Independent Television Publications Ltd v Commission of the European Communities. (Competition) [1991] EUECJ T-76/89 (10 July 1991)

Judgment Facts and procedure 1 By application lodged at the Registry of the Court of Justice on 10 March 1989, Independent Television Publications Limited (hereinafter referred to as "ITP") sought the annulment of the Commission Decision of 21 October 1988 (hereinafter referred to as "the decision") in which the Commission found that ITP' s policies and practices, at the material time, in relation to the publication of its weekly listings for television and radio programmes which may be received in Ireland and Northern Ireland constituted infringements of Article 86 of the Treaty in so far as they prevented the publication and sale of comprehensive weekly television guides in Ireland and Northern Ireland. This action is linked with the concurrent actions for the annulment of that decision brought by the two other organizations to which it was addressed, namely Radio Telefis Eireann ("RTE") (Case T-69/89) and the British Broadcasting Corporation and BBC Enterprises Limited ("the BBC") (Case T-70/89). 2 The background to the decision may be summarized as follows. Most homes in Ireland and between 30 and 40% of homes in Northern Ireland can receive at least six television channels: RTE1 and RTE2, provided by RTE, which enjoys a statutory monopoly for the provision of a national radio and television broadcasting service in Ireland, BBC1 and BBC2, provided by the BBC, and ITV and Channel 4, provided at the material time by the companies franchised by the Independent Broadcasting Authority ("the IBA") to supply independent television programmes. In the United Kingdom, the BBC and the IBA enjoyed a duopoly for the provision of national television broadcasting services. In addition, many television viewers in Great Britain and Ireland could receive several satellite channels either directly or through cable networks. There was, however, no cable television in Northern Ireland. At the material time, no comprehensive weekly television guide was available on the market in Ireland or Northern Ireland owing to the policy of the organizations to which the decision was addressed regarding the dissemination of information on the programmes of the six channels referred to above. Each of those organizations published a specialized television guide containing only its own programmes and, under the United Kingdom Copyright Act 1956 and the Irish Copyright Act 1963, claimed copyright in its weekly programme listings, preventing their reproduction by third parties. Those listings indicate programme content and specify the broadcasting channel, together with the date, time and title of each programme. They go through a series of drafts, which become increasingly detailed and precise at each stage, until a weekly schedule is finalized approximately two weeks before transmission. At that stage, as the decision states (recital 7 in the preamble), the programme schedules become a marketable product. 3 With particular reference to the present case, it is to be noted that ITP reserved the exclusive right to publish the weekly programme schedules for ITV and Channel 4 in the TV Times, its own magazine for presenting the programmes of those two channels. 4 It is apparent from the documents in the case that the applicant company was established in 1967 in order to publish a national magazine providing information on independent television programmes in the United Kingdom. At the time the decision was adopted, its shareholders were the television companies franchised by the IBA for the provision of programmes for ITV (ITP has since been sold to a private publisher, Reed International PLC, which is entirely independent of the television companies). Under their contracts, the television companies franchised by the IBA were required to assign their copyright in the ITV programme listings to ITP for the duration of those contracts. In return they received 70% of ITP' s net profits from sales of its television magazine. On the other hand, the Channel 4 Television Company Limited, which was a subsidiary of the IBA, assigned its copyright in the listings of Channel 4 programmes without charge in consideration of the costs borne by ITP in publishing and publicizing Channel 4 programmes. 5 In pursuance of its corporate object, ITP publishes in the United Kingdom for commercial gain the weekly television magazine TV Times. At the material time, TV Times gave no information on programmes broadcast by channels other than ITV or Channel 4. It was published in 13 regional editions and was sold not only in the United Kingdom but also in Ireland. Its price was UK 0.37 and IR 0.52 respectively and average weekly sales were some three million copies. It and the BBC broadcasting guide, the Radio Times, were the two biggest-selling weeklies in the United Kingdom, where the TV Times was purchased by some 16% of households with a television set. In Ireland, the TV Times was bought by approximately 2% of households. In the year 1985-1986, the TV Times achieved a turnover exceeding UK 59 million and a pre-tax profit of over UK 3.9 million. 6 At the material time, ITP' s policy regarding exploitation of its copyright in the Channel 4 and ITV listings was as follows: it provided daily and weekly newspapers with its programme schedules free on request, accompanied by a licence for which no fee was charged, setting out the terms on which that information might be reproduced. Newspapers could thus publish the daily listings or, at weekends and before public holiday, the listings for two days, subject to certain conditions as to the format of publication. "Highlights" of the week' s television programmes could also be published. ITP ensured strict compliance with the licence conditions, by taking legal proceedings, where necessary, against publications which failed to comply with them. 7 The publisher Magill TV Guide Limited (hereinafter referred to as "Magill"), a company governed by Irish law, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Magill Publications Holding Limited. It was established in order to publish in Ireland and Northern Ireland a weekly magazine containing information on the television programmes available to television viewers in that area, the Magill TV Guide. According to the information provided by the parties, publication commenced in May 1985. The magazine initially confined itself to providing information on BBC, RTE, ITV and Channel 4 weekend programmes and on highlights of their weekly programmes. After the publication on 28 May 1986 of an issue of the Magill TV Guide containing all the weekly listings for all the television channels available in Ireland - including ITV and Channel 4 - an Irish court, in response to an application from BBC, RTE and ITP, issued an interim injunction restraining Magill from publishing weekly listings for those organizations' programmes. Following that injunction, Magill ceased its publishing activities. The substance of the case was considered in part by the High Court which, in its judgment of 26 July 1989 delivered by Mr Justice Lardner, gave its ruling on the scope of the copyright in the programme listings under Irish law. The judge stated: "I am ... satisfied that these weekly programme schedules published in TV Times are original literary work and a compilation within s. 2 and s. 8 of the Copyright Act 1963 in which ITP had and have a subsisting copyright" (RTE and Others v Magill and Others [1990] ILRM 534, especially at p. 557). 8 Previously, on 4 April 1986, with a view to the publication of complete weekly listings, Magill had lodged a complaint with the Commission under Article 3 of Regulation No 17 of the Council of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty (Official Journal, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87; hereinafter referred to as "Regulation No 17"), seeking a finding that the ITP, BBC and RTE were abusing their dominant position by refusing to grant licences for the publication of their respective weekly listings. On 16 December 1987 the Commission decided to initiate a proceeding and also in December 1987 it sent ITP a statement of objections. On 21 December 1988 it adopted the decision with which the present action is concerned. 9 In the decision, the relevant products are defined as follows for the three organizations concerned: they are the advance weekly listings of ITP, the BBC and RTE, and also the television guides in which those listings are published (first paragraph of recital 20 in the preamble). In the Commission' s definition, a programme listing is "a list of programmes to be broadcast by or on behalf of a broadcasting organization within a given period of time, the list including the following information: the title of each programme to be broadcast, the channel, the date and time of transmission" (recital 7). The Commission finds that because of the factual monopoly enjoyed by the broadcasting organizations over their respective weekly listings, third parties interested in publishing a weekly television guide are "in a position of economic dependence which is characteristic of the existence of a dominant position". Furthermore, the Commission adds, that monopoly is strengthened into a legal monopoly in so far as those organizations claim copyright protection for their respective listings. In those circumstances, the Commission observes, "no competition from third parties is permitted to exist on [the relevant] markets". From that it infers that "ITP, BBC and RTE each hold a dominant position within the meaning of Article 86" (recital 22 in the preamble). 