https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/8042

Source-derived case information.

Citation: [2026] KEHC 8042 (KLR)
Parties: Petitioner: Francis Awino; Respondent: Craft Silicon Limited; Interested Party: County Government of Homa Bay
Court: High Court
Jurisdiction: Kenya
Case Number: Petition E005 of 2024
Procedural Posture: Constitutional Petition / Judgment
Outcome: Petition struck out as incompetent on account of constitutional avoidance; no order as to costs.
Judges: ["OA Sewe"]
Legal Topics: Constitutional Petition Specificity, Doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance, Right of Access to Information, Private Bodies and Article 35, Duty of Care in Software/system Deployment, Public Procurement and Public Revenue Systems, Forensic Audit and Alleged Misuse of RCMS
Source Language: en

Constitutional Law Administrative Law Procurement Law Access to Information Public Law Constitutional Petition Specificity Doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance Right of Access to Information +4 more

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Downloadable case file Legal principles 4 Authorities cited 23 Party arguments 2 Amounts and remedies 3

Parties

Francis Awino

Petitioner

Craft Silicon Limited

Respondent

County Government of Homa Bay

Interested Party

Procedural Posture

Constitutional Petition / Judgment

Legal Issues

1 Whether the petition met the constitutional pleading threshold of reasonable specificity
2 Whether the dispute could properly be determined as a constitutional petition or should be resolved on another legal basis
3 Whether the respondent, as developer and support provider of the RCMS, bore responsibility for the misuse of the system

Ratio Decidendi

Although the petition was sufficiently specific, the dispute was not fit for constitutional determination because the pleaded grievances arose from a contractual and operational controversy over the RCMS, and the petitioner failed to show that the information sought from the private respondent was required for the exercise or protection of a right or fundamental freedom. The Court therefore applied the doctrine of constitutional avoidance and struck out the petition.

Court Disposition

Petition struck out as incompetent on account of constitutional avoidance; no order as to costs.

Orders

The petition is struck out.
No order as to costs.

