and case-law [The Registrar of Co-operative Societies is empowered under section 44AJ to rescind or cancel the Resolution of the Board of Directors within four weeks from the date of receipt of the copy of Resolution. However, any order passed by the Registrar after expiry of period of four week in pursuance to directions of the High Court cannot be held to be illegal or without jurisdiction. Ajay Kumar Mishra vs. Registrar, 1995 (2) PLJR 397. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes and others cannot be in addition to total strength of Board of Directors provided under law .H.L. Roche vs. Citizen Co-operative Bank Ltd. AIR 1996 Born 126.] 44K. Power of Primary Land Development Bank to receive money and grant discharge.--Notwithstanding that a mortgage executed in favour of a Primary Land Development Bank has been transferred or is deemed, under provisions of section 44-J, to have been transferred to the State Co-operative Land Development Bank-- Secs. 44L-44M ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [43 (a) all moneys due under the mortgage shall, in the absence of any specific direction to the contrary issued by the Board of Trustee and communicated to the mortgagor, be payable to the Primary Land Development Bank and such payment shall be as valid as if the mortgage had not been so transferred; and (b) the Primary Land Development Bank shall, in the absence of any specific direction to the contrary, issued by the Board of Trustee and communicated to the Primary Land Development Bank, be entitled to sue on the mortgage or take any other proceeding, including a proceeding under this Act, for the recovery of the moneys due under the mortgage. 44L. Registration of mortgage in favour of Land Development Bank.- Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908), it shall not be necessary to register mortgages executed in favour of Land Development Bank provided that the Land Development Bank concerned sends within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed a copy of the instrument; whereby movable or immovable property is mortgaged for the purpose of securing repayment of the loan to the Registering Officer within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the whole or any part of the property mortgaged is situate, and such Registering Officer shall file a copy or copies, as the case may be, in his Book no. 1 prescribed under section 51 of the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908). 44M. Power of Land Development Bank to pay prior debts of mortgagors and secure consequential reliefs.--(1) Where a mortgage is executed in favour of a Land Development Bank for payment of prior debts of the mortgagor, such Bank may, notwithstanding anything contained in the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 '(4 of 1882) by such notice in writing may be prescribed, require any person to whom any such debts is due to receive payment of such debt or part thereof from the Bank at its registered office or any of its branch offices within.such period as may be specified in the notice. (2) Where any such person fails to receive such notice or such payment, such debt or part there of, as the case may be, shall cease to carry interest from the expiration of the period specified in the notice; Provided that were there is a dispute as regards the amount of any such debt, the person to whom such debt is due may refer the dispute to Registrar for decision in accordance with provisions of section 48: Provided further that the person to whom such debt is due shall, pending the decision in the dispute, be bound to receive payment, of the amount offered by the Land Development Bank towards the debt but such receipts shall not prejudice the right, if any, of person to recover the balance claimed by him. (3) Where a notice has been served under sub-section (1) on any person for receiving payment of his dues, such person shall be bound to deliver possession, to the mortgagor, or any property held in usufructuary mortgage for the debts due on or before the date specified in the aforesaid notice: • Provided that the may deliver possession of any agricultural land after harvesting of the standing crop, if any, and in such an event he shall be entitled to receive the amount due to him from the Land Development Bank on the date of delivery of possession given to the mortgagor. (4) Where a person holding any property in usufructuary mortgage refuses 44] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Secs. 44N-44P delivery of possession in the manner indicated in sub-section (3), the Collector shall, on an application of the Land Development Bank made in this behalf. after making a summary enquiry reject the mortgagee and restore the mortgaged land to the mortgagor and the mortgage shall thereupon be deemed to have terminated. (5) The provisions of this section shall be subject to any tenancy laws for the time being in force: 44N. Powers bf Land Development Bank to advance loans and to hold lands.- Subject to the provisions of this Act and in accordance with the rules made thereunder, it shall be competent for a Land Development Bank to advance loans for the purposes referred to in section 44-B and to hold lands the possession of which is transferred to it under the provisions of this Chapter. 440. Public notice for entertaining objection.---(1) When an application for a loan is made for any of the purposes mentioned in section 44-B, a public notice shall be given of the application in such manner and form as may be prescribed, calling upon all persons interested to make their objections to the toan, if any, before the date specified therein. The person by whom such public notice shall be given and the manner in which the objection shall be disposed of by him shall be such as may be prescribed. Copies of such public notice shall also be sent separately to such persons and within such time as may be prescribed. (2) The person empowered to give notice under sub-section (1) shall consider every objection made under that sub-section and pass an order in writing either upholding or overruling it. When the objections is overruled, he shall recommend the application to the Land Development Bank for its consideration: Provided that when the question raised by an objection is, in the opinion of such person, one of such a nature that it cannot be satisfactorily decided except by a Civil Court, he shall postpone the consideration of the application until the question has been so decided. (3) A notice under sub-section (1) published in the manner prescribed, shall for the purpose of this Act, be deemed to be proper notice to all persons having or claiming interest in the land to be improved, or offered as security for the loan. (4) Where an application is recommended under sub-section (2) the Land Development Bank shall, in accordance with the rule made by it in this behalf, consider such application for the purpose of making the loan. 5. Where no objection under sub-section (1) has been made the question at issue shall be decided by the person empowered to consider objections in such manner as he may deem proper and no person shall have any claim what-soever including any claim arising out of a mortgage of any description against the property of the loanee for which the loan applied for is sanctioned, under the provisions of this Chapter, until such time as the loan together with interest thereon or any other dues arising out of the loan are paid in full. 44P. Mortgage executed by managers of Hindu joint families or natural or legal guardians of minors or disabled persons.-(1) Mortgages, in respect of loans by a Land Development Bank either before or after the commencement of the Bihar Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Ordinance, 1975 by the manager of a Hindu joint family or the natural or legal guardian of a minor or disabled person for any of the purposes specified in section 44-B, shall be binding on every member of such Hindu joint family, or such minor or disabled person, notwithstanding any law to the contrary. Secs. 440-44S ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [45 (2) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1 ), where a mortgage executed in favour of a Land Development Bank, either before or after the commencement of the Bihar Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Ordinance, 1975, is called in question on the ground that it was executed by the Manager of a Hindu joint family or a natural er legal guardian of a minor or disabled person for a purpose not binding on the members of such Hindu joint family or such minor or disabled person, the burden of proving the same shall, notwithstanding any law to the contrary, lie on the party. alleging it. 44Q. Order granting loan conclusive of certain matters.-Written order by the Land Development Bank, or person or managing committees authorised by this Chapter or undr the bye- laws of the bank to make loans for all or any of the purposes specified in section 44-B granting either before or after the commencement of the Bihar Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Ordinance, 1975, a loan to or with the consent of a person mentioned therein for the benefit of the land or for the productive purpose specified therein, shall be conclusive of the following matters namely:- (a) that the work described or the purpose for which the loan is granted, is an improvement or productive purpose; as the case may be, within the meaning of section 44-B; (b) that the person had on the date of the order a right" to make such improvement or incur expenditue for such productive purpose, as the case may be; and (c) that the improvement is one benefitting the land specified and the productive purpose concerns the land offered as security or any part thereof as may be relevant. 44R. Recovery of loan by Land Development Bank.--Any loan granted by a Land Development Bank, including any interest chargeable thereori and, such cost, if any as may be prescribed incurred in connection therewith shall, when they become due, be recoverable by the bank concerned: Provided that such loan, interest or cost may be recoverable also by the State Co-operative Land Development Bank even if the loan has been granted by a Primary Co-operative Land Development Bank affiliated to it. 44S. Collector to make recoveries during certain period.--(1) During such period as the State Government may, by general or special order, notifying in the official Gazette, it shall be competent for the Collector, on application being made to him in this behalf by a Land Development Bank, to recover all sums due to the Bank, including the cost of such recovery. (2)The Collector or any person specially authorised by him in this behalf, shall recover all sums due to a Land Development Bank in the following order and manner, namely: (a) from the borrower as if they were in arrears of land revenue due by him. (b) out of the land for the benefit of which the loan has been granted as if they were arrears of land revenue in respect of that land. (c) from a surety, if any, as if they were arrears of land revenue due by him;, (d) out of the property comprised in the collateral security, if any according to the procedure for the realisation of land revenue by the sale of immovable property other than the land on which the/revenue is due. 46] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Secs. 44T-44V (3) the provisions of this section shall be subject to any tenancy law for the time being in force. A4T, Distraint and sale.--(1) lf any instalment payable under mortgage executed in favour of a Land Development Bank or any part of such instalment has remained unpaid for more than one month from the date on which it fell due, the managing committee of such a bank or the Board may, in addition to any other remedy available to the bank, apply to the Registrar for the recovery of such instalment of part there of by distraint and sale the produce of the mortgaged land, including the standing crops thereon, and any other movable property of the default in the manner prescribed. On receipt of such application the Registrar may, after giving registered notice to the mortgagor notwithstanding anything contained in the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), direct distraint and sale of such produce and, if necessary, also of such other movable property of the defaulter: Provided that such implements of husbandry other than the implements mortgaged to the Land Development Bank, and such cattle of the defaulter as may, in the opinion of the Registrar, be necessary to enable the defaulter to earn his livelihood as an agriculturist shall not be liable for such distraint and sale: Provided further that no such distraint shall be made after the expiry of twelve months from the date on which the instalment fell due. (2) The value of the property distrained shall be, as far as may be, equal to the amount due, and the expenses of the distraint and the cost of the sale. 44U. Powers of sale when to be exercised.-(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882). where a power of sale without the intervention of the court is expressly conferred on a Land Development Bank by the mortgage deed, the managing committee of such bank or the Board or any person authorised by such managing committee or the Board in this behalf shall, in case of default of payment of mortgage money or any part thereof, have power, in addition to any other remedy available to the bank, to bring the mortgaged property to sale without the intervention of court. (2) No such power shall be exercised unless and until- (a) the Bo rad has previously authorised the exercise of the power conferred by sub- section (1) after considering the representation, if any, of the mortgagor; (b) the registered notice requiring payment of such mortgage money or part thereof has been served upon- (i) the mortgagor; (ii) any person who has any interest in, or charge upon the property mortgaged or in or upon the right to redeem the same; (iii) any surety for the payment of the mortgage debt or any part there of; and (iv) any creditor of the mortgagor who has in a suit for the administration of his estate obtained a decree for sale of the mortgaged property; and. (c) default has been made in payment of such mortgage money or part thereof, for three months after service of notice in this behalf, 44V, Powers of Land Development Bank where mortgaged property is destroyed or security becomes insufficient-Where any property mortgaged to a Secs. 44W-44X ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [47 Land Development Bank is wholly or partially destroyed or for any reason the security is rendered insufficient and the mortgagor, having been giyen a reasonable opportunity, by the managing committee of the said bank or the Board of providing further security enough to make the whole security sufficient or of re-paying such portion of the loan as may be determined by the managing committee or the Board has failed to provide such security or to repay such portion of the loan the whole of the loan shall, notwithstanding its terms and conditions, be deemed to fall due at once and the managing committee or the Board shall be entitled to take action against the mortgagor, under section 44-S or section 44-T or section 44-U, for the recovery thereof. Explanation.--For the purpose of this section, security shall be deemed to be insufficient unless the value of the mortgaged property, including improvement thereon, exceeds the amount for the time being, due on the mortgage by such proportion as may be specified in the rules or the bye-laws of the Land Development Bank. 44W. Power of the Board orTrustee to take action against defaulters.--(1) The Board or the Trustee may direct the managing committee of a Primary Cooperative Land Development Bank to take action against a defaulter under sections 44-S, 44-T, 44U or 44-V and if the managing committee neglects or fails to do so, the Board or the Trustee may take such action. The Trustee may direct the Board to take similar action against a defaulter and on the Board's neglect or failure to do so, may take such action himself. (2) Where an action is taken under the provisions of sub-section (1) by the Board, the provisions of this Chapter or any rules made in pursuance there of shall apply as if all references therein to a Primary Co-operative Land Development Bank and its managing committee were references to the State Co-operative Land Development Bank and the Board. (3) When an action is taken under the provisions of sub-section (1) by the Trustee, the provisions of this Chapter or any rules made in pursuance thereof shall apply as if all references therein to Primary Co-operative Land Development Bank and its managing committee or the State Co-operative Land Development Bank or the Board were references to the Trustee. 44X. Confirmation of sale.-Where any mortgaged property is sold under the provisions of section 44-U by a Primary Land Development Bank, the Bank shall, in the manner prescribed, submit to the State Co-operative Land Development Bank and the Registrar a report setting forth the manner in which the sale has been effected and the result of the sale. Where the sale is made by the State Co- operative and Development Bank or the Trustee is a person other than the Registrar. Similar Report shall be submitted by the Board or the Trustee as the case may be, to the Registrar, (2) After the report aforesaid has been submitted to the Registrar the managing committee of a Primary Co-operative Land Development Bank or the Board of the Trustee, as the case may be, may with the approval of Registrar, confirm or cancel the sale within one hundred and twenty days of the date of sale. (3) Where the Registrar is the Trustee and has taken action pursuant to subsection (1) of section 44- W, he may confirm or cancel the sale of the mortgaged property of his own motion or on the application of a Land Development Bank within Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Secs. 44Y-44AA 48 ] one hundred and twenty days from the date. (4) Upon the mortgagor or any person having a right, title or interest in the mortgaged property applying to the managing committee of a Land Development Bank or the Board or the Trustee or the Registrar as the case may be, tor setting aside the sale after having deposited at the Office of the Land Development Bank concerned such sums of money as may be sufficient tor payment of the amount specified in the notice served under clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 44-\U together with subsequent interest and costs, if any, incurred during the process of sale and a commisson, tor payment to the purchaser, or a surn equal to five percent of the purchase money deposited by him, the sale of the mortgaged property shall be cancelled under the provisions of sub-section (9) or (3) of this section. (5) When sale is confirmed under the provisions of this section it shall become absolute and shall be deemed to be absolute tor the purpose of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908). 44V. Disposal of sale proceeds.-(1) The proceeds of the sale, effected under this Chapter shall be applied first to the payment of all costs, charges and expenses incurred in connection with the sale or attempted sales, secondly to the payment of any or all interest due on account of the mortgage in consequence whereof the mortgaged property was sold and thirdly to the payment of the principal due on account of the mortgage including cost and charges incidental to the recovery. (2) If there remains any residue from the proceeds of sale referred to under subsection (1), the same shall be paid to the person proving himself interested in the property sold, or if there are more such persons than one, to such persons upon their joint receipt or according to their respective interest therein: Provided that, before such payments are made, the unsecured dues owing from the mortgagor to the Land Development Bank may be adjusted. 