The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community Act

The Heads of State may assent to, or withhold assent to, a Bill of the Assembly.

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Jurisdiction: Tanzania
Instrument: Act or statute
Citation: The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community Act
Version: Undated source snapshot
Language: en
Official source: View official record ↗

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The Heads of State may assent to, or withhold assent to, a Bill of the Assembly. If a Bill does not receive assent within three months after being passed by the Assembly, it must be sent back to the Assembly for reconsideration with reasons. If the Assembly discusses and approves the Bill, it must be resubmitted to the Heads of State for assent. The Secretary General must publish every Community Act in the Gazette, and the Assembly and National Assemblies must exchange debate records, Bills, and Acts as soon as practicable. The Secretariat is the executive organ of the Community.

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Provisions of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community Act

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Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: The Heads of State may assent to, or withhold assent to, a Bill of the Assembly.

1. The Heads of State may assent to or withhold assent to a Bill of the Assembly.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: If a Bill does not receive assent within three months after being passed by the Assembly, it must be sent back to the Assembly for reconsideration with reasons.

2. A Bill that has not received assent as provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article within three months from the date on which it was passed by the Assembly shall be referred back to the Assembly, giving reasons, and with a request that the Bill or a particular provision thereof be reconsidered by the Assembly.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: If the Assembly discusses and approves the Bill, it must be resubmitted to the Heads of State for assent.

3. If the Assembly discusses and approves the Bill, the Bill shall be resubmitted to the Heads of State for assent.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretary General must publish every Community Act in the Gazette, and the Assembly and National Assemblies must exchange debate records, Bills, and Acts as soon as practicable.

4. If a Head of State withholds assent to re-submitted Bill, the Bill shall lapse. 204 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 64 Publication of Acts of the Community The Secretary General shall cause every Act of the Community to be published in the Gazette. Article 65 Relations between the Assembly and the National Assemblies of the Partner States In pursuance of the policy of the Community of popular participation in the achievement of its objectives and so that the Council may be able to take into account in the exercise of its functions, the opinion of the general public in the Partner States on matters relating to the achievement of the objectives of the Community as expressed through the debates of the elected members of their National Assemblies, and those of the Assembly and to foster co-operation between the Assembly and the National Assemblies of the Partner State hereinafter referred to as “the National Assemblies”: (a) the Clerk of the Assembly shall as soon as practicable transmit to the Clerks of the National Assemblies copies of the records of all relevant debates of the meetings of the Assembly to be laid before the National Assemblies, by the respective Ministers responsible for East African Community affairs; (b) the Clerk of the Assembly shall as soon as practicable transmit to the Clerks of the National Assemblies copies of the Bills introduced into the Assembly and Acts of the Community to be laid before the National Assemblies for information; (c) the Clerks of the National Assemblies shall as soon as practicable transmit to the Clerk of the Assembly copies of the records of all relevant debates of the meetings of their National Assemblies other than those with respect to the matters laid before their National Assemblies in pursuance of the provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph; and (d) the Clerk of the Assembly shall as soon as practicable transmit to the Secretary General copies of all the records of debate referred to in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph for information to the Council. 205 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] CHAPTER X THE SECRETARIAT AND STAFF OF THE COMMUNITY Article 66 Establishment of the Secretariat

Part

CHAPTER X

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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretariat is the executive organ of the Community.

1. The Secretariat shall be the executive organ of the Community.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community’s services include specific offices, and the Council may decide that additional offices are necessary.

2. There shall be the following offices in the services of the Community: (a) Secretary-General; (b) Deputy Secretaries-General; (c) Counsel to the Community; and (d) such other offices as may be deemed necessary by the Council. Article 67 Secretary-General
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AI-assisted research summary: The Summit must appoint the Secretary-General after nomination by the relevant Head of State, following a rotation principle.

1. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the Summit upon nomination by the relevant Head of State under the principle of rotation.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: When the Secretary-General is appointed, the Partner State that appointed them must give up the Deputy Secretary General post.

2. Upon the appointment of the Secretary-General the Partner State from which he or she is appointed shall forfeit the post of Deputy Secretary General.
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Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretary-General must serve as the Community’s principal executive officer and also act as head of the Secretariat, Accounting Officer, Secretary of the Summit, and perform other duties assigned by the Treaty or the Council.

3. The Secretary-General shall be the principal executive officer of the Community and shall: (a) be the head of the Secretariat; (b) be the Accounting Officer of the Community; (c) be the Secretary of the Summit; and (d) carry out such other duties as are conferred upon him by this Treaty or by the Council from time to time.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretary-General must serve a fixed five-year term.

4. The Secretary-General shall serve a fixed five year term.
5
Financial provisions
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5. The terms and conditions of service of the Secretary-General shall be determined by the Council and approved by the Summit. Article 68 Deputy Secretaries-General
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council must determine how many Deputy Secretaries-General there will be.

1. The Council shall determine the number of Deputy Secretaries- General.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Summit must appoint the Deputy Secretaries-General, based on Council recommendations and on a rotational basis.

2. The Deputy Secretaries-General shall be appointed by the Summit on recommendations of the Council and on a rotational basis.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Deputy Secretaries-General must deputise for the Secretary-General and carry out other duties prescribed by the Council.

3. The Deputy Secretaries-General shall: (a) deputise for the Secretary-General; and (b) perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Council.
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AI-assisted research summary: Deputy Secretaries-General serve a three-year term and may be renewed once.

4. The Deputy Secretaries-General shall each serve a three year term, renewable once. 206 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023]
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Financial provisions
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5. The terms and conditions of service of the Deputy Secretaries General shall be determined by the council and approved by the Summit. Article 69 Counsel to the community
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AI-assisted research summary: The provision creates a Counsel to the Community and states that this office is the Community’s principal legal adviser.

1. There shall be a Counsel to the Community who shall be the principal legal adviser to the Community.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Counsel to the Community must perform the duties given to them by this Treaty and by the Council.

2. The Counsel to the Community shall perform such duties as are conferred upon him or her by this Treaty and by the Council.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Counsel to the Community must be appointed on contract and under the Community’s staff rules, regulations, and service terms.

3. The Counsel to the Community shall be appointed on contract and in accordance with the staff rules and regulations and terms and conditions of service of the Community.
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Transfer of assets and liabilities
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4. The other terms and conditions of service of the Counsel to the Community shall be determined by the Council. Article 70 Other officers and staff of the Secretariat
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council may determine additional officers and staff for the Community service.

1. There shall be such other officers and staff in the service of the Community as the Council may determine.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: All Secretariat staff must be appointed on contract and follow the Community’s staff rules, regulations, and service conditions.

2. All staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed on contract and in accordance with staff rules and regulations and terms and conditions of service of the Community.
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Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council determines staff salaries, job design, and other service conditions for Community staff.

3. The salaries, job design and other terms and conditions of service of the staff in the service of the Community shall be determined by the Council. Article 71 Functions of the Secretariat
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretariat is responsible for carrying out a long list of Community administration, coordination, reporting, planning, and implementation functions.

1. The Secretariat shall be responsible for: (a) initiating, receiving and submitting recommendations to the Council, and forwarding of Bills to the Assembly through the Co-ordination committee; (b) the initiation of studies and research related to, and the implementation of, programmes for the most appropriate, expeditious and efficient ways of achieving the objectives of the Community; (c) the strategic planning, management and monitoring of programmes for the development of the Community; (d) the undertaking either on its own initiative or otherwise, of such investigations, collection of information, or verification of matters relating to any matter affecting the Community that appears to it to merit examination; 207 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (e) the co-ordination and harmonisation of the policies and strategies relating to the development of the Community through the Co-ordination Committee; (f) the general promotion and dissemination of information on the Community to the stakeholders, the general public and the international community; (g) the submission of reports on the activities of the Community to the Council through the Co-ordination Committee; (h) the general administration and financial management of the Community; (i) the mobilisation of funds from development partners and other sources for the implementation of projects of the Community; (j) subject to the provisions of this Treaty, the submission of the budget of the Community to the Council for its consideration; (k) proposing draft agenda for the meetings of the organs of the Community other than the Court and the Assembly; (l) the implementation of the decisions of the Summit and the Council; (m) the organisation and the keeping of records of meetings of the institutions of the Community other than those of the Court and the Assembly; (n) the custody of the property of the Community; (o) the establishment of practical working relations with the Court and the Assembly; and (p) such other matters that may be provided for under this Treaty.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretary-General may act on behalf of the Secretariat when he or she considers it appropriate.

2. For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Secretary- General shall where he or she thinks it appropriate, act on behalf of the Secretariat.
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Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Deputy Secretaries-General must assist the Secretary-General in carrying out the Secretary-General’s functions.

3. The Deputy Secretaries-General shall assist the Secretary-General in the discharge of his or her functions.
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AI-assisted research summary: The Counsel to the Community is the Community’s principal legal adviser and may appear in Partner States’ courts for matters relating to the Community and the Treaty.

4. The Counsel to the Community shall be the principal legal adviser to the Community in connection with matters pertaining to this Treaty and the Community and he or she shall by virtue of this paragraph be entitled to appear in the Courts of the Partner States in respect of matters pertaining to the Community and this Treaty. Article 72 Relationship between the Secretariat and the Partner States
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AI-assisted research summary: Community staff must not take instructions from external authorities and must remain responsible only to the Community.

1. In the performance of their functions, the staff of the Community shall not seek or receive instructions from any Partner State or from any other authority external to the Community. They shall refrain from any actions which may adversely reflect on their position as international civil servants and shall be responsible only to the Community. 208 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023]
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: A Partner State must not, without the Council’s prior consent, give power to or impose duties on a Community officer, organ, or institution.

2. A Partner State shall not, by or under any law of that Partner State, confer any power or impose any duty upon an officer, organ or institution of the Community as such, except with the prior consent of the Council.
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Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Each Partner State must respect the international character of the Community’s institutions and staff, and must not try to influence them while they perform their functions.

3. Each Partner State undertakes to respect the international character of the responsibilities of the institutions and staff of the Community and shall not seek to influence them in the discharge of their functions.
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Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate with and assist the Secretariat, and provide information the Secretariat requests for its functions.

4. The Partner States agree to co-operate with and assist the Secretariat in the performance of its functions as set out in Article 71 of this Treaty and agree in particular to provide any information which the Secretariat may request for the purpose of discharging its functions. Article 73 Immunities
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AI-assisted research summary: People employed in the service of the Community are exempt from civil process for official acts and from immigration restrictions and alien registration requirements.

1. Persons employed in the service of the Community: (a) shall be immune from civil process with respect to omissions or acts performed by them in their official capacity; and (b) shall be accorded immunities from immigration restrictions and alien registration.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Experts/consultants serving the Community, and delegates of Partner States in certain service/transit situations, are to receive the immunities and privileges the Council determines.

2. Experts or consultants rendering services to the Community and delegates of the Partner States while performing services to the Community or while in transit in the Partner States to perform the services of the Community shall be accorded such immunities and privileges in the Partner States as the Council may determine. CHAPTER XI CO-OPERATION IN TRADE LIBERALISATION AND DEVELOPMENT Article 74 East African trade regime In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty, and in furtherance of Article 2 of this Treaty, the Partner States shall develop and adopt an East African Trade Regime and co-operate in trade liberalization and development in accordance therewith. Article 75 Establishment of a Customs Union

Part

CHAPTER XI

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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States agree to establish a Customs Union, with the details to be set out in a Protocol.

