海商法

This provision defines “ship” for this Act.

船舶建造中，如果承攬人破產且破產管理人不繼續完成建造，船舶定造人可以取回船舶及已交付或預定交付的材料，也可以自行出資在原地完成建造。

法院得在特定船舶碰撞案件中扣押加害船舶；被扣押船舶可提供擔保請求放行，且銀行或保險人可用書面保證替代擔保。

碰撞之訴訟，可以向列出的法院起訴。

船長在不會嚴重危害船舶、海員或旅客的範圍內，應盡力救助淹沒或其他處於危難的人。

船舶或船上財物救助有成果時，施救人可以請求相當報酬；在有環境損害風險或已有效防止、減輕環境損害時，施救人也可以向船舶所有人請求以實際支出費用為基礎的報酬。

船舶救助者在同一所有人名下的救助，仍可請求報酬；拖船對被拖船施救時，也可請求報酬，但限於不是在履行拖船契約的情況。

救助報酬由當事人協議決定；如果協議不成，當事人可以提付仲裁或請求法院裁判。

前條規定適用於施救人與船舶之間，以及施救人彼此之間，關於報酬分配比例。

People who rescue others during a salvage operation have a right to share in the distribution of salvage remuneration for ships and property.

在正當理由拒絕施救後又仍強行施救的人，不得請求報酬。

船舶碰撞後，碰撞各船船長在不危及本船、船員或旅客的範圍內，應盡力救助對方；如無不可抗力且繼續救助尚未確認無益，還應留在事故現場，並在可能範圍內通知對方船舶名稱、船籍港及航向。

共有船舶的處分，以及其他與共有人共同利益有關的事項，須經共有人過半數，且其應有部分價值合計過半數同意，才能進行。

This provision defines “common average” as intentional and reasonable sacrifices or expenses made during a vessel voyage to protect all property from a common danger.

共同海損由各利害關係人按比例分擔；曾因共同海損而受補償的財產，也要參與分擔。

This provision sets how to calculate the net value of saved property for general average contributions, using the vessel, cargo, and freight valuation rules stated here.

This provision sets how to calculate compensation for general average sacrifice losses by using the actual net value of property at the end of the voyage or at the place where the common voyage was abandoned.

This provision lists which expenses count as general average expenses.

如果共同海損是因利害關係人的過失造成，各關係人仍應分擔；這不影響其他關係人向過失責任人請求賠償。

未依航運習慣裝載後又被投棄的貨物，不算共同海損犧牲；但若之後撈救回來，仍要分擔共同海損。

Certain cargo or equipment sacrificed without a bill of lading, captain’s receipt, or listing in the manifest is not treated as general average; if it is recovered, it still must share in the general average.

If money, securities, or other valuables are sacrificed, they are not treated as a general-average sacrifice unless they were already reported to the ship’s captain; if they are later salvaged, they still must share in general average.

If cargo’s nature or value was intentionally misstated at shipment, sacrificed cargo is not treated as general average; preserved cargo must contribute based on its actual value.

船舶共有人出賣其應有部分時，其他共有人得以同一價格優先承買；若因此使船舶喪失中華民國國籍，須取得全體共有人同意。

船上備用糧食、武器、船員衣物、薪津、郵件、無載貨證券的旅客行李及私人物品，不分擔共同海損；若這些物品被犧牲，損失由各關係人分擔。

共同海損的計算先由全體關係人協議；如果協議不成，可以提付仲裁或請求法院裁判。

運送人或船長可以留置未清償分擔額的貨物；如果已提供擔保，則不適用。

利害關係人若在領受分擔額後又取回其船舶或貨物全部或一部分，應把已受領的分擔額返還給關係人；但可扣除其所受損害與取回費用。

對於應負分擔義務的人，法律允許其委棄存留物，以免分擔海損責任。

因共同海損所生的債權，自計算確定之日起一年內不行使，就會消滅。

If this chapter does not cover a marine insurance issue, the Insurance Act applies.