44Z. Certificates of purchase, delivery of property and title to purchaser. Where a sale of mortgaged property has become absolute the Bank shall grant a certificate to the purchaser, in the prescribed form, specifying the property sold, the sale-proceeds, the date of its sale, the name of the person who at the time of the sale is declared to be the purchaser, and the date on which the sale become absolute and upon the production of such certificate, the Sub-Registrar appointed under the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908) within the limits of whose jurisdiction the whole or any part of the property specified in the certificate is situated shall enter a copy of such certificate in the relevant book maintained for such purpose. (2) Where a mortgaged property is sold under the provisions of this Chapter and a certificate is granted to the purchaser under the provisions of sub-section (1 ), Collector shall, on the application of the purchaser, his, their or successor-ininterest, order delivery of .possession to be made to such a person and shall put in possesston such a person or his nominee. 44AA.Title of purchaser not to be questioned on ground of irregularities, etc.-- Where any property is sold in exercise of power of sale under this Chapter, the title of the purchaser shall not be questioned on the ground that- (a) the circumstances required for authorising the sale had not arisen, (b) due notice of the sale was not given, or Secs. 44AB-44AE ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [49 (c) the power of sale was otherwise improperly or irregularly exercised; but any person who has suffered any damage by an unauthorised, improper or irregular exercise 'bf such power is entitled to have a remedy in damage against the Land Development Bank. 44AB. Mortgage not to be questioned on insolvency of mortgagor.-- Notwithstanding anything in any law relating to insolvency, a mortgage executed in favour of a Land Development Bank shall not be called in question on the ground that it was not executed in good faith for valuable consideration or on the ground that it was executed in order to give the Land Development Bank a preference over the other creditors of the mortgagor. 44AC. Appointment of receiver and his powers.--(1)The Board may, of its own motion or on the application of a Primary Land Development Bank and under circumstances in which the power of sale conferred by section 44U may be exercised, appoint in writing a person other than member of the managing committee of the Land Development Bank concerned to be the receiver of the produce of and income of the mortgaged property or any part thereof and such receiver· shall be entitled either to take possess on of the property or collect its produce and income, or both, as the case may be, to retain out of any money realised by him in expenses or management including his remuneration, if any, as fixed by the Board and to apply to balance in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (8) of section 69A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882). (2)The Board may, for sufficient cause; removes such receiver on an application made by the mortgagor and fill the vacancy in the office of the receiver. (3) Nothing in this section shall empower the Board to appoint a receiver where the mortgaged property is already in the possession of a receiver appointed by a competent court. 44AD. Restrictions on leases.--(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), or any other law for the time being in force, no mortgagor of property mortgaged to a Land Development Bank shall, except with the prior consent in writing of the bank and subject to such terms and conditions as the bank may impose lease or create to any tenancy rights or any other right, title, or interest in any such property: Provided that the rights of the Larid Development Bank shall be enforceable against the lessee or the tenant, or any other person, as the case may be, as if he himself were a mortgagor. (P) Where the land, mortgaged with possession to a Land Development Bank, is in actual possession of a tenant, the mortgagor or the Land Development Bank shall give notice to the tenant to pay rent to the Land Development Bank during the currency of the lease and the mortgage and on such notice being given, the tenant shall be deemed to have attorned to the Land Development Bank. 44E, Registration of documents executed on behalf of a Land Development Bank.-(1)Notwithstanding anything in the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908), it shall not be necessary for any officer of a Land Development Bank to appear in person or by any agent at any registration office in any proceedings connected with the registration of any instrument executed by him in his official capacity or to sign as provided in section 58 of that Act. (2) Where any instrument is so executed, the Registering Officer to whom such . . . 50) Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Secs. 44AF-44AJ instrument is presented for registration may, if he thinks fit, refer to the aforesaid officer of the Land Development Bank for any information in respect thereof and on being satisfied of the execution thereof, shall register the instrument. 44AF. Delegation of certain powers by Board.--The Board if it thinks fit, may delegate all or any of its powers under sections 44lJ, 44W, 44X or 44AC to an Executive Committee consisting of three or more of its members constituted by it. 44AG. Provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 to apply to notice under this Chapter.-The provisions of Sections 102 and 103 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882) and of any rule made by the High Court under section 104 of that Act for carrying out the purposes of the said sections shall apply so far as may be, in respect of all notices to be served under this Chapter. 44AH. Board's power of supervision over Primary Co-operative Land Development Banks.-Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Board shall have such powers of supervision over the Primary Co-operative Land Development Banks, including powers of inspection of account books and proceedings of such bank, as may be prescribed by rules. 44AI. Power to make rules.-The State Government may, after previous publication, make rules for carrying into effect the purposes of this Chapter. (2) Such rule may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:- (a) the manner of effecting distraint under this Chapter, the custody, preservation and sale of di strained property, immediate sale of perishable articles where such articies are distrained; (b) conduct of the sale of the property mortgaged to Land Development Banks, appointment of sales officers, recovery of expenses of such sale, deposit of the purchase money in connection therewith and resale of the mortgaged property where purchase money is not deposited in sale proceedings: (c) submission of returns and reports by Primary Co-operative Land Development Bank to the State Co-operative Land Development Bank in respect of their transactions periodical statement of accounts between the Primary Co-operative Land Development Banks and the State Cooperative Land Development Bank, payment of amount recovered by the Primary Co- operative Land Development Bank on mortgages transferred to the State Co- operative Land Development Banks the form in which application to Land Development Banks for loans may be made, the properties offered as security for such loans the investment of money realised by Land Development Banks from the mortgagors and matters generally relating to the conduct of business of Land Development Banks: and (d) all matters expressly required or allowed in this Chapter to be prescribed by rules.] '[CHAPTER VI-B Co- operative Banks, 44AJ. Application of the Chapter to Co-operative Banks.-(1) The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to a Co-operative Bank as defined in the Deposit 1. Chan, VI-B and Secs, 44 AJ to 44 AO Ins. by Act 39 of 1982, Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [51 Sec.44AR ] Insurance Corporation Act, 1961 (47 of 1961) in addition to the provisions contained in other parts of this Act, where any question of apparent or implied inconsistency arises, the provisions of this Chatper shall prevail over the provisions of the other parts of this Act. (2) For the purposes of this Chapter, 'Deposit Insurance Corporaton means the Deposit Insurance Corporation established under the Deposit Insurance Corporation Act, 1961 (47 of 1961) and 'Reserve Bank'means the Reserve Bank of India established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934). Comments & case law [Section 44AJ read with Clause 48 of the bye-laws of Central Co-operative Bank, Arrah-although the Registrar is empowered to rescind or cancel the resolution of the Board of Directors within four weeks from the date on which the Board's proceeding was received by him, the order passed by the Registrar after the said period under the orders of the High Court certainly cannot be held bad for want of any authority or jurisdiction. Ajay Kumar Mishra vs. Registrar, Co-operative Societies, 1995(2) PLJR 397.] 44AK. Division, amalgamation, compromise, etc.-(1) No order sanctioning a scheme of compromise or arrangement or of amalgamation or reconstruction or of division or transfer of assets and liabilities of a Co-operative Bank shall be made without the previous sanction in writing of the Reserve Bank. 4 (2) Where an order of moratorium has been made by the Central Government under sub-section (2) of section 45 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949) in respect of a Co-operative Bank, the Registrar, with the previous approval of the Reserve Bank in writing may during the period of moratorium, prepare a scheme, (i) for the re-construction of the Co-operative Bank; or (ii) for its amalgamation with any other Co-operative Bank (herein referred to as the transferee Bank). (3) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act where a Cooperative Bank being an insured bank within the meaning of the Deposit Insurance Corporation Act, 1961 (47 of 1961) is amalgamated or in respect of which a scheme of compromise or arrangement or of reconstruction has been sanctioned and the Deposit Insurance Corporation has become liable to pay to the depositors of the insured bank, under sub-section (2) of section 16 of the Act, the bank with which such insured bank is amalgamated or, the new Co- operative Bank formed after such amalgamation or, as the case may be, the insured bank or the transferee bank shall be under an obligation to repay the Deposit Insurance Corporation in the circumstances, to the extent and in the manner referred to in section 21 of that Act. 44AL. Supersession of Managing Committee of Co-operative Bank.- Notwithstanding anything contrary contained in this Act Registrar shall if so required in writing by the Reserve Bank in public interest or for preventing the affairs of the Co-operative Bank being conducted in a manner detrimental to the interests of the depositors or for securing the proper management of the Co-operative Bank; pass an order for the supersession of the managing committee or other managing body (by whatever name called) of that Co- operative Bank and appointment of an administrator therefore, upon such terms and for such periods not exceeding five years in the aggregate, as may from time to time be specified by the Reserve Bank. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ 53 there will be only one such society in each panchayat. (b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, if the area of a Primary Agriculture Credit Society is found not to be that of a panchayat as provided under sub-clause (a) of this subsection, the Registrar or an officer authorized by Registrar to act on his behalf, who shall not be below the rank of Assistant Registrar, may order for reorganization including amalgamation or division of one or more such societies as the case may be and register the new society/ societies after such reorganisation." ["(3) Notwithstanding anything contrary in this Act, the society or societfes which are reorganised under sub-section (2) along with its managing committee shall be deemed to have been dissolved and shall cease to exist from the date of registration of the new society/ societies under sub-section (2) and the membership of such registered society shall stand transferred to the respective primary agriculture credit society created for the panchayat to which such members belong after reorganization under sub-section (2) and all the assets and liabilities thereof shall get divided/distributed amongst the new society/ societies in the manner prescribed by the Registrar/Government: Provided that the State Govt. may from time to time, declare a moratorium on the liabilities of the new society/societies created under sub-section (2) of this Section." ["(4)(a) Notwithstanding anything contrary in this Act, upon the reorganisation of societies under sub-section (2) of this section and establishment of new society/ societies under sub-section (3) of this section, the Registrar/Government shall constitute or provide for constitution of an ad hoc managing committee for the purposes of managing the affairs of the new society/societies till such time as a new managing committee is constituted after elections under the provisions of this Act and the ad hoc managing committee so constituted shall exercise such powers and perform such functions as may be prescribed. (b) Notwithstanding anything contrary in the Act, upon the constitution of the new managing committee after elections under clause (a) the managing committee of all such affiliating societies o which a primary agriculture credit society is a member or federation of such affiliating societies, shall be reconstituted, as per provisions contained in this Act for constitution of the managing committee of such societies." '[x x x x] (6) Every family residing within the local limits of the new society determined under 2[sub-section (2) shall be represented by at least one adult member of the family who shall be a normal or associate member of the society and shall be entitled to a right of voting if he pays a [membership fee] and may become a full-fledged member of the society if he purchases at least one share of the society and he shall be entitled to receive loan therefrom and shall also be eligible to hold any elective post of the society. 44AR. Appeal from the order of the Registrar.--Any person aggrieved by the liquidation under sub-section (1) of section 44A0 or by amalgamation or establishment of new societies and the registration there of under sub-section (2) of the said section may file a representation before the State Government against the 1. Deleted by Act. 18 of 2008 2. Subs by idid. 53A] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 44AS-44AY order of the Registrar within thirty days of the date of order and the State Government may, after hearing the objections, pass such orders as may be deemed fit and the order of the State Government thereon shall be final and shall not be called in question in any Court of law. 44AS. Election of new society formed after amalgamation.- The election of the new society established under sub-section (2) of section 44AQ shall be held within a period of six months from the date of registration of the society unless, for special reasons to be recorded in writing, the State Government may extend the period by another six months.] '[Chapter VI-D Special Provision's Applicable to societies in Short Term Co-operative Credit Structure. 44AT. Over-riding effect of Chapter VI-D.--Notwithstanding anything contrary or inconsistent contained in any other chapter of this Act or the Bihar Self Supporting Co-operative Societies Act 1996 or rules framed thereunder or bye-laws of any registered society or orders issued thereunder, the provisions of this chapter shall have overriding effect. 44AU. Ensuring membership of Primary Agriucltural credit society to depositors and borrowers.-Every person who is a borrower or depositor of a Primary Agriculture Credit Society or wants to become a borrower or depositor of such society shall be compulsorily made a member or an associate member of such society in terms of sub-section (6) of section-44AQ with full voting rights. 44AV. Autonomy in all financial and internal administrative matters.-A co- operative society under Short Term Co-operative Credit Structure shall, have automony in all financial and internal administrative matters including the following areas:

