Malawi Act or statute

Malawi legislation

Public Procurement Act, 2003

administrationannual reportingappealsappointment and removalapproval requirementsasset disposalbid evaluationbid protestsbid registrationbid rejectionbid reviewbidder debarmentbidder debriefingbidder qualificationbiddingbidding conductbidding documentscareer developmentcommunicationcompetitioncomplianceconfidentialityconflict of interestconflicts of interestcontract administrationcontract awardcontract award noticescontract eligibilitycontract formationcontract negotiationscontract terminationcontractingdebarmentdefinitionsdisclosuredisclosure of interestdocument retentionEmployment lawestablishmentgood faithgovernment reportinginventory controloffice holdingpersonal liabilitypre-qualificationprocurementprocurement administrationprocurement auditingprocurement cancellationprocurement committee compositionprocurement committeesprocurement complianceprocurement contractsprocurement documentationprocurement governanceprocurement methodsprocurement monitoringprocurement officersprocurement organizationprocurement participationprocurement planningprocurement policyprocurement regulationprocurement review proceduresprocurement technologypublic administrationpublic contractingpublic expenditure oversightpublic expenditurespublic procurementpublic procurement compliancepurchase ordersqualification requirementsrecordkeepingregulatory complianceregulatory cooperationrejection reasonsrequest for proposalsrequest for quotationsrestricted tenderingscope and exceptionssingle-source procurementsmall and medium-sized enterprisesstaffingsupplier debarmentsupplier participationsuspension of procurementtechnical specificationstender challengetenderingtraining

Jurisdiction: Malawi
Structure: 43 provisions
Citation: Act 8 of 2003
Official identity: Year 2003
Dates: Enacted 2003 · Source version 31 Dec 2014

More statute details

Official identity: Year 2003
Dates: Enacted 2003 · Source version 31 Dec 2014

On this page

Professional statute overview

Enactment structure, operative effect and source provenance

Official source

Purpose and legislative effect

“This section gives the Act its short title: the Public Procurement Act.”

This section gives the Act its short title: the Public Procurement Act. This section defines key terms used in the Act, including bidder, bidding documents, corrupt practice, fraudulent practice, procurement, procuring entity, supplier, works, and related terms. This section says the Act applies to procurement by procuring entities using public funds, with listed exceptions and a rule that mandatory donor or funding-agency procurement rules prevail where they conflict. The office of Director of Public Procurement is established as a public office, and the Director is responsible for administering the Act. The Director must regulate and monitor public procurement in Malawi and carry out a list of related functions, including issuing information, developing procurement materials, collecting data, reporting, referring violations, and reviewing bid protests.

How the instrument operates

01
Start with the recorded version

Enacted 2003 · Source version 31 Dec 2014. The date shown identifies this source expression and should not be treated as proof that no later change exists.
02
Locate the controlling provision

Use the provision map, part headings and full-text filter to move from the broad subject to the exact legal language.
03
Read conditions and exceptions together

Keep subsections, definitions, provisos and cross-references in context before drawing a legal conclusion.
04
Verify currency and official wording

Confirm later legislation, commencement notices and corrections with the official publisher before advice, filing or reliance.

Research entry points

Selected provisions across the instrument. Open any row to continue with the exact stored text.

Short title

This section gives the Act its short title: the Public Procurement Act.

Section 1

Career development and management of procurement officers

The Director must develop and recommend a career development and management programme, and a system for selection, appointment, and termination of appointment for procurement professionals, to the Minister.

Section 12

Contract administration

Procuring entities must administer their procurement contracts, set procedures for contract administration, and provide the material and human resources needed to carry them out. They may also agree to submit performance disputes to arbitration.

Section 22

Two-stage tendering

This section sets rules for two-stage tendering, including first-stage initial tenders, second-stage final tenders, procurement entity negotiations, and bidder withdrawal.

Section 33

Regulations

The Minister may make regulations for carrying out this Act, but only on the Director’s recommendation.

Section 43

Source and current-law status

Source record view

Source record from malawilii.org · Enacted 2003 · Source version 31 Dec 2014

Verify current force

The source record does not state a definitive current-law status. Check the official publisher and later amendments before relying on this text.

For advice, pleadings, or compliance decisions, retain the official source and confirm the current consolidated provision.

Official record

Source-indexed provision map

Sections and provisions

Search by section, heading, part or exact legal wording. Every result remains linked to the stored source record.

Search within this statute

Search all stored provisions in this version.

Showing 43 of 43 provisions

Provision 36Offence 2Substitution 2Short title

Part I

Preliminary

§ 1Short titleShort title

This section gives the Act its short title: the Public Procurement Act.

1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Public Procurement Act.

Section 1Verify source

§ 2InterpretationInterpretation

This section defines key terms used in the Act, including bidder, bidding documents, corrupt practice, fraudulent practice, procurement, procuring entity, supplier, works, and related terms.

2. Interpretation In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires— “ bidder ” means, any participant or potential participant in procurement proceedings; “ bidding documents ” means the tender solicitation documents or any other documents for solicitation of offers, proposals or quotations; “ cadre of procurement professionals ” means the body of procurement professionals with a defined career path and skills requirements responsible for conducting public procurement ; “ corrupt practice ” means the offering, giving, receiving or soliciting of anything of value to influence the action of a public official in the procurement process or in contract execution; “ Director ” means the Director of Public Procurement appointed under section 6 ; “ fraudulent practice ” means a misrepresentation of facts in order to influence a procurement process or the execution of a contract, and includes collusive practices among bidders, whether prior to or after bid submission, designed to establish bid prices at artificial, non-competitive levels and to deprive the procuring entity of the benefits of free and open competition; “ goods ” means objects of every kind and description, including raw materials, products and equipment, and objects in solid, liquid or gaseous form, and electricity, as well as services incidental to the supply of the goods if the value of those incidental services does not exceed the value, of the goods themselves; “ procurement ” means the acquisition by any means of goods , works or services ; “ procurement contract ” means a contract between the procuring entity and a supplier resulting from procurement “proceedings”; “ procuring entity ” means any Ministry, department, agency or organ, of the Government or statutory body or other unit, or any subdivision thereof, engaging in procurement ; “ procurement professional ” means a member of the cadre of procurement professionals ; “ Public Appointments Committee ” means the Public Appointments Committee of the National Assembly established under section 56 (7) of the Constitution; “ public funds ” means any monetary resources appropriated to procuring entities through budgetary processes, aid grants and credits put at the disposal of procuring entities by foreign donors, or revenues of procuring entities; “ services ” means any object of procurement other than goods or works ; “ supplier ” means a physical or judicial person that provides supply of goods , contracting of works , or consultants or other services ; “ works ” means all work associated with the construction, rehabilitation, demolition, maintenance or renovation of a building or structure, including site preparation, excavation, erection, building, installation of equipment or materials, decoration and finishing, as well as services incidental to construction such as drilling, mapping, satellite photography, seismic investigation and similar services provided pursuant to a procurement contract , if the value of those services does not exceed the value of the construction itself.