與海上航行有關且可能發生危險的財產權益，可以作為海上保險的標的；海上保險契約也可以約定，把保險延伸到陸上、內河、湖泊或內陸水道的危險。

本條規定保險期間的起訖點；若契約另有約定，則從其約定。

除非契約另有規定，保險人必須就保險標的物因海上一切事變及災害造成的毀損、滅失和費用負賠償責任。

A ship co-owner must get consent from more than half of the other co-owners before mortgaging the co-owner’s share.

發生保險事故時，要保人或被保險人必須採取必要措施減少損失；保險人要償還因此支出的費用，並受保險金額與比例規則限制。

如果損失是因要保人、被保險人或其代理人的故意或重大過失造成，保險人不負賠償責任。

未確定裝運船舶的貨物保險中，要保人或被保險人在知道貨物已裝船時，必須立刻通知保險人船名、裝船日期、貨物及其價值。

Policyholders or insured persons may terminate the insurance contract if the insurer becomes bankrupt.

For ship insurance, the insured amount is based on the ship’s price when the insurer’s liability begins, plus the premium.

貨物保險的保險價額，依裝載時、地的貨物價格，加上裝載費、稅捐、應付運費及保險費計算。

This provision defines insurance value for cargo-related commission, fees, or other expected gains as the actual amount at the time of insurance.

運費保險只能以特定未交貨時不得收取的運費為基礎，保險價額以被保險人應收取的運費及保險費計算。

Cargo damage is calculated by comparing the cargo’s value in sound condition at the port of arrival with its value in damaged condition.

船舶部分損害的計算以合理修復費用為準，但每次事故以保險金額為限。未修復的部分損害補償，以船舶受損減少的市價為限，且不得超過估計的合理修復費用。

船舶共有人要按其應有部分，比例分擔因使用船舶而生的債務；如果共有人曾拒絕同意發生債務的管理行為，對該債務可以委棄其應有部分給其他共有人而免責。

運費部分損害時，按損失運費占總運費的比例，來決定保險金額。

受損害貨物要變賣時，除不可抗力或船長依法處理外，需先取得保險人同意；損害額按變賣淨額與保險價額的差額計算，並扣除因此節省的費用。

This provision defines marine insurance abandonment as the insured transferring all rights in the insured property to the insurer and requesting payment of the full insured amount after the stated abandonment grounds arise.

An insured vessel may be abandoned if it is captured, cannot be repaired or repair costs exceed the insured value, has been missing for over two months, or has been detained for over two months without release.

The insured cargo may be abandoned if one of three listed conditions is met.

運費的委付可以在船舶或貨物委付時一併為之。

Abandonment must cover the entire insured subject matter, unless only one type of subject matter in the policy caused the abandonment event, in which case abandonment may be claimed for that type and its insurance amount. Abandonment may not be conditional.

委付經承諾或經判決有效後，保險標的物自委付原因發生日起視為保險人所有；在委付未承諾前，被保險人對該標的物的權利不受影響。

保險人明示承諾後，當事人不得撤銷委付之通知。

要保人或被保險人在知道保險危險發生後，應立即通知保險人。

船舶共有人如果因為擔任船長而被辭退或解任，可以退出共有關係，並請求返還其應有部分的資金。

保險人收到要保人或被保險人的證明文件後，原則上要在30日內給付保險金額；如果對文件有疑義，但要保人或被保險人提供擔保，仍應全部給付。

要保人或被保險人收到貨物後，一個月內要向保險人或其代理人通知貨物損害；逾期未通知，視為沒有損害。

委付之權利在知悉委付原因發生後，從得為委付之日起經過二個月不行使即消滅。

This provision sets when the law takes effect: the law applies from the date of publication, and the amendments made on 12 June 2009 take effect on 23 November 2009.