(a) Interest rates on deposits and loans in conformity with Reserve Bank guidelines. (b) Borrowing and investments. (c) Loan policies and individual loan decisions. (d) Personnel policy, staffing, recruitment, posting and compensation to staff, and (e) Appointment of auditors and compensation for the audit and internal control system. 44AW. Limit on State Government's subscription.-The State Government's subscription in the share capital of any Co-operative Society under the Short Term Co-operative Credit Structure shall not exceed 25% of the total paid up share capital of such society: Provided that the State Government or such society shall have option to further reduce the subscription of the State Government and that the society shall not be prevented from doing so by the State Government. 44AX. Restriction on number of Government Nominees.--(1) There shall be only one Government nominee in the Managing Committee of the State Cooperative Bank and Central Co-operative Banks. (2) There shall be no Government nominee in the Managing Committee of a Primary Agricultural Credit Society. 44AY. Membership of an affiliating society.--(a) A co-operative society under the Short Term Co-operative Credit Structure registered under the Bihar Co- 1. Inserted by Act. 18 of 2008 53C] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Sec. 44BF-44BJ made with the society or in any property sold or purchased by the society or in any other transaction of the society, except in any investment made in, or any loan taken from the society; (d) he has any proceeding for surcharge relating to any registered society pending against him. (e) he has a criminal proceeding relating to any transaction of a registered society pending against him in which cognizance has been taken. (4) No person elected as member or other office bearer in the management committee of a co-operative credit structure shall be allowed to act as such if he is in default for a period exceeding twelve months in payment of dues to the society unless the amount in default with due interest is paid to the society. 44BF. Supersession of Short Term Co-operative Credit Structure.-(1) The supersession of the Managing Committee of Stats Co-operative Bank or Central Co-operative Bank under section-41 of this Act shall be done by Registrar, Cooperative Societies in consultation with Reserve Bank. (2) The supersession of the managing committee under section-41 of this Act of a Primary Agricultural Credit Society shall be done by Registrar, only under the following conditions:- (a) if a socierty incurs losses for three consecutive years, or (b) if serious financial irregularities or frauds have been identified, or (c) if there are judicial directives to this effect, or (d) if there is lack of quorum for three consecutive meetings. 44BG. Elections.--(1) The election to the managing committee of a cooperative society under the Short Term Co-operative Credit Structure shall be conducted before the expiry of the term of the.existing Managing Committee and in case of supersession of the Managing Committee of such co-operative society; the election may invariably be conducted within six months from the date of supersession. (2) A member of the Managing Committee of a Primary Agriculture Credit Society which has been superseded under the conditions mentioned in sub-clause (a) and (b) of section-44BG(2) shall not be entitled to contest again for a period of five years after such supersession. 44BH. The Prudential norms.-The prudential norms including Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio shall be specified by the Registrar for all the Primary Agricultural Credit Society in consultation with National Bank. 44Bl, Removal of Directors and Chief Executive Officers.---(1) The members of the Managing Committee or chief executive officer of the State co-operative Bank or central co-operative Bank shall fulfill such criteria as may be stipulated by RBI. (2) A Person who does not fulfill the. criteria for the post of Chief Executive officer or a member in the committee of the State co-operative Bank or a Central cooperative bank as stipulated by the Reserve Bank shall be treated as ineligible for such post and if such person is holding the post, he shall be removed by the Registrar on receipt of advice to this effect from the Reserve Bank or the National Bank. 44BJ. Co-option of professionals in Managing Committee of State Cooperative Bank and Central Co-operative Bank.---(1) The managing committee of the State Co- operative Bank or a Central Co-operative Bank shall have such number of professionals as members having the professional qualifications or Sec.44BK- 45 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [53D experience as may be stipulated by Reserve Bank of India. (2) If members with professional qualifications or experience as stipulated by the Reserve Bank are not elected in number specified by the Reserve Bank of India in the Committee of the State Co-operative Bank or Central Cooperative Bank, to the extent of shortfall, such vacancies shall be tilled by co-option of such persons in the committee and such co-opted members shall have full voting rights. 448K. Audit of accounts.--The State Co-operative Bank or Central Cooperative Banks shall cause audit of its accounts by a Chartered Accountant selected from a panel approved by National Bank. 44BL. Special audit of State Co-operative Bank or Central Co-operative Bank.-(1) The Registrar shall arrange to conduct the special audit of State Cooperative Bank or Central Co-operative Banks, on the request of Reserve Bank on such specific terms of references as agreed to by the Registrar and also arrange to furnish the report to Reserve Bank within the time stipulated by the Reserve Bank of India. (2) The Registrar may also on its own motion or or? the request of the Managing Committee of State Co-operative Bank or Central Co-operative Bank arrange to conduct the special audit of suck bank. 44BM. Restriction of using word "Bank" by the Primary Agricultural Credit Society.--(1) No Primary Agricultural Credit Society will use the word "Bank", "Banker" or "Banking" or any other derivative of the word "Bank". (2) The Registrar shall deregister such Primary Agricultural Credit Society, which violates the provision of sub-section (1) of this section. 44BN. Abolition of Cadre system.-There shall not be any Cadre system in Cooperative Credit Structure with effect from such date as notified by the State Government. 44BO. Winding up of State Co-operative Bank or Central Co-operative Bank.--The Registrar shall make an order for the winding up of State Cooperative Bank or Central Co-operative Bank and appointment of a liquidator within one month If so advised by the Reserve Bank. 44BP. Implementation of regulatory prescriptions of Reserve Bank.- Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or 'Rules made thereunder, the Registrar shall ensure the implementation of regulatory prescriptions of the Reserve Bank in case of State Co-operative Bank and Central Co- operative Banks. 44BQ. Exemption by the State Government-No society in the short term Co-operative Credit Structure shall be exempted under Section 62(2) of this Act in any manner from the application of the provisions of this chapter without prior consultation with the Reserve Bank or the National Bank." CHAPTER VII Penalties and Procedure 1["45. Offences and Penalties.--(1) It shall be an offence under this Act if- (a) a Co-operative Society or an officer or member thereof willfully makes a false return or furnishes false information, or willfully not furnishes any information required from him by a person authorised in this behalf or a Registrar under the provisions of this Act; (b) any person willfully or without any reasonable cause disobeys any summons, requisition or lawful written order issued under the provisions of this Act; (c) any employer who, without sufficient cause, fails to pay to a Co-operative Society amount deducted by him from its employee within a period of fourteen days from the date on which such deduction is made; (d) any officer or custodian who willfully fails to handover custody of books, accounts, documents, records, cash, security and other property belonging to a Co-operative Society of which he is an officer or custodian, to an authorised person; and (e) any person who indulges in the corrupt practices before, during or after the election of the Office-Bearer or member of the Board of the Co-operative Society, (2) Any offence under sub-section (1) of this Section shall be punishable with imprisonment for a period which may extend up to one year or with a fine which may amount to rupees two thousand or both: Provided that where a person is guilty of misappropriation, fraud, breach of trust, cheating or any other act involving moral turpitude, resulting in a loss to the Co-operative Society, he shall also be punishable under the relevant provisions of the Indian Penal Code, 1860." 1. Subs. by Act 6 of 2018 5544]] BBiihhaarr CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee SSoocciieettiieess AAcctt,, 11993355 [[ SSeecc.. 4455AA aannyy rruullee;; oorr ((bb)) aann ooffffiicceerr oorr mmeemmbbeerr ooff aa rreeggiisstteerreedd ssoocciieettyy ''[[oorr aannyy ppeerrssoonn aappppooiinntteedd uunnddeerr ssuubb-- sseeccttiioonn ((22)) ooff sseeccttiioonn 4411]] wwiillffuullllyy mmaakkeess aa ffaallssee rreettuurrnn oorr ffuurrnniisshheess ffaallssee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn.. ((22)) AAnnyy ooffffiicceerr oorr mmeemmbbeerr ooff aa rreeggiisstteerreedd ssoocciieettyy ''[[oorr aannyy ppeerrssoonn aappppooiinntteedd uunnddeerr ssuubb-- sseeccttiioonn ((22)) ooff sseeccttiioonn 4411]] gguuiillttyy ooff aann ooffffeennccee uunnddeerr ssuubb--sseeccttiioonn ((11)) sshhaallll bbee ppuunniisshhaabbllee wwiitthh ffiinnee wwhhiicchh mmaayy eexxtteenndd ttoo ffiiffttyy rruuppeeeess.. 22[[ 4455AA.. ((11)) OOnn eelleeccttiioonn ooff nneeww sseeccrreettaarryy oorr oonn ssuuppeerrsseessssiioonn ooff ccoo--ooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy oorr oonn eexxppiirryy ooff tthhee tteerrmm ooff tthhee ooffffiiccee bbeeaarreerrss ooff aa ccoo--ooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy,, tthhee oouuttggooiinngg sseeccrreettaarryy oorr tthhee ppeerrssoonn hhoollddiinngg cchhaarrggee ooff tthhee ooffffiiccee ooff tthhee ccoo--ooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy sshhaallll hhaanndd oovveerr cchhaarrggee ooff hhiiss ooffffiiccee aanndd aallll ppaappeerrss aanndd pprrooppeerrttiieess iinn hhiiss ppoosssseessssiioonn aass sseeccrreettaarryy oorr iinncchhaarrggee ooff tthhee ssaaiidd ssoocciieettyy ttoo tthhee nneeww sseeccrreettaarryy oorr tthhee ooffffiicceerr ddiirreecctteedd bbyy tthhee pprreessccrriibbeedd aauutthhoorriittyy ttoo ttaakkee cchhaarrggee ooff tthhee aaffffaaiirrss ooff tthhee ssaaiidd ssoocciieettyy.. ((22)) IIff tthhee oouuttggooiinngg sseeccrreettaarryy ooff aa ccoo--ooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy oorr tthhee ppeerrssoonn hhoollddiinngg cchhaarrggee ooff tthhee ooffffiiccee ooff sseeccrreettaarryy ffaaiillss oorr rreeffuusseess ttoo hhaanndd oovveerr cchhaarrggee ooff hhiiss ooffffiiccee aass rreeqquuiirreedd uunnddeerr ssuubb-- sseeccttiioonn ((11)) aabboovvee,, tthhee pprreessccrriibbeedd aauutthhoorriittyy oorr aannyy ooffffiicceerr eemmppoowweerreedd bbyy iitt iinn tthhiiss bbeehhaallff,, mmaayy bbyy aann oorrddeerr iinn wwrriittiinngg ddiirreecctt tthhee oouuttggooiinngg SSeeccrreettaarryy oorr tthhee ppeerrssoonn hhoollddiinngg cchhaarrggee ooff tthhee ooffffiiccee ooff SSeeccrreettaarryy ttoo hhaanndd oovveerr iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy tthhee cchhaarrggee ooff hhiiss ooffffiiccee aanndd aallll ppaappeerrss aanndd pprrooppeerrttiieess iinn hhiiss ppoosssseessssiioonn aass ssuucchh sseeccrreettaarryy ttoo tthhee nneeww sseeccrreettaarryy iinn ccaassee ooff ffrreesshh eelleeccttiioonn,, aanndd iinn ccaassee ooff ssuuppeerrsseessssiioonn oorr oonn eexxppiirryy ooff tthhee tteerrmm ooff ooffffiiccee ttoo tthhee ooffffiicceerr aappppooiinntteedd ttoo mmaannaaggee tthhee aaffffaaiirrss ooff tthhee ssoocciieettyy.. ((33)) IIff tthhee ppeerrssoonn ttoo wwhhoomm aa ddiirreeccttiioonn hhaass bbeeeenn iissssuueedd uunnddeerr ssuubb--sseeccttiioonn ((22)) ffaaiillss ttoo ccoommppllyy wwiitthh tthhee ssaaiidd ddiirreeccttiioonn hhee sshhaallll bbee ppuunniisshhaabbllee wwiitthh tthhee iimmpprriissoonnmmeenntt wwhhiicchh mmaayy eexxtteenndd uupp ttoo tthhee ppeerriioodd ooff ssiixx mmoonntthhss oorr aa ffiinnee ooff RRss.. 550000,, oorr wwiitthh bbootthh.. (( 44)) TThhee ooffffeennccee uunnddeerr ssuubb--sseeccttiioonn ((33)) sshhaallll bbee ccooggnniizzaabbllee.. ((55)) IIff iitt iiss ssoo rreeqquuiirreedd,, tthhee pprreessccrriibbeedd aauutthhoorriittyy mmaayy,, bbyy oorrddeerr iinn wwrriittiinngg,, aauutthhoorriissee aannyy ooffffiicceerr ttoo ffoorrcciibbllyy ttaakkee ppoosssseessssiioonn wwiitthh tthhee hheellpp ooff llooccaall ppoolliiccee aanndd MMaaggiissttrraattee,, ooff aallll ppaappeerrss aanndd pprrooppeerrttiieess ffrroomm tthhee oouuttggooiinngg sseeccrreettaarryy oorr tthhee ppeerrssoonn hhoollddiinngg cchhaarrggee ooff tthhee ooffffiiccee ooff sseeccrreettaarryy aanndd hhaanndd tthheemm oovveerr ttoo tthhee nneeww sseeccrreettaarryy iinn ccaassee ooff ffrreesshh eelleeccttiioonn aanndd ttoo tthhee ooffffiicceerr ooff tthhee SSttaattee GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt aappppooiinntteedd ttoo rruunn tthhee aaffffaaiirrss ooff tthhee ssoocciieettyy iinn ccaassee ooff iittss ssuuppeerrsseessssiioonn oorr eexxppiirryy ooff tthhee tteerrmm ooff ooffffiiccee bbeeaarreerrss wwhheerree ffrreesshh eelleeccttiioonn iinn ssttiillll ttoo bbee hheelldd.. CCoommmmeennttss && ccaassee--llaaww [[WWhheerree mmaannaaggiinngg ccoommmmiitttteeee ooff aa ssoocciieettyy hhaass bbeeeenn ssuuppeerrsseeddeedd,, aanndd aa ccoommmmiitttteeee ooff AAddmmiinniissttrraattoorrss aappppooiinntteedd,, oonn tteennuurree ffoorr mmeemmbbeerrss ooff ccoommmmiitttteeee ooff AAddmmiinniissttrraattoorrss iiss ffiixxeedd.. TThhiiss ccoommmmiitttteeee ccaann bbee rreeccoonnssttiittuutteedd.. bbyy ddrrooppppiinngg ssoommee ooff tthhee mmeemmbbeerrss wwiitthhoouutt tthhee ddrrooppppeedd mmeemmbbeerrss bbeeiinngg eennttiittlleedd ttoo aa hheeaarriinngg bbeeffoorree oorrddeerr ooff rreemmoovvaall bbyy tthhee RReeggiissttrraarr.. PPaaddmmaa CChhaarraann SSaammaannttssiigghhaarr vvss.. RReeggiissttrraarr,, AAIIRR 11998811 OOrriissssaa 115500.. SSeeee aallssoo PPaarrmmeesshhwwaarraa BBaagghh vvss.. SSttaattee ooff OOrriissssaa,, AAIIRR 11998811 OOrriissssaa.. 115544.. .. WWhheerree wwrriitttteenn ccoonnsseenntt ooff ffiinnaanncciinngg BBaannkk hhaass bbeeeenn oobbttaaiinneedd pprriioorr ttoo tthhee ppaassssiinngg ooff oorrddeerr ooff ssuuppeerrsseessssiioonn ooff mmaannaaggiinngg ccoommmmiitttteeee ooff aa CCoo--ooppeerraattiivvee ssoocciieettyy,, tthhee oorrddeerr ooff ssuuppeerrsseessssiioonn iiss nnoott vviittiiaatteedd oonn aaccccoouunntt ooff aannyy ddeeffeecctt iinn nnoottiiccee ttoo tthhee BBaannkk,, ssiinnccee nnoo ffuurrtthheerr nnoottiiccee wwaass rreeqquuiirreedd uunnddeerr llaaww.. DDuurrggaa SShhaannkkaarr KKaarr vvss.. SSttaattee ooff OOrriissssaa,, AAIIRR 11998822 OOrriissssaa 2200.. 13.. IInnss.. bbyy AAcctt 2299 ooff 11995566.. 24.. IInnss.. bbyy AAcctt 3399 ooff 11998822.. Secs. 45B- 47] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [55 Order of supersession passed by Assistant Registrar by virtue of powers of Deputy Registrar delegated to him, cannot be said to be without jurisdiction ibid. Removal of office bearers of a society without opportunity of hearing is violative of principles of natural justice. Narsingha Charan Acharya vs. State of Orissa, AIR 1985 Orissa 62] 1[45B. Production of records by the Secretary or person incharge of the office of a Co-operative Society.-(1) The Secretary of a Co-operative Society shall, on direction by Registrar or by any other Gazetted officer of Co-operative department, forthwith hand all records and documents of the Society as the Registrar or the officer mentioned above may require for inspection or enquiry relating to the affairs of the said Co-operative Society. (2) If the Secretary or the person incharge of the office of the Co-operative Society fails, refuses or avoids to hand over the documents as required under foregoing sub-section (1) he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a period which may extend up to six months or with a fine of Rs. 500/- or with both; and such an offence shall be cognizable. • ' (3) When a person to whom a direction has been issued under sub-section (1) of this section fails, refuses or avoids to furnish all records and documents of that Society with the help of police and magistrate.] Comments & case-law [Offence under section 402 of Indian Penal Code committed by officer of society- Sanction for prosecution, whether necessary, See AIR 1957 Orissa 165: 1957 Cr. LJ 899.] 46. Prohibition of the use of the word 'co-operative'.-(1) No person or society other than a registered society shall trade or carry on business under any name or title of which the word co-operative ls part without the sanction of the State Government: Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to the use by any person or his successor in interest of any name or title under which he traded or carried on business at the date on which the Co-operative Society Act, 1912, came into operation. (2) Any officer or member of a society or any person who contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with fine which may extend to fifty rupees, and, in the case of a continuing offence, with a further fine of five rupees for each day on which the offence is continued after conviction therefor. 47. Cognizance of offences.-(1) No Court inferior to that of a Magistrate of the second class shall try any offence under this Act. 2["(2) Every offence under this Act, except the offence under sub-section (1) (c) of Section 45 shall, for the purpose of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 197 4) be deemed to be a cognizable offence." (3) No prosecution for an offence under this Act shall be instituted without the previous sanction of the Registrar, and the Registrar shall not sanction the prosecution of any person unless he has given such person an opportunity of being heard. Comments & case-law [A person against whom a complaint is filed does not become an accused members 1. Ins. by Act 39 of 1982. 2. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013 56 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 48 unless it is decided to issue process against him. There is no legal bar based on the principle of issue of estoppel to proceed against a person complained against on the same material in subsequent proceedings, after dismissal of an earlier complaint. Dr. S.S. Khanna vs. Chief Secretary, 1983 PLJR (SC) 107: AIR 1983 SC 595.] 48. Disputes.-(1) If any dispute touching the business of a registered society (other than a dispute regarding disciplinary action taken by the society or its. managing committee against a paid servant of the society) arises- (a) amongst members, past members, persons claiming through members, past members or deceased members, and sureties of members, past members or deceased members, whether such sureties are members or non-members; or (b) between a member, past member, persons claiming through a member, past member or deceased member, or sureties of members, past members or deceased member, whether such sureties are members or non-members and the society, its managing committee or any officer, agent or servant of the society; or (c) between the society or its managing committee and any past or present officer, agent or servant of the society; or (d) between the society and any other registered society; '[or] 1 [(e) between a financing bank authorised under the provisions of subsection (1) of section 16 and a person who is not a member of a registered society; 'such dispute shall be referred to the Registrar: Provided that no claim. against a past member or the estate of a deceased member shall be treated as a dispute if the liability of the past member or of the estate of the deceased member has been extinguished by virtue of section 32 or section 63. Explanation.--(1) A claim by a registered society for any debt or demand due to it from a member, '[non-member], past member or the nominee, heir or legal representative of a deceased member or '[non-member] or from sureties or members, past members or deceased members, whether such sureties are members or nonmembers, shall be a dispute touching the business of the society within the meaning of this sub-section even in case such debt or demand is admitted and the only point at issue is the ability to pay or the manner of enforcement of payment. Explanation.--(1) The question whether a person is or was a member of a registered society or not shall be a dispute within the meaning of this sub-section. (2)The Registrar may on receipt of such reference.- (a) decide the dispute himself; or (b) transfer it for disposal to any person exercising the powers of a Registrar in this behalf; or (c) subject to any rules refer it for disposal to an arbitrator or arbitrators. (3) Subject to any rules, the Registrar may withdraw any reference transterred under clause (b) of sub-section (2) or referred under clause (C) of the said subsection and deal with it in the manner provided in the said sub-section. (4) The appointment of an arbitrator or arbitrators and the procedure to be 1. Ins. by Act 16 of 1948. Sec. 48] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [57 followed in proceedings before the Registrar or such arbitrators shall be regulated by rule. (5) In the case of dispute involving property which is given as collateral security, it shall be competent to the person deciding such dispute to issue mortgage award which shall have the same force as a mortgage decree of a competent Civil Court.. (6) Any person aggrieved by any decision given in dispute transferred or referred under clause (b) or (c) of sub-section (2) may, within three months from the date of such decision, appeal to the Registrar. (7) The Registrar, in the case of dispute under this section, shall have the power of review vested in a Civil Court under section 144 and under Order XL VII, rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, and shall also have the inherent jurisdiction specified in section 151 of the said Code. (8) The Registrar may where it appears to him advisable, either of application or of his own motion, state a case and refer it to the District Judge for decision, and the decision of the District Judge shall be final. (9) Save as expressly provided in this section, a decision of the Registrar under this section, and subject to the orders of the Registrar on appeal or review, a decision given in a dispute transferred or referred under clause (b) or (c) of subsection (2) shall be final. Comments & case-law [Effect of amendment of this section in 1948. AIR 1962 SC 1394: 1962 BLJR 687. In a suit to set aside an award, the copy of award is necessary to decide as to whether the Secretary, Central Co-operative Bank is a necessary party and so entitled to notice under section 80 of C.P.C. ILR 1904. Cut, 86: Dispute on the point as to whether the mortgage was on behalf of joint familyFor burden of proof. 