Section 2Verify source

§ 3ApplicationProvision

This section says the Act applies to procurement by procuring entities using public funds, with listed exceptions and a rule that mandatory donor or funding-agency procurement rules prevail where they conflict.

3. Application (1) This Act applies to all procurement carried out by procuring entities using public funds and, subject to sections 27 (5) and 30 (2), includes national defence and national security-related procurement; (2) This Act shall not apply to— (a) employment contracts with public officers; and (b) subject to approval by the Director , the purchase or rental of real property. (3) To the extent that this Act conflicts with procurement rules of a donor or funding agency, the application of which is mandatory pursuant to an obligation entered into by the Government, the requirements of those rules shall prevail; but in all other respects, the procurement shall be governed by the Act. (4) It is not permissible to artificially divide procurement with the intention of avoiding any monetary threshold that may be prescribed in the Act or in regulations.

Section 3Verify source

Part II

Establishment of the office of Director of Public Procurement

§ 4Establishment of office of DirectorProvision

The office of Director of Public Procurement is established as a public office, and the Director is responsible for administering the Act.

4. Establishment of office of Director (1) There is hereby established the office of Director of Public Procurement (in this Act otherwise referred to as the “ Director ”) whose office shall be a public office, and who shall be responsible for the administration of this Act.

Section 4Verify source

§ 5Functions of the DirectorProvision

The Director must regulate and monitor public procurement in Malawi and carry out a list of related functions, including issuing information, developing procurement materials, collecting data, reporting, referring violations, and reviewing bid protests.

5. Functions of the Director (1) The Director shall be responsible for the regulation and monitoring of public procurement in Malawi, and shall be accountable to and operate under the general supervision of the President. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the functions of the Director shall be— (a) to assist in developing and enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of public procurement operations; (b) to ensure the availability and the accessibility to public officials and the general public of this Act and regulations made hereunder; (c) to develop, in consultation with concerned professional and official entities, for issuance by the relevant authorities for use throughout Malawi, standardized and unified procurement regulations, instructions, and bidding documents , which shall be binding on all Government Ministries, departments and parastatal organizations; (d) to promote the development of a professional procurement workforce, including by organizing and conducting training programmes, and developing government-wide policies and programmes aimed at establishing procurement -related positions, career paths and performances incentives; (e) to collect data on public procurement and monitor the performance of Government Ministries, departments and parastatal organizations, and persons conducting procurement proceedings so as to ascertain efficiency and compliance with applicable legislation, regulations and instructions; (f) to collect data on the performance of procurement contracts in Malawi by suppliers, and to maintain and circulate lists of debarred bidders and suppliers; (g) to provide, periodically, a quantitative and qualitative assessment of procurement activities in Malawi to the Minister, who shall lay the report before the National Assembly; (h) to refer violations of this Act and the Regulations relating to public procurement to the relevant budgetary and law enforcement authorities; (i) to propose improvements in public procurement procedures; (j) to provide administrative review of bid protests in accordance with section 38 ; (k) to carry out economic studies on procurement , comparisons, and future projections, so as to provide advice to the Government in respect of the mid-term and long-term policy it may formulate in public procurement matters; and (l) to establish a data and information base concerning procurement terminology and legislation, and to set policy for, and promote the application of, modem information and communications technology to public procurement .

Section 5Verify source

§ 6Appointment of Director and Deputy DirectorProvision

The President appoints the Director and Deputy Director, with Public Appointments Committee approval required. The Director must work full time, cannot hold other offices or outside paid work, and serves a four-year term with one possible reappointment. The President may remove the Director for misconduct or incapacity, with committee approval.

6. Appointment of Director and Deputy Director (1) The Director shall be appointed by the President, on such terms and conditions as the President shall determine. (2) The appointment and terms and conditions of service of the Director shall be subject to the approval of the Public Appointments Committee . (3) The Director shall, subject to subsection (4), hold office for a period of four years, and shall be eligible for reappointment for one additional term of four years. (4) The President may, subject to the approval of the Public Appointments Committee , terminate the appointment of the Director for— (a) misconduct or misbehaviour; or (b) inability, incapacity or incompetence to perform the duties of his office. (5) The Director shall devote full time to the duties of the office and shall not hold any office of trust or profit, other than that of Director or engage in any occupation for reward outside the office of Director . (6) There shall be a Deputy Director of Public Procurement who shall— (a) be appointed by the President on such terms and conditions as the President shall determine; and (b) perform such functions and duties as may be assigned to him by the Director , from time to time. (7) The appointment and terms and conditions of service of the Deputy Director shall be subject to approval by the Public Appointments Committee . (8) The Deputy Director shall— (a) hold office for a period of four years, and shall be eligible for reappointment for one additional term of four years; and (b) be eligible to be appointed Director . (9) Subsections (4) and (5) apply mutatis mutandis to the Deputy Director .

Section 6Verify source

§ 7Appointment of other officers and staffProvision

Other officers and staff may be appointed in the public service for the Director’s work, with terms and conditions approved by the President, and no Public Appointments Committee confirmation is required.

7. Appointment of other officers and staff There shall be appointed in the public service, on terms and conditions approved by the President, other officers and staff subordinate to the Director as may be required for the proper performance of the functions of the Director , but the appointment of other officers and staff under this section shall not require confirmation of the Public Appointments Committee .

Section 7Verify source

Part III

Internal Procurement Committees and specialized procurement units

§ 8Establishment of Internal Procurement CommitteesProvision

Public administration bodies in Malawi must establish Internal Procurement Committees.