Full Case Text

Judgment text and source record

1 paragraphs

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\b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid7874915 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 AT HOMA BAY \par PETITION NO. E005 OF 2024 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 IN THE MATTER OF ARTICLES }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941 2, 3, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 10, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941 19, 20, 21, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 22, 23, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941 27, 40, 42, 60, 64, 131(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941 132(2), 159, 165, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 232}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941 , 233, 234, 249, 258, 259 AND 260}{\rtlch\fcs1 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}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 BETWEEN \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7874915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 FRANCIS AWINO.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 ..................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 ................................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 PETITIONER \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7874915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 VERSUS \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7874915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 CRAFT SILICON LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 ....}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 ................................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 ESPONDENT \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7874915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 AND \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7874915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp20 \wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11696946 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 OF HOMA BAY ..................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 .........................}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7874915 INTERESTED PARTY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7874915 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs2\cf1\insrsid11696946\charrsid11696946 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11675808 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid11675808\charrsid11675808 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid11675808 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13334186 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11675808\charrsid11675808 [1]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941\charrsid11750941 The petitioner described himself as a human rights crusader and the president of Bunge La Mwananchi, a national social movement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941 He filed the Petition dated 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid11750941\charrsid11750941 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941 June 2024 contending that he had noted overwhelming illegalities, irregularities and circumvention of the law by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186\charrsid15415722 Craft Silicon Limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11750941 the respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 . He explained that the respondent had been illegally awarded a tender to install a revenue collection and management system by the County Government of Homa Bay, the interested party; and that the system }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15415722 engendered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 massive loss of tax payers\rquote monies at the hands of the interested party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11675808 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186\charrsid10358218 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 \tab The petitioner listed a number of irregular activities in the system installed b}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15415722 y the respondent and averred, at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 paragraph 27 of the Petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15415722 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 that the respondent failed to provide the interested party with a system that has robust accounting features to ensure accountability and integrity of the system.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 He asserted that t here is an urgent need for the interested party to appoint different IT personnel to strengthen controls and implement audits to detect and prevent malpractices in the future.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 [3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186\charrsid10358218 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 \tab The petitioner }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 also complained th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 at, despite numerous requests }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15415722 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 be provided with information held by the respondent in respect of the financial records of the interested party, the respondent had declined, neglected or refused to do so, in contravention of the A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13334186 cess to Information Act. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 [4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 \tab Accordingly, the petitioner prayed for the following reliefs: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10358218 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 \tab An order that the respondent ceases or stops collecting and/or providing a system for the collection of Single Business Permit and any other revenues within the County of Homa Bay. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 \tab An order commanding the respondent to reimburse the interested party the cost of acquiring and installing the said revenue collection system as determined in the Valuation Report. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 \tab An order that the respondent herein forthwith grants access to the books of accounts and all other accounting systems in place with effect from 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 March 2024 to 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 April 2024 or such other date as may be fixed by the Court together with all payments received by the respondent from the County Government of Homa Bay. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 [d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 \tab Any other or further orders of the Cou rt as the Court may deem just and expedient in the circumstances. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10358218 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 [5]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 The Petition was supported by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15415722 petitioner\rquote s own }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 affidavit sworn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid10358218\charrsid10358218 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 June 2024 in which he essentially reiterated the averments set out in the Petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10358218 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16536178 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818\charrsid15678586 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 \tab The respondent filed a Response to the Petition dated 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid12349818\charrsid12349818 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 April 2025 and denied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 the allegations of illegality, irregularities, or any circumvention of the law in relation to its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 dealings with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 nterested }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 arty. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 It averred that it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 a duly registered Kenyan software}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 company engaged in the development and provision of technology solutions for the banking,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 micro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15415722 finance, and electronic payment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 sectors. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 The respondent further averred that, at all material times, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 conducted its operations lawfully, transparently, and in accordance with all applicable laws}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 and regulations. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 It put the p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 etitioner to strict proof of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12349818 allegations made by him in his Petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15678586\charrsid15678586 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15678586 \tab The respondent further averred that it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 engaged through a lawful, transparent, and competitive process in full compliance with the \par relevant procurement laws and regulations. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15678586 It added that, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 t all material times, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15678586 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 acted within}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5971906 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 the confines of the law and was not involved in the procurement decision-making process of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5971906 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5971906 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 nterested }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5971906 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 arty. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16398598 In terms of implementation, the respondent deposed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 the system was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16398598 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 developed and implemented in accordance with the highest industry standards and was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16398598 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 subjected to appropriate testing, validation, and acceptance procedures prior to deployment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16398598 It therefore asserted that a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 ny allegations of financial loss are baseless, speculati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16398598 ve, and not attributable to it. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16398598\charrsid16398598 [8]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16398598 In response to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid3020689 paragraph 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 of the Petition, }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16398598 the respondent averred that it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 not a public body within the meaning of the Access to Information Act, and as such, any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 requests for information must comply with the prescribed legal procedures and justifications.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 It added that it does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 hold or control financ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 ial records of the i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 nterested}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 party in the manner alleged; and that a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 ny data or information in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 possession is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 confidential, proprietary, and protected under contractual and legal obligations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789\charrsid12664789 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 \tab The respondent conceded that certain concerns}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3020689 of misuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 were brought to its attention by the interested party; and that it conducted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 forensic investigation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 into the Revenue Collection and Management System (RCMS), culminating in a report dated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 4}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid7874915\charrsid3020689 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3020689 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 May 2024. } {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 It further stated that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 he findings of that report confirmed that certain County Government users,}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 including a pseudo account named \'93System Admin,\'94 engaged in unauthorized transaction}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 corrections. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 However, it }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 categorically denie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 any role in the creation,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 authorization, or facilitation of those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12664789 transactions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8722226 The respondent denied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 any collaboration or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8722226 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 fraudulent activity involving itself or its personnel. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8722226 It asserted that it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 provided system architecture and audit reports that confirmed the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8722226 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 County Government's own internal users conducted these transactions using }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3020689 access }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 privileges they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3020689 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3020689 been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 assigned internally.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8722226\charrsid8722226 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8722226 \tab In response to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid6186722 paragraph 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 of the Petition, the}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8722226 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7171280 espondent conceded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 that the insight extracted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7171280 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 was obtained directly from the system\rquote s secure server logs. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 In its view, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 his demonstrates the robustness \par and reliability of the RCMS in maintaining and preserving transactional data, which enabled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 the forensic team to trace and report misuse accurately.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 It averred that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 he effectiveness }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 of the system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 was evident in the investigation, which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 successfully relied on Device ID data to trace system access and activity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 It therefore contended that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 the allegations in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid2384134 paragraphs 22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid2384134 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 of the Petition, are}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 unfounded, misleading, and mischaracterize the capabilitie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2384134 s and performance of the RCMS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676\charrsid2652676 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 \tab In conclusion, the respondent acknowledged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 the serious implica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 tions of the findings made in their investigation report and the need for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 urgent corrective measures. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 It added that it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 dedicated to restoring integrity and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 accountability within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11616816 system through immediate action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 , including the deactivation of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915\charrsid16536178 unauthorized accounts, and the implementation of enhanced security protocols.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 It therefore prayed for the dismissal of the Petition with costs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7874915 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676\charrsid2652676 [12]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 The Petition was canvassed by way of written submissions, pursuant to the directions given herein on 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid2652676\charrsid2652676 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 March 2025.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12257581 The petitioner relied on his written submissions dated 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid12257581\charrsid12257581 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12257581 May 2025. He proposed for determination the following issues:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2652676 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12257581 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12257581\charrsid11933028 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12257581 \tab Whether the respondent as the developer and technical support provider of the Revenue Collection and Management System bears the legal or constitutional responsibility}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 for the creation, use, and abuse of the pseudo \'93System Admin\'94 account and the resulting financial irregularities. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 [b]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid11933028 Whether the respondent\rquote s actions or omissions in the design, deployment, access control and post-deployment support of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 the RCMS violated the principles of transparency, accountability and prudent use of public resources under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid12714682 Articles 10, 201 and 232}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid12257581 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 [c]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid11933028 Whether the respondent, by denying access to system data and audit i nformation, violated the right to access to information under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 Article 35 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid11933028 of the Consti}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 tution and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid12714682 Access to Information Act, 2016. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 [d]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid10693498 Whether the forensic audit report prepared by the respondent establishes facts that justify a finding of shared responsibility between the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498\charrsid10693498 respondents and the officers of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid10693498 the County }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498\charrsid10693498 Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid10693498 of Homa Bay. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 [e]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid10693498 Wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498\charrsid10693498 e} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028\charrsid10693498 ther the petitioner has demonstrated sufficient constitutional and factual grounds to warrant the grant of the reliefs sought.