30 Cut. LT 509. Dispute in regard to list of Secretaries is different from dispute referable under section 84 of this Act. AIR 1965 Pat 459. Assistant Registrar exercising powers of Registrar under section 48 of this Act is a court subordinate to High Court. AIR 1965 Pat. 226. Registrar-whether has power to issue injunction. (1962) ILR 41 Pat. 325: 1962 BRLJ (Rev.) 62. Words "Dispute touching the "business of registered society"-Scope of Election disputes- Section 48 (1) applies, 1962 ILR 41 Pat. 325: See also Abdul Gaffor vs. State of Bihar, 1983 PLJR 169. The Expression "election" will also cover "election dispute" where an election has been challenged. In the same way, a dispute that can be raised under section 48 of the Act, covers a dispute as to election. Hare Krishna Upadhya vs. State of Bihar, 1976 BLJ 141. A dispute between the Co-operative Bank and a registered Co-operative Society, is a disptue "touching the business of the Co-operative society". Naya graph Co-operative Central Bank Ltd. vs. Narayan Rath, AIR 1975 SC 1895: (1975) 2 SCC 445. Election dispute also come squarely within the ambit of the provisions of 58] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [Sec. 48 section 48. Chandeshwar Prasad vs. State of Bihar, 1987 PLJR 159 (FB): AIR 1987 Pat. 208. The power conferred by section 48 are judicial in nature ibid. The various stages of election of Committee of Management are clearly demarcated in the Act and the rules framed thereunder. Mere holding of pool does not complete the election process. Ram Pyare Choudhary vs. State of U.P., AIR 1982 SC 831: (1982) 1 SCC 571. The failure to hold election of members of the Board of Directors of a specified society in accordance with the provisions of the Act, will virtue the whole election programme from the commencement till the end. B.K. Gayad vs. Nasik Merchants Co-op. Bank Ltd., AIR 1984 SC 192. No election of Board of Directors can be set aside except by filing a petition under section 48. The election held at the Annual General Meeting will remain valid until this is done. The validity of an election, whether legal or factual has to be decided in an election petition. The Registrar of co-operative societies cannot declare elections invalid and the government should not dissolve the Board of Director on the basis of such report. Abdul Gaffar vs. State of Bihar, 1988 PLJR 196: AIR 1983 Pat. 114. The controversy about the date of election, when two different dates are claimed by the rival parties, is an election dispute and fall within the provision of section 48 (1 ). Abdul Gaffor vs. State of Bihar, ibid. A petition having been filed before the election has taken place can by no stretch of imagination, be said to be an election dispute after the election is held. Once the election is held and candidates comprising the managing committee are declared as successful once, the election has come to an end. Any application filed with regard to any dispute of convening the general meeting on particular date will not fall within the ambit of an election dispute. ibid. Term "demand"-scope of 1968 BRLJ (Rev.) 18. Election disputes are also disputes referable to the Registrar under this section. Pt. Raghav Jha vs. Co-operative Societies, 1962 BRLJ (Rev.) 62: ILR 41 Pat. 25. Appeal against rejection of nominaton of candidate for election of Directors of Co-operative Bank by the Dy. Registrar is maintainable. Kapilendra Pothai vs. Dy. Registrar, AIR 1981 Orissa 194. Deputy Registrar exercising jurisdiction in election dispute is a court. The expression "election" also covers "election dispute" where the election has been challneged. Minister is an executive functionary and the expression "State Government" includes Minister. Minister, therefore has jurisdiction conferred under section 65A to call for any records of any proceeding of any matter pending before the Registrar or his sub- ordinate, or any person acting under his authority and examine and pass such orders as he may deem fit. Lachandeo Sahni vs. State of Bihar, 1982 PLJR (NOC) 7: AIR 1982 Pat. 48: 1981 BRLJ 239. The expression "election dispute" means a disptue touching the business of Co-operative Society and such dispute can be decided under section 48. Sri Narain Misra vs. State, 1985 PLJR 572: AIR 1985 Pat. 9. Registrar should not pass orders merely on basis of report of District Magistrate Sec. 48] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [59 regarding the elections held at the annual general meeting of a society. Even an order passed in the Registrar's administrative capacity should not be passed without affording an opportunity of hearing to parties who are being deprived of their right to run the administration of the society according to the claim made by them. ibid. Rule 68 does not prescribe any particular form for reference of election dispute to the Registrar. The rule is not exhaustive and does not control section 48 of the Act. Reference of an election dispute by the District Magistrate, after holding of annual general meeting is a valid reference. ibid. Where an employee has been discharged by the managing committee at the direction of Joint Registrar, an appeal lies to the Registrar. The appeal is a matter of right of the concerned employee in such cases. Narkatiaganj G.D. & C.M. Union Ltd. vs. Registrar Co-op. Societies, 1970 BLJR 351: 1971 BRLJ (Rev.) 62. Dispute regarding service conditions of employees of society cannot be said to be a dispute touching the business of a society and so the registrar has no jurisdiction to try such cases. Bihar State Co-op. Marketing Union Ltd. vs. Registrar. Co-op. Societies, 1973 BRLJ 553: 197 4 BLJR 185: AIR 197 4 Pat. 177; Tisco Oriya Co-op. Society Ltd. vs. Assistant Registrar, Co-op. Societies, AIR 1975 Pat. 208: 1974 BBCJ 930. Bihar State Co-op. Bank Ltd. vs. Registrar, Co- op. Societies, AIR 1975 Pat. 187. Thie jurisdiction of the ordinary civil and revenue courts of the land is ousted under section 57 of the Act in case of disputes which fall under section 48. A Registrar of Co-operative Societies exercising powers under section 48 must, therefore, be filed to discharge the duties which would otherwise have fallen on the ordinary civil and revenue courts of the land. In adjudicating up on a dispute referred under section 48, the Registrar is to all intents and purposes, a court discharging the to same functions and duties in the same manner as a court of law is expected do. Thakur Yuga/ Kishore Sinha vs. Sitamarhi Central Co-op. Bank, AIR 1967 SC 1494. A dispute raised against the Co-operative society by its discharged employee claiming relief such as reinstatment in service is outside the scope of the expression "touching the management of the society "and the Registrar of Co-operative societies has no jurisdiction to deal with and determine such disputes. Such disputes squarely fall within the jurisdiction of Courts. Gujarat State Co- operative Land Development Bank Ltd. vs. PR. Mankad, AIR 1979 SC 1230: (1979) 2 SCC 123. Where after the filing of application for review the Registrar who passed the order is transferred to another place, the Joint Registrar who is invested with the powers of review, would be legally competent to hear the review application. 1959 BLJR 291: ICR 38 Pat. 877. Assistant Registrar, acting under section 48 of the Act, can go behind an earlier decision of his predecessor in respect of the dispute, 1956 BLJR 627. Even when the Registrar comes to the conclusion that a person is not a member of the society, he, by virtue of explanation (1) to sub-section 48 of this Act, has got the power to decide about the ability to pay, or the manner of enforcement of payment, between the society and such non-member. 1956 BLJR 627. Under Sec. 48 (7) the Registrar has been specifically granted the power of review vested in civil court under Section 114 and Order 47 rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure and has been given inherent power in most genera! terms to deal effectively with alll the matters validly referred to, and pending before him. Pt. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 48 60] Raghav Jha vs. Registrar, Co-operative Societies, 1962 BRLJ (Rev.) 62: ILR 41 Pat 25. There is no second appeal when the dispute is decided by the Registrar himself. The term "Registrar" in this context includes Dy. Registrar or Asstt. Registrar appointed to assist the Registrar. Md. Islam vs. Dist. Co-operative Officer, 1979 BBCJ 101: 1979 BLJ 82. But where the Dy. Registrar or Asstt. Registrar has not been appointed to assist the Registrar, appeal before the Registrar lies. ibid. Section 56 has got no application to orders passed by a person exercising the powers of a Registrar u/s 48 of the Act. Din Dayal Singh vs. Biscomaun, AIR 1976 Pat 179: 1976 PLJR 130. Orders passed by Registrar and Assistant Registrar in appeal are final unless they are out of jurisdiction. 1956 BLJR 627. The "Registrar" Includes such persons as the Registrar himself appointed by the State Government u/s 6 (1) of the Act or any person appointed under sub-section {!) of section 6 to assist the Registrar who has been conferred on by the State Government by general or special order published in the official gazette all or any of the powers u/s 26. Therefore, although there may be only one Registrar of Cooperative Societies appointed by the State Government u/s 6 (1), even such persons who have been appointed to assist the Registrar u/s 6 (1) of the Act may be conferred on all the powers of the Registrar in respect of matters not falling u/s 26 by a general or special order of the State Government published in the official gazette. Abdul Gafoor vs. State of Bihar, 1983 PLJR 196: AIR 1983 Pat. 114. Section 48 is all pervasive. Therefore, whenever a dispute (including an election dispute) is raised, a reference has to be made to the Registrar. If a dispute is decided u/s 48 (1), read with section 48 (2) (b), the appellate forum is the Registrar himself under section 48 (6). ibid. If no dispute has been raised by way of reference before the Registrar u/s 48 (1) of the Act or for the matter, when such a dispute has not been decided by a person acting as the Registrar by viture of section 6 (2) of Act and no appeal is preferred under sub-section (6) of section 48 of the Act, the State Government would not be entitled to entertain such a dispute u/s 65A of the Act overriding the provision of section 48. ibid. Debts due to society from a member who ceased to be member on his retirement from service-Claim from past member-Limitation-In the circumstances of the case, claim held barred. P.M.G. Officers Co-op. Society vs. Abdul Quddus, 1963 BLJR 969. An award under the Co-operative Societies Act is not a decree, although it resembles a decree. Where an award is made against the estate of deceased member of Co-operative Society under section 48 of the Act, it is not a nullity because the Act makes definte provision tor an award against the estate of a deceased member. Such an award cannot be held to be a nullity on the analogy of a decree against a dead man being nullity. Ram Chandra Singh vs. Central Co- operative Bank Nawada, 1941 PWN 536. Where the plaintiff sued a Co-operative Union of which he was a member to recover arrears of rent on deposit made by him and the dispute related to the rate of interest, it was held that the suit did not lie in the Civil Court as it was barred by Sec. 48 J Bihar Co-operatiye Societies Act, 1935 [61 section 57 of the Act read with section 48 of the Act. Central Co-operative Union vs. Kamla Prasad, AIR 1937 Pat. 531: 18 PLT 255. Assistant Registrar has jurisdiction to determine the dispute u/s 48 (2). There is nothing in Secs. 15 and 16 which warrant a restricted meaning to be given to the language of the Explanation to Sec. 48 (1). Union of India vs. Registrar, Co-operative Societies, 1963 BRLJ (Rev.) 18. This case has been overruled by Supreme Court, see AIR 1962 SC 1367: 1962 BLJR 68 (SC). This section puts no bar on transfer and authorises the. Registrar to transfer such of the cases as he may deem fit and proper. Hare Krishna Upadhaya vs. State of Bihar, 1979 BLJ 141. Registrar has the same power of review as vested in the civil court under C.PC. The Registrar can always interfere in exercise of this power, where earlier order were passed without referring to many material facts on record. If an order differing with the earlier order is passed in such a case, the Registrar cannot be said to have transgressed the limitations of review jurisdiction and to have acted as a Court of Appeal. Paras Nath Thakur vs. State of Bihar, 1986 PLJR 168 see also. Pandit Raghav Jha vs. Registrar, 1962 BRLJ (Rev.) 62. There is a clear distinction between a dismissal ir'J Ii mine and a dismissal with a speaking order. A dismissal in limine does not constitute a bar of the principle analogous to res judicata to a subsequent petition. The theory of merger does not apply to such a case. ibid. · A dispute referred to the Registrar under section 48 (c) can be either disposed of by the Registrar himself under section 48 (2) (a) or transferred for disposal under clauses (b) and (c) of section 48 (2). A right of appeal to the Registrar is given to person aggrieved by decisions given in disputes transferred or referred by the Registrar. Registrar can revise under section 56, only the cases decided by him under section 48 (2) (a). Section 46 is not attracted in case of appellate orders passed by Joint Registrar, and a revision application against order passed by another officer under section 48 (6) exercising powers of Registrar is not maintainable. Raghav Jha vs. Registrar, Co-operative Societies, AIR 1983 Pat. 137: 1983 BRLJ 75. Acquisition of land for execution of scheme to provide houses cannot be recognised as vesting any right in the Co-operative Society if there has been failure. on the' Society's part relating to the most essential part of the transaction, that is the payment of the price of the. land being acquired. A right of ownership would have arisen only when the price would have been paid and in the absence of that, no claim can be said to have accrued. Government will not be duty bound to settle the land with that society only and non else. Settlement of some part of acquired land with another society is not hit by doctrine of promissory estoppel. Postal Co-op. Home Construction Society Ltd. vs. Secretary to Government, 1984 PLJR 1 : AIR 1981 Pat. 133. The expression "save as expressly provided in this section" in sub-section (9) of Section 48 is of special significance. By use of the expression the legislature appears to have clearly laid down that provisions of other sections of the Act do not affect the finality of the order passed under Section 41. An order passed by the Deputy Registrar u/s 48 (6) of the Act cannot be revised by the Registrar u/s 56. Din Dayal Singh vs. Biscomaun, AIR 1976 Pat. 179: 1976 PLJR 130. 62 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 48 Where the society is in default or in arrears of Government revenue the settlement of sairat may be done with other societies or even individuals and the society in arrear cannot claim any priority in the matter on the ground that it operates in the area in which sairat lies. Daudpur Fisherman Co-operative Society Ltd. vs. State of Bihar, 1981 BRLJ 219: AIR 1981 Pat. 294. Notice to the society must be deemed as notice to all its members. Notice to individual members is opposed to the very status of a co-operative society as a body corporate and is, therefore, unnecessary, lack of express provisions for issue of notice to individual members cannot be said to be violative of the principles of natural justice. Daman Singh vs. State of Punjab, AIR 1985 SC 973. When a matter falls under any specific provision, then it must be governed by that provision and not by other general provisions. Therefore where the society held its employee liable for shortage of assets put under his custody and charge by reason on his negligence or misconduct, the matter being fully covered by section 40 (1) (b), must mean that section 48 is not applicable. Uma Shankar Sharan Shrivastava vs. Biscomaun, 1985 PLJR 19: 1984 BBCJ 905: AIR 1985 Pat. 46. The scope of the dispute contemplated under section 48 is entirely different from one relating to a society's tiling a demand for misappropration, fraud and negligence etc. Every claim or demand cannot be put under the cover of section 48. ibid. Sections 40 and 48 are mutually exclusive and operate in altogether different field. While action under section 40 must be preceded by a proceeding uhder sections 33 to 37 no such pre-requisite or pre-condition is necessary for action under section 48. Kinjer Vyapar Manda/ Sahyog Samiti Ltd. vs. Deputy Registrar, 1986 PLJR 264 (FB); AIR 1968 Pat. 206 (Uma Shankar Shrivastava vs. Biscomaun, 1985 PLJR 19-- Overruled). Section 40 pertains to administrative power of the Registrar flowing only as a precondition from the results of an audit, inquiry, inspection or winding up-Section 40 is not attracted or applicable to reference of a disptue under section 48 by a society against its officer, agent or servant for defalcation of funds. ibid. Where appeal against the award of the Assistant Registrar has been filed before the Deputy Registrar and also simultaneously challenged before the High Court by invoking its writ jurisdiction, the Deputy Registrar has no jurisdiction to deal with matter during pendency of the writ petition. ibid. The flat in a Tenant Co-partnership Housing Society registered under the Cooperative Societies Act can be attached and sold in execution of a decree against the allottee. Ramesh Himmat Lal Shah vs. H.J. Joshi, AIR 1975 SC 1470: (1975) 2 sec 105. Where the Registrar of Co-operative Societies has acquiesced in the appointment and has allowed the incumbent Secretary of the Co-operative Society to work for a very long period, it will not be open to the Registrar to set aside the appointment of the incumbent officer-bearer. Nayagarh Co-operative Central Bank Ltd. vs. Narayana Rath, AIR 1977 SC sec 112: (1977) 3 576. After a Co-operative society has communicated a resolution for the expulsion of one of its members to the Registrar of Co-operative Societies tor his approval, a duty is cast upon the Registrar to exercise his power of according approval or disapp:val within the prescribed statutory period. If no action is taken by the Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ 63 Sec. 48 ] Registrar within the period provided by statute, his power to accord approval or disapproval to the resolution of the Co-operative Society lapses. Balasinar Nagrik Co-operative Bank vs. B.S. Pandya, AIR 1987 SC 849: (1987) 1 SCC 606. An election can only be invalidated in an election petition under this Section of the Act. If the same has not been done by any authority, even the government can proceed on the assumption that the election is ipsofacto void ab initio. Vijay Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar, PLJR 846: 1989 (1) BLJ 636. The proceedings under this section are in the nature of a civil suit, other wise cognizable by a civil court u/s 9 of the C.P.C. The statute has taken out