8. Establishment of Internal Procurement Committees (1) There shall be established in all Ministries, departments and parastatal organizations, and other entities and authorities of public administration in Malawi, Internal Procurement Committees. (2) Procuring entities are responsible, and Controlling Officers and other officials concerned are accountable, for procurement in accordance with this Act and any Regulations and other applicable laws, regulations, and instructions applicable in Malawi. (3) The functions of the Internal Procurement Committees shall include— (a) ascertaining the availability of funds to pay for each procurement; (b) the opening of bids; (c) the examination, evaluation and comparison of bids, and the selection of the successful bidder; and (d) such other functions as may be prescribed for the Committees by the Regulations.

Section 8Verify source

§ 9Composition of Internal Procurement CommitteesProvision

Internal Procurement Committees must be made up of specified qualified members, and larger procurements may have up to three external members nominated by the Director.

9. Composition of Internal Procurement Committees (1) Internal Procurement Committees shall consist of the following personnel, who shall be well informed concerning public procurement, trained in procurement, and whose professional qualifications meet the requirements that may be established by the head of the procuring entity, in accordance with guidelines to be issued by the Director— (a) the Controlling Officer, or where there is no designated Controlling Officer, the head of the procuring entity or his or her appointee, who shall chair the Internal Procurement Committee; (b) at least a procurement professional, an accountant or other budget professional, as well as an engineer or technician familiar with the substance of the procurement; and (c) in the case of procurement exceeding such threshold as maybe prescribed by the Director for goods, works and consultancy services, up to three external members nominated by the Director, who shall be— (i) a procurement professional; (ii) a technical expert and professional in the relevant field; and (iii) a neutral member from agencies such as the National Audit Office, Accountant General or Ministry of Finance. (2) The chairman of the Internal Procurement Committee in a Ministry, department, parastatal organization or other type of procuring entity subject to this Act, shall accept nominations of external members the Director made pursuant to subsection (1) (c), and such external members shall be in addition to the normal internal membership of the Internal Procurement Committee.

Section 9Verify source

§ 10Section 10Provision

Heads of procurement agencies and other public departments and organizations may set up specialized procurement units, including shared units for low-volume procurement entities, and give them procurement authority.

10. Establishment of specialized procurement units Heads of procurement agencies and heads of other public departments and organizations may establish specialized procurement units or, in the case of procurement entities with low levels of procurement, shared specialized procurement units, and assign to such units authority to conduct procurement activities in accordance with this Act and the Regulations.

Section 10Verify source

§ 11Staffing of specialized procurement unitsProvision

Specialized procurement units must have trained procurement staff and at least two specialists with qualifications certified by the Director.

11. Staffing of specialized procurement units The specialized procurement units established pursuant to section 10 shall be staffed with personnel trained in public procurement, and shall include at least two specialists whose professional qualifications have been certified by the Director to meet the requirements that shall have been issued by the Director.

Section 11Verify source

§ 12Career development and management of procurement officersProvision

12. Career development and management of procurement officers The Director shall develop and recommend to the Minister a career development and management programme, and a system for selection, appointment and termination of appointment for the cadre of procurement professionals.

Section 12Verify source

Part IV

General procurement provisions

§ 13Qualifications of biddersCommencement

Bidders must meet the procuring entity’s criteria to win a procurement contract, and the procuring entity may ask for qualification documents and use pre-qualification in high-value or complex procurements.

13. Qualifications of bidders (1) The principles and rules in this Part apply to the ascertainment by procuring entities of the qualifications of bidders at any stage of the procurement proceedings, including pre-qualification proceedings if they take place, or at any other stage. (2) In order to enter into a procurement contract , a bidder must qualify by meeting the criteria the procuring entity considers appropriate. (3) The criteria referred to in subsection (2) may concern— (a) only professional and technical qualifications; (b) legal capacity; (c) financial resources and condition; (d) past performance, including history of legal disputes, conviction of a bidder , or of its directors or officers, of any criminal offence related to their professional conduct or the making of false statements or misrepresentations as to its qualifications to enter into a procurement contract within a period of three years preceding the commencement of the procurement proceedings; (e) debarment; and (f) payment of taxes. (4) The procuring entity is entitled to demand from bidders documentation reflecting their qualification data at any stage of the procurement proceedings. (5) Any requirement established pursuant to this section shall be set forth in the pre-qualification documents, if any, and in the bidding documents , and shall apply equally to all bidders without discrimination and only the criteria referred to in subsection (2) may be applied. (6) In the case of procurement of a particularly high value or complexity, the procuring entity may engage in pre-qualification proceedings with a view to identifying, prior to the submission of tenders, proposals or offers, bidders that are qualified. (7) The procuring entity shall provide pre-qualification documents to all bidders responding to the invitation to pre-qualify, and the pre-qualification documents shall provide bidders with all the information required to prepare and submit applications for pre-qualification.

Section 13Verify source

§ 14Section 14Provision

A bidder must be registered with the specified registry body to be eligible for a procurement contract, but missing an application alone is not a reason to exclude the bidder.

14. Eligibility In order to be eligible to be awarded a procurement contract , a bidder must be registered, depending upon the nature of the contract, with the Registrar of Companies, or with the National Construction Industry Council of Malawi, or such other entity as may be prescribed by regulations, but the sole absence of an application for entry in the registry or classification system is not ground for exclusion of a bidder from participation in procurement proceedings.

Section 14Verify source

§ 15Section 15Provision

Specifications and related procurement documents must be prepared in an objective, performance- and function-based way.

15. Rules concerning description of goods , works and services In the preparation of bidding and pre-qualification documents, any specifications, plans, drawings and designs goods , setting forth the technical or quality characteristics of the goods , construction or services to be procured, and requirements concerning testing and test methods, packaging, marking, labeling, or conformity certification, symbols and terminology, or description of services , and any contract terms, shall be drawn up in an objective, and performance and function based manner, so as to maximize competition and avoid creating obstacles to participation by bidders in the procurement proceedings, while ensuring that applicable national and international standards and the requisite quality levels are met.

Section 15Verify source

§ 16Form of communicationProvision

Communications that must be submitted under this Act or the Regulations must be in writing.

16. Form of communication Subject to other provisions of this Act, all documents, notifications, decisions and other communications referred to in this Act and in the Regulations required to be submitted by the procuring entity to a bidder or by a bidder to the procuring entity shall be in writing: Provided that of other forms of communication may be used if a record of the content of the communications is preserved, and all other requirements set forth in this Act and in the Regulations are met.

Section 16Verify source

§ 17Use of modem information and communications technologyProvision

The Director may devise a strategy to promote the use of modern information and communications technology in public procurement.