10 To establish the existence of an abuse, the decision relies more particularly on subparagraph (b) of the second paragraph of Article 86 of the Treaty, pursuant to which an abuse is committed if an undertaking holding a dominant position limits production or markets to the prejudice of consumers (first paragraph of recital 23 in the preamble). The Commission considers in particular that "substantial potential demand ... for comprehensive TV guides" exists on the market (ibid., fourth paragraph). It finds that, by using its dominant position "to prevent the introduction on to the market of a new product, that is, a comprehensive weekly TV guide", the applicant is abusing that dominant position. It adds that a further element of the abuse is that, by virtue of the offending policy regarding information on its programmes, the applicant retains for itself the derivative market for weekly guides for those programmes (recital 23). The Commission therefore rejects the argument that the conduct to which it objects is justified by copyright protection and states that in the present case ITP, the BBC and RTE "use copyright as an instrument of the abuse, in a manner which falls outside the scope of the specific subject-matter of that intellectual property right" (penultimate paragraph of recital 23). 11 With respect to the measures intended to bring the infringement to an end, Article 2 of the decision is worded as follows: "ITP, BBC and RTE shall bring the infringements as mentioned in Article 1 to an end forthwith by supplying each other and third parties on request and on a non-discriminatory basis with their individual advance weekly programme listings and by permitting reproduction of those listings by such parties. This requirement does not extend to information in addition to the listings themselves, as defined in this Decision. If they choose to supply and permit reproduction of the listings by means of licences, any royalties requested by ITP, BBC and RTE should be reasonable. Moreover, ITP, BBC and RTE may include in any licences granted to third parties such terms as are considered necessary to ensure comprehensive high-quality coverage of all their programmes, including those of minority and/or regional appeal, and those of cultural, historical and educational significance. The parties are therefore required, within two months from the date of notification of this Decision, to submit proposals for approval by the Commission of the terms upon which they consider third parties should be permitted to publish the advance weekly programme listings which are the subject of this Decision". 12 Concurrently with the present application for a declaration that the decision is void, the applicant, in a separate application also lodged on 17 March 1989, sought the suspension of the operation of Article 2 of the decision, at least in so far as it orders ITP to supply third parties on request and on a non-discriminatory basis with its advance weekly programme listings with a view to their publication. By order of 11 May 1989, the President of the Court of Justice ordered "the suspension of the operation of Article 2 of the contested decision in so far as it obliges the applicants to bring the infringement found by the Commission to an end forthwith by supplying each other and third parties on request and on a non-discriminatory basis with their individual advance weekly programme listings and by permitting reproduction of those listings by such parties" (Joined Cases 76, 77 and 91/89 R, [1989] ECR 1141 , paragraph 20 of the order). By order of 6 July 1989 in the present proceedings for the annulment of the decision, the Court of Justice gave leave to Magill to intervene in support of the Commission' s conclusions. The written procedure took place in part before the Court of Justice which, by order of 15 November 1989 pursuant to Article 3(1) and Article 14 of the Council Decision of 24 October 1988 establishing a Court of First Instance of the European Communities, referred the case to the Court of First Instance. Upon hearing the report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the Court decided, at the end of the written procedure, to open the oral procedure without any preparatory inquiry. Form of order sought by the parties 13 ITP, the applicant, claims that the Court should: Declare the decision void; Order the Commission to pay ITP' s costs in these proceedings; and Make any other order it sees fit. The Commission, the defendant, contends that the Court should: Dismiss the application; Order the applicant to pay the Commission' s costs. The application for the annulment of the decision as a whole 14 In support of its application for a declaration that the decision is void, the applicant alleges breach of Article 86 of the Treaty and inadequate statement of the reasons for the finding of an infringement of that article. Breach of Article 86 of the Treaty Arguments of the parties 15 In the first place, the applicant maintains that the precondition for the application of Article 86, namely the holding of a dominant position, is not fulfilled. It challenges the definition of the relevant market adopted in the decision. In the applicant' s submission, the relevant products are "TV guides" in general. Unlike the Commission, it claims that the weekly programme listings and the television guides in which they are published do not constitute a sub-market within the market for information concerning television programmes in general, on which, it stresses, it does not hold a dominant position. 16 The applicant maintains that many sources of information on television programmes, such as daily, weekly and Sunday newspapers, which all publish full daily or weekend schedules, are substitutable for the TV Times for both advertisers and consumers. As far as consumers are concerned, the intensity of the competition to which the TV Times is exposed is evidenced by the fact that 80% of television viewers obtain their information on ITV and Channel 4 programmes from sources other than the TV Times. The same applies to the programme listings themselves. The applicant considers that programme listings covering one or two days are products substitutable for the weekly listings, which cannot therefore be regarded as a separate market. 17 The applicant also claims, in the alternative, that even if the relevant market is that of the weekly listings of ITV and Channel 4 programmes, ITP does not hold a dominant position within the meaning of Article 86 since the listings are provided not by it but by the television companies. Moreover, the legal monopoly deriving from its copyright in the listings must not be confused with the economic concept of a dominant position for the purpose of Article 86. It relies in that regard on the judgment of the Court of Justice of 8 June 1971 in Case 78/70 (Deutsche Grammophon v Metro, [1971] ECR 487, in particular paragraph 16 of the judgment). 18 Secondly, the applicant denies that its programme information policy constitutes an abuse within the meaning of Article 86. It claims essentially that, by taking the course of conduct for which it is criticized in the decision, it was merely protecting the specific subject-matter of its copyright in its own programme listings, which cannot constitute an abuse under Article 86. In that conneCTion, it points out that the decision has the effect of depriving the owner of an intellectual property right of his exclusive rights of reproduction and first marketing of the protected product, which would amount to causing copyright, as defined in national law, to be displaced by another right, namely "the right to license". 19 In support of its claims, the applicant puts forward the following arguments. It points, first of all, to the distinction drawn by the Court of Justice between, on the one hand, the existence of an intellectual property right - that is to say, the nature of the right and its content - which is a matter for national law and, on the other hand, the exercise of that right, which is a matter for Community law, in particular the competition rules (see in particular the judgment of 29 February 1968 in Case 24/67, Parke Davis v Centrafarm [1968] ECR 55, in particular at p. 71). It points out that the Court of Justice, in its judgment of 14 September 1982 in Case 144/81, Keurkoop v Nancy Kean Gifts [1982] ECR 2853 , held that, in the absence of Community standardization or harmonization of laws, the determination of the conditions and procedures governing the protection conferred by an intellectual property right, and in particular the determination of what constituted the protected product, was a matter for national rules (paragraph 18 of the judgment). Illustrating the point further, the applicant observes that the exercise of an intellectual property right in accordance with national legislation does not in itself constitute an infringement of Article 86 (judgment of 9 April 1987 in Case 402/85, Basset v SACEM [1987] ECR 1747 , paragraph 18, and judgment of 8 June 1971 in Deutsche Grammophon v Metro, cited above). It observes in particular that the Court has upheld the principle that the exercise of an intellectual property right does not infringe the Treaty where it is "justified for the purpose of safeguarding rights which constitute the specific subject-matter of such property" (ibid., paragraph 11 of the judgment). The applicant states that it is clear from previous decisions of the Court of Justice that the specific subject-matter of copyright includes the exclusive right of reproduction and first marketing of the protected product and the right to oppose any infringement (judgment of 20 January 1981 in Joined Cases 55 and 57/80, Musik Vertrieb v GEMA [1981] ECR 147, paragraph 25; judgment of 17 May 1988 in Case 158/86, Warner Brothers and Others v Christiansen [1988] ECR 2605; and judgment of 24 January 1989 in Case 341/47, EMI Electrola v Patricia Im- und Export and Others, [1989] ECR 79). The corollary, the applicant adds, is the fact that the copyright owner is not under any obligation to grant licences to third parties, even in return for a reasonable royalty, as the Court of Justice confirmed - albeit in relation to a registered design - in its judgment of 5 October 1988 in Case 238/87, Volvo v Veng [1988] ECR 6211. 