## Government Code - GOV ## TITLE 8. THE ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT OF COURTS [68070 - 77655] ( Title 8 added by Stats. 1953, Ch. 206. ) ## CHAPTER 2.1. Civil Legal Representation [68650 - 68651] ( Chapter 2.1 added by Stats. 2009, Ch. 457, Sec. 6. ) ## 68651. (a) Legal counsel shall be appointed to represent low-income parties in civil matters involving critical issues affecting basic human needs in those specified courts selected by the Judicial Council as provided in this section. (b) (1) Subject to funding specifically provided for this purpose pursuant to subdivision (e) of Section 70626 and donations provided pursuant to subdivision (e), the Judicial Council shall develop one or more programs in selected courts pursuant to a competitive grant process and a request for proposals. Programs authorized under this section shall provide representation of counsel for low-income persons, regardless of their citizenship or immigration status, who require legal services in civil matters involving housing-related matters, domestic violence and civil harassment restraining orders, probate conservatorships, guardianships of the person, elder abuse, or actions by a parent to obtain legal or physical custody of a child, as well as providing court procedures, personnel, training, and case management and administration methods that reflect best practices to ensure unrepresented parties in those cases have meaningful access to justice, and to gather information on the outcomes associated with providing these services, to guard against the involuntary waiver of those rights or their disposition by default. These programs should be designed to address the substantial inequities in timely and effective access to justice that often give rise to an undue risk of erroneous decision because of the nature and complexity of the law and the proceeding or disparities between the parties in education, sophistication, language proficiency, legal representation, access to self-help, and alternative dispute resolution services. In order to ensure that the scarce funds available for the programs are used to serve the most critical cases and the parties least able to access the courts without representation, eligibility for representation shall be limited to clients whose household income falls at or below 200 percent of the federal poverty level. Programs shall impose asset limitations consistent with their existing practices in order to ensure optimal use of funds. (2) (A) In light of the significant percentage of parties who are unrepresented in family law matters, proposals to provide counsel in child custody cases should be considered among the highest priorities for funding. (B) Up to 20 percent of available funds shall be directed to programs regarding civil matters involving actions under the Family Code, subject to the priority set forth in subparagraph (A). This subparagraph shall not apply to distributions made pursuant to paragraph (3). (3) Amounts collected pursuant to subdivision (e) of Section 70626 in excess of the total amount transferred to the Trial Court Trust Fund in the 2011–12 fiscal year pursuant to subparagraph (E) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section 68085.1 and subdivision (e) of Section 70626 shall be distributed by the Judicial Council without regard to subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). Those amounts may be distributed by the Judicial Council as set forth in this subdivision. If the funds are to be distributed to new programs, the Judicial Council shall distribute those amounts pursuant to the process set forth in this subdivision. (4) Each program shall be a partnership between the court, a qualified legal services project, as defined by subdivision (a) of Section 6213 of the Business and Professions Code, that shall serve as the lead agency for case assessment and direction, and other legal services providers in the community who are able to provide the services for the program. The lead legal services agency shall be the central point of contact for receipt of referrals to the program and to make determinations of eligibility based on uniform criteria. The lead legal services agency shall be responsible for providing representation to the clients or referring the matter to one of the organizations or individual providers with whom the lead legal services agency contracts to provide the service. Funds received by a qualified legal services project shall not qualify as expenditures for the purposes of the distribution of funds pursuant to Section 6216 of the Business and Professions Code. To the extent practical, the lead legal services agency shall identify and make use of pro bono services in order to maximize available services efficiently and economically. Recognizing that not all indigent parties can be afforded representation, even when they have meritorious cases, the court partner shall, as a corollary to the services provided by the lead legal services agency, be responsible for providing procedures, personnel, training, and case management and administration practices that reflect best practices to ensure unrepresented parties meaningful access to justice and to guard against the involuntary waiver of rights, as well as to encourage fair and expeditious voluntary dispute resolution, consistent with principles of judicial neutrality. (5) The participating programs shall be selected by a committee appointed by the Judicial Council with representation from key stakeholder groups, including judicial officers, legal services providers, and others, as appropriate. The committee shall assess the applicants’ capacity for success, innovation, and efficiency, including, but not limited to, the likelihood that the program would deliver quality representation in an effective manner that would meet critical needs in the community and address the needs of the court with regard to access to justice and calendar management, and the unique local unmet needs for representation in the community. Programs approved pursuant to this section shall initially be authorized for a three-year period, commencing July 1, 2011, subject to renewal for a period to be determined by the Judicial Council, in consultation with the participating program in light of the program’s capacity and success. After the initial three-year period, the Judicial Council shall distribute any future funds available as the result of the termination or nonrenewal of a program pursuant to the process set forth in this subdivision. Programs shall be selected on the basis of whether, in the cases proposed for service, the persons to be assisted are likely to be opposed by a party who is represented by counsel. The Judicial Council shall also consider the following factors in selecting the programs: (A) The likelihood that representation in the proposed case type tends to affect whether a party prevails or otherwise obtains a significantly more favorable outcome in a matter in which they would otherwise frequently have judgment entered against them or suffer the deprivation of the basic human need at issue. (B) The likelihood of reducing the risk of erroneous decision. (C) The nature and severity of potential consequences for the unrepresented party regarding the basic human need at stake if representation is not provided. (D) Whether