17. Use of modem information and communications technology The Director may devise a strategy for, and to promote, the application of modem information and technology communications technology to public procurement .

Section 17Verify source

§ 18Conduct of public officials and biddersOffence

Public officials and bidders must follow conduct rules in procurement, including impartiality, confidentiality, and no corrupt, fraudulent, or collusive practices.

18. Conduct of public officials and bidders (1) Public officials involved in requisitioning, planning, preparing, and conducting procurement proceedings, and administering the implementation of procurement contracts, shall— (a) discharge their duties impartially so as to assure fair competitive access to public procurement by bidders; (b) always act in the public interest, and in accordance with the objectives and procedures set forth in this Act and the Regulations; (c) at all times avoid conflicts of interest, and the appearance of impropriety, in carrying out their duties and conducting themselves, and shall not interfere in the work of Internal Procurement Committees; and (d) not commit or abet corrupt or fraudulent practices, including the solicitation or acceptance of improper inducements. (2) Bidders and suppliers shall not engage in or abet— (a) corrupt practices, such as the offering of improper inducements; (b) fraudulent practices, including misrepresentation of facts in order to influence a procurement process or the execution of a contract; (c) collusion among bidders, prior to or after bid submission, designed to establish bid prices at artificial, non-competitive levels and to deprive the procuring entity of the benefits of free and open competition. (3) Any information concerning the occurrence or attempt of corrupt or fraudulent practices shall be reported immediately to the head of the procuring entity , to the Director and to the relevant law-enforcement authorities. (4) A procuring entity shall— (a) reject a bid if the bidder offers, gives or agrees to give an inducement referred to in subsection (1) (d), or otherwise attempts to influence procurement decisions; (b) promptly notify the rejection to the bidder concerned; and (c) inform the Director and the relevant law-enforcement authority. (5) All public officials shall keep confidential the information that comes into their possession relating to the procurement proceeding and to bids, including bidders’ propriety information. (6) Any person who contravenes subsection (5) shall be guilty of an offence, and shall be liable to a fine of K50, 000 and to imprisonment for two years; and shall in addition be liable to disciplinary action. (7) Every procurement officer and member of an Internal Procurement Committee shall upon the assumption of his or her functions, take an oath in the prescribed form, with specific reference to the obligation to adhere to rules of conduct set forth in this Act, the Regulations, instructions and other applicable requirements, and to execute the duties and tasks properly.

Section 18Verify source

§ 19Disclosure of interestOffence

A public official or Internal Procurement Committee member with a pecuniary interest in a matter must disclose it, recuse themselves, and not participate or vote on that matter.

19. Disclosure of interest (1) If a public official or member of an Internal Procurement Committee, acquires any pecuniary interest, direct or indirect, in any matter to be determined by the Committee he or she shall declare the interest in accordance with the procedures set forth in the Regulations, and shall recuse himself or herself from acting in any way in that matter and shall not take part in the consideration or discussion of, or vote on any question with respect to the matter. (2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine of K50,000 and to imprisonment for two years.

Section 19Verify source

§ 20Debarment of bidders and suppliersProvision

The Director may exclude a bidder or supplier from procurement for prescribed misconduct, if notice, a hearing opportunity, and consultation requirements are met.

20. Debarment of bidders and suppliers The Director may, after reasonable notice to the bidder or supplier , and after providing reasonable opportunity for that bidder or supplier to be heard and consultation with the affected procuring entities, exclude a bidder or supplier from participation in procurement for the misconduct prescribed in this Act and the Regulations, in accordance with procedures set out in the Regulations.

Section 20Verify source

§ 21Section 21Provision

Procuring entities must plan procurement to achieve maximum value for public expenditures and follow the applicable budgetary procedures.

21. Procurement planning Procuring entities shall plan procurement with a view to achieving maximum value for public expenditures and the other objectives set forth in this Act, and in accordance with the applicable budgetary procedures.

Section 21Verify source

§ 22Contract administrationProvision

22. Contract administration (1) Procuring entities are responsible for the administration of procurement contracts into which they enter, and to that end, procuring entities shall establish procedures for contract administration and provide the necessary material and human resources for their implementation. (2) Procuring entities may agree to the submission to arbitration of disputes in the performance of procurement contracts.

Section 22Verify source

§ 23Rejection of all bids; termination for convenience, etcProvision

A procuring entity may reject all bids, cancel the procurement process, or terminate a procurement contract for convenience, subject to the stated public-interest and payment conditions.

23. Rejection of all bids; termination for convenience, etc. A procuring entity may— (a) reject all bids at any time prior to the acceptance of a bid, without incurring thereby any liability to the bidders; (b) cancel the procurement proceedings in the public interest, without incurring thereby any liability to the bidders; (c) terminate a procurement contract for convenience, if it is determined to be in the public interest, and subject to payment for work satisfactorily completed, or services satisfactorily performed prior to the effective date of termination and for reimbursable expenses actually incurred, or for any goods specially manufactured under the procurement contract , and reasonable termination costs, but excluding lost profit.

Section 23Verify source

§ 24Debriefing of unsuccessful biddersProvision

If an unsuccessful bidder asks, the procuring entity must tell the bidder why its pre-qualification application or bid was rejected.

24. Debriefing of unsuccessful bidders A procuring entity shall, upon request of an unsuccessful bidder , communicate to the bidder the grounds for the rejection of its application to pre-qualify, or of its bid.

Section 24Verify source

§ 25Entry into force of procurement contractProvision

The bidding documents must indicate how the procurement contract enters into force.

25. Entry into force of procurement contract The manner of entry into force of procurement contract shall be indicated in the bidding documents .

Section 25Verify source

§ 26Public notice of procurement contract awardsProvision

A procuring entity must promptly publish notice of procurement contract awards above the regulation-set price level, and the notice must include the contract price and the successful bidder’s name and address.

26. Public notice of procurement contract awards A procuring entity shall promptly publish notice of all procurement contract awards when the price of the award exceeds the level set by regulation, and the notice, which shall indicate the contract price and the name and address of the successful bidder , shall be published in the Gazette .

Section 26Verify source

§ 27Record of procurement proceedingsProvision

A procuring entity must keep procurement records, preserve bid documents, retain them for five years, include specified information where applicable, disclose the record on request after a bid is accepted, and protect proprietary commercial information.