20 With reference to the present case, the applicant infers that the fact that its policy prevents the introduction on to the market of a new product, namely a weekly television magazine, and enables it to reserve for itself the derivative market for weekly television guides does not turn its legitimate exercise of its copyright into an abuse, since it was merely exercising its exclusive right to place its product on the market first. The question whether potential demand exists in the market for comprehensive weekly guides is therefore irrelevant. 21 For the exercise of an intellectual property right to constitute an abuse in breach of Article 86 there must, according to the applicant, be an additional factor, consisting in "abusive behaviour ... relating to the manner in which the right is exercised". In support of that argument, the applicant states that the Court of Justice held, in Case 78/80, Deutsche Grammophon v Metro, cited above, that the exercise of an intellectual property right may fall under the prohibition set out by Article 85(1) of the Treaty "each time it manifests itself as the subject, the means or the result of an agreement which, by preventing imports from other Member States of products lawfully distributed there, has as its effect the partitioning of the market" (paragraph 6 of the judgment). In the present case, it considers, the condition as to the presence of an additional factor constituting an abuse is not met. ITP did not act in an abusive or abnormal manner in the exercise of its copyright and moreover the Commission does not make any such allegation in its decision. More specifically, the manner in which ITP enforced its copyright was consistent and non-discriminatory. Nor did ITP use its rights unlawfully or with a view to impeding inter-State trade. Finally, it did not charge excessive prices. 22 The applicant also argues that the contested acts do not amount to a case of abuse covered by subparagraph (b) of the second paragraph of Article 86, on which the decision was based. It criticizes the Commission for failing to produce any convincing evidence of prejudice to consumers. To determine whether such prejudice exists, it claims, the advantages of the contested practice must be weighed against the disadvantages, taking account in particular of the interests of the various classes of consumers. In making such a comparison it is also necessary, in the applicant' s view, to establish whether, in the event of licences to publish the weekly listings being granted against payment, maintenance of the licences granted free of charge for the publication of daily listings might not be discriminatory. 23 Finally, the applicant claims that the grant of licences to third parties for weekly listings might undermine the commercial viability of the TV Times on a regional basis and consequently the promotion of minority programmes or programmes of cultural, historical or educational significance, which fulfil a public-service function. 24 The Commission rejects all the applicant' s arguments concerning the alleged breach of Article 86. 25 In order to establish the existence of a dominant position, the Commission reaffirms the arguments on which the reasoning for the decision was based. In substance, it states that each of the applicants holds a dominant position in two narrow markets. The first relates to its own programme listings for the week ahead, over which it enjoys a monopoly. The second is the market for weekly television magazines, which in the Commission' s view constitutes a separate sub-market within the general market for daily and weekly publications, being alone in offering a product - in this case complete information on the weekly programmes of ITV and Channel 4 - for which there is a specific demand on the part of television viewers. In that regard, the Commission stresses that, at the material time, Ireland and the United Kingdom were the only Member States in which there was no comprehensive weekly television guide, such as to be capable of competing with the TV Times, which thus enjoyed a monopoly. 26 In order to demonstrate that the conduct at issue constitutes an abuse, the Commission bases its reasoning on the premiss - which it explicitly accepted at the hearing - that programme listings enjoy copyright protection under domestic law. It maintains, first, that even on that assumption the relevant policies and practices of the applicant are not covered by copyright protection as recognized in Community law. 27 In that connection, the Commission first draws attention, in general terms, to the incompatibility with Community rules of a national law which upholds the existence of copyright in programme listings. It points out that, as has consistently been held, the television industry is subject to the Community rules (see in particular the judgment of the Court of Justice of 6 October 1982 in Case 262/81, Coditel v Ciné-Vog Films, cited above). It stresses that national rules creating copyright in programme listings would allow broadcasting companies to use a legitimate legal monopoly in radio and television broadcasts on a particular frequency in order to retain an unlawful monopoly over the ancillary downstream market in publications of those weekly listings and thus prevent the emergence of a competing product of a new kind in the form of a comprehensive television guide. The existence of copyright in programme listings would also hinder the achievement of a single market in broadcasting services on the basis of Article 59 of the Treaty. In the absence of a single market in programme information, consumers' rights to enjoy "télévision sans frontières" would be undermined since television viewers, reluctant to buy a multitude of magazines each giving programme details for only one channel, would likewise be less inclined to watch programmes, particularly in a foreign language, about which they had little information. 28 The Commission points out that, in order to resolve the conflict referred to in the preceding paragraph, between copyright on the one hand and the rules on, inter alia, freedom of competition on the other, the proper approach is, as has consistently been held, to identify in each particular case the "specific subject-matter" of the intellectual property right, which alone merits special protection within the Community legal order and thereby justifies certain encroachments on the Community rules. In that connection, the Commission first reflects on the legitimacy of and the underlying reasons for the maintenance, which it describes as unusual, of copyright in programme listings. It is necessary, the Commission submits, to appraise the legal and economic "value" and "well-foundedness" of the copyright in the weekly listings in the present case, having regard to the objectives normally attributed to such a right. In that light, it asserts, it is necessary to take into consideration, inter alia, the nature of the property protected from the technological, cultural or innovative point of view, together with the purpose and justification in domestic law of the copyright in listings (see, in particular, the following judgments of the Court of Justice: judgment of 8 June 1982 in Case 258/78, Nungesser v Commission [1982] ECR 2015 ; judgment of 6 October 1982 in Case 262/81, Coditel v Ciné-Vog Films, cited above; judgment of 30 June 1988 in Case 35/87, Thetford Corporation v Fiamma [1988] ECR 3585, paragraphs 17 to 21; and judgment of 17 May 1988 in Case 158/86, Warner Brothers v Christiansen, cited above, paragraphs 10 to 16). 29 Applying those criteria, the Commission submits that, in the present case, the programme listings are not in themselves secret, innovative or related to research. On the contrary, they are mere factual information in which no copyright could therefore subsist. The creative effort required for their preparation is directly rewarded by the size of the audience for the programmes. The impact of the decision on the copyright in the programme listings does not extend in any way to broadcasting activity, which is distinct from publishing. Referring to the opinion of Mr Advocate General Mischo in Thetford, cited above, the Commission observes that the maintenance of copyright in programme listings can only be explained by the desire to "reserve a monopoly" to its owner. 30 Secondly, having thus maintained that copyright protection for programme listings does not fulfil the essential function of such a right, the Commission stresses that the applicant' s policy as regards information concerning its weekly programmes constitutes an abuse. That abuse resides in particular, it claims, precisely in the arbitrary refusal - that is to say a refusal not justified by requirements of secrecy, research and development or other objectively verifiable considerations - to authorize Magill and other "potential entrants" into the weekly television magazine market to publish that information, solely for the purpose of preventing the emergence of any competing product. 31 In that regard, the Commission submits that the applicant' s licensing policy discriminated "against the emergence of a new product in the form of a multi-channel guide which would compete with [the] captive guide" of each of the organizations in question or, in other words, "against Magill and other potential market entrants offering comprehensive weekly guides". The Commission also states that "if the broadcast companies for some reason chose not to disseminate to anyone the information about forthcoming programmes, the analysis might be different; but they do disseminate it to two categories of economic operator: their own captive periodicals, and daily publications which do not compete with the captive periodicals. These factors indicate that the refusal to tolerate publication by others is arbitrary and discriminatory". 