England and Wales Case Law

London Ambulance Service NHS Trust v I Sodola (Debarred)

The primary facts found by the Employment Tribunal could not logically support an inference that the delay in providing feedback was because of the claimant's race. The Tribunal took into account irrelevant factors, and the burden of proof did not shift to the respondent. The appeal is allowed and the finding of discrimination is set aside.

Source excerpt

• Race discrimination
• Burden of proof
• Direct discrimination
• Section 136 equality act 2010
• Employment promotion
• Feedback delay

Read case analysis

M Nowak v Evtec Aluminium Ltd

The EAT dismissed Mr Nowak’s appeal against rejection of race discrimination and victimisation claims, and found no live Working Time Regulations complaint.

• Race discrimination
• Victimisation
• Direct discrimination
• Working time regulations
• Burden of proof
• Detriment

Read case analysis

Clifton Diocese v Janet Parker

The EAT held that the tribunal erred in its burden-of-proof analysis on religion or belief discrimination and harassment, but upheld unfair and wrongful dismissal findings.

• Unfair dismissal
• Wrongful dismissal
• Religion or belief discrimination
• Burden of proof
• Harassment
• Employment-law

Read case analysis

Neil Duke v B & M Retail Ltd

The Employment Tribunal erred in law and reasoning regarding disadvantage, justification, reasonable adjustments, unfair dismissal, and failed to address wrongful dismissal; the appeal is upheld and the case remitted to a differently constituted tribunal.

Source excerpt

• Disability discrimination
• Reasonable adjustments
• Unfair dismissal
• Wrongful dismissal
• Covid-19 employment measures

Read case analysis

A Ndow v University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust

The Employment Appeal Tribunal dismissed an appeal against findings that unfair dismissal and disability discrimination claims were out of time.

• Unfair dismissal
• Disability discrimination
• Limitation periods
• Internal appeals
• Extension of time
• Unfair-dismissal

Read case analysis

L & Anor v Ministry of Defence

Permission to appeal was refused in challenges to the armed forces disability-discrimination exemption under the Equality Act 2010 and Human Rights Act 1998.

• Disability discrimination
• Armed forces exemption
• Interpretation of equality act
• Human rights act compatibility
• Declaration of incompatibility
• Disability-discrimination

Read case analysis

M Mulumba v Partners Group (UK) Ltd & Anor

The EAT dismissed an appeal against case management decisions, holding that the tribunal was entitled to remove a July 2018 meeting issue and exclude parts of a reply statement.

• Territorial jurisdiction
• Case management
• Exclusion of evidence
• Direct discrimination
• Unfair dismissal
• Employment-appeal

Read case analysis

L & Anor v Ministry of Defence

L & Anor v Ministry of Defence [2026] EWCA Civ 602 (21 April 2026)

Permission to appeal was refused in challenges to the armed forces disability discrimination exclusion under the Equality Act 2010 and the HRA.

• Disability discrimination
• Armed forces employment
• Interpretation of equality act 2010
• Human rights act 1998 section 3 and 4
• Article 8 and 14 echr
• Jurisdiction of employment tribunal

Read case analysis

Stay Safe East v Monique Francois

The employment tribunal erred in law by failing to identify 'something more' beyond a difference in status and treatment before shifting the burden of proof in a direct race discrimination claim, and by failing to provide Meek-compliant reasons regarding the identity of decision makers and the evidential basis for its findings. The matter is remitted for rehearing by a fresh tribunal.

Source excerpt

• Direct race discrimination
• Burden of proof
• Discretionary payments
• Comparator analysis
• Tribunal procedure

Read case analysis

D Leonard-Elmaz v Ocado Central Services Ltd

The appeal was dismissed because the ET applied the correct legal tests for apparent bias, time limits, extension of time, and disability under the Equality Act 2010, and was entitled to find no continuing act, no just and equitable grounds to extend time, and no disability due to lack of long-term depression; no error of law was found.

Source excerpt

• Apparent bias
• Disability discrimination
• Time limits
• Just and equitable extension of time

Read case analysis