1. For purposes of this Chapter, the Partner States agree to establish a Customs Union details of which shall be contained in a Protocol which shall, inter alia, include the following: 209 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (a) The application of the principle of asymmetry; (b) The elimination of internal tariffs and other charges of equivalent effect; (c) The elimination of non-tariff barriers; (d) Establishment of a common external tariff; (e) Rules of origin; (f) Dumping; (g) Subsidies and countervailing duties; (h) Security and other restrictions to trade; (i) Competition; (j) Duty drawback, refund and remission of duties and taxes; (k) Customs co-operation; (l) Re-exportation of goods; and (m) Simplification and harmonisation of trade documentation and procedures.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Customs Union is to be established progressively during a transitional period determined by the Council.

2. The establishment of the Customs Union shall be progressive in the course of a transitional period as shall be determined by the Council.
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Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council may set up and give powers and authority to institutions it considers necessary to administer the Customs Union.

3. For purposes of this Article, the Council may establish and counter powers and authority upon such institutions as it may deem necessary to administer the Customs Union.
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Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must not impose new duties or taxes, or increase existing ones, on products traded within the Community, and must send tariff information to the Secretariat.

4. With effect from a date to be determined by the Council, the Partner States shall not impose any new duties and taxes or increase existing ones in respect of products trade within the Community and shall transmit to the Secretariat all information on any tariffs for study by the relevant institutions of the Community.
5
Financial provisions
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must remove existing non-tariff barriers on imports of goods from other Partner States and must not impose new ones, except as allowed by the Treaty.

5. Except as may be provided for or permitted under this Treaty, the Partner States agree to remove all the existing non-tariff barriers on the importation into their territory of goods originating from the other Partner States and thereafter to refrain from imposing any further non- tariff barriers.
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7. Status, immunities and privileges of Community
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must not adopt laws or administrative measures that directly or indirectly discriminate against similar products from other Partner States.

6. The Partner States shall refrain from enacting legislation or applying administrative measures which directly or indirectly discriminate against the same or like products of other Partner States.
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Status, immunities and privileges of Community
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must conclude the Protocol on the Establishment of a Customs Union within four years.

7. For purposes of this Article, the Partner States shall within a period of four years conclude the Protocol on the Establishment of a Customs Union. Article 76 Establishment of a Common Market
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AI-assisted research summary: The section establishes a Common Market among the Partner States and provides for free movement of labour, goods, services, capital, and the right of establishment, subject to the stated Protocol.

1. There shall be established a Common Market among the Partner States. Within the Common Market, and subject to the Protocol provided for in paragraph 4 of this Article, there shall be free movement of labour, goods, services, capital, and the right of establishment.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Common Market is to be established progressively, following schedules approved by the Council.

2. The establishment of the Common Market shall be progressive and in accordance with schedules approved by the Council. 210 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023]
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Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council may establish institutions and give them powers and authority to administer the Common Market.

3. For purposes of this Article, the Council may establish and confer powers and authority upon such institutions as it may deem necessary to administer the Common Market.
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Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must conclude a Protocol on a Common Market and take measures to address imbalances that may arise from applying the Treaty’s provisions, within the framework of the relevant Protocols.

4. For the purposes of this Article, the Partner States shall conclude a Protocol on a Common Market. Article 77 Measures to address imbalances arising from the application of the provisions for the establishment of a Customs Union and a Common Market For purposes of this Article, the Partner States shall within the framework of the Protocols provided for under Articles 75 and 76 of this Treaty, take measures to address imbalances that may arise from the application of the provisions of this Treaty. Article 78 Safeguard clause
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AI-assisted research summary: If a Partner State suffers serious economic injury after this Chapter is applied, it must, after informing the Council through the Secretary General and the other Partner States, take necessary safeguard measures.

1. In the event of serious injury occurring to the economy of a Partner State following the application of the provisions of this Chapter, the Partner State concerned shall, after informing the Council through the Secretary General and the other Partner States, take necessary safeguard measures.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council must examine and decide on existing safeguard measures, and Partner States must take industrial development steps.

2. The Council shall examine the method and effect of the application of existing safeguard measure and take decisions thereon. CHAPTER XII CO-OPERATION IN INVESTMENT AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Article 79 Industrial development In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty, the Partner States shall take steps in the field of industrial development that will: (a) promote self-sustaining and balanced industrial growth; (b) improve the competitiveness of the industrial sector so as to enhance the expansion of trade in industrial goods within the Community and the export of industrial goods from the Partner States in order to achieve the structural transformation of the economy that would foster the overall socio-economic development in the Partner States; and (c) encourage the development of indigenous entrepreneurs. 211 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 80 Strategy and priority areas

Part

CHAPTER XII

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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must take measures to develop and support industrial development, technology transfer, investment incentives, standards, and related industrial cooperation.

1. For purposes of Article 79 of this Treaty, the Partner States shall take measures to: (a) develop an East African Industrial Development Strategy; (b) promote linkages among industries within the Community through diversification, specialisation and complementarity, in order to enhance the spread effects of industrial growth and to facilitate the transfer of technology; (c) facilitate the development of: (i) small-and-medium including subcontracting and other relations between larger and smaller firms; industries scale (ii) basic capital and intermediate goods industries for the purposes of obtaining the advantages of economies of scale; and (iii) food and agro-industries; (d) rationalise investments and the full use of established industries so as to promote efficiency in production; (e) promote industrial research and development and the transfer, acquisition, adoption and development of modern technology, training, management and consultancy services through the establishment of joint industrial institutions and other infrastructural facilities; (f) harmonise and rationalise investment incentives including those relating to taxation of industries particularly those that use local materials and labour with a view to promoting the Community as a single investment area; (g) disseminate and exchange industrial and technological information; (h) avoid double taxation; and (i) maintain the standardisation, quality assurance, metrology and testing currently applicable and such other standards as may be adopted by the Council after the signing of this Treaty for goods and services produced and traded among the Partner States pending the conclusion of a protocol under paragraph 4 of article 81 of this Treaty.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must take any other measures needed for Article 79, as the Council determines.

2. The Partners States shall take such other measures for the purposes of Article 79 of this Treaty as the Council may determine. 212 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] CHAPTER XIII CO-OPERATION IN STANDARDISATION, QUALITY ASSURANCE, METROLOGY AND TESTING Article 81 Standardisation, quality assurance, metrology and testing

Part

CHAPTER XIII

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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States say standardisation, quality assurance, metrology, and testing can help sustainable modernisation in the Community.

1. The Partner States agree that standardisation, quality assurance, metrology and testing can facilitate sustainable modernisation in the Community.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States recognise the importance of standardisation, quality assurance, metrology and testing for living standards, trade, investment, consumer protection, productivity, information exchange, health, and protection of life, property, and the environment.

2. The Partner States also recognise the significance of standardisation, quality assurance, metrology and testing in the enhancement of the standard of living, reduction of unnecessary variety of products, the facilitation of interchangeability of products, the promotion of trade and investment, consumer protection, the enhancement of savings in public and private purchasing, improved productivity, the facilitation of information exchange, the promotion of health as well as the protection of life, property, and the environment.
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Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must develop and apply a common policy on standardisation, quality assurance, metrology, and testing for goods and services traded in the Community.

3. The Partner States undertake to evolve and apply a common policy for the standardisation, quality assurance, metrology and testing of goods and services produced and traded within the Community.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States are to conclude a protocol on standardisation, quality assurance, metrology, and testing for goods and services in the Community.

4. The Partner States agree to conclude a protocol on Standardisation, Quality Assurance. Metrology and Testing for the goods and services produced and traded in the Community. CHAPTER XIV MONETARY AND FINANCIAL CO-OPERATION Article 82 Scope of co-operation the

Part

CHAPTER XIV

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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate on monetary and fiscal matters and remove barriers to the movement of goods, services, and capital within the Community.

1. In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty, the Partner States undertake to co-operate in monetary and fiscal matters in accordance with approved macro-economic policies harmonisation programmes and convergence framework of the Community in order to establish monetary stability within the Community aimed at facilitating economic integration efforts and the attainment sustainable economic development of the Community. To this end, the Partner States shall: (a) co-operate in monetary and financial matters and maintain the convertibility of their currencies as a basis for the establishment of a Monetary Union; 213 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (b) harmonise their macro-economic policies especially in exchange rate policy, interest rate policy, monetary and fiscal policies; and (c) remove obstacles to the free movement of goods, services and capital within the Community.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must keep their currencies convertible and take steps to support trade, capital movement, and financial-system integration within the Community.

2. The Partner States shall in order to implement the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, inter alia: (a) maintain the existing convertibility of their currencies to promote the use of national currencies in the settlement of payments for all transactions among the Partner States thereby economising on the use of foreign currency; (b) take measures that would facilitate trade and capital movement within the Community; (c) develop, harmonise and eventually integrate the financial systems of the Partner States; and (d) implement the provisions of this Treaty relating to monetary and financial co-operation. Article 83 Monetary and fiscal policy harmonization
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must adopt policy measures in line with an agreed macro-economic policy framework.

1. The Partner States undertake to adopt policy measures in accordance with an agreed macro-economic policy framework.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must remove exchange restrictions, keep market-based exchange rates, strengthen reserves, adjust fiscal policy and domestic credit, liberalise financial sectors, and harmonise tax policies.

2. For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States undertake to: (a) Remove all exchange restrictions on imports and exports within the Community; (b) maintain free market determined exchange rates and enhance the levels of their international reserves; (c) adjust their fiscal policies and net domestic credit to the government to ensure monetary stability and the achievement of sustained economic growth; (d) liberalise their financial sectors by freeing and deregulating interest rates with a view to achieving positive real interest rates in order to promote savings for investment within the Community and to enhance competition and efficiency in their financial systems; and (e) harmonise their tax policies with a view to removing tax distortions in order to bring about a more efficient allocation of resources within the Community. Article 84 Macro-economic co-ordination within the community
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must coordinate their macro-economic policies and economic reform programmes through the Council.

1. The Partner States shall co-ordinate through the Council their macro-economic policies and economic reform programmes 214 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] with a view to promoting the socio-economic development of the Community.
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3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must develop capital-market and banking policies and allow freer movement of capital within the Community.

2. In order to achieve balanced development within the Community, the Partner States undertake to evolve policies designed to improve their resource and production base. Article 85 Banking and capital market development The Partner States undertake to implement within the Community, a capital market development programme to be determined by the Council and shall create a conducive environment for the movement of capital within the Community. To this end, the Partner States shall: (a) take steps to achieve wider monetisation of the region’s economics under a liberalised market economy; (b) harmonise their banking Acts; (c) harmonise capital market policies on cross-border listing, foreign portfolio investors, taxation of capital market transactions, accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, procedures for setting commissions and other charges; (d) harmonise the regulatory and legislative frameworks and regulatory structures; (e) harmonise and implement common standards for market conduct; (f) harmonise policies impacting on capital markets, particularly the granting of incentives for the development of capital markets within the region; (g) promote co-operation among the stock-exchanges and capital markets and securities regulators within the region through mutual assistance and the exchange of information and training; (h) promote the establishment of a regional stock exchange within the Community with trading floors in each of the Partner States; (i) ensure adherence by their appropriate national authorities to harmonised stock trading systems, the promotion of monetary instruments and to permitting residents of the Partner States to acquire and negotiate monetary instruments freely within the Community; (j) establish within the Community a cross listing of stocks, a rating system of listed companies and an index of trading performance to facilitate the negotiation and sale of shares within and external to the Community; and (k) institute measures to prevent money laundering activities. 215 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 86 Movement of capital The Partner States shall in accordance with the time table to be determined by the Council, permit the free movement of capital within the Community, develop, harmonise and eventually integrate their financial systems. In this regard, the Partner States shall: (a) ensure the unimpeded flow of capital within the Community through the removal of controls on the transfer to capital among the Partner States; (b) ensure that the citizens of and persons resident in a Partner State are allowed to acquire stocks, shares and other securities or to invest in enterprises in the other Partner States; and (c) encourage cross-border trade in financial instruments. Article 87 Joint project financing
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must work together to finance joint projects in each other’s territories, especially projects that help Community integration.