32 The Commission also refers, in support of its argument, to the judgments of the Court of Justice of 5 October 1988 in Case 238/87, Volvo v Veng, cited above, paragraph 9, and Case 53/87, CICRA v Renault, [1988] ECR 6039, paragraph 16. It cites in particular paragraph 9 of the Volvo judgment: "the exercise of an exclusive right by the proprietor of a registered design in respect of car body panels may be prohibited by Article 86 if it involves, on the part of an undertaking holding a dominant position, certain abusive conduct such as the arbitrary refusal to supply spare parts to independent repairers, the fixing of prices for spare parts at an unfair level or a decision no longer to produce spare parts for a particular model even though many cars of that model are still in circulation, provided that such conduct is liable to affect trade between Member States". According to the Commission, the conduct for which the applicant is criticized is similar to the arbitrary refusal, referred to by the Court in the judgments cited above, by the owner of a registered design to supply spare parts to independent repairers who depend on such supply for their business. By refusing to authorize, inter alia, Magill to publish its weekly listings, the applicant was hindering Magill in its activity of publishing general television magazines. Similarly, the Commission further contends that the conduct for which ITP is criticized is different from that which the Court held to be lawful in the Volvo judgment. It is apparent from that judgment that the fact that a car manufacturer who holds protective rights in a design reserves for himself the right to manufacture all spare parts for his cars does not in itself constitute an abuse (paragraph 11 of the judgment). In the present case the Commission draws attention to the fact that the market in spare parts was within the area of Volvo' s main business activity. By contrast, ITP was exploiting its dominant position in the market in information on ITV and Channel 4 programmes in order to obtain advantages in the publishing market, a separate economic activity, downstream of the activity of broadcasting. Moreover, the prejudice to consumers, who were denied access to a new product, namely a general television magazine for which there was a strong demand, is an aggravating factor which renders the applicant' s policy as regards information on its weekly programmes abusive. On the other hand, the Commission emphasizes, in the Volvo case consumers were able to obtain the spare parts and competition was possible between independent repairers, and indeed between the various manufacturers themselves, since customers could opt for other makes if spare parts became too costly or difficult to obtain. 33 The Commission also states that its analysis of the abuse of copyright applies also to situations different from that at issue in this case, in the area of computer software for example. 34 The intervener, Magill, states that the High Court has now found that in Irish law copyright does subsist in programme listings and that that copyright was infringed by Magill. Accordingly, the outcome of the proceedings brought against Magill by the BBC, ITP and RTE before the Irish court will depend on the ruling of the Community Court on the question whether the practices criticized in the Commission Decision are compatible with Community law. Magill points out that the effects of the interlocutory injunctions made in 1986 and the costs incurred in the proceedings before the national court have put it out of business and driven it from the market-place as a competitor of BBC, ITP and RTE. 35 Magill supports all the Commission' s observations. It disputes the applicant' s interpretation to the effect that the decision requires the grant of compulsory licences. It highlights the importance of the consent of the copyright owner. In Magill' s submission, "if ... no licences were granted to any third party .. [the applicant] could genuinely argue that it was doing no more than exploiting its exclusive right of ownership to its own advantage". However, once the applicant chooses to grant licences for the reproduction of information concerning its daily programmes, it may not, in Magill' s view, use its copyright to prevent the publication of its weekly listings by third parties. 36 Magill also claims that the conduct complained of constitutes an abuse within the meaning of Article 86 "precisely because it has been contrived in an identical manner between three national television authorities so as to impose a common regime upon all competing news media throughout two Member States for the purpose of protecting a market share which they have appropriated to their own three publications". Magill considers that that common regime is based on a tacit agreement. 37 The applicant states in its reply that the Commission has raised before the Court new facts and arguments which do not appear either in the statement of objections or in the decision. The Commission is thereby infringing the right to a fair hearing both during the administrative procedure and before the Court (judgment of the Court of Justice of 4 July 1963 in Case 24/62, Germany v Commission [1963] ECR 63, and judgment of 15 March 1967 in Joined Cases 8 to 11/66, Cimenteries CBR v Commission [1967] ECR 75). The applicant maintains in particular that the Commission' s argument calling into question the compatibility with Community law of national law providing for copyright in programme listings is not admissible before the Court, since it is a fresh issue. It stresses that the argument that copyright in programme listings constitutes "copyright over facts and ideas" is inadmissible. The Commission' s allegations that the conduct concerned was arbitrary and discriminatory are also inadmissible; they, too, appear in neither the statement of objections nor the decision. In that connexion, the applicant observes that the reasoning contained in recital 23 in the preamble to the decision - assuming it to be correct - would not be invalidated if ITP had never granted any licences to third parties. It is thus clear that the decision is not based on a finding of discrimination. Consequently, in the applicant' s submission, the decision cannot be supported on the ground that there is discrimination, since discrimination is not the basis of the decision. The applicant also denies the admissibility of the submission, made only by Magill, alleging the existence of a tacit agreement between the BBC, ITP and RTE. That submission, the applicant notes, alleges a breach of Article 85(1) of the Treaty, and is therefore inadmissible. 38 With regard to the substance of the dispute, the applicant observes that, as regards the allegedly abusive nature of its licensing policy, the Commission has not come to grips with the difficulty arising from the fact that the refusal to authorize the reproduction of programme listings cannot constitute an abuse, since such a course of action would lead to the proprietor being deprived of the substance of its exclusive right. The nature of the copyright material and its relative value are irrelevant to the assessment of the scope of that right. The applicant states that the essential subject-matter and the basis of copyright are the same whether or not the copyright material is innovative or is a "trade secret" or relates to a research activity. Thus, copyright law in the United Kingdom and Ireland does not distinguish between works which are, in the Commission' s expression, "banal" and other works, that being, in the applicant' s view, a purely subjective assessment. 39 The applicant adds that it is not open to the Commission, in a proceeding investigating an infringement of Community competition law by an undertaking, to question the compatibility of national copyright law with Community law. In the applicant' s view, that question could only be raised in an action against a Member State for failure to fulfil its obligations, under Article 169 of the EEC Treaty. 40 The applicant also rejects the Commission' s claim that ITP engages in "a discriminatory licensing policy" by reason of the fact that it licenses the copyright material to some categories of third parties but excludes those who wish to produce a comprehensive weekly television magazine. It states that the essence of discrimination is dissimilar treatment of objectively similar situations and it denies that its policy is discriminatory, since it is willing to license any newspaper, periodical or magazine on the terms applied hitherto. The applicant likewise rejects the argument put forward by the intervener that because, after agreeing to furnish its listings to third parties, ITP then restricted the conditions under which they might publish them, the allegedly offending conduct went beyond protection of the specific subject-matter of the copyright. The applicant contends in that regard that, as a matter of law, a copyright owner who pursues a liberal policy and grants licences, albeit subject to some limitations, does not thereby subject himself to an obligation to grant unlimited licences. 41 In refutation of the idea that the conduct in question amounted to the extension of a legitimate legal monopoly in broadcasting into the ancillary domain of the publishing of television programmes, ITP states that it holds no legal monopoly in broadcasting. 42 The Commission counters that argument by pointing out that, when the decision was adopted, ITP was owned by the various independent ITV broadcasting companies. 43 Unlike the applicant, the Commission considers that the arguments of fact and law which it is putting forward in the present proceedings do no more than amplify, clarify and consolidate the considerations underlying the grounds of the decision, with which they are thus perfectly consistent. Even if that were not the case, the Commission considers that, contrary to the applicant' s contention, the applicant' s right to a fair hearing before the Court or during the administrative proceedings would not be prejudiced - at most the result would be an inadequacy or an error in the reasoning of the decision, but that has not occurred in this case. The Commission points out that the Court of Justice has held that it is not necessary "to state independent and exhaustive reasons" for each part of a decision where "sufficient reasons can be deduced from the context of all the findings stated in support of the decision as a whole" (judgment of 20 March 1957 in Case 2/56, Geitling v High Authority [1957 and 1958] ECR 3, at p. 15). In the present case the principal matters of fact and law underlying the decision were clearly, albeit succinctly, stated. 