Kingdom of Spain v Council of the European Communities. (Fisheries) [1992] EUECJ C-73/90 (13 October 1992)

Judgment 1 By application lodged at the Court Registry on 21 March 1990, the Kingdom of Spain brought an action under the first paragraph of Article 173 of the EEC Treaty for the annulment of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4051/89 of 19 December 1989 allocating, for 1990, catch quotas between the Member States for vessels fishing in Swedish waters (OJ 1989 L 389, p. 53) and of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4057/89 of 19 December 1989 amending, for the second time, Council Regulation (EEC) No 4198/88 allocating, for 1989, catch quotas between the Member States for vessels fishing in Swedish waters (OJ 1989 L 389, p. 78). 2 Those regulations followed the Agreement on fisheries signed on 21 March 1977 between the Community and the Government of Sweden (OJ 1980 L 226, p. 2), and the annual consultations between the contracting parties concerning the allocation of catch quotas for Community vessels in the fishing zone of Sweden. Regulation No 4051/89 concerns 1990, whereas Regulation No 4057/89 concerns 1989 and provides for an increase in the herring quota available to the Community. 3 The Council adopted the contested regulations on the basis of Article 11 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 170/83 of 25 January 1983 establishing a Community system for the conservation and management of fishery resources (OJ 1983 L 24, p. 1). That system provides, inter alia, for conservation measures which, under Article 2, may involve among other things the restriction of fishing effort, in particular by limits on catches. 4 According to Article 3 of Regulation No 170/83, where, in the case of one species or a group of related species, it becomes necessary to limit the catch, the total allowable catch ("TAC") for each stock or group of stocks, the shares available to the Community as well as, where applicable, the total catch allocated to third countries and the specific conditions for taking those catches, are to be fixed each year. The shares available to the Community are to be increased by the total of Community catches outside the waters under the jurisdiction or sovereignty of the Member States. 5 Article 4(1) of Regulation No 170/83 provides that "the volume of catches available to the Community referred to in Article 3 shall be distributed between the Member States in a manner which assures each Member State relative stability of fishing activities for each of the stocks considered". Article 4(2) provides that the Council, acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 43 of the Treaty and on the basis of a report to be submitted by the Commission before 31 December 1991 on the fisheries situation in the Community, the economic and social development of the coastal areas and the state of the stocks and their likely evolution, is to make such adjustments as may prove necessary to the distribution of resources among Member States. 6 Finally, Article 11 of Regulation No 170/83 provides that the choice of conservation measures, the determination of TACs and of the volume of the catches available to the Community and the distribution amongst Member States of that volume are to be decided by the Council acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission. The regulations determining the TACs for the species of fish which must be conserved and distributing the volume of catches available to the Community among the Member States have been adopted each year, on that basis, since 1983. 7 By Council Regulation (EEC) No 172/83 of 25 January 1983 fixing for certain fish stocks and groups of fish stocks occurring in the Community's fishing zone, total allowable catches for 1982, the share of these catches available to the Community, the allocation of that share between the Member States and the conditions under which the total allowable catches may be fished (Official Journal 1983 L 24, p. 30), the Council allocated the stocks available in Community waters in accordance with the three criteria indicated in the preamble to that regulation: traditional fishing activities, the specific needs of areas particularly dependent on fishing and its dependent industries and the loss of fishing potential in the waters of third countries. 8 The same criteria were used for the distribution of the resources available outside Community waters under agreements with non-member countries contained in various Council regulations, such as Council Regulation (EEC) No 173/83 of 25 January 1983 amending Regulation (EEC) No 370/82 concerning the management and control of certain catch quotas for 1982 for vessels flying the flag of a Member State and fishing in the Regulatory Area defined in the NAFO Convention (OJ 1983 L 24, p. 68), No 174/83 of 25 January 1983 allocating among Member States catch quotas available in 1982 to the Community under the Agreement on fisheries between the Community and Canada (OJ 1983 L 24, p. 70), No 175/83 of 25 January 1983 allocating certain catch quotas between Member States for vessels fishing in the Norwegian Economic Zone and the fishery zone around Jan Mayen (OJ 1983 L 24, p. 72), and Nos 176/83 and 177/83 of 25 January 1983 allocating catch quotas between Member States for vessels fishing in Swedish waters (OJ 1983 L 24, p. 75) and in Faroese waters (OJ 1983 L 24, p. 77). 9 The percentage allocations, determined on the basis of fishing activity in the reference period from 1973 to 1978 and converted into quantitative allocations, have not changed since 1983 and have been used for all allocations since that time. The accession of the Portuguese Republic and the Kingdom of Spain to the Community on 1 January 1986 did not bring about any change in the distribution formula, the two new Member States being excluded from it. 10 Reference is made to the Report for the Hearing for a fuller account of the applicable Community legislation, the procedure and the pleas in law and arguments of the parties, which are mentioned or discussed hereinafter only in so far as is necessary for the reasoning of the Court. 