the jurisdiction of the civil court and has conferred the same on the Registrar or a person exercising the power of the Registrar to decide the dispute touching the business or management of the society between its members, past members, their office bearers, agent, and officers or servants of the society. Yogendra Prasad vs. Additional Registrar, 1992 (1) PLJR 9 (SC). Validity of plural remedies, if available under the law, cannot be doubted. It is not correct to say that whenever a specific remedy is made available in law, the other remedy (more general in nature) necessarily gets excluded. If plural remedies are available to a person, he is tree to choose, until he elects one of them. Provisions of section 48 may be availed of for recovery of loss in preference to provisions of section 4 or vice-versa. Biscomaun vs. Uma Sankar Sharan, 1992 (2) PLJR (SC) 42. No electon of a Board of Directors can be set aside except by filing an election petition under Section 48 of the Act. Until that is done, the election held by the Annual General Meeting shall remain valid. The ipso dixit of the authority that the election is invalid in law would not warrant the dissolution of an election body. It is now well settled that no election can be said to be void ab initio merely on the suo motu assessment of a party or the Government. Validity of an election legal or factural has to be decided in the election petition. The non-consideration of these important documents and materials led to the passing of wrong order on the earlier occasion in favour of the petitioners and others. On this occasion when a review petition was filed, on referring to the relevant materials it was detected that a mistake apparent on the face of the record was committed. In this view of the matter, it cannot be accepted that the Registrar has transgressed the limitations of the reveiw jurisdiction and has acted as a court of appeal. Paras Nath Thakur vs. State of Bihiar, 1986 BLJ 673. The delay in filing election petition challenging the validity of election of office bearers of a Co-operative Society cannot be condoned because the provisions of Limitation Act, 1993 apply only to proceeding in "Courts" and not to appeals and applications before Statutory Bodies other than "Courts" such as quasijudicial Tribunals or Executive Authorities. Sita Ram Sah vs. State of Bihar, 1995 (1) PLJR 396. Where an order has been passed by the Registrar in respect of enrolment of a Co- operative society without full consideration of all relevant materials, the High Court may quash the order and remit the case for reconsideration of the Registrar for passing a fresh order. Managing Committee of M.G.M. Co-operative Society vs. Yogendra Sharma, 1996 (1) PLJR 882. The prescribed procedure under the Act must be strictly followed in case of expulsion of a Member, and notice to show cause must also be given. Smt. Sarladevi vs. Sailesh, AIR 1996 Bom, 98.] [Section 48- dispute regarding reduction in house rent allowance of the 64] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 48 employees of the Co-operative Bank falls within the ambit of the word "dispute" under this section-the term "business" in the section will also include "affairs of the society"-writ does not lie and dispute has to be decided first u/s 48 before coming to High Court. Bihar Co-op. Bank Emp. Union vs. Ranchi Khunti Central Co-op. Bank Ltd., 2000(4) PLJR 179. Section 48-word "business" occurring in this section has to be given a wide construction-principle of statutory construction "expressio unius exclusio alterius" applies. ibid.' Section 48 read with section 54 and rule 68-sum of central society due from primary society can be recovered also from individual members of primary society but only after the property of the society is insufficient to discharge the liability under the award-the recovery is to be made at the first instance from the property of the defaulting society and only thereafter from the concerned individual members. Sheo Shankar Prasad vs. Dy. Registrar Co-op. Society, 2000(1) PLJR 1057. Sections 48 and 54 read with Rule 68-Chairman and Secretary of a Weavers Society obtaining loan from Co-operative Bank for functioning of the Society-Debt Relief Scheme of 1990 announced by the Central Government which was implemented by the State also for waiver of loans upto Rs. 10,000/-- Society applying to the Assistant Registrar for waiver of loans to its members out of the ioans received from Co-operative Bank which was rejected by him and appellate authorities-subsequent certificate case for recovery of outstanding amount from Chairman and Secretary in their personal capacity---a mere reading of Section 54 makes it clear that an amount recoverable from a society u/s 48, apart from the property of the Society, the members may also be held liable to the extent of their limited liability---therefore in this case the members of the Managing Committee and the debtor-member ought to have been made opposite parties-Chairman and Secretary cannot be held personally liable for the dues which can be recovered by the Bank in accordance with Section 54 read with Rule 68. Mohammad Faizan vs. State of Bihar, 1997(1) PLJR 1028.

Sections 48 and 54 read with Rule 68-- Chairman and Secretary obtaining a loan from Co-operative Bank for functioning of society after executing Bonds and documents-Chairman and Secretary not liable in their personal capacity for such loan in absence of any case of misappropriation of the funds by them and no proceeding u/s 40 of the Act having been taken up. ibid. Section 48-claim for enrolment of 452 members of a Society whose strength and nominal capital, as per its bye-laws was fixed as 800 and Rs. 20,000/- with each share valued at Rs. 25/- -eventhough the authorities to whom the dispute was referred by the High Court to determine the validity of membership of new 452 applicants who had filled and submitted their application forms held that they should be regarded as members of the Society, they were not enrolled as members on the ground that there are no shares left to be allotted as all the 800 shares have been purchased by existing 211 members---since the question whether no share is there to be allotted or there was any raise in the nominal capital of the Society from existing Rs. 20,000/- subsequently, are questions of facts which could not be decided in the writ application, matter remanded back to authority under the Act for hearing and a fresh decision. Mg. Committee of Munger Gun Manufacturer's Co-op.Society vs. Yogendra Sharma, 1996(1) PLJR 882. Section 48 read with Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution-alternative remedy- normally the existence of an alternative remedy does not oust the jurisdiction of the writ court- however, a writ court must act under self imposed restraint having regard to the existence of alternative remedy especially in matters of election dispute-only existence of extraordinary circumstances will justify by passing of alternative remedy. Vishwanath Sahni vs, State of Bihar, 1995(1) PLJR 535. Sec. 48 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 48 [65 Section 48-allotment of lands for members of a society-some members left out by society-High Court ordered re-carving of some plots as well as from small part to accommodate the remaining members-instead of recarving and using small park, office bearers allotted portions from big park-cancellation of plots of such members by P.R.D.A.- cancellation valid-big park cannot be touched-no sympathetic consideration can be available to such members-no order now can be issued cancelling the earlier proceedings. Shaikh Mohd. Ali vs. Bihar State Housing Board, 1989 PLJR 477. Section 48-- Termination simpliciter of employees' service reference to Assistant Registrar on the question of such termination, not permissible. Tisco Oriya Co-op. Credit Society vs. Asstt. Registrar, 1975 PLJR 290 (FB). · Section 48- Expression 'election dispute'-meaning of-dispute touching the business of co-operative society, is an election dispute, Narain Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1985 PLJR 579. Section 48--Election disputes also come squarely within the ambit of this section. Chandeshwar Prasad vs. State of Bihar, 1987 PLJR 159 (FB). Section 48 - The powers are judicial in nature. ibid. Section 48-- Registrar of Co-operative Societies cannot give directions to a Co- operative Society to admit a particular heir of deceased member of that Society as its member. To become a member one must be the holder of at least one share either by valid transfer or devolution of interest. Patliputra Co-operative House Construction Society vs. State of Bihar, 1972 PLJR 481. Section 48(1)-- Question regarding irregular appointment of Accountant of the Society could be a dispute within Section 48(1), but it did not fall within Cl. (a} or (b} of sub-section (1). Rama Shankar Tewari vs. Gopal Banerjee, 1971 PLJR 377. Section 48(1)---observance of Natural Justice-where order of Assistant Registrar affected question of appointment of the petitioner, he was entitled to a notice to show cause. ibid. Section 48 & Bihar and Orissa Co-operative Societies Rules, 1959-- Rule 68, sub-rule 13(a)-Rule 68, sub-rule 13(a) does not prescribe any particular form for reference of election dispute to the Registrar-such Rule, not exhaustive and does not control Section 48 of the Act- reference of an election dispute by the District Magistrate is a valid reference. Sri Narain Mishra vs. State of Bihar, 1985 PLJR 579. Section 48 r/w rule 33 a dispute between Co-operative Bank and its employees is not amenable to writ jurisdiction where the Bank is completely privately managed and controlled by its Board of Directors-the situation may be different where a society has been superseded and special officer has been appointed by the Registrar. S. Itrat Hussain vs. Registrar Co. op Societies, 2001 (2) PLJR 253. # Cancellation of allotment. Non-observance of principles of natural justice. Although the Registration Act, 1908 does not specifically provide any mode or manner in which a deed of transfer earlier registered before the Registrar of Document could be cancelled by a subsequent deed of annulment but even if the Registrar of Document had the power to admit such a deed of annulment for registration, it had to be done as per the requirement of principles of natural justice and cannot be done to the detriment of the person in whose favour the earlier deed of transfer was registered. Once a property is transferred by a registered document, a vested civil right devolves upon the transferee and to nullify such vested right only a civil court of competent jurisdiction has the authority and the Registrar has no such power or authority of a civil court to decide right and title of a party. Swati Pande vs. Registrar, Co-operative Societies, 2007(2) PLJR 525.] 66] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 . [ Secs. 49-52 49., Registrar liquidators and arbitrators to have certain powers of Civil Court.-- Subject to any rules, the Registrar, any person authorised to hold an inquiry under section 35 or an inspection under section 36, any liquidator, any person exercising the powers of a Registrar, or any arbitrator or arbitrators appointed under section 48, shall in so far as such powers are necessary for carrying out any of the purposes of this Act, have power to summon and enforce the attendance of witnesses and parties cancerned and to examine them upon oath and to compel the production of any books, accounts, documents or property by the same means and, so far as may be, in the same manner as if provided in the case of a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908). 50. Attachment of property.--(1) Where the Registrar is satisfied on the application of the liquidator or of a society that any person with intent to defeat or delay the execution of any order that may be passed against him under section 44 or 48. (a) is about to dispose of the whole or any part of his property, or (b) is about to remove the whole or any part of his property from the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Registrar, the Registrar may, unless adequate security is furnished to his satisfaction, direct the attachment of the said property or such part thereof, as he thinks, necessary, any such attachment shall have the same effect as if it had been made by a competent Court. (2) An order of attachment passed under sub-section (1) shall, on the application of the Registrar, be executed by the Collector in whose jurisdiction the property lies, in the same manner as an order of a Revenue Court. 51. Enforcement of orders.-Orders passed under sections 44, 48 and 50 shall in addition to any other method of enforcement provided under this Act, on application be enforced as follows:-- (a) when passed by the Registrar, a liquidator or by an arbitrator or arbitrators, by any Civil Court having local jurisdiction in the same manner as a decree of such Court: (b) when passed by the District Judge, in the same manner as a decree of the District Judge made in the suit pending before him. 52. Recovery of sums due.--Any sum payable by any person or by any registered society- (a) as fees for an audit held under section 33, (b) in accordance with an order of the Registrar under section 39 apportioning the costs of an inquiry or inspections, (c) in accordance with an order passed under Section 40, (d) in accordance with an order of the Registrar or of a liquidator passed under section 44, or (e) in accordance with an order, decision or award passed or made under section 48, 1[(f) As an amount due from member, past member or the nominee, heirs, or legal representative of the deceased member of a primary co-operative society.] 1. Ins. by (Amdt.) Act 5 of 1989. Secs. 53-55 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [67 shall be recoverable, as a public demand in any area, in which the Bihar and Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1914 (B. & O. Act 4 of 1914),,is in force or as an arrear of land revenue throughout the whole of the State and the Registrar or other person authorised by him in this behalf, shall be deemed to be the person to whom such public demand is due or to whom such arrear of land revenue is payable. Comments & case-law [In a suit to set aside award, copy of award is necessary to decide as to whether Secretary of Central Co-operative Bank, is a necessary party and so whether notice under section 80, C.P.C. is necessary. lLR (1964) Cut. 86. The certificate court cannot go behind the award given by the Assistant Registrar, Co- operative Societies u/s 6 which was upheld in appeal. Ram Pratap Singh vs. Bihar Bakhtiarpur Fatwah Central Co-operative Bank, Bihar-shariff, 1975 PLJR 6 (Rev.) Section 52 of the Act contains five clauses (a) to (e). By section 7 o1 the amending Ordinance, another clause (f) has been added. Section 52 provides for recovery of sums due. It lays down categories of dues which may be recovered as public demand. Clause (f) introduces another category of dues which may be realised as public demand. No serious objection can be raised to such a provision. Clause (f) does not lay down that the dues may be realised without an adjudication. It is, therefore, neither unfair nor unjust nor unreasonable by any statutory imagination nor it violates Article 14 of the Constituton. Consequently there can be no serious challenge to the inclusion of clause (f) to Section 52 of the Parent Act. Sheetal Prasad Gupta vs. State of Bihar, (1990) 1 BLJ 493 (FB). In interpreting a deeming provision creating legal fiction the Court is required to ascertain the purpose fo: which the fiction has been created and after ascertaining the same to assume the facts and consequences which are incidental or inevitable corrolary the fiction Section 52 merely vests the Registrar (or the person authorised by the Registrar) with the legal competence to send requisition by creating legal fiction in his favour as the person to whom the money is deemed to be due and payable. Bindesh Kumar Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1995 (1) PLJR 86.] 53. Recovery of sums due. to the Government.- All sums due from a registered society or from an officer or member, past or present of from his sureties or from the estate of a deceased member of a registered society or from his sureties as such to the Government including any costs awarded to the Government may be recovered in the same manner as arrears of land-revenue. 54. Property from which sums due from a society can be recovered.-All sums due from a registered society to the Government and all sums recoverable from a registered society under sections 33, 39, 44 or 48 may be recovered firstly, from the property of the society, secondly, in the case of a society, the liability of the members of which is limited, from the members, past members or estates of deceased members, or their sureties subject to the limit of their liability; and thirdly, in the case of other societies from the members, past members, or estates of deceased members or their sureties to such extent or in such proportion as may be determined by the Registrar. 55. Liability of past members.-Notwithstanding anything contained in sections 53 and 54, the liability of past members and of the estates of deceased members shall in all cases be subject to the provisions of sections 32 and 63. 68] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 56 [56. Power of revision by Registrar.