44 The Commission observes in particular that the fact that in the decision the assumption was made that copyright subsisted in the materials at issue was completely consistent with the submission, at the stage of the Court proceedings, that such copyright should not subsist in compilations of banal information. As regards the finding that the applicant' s conduct was abusive, the Commission contends that the adjectives arbitrary and discriminatory, applied to that conduct, do not reveal any new concept, even if they were not used in the administrative procedure. They describe the abuse resulting from the fact that the applicant' s licensing policy "discriminated against the emergence of a new product in the form of a multi-channel guide which would compete with [the] applicant' s captive guide, while at the same time promoting the publicizing of the applicant[' s] programmes through daily newspapers". 45 With regard to the substance of the dispute, the Commission pointed out at the hearing that the concern expressed by the applicant over the viability of the TV Times if it were to be faced with competition from general television magazines had since proven to be unfounded, following the enactment by the United Kingdom Parliament of the Broadcasting Act 1990. The changes brought about by that act led, as from March 1991, to the publication by the BBC and ITP of their respective magazines in the form of multi-channel guides giving television viewers information on BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and satellite channel programmes. Legal assessment 46 In the light of the arguments of the parties, detailed above, the Court, in its review of the merits of the plea based on a breach of Article 86 and an inadequate statement of reasons, must examine three points. First of all, the definition of the relevant product market must be considered; then, secondly, the applicant' s position on that market must be determined. As a third stage, the Court must decide whether or not the conduct at issue constitutes an abuse. The definition of the relevant products 47 As regards the definition of the relevant product market - according to the decision, the relevant products are the applicant' s weekly programme listings and the television guides in which those listings are published - the Court finds that, contrary to the applicant' s claims, the products thus defined represent specific markets which cannot be identified either with the market for broadcasting services or with the market for information on television programmes in general. 48 In fact, the markets for weekly listings and for the television magazines in which they are published constitute sub-markets within the market for television programme information in general. They offer a product - information on weekly programmes - for which there is a specific demand, both from third parties wishing to publish and market comprehensive television guides and from television viewers. The former are unable to publish such guides unless they have at their disposal all the weekly programme listings for the channels which can be received within the relevant geographic market. As regards the latter, it must be observed that, as the Commission rightly established in its decision, the programme information available on the market at the time of the adoption of the decision, namely the complete lists of programmes for a 24-hour period - and for a 48-hour period at weekends and before public holidays - published in certain daily and Sunday newspapers, and the television sections of certain magazines covering in addition "highlights" of the week' s programmes, are only to a limited extent substitutable for advance information to viewers on all the week' s programmes. Only weekly television guides containing comprehensive listings for the week ahead enable users to decide in advance which programmes they wish to follow and arrange any leisure activities for the week accordingly. That limited substitutability of weekly programme information is evidenced in particular by the success enjoyed, at the material time, by the specialized television magazines which were all that was available on the market in weekly guides in the United Kingdom and Ireland and, in the rest of the Community, by the comprehensive television guides available on the market in the other Member States. That clearly demonstrates the existence of a potential specific, constant and regular demand on the part of viewers, in this case in Ireland and Northern Ireland, for television magazines containing comprehensive television programme listings for the week ahead, irrespective of any other sources of programme information available on the market. The existence of a dominant position 49 With regard to the applicant' s position on the relevant market, the Court notes that ITP enjoyed, as a consequence of its copyright in ITV and Channel 4 programme listings, which had been transferred to it by the television companies broadcasting on those channels, the exclusive right to reproduce and market those listings. It was thus able, at the material time, to secure a monopoly over the publication of its weekly listings in the TV Times, a magazine specializing in the programmes of ITV and Channel 4. Consequently, the applicant clearly held at that time a dominant position both on the market represented by its weekly listings and on the market for the magazines in which they were published in Ireland and Northern Ireland. Third parties such as Magill who wished to publish a general television magazine were in a situation of economic dependence on the applicant, which was thus in a position to hinder the emergence of any effective competition on the market for information on its weekly programmes (judgment of the Court of Justice of 9 November 1983 in Case 322/81, Michelin v Commission [1983] ECR 3461 , paragraph 30). The existence of an abuse 50 Having established that the applicant occupied a dominant position at the material time, the Court must determine whether or not its policy on the distribution of information concerning the weekly programmes of ITV and Channel 4, based on the exploitation of its copyright in the programme listings, constituted an abuse within the meaning of Article 86. In order to do so, it is necessary to interpret Article 86 in the light of the copyright in programme listings. 51 In the absence of harmonization of national rules or Community standardization, the determination of the conditions and procedures under which copyright is protected is a matter for national rules. That division of powers with regard to intellectual property rights was explicitly endorsed by the Court of Justice in its judgment of 14 September 1982 in Case 144/81 (Keurkoop v Nancy Kean Gifts, cited above, paragraph 18 of the judgment) and confirmed, in particular, in its judgments of 5 October 1988 in Case 53/87 (CICRA v Renault, cited above, paragraph 10 of the judgment) and Case 238/87 (Volvo v Veng, cited above, paragraph 7 of the judgment). 52 The relationship between national intellectual property rights and the general rules of Community law is governed expressly by Article 36 of the Treaty, which provides for the possibility of derogating from the rules relating to the free movement of goods on grounds of the protection of industrial or commercial property. However, that derogation is explictly made subject to certain reservations. The protection of intellectual property rights conferred by national law is recognized, in Community law, only subject to the conditions set out in the second sentence of Article 36. Under that provision, restrictions on free movement arising out of the protection of intellectual property "shall not ... constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between Member States". Article 36 thus emphasizes that the reconciliation between the requirements of the free movement of goods and the respect to which intellectual property rights are entitled must be achieved in such a way as to protect the legitimate exercise of such rights, which alone is justified within the meaning of that article, and to preclude any improper exercise thereof likely to create artificial partitions within the market or pervert the rules governing competition within the Community. The exercise of intellectual property rights conferred by national legislation must consequently be restricted as far as is necessary for that reconciliation (see the judgment of 14 September 1982 in Case 144/81, Keurkoop v Nancy Kean Gifts, paragraph 24). 