the provision of legal services may eliminate or reduce the potential need for, and cost of, public social services regarding the basic human need at stake for the client and others in the client’s household. (E) The unmet need for legal services in the geographic area to be served. (F) The availability and effectiveness of other types of court services, such as self-help. (G) (i) The program’s plan for providing service to all potential clients regardless of immigration status. (ii) When renewing grants for existing programs whose lead legal services agency is prohibited from serving certain persons on account of their citizenship or immigration status, the Judicial Council shall encourage the programs to explore ways to expand access to legal services for those persons, including potential opportunities for the lead legal services agency to contract with organizations or individual providers that are not subject to the same prohibition and to include them as a member of the local advisory committee. (iii) When selecting among new program proposals, the Judicial Council shall give additional consideration to programs that propose to establish or assist in the development of program elements that would newly provide access to legal services regardless of immigration status in that region. (6) Each applicant shall do all of the following: (A) Identify the nature of the partnership between the court, the lead legal services agency, and the other agencies or other providers that would work within the program. (B) Describe the referral protocols to be used, the criteria that would be employed in case assessment, why those cases were selected, the manner to address conflicts without violating attorney-client privilege when adverse parties are seeking representation through the program, and the means for serving potential clients who need assistance with English. (C) Describe how the program would be administered, including how the data collection requirements would be met without causing an undue burden on the courts, clients, or the providers, the particular objectives of the project, strategies to evaluate their success in meeting those objectives, and the means by which the program would serve the particular needs of the community, including how the program will provide representation to limited-English-speaking clients as well as whether and how the program will ensure that services are available to all individuals seeking services regardless of immigration status. (7) To ensure the most effective use of the funding available, the lead legal services agency shall serve as a hub for all referrals, and the point at which decisions are made about which referrals will be served and by whom. Referrals shall emanate from the court, as well as from the other agencies providing services through the program, and shall be directed to the lead legal services agency for review. That agency, or another agency or attorney in the event of conflict, shall collect the information necessary to assess whether the case should be served. In performing that case assessment, the agency shall determine the relative need for representation of the litigant, including all of the following: (A) Case complexity. (B) Whether the other party is represented. (C) The adversarial nature of the proceeding. (D) The availability and effectiveness of other types of services, such as self-help, in light of the potential client and the nature of the case. (E) Language issues. (F) Disability access issues. (G) Literacy issues. (H) The merits of the case. (I) The nature and severity of potential consequences for the potential client if representation is not provided. (J) Whether the provision of legal services may eliminate or reduce the need for, and cost of, public social services for the potential client and others in the potential client’s household. (8) If both parties to a dispute are financially eligible for representation, each proposal shall ensure that representation for both sides is evaluated. In these and other cases in which conflict issues arise, the lead legal services agency shall have referral protocols with other agencies and providers, such as a private attorney panel, to address those conflicts. (9) Each program shall be responsible for keeping records on the referrals accepted and those not accepted for representation, and the reasons for each, in a manner that does not violate privileged communications between the agency and the prospective client. Each program shall be provided with standardized data collection tools and shall be required to track case information for each referral to allow the evaluation to measure the number of cases served, the level of service required, and the outcomes for the clients in each case. In addition to this information on the effect of the representation on the clients, data shall be collected regarding the outcomes for the trial courts. (10) A local advisory committee shall be formed for each program, to include representatives of the bench and court administration, the lead legal services agency, and the other agencies or providers that are part of the local program team. The role of the advisory committee is to facilitate the administration of the local program and to ensure that the program is fulfilling its objectives. In addition, the committee shall resolve any issues that arise during the course of the program, including issues concerning case eligibility, and recommend changes in program administration in response to implementation challenges. The committee shall meet at least monthly for the first six months of the program, and no less than quarterly for the duration of the funding period. Each authorized program shall catalog changes to the program made during the three-year period based on its experiences with best practices in serving the eligible population. (c) The Judicial Council shall conduct a study to demonstrate the effectiveness and continued need for the programs established pursuant to this section and shall report its findings and recommendations to the Governor and the Legislature every five years, commencing June 1, 2020. The study shall report on the percentage of funding by case type and shall include data on the impact of counsel on equal access to justice and the effect on court administration and efficiency, and enhanced coordination between courts and other government service providers and community resources. This report shall describe the benefits of providing representation to those who were previously not represented, both for the clients and the courts, as well as strategies and recommendations for maximizing the benefit of that representation in the future. The report shall describe and include data, if available, on the impact of the programs on families and children. The report also shall include an assessment of the continuing unmet needs and, if available, data regarding those unmet needs. (d) This section does not negate, alter, or limit any right to counsel in a criminal or civil action or proceeding otherwise provided by state or federal law. (e) The Judicial Council may accept donations from public or private entities for the purpose of providing grants pursuant to this section. (Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 486, Sec. 1. (AB 2193) Effective January 1, 2023.)