27. Record of procurement proceedings (1) A procuring entity shall maintain a record and preserve documentation of the procurement proceedings, including originals of bids received. (2) The documentation referred to in subsection (1) shall be maintained for a period of five years from the date of a decision to cancel or terminate the procurement action, the date of contract award, or the date of contract completion, whichever comes later. (3) Information to be included in the record referred to in subsection (1) shall, to the extent applicable, include— (a) a description of the object of the procurement ; (b) a list of the participating bidders and their qualifications; (c) bid prices; (d) a summary of the evaluation of bids; (e) summary of any review proceedings and decisions thereon; (f) requests for clarification, and responses thereto; (g) a statement of grounds for cancellation of procurement proceedings; (h) a statement of grounds for choice of a procurement method other than tendering or request for proposals for services ; (i) a statement of grounds for reduction of bid-preparation periods; and (j) information concerning rejection of bids pursuant to sections 18 and 23 . (4) The record referred to in subsection (1) shall, on request, be made available to any person after a bid has been accepted, unless any portion of the record is required to be disclosed at an earlier point in time pursuant to regulation, or by order of a competent court. (5) The disclosure referred to in subsection (4) may be restricted in the case of national defence or national security related procurement to the extent that such procurement is determined to be of a sensitive nature, in accordance with the schedule of items eligible for such special treatment set forth in the Regulations. (6) Every record under this section shall be prepared in a manner that avoids disclosure of proprietary commercial information.

Section 27Verify source

§ 28Participation by small- and medium-sized enterprisesProvision

Government policy says small and medium-sized enterprises should get maximum opportunities to participate in public procurement, and heads of procuring entities must implement SME promotion programmes.

28. Participation by small- and medium-sized enterprises (1) It is the policy of the Government to provide maximum opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises to participate as suppliers, contractors, consultants and subcontractors in public procurement . (2) Heads of procuring entities are responsible for effectively implementing the small and medium-sized enterprise promotion programmes within their activities, including achieving programme goals, and shall ensure that procurement personnel maintain knowledge of small and medium-sized enterprise promotion programme requirements and take all reasonable action to increase participation in procurement by those enterprises.

Section 28Verify source

§ 29Supply managementProvision

Controlling officers and department/parastatal heads are responsible for supervising stores and store accounts and for making sure store-keeping staff do their jobs properly. The Minister may make regulations about supply management, excess supplies, and disposing of surplus supplies. Employees of the owning or disposing agency do not have an automatic right to buy those supplies.

29. Supply management (1) Every Controlling Officer and head of a department or parastatal organization is financially responsible for the general supervision and control of stores and stores accounts in his Ministry or Department or parastatal organization, and for ensuring that the members of the store-keeping staff perform their duties satisfactorily. (2) In formulating and updating procedures for supply management, modem information and communications technology shall be applied to the maximum practical extent. (3) The Minister, on the recommendation of the Director , may promulgate regulations governing— (a) the management of supplies during their entire life cycle; (b) transfer of excess supplies; and (c) the sale, lease or disposal of surplus supplies by public auction, tendering with sealed bids, or other appropriate method designated by regulation, but so however that no employee of the owning or disposing agency shall be entitled as of right to purchase any such supplies.

Section 29Verify source

Part V

Methods of procurement and their conditions for use

§ 30Choice of procurement methodProvision

Public procurement generally uses open tendering, with several listed exceptions and alternative methods allowed in specific cases.

30. Choice of procurement method (1) Public procurement shall be realized by means of open tendering proceedings, subject to the exceptions provided in this section, and outlined in the Schedule. (2) Subject to the approval of the Director, the application of subsection (1) may be waived in the case of national-defence or national-security-related procurement to the extent that such procurement is determined to be of a sensitive nature, in accordance with the Schedule of items eligible for such special treatment set forth in the Regulations, but so however that items such as general stores, uniforms, stationery, computers and standard vehicles may not be classified as sensitive items. (3) Restricted tender may be held in the following cases, namely— (a) when the goods, works or services are only available from a limited number of suppliers, all of whom are known to the procuring entity; and (b) when the time and cost of considering a large number of tenders is disproportionate to the value of the procurement. (4) A tender may be held in two stages in the following cases, namely— (a) when it is not feasible at the outset of the procurement proceedings to define fully the technical or contractual aspects of the procurement; and (b) when, because of the complex nature of the goods, works and services to be produced, the procuring entity wishes to consider various technical or contractual solutions, and to negotiate with bidders about the relative merits of those variants, before deciding on the final technical or contractual specifications. (5) A tender in which the participation of foreign bidders is solicited (“international tender”) shall involve publication in the international media of the invitation to submit tenders, or to apply for pre-qualification, if such procedures take place in accordance with section 13 . (6) An international tender shall be held in the following cases— (a) when the estimated value of the stated procurement exceeds the amount set by regulation; (b) when the goods, works or services are not available under competitive price and other conditions from more than two suppliers in Malawi; or (c) when a supplier was not identified by a national tendering proceeding. (7) Request for proposals for services is the method to be used for the procurement of consultants’ services and other types of intellectual services. (8) The request for quotations method may be used for the procurement of— (a) readily available commercially standard goods not specially manufactured to the particular specifications of the procuring entity, when the estimated value of the procurement does not exceed the amount set by regulation; (b) small works, when the estimated value of the procurement does not exceed the amount set by regulation; and (c) routine services, when the estimated value of the procurement does not exceed the amount set by regulation. (9) Local request-for-quotations proceedings shall be used when the desired goods, construction or services are ordinarily available from more than two sources in Malawi at competitive prices. (10) Public procurement by means of the single-source procurement method is permitted only in the following circumstances, namely— (a) when the estimated value of the procurement does not exceed the amount set in the Regulations; (b) when only one supplier has the technical capability or capacity to fulfill the procurement requirement, or only one supplier has the exclusive right to realize manufacture of the goods, carry out the works, or perform the services to be procured; (c) when there is an emergency need for the goods, works and services, involving an imminent threat to the physical safety of the population or of damage to property, and engaging in tendering proceedings or other procurement methods would therefore be impractical; or (d) when the procuring entity, having procured goods, works and services from a supplier, determines that additional goods, construction or services must be procured from the same source for reasons of standardization or because of the need for compatibility with existing goods, equipment, technology, construction or services, taking into account the effectiveness of the original procurement in meeting the needs of the procuring entity, the limited size of the proposed procurement in relation to the original procurement, the reasonableness of the price and the unsuitability of alternatives to the goods or services in question. (11) Use of a method of procurement other than tendering or, in the case of procurement of consultants’ services, a method other than request for proposals, is subject to approval by the Director; and the procuring entity shall note in the record of the procurement proceedings the grounds for the choice of the procurement method. (12) Contracts for privately financed infrastructure projects, and related forms of private sector involvement in providing public services, shall be awarded on a competitive basis, and the procurement regulations and instructions issued pursuant to this Act shall set forth specific procedures to be followed in the application of one or more of the procurement methods set forth in this section to procurement of works and services carried out on the basis of private financing, including forms such as “build-operate-transfer”. [Schedule]

Section 30Verify source

Part VI

Main principles and procedures for methods of procurement

§ 31Tendering proceedingsProvision

This section sets out how tender invitations, bidding documents, clarifications, tender submission, opening, evaluation, and award notices must be handled.