53 Within the system of the Treaty, Article 36 must be interpreted "in the light of the Community' s objectives and activities as defined by Articles 2 and 3 of the EEC Treaty", as the Court of Justice held in its judgment of 9 February 1982 in Case 270/80 (Polydor v Harlequin [1982] ECR 329, paragraph 16 of the judgment). That assessment must take into account, in particular, the requirements arising out of the establishment of a system of free competition within the Community, referred to in Article 3(f), which take the form, inter alia, of the prohibitions laid down in Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty. 54 Under Article 36, as it has been interpreted by the Court of Justice in the light of the objectives pursued by Articles 85 and 86 and the provisions governing the free movement of goods or services, only those restrictions on freedom of competition, free movement of goods or freedom to provide services which are inherent in the protection of the actual substance of the intellectual property right are permitted in Community law. In its judgment of 8 June 1971 in Case 78/70, Deutsche Grammophon, cited above, which concerned a right similar to copyright, the Court of Justice held: "Although it permits prohibitions or restrictions on the free movement of products, which are justified for the purpose of protecting industrial and commercial property, Article 36 only admits derogations from that freedom to the extent to which they are justified for the purpose of safeguarding rights which constitute the specific subject-matter of such property" (paragraph 11 of the judgment; see also the judgment of 18 March 1980 in Case 62/79, Coditel v Ciné-Vog Films [1980] ECR 881 , paragraph 14; judgment of 22 January 1981 in Case 58/80, Dansk Supermarked v Imerco [1981] ECR 181, paragraph 11; and judgment of 6 October 1982 in Case 262/81, Coditel, cited above, paragraph 12; with regard to intellectual property rights other than copyright, see the judgment of 31 October 1974 in Case 16/74, Centrafarm v Winthrop [1974] ECR 1183; judgment of 23 May 1978 in Case 102/77, Hoffmann-La Roche v Centrafarm [1978] ECR 1139 , paragraph 8; judgment of 25 February 1986 in Case 193/83, Windsurfing International v Commission [1986] ECR 611, paragraph 45; judgments of 5 October 1988 in Case 53/87, CICRA v Renault, cited above, paragraph 11, and Case 238/87, Volvo v Veng, cited above, paragraph 8; and judgment of 17 October 1990 in Case C-10/89, S. A. CNL-SUCAL NV v HAG GF AG [1990] ECR I-3711 , paragraph 12). 55 It is common ground that in principle the protection of the specific subject-matter of a copyright entitles the copyright-holder to reserve the exclusive right to reproduce the protected work. The Court of Justice expressly recognized that in its judgment of 17 May 1988 in Case 158/86, Warner Brothers v Christiansen, cited above, in which it held that "[t]he two essential rights of the author, namely the exclusive right of performance and the exclusive right of reproduction, are not called in question by the rules of the Treaty" (paragraph 13; see also the judgment of 24 January 1989 in Case 341/87, EMI Electrola v Patricia Im- und Export and Others, cited above, paragraphs 7 and 14). 56 However, while it is plain that the exercise of the exclusive right to reproduce a protected work is not in itself an abuse, that does not apply when, in the light of the details of each individual case, it is apparent that that right is exercised in such ways and circumstances as in fact to pursue an aim manifestly contrary to the objectives of Article 86. In that event, the copyright is no longer exercised in a manner which corresponds to its essential function, within the meaning of Article 36 of the Treaty, which is to protect the moral rights in the work and ensure a reward for the creative effort, while respecting the aims of, in particular, Article 86 (see, with regard to patent rights, the judgment of the Court of Justice of 14 July 1981 in Case 187/80, Merck & Co v Stephar [1981] ECR 2063 , paragraph 10, and the judgment of 9 July 1985 in Case 19/84, Pharmon v Hoechst [1985] ECR 2281, paragraph 26; with regard to copyright, see the judgment of 17 May 1988 in Case 158/86, Warner Brothers v Christiansen, cited above, paragraph 15). In that case, the primacy of Community law, particularly as regards principles as fundamental as those of the free movement of goods and freedom of competition, prevails over any use of a rule of national intellectual property law in a manner contrary to those principles. 57 That analysis is borne out by the case-law of the Court of Justice which in its above-mentioned judgments of 5 October 1988 - Volvo v Veng, on which the Commission relies, and CICRA v Renault - held that the exercise of an exclusive right which, in principle, corresponds to the substance of the relevant intellectual property right may nevertheless be prohibited by Article 86 if it involves, on the part of the undertaking holding a dominant position, certain abusive conduct. The questions referred to the Court in those two cases - both references for a preliminary ruling - turned on whether the conduct of two car manufacturers who reserved to themselves the exclusive right to manufacture and market spare parts for the vehicles which they produced, on the basis of their registered designs for those parts, was permissible. The Court cited, as examples of conduct constituting abuses within the meaning of Article 86, the arbitrary refusal to supply spare parts to independent repairers, the fixing of prices for spare parts at an unfair level or a decision no longer to produce spare parts for a particular model even though many cars of that model were still in circulation (Volvo v Veng, paragraph 9, and CICRA v Renault, paragraph 18). 58 In the present case, it must be noted that the applicant, by reserving the exclusive right to publish its weekly television programme listings, was preventing the emergence on the market of a new product, namely a general television magazine likely to compete with its own magazine, the TV Times. The applicant was thus using its copyright - transferred to it by the television companies - in the programme listings produced as part of the activity of broadcasting, in order to secure a monopoly in the derivative market of weekly television guides in Ireland and Northern Ireland. It appears significant, in that connection, that the applicant also authorized, free of charge, the publication of its daily listings and of highlights of its weekly programmes in the press in both Ireland and the United Kingdom. Moreover, it authorized the publication of its weekly listings in other Member States, without charging royalties. Conduct of that type - characterized by preventing the production and marketing of a new product, for which there is potential consumer demand, on the ancillary market of weekly television guides and thereby excluding all competition from that market solely in order to secure the applicant' s monopoly - clearly goes beyond what is necessary to fulfil the essential function of the copyright as permitted in Community law. The applicant' s refusal to authorize third parties to publish its weekly listings was, in this case, arbitrary in so far as it was not justified by the requirements peculiar to the activity of publishing television magazines. It was thus possible for the applicant to adapt to the conditions of a television magazine market which was open to competition in order to ensure the commercial viability of its weekly publication, the TV Times. The applicant' s conduct cannot, therefore, be covered in Community law by the protection conferred by its copyright in the programme listings. 59 In confirmation of that finding, it must also be stressed that, contrary to its assertions, the applicant' s refusal to authorize third parties to publish its weekly programme listings may be distinguished from the refusal of Volvo and Renault, considered in the abovementioned judgments of 5 October 1988, to grant third parties licences to manufacture and market spare parts. In the present case, the aim and effect of the applicant' s exclusive reproduction of its programme listings was to exclude any potential competition from the derivative market represented by information on the weekly programmes broadcast on ITV and Channel 4, in order to maintain the monopoly enjoyed, through the publication of the TV Times, by the applicant on that market. From the point of view of outside undertakings interested in publishing a television magazine, the applicant' s refusal to authorize, on request and on a non-discriminatory basis, any third party to publish its programme listings is therefore comparable, as the Commission rightly stresses, to an arbitrary refusal by a car manufacturer to supply spare parts - produced in the course of his main activity of car making - to an independent repairer carrying on his business on the derivative market of automobile maintenance and repair. Moreover, the applicant' s conduct stifled the emergence on the market of a certain type of product, namely general television magazines. Consequently, in so far as it was in particular characterized, in that regard, by a failure to take consumer needs into consideration, that conduct also presented a certain similarity to a decision by a car manufacturer - envisaged as a hypothesis by the Court of Justice in the above-mentioned judgments - no longer to produce spare parts for certain models even though there was still a market demand for such parts (Volvo v Veng, paragraph 9 of the judgment, and CICRA v Renault, paragraph 18). It is thus clear from that comparison that the applicant' s conduct is not related, according to the criteria established in the case-law to which the parties refer, to the actual substance of its copyright. 60 In the light of the foregoing considerations, the Court finds that, although the programme listings were at the material time protected by copyright as laid down by national law, which still determines the rules governing that protection, the conduct at issue could not qualify for such protection within the framework of the necessary reconciliation between intellectual property rights and the fundamental principles of the Treaty concerning the free movement of goods and freedom of competition. The aim of that conduct was clearly incompatible with the objectives of Article 86. 