1. The Partner States undertake to co-operate in financing projects jointly in each other’s territory, especially those that facilitate integration within the Community.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate on financing and transport/communications policy measures, and the Council may approve remedial measures for adverse effects if conditions are met.

2. The Partner States undertake to co-operate in the mobilisation of foreign capital for the financing of national and joint projects. Article 88 Safeguard measures The Council may approve measures designed to remedy any adverse effects a Partner State may experience by reason of the implementation of the provisions of this Chapter, provided that such a Partner State shall furnish to the Council proof that it has taken all reasonable steps to overcome the difficulties, and that such measures are applied on a non-discriminatory basis. CHAPTER XV CO-OPERATION IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Article 89 Common transport and communications policies In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty, the Partner States undertake to evolve co-ordinated, harmonised and complementary transport and communications policies; improve and expand the existing transport and communication links; and establish new ones as a means of furthering the physical cohesion of the Partner States, so as to facilitate 216 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] and promote the movement of traffic within the Community. To this end, the Partner States shall take steps, inter alia, to: (a) develop harmonised standards and regulatory laws, rules, procedures and practices; (b) construct, maintain, upgrade, rehabilitate and integrate roads, railways, airports, pipelines and harbours in their territories; (c) review and re-design their intermodal transport systems and develop new routes within the Community for the transport of the type of goods and services produced in the Partner States; (d) maintain, expand and upgrade communication facilities to enhance interaction between persons and businesses in the Partner States and promote the full exploitation of the market and investment opportunities created by the Community; (e) grant special treatment to land-locked Partner States in respect of the application of the provisions of this Chapter; (f) provide security and protection to transport systems to ensure the smooth movement of goods and persons within the Community; (g) take measures directed towards the harmonisation and joint use of facilities and programmes within their existing national institutions for the training of personnel in the field of transport and communications; and (h) exchange information on technological developments in transport and Communications. Article 90 Roads and road transport The Partner States shall: (a) take measures to rarify or accede to international conventions on road traffic and road signs and signals and take such steps as may be necessary to implement these conventions; (b) harmonise their traffic laws, regulations and highway codes and adopt a common definition of classes of roads and route numbering systems; (c) harmonise the provisions of their laws concerning licensing, equipment, markings and registration numbers of vehicles for travel and transport within the Community; (d) adopt common standards for vehicle construction, vehicle inspection and vehicle inspection centres; (e) adopt common standards and regulations for driver training and licensing; (f) adopt common requirements for the insurance of goods and vehicles; 217 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (g) adopt common regulations governing speed limits on urban roads and highways; (h) adopt and establish common road safety regulations, accident rescue, first aid, medical care and post-trauma systems within the Community; (i) prescribe minimum safety requirements for packaging, loading and transporting of dangerous substances; (j) establish common measures for the facilitation of road transit traffic; (k) harmonise rules and regulations concerning special transport requiring security; (l) adopt common rules and regulations governing the dimensions, technical requirements, gross weight and load per axle of vehicles used in trunk roads within the Community; (m) co-ordinate activities with respect to the construction of trunk roads connecting the Partner States to common standards of design and in the maintenance of existing networks to such standards as will enable the carriers of other Partner States to operate to and from their territories efficiently; (n) co-ordinate their activities in the maintenance, rehabilitation, upgrading and reconstruction of the trunk road networks connecting the Partner States and ensure that such road networks once rehabilitated will not be allowed to disintegrate; (o) adopt a co-ordinated approach in the implementation of trunk road projects connecting the Partner States; (p) agree on common policies and standards for the manufacture and the maintenance of road transport equipment; (q) establish common road design and construction standards for the trunk roads connecting the Partner States and promote the use, as much as possible, of local materials and resources; (r) adopt common and simplified documentation procedures for road transportation within the Community and harmonise road transit charges; (s) gradually reduce and finally eliminate non-physical barriers to road transport within the Community; (t) ensure that common carriers from other Partner States have the same opportunities and facilities as common carriers in their territories in the undertaking of transport operations within the Community; (u) ensure that the treatment of motor transport operators engaged in transport within the Community from other 218 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Partner States is not less favourable than that accorded to the operators of similar transport from their own territories; (v) make road transport efficient and cost effective by promoting competition and introducing regulatory framework to facilitate the road haulage industry operations; (w) exchange information and experience, on issues common to roads and road transport within the Community; and (x) encourage the use and development of low cost and motorised transport in the Community’s transport policies. Article 91 Railways and rail transport

Part

CHAPTER XV

1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must establish and maintain coordinated railway services, and build additional railway connections when necessary.

1. The Partner States agree to establish and maintain co-ordinated railway services that would efficiently connect the Partner States within the Community and where necessary, to construct additional railway connections.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must take a series of coordinated steps to improve and harmonise railway transport in the Community.

2. The Partner States shall, in particular: (a) adopt common policies for the development of railways and railway transport in the Community; (b) make their railways more efficient and competitive through, inter alia, autonomous management and improvement of infrastructure; (c) adopt common safety rules, regulations and requirements with regard to signs, signals, rolling stock, motive power and related equipment and the transport of dangerous substances; (d) adopt measures for the facilitation, harmonisation and rationalisation of railway transport within the Community; (e) harmonise and simplify documents required for railway transport within the Community; (f) harmonise procedures with respect to the packaging, marking and loading of goods and wagons for railway transport within the Community; (g) agree to charge non-discriminatory tariffs in respect of goods transported by railway within the Community; (h) consult each other on proposed measures that may affect railway transport within the Community; (i) integrate the operations of their railway administrations including the synchronization of train schedules and the operations of unit trains; (j) establish common standards for the construction and maintenance of railway facilities; (k) agree on common policies for the manufacture of railway transport equipment and railway facilities; 219 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (l) agree to allocate space for the storage of goods transported by railway from each other within their goods sheds; (m) take measures to facilitate thorough working of trains within the Community; (n) facilitate the deployment of railway rolling stock, motive power and related equipment for the conveyance of goods to and from each other without discrimination; (o) endeavour to maintain the existing physical facilities of their railways to such standards as will enable the Partner States to operate their own systems within the Community in an efficient manner; (p) provide efficient railway transport services among the Partner States on a non-discriminatory basis; (q) facilitate joint utilisation of railway facilities including manufacture, maintenance and training facilities to ensure their optimal use; and (r) promote co-operation in the fields of research and exchange of information. Article 92 Civil aviation and civil air transport
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must harmonise civil aviation policies.

1. The Partner States shall harmonise their policies on civil aviation to promote the development of safe, reliable, efficient and economically viable civil aviation with a view developing appropriate infrastructure, aeronautical skills and technology as well as the rule of aviation in support of other economic activities.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must take steps to facilitate joint air services and efficient use of aircraft within the Community.

2. The Partner States shall take necessary, steps to facilitate the establishment of joint air services and the efficient use of aircraft as steps towards the enhancement of air transportation within the Community.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate on and harmonise air, maritime, inland waterways, and multimodal transport policies and procedures.

3. The Partner States shall in particular: (a) adopt common policies for the development of civil air transport in the Community in collaboration with other relevant international organisations including the African Civil Aviation Commission (AFCAC), the African Airlines Association (AFRAA), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO); (b) undertake to make civil air transport services safe, efficient and profitable through, inter alia, autonomous management; (c) liberalise the granting of air traffic rights for passengers and cargo operations with a view to increasing efficiency; (d) harmonise civil aviation regulations by implementing the provisions of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, with particular reference to Annex 9 thereof; rules and 220 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (e) establish a Unified Upper Area Control system; (f) establish common measures for the facilitation of passenger and cargo air services in the Community; (g) co-ordinate the flight schedules of their designated airlines; (h) consider ways to develop, maintain and co-ordinate in common, their navigational, communications and meteorological facilities for the provision of safe air navigation and the joint management of their air space; (i) encourage the joint use of maintenance and overhaul facilities and other services for aircraft, ground handling equipment and other facilities; (j) agree to take common measures for the control and protection of their air space of the Community; (k) apply the ICAO policies and guidelines in determining user charges and apply the same rules and regulations relating to scheduled air transport services among themselves; (l) adopt common aircraft standards and technical specifications for the types of aircraft to be operated in the Community; and (m) co-ordinate measures and co-operate in the maintenance of the high security required in respect of air services operations and operate joint search and rescue operations. Article 93 Maritime transport and ports The Partner States shall: (a) promote the co-ordination and harmonisation of their maritime transport policies and establish a common maritime transport policy; (b) promote the development of efficient and profitable sea port services through the liberalisation and commercialisation of port operations; (c) make rational use of existing port installations; (d) in the case of the coastal Partner States, co-operate with the land-locked Partner States and grant them easy access to port facilities and opportunities to participate in provision of port and maritime services; (e) take measures to ratify or accede to international conventions on maritime transport; (f) establish a harmonious traffic organisation system for the optimal use of maritime transport services; (g) co-operate in the elaboration and application of measures to facilitate the arrival, stay and departure of vessels; (h) promote co-operation among their port authorities in the management and operations of their ports and maritime 221 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] transport so as to facilitate the efficient movement of traffic between their territories; (i) agree to charge non-discriminatory tariffs in respect of goods from their territories and goods from other Partner States, except where their goods enjoy domestic transport subsidies, and apply the same rules and regulations in respect of maritime transport among themselves without discrimination; (j) agree to allocate space on board their ships for goods consigned to or from the territories of other Partner States; (k) install and maintain efficient cargo handling equipment, cargo storage facilities and general operations and train related manpower and where feasible shall undertake these jointly; (l) agree to allocate adequate space for the storage of goods traded among themselves; (m) co-ordinate measures with respect to, and co-operate in the maintenance of, the safety of maritime transport services, including joint search and rescue operations; (n) provide adequate facilities with good communication systems that would receive and respond to signals promptly; (o) inter-connect their national communication systems so as to identify polluted points in oceans for concerted marine pollution control; (p) encourage their respective national shipping lines to form international shipping associations; (q) review their national maritime legislation in accordance with the existing international maritime conventions. Article 94 Inland waterways transport The Partner States shall: (a) harmonise their inland waterways transport policies and shall adopt, harmonise and simplify rules, regulations and administrative procedures governing waterways transport on their common navigable inland waterways; (b) install and maintain efficient cargo handling equipment, cargo storage facilities and general operations and train related manpower resources and where possible shall undertake these jointly; (c) encourage joint use of maintenance facilities; (d) harmonise tariffs structure for waterways transport on their common navigable inland waterways; (e) adopt common rules to govern the packaging, marking, loading and other procedures for waterways transport on their common navigable inland waterways; 222 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (f) agree to charge the same tariffs in respect of goods transported within the Community and apply the same rules and regulations in respect of inland waterways transport among themselves without discrimination; (g) agree to provide space without discrimination on board vessels registered in their territories for goods consigned to and from their territories; (h) wherever possible, promote co-operation among themselves by undertaking joint ventures in inland waterways transport including the establishment of joint shipping services; (i) co-ordinate measures with respect to, and co-operate in the maintenance of, safety in inland waterways transport services including the provision and maintenance of communication equipment to receive distress positions promptly and joint search and rescue operations; (j) facilitate the deployment of inland waterways vessels and equipment for efficient conveyance of all classes of traffic to and from each Partner State; (k) integrate efforts to control and eradicate the water hyacinth menace and its effects on inland waterways transport; (l) facilitate joint studies in the use and management of inland waterways; (m) provide regional training and research facilities for the promotion and development of marine operations and meteorology; (n) undertake joint surveying, mapping and production of navigational charts and provision of navigational aids; (o) facilitate provision of adequate meteorological equipment, communication and safety facilities to vessels plying the lakes within the Partner States; (p) jointly tackle issues on inland water pollution with a view to achieving effective monitoring and control thereof; (q) jointly explore utilisation of unexploited inland waterways transport resources and tackle matters related to shipping and port services; and (r) harmonise national policies on inland waterways transport. Article 95 Multimodal transport The Partner States shall: (a) harmonise and simplify regulations, goods classification, for multimodal procedures and documents required transport within the Community; (b) apply uniform rules and regulations with respect to the packaging, marking and loading of goods; 223 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (c) provide where feasible, technical and other facilities for direct transhipment of goods at main trans-shipment points including intermodal cargo exchange points, inland clearance depots, dry ports or inland container depots; (d) agree to allocate multimodal transport facilities for goods consigned to or from the Partner States; (e) take measures to ratify or accede to international conventions on multimodal transport and containerisation and take such steps as may be necessary to implement them; and (f) promote communication and information exchange to enhance the efficiency of multimodal transport. Article 96 Freight booking centres The Partner States shall encourage the establishment of freight booking centres. Article 97 Freight forwarders, customs clearing agents and shipping agents

Part

scheduled air transport services among themselves;

1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must harmonise registration and licensing requirements for freight forwarders, customs clearing agents, and shipping agents.