11 In support of its application, the applicant puts forward two pleas in law alleging, respectively, breach of the principle of stability of fishing activities and breach of the principle of non-discrimination. The plea alleging breach of the principle of stability of fishing activities 12 The applicant maintains that, by adopting the contested regulations, which exclude it from the distribution, the Council applied in an incorrect manner the principle of stability of fishing activities embodied in Article 4(1) of Regulation No 170/83, in that it took no account of the applicant' s legitimate claims for access to the fishery resources available outside the Community, allocated to the Community as a whole. 13 In support of its contention, the applicant essentially puts forward two arguments. 14 In the first place, it claims that the review arrangements referred to in Article 4(2) of Regulation No 170/83 do not constitute the only way of adjusting the distribution formula, decided on in 1983, to reflect new circumstances. The Council itself recognized, in a statement recorded in the minutes when Regulation No 170/83 was adopted, that, even before formal review of the distribution system, it would be necessary, when assessing the relative stability of the quotas to be allocated to the Member States, to take account of the various circumstances which might significantly affect the general situation which gave rise to the initial allocation. The accession of new Member States constitutes a substantial change in that situation, as the initial pattern of distribution was designed for ten Member States and thus no longer reflects the present composition of the Community. Moreover, the lack of provisions on that subject in the Act of Accession means that the principle of relative stability of fishing activities must be applied having regard to the new composition of the Community. 15 Secondly, it submits that the quotas allocated under the contested regulations are substantially higher than those provided for in the agreement itself, the cod quota having risen from 2 500 to 7 500 tonnes, the salmon quota from 40 to 190 tonnes and the herring quota from 1 500 to 6 500 tonnes in 1989 (Regulation No 4057/89), returning to the previous level in 1990. Such a significant increase in fishing possibilities should have prompted the Council to include the applicant in the distribution, whilst safeguarding the interests of the Member States already included in it. 16 Before the above arguments are considered, it should be borne in mind that, in its judgment in Case 46/86 Romkes v Officier van Justitie [1987] ECR 2681, the Court has already given its views on the compatibility with the requirement of relative stability of fishing activities laid down in Regulation No 170/83 of the quota distributions made after the initial distribution in 1983. In paragraph 17 of that judgment, the Court thus stated that the requirement of relative stability must be understood as meaning that in that distribution each Member State is to retain a fixed percentage. It made clear in that regard that, in specifying that provisions effecting the adjustments that it may prove necessary to make to the distribution of the resources among Member States are to be enacted by the Council in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 43 of the Treaty, Article 4(2) of that regulation shows that the distribution formula originally laid down under Article 4(1), on the basis of Article 11, is to continue to apply until an amending regulation is adopted in accordance with the procedure followed for Regulation No 170/83. 17 As regards the argument concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Spain to the Community on 1 January 1986, it must be stated that the objective fact of accession cannot in itself produce legal effects, since the conditions of accession are set out in the Act of Accession. 18 In the present case, Article 2 of the relevant Act of Accession provides that, from the date of accession, the provisions of the original Treaties and the acts adopted by the institutions of the Communities before accession are to be binding on the new Member States and are to apply in those States under the conditions laid down in those Treaties and in the Act of Accession itself. 19 It is undisputed that, with respect to fisheries and, in particular, external resources, the Act of Accession (Article 167 in the case of Spain) provides for a system of integration whereby the Community merely takes over the management of fisheries agreements previously concluded with non-member countries by the new Member States, and provisionally maintains, in their case, the rights and obligations resulting therefrom, pending the adoption by the Council of appropriate decisions concerning the continuation of fishing activities under those agreements. 20 In those circumstances, pursuant to Article 2 of the Act of Accession, the existing Community rules must be applied, in particular the principle of relative stability as laid down by Regulation No 170/83, which moreover has not been amended in any way, with the exception of a technical adjustment to the number of votes in the decision-making procedure referred to in Article 14(2) (Annex I, point XV, of the Act of Accession), and as interpreted by the Court. 21 That argument must therefore be rejected. 22 It must be made clear, however, that whilst the Act of Accession did not affect, as it might have done, the existing situation regarding the distribution of external fishery resources, the fact nevertheless remains that, since accession, the Kingdom of Spain has been in the same position as those Member States that did not benefit from the initial allocation. 23 It follows that, on the one hand, that Member State is entitled to participate in the allocation of any new fishing possibilities that become available under agreements with non-member countries concluded after accession which have as their subject-matter fishery resources yet to be distributed, and, on the other hand, that if and when the system is reviewed, under Article 4(2) of Regulation No 170/83, it may put forward its claims on the same footing as all the other Member States. 24 As regards the argument concerning the significant increase in fishing possibilities in Swedish waters, it is apparent from the documents before the Court that that increase resulted, in 1989, from the extension of Sweden' s fisheries jurisdiction in the Baltic Sea under the agreement concluded between Sweden and the Soviet Union concerning the "white zone" which was previously within international waters. The consultations between the Community and Sweden, which were conducted under their fisheries agreement, led to the grant to the Community of additional fishing possibilities in that zone for the species of fish concerned, namely cod and salmon. 