61 For all those reasons, the plea based on a breach of Article 86 must be dismissed as unfounded. Inadequate statement of reasons 62 The applicant maintains that the decision infringes, in two respects, the obligation laid down in Article 190 of the Treaty to state the reasons on which it is based. First, with regard to the applicant' s position on the market, the Commission did not clearly define the relevant market or markets in recitals 20 and 22 of the preamble to the decision. That confusion was further aggravated in the present proceedings by the use in the defence of different words indicating slightly different categories of products in order to describe the relevant products and, in particular, by the reference to "an entirely new kind of market, a market in information". In those circumstances, the Commission failed to fulfil its essential obligation to define the relevant market and it is impossible to determine whether ITP holds a dominant position. Secondly, the Commission did not, before establishing the existence of an abuse, sufficiently analyse the relationship between copyright and Article 86, although that matter was central to the arguments expounded by the applicant in the administrative procedure. In particular the defendant failed to define the scope of "the specific subject-matter of copyright". Nor did it give the reasons for which it considered that the contested conduct fell outside the specific scope of that right. The applicant alleges that in that respect the decision invokes new legal principles and there is therefore a duty to make the reasons for the decision especially clear. 63 The Commission contends that the decision contains all the elements necessary for the parties to know where they stand and for the Court to carry out its review of the decision. 64 In that regard, the Court finds that the Commission, in the first paragraph of recital 20 in the preamble to the decision, clearly defined the relevant products: they are the applicant' s weekly listings and also the television guides in which those listings are published. The claim that the relevant market was not defined, or was ambiguously defined, in the decision cannot, therefore, be upheld. Likewise, as regards the concept of abuse, the Commission clearly stated in the decision its reasons for finding that the applicant, by using its exclusive right to reproduce the listings as the instrument of a policy contrary to the objectives of Article 86, went beyond what was necessary to ensure the protection of the actual substance of its copyright and committed an abuse within the meaning of Article 86. Contrary to the applicant' s allegations, the statement of reasons in the contested decision is thus sufficient to allow interested parties to ascertain the main legal and factual criteria on which the Commission based its findings and to enable the Court to carry out its review. It therefore fulfils the conditions relating to the respect of the right to a fair hearing as they have consistently been defined in the case-law. The Court of Justice has held, inter alia in its judgment of 17 January 1984 in Joined Cases 43 and 63/82, VBVB and VBBB v Commission [1984] ECR 19 , that "although, under Article 190 of the Treaty, the Commission is required to state the factual matters justifying the adoption of a decision, together with the legal considerations which have led to its adopting it, the article does not require the Commission to discuss all the matters of fact and law which may have been dealt with during the administrative proceedings" (paragraph 22 of the judgment; see also the judgment of 11 July 1989 in Case 246/86, Belasco v Commission [1989] ECR 2117 , paragraphs 55 and 56). 65 Consequently, the plea based on inadequate statement of the reasons on which the decision was based must be dismissed as unfounded. 66 It follows that the application for the annulment of the decision in its entirety must be dismissed. The alternative application for the annulment of Article 2 of the decision 67 In support of its alternative conclusions, the applicant alleges infringement of Article 3(1) of Regulation No 17 and infringement of the Berne Convention of 1886 for the protection of literary and artistic works, as revised at Brussels in 1948 and at Paris in 1971 (hereinafter referred to as "the Berne Convention"), and failure to comply with the principle of proportionality with a view to obtaining the partial annulment of the decision, confined to Article 2 in so far as it imposes compulsory licensing. Infringement of Article 3(1) of Regulation No 17 of the Council Arguments of the parties 68 In the alternative, the applicant contests the obligation imposed upon it in Article 2 of the decision to permit third parties, on request and on a non-discriminatory basis, to publish its weekly programme listings. It claims that the Commission has misused its powers and infringed Article 3(1) of Regulation No 17, which provides: "Where the Commission, upon application or upon its own initiative, finds that there is infringement of Article 85 or Article 86 of the Treaty, it may by decision require the undertakings or associations of undertakings concerned to bring such infringement to an end". That article, in the applicant' s submission, only authorizes the Commission to order undertakings to bring the infringement to an end. The applicant alleges that the Commission did not merely require ITP to bring the infringement to an end but laid down the precise manner in which that was to be brought about, by requiring it to grant "compulsory licences of the protected works". It stresses that the solution adopted by the Commission thus deprives the holder of an intellectual property right of the very substance of that right, in order to allow third parties to create a completely new market using, in this case, the applicant' s programme listings in which copyright subsists. 69 The Commission, on the other hand, maintains that in Article 2 of the decision it did not exceed its powers under Article 3 of Regulation No 17. It points out that Article 2 suggests two ways of bringing the infringement to an end: the supply to third parties on request and on a non-discriminatory basis of the listings concerned with a view to their publication - the course preferred by the Commission - or the grant of licences on conditions which take account of the parties' legitimate preoccupations. Contrary to the applicant' s contention, the decision does not therefore impose a single solution but proposes, in a flexible manner, certain courses of conduct designed to bring the infringement to an end which are consistent with well-established case-law and practice (see the judgment of the Court of Justice of 6 March 1974 in Joined Cases 6 and 7/73, Commercial Solvents v Commission, cited above). Legal assessment 70 It is necessary to interpret Article 3(1) of Regulation No 17 in order to determine whether the Commission is entitled to order the applicant to permit the publication of its weekly listings by third parties, if necessary by granting licences. The Court notes that the power conferred on the Commission by Article 3 to require the undertakings concerned to bring an infringement to an end implies, according to established case-law, a right to order such undertakings to take or refrain from taking certain action with a view to bringing the infringement to an end. In that light, the obligations imposed upon the undertakings must be defined with regard to requirements related to re-establishing compliance with the law, taking into account the details of each individual case. In its judgment of 6 March 1974 in Joined Cases 6 and 7/73, Commercial Solvents v Commission, the Court of Justice held that Article 3 of Regulation No 17 "must be applied in relation to the infringement which has been established and may include an order to do certain acts or provide certain advantages which have been wrongfully withheld as well as prohibiting the continuation of certain action[s], practices or situations which are contrary to the Treaty". It specified that "[f]or this purpose the Commission may, if necessary, require the undertaking concerned to submit to it proposals with a view to bringing the situation into conformity with the requirements of the Treaty" (paragraph 45 of the judgment). Moreover, the Court of Justice has expressly acknowledged, in an order of 17 January 1980, that the Commission must be able to exercise the right to take decisions conferred upon it "in the most efficacious manner best suited to the circumstances of each given situation" (Case 792/79 R, Camera Care v Commission [1980] ECR 119, paragraph 17 of the order). 71 In the present case, the Court finds that the constituent elements of the infringement revealed by the consideration of the first plea justify the measures imposed in Article 2 of the decision. The requirement that the applicant must supply RTE, the BBC and third parties on request and on a no-discriminatory basis with its weekly listings with a view to their publication is, in the light of the specific circumstances of the case as found by the Court when considering the constituent elements of the infringement, the only means of bringing that infringement to an end, as the Commission established in the contested decision. By ordering the applicant to permit third parties, on request and on a non-discriminatory basis, to publish its weekly listings, the Commission did not deprive it of its choice between the various measures which could bring the infringement to an end. It must, moreover, be emphasized that the counterpart to the requirement that the applicant allow third parties to publish its listings, subject possibly to the payment of reasonable royalties, is the applicant' s right, which Article 2 of the decision quite properly recognizes, to include in any licences granted such terms as are necessary to ensure "comprehensive high-quality coverage of all [its] programmes, including those of minority and/or regional appeal, and those of cultural, historical and educational significance". That was the context in which the Commission ordered the applicant, in the same article, to submit for approval proposals regarding such terms. All the obligations placed on the applicant in Article 2 of the decision are thus justified in the light of their purpose, as defined in Article 3(1) of Regulation No 17, namely to bring the infringement to an end. It follows that the Commission did not go beyond the limits of its power of assessment under that paragraph. 