共有關係不會因其中一位共有人死亡、破產或受監護宣告而終止。

船舶共有人必須選任共有船舶經理人，並且該選任要符合過半數共有人及其應有部分價值合計過半數同意。

共有船舶經理人就船舶營運事項，可以在訴訟上或訴訟外代表共有人。

A ship co-manager may not sell or mortgage the shared ship without a written mandate from the co-owners under Article 11. Co-owners cannot use limits on the manager’s authority against a good-faith third party.

This provision defines “ship captain” and “seaman” for purposes of the law.

共有船舶經理人每次航行完成後，應向共有人報告經過情形；共有人可以隨時檢查營業情形並查閱帳簿。

This provision limits a ship owner’s liability for certain maritime claims to the ship’s value, freight, and related附屬費, and requires topping up the limit if it falls below the stated standards.

前條的責任限制，在列出的六種情形不適用。

If a ship owner is limiting liability under Article 21, the ship owner must prove the ship’s value for the voyage.

This provision gives priority payment rights for listed maritime claims.

This provision ranks a ship lien for debts from building or repairing a ship after maritime liens and before ship mortgages.

本條規定，第二十二條第四款至第六款的賠償請求，不適用關於海事優先權的規定。

This provision lists the items that may be given priority payment under Article 24.

A claim under Article 24, paragraph 1, item 1 may be paid first from all freight earned during the same employment contract period, and is not limited by Article 23, item 2.

This provision sets the ranking and timing rules for certain maritime claims, including proportional sharing within the same rank and special rules for later claims, salvage remuneration, general average contributions, and claims arising from the same incident.

Certain ships are not subject to this Act, except when a collision is involved.

A maritime lien arising from a later voyage has priority over a maritime lien arising from an earlier voyage, if they are not from the same voyage.

船舶所有權移轉，不影響海事優先權。

海事優先權自債權發生日起滿一年消滅；但第二十四條第一項第一款的賠償，另自離職日起算。

A ship mortgage must be created in writing.

A ship mortgage may be created over a ship that is under construction.

Unless another law provides otherwise, only the ship owner or a specially authorised person may establish a ship mortgage.

A ship mortgage must be registered to be effective against third parties.

船舶共有人中一人或數人，就其應有部分設定的抵押權，不會因分割或出賣而受影響。

This provision defines two kinds of cargo transport contracts: one for transporting individual goods, and one for transporting all or part of a ship for transport.

A carriage contract made for transporting all or part of a ship must be in writing.

船舶保全程序的強制執行，在船舶發航準備完成後到抵達下一停泊港之前不得進行；但為使航行可能所生的債務，或因船舶碰撞所生的損害，不受此限制。

前條運送契約必須載明特定事項。

A contract for carrying goods or passengers by all or part of a ship is not affected if the ship’s ownership is transferred.

If the carrier’s provided vessel has defects and the carriage contract’s purpose cannot be achieved, the shipper may terminate the contract.

託運人在船舶全部供運送時，原則上可在發航前解除契約，但要支付部分運費並負擔相關裝卸增加費用；若是往返航程約定，返程發航前終止契約則要支付較高比例運費。

在以部分船舶運送貨物時，託運人在航行前未付清運費，不得解除契約；若已裝載全部或部分貨物，還要負擔因此增加的裝卸費用，並賠償對其他貨載造成的損害。

This article says the previous two articles do not apply to certain ship transport contracts.

If an entire ship is made available for carriage for a fixed period, the shipper may use it only by agreement or in a way determined by the ship’s nature.