1. The Partner States shall harmonise the requirements for registration and licensing of freight forwarders, customs clearing agents and shipping agents.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must let people register and be licensed as freight forwarders, customs clearing agents, or shipping agents if they meet the relevant legal and customs requirements.

2. The Partner States shall allow any person to register, and be licensed, as a freight forwarder, customs clearing agent and shipping agent, provided that that person fulfils the legal and customs requirements of that Partner State.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must not restrict the commercial activities, rights, or obligations of a lawfully registered and licensed freight forwarder or clearing agent.

3. The Partner States shall not restrict the commercial activities, rights and obligations of a lawfully registered and licensed freight forwarder or clearing agent. Article 98 Postal services The Partner States shall harmonise their policies on postal services and promote close co-operation between their postal administrations and devise ways and means to achieve fast, reliable, secure, economic and efficient services among themselves through: (a) strengthening of postal sorting, routing, transit and distribution centres within the Community; (b) pooling financial, technical and human resources to modernise, mechanise and automate mail and postal financial services so as to provide timely and efficient services to postal users or customers and, further introduce value- added postal services thus turning postal outlets one-shop for communication services; 224 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (c) adopting competitive marketing strategies to increase market shares in the international courier services and further introduce on-line track and trace system Electronic Data Inter-Change (EDI) for customer information and expedited inquiry handling systems; (d) conducting joint market research activities with a view to launching new postal products or services; (e) introducing appropriate postal security systems and procedures in the postal networks; and (f) co-operating in the development and design of relevant human resources training and development programmes. Article 99 Telecommunications The Partner States shall: (a) adopt common relevant international organisations telecommunications policies to be developed within the Community in collaboration with other including the Pan-African Telecommunications Union (PATU), International Telecommunications Union (ITU), Regional African Satellite Communication (RASCOM), International Telecommunication Satellite Organisation (INTELSAT). International Maritime Satellite Organisation (INMARSAT), Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation (CTO) and other related organisations; (b) improve and maintain inter-connectivity and modernise equipment to meet the common standards required for efficient the Community; telecommunications traffic within (c) harmonise and apply non-discriminatory tariffs among themselves and where possible, agree on preferential tariff treatment applicable within the Community; (d) co-operate and co-ordinate their activities in the maintenance of telecommunications facilities including training and the exchange of manpower; (e) encourage co-operation in local manufacturing of info- telecommunication equipment, research and development; (f) facilitate a conducive environment to promote private sector investors in the info-telecommunication equipment within the Community; and (g) adopt a common frequency management and monitoring scheme, assign mutually agreed upon frequencies for cross- border mobile radio communications and issue operating licences agreed upon by the Partner States. 225 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 100 Meteorological services
1
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AI-assisted research summary: Each Partner State must share meteorological information with the other Partner States and cooperate on meteorology-related services and systems.

1. Each Partner State shall collect and disseminate to the other Partner States meteorological information in order to facilitate the efficient operation of air navigation, coastal shipping, inland waterways transport and the issuing of cyclone warnings and other adverse weather phenomena and co-operate in the following areas: (a) expansion and upgrading of meteorological observations network and telecommunications; (b) training and research in meteorology, by using common facilities such as the Regional Meteorology Training Centre (RMTC), Drought Monitoring Centre (DMC) and other similar institutions; (c) provision of meteorological services which would include the exchange of observations and products for safety of air navigation, coastal shipping, inland waterways and transport as well as meteorological support to key sectors of the economy which include agriculture, water resources, tourism and construction; (d) support to early warning systems and remote sensing for food security; (e) meteorological support to environment management; (f) harmonisation of policies for the provision of meteorological services; (g) co-operation in human resources development and information exchange; and (h) climate analysis and seasonal forecast.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate and support each other in WMO activities affecting the Community’s interests, especially monitoring atmospheric and climatic changes.

2. The Partner States shall co-operate and support each other in all activities of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) affecting the interests of the Community especially the monitoring of the atmospheric and climatic changes on the planet.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must exchange information and expertise about new developments in meteorological science and technology, including instrument calibration and comparison.

3. The Partner States shall exchange information and expertise concerning new developments in meteorological science and technology including the calibration and comparison of instruments. Article 101 Energy
1
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must adopt policies and mechanisms to promote efficient energy exploitation, development, joint research, and utilisation in the region.

1. The Partner States shall adopt policies and mechanisms to promote the efficient exploitation, development, joint research and utilisation of various energy resources available within the region.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must promote energy development and related cooperation within the Community.

2. For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States shall in particular promote within the Community: 226 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (a) the least cost development and transmission of electric power, efficient exploration and exploitation of fossil fuels and utilisation of new and renewable energy sources; (b) the joint planning, training and research in, and the exchange of information on the exploration, exploitation, development and utilisation of available energy resources; (c) the development of integrated policy on rural electrification; (d) the development of inter-Partner State electrical grid inter- connections; (e) the construction of oil and gas pipelines; and (f) all such other measures to supply affordable energy to their people taking cognizance of the protection of the environment as provided for by this Treaty. CHAPTER XVI CO-OPERATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Article 102 Education and training

Part

CHAPTER XVI

1
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must take concerted measures to promote cooperation in education and training within the Community.

1. In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty, the Partner States agree to undertake concerted measures to foster co-operation in education and training within the Community.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must work together on education and training measures, including curricula, institutions, mobility, and joint programmes.

2. The Partner States shall, with respect to education and training: (a) co-ordinate their human resources development policies and programmes; (b) strengthen existing and where necessary establish new common research and training institutions; (c) co-operate in industrial training; (d) develop such common programmes in basic, intermediary and tertiary education and a general programme for adult and continuing education in the Partner States as would promote the emergency of well trained personnel in all sectors relevant to the aims and objectives of the Community; certification and accreditation of education and training institutions in the Partner States through the joint action of their relevant national bodies charged with the preparation of such curricula; (e) harmonise examination, curricula, (f) revive and enhance the activities of the Inter-University Council for East Africa; 227 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (g) encourage and support the mobility of students and teachers within the Community; (h) exchange information and experience on issues common to the educational systems of the Partner States; (i) collaborate in putting in place education and training programmes for people with special needs and other disadvantaged groups; (j) encourage and support the participation of the private sector in the development of human resources through education and training; and (k) identify and develop centres of excellence in the region including universities.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must carry out additional human resources development activities, as determined by the Council.

3. For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States shall undertake such additional activities in respect of the development of human resources as the Council may determine. Article 103 Science and technology
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must cooperate to develop science and technology in the Community.

1. Recognising the fundamental importance of science and technology in economic development, the Partner States undertake to promote co-operation in the development of science and technology within the Community through: (a) the joint establishment and support of scientific and technological research and of institutions in the various disciplines of science and technology; (b) the creation of a conducive environment for the promotion of science and technology within the Community; (c) the encouragement of the use and development of indigenous science and technologies; (d) the mobilisation of technical and financial support from local and foreign sources and from international organisations or agencies for the development of science and technology in the Community; (e) the exchange of scientific information, personnel and the promotion and publication of research and scientific findings; (f) the collaboration in the training of personnel in the various scientific and technological disciplines at all levels using existing institutions and newly established ones; (g) the promotion, development and application of information technology and the other new ones throughout the Community; (h) establishment of common ethical guidelines for research; and 228 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (i) the harmonisation of policies on commercialisation of technologies and promotion and protection of intellectual property rights.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must undertake additional science and technology activities, as determined by the Council.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States shall undertake such additional activities with regard to science and technology as the Council may determine. CHAPTER XVII FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS, LABOUR, SERVICES, RIGHT OF ESTABLISHMENT AND RESIDENCE Article 104 Scope of co-operation

Part

CHAPTER XVII

1
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must adopt measures to support free movement of persons, labour, and services, and to ensure their citizens can enjoy establishment and residence rights within the Community.

1. The Partner States agree to adopt measures to achieve the free movement of person, labour and services and to ensure the enjoyment of the right of establishment and residence of their citizens within the Community.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must conclude a Protocol on free movement, labour, services, establishment, and residence, at a time the Council determines.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States agree to conclude a Protocol on the Free Movement of Persons, Labour, Services and Right of Establishment and Residence at a time to be determined by the Council.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must, as determined by the Council, carry out a set of regional cooperation measures on border crossing, travel documents, border posts, employment policies, labour legislation, training, and employers’ and workers’ organisations.

3. The Partner States shall as may be determined by the Council: (a) ease border crossing by citizens of the Partner States; (b) maintain common standard travel documents for their citizens; (c) effect reciprocal opening of border posts and keep the posts opened and manned for twenty four hours; (d) maintain common employment polices; (e) harmonise their labour policies, programmes and legislation including those on occupational health and safety; (f) establish a regional centre for productivity and employment promotion and exchange information on the availability of employment; (g) make their training facilities available to persons from other Partner States; and (h) enhance the activities of the employers’ and workers’ organisations with a view to strengthening them.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate to strengthen social partnership among governments, employers, and employees to improve labour productivity through efficient production.

4. The Partner States undertake to co-operate in the enhancement of the social partnership between the governments, employers and employees so as to increase the productivity of labour through efficient production. 229 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] CHAPTER XVIII AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY Article 105 Scope of co-operation

Part

CHAPTER XVIII

1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must adopt a scheme to rationalise agricultural production for food security and better agricultural output in the Community.