31. Tendering proceedings (1) An invitation to tender, or an invitation to pre-qualify, shall be published in the local press and in the Gazette and, in the case of international tendering, shall also be published in internationally recognized papers in the English language, and in other media of wide international circulation, including the internet. (2) In addition to the publication referred to in subsection (1), the invitation to tender, or to apply for pre-qualification, shall be displayed in the head office of the procuring entity in a publicly accessible place. (3) Bidding documents— (a) shall be provided to all bidders responding to the invitation to tender or, in the event of pre-qualification proceedings to all bidders that have been pre-qualified; (b) provide bidders with the information that they require in order to submit tenders that are responsive to the needs of the procuring entity ; and (c) include the terms of the contract. (4) If a fee is charged for the bidding documents , the fee may only reflect the cost of printing and distributing the documents. (5) All bidders shall be provided the same information. (6) The procuring entity shall respond promptly to any request by a bidder for clarification of the bidding documents that is received by the procuring entity within a reasonable time prior to the deadline for the submission of tenders, and responses to such requests for clarification shall be circulated to all participating bidders. (7) A tender shall be submitted in writing, signed and in a sealed envelope. (8) The bidding documents may provide for submission of tenders electronically: Provided that measures are in place to protect the confidentiality of tenders, and to assure their attribution and integrity. (9) A procuring entity shall, upon request, provide to a bidder a receipt showing the date and time when its tender was received. (10) The deadline for submission of tenders shall be set taking into account the nature of the procurement and the time required for the preparation of tenders. (11) Tenders shall be opened at the time and place indicated in the bidding documents , and the time of opening of the tenders shall coincide with the deadline for submission of tenders. (12) Bidders or their representatives may attend the opening of tenders, at which the names and addresses of the bidders submitting tenders, and the tender prices, shall be read out and recorded. (13) Tenders shall be evaluated and compared only in accordance with the criteria, and their relative weight, as set forth in the bidding documents . (14) Tenders containing non-material deviations shall be evaluated, with the deviations being quantified in the manner indicated in the bidding documents . (15) No negotiations whatsoever may be held with bidders as to the substance or prices of their tenders. (16) The procuring entity may seek only clarifications of tenders, and may not solicit or accept changes in the substance or prices of tenders. (17) In the evaluation of tenders, a procuring entity may apply a margin of price preference in favour of domestic bidders in accordance with the Regulations: Provided that the application of the margin of price preference in favour of domestic bidders has been disclosed in the bidding documents . (18) The successful tender shall be the tender with the lowest price, subject to any margin of preference provided in the bidding documents ; alternatively, if so stipulated in the bidding documents , the successful tender shall be the lowest evaluated tender ascertained on the basis of price, subject to any margin of preference, and non-price criteria specified in the solicitation documents. (19) Non-price criteria shall, to the extent practicable, be objective and quantifiable, and shall be given a relative weight in the evaluation procedure or be expressed in monetary terms wherever practicable. (20) Upon the entry into force of the procurement contract and, if so required, the provision by the successful bidder of a security for the performance of the contract, notice of the procurement contract shall be given to the other bidders, specifying the name and address of the bidder that has entered into the contract and the contract price.

Section 31Verify source

§ 32Restricted tenderingProvision

If restricted tendering is used on certain grounds, the procuring entity must invite tenders from at least three suppliers.

32. Restricted tendering (1) When restricted tendering is employed on the grounds referred to in section 30 (3)(a), all suppliers capable of supplying the goods, works or services shall be solicited. (2) When restricted tendering is employed on the grounds referred to in section 30 (3)(b), the procuring entity shall solicit tenders from a minimum number of three suppliers. (3) The procedures for tendering proceedings set forth in section 31 and in the Regulations apply to restricted tendering proceedings, except to the extent they are modified by this section.

Section 32Verify source

§ 33Two-stage tenderingProvision

This section sets rules for two-stage tendering, including first-stage initial tenders, second-stage final tenders, procurement entity negotiations, and bidder withdrawal.

33. Two-stage tendering (1) In the case of two-stage tendering proceedings, the bidding documents shall call upon bidders to submit, in the first stage of the two-stage tendering proceedings, initial tenders containing their proposals without a tender price, and the bidding documents may solicit proposals relating to the technical, quality or other characteristics of the goods , construction or services , as well as to contractual terms and conditions of supply, and where relevant, the professional and technical competence and qualifications of the bidders. (2) A procuring entity may, in the first stage of the two-stage tendering proceedings, engage in negotiations with any bidder whose tender has not been rejected concerning any aspect of its tender. (3) In the second stage of the two-stage tendering proceedings, a procuring entity shall invite bidders whose tenders have not been rejected to submit final tenders with respect to a single set of specifications. (4) In formulating the specifications referred to in subsection (3), a procuring entity may delete or modify any aspect originally set forth in the solicitation documents, and any deletion, modification or addition regarding the technical or quality characteristics of goods , construction or services to be procured, and any criterion originally set forth in those documents for evaluating and comparing tenders and for ascertaining the successful tender, shall be communicated to all bidders in the invitation to submit final tenders. (5) A bidder not wishing to submit a final tender in accordance with subsection (4) may withdraw from the tendering proceedings without forfeiting any tender security that the bidder may have been required to provide. (6) The procedures for tendering proceedings set forth in section 31 and in the Regulations apply to two-stage tendering proceedings, except to the extent they are modified by this section.

Section 33Verify source

§ 34Request for proposals for servicesSubstitution

A procuring entity must issue the request for proposals to a short list of 3 to 6 bidders and follow specified notice, evaluation, award, staffing, and negotiation rules.