託運人原則上只需在船舶可使用期間負擔運費；若船舶行蹤不明，則依最後消息時間計算全部或半數運費。

當船舶全部或部分用於運送時，如果託運人裝載的貨物少於約定數量，運送者仍要負擔全部運費，但要扣除因此節省的費用，以及另裝貨物所得運費的四分之三。

託運人解除契約並須支付全部運費時，可以扣除運送人因此節省的全部費用，以及另裝貨物所得運費的四分之三。

海商事件依本法處理；本法沒有規定的部分，改依其他法律處理。

貨物運達後，運送人或船長要立即通知託運人指定的應受通知人或受貨人。

運送人或船長在受貨人怠於受領、受貨人不明或拒絕受領時，可以將貨物寄存於港埠管理機關或合法倉庫並通知相關人；符合特定情形時，運送人也可以聲請法院准許拍賣貨物。

運送人只有在船舶已完成裝貨或卸貨準備時，才能簽發準備完成通知書。

運送人或船長在貨物裝載後，應依託運人的請求發給載貨證券。

載貨證券應記載指定事項，並由運送人或船長簽名。

託運人必須向運送人保證貨物資訊正確；若通知不正確造成損害、滅失或費用，託運人要負賠償責任。

貨物一經收受，推定運送人已依載貨證券交清貨物；但符合列舉情形時，不適用該推定。貨物全部或一部毀損、滅失的，受領日起或應受領日起一年內未起訴的，運送人或船舶所有人解除責任。

除非損害是由託運人、其代理人或受僱人的過失造成，否則託運人不負賠償責任。

This article limits when a carrier or ship captain may deliver cargo under multiple bills of lading, and requires cargo to be stored and notice given if multiple holders demand delivery.

When there is more than one bill-of-lading holder and the carrier or captain has not yet delivered the goods, the holder who received the bill first may exercise their rights before the other holders.

除本法另有特別規定外，船舶適用民法關於動產的規定。

某些提單規定也適用於載貨證券；若就船舶全部或一部運送另行簽發載貨證券，運送人與非託運人的載貨證券持有人之間的關係，依載貨證券記載。

為件貨運送而訂立的運送契約或載貨證券中，若有條款要減輕或免除運送人或船舶所有人對貨物毀損、滅失或遲到的責任，該條款不生效力。

運送人或船舶所有人 must 在發航前及發航時做好必要措施，確保船舶可安全航行、配備足夠船員設備供應，並使載貨空間適合裝載、運送與保存貨物。

運送人就承運貨物的裝載、卸載、搬移、堆存、保管、運送及看守，應盡必要的注意與處置。

運送人知道貨物是違禁物、虛偽申報物，或其性質會損害船舶或危害船上人員健康時，應拒絕載運；在知悉且同意裝運後，若危險貨物對船舶或貨載有危險，運送人可隨時將其卸岸、毀棄或使其無害。

運送人或船長發現未申報貨物時，可以在裝載港卸下該貨，或要求支付同航程同類貨物的最高運費；如有損害，還可以請求賠償。

If goods are returned to the port of departure because force majeure prevents the ship from reaching the destination, the consignor only pays the outbound freight.

If the ship needs repairs because of a maritime accident while sailing, and the consignor takes the cargo before it reaches the destination port, the consignor must pay all freight.

If a ship is damaged or cannot sail but the cargo is still carried to the destination port, the consignor pays freight differences according to how the new freight compares with the agreed freight.

運送人或船舶所有人對於因列舉事由造成的毀損或滅失，原則上不負賠償責任。

Equipment and appurtenances needed for navigation or business are treated as part of the ship, except for supplies for provisioning.

託運人故意虛報貨物性質或價值時，運送人或船舶所有人對該貨物毀損或滅失不負賠償責任；一般情況下，其賠償責任有每件或每公斤的特別提款權上限。

為救助海上人命或財產，或因其他正當理由而偏航，不算違反運送契約。

If cargo is loaded without the captain’s or carrier’s consent, the carrier or ship owner is not responsible for damage or loss of that cargo.