-The Registrar may, on application or of his own motion, revise any order passed by a person exercising the powers of a Registrar or by a liquidator under section 44 provided such order has been passed within a period not exceeding six months : Provided that the Registrar shall have no power to revise any order against which appeal has been provided under provisions of this Act." Comments & case-law [There is no period of limitation provided for exercise of the power by the Registrar or for the filing of an application to this effect. Sahebganj Motor Transport Coop. Societies Ltd. vs. Registrar, Co-op. Societies, AIR 1973 Pat. 77; 1972 BLJR 455. The provisions of section 56 are not in pari materia with those of section 65.A of the Act, and section 56 has not such an overriding effect, as section 65-A. Section 65-A does nothing more than instead of the Registrar deciding the election dispute by referring to an officer subordinate to him, the State Government has been given power to recall an election dispute from the Registrar in appropriate cases. Section 48 itself puts no bar on transfer and authorises the Registrar to transfer such of the cases as he may deem fit and proper. Similar power is being exercised under Section 65-A by the State Government of recalling such election disputes from the Registrar as the State Governments may consider proper. That will not amount to any discrimination under Article 14 of Constitution. Hare Krishna Upadhyaya vs. State of Bihar, 1979 BLJ 141 . Section 56 has got no application to orders passed by a person exercising the powers of a Registrar u/s 48 of the Act. Din Dayal Singh vs. Biscomaun, AIR 1967 Pat. 179; 1976 PLJR 130. A right of appeal to the Registrar is given to persons aggrieved by decisions given in disputes transferred or fererred by the Registrar. Registrar can revise under section 56, only the case decided by him under section 48 (2) (a). Section 56 is not attracted in case of appellate orders passed by Joint Registrar, and a revision application against order by another officer under section 48 (6) exercise rig powers of Registrar is not maintainable. Raghav Jha vs. Registrar, Co-operative Societies, AIR 1983 Pat. 137: 1983 BRLJ 75. Order passed in exercise of revisional powers in absence of written notice to parties to make their representation is invalid and should be quashed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The requirement of written notice cannot be dispensed with by relying upon absence of prejudice and imputation of knowledge to affected party. C.A. T.A. Sales Co-op. Society vs. Government of A.P., AIR 1977 SC 2313: (1977) 4 sec 337. · The Registrar of Co-operative Societies has no power to review his own order, passed earlier after due consideration, Jai Mahabit Co-op. Housing Society Ltd. vs. P.K. Narbheram, AIR 1987 SC 1513: (1987) 1 SCC 549.] A bare reading of these relevant provision clearly manifests the legislative intent that the Registrar on reference, himself may decide the dispute or transfer it for disposal to a person exercising powers of the Registrar on his behalf. If he himself decides the dispute u/s 48 (3) the question of either appeal or revision does not arise except to revise his judgment. This dichotomy is to be maintained when revisional power is exercised by the Registrar. The power of revision is conferred expressly only on an application or suo-moto against any order passed by a person exercising the power of a Registrar. Yogendra Prasad vs. Additional Registrar, 1992 (1) PLJR 9 (SC). The Additional Registrar as a delegate of the Registrar is clearly within his 1. Subs. by (Arndt.) Act 10 of 2002. Sec. 57 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [69 power to exercise his Revisional power over the appellate power, ibid. Merely because the Assistant Registrar on reference by the Registrar exercised the power under sub-section (1) of section 48, the Registrar will not be denuded of the supervisory or revisional powers under section 56 of the Act. Yogendra Prasad vs. Additional Registrar, 1992 (1) BLJ 1 (sc). Where the out going Managing Committee of the Co-operative Society fails to hold elections for electing members of the succeeding Managing Committee before expiry of its term of office, the Registrar, Co-operative Societies is empowered under the Act to order removal of the outgoing Managing Committee and assume charge of management till elections are held and the new committee constituted. Ram Swaroop Pathak vs. State of M.P, AIR 1996 M.P 110. -Section 56 read with Sections 48(6) & (9)-0rder passed by the Deputy Registrar (Judicial) under Section 48 (6) cannot be revised by the Registrar under Section 56. M/s. Purtabpore Co. Ltd. vs. State of Bihar, 1976 PLJR 130.] 57. Bar of jurisdiction of Court.--'[(1) Save in so far as expressly provided in this Act., no Civil or Revenue Court shall have any jurisdiction in respect of any matter concerned with the winding up or dissolution of the registered society or suspension of the Managing Committee of a registered society under its act, or of any dispute required by section 48 to be referred to the Registrar or of any proceedings, under ChapterVII A.] (2) While a society is in liquidation, no suit or other legal proceeding shall be proceeded with or instituted against the liquidator as such or against the society or any member thereof on any matter touching the affairs of the society, except by leave of the Registrar and subject to such terms as he may impose. (3) No order of the State Government, District Judge, Registrar, a person appointed to assist the Registrar, liquidator, or an arbitrator or arbitrators purporting to be one, which under any provision of this Act is declared to be final shall be liable to be challenged, set aside, modified. revised, or declared void in any Court upon merits or upon any ground whatsoever except want of jurisdiction. Comments & case-law [Where the plaintiff used the Co-operative union of which he was a member to recover arrears of interest on deposit made by him, and the dispute was about rate of interest, it was held, that the suit did not lie in the Civil Court, as the cognizance of the dispute by it was barred by section 57 of this Act, AIR 1937 Pat. 531 : 16 PLT 255: 69 IC 689. Sub-section (3) of this section cannot be interpreted to mean that where an order passed by a liquidator is challenged on the ground that it was passed without jurisdiction, no leave of the Registrar is necessary under sub-section (2), reading sub-sections (2) and (3) together, it is clear that whatever may be the scope of the suit or legal proceeding that may be instituted against a liquidator as such the leave of the Registrar will be necessary. Thus, where a person institutes a suit against a liquidator as such for declaration that an award passed by the liquidator to the effect that the person who was a- surety for one of the members of the society under liquidation was liable for the amount for which he was a surety was ultra vires and ineffective, leave of the 1. Subs. by (Amdt.) Act 5 of 1989. 7o] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 57 Registrar under sub-section (2) is necessary and sub-section (3) can be of no avail. AIR 1948 Pat. 337. The exclusion of the jurisdicton of the civil court is not to be readily in ferred but such exclusion must be either explicitly expressed or clearly implied, Section 57 (3) clearly vests jurisdiction in the Civil Court in cases where an award is passed without jurisdiction .(1964) 30 Cut LT 509. · A Civil suit for declaration that the dismissal order of the employee of a Cooperative Society as a result of disciplinary proceedings is invalid, is not barred. U.P Co-operative Cane Union Federation Ltd. vs. Liladhar, AIR 1981 SC 152: 1980 (Supp.) SCC 61o. A suit by an employee of a Co-operative society for declaration that retrenchment of his services is illegal does not relate to "business of Co-operative Society". Bar of jurisdiction of Courts will not apply to such a suit. Allahabad District Co-op. Ltd. vs. Hanuman Dutt Tewari, AIR 1982 SC 120: (1981) 4 SCC 431. Co-operative Societies Act cannot be challenged on the ground that the protection afforded by Article 31 A (1) (c) was not available to co-operative societies. Protection of Article 31 A (1) (c) cannot be said to be not available on the ground that interest of co- operative society may not necessarily be in public interest. Daman Singh vs. State of Punjab, AIR 1985 SC 973. Power to order amalgamation of a co-operative society of which an individual is member, with another society cannot be remotely held to offend the dignity of a human being so as to offend the basic structure of the Construction within the meaning of Article 20. ibid. Once it is found that the award is without jurisdiction, the matter comes under sub- section (3) and under the jurisdiction of the Civil Court to entertain the suit. Subsection (2) has no application to such cases. ibid. The object of enacting section 57 is the matters of detail relating to the affairs of a society should be disposed of the Fegistrar. Liquidator should not be dragged into court to explain the reasons for his decision. AIR 1953 Orissa 300. The payment of debts of a society whether decretal or otherwise, is clearly "a matter touching the affairs of a society" within the meaning of sub-section (2) of this section, and proceedings to realise such debts are barred except by the leave of Registrar. An application to execute a decree for costs against a society can, therefore, lie only with leave of the Registrar under section 57 (2). AIR 1940 Pat. 253: 21 PLT 217: 1940 PWN 155: 6 BR 776. A dispute between the parties as to the manner or enforcement of payment (a certificate having been obtained under the Public Demands Recovery Act for enforcing an award made by Registrar) is a dispute touching the business affairs of a society. AIR 1942 Pat. 148: 22 Pat. LT 947: 8 BR 172: 197 IC 115. The liquidator is empowered under section 43 (3) to take proceedings to execute an award issued by the Registrar against a member of the Co-operative Society in liquidation. If the member is aggrieved by the liquidator's action, he may apply to the Registrar to interfere with the liquidator's act under section 56 or to grant leave for the institution of the suit under section 57 (2) of this Act. A suit by him against liquidator is not maintainable in the absence of Registrar's sanction for its institution. AIR 1941 Pat. 428: 1941 PWN 373: 7 BR 585: 193 IC 142. Pending an appeal from a decree in a suit against a Co-operative Bank, the Secs. 57A-57B ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [71 Bank went into liquidation. The liquidator was made a party respondent on the application of the applicant who also applied to the Registrar for leave to proceed with the appeal under section 57 (2), but received no such leave. It was held that the appeal was not maintainable and was therefore liable to be dismissed. 1944 PWN 172. A wrong decision on a question of limitation may not amount to a defect of jurisdiction under section 57 (3), but an order determining a liability after expiry of the period provided by law, is an order without jurisdiction and therefore can be declared void and ignored. 10 BR 546. Reference to the Registrar is not barred because of the pendency of a civil suit in regard to the same matter or some common matters. Pt. Raghav Jha vs. Registrar, Co-op. Society. 1962 BLJR (Rev.) 62: ILR 41 Pat. 325. Agreement between parties cannot confer jurisdiction where jurisdiction of civil courts is ousted under the Act. Orissa State Co-op. Mty. Federation vs. Association Mktg. Co., AIR 1982 Orissa 1. If the langauge of the statute is clear and unambiguous, it is not open to the Court to put any other interpretation which may violate the phraseology used therein. The width of the expression used in the statute cannot be narrowed down or cut down by courts. Smt. Pratibha Singh vs. State of Bihar, 1988 PLJR 646. Supreme Court will not interfere where refusal of permission by competent Authority to a Co-operative Housing Society to develop its land in accordance with its layout plans is based on relevant and cogent reasons. Kendriya Karamchari Grih Nirman Samiti Ltd. vs. New Okhla Industrial Development Authority, (1988) 1 SCC 63.] 1[CHAPTERVII-A Distraint 57 A. Cases in which application for distraint may be made.-Where any debt or outstanding demand is due to a registered society from any member, past member or estate of deceased member or is due to a registered society which is duly authorised by the Registrar under any of the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 16 of this Act to grant loans to non- members, from any person who is not a member of a registered society or from the estate of such person if he is dead the society may, in addition to any other remedy to which it is entitled by law, present an application to the Registrar requesting him to recover the debt or outstanding demand by distraining, while in the possession of the defaulter. (1) any crops or other products of the earth standing or ungathered on the holding of the defaulter; (2) any crops or other products of the earth which have been grown on the holding of the defaulter and have been reaped or gathered and are deposited on the holding or on a threshing floor or place for treading out grain whether in the fields or within a homestead. 57B. Form of application.--(1) Every application under the last foregoing section shall specify- (a) the holding of the defaulter and the boundaries thereof or such other particulars as may suffice for its identification: 1. Ins. by Act 16 of 1948. 72] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Secs. 57C-57E (b) the name of the defaulter; (c) the detailed account of the dues; (d) the nature and approximate value of the produce to be distrained; (e) the place where it is to be found, or such other particulars as may suffice for its identification; and (f) if it is standing or ungathered at the time at which it is likely to be cut or gathered. · (2)The application shall be signed and verified in the manner prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), for the signing and verification of plaints. 57C. Procedure on receipt of application.--(1) The applicant shall at the time of filing an application under the foregoing sections, file before the Registrar such documentary evidence (if any) as he may consider necessary for the purposes of the application. (2) The Registrar may, after taking such evidence as he thinks, fit, admit the application or reject it. (3) Where the Registrar cannot forthwtih admit or reject an application he may, if he thinks fit make an order prohibiting the removal of the produce specified in the application, pending the execution of an order for distraining the same or the rejection of the application. (4) When an order for distraining any produce is made under the section at a considerable time before the produce is likely to be cut or gathered, the Registrar may suspend the execution of the order for such time as he thinks fit, and may, if he . thinks, fit, make a further order prohibiting the removal of the produce pending the execution of the order for distraint. (5) An order under sub-section (3) or under sub-section (4) shall be served and published in such manner as the State Government may by rules prescribe. 57D. Execution of order for distraint.-(1) If an application is admitted under the last foregoing section and an order for distraining any produce is made the Registrar shall send a copy of the order containing the prescribed particu! rs to the Collector for execution. (2)The Collector shall, upon receipt of the order referred to in sub-section (1), depute an officer to distrain the produce specified therein or such portion of that produce as he thinks fit, and the officer shall proceed to the place where the produce is, and distrain the produce by taking charge of it in this behalf and publishing a notification of the distraint in accordance with rules to that effect made by the State Government. Provided that produce, which from its nature does not admit of being stored, shall not be distrained under this section at any time less than twenty days before the time when it would be fit for reaping or gathering. 57E. Service of demand and account.-(1) The distraining officer, shall at the time of making the distraint, serve on the defaulter a written demand for the amount due and the costs incurred in making the distraint, with an account exhibiting the grounds on which the distraint is made. (2) Where the distraining officer has reason to believe that a person other than the defaulter is the owner of the property distrained, he shall serve copies of the demand and account on that person likewise. Secs. 57F-57L ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [73 3 The demand and account shall, if practicable be served personally but, if a person on whom they are to be served absconds or conceals himself or cannot otherwise be found, the officer shall affix copies of the demand and account on a conspicuous part of the outside of the house in which he usually resides. 57F. Rights to reap etc., produce.-(1) A distraint under this Chapter shall not prevent any person from reaping, gathering or storing any produce or doing any ther act necessary for its due preservation. (2) If the person entitled to do so fails to do so at the proper time, the distraining officer shall cause any standing crops or ungathered products distrained to be reaped or gathered when ripe, and stored in such granaries or other places as are commonly used for the purpose or in some other convenient place in the neighbourhood or shall to whatever else may be necessary for the due preservation of the same. (3) In either case the distrained property shall remain in the charge of the distraining officer or of some other person appointed by him in this behalf. 57G. Sale proclamation to be issued unless demand is satisfied.---(1) Unless the demand with all costs of distraint, be.immediately satisfied that distraining officer shall issue a proclamation specifying the particulars of the property distrained and the demand for which distrained, and notifying that he will, at a place and on a day specified not being less than three or more than seven days after the time making the distraint, sell the distraint property by public auction: Provided that when the crops or products distrained from their nature admit of being stored but have not yet been stored, the day of the sale shall be so fixed as to admit of their being made ready for storing before its arrival. (2) The proclamation shall be struck up on a conspicuous place in the village in which the land of the defaulter is situate. 57H. Place of sale.-The sale shall be held at the, place where the distrained property is, or at the nearest place of public resort if the distraining officer is of opinion that it is likely to sell there to better advantage. 571. When produce may be sold standing.--(1) Crops or products which from their nature admit of being stored shall not be sold before they are reaped or gathered and are ready for storing. (2) Crops or products which from their nature do not admit of being stored may be sold before they are reaped or gathered, and the purchaser shall be entitled to enter on the land by himself, or by any person appointed by him in this behalf and do all that is necessary for the purposes of tending and reaping or gathering them. 57 J. Manner of sale.-The property shall be sold by public auction, in one or more lots as the officer holding the sale may think advisable, and if the demand with the costs of distraint and sale, is satisfied by the sale of a portion of the property, the order of distraint shall not be executed with respect to the remainder. 57K. Postponement of sale.--f, on the property being put for sale, a fair price (in the estimation of the officer holding the sale) is not offered for it, and if the owner of the property, or a person authorised to act in his behalf, applies to have the sale postponed till the next day or (if a market is held at the place of sale) the next market day, the sale shall be postponed until that day and shall be then completed, whatever price may be offered for the property. 57L. Payment of purchase money.--The price of every lot shall be paid at the time of sale, or as soon thereafter as the officer holding the sale direct, and in [ Secs. 57M-57R Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 74] default of such payment the property shall be put up again and sold. 57M. Certificate to be given to purchaser.--When the purchase money has been paid in full, the officer holding the sale shall give the purchaser a certificate describing the property purchased by him and the price paid. 57N. Proceeds of sale how to be applied.--(1) From the proceeds of every sale of distrained property under this Chapter, the officer holding the sale shall pay the costs of the distraint and sale, calculated on a scale of charges prescribed by rules to be made, from time to time, by the State Government in this behalf. (2) The remainder shall be applied to the discharge of the amount due for which the distress was made, with interest thereon up to the day of sale; and the surplus (if any) shall be paid to the person whose property. has been sold. 57O. Certain persons may not purchase.-Officers holding sales of property under this Chapter and all persons employed by, or subordinate to such officers and all officers and members of the staff of registered societies are prohibited from purchasing either directly or indirectly, any property sold by such officers. 57P. Procedure where demand is paid before the sale.