25 As the Council pointed out, without being contradicted, the cod catches in the former "white zone" were included in a Community TAC, shared between the Member States according to the traditional distribution formula, so that the extension of Sweden' s fishing zone in the "white zone" merely implied a transfer to the system provided for by the fisheries agreement with Sweden of a TAC previously covered by the Community' s separate system. Salmon catches in the former "white zone" were not subject to any restriction before the Soviet-Swedish agreement, with the result that the additional quantities granted by Sweden after the extension of its fishing zone in those waters were distributed having regard to the fishing activities of the Member States in respect of that stock at the time when the restrictions were imposed. 26 In view of those circumstances, the principle of relative stability of fishing activities, as interpreted by the Court, has not been infringed by the Council since, in the case of cod, it was necessary to allocate lesser quantities than were generally available in the past, which were already subject to the usual distribution; in the case of salmon, it is not disputed that the first distribution of the new quota was carried out on the basis of the traditional fishing activities. 27 In the case of herring, the applicant contests only the distribution, provided for in Regulation No 4057/89, of an additional quota of 5 000 tonnes, contending that the increase should have led the Council to include it in that distribution. 28 The first point to note is that, according to Article 2(2) of Regulation No 170/83, the measures restricting catches relate to species or groups of species; secondly, according to Article 4(1) of the same regulation, relative stability must be assured, for each Member State, "for each of the stocks considered", that is to say for fish of a particular species located within a specified geographical area. However, it is common ground that it is impossible to evaluate the precise volume of such stocks, which may fluctuate upwards or downwards from one year to the next as a result, essentially, of the biological evolution of species. That is why the Court made it clear in Romkes, cited above, that relative stability of fishing activities must be understood as meaning maintenance of a fixed percentage for each Member State and not, therefore, the guarantee of a fixed quantity of fish. 29 In those circumstances, the principle of relative stability of fishing activities cannot be interpreted as placing the Council under an obligation to effect a fresh distribution whenever an increase of a particular stock is established, where that stock was already covered by the initial allocation. This interpretation is confirmed by the fact that the increase in question merely represented one phase in the evolution of the stock in question, the fishing possibilities for herring for 1990 having since then fallen to their previous level. 30 Since the second argument cannot therefore be upheld, the plea alleging breach of the principle of relative stability of fishing activities must be rejected in its entirety. The plea in law concerning breach of the principle of non-discrimination 31 The applicant maintains that, by adopting the contested regulation without including it in the distribution formula, the Council infringed the principle of non-discrimination embodied in Article 7 of the Treaty. 32 That discrimination, in its view, derives firstly from the fact that, on the one hand, under Article 162 of the Act of Accession, the Spanish fleet has no access to the North Sea until 31 December 1995 whereas, on the other hand, since 1989 the Community has made substantial concessions to Sweden by granting it new quotas in the North Sea in exchange for the continuation of fishing activities by the fleets of certain Member States in the former "white zone" of the Baltic Sea; the discrimination derives, secondly, from the fact that although it forfeited to the Community, following accession, the power to negotiate fisheries agreements with non-member countries, the applicant is still excluded from the fishing possibilities obtained by the Community through its own negotiation of such agreements with non-member countries. 33 It is apparent from the applicant' s allegations that its plea in law presupposes that, by adopting the contested regulations, the Council has treated comparable situations differently. 34 However, it is apparent from the foregoing considerations concerning the Act of Accession that the applicant' s situation is not comparable with that of the Member States already included in the distribution decided upon in 1983, the Act having defined, in the terms mentioned, the way in which the new Member States were to be integrated into the common fisheries policy, in particular with regard to external fishery resources already available and distributed at the time of accession. 35 Accordingly, the fact that, in the present case, the Council did not act in the manner considered desirable by the applicant cannot be regarded as indicative of discrimination against it. The position would be different if the contested regulations had distributed new fishing possibilities in respect of stocks which were not previously accessible and had been obtained by the Community under agreements concluded with non-member countries after accession and had not therefore been allocated at the time of accession. However, that is not the case here. 36 The plea as to breach of the principle of non-discrimination must therefore be rejected as well. 37 It is apparent from all the foregoing considerations that the application must be dismissed in its entirety. Costs 38 Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs. Since the Kingdom of Spain has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs. Pursuant to Article 69(4), the Commission and the intervening Member States must be ordered to bear their own costs. On those grounds, THE COURT hereby: 1. Dismisses the application; 2. Orders the Kingdom of Spain to pay the costs, with the exception of those of the Commission, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United Kingdom, which are ordered to bear their own costs. © European Communities, 2001 All rights reserved BAILII: Copyright Policy | Disclaimers | Privacy Policy | Feedback | Donate to BAILII