1. The overall objectives of co-operation in the agricultural sector are the achievement of food security and rational agricultural production within the Community. To this end, the Partner States undertake to adopt a scheme for the rationalisation of agricultural production with a view to promoting complementarity and specialisation in and the sustainability of national agricultural programmes in order to ensure: (a) a common agricultural policy; (b) food sufficiency within the Community; (c) an increase in the production of crops, livestock, fisheries and forest products for domestic consumption, exports within and outside the Community and as inputs to agro- based industries within the Community; and (d) post harvest preservation and conservation and improved food processing.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate on agriculture-related measures such as policy harmonisation, food security, seed development, livestock breeding, disease control, irrigation, and information sharing.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States undertake to cooperate in specific fields of agriculture, including: (a) the harmonisation of agricultural policies of the Partner States; (b) the development of food security within the Partner States and the Community as a whole, through the production and supply of food stuffs; (c) agro-meteorology and climatology the development of early climatological warning systems within the Community; to promote (d) the development and application of agricultural training and research and extension services; (e) the adoption of internationally accepted quality standards for food processing; (f) the establishment of joint programmes for the control of animal and plant diseases and pests; (g) the marketing of food and the co-ordination of the export and import of agricultural commodities; (h) joint actions in combating drought and desertification; and (i) in such other fields of agriculture as the Council may determine. 230 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 106 Seed multiplication and distribution The Partner States shall: (a) strengthen co-operation in quality seed development and production through research and plant breeding; (b) support co-operation in the establishment of gene banks; (c) enhance capacity in seed technology; (d) initiate and maintain strategic seed reserves; (e) harmonise quarantine policies, legislation and regulations to ease trade in seeds; and (f) create an enabling environment for private sector seed multiplication and distribution. Article 107 Livestock multiplication and distribution The Partner States shall: (a) develop mechanism for co-operation in livestock breeding, including artificial insemination institutions and livestock breeding centres; (b) encourage and facilitate exchange of genetic material to widen the base of livestock development; (c) encourage private sector participation in livestock multiplication and distribution; (d) develop common regulatory livestock multiplication, trade in semen, embryos, breeding stock, drugs and vaccines; and framework in (e) harmonise quarantine regulations in artificial insemination and livestock breeding centres. Article 108 Plant and animal diseases control The Partner States shall: (a) harmonise polices, and enforcement of pests and disease control; legislation regulations for (b) harmonise and strengthen regulatory institutions; (c) harmonise and strengthen zoo-sanitary and phyto-sanitary (d) establish services inspection and certification; and phyto-sanitary zoo-sanitary laboratories to deal with diagnosis and identification of pests and diseases; regional (e) adopt common mechanism to ensure safety, efficacy and potency of agricultural inputs including chemicals, drugs and vaccines; and 231 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (f) co-operate in surveillance, diagnosis and control strategies of trans-boundary pests and animal diseases. Article 109 Irrigation and water catchment management The Partner States agree to take concerted effort to expand agricultural land through irrigation and water catchment strategies and for this purpose, shall: (a) co-operate in formulating and implementing national and Community irrigation programmes; (b) co-operate in developing and preserving traditional irrigation systems; (c) improve water catchment management, including rainwater harvesting; and (d) adopt and promote the use of environmentally safe methods of land use. Article 110 Food security The Partner States shall: (a) establish a mechanism for exchange of information on demand and supply surpluses and deficits, trade, forecasting and state of food nutrition; (b) harmonise quality and standards of inputs and products including food additives; (c) develop modalities to have timely information on market prices; (d) harmonise food supply, nutrition and food security policies and strategies; (e) initiate and maintain strategic food reserves; and (f) develop marine and inland aquaculture and fish farming. CHAPTER XIX CO-OPERATION IN ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Article 111 Environmental issues and natural resources

Part

CHAPTER XIX

1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must cooperate on environmental management, control hazardous trans-boundary waste, notify and consult each other about significant cross-border environmental impacts, and develop capacity-building programmes.

1. The Partner States recognise that development activities may have negative impacts on the environment leading to the degradation of the environment and depletion of natural resources and that a clean and 232 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] healthy environment is a prerequisite for sustainable development. The Partner States therefore: (a) agree to take concerted measures to foster co-operation in the joint and efficient management and sustainable utilisation of natural resources within the Community; (b) undertake, through environmental management strategy to co-operate and co-ordinate their policies and actions for the protection and conservation of the natural resources and environment against all forms of degradation and pollution arising from developmental activities; (c) undertake to co-operate and adopt common policies for control of trans-boundary movement of toxic and hazardous waste including nuclear materials and any other undesirable materials. (d) shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to each other on natural and human activities that may or are likely to have significant trans-boundary environmental impacts and shall consult with each other at an early stage; and (e) shall develop and promote capacity building programmes for sustainable management of natural resources.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community’s action relating to the environment must pursue listed environmental objectives.

2. Action by the Community relating to the environment shall have the following objectives: (a) to preserve, protect and enhance the quality of the environment; (b) to contribute towards the sustainability of the environment; (c) to ensure sustainable utilisation of natural resources like lakes, wetlands, forests and other aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems; and (d) to jointly develop and adopt water resources conservation and management policies that ensure sustenance and preservation of ecosystems. Article 112 Management of the environment
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must cooperate on environmental management and carry out measures on policy, pollution control, disaster preparedness, and conservation in development activities.

1. For purposes of Article 111 of this Treaty, the Partner States undertake to co-operate in the management of the environment and agree to: (a) develop a common environmental management policy that would sustain the eco-systems of the Partner States, prevent, arrest and reverse the effects of environmental degradation; (b) develop special environmental management strategies to manage fragile ecosystems, terrestrial and marine resources, noxious emissions and toxic and hazardous chemicals; (c) take measures to control trans-boundary air, land and water pollution arising from developmental activities; 233 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (d) take necessary disaster preparedness, management, protection and mitigation measures especially for the control of natural and man-made disasters. These include oil spills, bio-hazards, floods, earthquakes, marine accidents, drought and bush fires; and (e) integrate environmental management and conservation measures in all developmental activities such as trade, transport, agriculture, industrial development mining and tourism in the Community.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must carry out a set of environmental cooperation measures, including standards, impact assessment capacity, pollution control, awareness, research, and biodiversity protection.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States undertake to: (a) adopt common environment control regulations, incentives and standards; (b) develop capabilities to undertake environmental impact assessment of all development project activities and programmes; and measures (c) encourage the manufacture and use of bio-degradable pesticides, herbicides and packaging materials; (d) encourage public awareness and education on the use of agricultural and industrial chemicals and fertilisers; (e) adopt environmentally sound management techniques for the control of land degradation, such as soil erosion, desertification and forest encroachment; (f) promote the use of non-ozone depleting substances and environmental-friendly technologies; (g) promote and strengthen the utilisation of training facilities and research institutions within the Community; (h) adopt common environmental standards for the control of atmospheric, terrestrial and water pollution arising from urban and industrial development activities; (i) exchange information on atmospheric, industrial and other forms of pollution and conservation technology; (j) harmonise their policies and regulations for the sustainable and integrated management of shared natural resources and ecosystems; (k) adopt measures and policies to address the existing demographic profiles such as high growth rates and fertility rates, high dependency ratio, poor social conditions and poverty in order to mitigate their adverse impact on the environment and development; (l) adopt community environmental management programmes; (m) promote enhancement of the quality of the environment through adoption of common measures and programmes 234 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] of tree planting, afforestation and reforestation, soil conservation and recycling of materials; and (n) adopt common policies for conservation of biodiversity and common regulations for access to, management and equitable utilisation of genetic resources. Article 113 Prevention of illegal trade in and movement of toxic chemicals, substances and hazardous wastes
1
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate and adopt common positions against illegal dumping of toxic chemicals, substances, and hazardous wastes in the Community.

1. The Partner States undertake to co-operate and adopt common positions against illegal dumping of toxic chemicals, substances and hazardous wastes within the Community from either a Partner State or any third party.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must harmonise their legal and regulatory rules for toxic substances.

2. The Partner States shall harmonise their legal and regulatory framework for the management, movement, utilisation and disposal of toxic substances.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must ratify or accede to international environmental conventions aimed at improving environmental policies and management.

3. The Partner States undertake to ratify or accede to international environmental conventions that are designed to improve environmental policies and management. Article 114 Management of natural resources
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must work together to manage natural resources efficiently and sustainably, conserve resources, reduce environmental degradation, and adopt common rules for shared aquatic and terrestrial resources.

1. For purposes of Article 111 of this Treaty, the Partner States agree to take concerted measures to foster co-operation in the joint and efficient management and the sustainable utilisation of natural resources within the Community for the mutual benefit of the Partner States. In particular, the Partner States shall: (a) take necessary measure to conserve their natural resources; (b) co-operate in the management of their natural resources for the conservation of the eco-systems and the arrest of environmental degradation; and (c) adopt common regulations for the protection of shared aquatic and terrestrial resources.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate and take measures on forests, water and marine resources, and mineral resources.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States: (a) with regard to the conservation and management of forests, agree to take necessary measures through: (i) the adoption of common policies for, and the exchange of information on, the development conservation and management of natural forests, commercial plantations and natural reserves; (ii) the joint promotion of common forestry practices within the Community; 235 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (iii) the joint utilisation of forestry training and research facilities; (iv) the adoption of common regulations for the conservation and management of all catchment forests within the Community; (v) the establishment of uniform regulations for the utilisation of forestry resources in order to reduce the depletion of natural forests and avoid desertification within the Community; and (vi) the establishment of Api-Agro Forestry Systems; (b) with regard to the management of their water and marine resources, agree to co-operate through: (i) the establishment and adoption of common regulations for the better management and development of marine parks, reserves, wetlands and controlled areas; (ii) the adoption of common policies and regulations for the conservation, management and development of fisheries resources; (iii) the establishment of common fisheries management and investment guidelines for inland and marine waters; (iv) the strengthening of regional natural resources management bodies; (v) the establishment of common rules of origin for flora and fauna; and (vi) the establishment of a body for the management of Lake Victoria; (c) with regard to the management of the mineral resources sector, agree: (i) to promote joint exploration, efficient exploitation and sustainable utilization of shared mineral resources; (ii) to pursue the creation of an enabling environment for investment in the mining sector; (iii) to promote the establishment of databases, information exchange networks and the sharing of experiences in the management and development of the mineral sector using electronic mail, internet and other means for the interactive dissemination of mineral information; (iv) to harmonise mining regulations to ensure environmentally friendly and sound mining practices; (v) to adopt common policies to ensure joint fossil exploration and exploitation along the coast and rift valley; and (vi) to establish a regional seismological network whose primary objective is to monitor seismicity and advice on mitigation measures. 236 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] CHAPTER XX CO-OPERATION IN TOURISM AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Article 115 Tourism

Part

CHAPTER XX

1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must work together to promote and market quality tourism within the Community, coordinate tourism policies, and set up a cooperation framework to share benefits fairly.

1. In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty, the Partner States undertake to develop a collective and co- ordinated approach to the promotion and marketing of quality tourism into and within the Community. To this end, the Partner States shall co-ordinate their policies in the tourism industry and undertake to establish a framework of co-operation in the sector that will ensure equitable distribution of benefits.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must create a common code of conduct for tour and travel operators, standardise hotel classifications, and harmonise professional standards in the tourism and travel industry.

2. The Partner States shall establish a common code of conduct for private and public tour and travel operators, standardise hotel classifications and harmonise the professional standards of agents in the tourism and travel industry within the Community.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must cooperate on tourism, wildlife, health, culture, sport, social welfare, and measures to improve women’s participation and equality.