-(1) If at any time after a distraint has been made under this Chapter, and before the sale of the distrained property, the defaulter, or any person making a bonafide claim as the owner of the distrained property, where he is not the defaulter deposits with the Collector executing the order of distraint or in the hands of the distraining officer, the amount specified in the demand served under section 57-E, with all costs which may have been incurred after the service of the demand, the Collector, or officer, as the case may be, shall grant a receipt for the same, and the order of distraint shall not be executed. (2) When the distraining officer receives the deposit, he shall forthwith pay it to the Collector. (3) After the expiration of one month from the date of a deposit being made under this section, the Collector shall pay therefrom to the applicant for distrain the amount due to him, unless in the mean while the person making a bona fide claim as the owner of the property distrained has instituted a suit against the applicant contesting the legality of the distraint and claiming compensation in respect of the same. 57Q. Distraint of property which is under attachment.-When any conflict arises between an order for distraint issued under this Chapter and an order issued by a Civil Court for the attachment or sale of the property, which is the subject of the distraint, the order for distraint shall prevail; but if the property is sold under that order, the surplus proceeds of the sale shall not be paid under section 57-N, to the owner of the property without the sanction of the Court to which the order of attachment of sale was issued. 57R. Suit for corripensation for wrongful distraint and appeals. INO appeal shall lie from any order passed by the Registrar or a Collector under the Chapter, but any person whose property is distrained on an application made under section 57-A, in any case in which such an application is not permitted by that section, may institute a suit against the application for the recovery of compensaton: Provided that, if such an order is passed by an Assistant Registrar or Deputy Registrar exercising the power of a Registrar, an appeal shall lie to the Registrar and his decision on such appeal shall be final. Secs. 57S-62 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ 75 57S. Power to make rules.-The State Government may from time to time, make rules for regulating the procedure in all cases under the foregoing provisions of this Chapter. 57T. lnterpretation.-ln this Chapter, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context – (a) Collector" includes an officer appointed by the State Government to discharge any of the functions of a Collector under this Chapter; (b) defaulter" means a person (including his legal representative if he is dead) from (c) whom any such debt or outstanding demand as is referred to in section 57-A, is recoverable; and (d) "holding" means any land used for agricultural or horticultural purposes.] CHAPTER VIII Miscellaneous 58. Registrar and other officers to be public servants:-The Registrar, a person exercising the powers of a Registrar, a person authorised to make an inspection under section 34 or 36 or to hold an inquiry under section 35, a liquidator and an arbitrator or arbitrators to whom any dispute is referred under section 48, shall be deemed to be public servants within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860). · 59. Proof of entries in societies book.--(1) A copy of an entry in a book, register or list of a registered society regularly kept in the course of business, shall, if certified in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules, be admissible in evidence of the existence of such entry, and shall be admitted as evidence of the matters, transactions and accounts therein recorded in every case where, and to the same extent as, the original entry would, if produced, have been admissible to prove such matters, transactions and accounts. (2) In the case of such societies as the State Government may, by general or special order, direct, no officer of a society shall in any legal proceeding to which the society is not a party, be compelled to produce any of the society's books, the contents of which can be proved under sub- section (1), or to appear as a witness to prove the matters, transactions and accounts therein recorded unless by order of the Courts or a Judge made for special cause. 60. Delegation of power to hear appeals.--The State Government may, by general or special order, delegate its power of hearing appeals under the provisions of this Act, '[x x x] to any authority specified in such order. [61. Compulsory affiliation of registered societies to a Co-operative Federation.-( 1) The registered co-operative society in accordance with the provisions of Rules framed under this Act shall be affiliated to Bihar Cooperative Federation in such manner and on such condition as has been directed by the Rules for the purpose. (2) The organisation and activities of Bihar Cooperative Federation shall',be regulated, under rules framed under the provisions of this Act, and for which affiliation under sub-section (1) is compulsory.] 62. Exemptions from requirements as to registration.-(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the State Government may, by special order in each 1. Words "except the power of hearing appeals under Sections 26, 40 and 41" deleted by (Arndt.) Act 10 of 2002. 2. Subs. by ibid. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Secs. 63-64 76 ] case and subject to such conditions, if any, as it may impose, exempt any society from any of the requirements of this Act as to registration. (2) The State Government may by general or special order [] exempt any registered society from any of the provisions of this Act, or may direct that such provisions shall apply to such society with such modifications as may be specified in the order. 63.Limitation.-Notwithstanding any of the provisions of the [Indian Limitation Act, 1908 (9 of 1908), the period of limitation tor debt including interest due to a registered society by a member thereof shall be computed from the date on which such member dies or ceases to be a member of the society. Comments & Case-law [There can be no question of limitation at all under this section so long as the person from whom a debt is due to a society is still a member of the society. 21 PLT 343. There is a period of limitation tor recovery of debt from past members-Claim against past member barred by limitation-Such dispute cannot be heard by Registrar-his award is without jurisdiction. P.M.G. Officers Co-operative Society vs. Abdul Quddus, 1963 PLJR 969.] 64. Power to exempt from income tax, stamp duty and registration fees.--(1) The Central Government, by notification in the official Gazette, may in the case of any registered society or class of registered societies, remit the income-tax payable in respect of the profits of the society, or of the dividends or other payments received by the member of the society on account of profits. (2) The collecting Government may by notification remit, in the case of any registered society or class of registered societies- (a) the stamp duty with which under any law for the time being in force, instruments executed by or on behalf of a registered society or by an officer or member thereof and relating to the business of such society or any class of such instruments or decisions, awards or orders of the Registrar or of any arbitrator or arbitrators under this Act, are respectively chargeable, and (b) any fee payable under the law of registration tor the time being in force. In this sub-section "collecting Government" has the same meaning as in the Indian Stamp Act, 1899. Comments & Case-law [Reading Sec. 5 of the Act with item no. 27 of Appx V. of the Stamp Act it is anifest that a society registered under the Co-operative Society Act is exempted from payment of any stamp duty and as such a registered society is exempted from payment of any stamp duty in relation to any instrument executed by it or on behalf of it and relating to its business. Patliputra Co-operative House Construction Society Ltd. vs. State of Bihar, 1977 BBCJ 78. Exemptions granted by the State Government in favour of building belonging to co-operative societies from the provisions of Rent Control Act is legitimate exercise of power. Such exemption cannot be discriminatory and violative of Article 14 of the I 1. For an order under this sub-section, see the B.O.R.O. Vol I.Pt. VII. 2. See Limitation Act, 1963. [ 77 Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 Secs. 65-65A ] Constitution. M/s S.M. Mahendra & Co. vs. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR 1985 SC 270. A co-operative society is entitled to the exemption of the profits and gains derived from the activities which is incidental and is to increase and promote cooperative societies under section 81 (i)(c) of the Income Tax Act 1961. The Broach Distt. Co-operative Cotton Sales Ginning and Pressing Society Ltd. vs. The Commissioner of Income Tax Ahmedabad, AIR 1989 SC 1493 : (1989) 2 sec 679 : (1989) 44 Taxman 489. If the service rendered by a co-operative society is only incidental, it is entitled to deduction in income-tax.-Commissioner of Income-Tax Madras v. South Arcot District Co- operative Marketing Society Ltd., AIR 1990 1249: (1989) 43Taxman 328. Co-operative society making investments in security deposits for carrying on agency business interest or the security deposit received is not an investment thus no exemption can be claimed from income-tax. But if the loan advanced is to a member co-operative society by the apex co-operative society for carrying on business and the interest receiving on the same will be exempted from income-tax. CIT v. U.P. Co-operative Federation Ltd., AIR 1989 SC 915 : (1989) 1 SCC 747: (1919) IUT 258.] 65. Exemption from compulsory registration of instrument relating to shares and debentures of a registered society---Nothing in clauses (b) and (c) of sub-section (1) of Section 17 of the Indian Registration Act, 1908 shall apply to- (1) any instrument relating to shares in registered society notwithstanding that the assests of such society consist in whole or in part·of immovable property; or (2) any debenture by any such society and not creatinig, declaring, assigning or extinguishing any, right, title or interest to or in immovable property except in so far as it entitles the holders to the security afforded by a registered instrument where by the society has mortgaged, conveyed or otherwise transferred the whole or part of its immovable property or any interest therein to trustees upon trust for the benefit of the holders of such debentures; or (3) any endorsement upon or transfer of any debenture issued by any such society '[x x x] Comments & case-law [The State Government exercises supervisory jurisdiction only under section 65A. Chandrika Jha • State of Bihar, 1984 PLJR (SC) 1. see also Abdul Gafoor v. State of Bihar, 1983 PLJR 196 : AIR 1983 Pat. 114. The provisions of section 56 are not in pari materia with those of section 65A of the Act, and section 65 has not such an overriding effect, as section 65A. Section 65A does nothing more than provide that instead of the Registrar deciding the 1. "Section 65A" repealed by (Amdt.) Act No. 10 of 2002. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 65A 78 ] election dispute by referring to an officer subordinate to him, the State Government has been given power to recall an election dispute from the Registrar in appropriate cases. Section 48 itself puts no bar on transfer and authorises the Registrar to transfer such of the cases as he may deem fit and prayed. Similar power is being exercised under section 65A by the State Government of recalling such election disputes from the Registrar as the State Government may consider proper. That will not' amount to any discrimination under Article 14 of the Constitution. Hare Krishan Upadhyaya v. State of Bihar, 1979 BLJ 141. The exercise of special power of revision conferred by section 65A is a discretionary one and cannot be equated with the substantive right of appeal conferred by the statute u/s 48 of the Act. Therefore, merely becasue an aggrieved party files an application before the revisional authority, it cannot be said that it confers upon him any right to insist upon the revisional authority namely, the State Government to decide the matter one way or the other. Abdul Gafoor v. State of Bihar, 1983 PLJR 196 : AIR ·t983 Pat 114. This section empowers the State Government of its own motion or on application to call for record of any proceeding of any matter pending before the Registrar or his subordinate or any person acting under his authority and examine and pass such orders as may deem fit. The section also lays down that orders may be passed by the State Government in regard to election of any society besides other matters. The expression "election" must cover all aspects of the election, including election disputes. Therefore, it is wrong to contend that the Minister, Co- operation, can pass orders in terms of section 65A of the Act only in regard to executive orders passed by the Registrar or his subordinate. Lachandeo Singh v. State of Bihar, 1982 PLJB (NOC) 7 : 1981 BRLJ 239 : 1981 BLJ 674 : 1982 BBCJ 14. The scope of section 65A is very. limited. It cannot override the provisions of section 48(1) read with section 26(2) or sub-section (6) of section 48 read with section 48(2)(b). Abdul Gafoor v. State of Bihar, 1983 PLJR 196: AlR 1983 Pat. 114. The question in what case power u/s 65A of the Act has to be exercised is a question of fact, to be determined in each individual case. But the exercise of power would be illegal where (i) no exceptional circumstances has been pointed out;

(ii) the dispute with regard to the election was referred to the Registrar under sub-section (1) of section 48 and there was no dispute pending under the Act before any authority; (iii) there was no enquiry or investigation under the Act under challenge; and (iv) no such reference was decided either by a person acting as the Registrar himself either u/s 48(2)(a) or while exercising power under sub-section (6) section 48 of the Act. ibid. · The expression "State Government" occuring in this section includes the Minister of the Department of Co-operation. Accordingly the Minister has the jurisdiction to pass the orders staying the orders of the Dy. Registrar, Co-op. Societies. Lachandeo Sahni v. State of Bihar, 1982 PLJR (NOC) 7; 1981 BRLJ 239 : 1981 BLJR 674 : 1982 BBCJ 14. The expression "pending before the Registrar" cannot be confined to the latter portion of the Section only. It governs the entire section and therefore the State Government can exercise power under the section only if a matter is pending. If a dispute has been finally considered and decided the section will have no application. Saryug hgh v. State of Bihar, 1982 PLJR (NOC) 17 : 1982 BBCJ 122 : Sahjanand Secs. 65B-66 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [79 Sharma v. State of Bihar, 1983 PLJR 76. An application was filed before the Registrar for taking action under Contempt of Court Act. The Registrar, passed order under Co-operative Societies Act restraining persons from acting as member of the managing committee. The order was reviewed by the Minister. The action of both, the Registrar and the Minister are justified, because the Registrar could have passed that order under power of review under the Cooperative Societies Act and in view of such order, Minister also has the competence to pass review order. Sahjanand Sharma v. State of Bihar, 1983 PLJR 76. It is not necessary to give notice to the persons concerned while passing an interim order, ibid. Where the bye-law empowered the Registrar to extend the tenure of committee of management, then it is he only who can do so. Neither the Chief Minister, nor Minister, Co- operative has the power to arrogate himself the statutory functions of Registrar. Chandrika Jha v. State of Bihar, 1984 PLJR (SC) 1 : AIR 1984 SC 322. Where the bye-laws empower the Registrar to continue Board of Directors, he has to do so at his discretion. Constitution of Board of Directors not at his discretion but at the behest of Minister is invalid, ibid. The power conferred by section 65A are devoid of any limitation or any guidelines. Section 65A, which purports to confer power on the State executive to totally override a Court and its judicial proceedings without any guidelines, is per se arbitrary and irrational. The blanket powers conferred on the State Government or Minister to call for any matter and decide it as it may deem fit are unguided and uncanalised power suffer from the voice of arbitrariness and consequently infract Article 14 of the Constitution of India. The High Court, therefore, struck down the provision. Chandeshwar Prasad v. State of Bihar, 1987 PLJR 159 (FB) : AIR 1987 Pat. 208. The powers conferred on State Government by section 65A are neither revisional nor supervisory, ibid.] 1[658. Removal of difficulty.-lf any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act the State Government may, as occasion may require, by order published in official Gazette, to anything not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act for purpose of removing the difficulty.] 66. Power to make rules.-The State Government may for the whole or any part of the State and for any registered society or a class of registered societies, make rules to carry out all or any of the purpose of this Act. In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may- (i) prescribes the forms to be used and the conditions to be compliec;I with in the making of application for the registration of a society and the procedure in the matter of such applications; (ii) prescribe the conditions to be complied with by persons applying for admission or admitted as members and provide for the election and the admission of member and the payment to be made and the interests to be acquired before the exercise of the right of membership; (iii) prescribe the extent to which a society may limit the number of its 1. Ins. by Act 21 of 1976 Secs. 65B-66 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 66 80 ] members and, subject to the provision of section 29, prescribe the maximum number of shares or portion of the capital of society, which may be held by a member; (iv) prescribe the conditions of acceptance of registration of members and prescribe for the expulsion of member and for the payments, if any, to be made to members who withdraw or are expelled; (v) provide for the general meetings of the members and for the procedure at such meetings and the powers to be exercised by such meeting; (vi) prescribe the matters in respect of which is a society may or shall make bye- laws, and the procedure to be followed in making, altering and abrogating bye- laws and the conditions to be satisfied prior to such making, alteration or abrogation; (vii) prescribe the manner in which managing committees and sub-committees thereof shall be constituted, 1 ["through election conducted by the authority constituted under sub-section (1) of section-14A or otherwise] and provide for the appointment, suspension and removal of members of managing committees and other officers, and for the procedure at meetings of managing committees and for the powers to be exercised and the duties to be performed by managing committees and other officers. (viii) prescribe the conditions under which a society may be prohibited from appointing a defaulting member of any society to its managing committee or to the managing committee of any other society and from allowing him to exercise his right of membership in the society or to represent it in on other society : (ix) prescribe the procedure to be followed when societies change the forum or extent of their liability, and provide for the amalgamation and division of societies and prescribe the conditions of such amalgamation and division; (x) prescribe the conditions and terms under. which and regulate the manner in which funds may be raised by means of shares deposits or debentures or otherwise; (xi) prescribe the conditions to be complied with by members applying for loans, the period for which loans may be made, the amount which may be lent and the manner of re payment; (xii) provide for the deposit or investment of any funds under control of a society; 2(xii) prescribe the conditions, prohibitions and restrictions to which societies may- (a) transact business with persons who are not members; or (b) make advances against movable property;] (xiv) prescribe the method of calculating the working capital and the net profits and the conditions under which such profits may be distributed, and the maximum rate of dividend which may be paid by any society or class of societies; (xv) provide for the formation and maintenance of reserve funds and the 1. Subs. by Act 16 of 1948. 