運送人或船長若將貨物裝載在甲板上而造成毀損或滅失，原則上應負賠償責任。

載貨證券發給人對載貨證券記載應為的行為負責，並對貨物各連續運送人的行為負保證責任；但各連續運送人只對自己航程中的毀損、滅失與遲到負責。

For continuous carriage that combines sea transport and other transport methods, the sea-transport part is governed by this Act. If the time of cargo damage or loss is unknown, it is presumed to have occurred during the sea-transport stage.

本條說明：運送人就貨物滅失、毀損或遲到所能主張的抗辯與責任限制，也可讓其代理人、受僱人以及商港區域內從事特定裝卸保管作業者適用；但若損害是因代理人或受僱人故意或重大過失造成，則不適用。

如果載貨證券記載的裝載港或卸貨港是中華民國港口，相關法律關係原則上依涉外民事法律適用法適用的法律；但若本法對中華民國受貨人或託運人的保護較有利，則適用本法。

載貨證券爭議在符合條件時可由我國有管轄權的法院管轄；若載貨證券有仲裁條款，當事人同意後也可在我國仲裁。

Passenger transport is governed by Chapter 1, Section 1 rules, except where this section provides otherwise.

A transfer of ship ownership or a share in it is ineffective unless it is made in writing and certified by the proper authority.

旅客供膳者應將膳費包含在票價內。

在特定航線和地區搭乘的旅客，必須投保意外險。

旅客若另外加保意外險，相關損害賠償依約定辦理，但該約定應以書面作成。

運送人或船長必須依船票載明內容，把旅客運送到目的港。

旅客在發航前二十四小時內可付票價十分之二解除契約；若在發航前因死亡、疾病或其他不得已事由不能或拒絕乘船，運送人可請求票價十分之一。

旅客在開航或航程中未依時登船，或被船長依職權因緊急處分迫令離船時，仍應支付全部票價。

如果船舶沒有在預定日期發航，旅客可以解除契約。

旅客在航程中自願上陸時，仍要負擔全部票價；如果是因疾病上陸或死亡，則只負擔已運送航程的票價。

船舶因不可抗力不能繼續航行時，運送人或船長應設法將旅客運送至目的港。

If the destination port faces disaster, war, epidemic, or another special incident that prevents the ship from entering to disembark passengers, the carrier or captain may, according to the passenger’s wishes, take the passenger to the nearest port or return them to the boarding port.

船舶所有權移轉若未登記，不能對抗第三人。

If a ship is being repaired during a voyage, the carrier or captain must use an equivalent ship to finish the trip, and passengers waiting must be provided free board and lodging.

旅客在船舶抵達目的港後，應依船長指示立即離船。

拖船和被拖船不是同一所有人时，损害赔偿责任由拖船所有人承担；但如果契约另有约定，则不适用这一规则。

共同或連接的拖船，對因航行造成的損害，要對被害人負連帶責任；受害拖船對加害拖船有求償權。

Ship collisions are to be handled under the rules in this chapter, wherever they happen.

If a collision occurs because of force majeure, the victim may not claim damages.

如果碰撞是由某船舶的過失造成，該船舶要負損害賠償責任。

碰撞中有共同過失的船舶，按各自過失比例分擔責任；若無法判定過失輕重，則平均分擔；對於因死亡或傷害造成的損害，有過失的船舶負連帶責任。

Liability under the previous two articles is not removed even if the collision was caused by a pilot’s negligence.

因碰撞所生的請求權，自碰撞日起算兩年內不行使，會消滅。

This chapter is titled “General Provisions.”

This provision is a section heading for ship towing.

This chapter is about ship collisions.

This chapter is about sea rescue.

This chapter is titled “Common Average.”

This chapter concerns marine insurance.

Chapter Eight: Supplementary Provisions.

This chapter is titled “Maritime Priority Rights.”

This chapter is titled “Ship Mortgage Rights.”

This provision is a chapter heading for “Transport.”

本節標題為「貨物運送」。

This chapter is titled “Ships.”

This provision is a section heading for ship ownership.

This chapter concerns passenger transport.