3. The Partner States undertake to develop a regional strategy for tourism promotion whereby individual efforts are reinforced by regional action. Article 116 Wildlife management The Partner States undertake to develop a collective and co-ordinated policy for the conservation and sustainable utilisation of wildlife and other tourist sites in the Community. In particular, the Partner States shall: (a) harmonise their policies for the conservation of wildlife, within and outside protected areas; (b) exchange information and adopt common policies on wildlife management and development; controlling (c) co-ordinate efforts in and monitoring encroachment and poaching activities; (d) encourage the joint use of training and research facilities and develop common management plans for trans-border protected areas; and (e) take measures to ratify or accede to, and, implement relevant international conventions. 237 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] CHAPTER XXI HEALTH, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES Article 117 Scope of co-operation In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty, the Partner States undertake to co-operate in health, cultural and sports and social welfare activities within the Community. Article 118 Health With respect to co-operation in health activities, the Partner States undertake to: (a) take joint action towards the prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases and to control pandemics and epidemics of communicable and vector-borne diseases such as HIV-AIDS, cholera, malaria, hepatitis and yellow fever that might endanger the health and welfare of the residents of the Partner States, and to co- operate in facilitating mass immunization and other public health community campaigns; (b) promote the management of health delivery systems and better planning mechanisms to enhance efficiency of health care services within the Partner States; (c) develop a common drug policy which would include establishing quality control capacities and good procurement practices; (d) harmonise drug registration procedures so as to achieve good control of pharmaceutical standards without impeding or obstructing the movement of pharmaceutical products within the Community; (e) harmonise national health policies and regulations and promote the exchange of information on health issues in order to achieve quality health within the Community; (f) co-operate in promoting research and the development of traditional, alternate or herbal medicines; (g) co-operate in the development of specialised health training, health research, reproductive health, the pharmaceutical products and preventive medicine; (h) promote the development of good nutritional standards and the popularisation of indigenous foods; and 238 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (i) develop a common approach through the education of the general public and their law enforcement agencies for the control and eradication of the trafficking and consumption of illicit or banned drugs. Article 119 Culture and sport The Partner States shall promote close co-operation amongst themselves in cultured sports, with respect to: (a) the promotion and enhancement of diverse sports activities; (b) the development of mass media programmes on matters that will promote the development of culture and sports within the Community; (c) the promotion of cultural activities, including the fine arts, literature, music, the arts and other artistic creations, and the conservation, safeguarding and development of the cultural heritage of the Partner States including, historical materials and antiquities; (d) the development and promotion of indigenous languages especially Kiswahili as a lingua franca; (e) the regulation of cross border trade in ethnographic materials, licensing of antique dealers and adoption of a common approach and co-operation in tackling the illicit cross border trade in cultural property; (f) acceding to and ratification of international conventions that directly bear upon culture such as: (i) the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; and (ii) the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibition and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property; (g) harmonising their policies for the conservation of their national antiquities and museums and the prevention of illegal trade in cultural property; and (h) any other activities aimed at promoting an East African identity. Article 120 Social welfare The Partner States undertake to closely co-operate amongst themselves in the field of social welfare with respect to: (a) employment, poverty alleviation programmes and working conditions; 239 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (b) vocational training and the eradication of adult illiteracy in the Community; and (c) the development and adoption of a common approach the disadvantaged and marginalised groups, towards including children, the youth, the elderly and persons with disabilities through rehabilitation and provision of, among others, foster homes, health care education and training. CHAPTER XXII ENHANCING THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Article 121 The role of women in socio-economic development The Partner States recognise that women make a significant contribution towards the process of socio-economic transformation and sustainable growth and that it is impossible to implement effective programmes for the economic and social development of the Partner States without the full participation of women. To this end, the Partner States shall through appropriate legislative and other measures: (a) promote the empowerment and effective integration and participation of women at all levels of socio-economic development especially in decision-making; (b) abolish legislation and discourage customs that are discriminatory against women; (c) promote effective education awareness programmes aimed at changing negative attitudes towards women; (d) create or adopt technologies which will ensure the stability of employment and professional progress for women workers; and (e) take such other measures that shall eliminate prejudices against women and promote the equality of the female gender with that of the male gender in every respect. Article 122 The role of women in business Having recognised the importance of women as a vital economic link between agriculture, industry and trade, the Partner States undertake to: (a) increase the participation of women in business at the policy formulation and implementation levels; (b) promote special programmes for women in small, medium and large scale enterprises; 240 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (c) eliminate all laws, regulations and practices that hinder women’s access to financial assistance including credit; (d) initiate changes in educational and training strategies to enable women to improve their technical and industrial employment levels through the acquisition of transferable skills offered by various forms of vocational and on-the-job training schemes; and (e) recognise and support the national and regional associations of women in business established to promote the effective participation of women in the trade and development activities of the Community. CHAPTER XXIII CO-OPERATION IN POLITICAL MATTERS Article 123 Political affairs

Part

CHAPTER XXIII

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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must establish common foreign and security policies.

1. In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty particularly with respect to the eventual establishment of a Political Federation of the Partner States, the Partner States shall establish common foreign and security policies.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community and its Partner States must define and implement common foreign and security policies.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Community and its Partner States shall define and implement common foreign and security policies.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The common foreign and security policies are intended to protect shared values, strengthen security, support democracy and human rights, maintain peace, promote international cooperation, and work toward a Political Federation of the Partner States.

3. The objectives of the common foreign and security policies shall be to: (a) safeguard the common values, fundamental interests and independence of the Community; (b) strengthen the security of the Community and its Partner States in all ways; (c) develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; (d) preserve peace and strengthen international security among the Partner States and within the Community; (e) promote co-operation at international fora; and (f) enhance the eventual establishment of a Political Federation of the Partner States.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community must pursue the stated objectives by cooperating with Partner States on foreign and security policy, coordinating actions, supporting common policies, resolving disputes peacefully, coordinating defence policy, and promoting cooperation among National Assemblies and with the Assembly.

4. The Community shall pursue the objectives set out in paragraph 3 of this Article by: (a) establishing systematic co-operation between the Partner States on any matter of foreign or security policies of general interest within the Community in order to define a common position to be applied by the Partner States; 241 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (b) the co-ordination of the actions of the Partner States and the upholding by them of such co-ordinated actions in international organisations and at international conferences; (c) the unreserved support of the Partner States of the Community’s foreign and security policies and the avoidance by the Partner States of any action on their part which is contrary to the interests of the Community or is likely to impair the effectiveness of the Community as a cohesive force in international relations; (d) peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between and within the Partner States; (e) the co-ordination of the defence policies of the Partner States; and (f) the promotion of co-operation among the National Assemblies of the Partner States and also with the Assembly.
5
Financial provisions
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council has power to decide when paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 of this Article become operative and to set detailed implementation rules.

5. The Council shall determine when the provisions of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of this Article shall become operative and shall prescribe in detail how the provisions of this Article shall be implemented.
6
7. Status, immunities and privileges of Community
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AI-assisted research summary: The Summit must start the process for establishing a Political Federation of the Partner States by directing the Council to carry it out.

6. The Summit shall initiate the process towards the establishment of a Political Federation of the Partner States by directing the Council to undertake the process.
7
Status, immunities and privileges of Community
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AI-assisted research summary: The Summit may order the Council to first undertake a study for purposes of paragraph 6 of this Article.

7. For purposes of paragraph 6 of this Article, the Summit may order a study to be first undertaken by the Council. Article 124 Regional peace and security
1
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must foster and maintain a peaceful and secure atmosphere through cooperation and consultations.

1. The Partner States agree that peace and security are pre-requisites to social and economic development within the Community and vital to the achievement of the objectives of the Community. In this regard, the Partner States agree to foster and maintain an atmosphere that is conducive to peace and security through co-operation and consultations on issues pertaining to peace and security of the Partner States with a view to prevention, better management and resolution of disputes and conflicts between them.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must promote and maintain good neighbourliness.

2. The Partner States undertake to promote and maintain good neighbourliness as a basis for promoting peace and security within the Community.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must establish regional disaster management mechanisms and harmonise training, technical cooperation, and support.

3. The Partner States shall evolve and establish regional disaster management mechanisms which shall harmonise training operations, technical co-operation and support in this area.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must establish common mechanisms for managing refugees.

4. The Partner States undertake to establish common mechanisms for the management of refugees.
5
Financial provisions
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate on cross-border crime, mutual assistance in criminal matters, and border/security coordination.

5. The Partner States agree to enhance co-operation in the handling of cross border crime, provision of mutual assistance in criminal matters including the arrest and repatriation of fugitive offenders and 242 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] the exchange of information on national mechanisms for combating criminal activities. To this end the Partner States undertake to adopt the following measure for maintaining and promoting security in their territories to: (a) enhance the exchange of criminal intelligence and other security information between the Partner States’ central criminal intelligence information centres; (b) enhance joint operations such as hot pursuit of criminals and joint patrols to promote border security; (c) establish common communication facilities for border security; (d) adopt the United Nations model law on mutual assistance on criminal matters; (e) conclude a Protocol on Combating Illicit Drug Trafficking; (f) enhance the exchange of visits by security authorities; (g) exchange training programmes for security personnel; and (h) establish common mechanisms for the management of refugees.
6
7. Status, immunities and privileges of Community
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must cooperate to review regional security and create measures to combat terrorism.

6. The partner States undertake to co-operate in reviewing the region’s security particularly on the threat of terrorism and formulate security measures to combat terrorism. Article 125 Defence
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must closely cooperate in defence affairs.

1. In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty particularly with respect to the promotion of peace, security and stability within, and good neighbourliness among the Partner States, and in accordance with Article 124 of this Treaty, the Partner States agree to closely co-operate in defence affairs.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must establish a framework for co-operation for the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States agree to establish a framework for co-operation. CHAPTER XXIV LEGAL AND JUDICIAL AFFAIRS Article 126 Scope of co-operation

Part

CHAPTER XXIV

1
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must harmonise legal training and certification, and encourage standardisation of court judgments within the Community.

1. In order to promote the achievement of the objectives of the Community as set out in Article 5 of this Treaty, the Partner States shall take steps to harmonise their legal training and certification; and shall encourage the standardisation of the judgments of courts within the Community. 243 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023]
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must, through their national institutions, take steps to harmonise legal training, laws, and law reporting.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States shall through their appropriate national institutions take all necessary steps to: (a) establish a common syllabus for the training of lawyers and a common standard to be attained in examinations in order to qualify and to be licensed to practise as an advocate in their respective superior courts; (b) harmonise all their national laws appertaining to the Community; and (c) revive the publication of the East African Law Reports or publish similar law reports and such law journals as will promote the exchange of legal and judicial knowledge and enhance the approximation and harmonisation of legal learning and the standardisation of judgments of courts within the Community.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States may take additional steps for the purpose of paragraph 1 of this Article, and the Council may determine those steps.

3. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States may take such other additional steps as the Council may determine. CHAPTER XXV THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND THE CIVIL SOCIETY Article 127 Creation of an enabling environment for the private sector and the civil society

Part

CHAPTER XXV

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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must create an enabling environment for the private sector and civil society, including a strategy for private sector development.

1. The Partner States agree to provide an enabling environment for the private sector and the civil society to take full advantage of the Community. To this end, the Partner States undertake to formulate a strategy for the development of the private sector and to: (a) promote a continuous dialogue with the private sector and civil society at the national level and at that of the Community to help create an improved business environment for the implementation of agreed decisions in all economic sectors; and (b) provide opportunities for entrepreneurs to participate actively in improving the policies and activities of the institutions of the community that affect them so as to increase their confidence in policy reforms and raise the productivity and lower the costs of the entrepreneurs.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must improve the business environment, support market development, share commercial intelligence, promote exchange of experience and resources, strengthen business organisations, and work with chambers of commerce to establish lending institutions.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States undertake to: (a) improve the business environment through the promotion of conducive investment codes, the protection of property rights and other rights and the proper regulation of the private sector; 244 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (b) stimulate market development through infrastructural linkages and the removal of barriers and constraints to market development and production; (c) regularly provide up-to-date commercial intelligence to speed up market response through co-operation among the chambers of commerce and industry and other similar organisations of the Partner States; (d) facilitate and support the exchange of experience and the pooling of resources through, inter alia, cross-borders investments; (e) strengthen the role of their national business organisations or associations in the formulation for their economic policies; and (f) collaborate with their national chambers of commerce and industry to establish lending institutions that shall primarily cater for the private sector especially the small- scale entrepreneurs who find it difficult to obtain credit from commercial banks and financing institutions.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must promote an environment that supports civil society participation in Community development activities.