2. Ins. by Act 18 of 2008 Sec.45B- 66 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [81 objects to which such funds may be applied and for the writing off of bad debts. (xvi) prescribe the condition for refund of share money and transfer of shares; (xvii) provide for the mode in which the value of a deceased member's interest shall be ascertained, and for the manner of nomination of a person to whom such interest may be paid or transferred; (xviii) provide for the information and maintenance of a register of members and where the liability of members is limited by shares, of a register of shares and share-holders; (xix) prescribe the forms to be used and the accounts and registers to be. kept and the reports and returns to be submitted by a society and provide for the persons by whom such reports and returns shall be submitted, and in case of failure to submit any such reports or returns, for the levy of the expenses of preparing them; (xx) prescribe rules for audit under section 33, and for the periodical publication of balance-sheets showing the assets and liabilities of a society; (xxi) provide for the persons by whom and the form in which copies of entries in records and registers of societies may be certified and for the charge to be levied for the supply of such copies; (xxii) provide for the custody and destruction of records and registers; (xxiii) provide for the procedure to be followed in the appointment or removal of and for the payment of remuneration to. a liquidator. (xxiv) prescribe the procedure to be followed by the liquidator and provide for the manner of disposal of the surplus, if any, of the society; (xxv) prescribe the procedure to be followed in presenting and disposing of appeals under this Act; (xxvi) prescribe the procedure to be followed in the appointment of an arbitrator or arbitrators and in proceedings before the Registrar any person exercising the powers of a Registrar and an arbitrator or arbitrators including the transfer, reference and withdrawal of cases; (xxvii) prescribe the procedure and condition for exercise of the powers conferred by section 49; 1[*] 2[(xxviii) prescribe the procedure for calling, holding and conducting meetings of creditors under section 24-A]; and 3[(xxix) provides for all matters expressly required or allowed by this Act to be prescribed by rules]. 5["(xxx) prescribe the membership fee and provide for financial assistance for contribution towards such fee as well as minimum share capital to women, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and backward class member belonging to a class or classes of registered societies which may be limited to maximum one member from a family." (3) The power to make rules conferred by this section is subject to the condition to the rules being made after previous publication. [4] (4) All rules made under this Section shall be published in the official Gazette and on such publication shall have effect as if enacted in this Act. 1. The word "and" re. by Act 8 of 1935. 2.Ins. by ibid. . 3. The Original clause (xxviii) was re-numbred as clause (xxix) by ibid. 4. As to the procedure for previous publications see the Bihar and Orissa General Clauses Act, 1917 (B. & 0. Act 1 of 1917). 5. Ins by Act 18 of 2008 82 ] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Secs. 66A-66B Comments & Case-law [Normally the "Jalkars" should be settled with the Co-operative society in whose area of operation the "Jalkar" lies and the settlement may be made with any other Society only if the expediency of the situation so requires. A Co-operative society, which is a defaulter of Government dues, is not entitled to be given preference in the matter of settlement of sairats over other individuals. Daudpur Fishermen Co-op. Societies Ltd. v. State, 1981 BRLJ 229: AIR 1981 Pat. 294. An Act beyond the object mentioned in the memorandum is ultra vires. But if the act done is fairly incidental, reasonably ancillary to its main business, conductive to the statement of objects, unless such an-act is expressly prohibited, it cannot be held to be ultra vires. The acquiring of land for cultivation and procuring good quality seeds by a Society carrying on business of distribution of seeds to agriculturists is not prohibited by bye-laws. Gajadhar Prasad Choudhary v. State of Bihar, AIR 1984 Pat. 105. Rules have the status of subsidiary legislation or delegated legislation. Byelaws of a co- operative society, on the other hand, can at best have the status of an Article of a Company governed by the Companies Act, 1959. B.K.k Gard v. Nasik Merchants Co-op. Bank, Al R 1984 SC 192. If there are two sets of Rules regulating the conditions of service of employees of Co- operative Societies the regulations framed under power conferred by the Act approved by the State Government shall prevail. Om Prakash Maurya v. U.P. Sugar Factories Federation, AIR 1986 SC 1984. Where an employee continues in post after completion of maximum period of probation provided under regulations, he stands confirmed. Therefore his reversion to lower post by treating him as on probation is not legal. ibid.] '[66A. Fixation of proportion of Co-operative Loans for schedule castes, scheduled tribes, small farme.rs, marginal farmers and other weaker sections of the community.- Subject to such directions as may be issued by the Reserve Bank of India, the primary agricultural co-operative societies shall during a co-operative year disburse to scheduled castes/scheduled tribes, small and marginal farmers and other weaker sections of the community, such proportion of their total lending as may be laid down by Registrar, Co- operative Societies from time to time having regard to the class of societies, the strength of membership of persons belonging to above classes. Said societies shall maintain separate account in respect of their lending to the aforesaid classes in a manner to be prescribed by the Registrar. [·66B. Personnel policy of Co-operative Societies.-{1) Co-operative Societies shall have autonomy in the formulation of the types of posts, their numbers and the procedure for recruitment of the personnel thereof. The Co-operative Society can frame personnel policy, for this purpose. Subject to provisions of its Bye-laws and personnel policy the Co-operative Society shall prescribe for the following, among others:- (1) eligibility, age and experience, (2) pay scale and other emoluments, (3) procedure of recruitment, (4) service condition, and 1. Ins. by Act 39 of 1982. 2. Subs. by Act 6 of 2013 [82A Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 Sec. 66B ] (5) disciplinary policy to be adopted. (2) Any appointment made in contravention of the provisions of the Bye-laws and the personnel policy shall be void as if no such appointment ever existed and salary and other allowances paid, if any, shall be recoverable under Section 40." Comments & Case-law State acting either through the Registrar or the Secretary, Co-operative Department have the legal authority to issue directive. This directive has a statutory status and to that extent binding on various Co-operative Societies registered in the State. Shyam Kishore Sinha vs. State of Bihar, 2007(3) PLJR 830. Age of retirement of the employees of Co-operative Societies, enhanced from 58 to 60 years by the State subject to conditions that those employees who have suffered punishment due to the embezzlement, corruption, indiscipline, incompetence or forgery would be kept out of benefit of enhanced age of retirement. A person cannot be punished twice for the same charges. Petitioners are being retired at the age of 58 years because their service book reflect punishment imposed earlier. This the guarantee and protection given u/Art,20(2) of the Constitution of India. a In absende of amendment in service regulations incorporating this 'punishment'l as penalty the order cannot be permitted to have a pervasive effect in this area. When there is provision for compulsory retirement then there is no occasion of creating yet another clause of punishment by forcing an employee to retire at 58 years of age merely because in some distant past he had suffered some punishment. In the matter of superannuation of employees there cannot be two separate age of retirement. Impugned clause held to be-violative of Articles 14 and 20(2) of the Constitution of India and struck down. Direction issued to reinstate the petitioners in service with all benefits and they shall continue till they reach the age of 60 years. Shyam Kishore Sinha vs. State of Bihar, 2007(3) PLJR 830. Enhancement of retirement age for employees of milk co-operative societies (COMFED). Refusal ot COMFED not to enhance the retirement age by defying the directives of State Government. Section 66B has been held to be a valid piece of legislation. As such State Govt. does have powers to issue directives to various cooperative societies in matters of appointment and service condition which shall govern the employees working under the societies. These directives are binding on all the co-operative societies including COMFED. Decision taken by Board of Directors of COMFED not to enhance the retirement age to 60 years is arbitrary and itlegal and accordingly, quashed. Directed to reinstate till they reach enhanced age of 60 years. COMFED given liberty to reconsider its decision if subsequently found that petitioners are not fulfilling any of the conditions as laid down by its Secretary. Ram Narain Singh vs. State of Bihar, 2007(3) PLJR 214. Salary to Paid Managers of PACS. No liability can be fastened on the State Government with respect to functioning of such societies as PACS. Such societies have to generate their own funds and Managers are to make recoveries and collections. Shall Devi vs. State of Bihar, 2007(1) PLJR 533. GOVERNMENT OF BIHAR CO-OPERATION DEPARTMENT. Notification No. 14/3 Legal (Amend) - 07/89/526/ dated 9.2.1989.-ln exercise of the powers conferred upon the State Government under Section 66B of the Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 the following mode and method of recruitment is prescribed for recruitment of Personnel by the Cooper&tion Societies. . 82B] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Sec. 66B 1. There shall be a Selection Authority for the recruitment of all grades of employees of all the State Level Cooperative Societies. 2. The Selection Authority shall consist of the following:- (a) Member, Board of Revenue- As Chairman (b) Chairman of the concerned State Level As Member Co-operative Societies (c) One representative of Scheduled Caste As Member or Scheduled Tribe to be nominated by the Secretary, Cooperative- (d) Nominee of NABARD, Patna As Member (e) Managing Director of the concerned State As Member-Secretary Level Cooperative Society. 3. (i) The Selection Authority shall prepare a panel of persons to be appointed in the different grades of the State-level Co-operative Societies. (ii) Notwithstanding any thing contained in the bye-laws of any State-Level Cooperative Society or rules made thereunder, no appointment in any grade from outside the panel shall be valid. 4. The member-secretary shall provide the necessary secretariat assistance to the Selection Authority. 5. There shall be a Selection Authority at the District level for appointment of all grades of employees in the District Level Co-operative Societies. 6. The District Level Selection Authority shall consist of the following:- (a) Collector/Deputy Commissioner- As Chairman. (b) Chairman/Honorary Secretary of the As Member. concerned District Level Co-operative Society- (c) One representative of Scheduled Caste As Member or Scheduled. Tribe to be nominated by the Collector/Deputy Commissioner of the District.- (d) Managing Director/Executive Officer of As Member-Secretary. the District Level Co-operative Society.- 7. (i) The Selection Authority constituted for the District Level Co-operative Societies shall prepare a panel of persons to be appointed in the different grades of the District Level Co-operative Societies. (ii) Notwithstanding any thing contained in the bye-laws of the District Level Co- operative Society or rules made thereunder, no appointment in any grade from. outside the panel shall be valid. 8. The Member Secretary shall provide the necessary secretariat- assistance to the Selection Authority constituted at the District Level Co-operative Society. 9. The rules framed by the State Government for the recruitment of various grades of Government employees and as amended from time to time, shall apply mutatis-mutandis to the preparation of panels by the Selection Authorities. 10. The rules relating to reservation as framed by the State Government and as amended from time to time, shall mutatis-mutandis apply to the preparation of panels by the Selection Authorities. Sec. 66B] Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ 83 11. The State Level Cooperative Society shall mean a registered co-operative society functioning at the State Level. 12. The District Level Cooperative Society shall mean a registered co-operative society functioning at the District Level. 13. The term 'Registered Society' shall mean a registered society as defined by Section 2 (b} of the Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935. 14. This order comes into force with immediate effect. Comments & case-law [The State Government has no power to cancel the appointments made by a Co- operative Bank. The provisions of section 66B only confer the power to lay down general policy with regard to recruitment etc. upon the State Government. Sheo Shankar Prasad Sinha v. State of Bihar, 1987 PLJR 270. The direction to the Registrar to follow a uniform practice to superannuate the employees after the age of 58 should be strictly followed. So as that no employee can make any grievance of discrimination. Md. Ali v. State of Bihar, 1991 (1) BLJ 72 : (1991) 1 BLJR 111. For further case-law, see under rules 6, 23 and 25. Provisions of section 66B are not violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. Where the Legislature itself declares certain category of appointments to be void, nothing requires to be adjudicated, and principles of natural justice will have on application in case of cancellation of void appointments. Provisions of section 66B cannot be said to be arbitrary. Teja Prasad v. State of Bihar, 1992 (2) PLJR 56. An order of termination of service of Branch Managers of Primary Agriculture Co- operative Societies passed without instituting departmental proceedings on their alleged failure to achieve norms for recovery of Co-operative loans set by the Cooperative Department will be liable to be set aside on ground of being violative of principles of natural Justice. The mere service of show cause notice without intiating disciplinary proceedings cannot be said to fully satisfy the mandatory requirement of providing effective opportunity of defence against proposed order of termination. Kapileshwar Sharma vs. State of Bihar, 1993 (2) PLJR 552. In the face of the express bar provided under section 66B, it cannot be held that regular appointments could be made by a Co-operative Body registered under the Act without following the prescribed method and procedure or any form of selection merely because the "Selection Committee" had not been fully constituted. Teja Prasad vs. State of Bihar, 1992 (2) PLJR 568. A notification under section 66B(1) providing for constituting a Selection Authority and creating an embargo against making any appointment from any source other than the "Panel" prepared by the Selection Authority can be validly issued by the State Government. Any appointment made in contravention of the Notification will be void ab initio. ibid. It is only after the enactment of the 1989 Amendment Act (Act 5 of 1989) that certain Co-operative Bcdies such a Central Co-operative Bank became qualified to be treated' as "State" within the meaning of Article 12 of the constitution. Any appointment made prior to coming into force of the 1989 Amendment Act are no amenable to test on the touchstone of Articles 14 and 16 of the constitution for validity of appointment. Ajay Kumar Mishra vs. Registrar, 1995 (2) PLJR 397. Bihar Co-operative Societies Act, 1935 [ Schedule 84] Restrictions imposed by Registrar, Co-operative on co-operative Societies, requiring purchases of machinery to be made through Regional Agro Industries Development Co- operative Ltd. are justifiable when in public interest. George Kokkattumundayil vs. Joint Registrar, AIR 1996 Ker 26. Review.-Power of review has been given only to Registrar, Co-operative Societies, and is not vested in State Government under the Assam Act. C.B.K. Fishery Co-operative Society Ltd. vs. State of Assam, AIR 1996 Gau. 23. Section 66B--change in manner of payment of salary to Managers of PACs by · opening of specified account in every Central Co-op. Bank to which the PACs may be attached is with a view of improve the functioning of PACs and does not amount to altering the service conditions. Bihar Rajya Sahakarita Prabandak Sangh vs. State of Bihar, 2000(3) PLJR 322. Section 66B-State exercises pervasive control over co-operative societies and thus the co-operative societies virtually act as an extended arm of the State therefore, the State Government virtually controls the service conditions of the Managers of the PACs and their pay scale is also fixed by it---since their pay is fixed by the State Government and is at the subsistence level, the denial of protection from price rise by providing D.A. is violation of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution. Bihar Rajya Sahkarita Prabandhak Sangh vs. State of Bihar, 1999(3) PLJR 110. Section 66B-Managers of PACs, even though not State Government employees cannot be denied just and reasonable pay as a citizen of India-their pay having been fixed by the State Government and not an expert body like Pay Commission, denial of D.A. to them amounts to exposing them to the vagaries of the market unlike State Government employees who enjoy such protection---a welfare State wedded to the principle of social justice cannot be allowed to do it, it being unreasonable, unfair and unconstitutional--Managers of PACs are entitled for D.A. at par with State Government employees. ibid. · Section 66B read with Rule 33 of Bihar and Orissa Co-operative Societies Rules, 1959- appointment of staff for Class Ill and Class IV posts by Vice-Chairman of Co-operative society any appointment made in Violation of Procedure prescribed for registered Societies by State Government Circular will be illegal. Anjani Kumar Singh vs. Manager, Jamui Central Co- operative Bank Ltd., 1994(2) PLJR 761.] 67. Repeals.--The enactments specified in the schedule are hereby repealed in so far as they apply to the State to the extent specified in tile fourth column of the said schedule. SCHEDULE Enactments Repealed (See Section 67) Year No. Short title Extent of repeal 1 2 3 4 1912 II The Co-operative Societies The whole Act, 1912 1920 XXXVIII The Devolution Act, 1920 So much as relates to Act II of 1912.