72 For all those reasons, the plea based on infringement of Article 3(1) of Regulation No 17 must be dismissed as unfounded. Infringement of the Berne Convention Arguments of the parties 73 Also in the alternative, the applicant maintains that even if Article 3 of Regulation No 17 authorizes the Commission to prescribe, in appropriate circumstances, the granting of compulsory licences, such a solution is incompatible with the Berne Convention. It considers that, since all the Member States of the Community are parties to the Berne Convention, that convention "must be regarded as forming part of Community law and reflecting the relevant principles" thereof, pursuant to Article 234 of the Treaty. The applicant points out that Article 9(1) of the convention confers on the author of a literary or artistic work the exclusive right of reproducing the protected work. Article 9(2), introduced by the Paris revision of 1971, it claims, allows a signatory State to permit the reproduction of literary and artistic works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. The applicant infers that Article 2 of the decision is incompatible with the Berne Convention inasmuch as it conflicts with the normal exploitation of its copyright in the programme listings and seriously prejudices its legitimate interests. 74 The Commission contends, however, that the Berne Convention does not apply to the present case. The Community is not a party to the Convention, the Commission explains, and it has consistently been held that "in matters governed by the EEC Treaty, that Treaty takes precedence over agreements concluded between Member States before its entry into force" (judgment of the Court of Justice of 27 February 1962 in Case 10/61, Commission v Italy, [1962] ECR 1 ). Moreover, the Berne Convention is not applicable in any event because, in the Commission' s view, copyright within the meaning of that convention cannot subsist in programme listings. However, even if the decision did cover information in which copyright subsisted, the Commission contends in the alternative that the fact that the information was provided free of charge to certain third parties for publication shows that compulsory licensing for a reasonable fee would not prejudice the legitimate interests of the applicant and would therefore be in conformity with the Berne Convention. Legal assessment 75 Logically, consideration must first be given to the problem of the applicability to the present case of the Berne Convention and to the Commission' s argument that Community law takes precedence over the provisions of that convention. In that regard, the Court observes, first of all, that the Community - to which, as Community law now stands, powers have not been transferred in the field of intellectual and commercial property - is not a party to the Berne Convention, which has been ratified by all the Member States. As regards conventions concluded by Member States, it must be noted that Article 234 of the EEC Treaty governs the relationship between the provisions of the Treaty and international agreements concluded by the Member States before its entry into force. It provides: "The rights and obligations arising from agreements concluded before the entry into force of this Treaty between one or more Member States on the one hand, and one or more third countries on the other, shall not be affected by the provisions of this Treaty". The Court of Justice has interpreted that article as affecting only obligations entered into by Member States towards non-member countries. In its judgment of 11 March 1986 in Case 121/85, Conegate Ltd v H. M. Customs and Excise [1986] ECR 1007 , it held that "Article 234 is intended to ensure that the application of the Treaty does not affect either the duty to observe the rights of non-member countries under an agreement previously concluded with a Member State, or the observance by that Member State of its obligations under that agreement. Agreements concluded prior to the entry into force of the Treaty may not therefore be relied upon in relations between Member States in order to justify restrictions on trade within the Community" (paragraph 25 of the judgment; see also the judgment of 27 February 1962 in Case 10/61, Commission v Italy, cited above, especially at p. 10; and the judgment of 14 October 1980 in Case 812/79, Attorney-General v Burgoa [1980] ECR 2787 , paragraph 8). 76 In the present case concerning Ireland and the United Kingdom, it must be pointed out that, under Article 5 of the Act of Accession, Article 234 of the EEC Treaty applies to agreements or conventions concluded before their accession to the Community on 1 January 1973. In intra-Community relations, therefore, the provisions of the Berne Convention, ratified by Ireland and the United Kingdom before 1 January 1973, cannot affect the provisions of the Treaty. The applicant may not rely on them to justify restrictions on the system of freedom of competition established and implemented within the Community pursuant to the Treaty and, in particular, Article 86 thereof. The argument that Article 2 of the decision is in conflict with Article 9(1) of the Berne Convention must therefore be dismissed, without there even being any need to inquire into its substance. The same conclusion is reached with regard to Article 9(2). It is sufficient to point out that that paragraph was introduced by the Paris revision of 1971, to which the United Kingdom has been a party since 2 January 1990 and which Ireland has not yet ratified. As far as the United Kingdom is concerned, the Paris revision - and in particular Article 9(2) of the convention - was therefore ratified subsequent to its accession to the Community and consequently cannot affect a provision of the EEC Treaty. Member States may not set aside the rules arising out of the Treaty by concluding an international agreement or convention. If they wish to do so, they must use the procedure provided for in Article 236 of the Treaty. It follows that Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention may not be relied upon in limitation of the powers conferred on the Community by the Treaty for the implementation of the competition rules laid down therein, in particular in Article 86 and the rules for its implementation, such as Article 3 of Regulation No 17. 77 The plea based on infringement of the Berne Convention must therefore in any event be dismissed as unfounded. Failure to comply with the principle of proportionality 78 The applicant further maintains that even if it were within the Commission' s power to prescribe the measures laid down in Article 2 of the decision, those measures would be disproportionate in so far as they deprive ITP of the essential benefits of copyright, in particular the exclusive right of reproduction. Such measures should not go beyond what is strictly necessary to attain the specific purpose referred to in Article 3(f) of the Treaty (see the judgment of the Court of Justice of 23 November 1971 in Case 62/70, Bock v Commission, [1971] ECR 897, paragraph 15; the judgment of 20 February 1979 in Case 122/78, Buitoni v FORMA, [1979] ECR 677; the judgment of 11 November 1989 in Case 203/80, Casati, [1981] ECR 2595 , paragraph 27; and, in relation to competition proceedings, the judgment of 28 February 1984 in Joined Cases 228 and 229/82, Ford v Commission, [1984] ECR 1129). The applicant considers that the gravity of the encroachment upon its copyright is disproportionate to the objective pursued, namely the creation of a new market in comprehensive weekly television magazines. 79 The Commission considers that the decision is in conformity with the principle of proportionality which, it has consistently been held, means that the charges imposed on market participants must not exceed "what is appropriate and necessary to attain the objective sought". 80 It must be stressed that this is really an aspect of the same plea as that based on infringement of Article 3(1) of Regulation No 17, considered above. The principle of proportionality is implicit in that provision, which empowers the Commission to impose obligations on the undertakings concerned, for the sole purpose of bringing the infringement to an end. As the Commission rightly maintains, the principle of proportionality means, in this case, that the charges imposed on the undertakings in order to bring an infringement of competition law to an end must not exceed what is appropriate and necessary to attain the objective sought, namely the re-establishment of compliance with the rules infringed (on the principle of proportionality, see in particular the judgment of the Court of Justice of 24 September 1985 in Case 181/84, Man (Sugar) v IBAP [1985] ECR 2889, paragraph 20). 81 It is therefore sufficient to point out that it is clear from the Court' s findings concerning the plea of infringement of Article 3 of Regulation No 17 that the order addressed to the applicant to authorize third parties on request and on a non-discriminatory basis to publish its programme listings, possibly by granting a licence subject to certain conditions, is an appropriate and necessary measure in order to bring the infringement to an end. 82 In view of the foregoing considerations, the plea of failure to comply with the principle of proportionality must therefore be dismissed as unfounded. 83 It follows that the alternative conclusions seeking the annulment of Article 2 of the decision must be rejected, and that the application must be dismissed in its entirety. Costs 84 Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, applicable mutatis mutandis to procedure before the Court of First Instance under the third paragraph of Article 11 of the Council Decision of 24 October 1988, cited above, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been asked for in the successful party' s pleading. Since the applicant has failed in all its submissions, it must be ordered to pay the costs, including those of the intervener. On those grounds, THE COURT (Second Chamber) hereby: 1. Dismisses the application; 2. Orders the applicant to pay the costs, including those of the intervener. © European Communities, 2001 All rights reserved BAILII: Copyright Policy | Disclaimers | Privacy Policy | Feedback | Donate to BAILII