3. The Partner States agree to promote enabling environment for the participation of civil society in the development activities within the Community.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretary General must provide a forum for consultations.

4. The Secretary General shall provide the forum for consultations between the private sector, civil society organisations, other interest groups and appropriate institutions of the Community. Article 128 Strengthening the private sector
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States should work to adopt programmes that strengthen and promote the private sector.

1. The Partner States shall endeavour to adopt programmes that would strengthen and promote the role of the private sector as an effective force for the development of their respective economies.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must encourage private-sector development, support income-generation methods, and establish an information system for collecting and sharing data.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States undertake to: (a) encourage the efficient use of scarce resources and to promote the development of private sector organisations which are engaged in all types of economic activity such as, the chambers of commerce and industry, confederations and associations of industry agriculture, manufacturers, farmers, traders, and service providers and professional groups; (b) encourage and sponsor practical and resourceful methods of income generation in the private sector; and (c) establish a quality information system which will allow collection, harmonized processing and timely dissemination of data and information.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States may take additional steps, if the Council determines them.

3. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States may take such other additional steps as the Council may determine. 245 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 129 Co-operation among business organisations and professional bodies
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must cooperate on common measures to strengthen links among business, employee, employer, and professional organisations.

1. The Partner States undertake to co-operate in promoting common measures to ensure the strengthening of linkages among their business organisations, employees’ and employers’ organisations and professional bodies. To this end, the Partner States agree to: (a) support joint activities which will promote trade and investment among the Partner States; (b) recognise and contribute to the efficient operation of federations of business organisations, professional and commercial interest groups and similar associations within the Community; and (c) encourage and promote the taking of useful decisions by the Council and other relevant institutions of the Community in areas affecting the private sector, and to monitor the implementation of such decisions.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council must establish modalities for business, professional, and civil society groups in the Partner States to contribute effectively to Community development.

2. The Council shall establish modalities that would enable the business organisations or associations, professional bodies and the civil society in the Partner States to contribute effectively to the development of the Community.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council must formulate a business and business-related dispute settlement mechanism.

3. The Council shall formulate a business and business related dispute settlement mechanism. CHAPTER XXVI RELATIONS WITH OTHER REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS Article 130 International organisations and development partners

Part

CHAPTER XXVI

1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must honour their commitments to multinational and international organisations they belong to.

1. The Partner States shall honour their commitments in respect of other multinational and international organisations of which they are members.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States say they want wider unity of Africa and view the Community as a step toward the Treaty’s objectives.

2. The Partner States reiterate their desire for a wider unity of Africa and regard the Community as a step towards the achievement if the objectives of the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community must foster co-operative arrangements with regional and international organisations linked to its objectives.

3. With a view to contributing towards the achievement of the objectives of the Community, the Community shall foster co-operative arrangements with other regional and international organisations whose activities have a bearing on the objectives of the Community.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must give special importance to cooperation with specified regional, UN, and development organisations.

4. The Partner States shall accord special importance to co-operation with the Organisation of African Unity, United Nations Organisation and its agencies and other organisations, bilateral and multi-lateral development partners interested in the objectives of the Community. 246 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] CHAPTER XXVII CO-OPERATION IN OTHER FIELDS Article 131 Other fields

Part

CHAPTER XXVII

1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States must consult one another through the Community’s institutions to harmonise policies in fields they consider necessary or desirable, subject to the Treaty.

1. Subject to the provisions of this Treaty, the Partner States undertake to consult with one another through the appropriate institutions of the Community for the purpose of harmonising their respective policies in such other fields as they may, from time to time, consider necessary or desirable for the efficient and harmonious functioning and development of the community and the implementation of the provisions of this Treaty.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States may jointly take other steps to further the Community’s objectives and implement the Treaty.

2. For purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner States may take in common such other steps as are calculated to further the objectives of the Community and the implementation of the provisions of this Treaty. CHAPTER XXVIII FINANCIAL PROVISIONS Article 132 Budget

Part

CHAPTER XXVIII

1
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AI-assisted research summary: A budget must exist for the Community’s organs and institutions, except self accounting institutions.

1. There shall be a budget for the organs and institutions of the Community, save for the self accounting institutions.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretary General must prepare a Community budget for each financial year, subject to the Treaty.

2. Subject to this Treaty, a budget for the Community for each financial year shall be prepared by the Secretary General for consideration by the Council and approval by the Assembly.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council must consider and approve the Community’s expenditures for each financial year.

3. All expenditures of the Community in respect of each financial year shall be considered and approved by the Council and shall be met from the budget.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
Verify source ↗

AI-assisted research summary: The Community budget is funded by equal contributions from the Partner States, donations, and any other sources the Council determines.

4. The budget of the Community shall be funded by equal contributions by the Partner States and receipts from regional and international donations and any other sources as may be determined by the Council.
5
Financial provisions
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AI-assisted research summary: Community resources must be used to finance Community activities, and the Assembly determines those activities on the Council’s recommendation.

5. The resources of the Community shall be utilised to finance activities of the Community as shall be determined by the Assembly on the recommendation of the Council.
6
7. Status, immunities and privileges of Community
Verify source ↗

AI-assisted research summary: The Community’s budget and accounts must be kept and maintained in United States dollars.

6. The budget and accounts of the Community shall be kept and maintained in United States dollars.
7
Status, immunities and privileges of Community
Verify source ↗

AI-assisted research summary: The Community’s financial year runs from 1 July to 30 June.

7. The financial year of the Community shall run from 1st July to 30th June. 247 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 133 Other resources Other resources of the Community shall include such extra budgetary resources as: (a) grants, donations, funds for projects and programmes and technical assistance; and (b) income earned from activities undertaken by the Community. Article 134 Audit of accounts
1
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AI-assisted research summary: An Audit Commission is established, made up of the Auditors General of the Partner States.

1. There shall be an Audit Commission made up of the Auditors General of the Partner States whose functions will be to audit the accounts of the Community.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Audit Commission must verify that Community contributions or revenue are allocated and distributed according to the Treaty, and include a certificate in its report.

2. It shall be the duty of the Audit Commission to verify that any contributions received or revenue collected by the Community have been allocated and distributed in accordance with this Treaty and to include a certificate to that effect in its report.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Audit Commission must send its reports to the Council, and the Council must lay them before the Assembly within six months of receiving them.

3. The Audit Commission shall submit its reports under paragraph 2 of this Article to the Council which shall cause the same to be laid before the Assembly within six months of receipt for debate and for such other consultations and action as the Assembly may deem necessary.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: The Audit Commission must not be directed or controlled by any person or authority when performing its functions under this Article.

4. In the performance of its functions under this Article, the Audit Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any person or authority. Article 135 Financial rules and regulations
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council must make the Community’s financial rules and regulations.

1. The Council shall make financial rules and regulations of the Community.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Self-accounting institutions of the Community must make their own financial rules and regulations, following their enabling legislation.

2. Self-accounting institutions of the Community shall make their own financial rules and regulations in line with the provisions of their respective enabling legislation. CHAPTER XXIX GENERAL, TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS Article 136 Headquarters and other offices of the community

Part

CHAPTER XXIX

1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community’s headquarters must be in Arusha, Tanzania.

1. The headquarters of the Community shall be in Arusha in the United Republic of Tanzania.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council may determine where Community offices may be established.

2. There may be established such offices of the Community in the Partner States and elsewhere as the Council may determine. 248 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 137 Official language
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community’s official language is English.

1. The official language of the Community shall be English.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Kiswahili is to be developed as the Community’s lingua franca.

2. Kiswahili shall be developed as a lingua franca of the Community. Article 138 Status, privileges and immunities
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community is entitled to international legal personality.

1. The Community shall enjoy international legal personality.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretary General must conclude agreements with the relevant Partner States on privileges and immunities for the Community.

2. The Secretary General shall conclude with the Governments of the Partner States in whose territory the headquarters or offices of the Community shall be situated, agreements relating to the privileges and immunities to be recognised and granted in connection with the Community.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Each Partner State must give the Community and its officers the same privileges and immunities as similar international organisations in its territory.

3. Each of the Partner States undertakes to accord to the Community and its officers the privileges and immunities accorded to similar international organisations in its territory. Article 139 Dissolution of the Permanent Tripartite Commission and its Secretariat Upon the coming into force of this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as “the appointed day”, the Tripartite Commission and the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission respectively established on the 30th day of November, 1993, by the Agreement for the Establishment of a Permanent Tripartite Commission for Co-operation Between the Republic of Uganda, the Republic of Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania, and on the 26th day of November, 1994, by the Protocol on the Establishment of the Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for Co-operation Between the United Republic of Tanzania, the Republic of Kenya and the Republic of Uganda, shall both cease to exist. Article 140 Transitional provisions
1
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AI-assisted research summary: On the appointed day, specified Secretariat staff take up named Community offices and are treated as appointed to them.

1. On the appointed day, the Executive Secretary, the Deputy Executive Secretaries, the Legal Counsel and other staff of the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission shall assume the offices of the Secretary General, Deputy Secretaries General, Counsel to the Community and other staff of the Community respectively and shall be deemed to have been appointed thereto under the provisions of Articles 67, 68, 69 and 70 of this Treaty respectively: 249 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Provided that the Executive Secretary and the Deputy Executive Secretaries shall serve for the remaining period of their current contractual terms.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Until the Council adopts its own procedure, it must use the procedure that applies to the Tripartite Commission.

2. Until the Council adopts its procedure, the procedure that applies to the Tripartite Commission shall apply to the Council.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Until the Community adopts its own staff, service, and financial rules, the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission’s rules apply.

3. Until the Community adopts its own staff rules and regulations and terms and conditions of service and financial rules and regulations, those of the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission shall apply.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: A Judge appointed under Article 24 must serve on an ad hoc basis until the Council determines the Court is fully operational. The Summit then determines that Judge’s salary and other service conditions on the Council’s recommendation.

4. Until such time as the Council determines that the Court is fully operational, a Judge appointed under Article 24 of this Treaty shall serve on an ad hoc basis. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 5 of Article 25 of this Treaty, the salary and other terms and conditions of service of a Judge serving on an ad hoc basis shall be determined by the Summit on the recommendation of the Council.
5
Financial provisions
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AI-assisted research summary: Until the Assembly is elected and first meets, the Council performs the Assembly’s budget, annual report, and audit report functions.

5. Until the Assembly is elected at a time to be determined by the Summit and first meets, the functions of the Assembly in respect of the approval of the budget of the Community, consideration of annual reports on the activities of the Community and annual audit reports of the Audit Commission, shall be performed by the Council.
6
7. Status, immunities and privileges of Community
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AI-assisted research summary: The Council may make regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations, and opinions until the referenced Protocols are adopted.

6. Until the adoption of Protocols referred to in Article 151(1), the Council may make regulations, issue directives, take decisions, make recommendations and give opinions in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty.
7
Status, immunities and privileges of Community
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AI-assisted research summary: Until a Protocol under Article 75(1) is concluded, the Partner States must keep the current rules of origin in place for preferential treatment of goods traded among them.