34. Request for proposals for services (1) A procuring entity shall provide the request for proposals for services to a short list of at least three, but not more than six bidders. (2) In order to establish the short list for purposes of subsection (1) the procuring entity may seek expressions of interest from as wide a geographic area as feasible by publishing a non-binding notice in the Gazette , as well as in a newspaper of wide circulation or in a relevant trade publication or technical or professional journal; and the procuring entity shall give first consideration to those bidders expressing interest that possess the relevant qualifications. (3) The request for proposals for services under subsection (1) shall provide bidders with the information necessary to enable them to participate in the procurement proceedings and to submit bids that are responsive to the needs of the procuring entity . (4) The procuring entity shall set the deadline for submission of proposals for services so as to allow sufficient time for preparation of proposals. (5) Any modification or clarification of the request for proposals including modification of the criteria for evaluating proposals referred to in subsection (7), shall be communicated to all bidders participating in the request-for-proposals proceedings. (6) The price of a proposal for services shall be considered by the procuring entity only after completion of the technical evaluation. (7) Any award by the procuring entity shall be made to the bidder whose proposal best meets the needs of the procuring entity as determined in accordance with the criteria for evaluating the proposals and final selection procedures set forth in the request for proposals, which may, in accordance with the Regulations include— (a) quality and cost based selection; (b) quality based selection; or (c) least cost selection. (8) The successful bidder shall not be permitted to substitute key staff, unless both parties agree that undue delay in the selection process makes such changes unavoidable or that such changes are critical to meet the objectives of the assignment; and the key staff proposed for substitution shall have qualifications equal to or better than the key staff initially proposed. (9) Any negotiations with a bidder referred to in subsection (7) in the award of a contract shall include, and may only concern, discussions of the terms of reference, the methodology, staffing, procuring entity inputs, and special conditions of the contract; and the negotiations shall not— (a) substantially alter the original terms of reference or the terms of the contract so as to affect the quality of the final product, its cost, and the relevance of the initial evaluation; or (b) reduce work inputs solely to meet the budget, and the final terms of reference and the agreed methodology shall be incorporated in the “Description of Services, ” which shall form part of the contract.

Section 34Verify source

§ 35Request for quotationsProvision

A procuring entity must seek quotations from at least three bidders and award the purchase order to the lowest-priced responsive bid.

35. Request for quotations (1) A procuring entity shall request quotations from at least three bidders. (2) A request for quotations shall contain a clear statement of the requirements of the procuring entity as to quality, quantity, terms and time of delivery as well as any other special requirements. (3) Bidders shall be given adequate time to prepare their quotations, and each bidder is permitted one quotation, which may not be altered or negotiated, and shall be submitted in written form including facsimile or telex or in any other form that leaves a record of the content of the communication and is acceptable to the procuring entity . (4) The procuring entity shall place a purchase order with the bidder that provided the lowest-priced responsive bid, and the successful bidder shall provide written confirmation of the purchase order.

Section 35Verify source

§ 36Single-source procurementProvision

In qualifying single-source procurement, the procuring entity must prepare a written description of its needs and any special requirements, may negotiate with the sole bidder, and must put the procurement in a written contract or purchase order.

36. Single-source procurement (1) Where a procuring entity engages in single-source procurement on the grounds referred to in section 30 (10) (a) through (d), it shall prepare a written description of its needs and any special requirements as to quality, quantity, terms and time of delivery, and may negotiate with the sole bidder. (2) Procurement carried out on a single source basis shall be embodied in a written contract or purchase order.

Section 36Verify source

Part VII

Review

§ 37Right to reviewProvision

A bidder who may suffer loss from a breach of duty by the procuring entity may seek review, but certain matters cannot be used as grounds for review.

37. Right to review (1) Subject to subsection (2), any bidder that claims to have suffered, or that may suffer, loss or injury due to a breach of a duty imposed on the procuring entity by this Act or the Regulations, may seek review in accordance with this Part. (2) The following do not constitute grounds for the review under subsection (1)— (a) the choice of a selection procedure in request for proposals for services , in accordance with the Regulations; (b) a decision by the procuring entity under section 23 to reject all tenders, proposals, offers or quotations; (c) a refusal by the procuring entity to respond to an expression of interest in participating in requests for proposals for services under section 34 (1).

Section 37Verify source

§ 38Review proceduresSubstitution

Section 38 sets deadlines and procedures for procurement review applications, appeals, committee handling, and suspension of procurement steps.

38. Review procedures (1) An application for a review pursuant to section 37 shall be made prior to the entry into force of a contract, in the first instance, in writing, to the head of the procuring entity. (2) The head of the procuring entity shall not entertain an application for review unless it was submitted within ten working days of the bidder submitting the application becoming aware of the circumstances giving rise to the application, or of when that bidder should have become aware of those circumstances, whichever is earlier. (3) The head of the procuring entity shall render a decision on the application within ten days of the submission of the application for review. (4) Appeals against the decision of the head of procuring agency shall be made to the concerned Minister or, in the case of procurement whose value exceeds the threshold prescribed in the Regulations, to the Director : Provided that the appeal is submitted within ten working days of the date of the decision of the head of the procuring entity . (5) An application for review may be made to the Director in the following circumstances— (a) in the form of an appeal by the complaining bidder of a decision by the head of the procuring entity : Provided that the appeal is submitted within ten working days of the date of the decision of the head of the procuring entity ; (b) in the event that the head of the procuring entity fails to render a decision within the period specified in subsection (3): Provided that the application for review is filed within ten working days of the expiry of the time period for the decision by the head of the procuring entity ; (c) in the case of an application for review being submitted in the first instance to the Director , if the procurement contract has already entered into force: Provided that such an application shall not be entertained unless it is submitted to the Director within ten working days of when the bidder submitting became aware of the circumstances giving rise to the complaint, or of when that bidder should have become aware of those circumstances, whichever is earlier. (6) For the purposes of hearing applications for review under this section, the Director shall establish a standing review committee (in this Act otherwise referred to as the “Review Committee”) which shall consist of members of high integrity with experience in the different fields of procurement and procurement procedures, but with no direct or indirect personal involvement in public procurement functions during the period of their service on the Review Committee, and from the members of the Committee, the Director shall convene three-member ad hoc review committees to decide upon applications for review brought to the Director . (7) The Review Committee established under subsection (6) shall render a decision under this Part within ten working days after receiving the complaint. (8) Unless the complaint is dismissed, the remedies that may be ordered by the Review Committee may include— (a) declaring the legal rules or principles that govern the subject matter of the complaint, and directing the procuring entity to act or to proceed in a lawful manner or to reach a lawful decision; (b) prohibiting the procuring entity from acting or deciding unlawfully or from following an unlawful procedure; (c) annulling in whole or in part an unlawful act or decision of the procuring entity , other than any act or decision bringing the procurement contract into force; (d) revising an unlawful decision by the procuring entity or substituting its own decision for such a decision, other than any decision bringing the procurement contract into force; and (e) compelling the procuring entity to pay the successful protestor its costs of preparing and submitting a bid, and prosecuting the application for review. (9) The timely submission of a complaint in accordance with deadlines set in this section suspends the procurement proceedings for a period of ten days. (10) When the procurement contract enters into force, the timely submission of a complaint under this section shall suspend performance of the procurement contract for a period of ten days. (11) The head of the procuring entity or the Director may extend a suspension period provided in subsection (9) in order to preserve the rights of the bidder submitting the application for review, provided that the total period of suspension shall not exceed thirty days. (12) The suspension provided by this section shall not apply if the procuring entity certifies that urgent public interest considerations require the procurement to proceed, and the certification, which shall state the grounds for the finding that such urgent considerations exist and which shall be made a part of the record of the procurement proceedings, is conclusive with respect to all levels of review under this Act, except judicial review. (13) The High Court shall have jurisdiction over actions pursuant to section 37 and over petitions for judicial review of decisions made by review bodies, or of the failure of those bodies to make a decision within the prescribed time-limit.