7. Pending the conclusion of a Protocol under paragraph 1 of Article 75 of this Treaty, the Partner States agree to maintain the rules of origin currently applicable for the purpose of the preferential treatment of goods traded among them and originating in the Partner States. Article 140(4A) Transition
1
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AI-assisted research summary: Judgments or orders made by the Court since the Treaty took effect are treated as if made by the Court’s Instance Division.

1. Any judgment or order made by the Court since the entry into force of the Treaty shall be deemed to have been made by the Instance Division of the Court.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: A qualifying Judge must continue as a Judge of the First Instance Division and may be appointed to the Appellate Division.

2. A Judge serving in the East African Court of Justice existing immediately before the entry into force of this Article shall continue as a Judge of the First Instance Division for the purposes of this Treaty and is eligible for appointment to the Appellate Division. Article 141 Transfer of assets and liabilities
1
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AI-assisted research summary: On the appointed day, the Community receives the Secretariat’s assets and liabilities, without further assurance.

1. On the appointed day there shall be transferred to and vested in the Community by virtue of this Article and without further assurance, all the assets and liabilities of the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission and from that day, the Community shall, in respect of the assets 250 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] and liabilities so transferred and vested in it, have all the rights, and be subject to all the liabilities, which the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission had, or is subject to, immediately before that day.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
Verify source ↗

AI-assisted research summary: Written contracts made by or for the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission are to be treated as if they were made by or for the Community.

2. Every contract made by or on behalf of the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission in writing and whether or not of such a nature that rights and liabilities thereunder can be assigned by the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission, shall have effect as if made by or on behalf of the Community and as if references therein to the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission or any officer or authority thereof, were references to the Community and to the corresponding officer or authority thereof.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Pending proceedings involving the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission continue by or against the Community.

3. Any proceedings by or against the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission pending on the appointed day, shall be continued by or against the Community.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: References to the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission in any law or document are to be read as references to the Community from the appointed day.

4. Reference to the Secretariat of the Tripartite Commission, in any law or document shall on and after the appointed day, be construed as references to the Community. Article 142 Saving provisions
1
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AI-assisted research summary: This section says the listed tripartite agreements keep operating after the Treaty starts, but they must be read with any changes needed to make them conform to the Treaty.

1. Subject to the provisions of this Treaty, the operation of the following tripartite agreements after the coming into force of this Treaty shall not be affected by such coming into force, but the agreements shall be construed with such modifications, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions as may be necessary to bring them into conformity with the Treaty: (a) Agreement for the Establishment of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for Co- operation Between the United Republic of Tanzania, the Republic of Kenya and the Republic of Uganda, and; (b) Protocol on the Establishment of a Secretariat of the Permanent Tripartite Commission for Co-operation Between the Republic of Uganda, the Republic of Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania; (c) Headquarters Agreement between the Secretariat of the Commission for East African Co-operation and the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania; (d) Tripartite Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income; (e) Memorandum of Understanding on Co-operation in Defence; (f) Tripartite Agreement on Road Transport; (g) Tripartite Agreement on Inland Waterways Transport; (h) Memorandum of Understanding on Foreign Policy Co- ordination; and 251 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] (i) Memorandum of Understanding between the United Republic of Tanzania, the Republic of Kenya and the Republic of Uganda for Co-operation on Environment Management.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: If a Partner State defaults on its financial or other Treaty obligations, the Summit may decide what action to take on the Council’s recommendation. The text also says dissolution of the Tripartite Commission does not affect its decisions, and the Treaty has perpetual duration.

2. The dissolution of the Tripartite Commission in terms of Article 139 of this Treaty shall not affect the decisions of the Tripartite Commission but such decisions shall be construed and implemented with such modifications, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions as may be necessary to bring them into conformity with this Treaty. Article 143 Sanctions A Partner State which defaults in meeting its financial and other obligations under this Treaty shall be subject to such action as the Summit may on the recommendation of the Council, determine. Article 144 Duration of the Treaty This Treaty shall have perpetual duration. Article 145 Withdrawal of a member.
1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: A Partner State may withdraw from the Community if its National Assembly approves the withdrawal by a two-thirds majority and the State gives the Secretary General 12 months’ written notice.

1. A Partner State may withdraw from the Community provided: (a) the National Assembly of the Partner State so resolves by resolution supported by not less than two-thirds majority of all the members entitled to vote; and (b) the Partner State gives to the Secretary General twelve month’s written notice of its intention to withdraw, unless that State cancels the notice before the expiry of the twelve months.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: A Partner State that wants to withdraw from the Community must keep carrying out its Treaty obligations for the twelve-month period mentioned here.

2. A Partner State wishing to withdraw from the Community shall, during the period of twelve months referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, continue to be liable to discharge her obligations under the Treaty.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: After a state withdraws from membership, it still has to discharge obligations and long-term commitments made during membership once the notice expires.

3. Notwithstanding the effective withdrawal from membership by such State, upon expiry of the notice that State shall remain liable to discharge all subsisting obligations and longterm commitments incurred during membership Article 146 Suspension of a member
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Summit may suspend a Partner State from participating in Community activities if the State fails to follow the Treaty’s fundamental principles and objectives, including by not meeting financial commitments within 18 months.

1. The Summit may suspend a Partner State from taking part in the activities of the Community if that State fails to observe and fulfil the 252 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] fundamental principles and objectives of the Treaty including failure to meet financial commitments to the Community within a period of eighteen (18) months.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: A suspended Partner State loses Treaty benefits but must keep meeting membership obligations until the suspension ends.

2. A Partner State suspended, in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, shall cease to enjoy the benefits provided for under this Treaty but shall continue to be bound by membership obligations until the suspension is lifted. Article 147 Expulsion of a member
1
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AI-assisted research summary: The Summit may expel a Partner State from the Community if there is a gross and persistent violation of the Treaty’s principles and objectives, after giving twelve months’ written notice.

1. The Summit may expel a Partner State from the Community for gross and persistent violation of the principles and objectives of this Treaty after giving such Partner State twelve months’ written notice.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: After the specified period ends, the Partner State concerned must stop being a member of the Community unless the notice is cancelled.

2. Upon the expiration of the period specified in paragraph 1 of this Article, the Partner State concerned shall cease to be a member of the Community unless the notice is cancelled.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner State concerned must keep complying with the Treaty and discharge outstanding obligations and long-term commitments during the stated period.

3. During the period referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article the Partner State concerned shall continue to comply with the provisions of this Treaty and be liable to discharge all subsisting obligations and long- term commitments incurred during membership. Article 148 Exceptions to the rule of consensus Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 12 of this Treaty, the views of the Partner State being considered for suspension or expulsion shall not count, for the purposes of reaching a decision under the provisions Articles 146 and 147 of this Treaty. Article 149 Rights over property and assets of the community upon cessation of membership
1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: If a Partner State withdraws or is expelled under Articles 145 and 147, the Community’s property in that Partner State’s territory remains vested in the Community.

1. Where a Partner State withdraws or is expelled in accordance with Articles 145 and 147 respectively of this Treaty the property of the Community in that Partner State’s territory shall remain vested in the Community.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: A former Partner State has no claim to or rights over Community property and assets.

2. A State that has ceased to be a Partner State of the Community shall have no claim to or any rights over any property and assets of the Community.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Community must continue operating with the members that remain if any Partner State withdraws or is expelled.

3. The Community shall continue with its remaining membership notwithstanding withdrawal or expulsion of any Partner State. 253 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023] Article 150 Amendment of the Treaty
1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: The Treaty may be amended at any time if all Partner States agree.

1. This Treaty may be amended at any time by agreement of all the Partner States.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
Verify source ↗

AI-assisted research summary: Any Partner State or the Council may submit proposals to amend the Treaty.

2. Any Partner State or the Council may submit proposals for the amendment of this Treaty.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Proposals to amend the Treaty must be submitted in writing to the Secretary General, who must then pass the proposed amendment to the Partner States within 30 days of receiving it.

3. Any proposals for the amendment of this Treaty shall be submitted to the Secretary General in writing who shall, within thirty days (30) of its receipt, communicate the proposed amendment to the Partner States.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: Partner States that want to comment on the proposals must do so within 90 days after the Secretary General dispatches the proposal.

4. The Partner States which wish to comment on the proposals shall do so within ninety days (90) from the date of the dispatch of the proposal by the Secretary General.
5
Financial provisions
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AI-assisted research summary: After the paragraph 4 period expires, the Secretary General must submit the proposals and any comments from the Partner States to the Summit through the Council.

5. After the expiration of the period prescribed under paragraph 4 of this Article, the Secretary General shall submit the proposals and any comments thereon received from the Partner States to the Summit through the Council.
6
7. Status, immunities and privileges of Community
Verify source ↗

AI-assisted research summary: Amendments to the Treaty must be adopted by the Summit and only enter into force after ratification by all Partner States.

6. Any amendment to this Treaty shall be adopted by the Summit and shall enter into force when ratified by all the Partner States. Article 151 Annexes and Protocols to the Treaty
1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: The Partner States must conclude any Protocols needed for each area of co-operation.

1. The Partner States shall conclude such Protocols as may be necessary in each area of co-operation which shall spell out the objectives and scope of and institutional mechanisms for co-operation and integration.
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: Each Protocol must be approved by the Summit, and the Council must recommend it first.

2. Each Protocol shall be approved by the Summit on the recommendation of the Council.
3
Community to have capacity of body corporate
Verify source ↗

AI-assisted research summary: Each Protocol must be signed and ratified by the parties to it.

3. Each Protocol shall be subject to signature and ratification by the parties hereto.
4
Transfer of assets and liabilities
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AI-assisted research summary: The Treaty says its Annexes and Protocols are part of the Treaty, and it enters into force once all Partner States ratify it and deposit their instruments with the Secretary General.

4. The Annexes and Protocols to this Treaty shall form an integral part of this Treaty. Article 152 Entry into force This Treaty shall enter into force upon ratification and deposit of instruments of ratification with the Secretary General by all Partner States. Article 153 Depository and registration
1
Short title
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AI-assisted research summary: The Treaty and instruments of ratification must be deposited with the Secretary General, who must send certified true copies to all Partner States.

1. This Treaty and all instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary General who shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all the Partner States. 254 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. THE TREATY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY ACT [CAP. 411 R.E. 2023]
2
3. Community to have capacity of body corporate
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AI-assisted research summary: The Secretary General must register this Treaty with the Organisation of African Unity, the United Nations, and any other organisations the Council determines.

2. The Secretary General shall register this Treaty with the Organisation of African Unity, the United Nations, and such other organisations as the Council may determine. DONE at Arusha, Tanzania, on the 30th day of November, in the year One Thousand Nine Hundred and Ninety-Nine. IN FAITH WHEREOF the undersigned have appended their signatures hereto: For the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania BENJAMIN WILLIAM MKAPA President For the Government of the Republic of Uganda YOWERI KAGUTA MUSEVENI President For the Government of the Republic of Kenya DANIEL TOROITICH ARAP MOI President 255 ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG. ©2025 Government of Tanzania. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed without permission of OAG.

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The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community Act

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Provisions of The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community Act

CHAPTER X

CHAPTER XI

CHAPTER XII

CHAPTER XIII

CHAPTER XIV

CHAPTER XV

scheduled air transport services among themselves;

CHAPTER XVI

CHAPTER XVII

CHAPTER XVIII

CHAPTER XIX

CHAPTER XX

CHAPTER XXIII

CHAPTER XXIV

CHAPTER XXV

CHAPTER XXVI

CHAPTER XXVII

CHAPTER XXVIII

CHAPTER XXIX

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