Section 38Verify source

Part VIII

Auditing

§ 39Section 39Provision

Procurement activities must be regularly audited by the Auditor General.

39. Regular auditing of procurement activities Procurement activities shall be subject to regular auditing by the Auditor General to ensure that public funds are expended for their intended purpose, and with a view to maximizing value received by the public purchaser, ensuring that proper and accountable systems are in place and adhered to, and identifying any weaknesses in procurement .

Section 39Verify source

§ 40Section 40Provision

People and entities involved in public procurement must cooperate fully and disclose information to the Director, the Auditor General, and other oversight authorities.

40. Cooperation with control bodies All public entities, officials, and other participants involved in public procurement shall, in accordance with this Act and any other written law, provide full cooperation and disclosure to the Director , the Auditor General, and other authorities exercising monitoring and oversight over public procurement pursuant to the laws of Malawi.

Section 40Verify source

Part IX

Miscellaneous provisions

§ 41Annual reportsProvision

The Director must submit an annual report to the Minister within three months after each financial year, and the Minister must lay it before the National Assembly at the next meeting after receipt; the Director must also publish the report for sale to the public.

41. Annual reports (1) The Director shall as soon as practicable, but not later than three months after the expiry of each financial year, submit to the Minister a report concerning his activities during that financial year. (2) The report referred to in subsection (1) shall be in such form as the Minister shall approve, and shall include such information as the Minister may direct or as the Director may consider appropriate. (3) The Minister shall, during the meeting of the National Assembly next following the receipt by him of the report referred to in subsection (1), lay the report before the National Assembly, and the Director shall publish the report for sale to the public.

Section 41Verify source

§ 42Exemptions from personal liabilityProvision

A person is exempt from civil or criminal liability for acts or omissions done in good faith while performing duties or functions under this Act.

42. Exemptions from personal liability No person shall, in his personal capacity, be liable in civil or criminal proceedings in respect of any act or omission done in good faith in the performance of duties or functions under this Act.

Section 42Verify source

§ 43RegulationsProvision

The Minister may make regulations for carrying out this Act, but only on the Director’s recommendation.

43. Regulations The Minister may, on the recommendation of the Director , make regulations for the carrying into effect of the provisions of this Act. Schedule (Section 30) Procurement method Procurement Method Conditions for Use Main Procedures 1 Tendering • Normal method for procurement of goods, works, and routine services (non-consultancy services) • Open solicitation of tenders or of applications to pre-qualify • Objective and performance based technical specifications • Complete contract terms included in bidding documents • Public bid opening • Evaluation of tenders and selection in accordance with pre-disclosed evaluation criteria • No negotiation 2 Restricted Tendering • Object available only from limited number of suppliers, known to procuring entity ( Ground A ) • Economy and efficiency in procurement do not justify preparation and evaluation of a large number of bids ( Ground B ) • ( In the case of ground A ) invite all suppliers • ( In the case of ground B ) invite as many as practicable, enough to engender real competition (e. g., at least three bidders) • except for restricted solicitation, procedures of tendering proceedings apply 3 Two-stage tendering • Not feasible or not advisable to finalize technical specifications; • Procuring entity wishes to consider various technical or contractual variants, prior to finalizing specifications • In first stage, bidders submit the particular technical and contractual proposals in response to general, tentative specifications; technical proposals only, and no financial proposals submitted at this stage • Procuring entity reviews proposals and may engage in technical discussions with bidders as to their proposals • Following conclusion of those discussions, procuring entity finalizes specifications 4 Request for proposals for services • Procurement of consultant services • Solicitation to a short list of bidders • Emphasis on quality and technical aspects of proposals in the selection process • Selection either on the basis of quality, or on combination of quality and cost, or by least cost method 5 Request for quotations • Procurement of standardized, “off-the shelf’ goods, routine services, or minor works services • Solicitation of quotations from a minimum of three bidders • One quotation per bidder, no negotiation • Award to lowest price quotation responsive to requirements 6 Single source procurement • Object available for sole source • Urgency, not due to dilatory conduct or negligence of procuring entity; imminent danger to person or property • Standardization • Artistic works • In cases of emergency procurement, limit to amount required to meet emergency

Section 43Verify source

Legislative relationships

1 referenced instrument

Names are derived from the stored provision headings and citation-enrichment layer. Treat this as a research index and verify each relationship against the source text.

A–F

1 instrument

Director (1) There is hereby established the office of Director of Public Procurement (in this Act
Section 4

Recorded versions and source checkpoint

1 version available in this collection

Current-law checkpoint

31 Dec 2014 · currentEnglish

This relationship view does not by itself establish whether another instrument remains in force.

Check official source

Source-linked research

Ask AI about this statute

The overview, provisions, and source records above are public. Continue in a separate conversation with this statute’s jurisdiction and source version attached.

No legal research model is currently available.

Explore more