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11933028 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10693498 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498 [13]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498\charrsid10693498 In respect of the first issue, the petitioner submitted that, since the respondent designed and developed the RCMS, it bears the responsibility for the irregularities that ensued. He submitted that the respondent owed a duty of care to the interested party to ensure th}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid30265 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498\charrsid10693498 security, reliability and integrity of the system.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498 The petitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498 that the responsibility is akin to the duty of care outlined in }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498\charrsid12714682 Donoghue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid12714682 v Stevenson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 [1932] AC 562. He also relied on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid918993 Nairobi City Council v Thabiti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid918993 Enterprises}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 [2015] eKLR and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid11885697 National Bank of Kenya Ltd v KCB}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 [1998] eKLR in which the court emphasized the duty of service providers to ensure proper control of access and accountability in systems they manage, particularly where the systems involve the collection of public funds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10693498 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid918993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid918993 [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 \tab On w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid11933028 hether the respondent\rquote s actions or omissions in the design, deployment, access control and post-deployment support of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 the RCMS violated the principles of transparency, accountability and prudent use of public resources under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid11885697 Articles 10, 201 and 232}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 of the Consti tution, the petitioner submitted that public resources must be used efficiently, effectively and for the benefit of the public. He reiterated the provisions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid918993 Articles 10, 201 and 232}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 of the Constitution and urged the Court to find that the respondent\rquote s failure to ensure the security of the RCMS renders it accountable. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid918993 [15]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 \tab The petitioner also submitted on his right to information as enshrined in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid918993 Article 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 of the Constitution. He submitted that the right to access information is not limited to public bodi es, but extends to contractors engaged by public institutions to undertake public projects. He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 relied on}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036\charrsid15163007 Section 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 of the Access to Information Act, and the cases of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid15163007 Trusted Society for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993\charrsid918993 Human Rights Alliance v Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 [2011] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 and }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036\charrsid8671036 Republic v Public Procurement Administrative Review Board & 3 others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 [2013] eKLR in urging the Court to find that failure by the respondent to supply him with the information he asked for amounts to a violation of his right under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036\charrsid8671036 Article 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid918993 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036\charrsid8671036 [16]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 \tab On whether the respondent is equally liable as the officers of the interested party implicated in the respondent\rquote s audit report, the petitioner submitted that, while the forensic audit points to officers of the County Government for misusing the system access, it remains responsible for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15163007 the weaknesses in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 the system\rquote s design and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8808391 controls. He reiterated his assertion that the ultimate responsibility lies with both the government and its contractors to ensure operational integrity. He relied on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8808391\charrsid5916931 Kenyatta v Kenya Revenue Authority }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8808391 [2014] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931\charrsid5916931 Minister for State for Provincial Administration and Internal Security & another v The Law Society of Kenya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 [2010] eKLR to underscore his assertion that the respondent bears shared responsibility for failing to implement sufficient safeguards, training or oversight during and after deployment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8671036 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15163007 Hence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 the petitioner submitted that it had established solid grounds, both cons titutional and factual, to support the reliefs sought. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537244 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931\charrsid5916931 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 \tab The respondent relied on its written submissions dated 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid5916931\charrsid5916931 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 June 2025. It reiterated the assertions made in its Response to the Petition and stated that its role }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 in the provision of a revenue collection system for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 nterested }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 arty, was limited to the development, deployment, and initial support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 of the Revenue Collection and Management System (RCMS). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 The respondent contended that, o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 nce deployed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3945195 matters to do with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5916931 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 administration and user management were entirely under the control of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 nterested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 arty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115864 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244\charrsid5537244 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 \tab In response to the petitioner\rquote s submission that it owed a duty of care to the interested party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 akin to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 the duty of care discussed in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid5537244 Donoghue v Stevenson }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244\charrsid5537244 (supra)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 the respondent submitted that the petitioner needed to go further and demonstrate the three elements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2425219 necesssary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 for establishing the duty of care. It relied on the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid5537244 Caparo Industries v Dickman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 [1990] UKHL }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 to buttress its submission that the petitioner needed to prove: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5537244 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244\charrsid5537244 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 foreseeability of harm, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244\charrsid5537244 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 proximity, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244\charrsid5537244 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 the fairness of imposing liability. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115864 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244\charrsid5537244 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 On }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244\charrsid5537244 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid5537244 oreseeability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244\charrsid5537244 , the respondent submitted that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 he RCMS was designed to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 prevent external intrusion and not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 misuse from internal users who were entrusted with system control}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid5537244 as was revealed by its forensic audit. According to the respondent, there was no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 reasonable basis to foresee that County officials would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2425219 themselves}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 misuse }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 their access }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 privileges}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 deliberately.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292\charrsid10905292 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 \tab On p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid10905292 roximity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292\charrsid10905292 the respondent submitted that there}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 was no direc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 t operational link between the r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 espondent and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 the loss. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 It reiterated that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 he actions were taken by County officers using credentials they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 assigned to themselves, and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 r}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 espondent had no ongoing administrative role}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 or visibility into internal staff conduct post-handover}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 . \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7957140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292\charrsid7957140 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 \tab On }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292\charrsid10905292 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid10905292 easonableness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292\charrsid10905292 , the respondent relied on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7957140 Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af289\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7957140 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af289\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid10905292 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid10905292 [1856]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid7957140 Yewens v Noakes [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 1880]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2425219 6 QBD 530 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid13115864 followed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid3434993 Everret Aviation Ltd v Kenya Revenue Authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid13115864 [2013] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3434993 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid7957140 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid7957140 Sendy Ltd v Commissioner of Domestic Taxes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid13115864 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid13115864 (Appeal E167 of 2023)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid13115864 [2024] KETAT 617 (KLR),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 in support of its submission that it is not reasonable to expect a system developer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 to account for deliberate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 misuse by administrative users who were assigned secure credentials by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 system owner.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 Accordingly, the respondent submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 no actionable duty of care existed in the circumstances}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 of this Petition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115864 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid7957140 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 Further to the foregoing, the respondent submitted, on the authority of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7957140 National Bank of Kenya Ltd v Pipeplastic Samkolit (K) Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid7957140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid7957140 & another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 [2001] KECA 362 (KLR), that contracting parties are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 bound by the terms of their agreement, and where a party has fulfilled its contractual \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7957140 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 obligations, it cannot be held responsible for losses caused by the actions of third parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 thereafter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115864 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid11279421 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 \tab On the right of access to information, the respondent submitted th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid15366363 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 t there is no constitutional or statutory basis for holding it liable since }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140\charrsid14834728 Article 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 of the Constitution does not impose obligations on private entities. It relied on the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid15366363 Nelson Havi v L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2425219 aw }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid15366363 S}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2425219 ociety of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid15366363 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2425219 enya}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 Petition No. 355 of 2015, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 for the proposition that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 the right to information is not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7957140 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 absolute. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 Additionally, the respondent submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421\charrsid2425219 Article 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 of the Constitution and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421\charrsid13115864 Section 6(1)(d)(e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 Access to Information Act, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2425219 protect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 confidential}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 commercial data, including system architectu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 re, code, and internal records, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 this is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 justified by legitimate commercial or public interests, such as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 privacy and protection of proprietary technology.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421\charrsid14834728 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 \tab The respondent conceded that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 Articles 10, 201, and 232 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 of the Constitution of Kenya }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 are central to Kenya\rquote s gove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 rnance framework; and that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 hey place}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 obligations on public entities and those performing public functions to uphold integrity,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 transparency, accountability, and efficient use of resources. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 It however contended that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 he extent to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 which these duties bind private contractors depends on the nature of their engagement}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 and the level of control they retain over public functions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 In this instance, the respondent submitted that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11279421 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421\charrsid11279421 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 The RCMS was delivered and tested in consultation with the Interested Party;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421\charrsid11279421 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 The system was built with full audit trail capability, detailed transaction logs,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 and Device ID tracking to ensure traceability of all user activities;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421\charrsid11279421 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 Wh}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 en concerns were raised by the interested party, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 conducted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 a forensic audit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 and prepared a report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid13115864\charrsid9834990 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid9834990 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 May 2024 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 at no additional cost, identifying the misuse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 and naming the individuals involved; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421\charrsid11279421 [d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 \tab It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 did not conceal or delete any data and instead provided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 comprehensive reports that enabled the County}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid2425219 Government of Homa Bay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 to hold internal users}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11279421 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 accountable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13115864 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728\charrsid14834728 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 Hence, the respondent submitted that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 , far from failing to uphold transparency, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 facilitated it through}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 a technically sound system and a candid audit process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 It further stated that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 RCMS functioned as intended and was built with security safeguards,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 including layered user access controls and audit logging;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 and reiterated its stance that the }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 misuse of Super Admin privileges was an internal governance failure by \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 the i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 nterested }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 arty, whose ICT team had exclusive control of all system \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14834728 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 administratio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 n functions post-deployment. It therefore denied the allegations of shared responsibility as alleged by the petitioner and contended that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14834728 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728\charrsid14494476 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 \tab It supplied user manuals and provided training during the onboarding and acceptance testing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7210518 ph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7210518 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 e of the system. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728\charrsid14494476 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 The RCMS featured device tracking, access logs, reconciliation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 tools, and accou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476 nt-based access permissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14494476 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728\charrsid14494476 [c]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 Its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 oversight was limited to technical support on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14834728 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 request and not administrative governance or user conduct. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14494476 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476 ] \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476\charrsid14494476 In the light of their submissions as above, the respondent urged the Court to find that the petitioner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid14494476 has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476\charrsid14494476 failed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid14494476 demonstrate sufficient constitutional and factual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid14494476 grounds to warrant the grant of the reliefs sought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af286\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476 . It further submitted that the Petition does not meet the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 threshold }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476 for c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 onstitutional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476 petitions as was enunciated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid13115864 the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864\charrsid16320261 Anarita Karimi Njeru v Republic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16347311 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 [1979] 1 KLR 154}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid14494476\charrsid16320261 and therefore should be dismissed with costs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13115864 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16347311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid1663724\charrsid1663724 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid1663724 \tab I have given careful consideration to the Petition, the Supporting Affidavit and the documents annexed thereto as well as the Response filed by the respondent. I have similarly considered the submissions made herein by the parties. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16347311 The starting point is the technical issue raised as to whether the Petition was pleaded with the requisite degree of specificity for purposes of the principle laid down in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 Anarita Karimi Njeru v Republic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16347311 (supra) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16347311 in which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16347311 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 it was held that: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16347311\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16347311\charrsid16003608 \'93\'85if a person is seeking redress from the High Court on a matter which involves a reference to the Constitution, it is important (if only to ensure that justice is done to his case) that he should set out with a reasonable degree of precision that of which he complains, the provi sions said to be infringed, and the manner in which they are alleged to be infringed.\'94 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16347311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid13640604 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [28} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The principle was reiterated by the Court of Appeal in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Mumo Matemu v Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 others }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid7210518 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2013] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 as follows: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16347311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16003608 \loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'93\'85\loch\f40 the \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 principle in Anarita Karimi Njeru (supra) underscores the importance of defining the dispute to be decided by the court. In our view, it is a misconception to claim as it has been in recent times with increased frequency that compliance with rules of proc \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 e\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 dure is antithetical to Article 159 of the Constitution and the overriding objective principle under section 1A and 1B of the Civil Procedure Act (Cap 21) and section 3A and 3B of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act (Cap 9). Procedure is also a handmaiden of j \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 u\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 st determination of cases. Cases cannot be dealt with justly unless the parties and the court know the issues in controversy. Pleadings assist in that regard and are a tenet of substantive justice, as they give fair notice to the other party. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\ul\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16003608 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The principle\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 in Anarita Karimi Njeru (supra) that established the rule that requires reasonable precision in framing of issues in constitutional petitions is an extension of this principle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16003608 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 . What Jessel, M.R said in 1876 in the case of Thorp v Holdsworth\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 (1876) 3 Ch. D. 637 at 639 holds true today: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16347311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16003608 \loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'93\loch\f40 \hich\f40 The whole object of pleadings is to bring the parties to an issue, and the meaning of the rules\'85\loch\f40 was to prevent the issue being enlarged, which would prevent either party from knowing when the cause came on for\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 trial, what the real point to be discussed and decided was. In fact, the whole meaning of the system is to narrow the parties to define issues, and thereby diminish expense and delay, especially as regards the amount of testimony required on either side \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 a\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 \hich\f40 t the hearing.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16347311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13640604 [29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \tab And, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 Communications Commission of Kenya & 5 others v Royal Media Services Limited & 5 others [2014] eKLR, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 restated the position as follows: -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16347311\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16347311\charrsid16003608 \'93[34]\'85 Although Article 22(1) of the Constitution gives every person the right to initiate proceedings claiming that a fundamental right or freedom has been denied, violated or infringed or threatened, a party invoking this Article has to show the rights said to be infringed, as well as the basis of his or her grievance. This principle emerges clearly from the High Court decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs20\insrsid16347311\charrsid16003608 Anarita Karimi Njeru v. Republic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16347311\charrsid16003608 , (1979) KLR 154: the necessity of a link between the aggrieved party, the provisions of the Constitution alleged to have been contravened, and the manifestation of contravention or infringement.\~ Such a principle plays a positive role, as a foundation of conviction and good faith, in engaging the constitutional process of dispute settlement\'85\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16347311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16347311 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13640604 [30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 \tab Therefore, it is now trite that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 a person who alleges a violation of any constitutional right or freedom must plead such alleged violation with a reasonable degree of specificity. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16467451 A look at t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 he Petition dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311 20}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid16347311\charrsid16347311 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311 June 2024 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451 shows}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 that the petitioner not only set out the provisions of the Constitution alleged to have been violated by the respondent, but also supplied background inform}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7210518 ation and the allegations of violation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451 The Petition has sufficient details and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 I am therefore satisfied that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451 it was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 drawn with sufficient specificity for purposes of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 Anarita Karimi Njeru v Republic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311\charrsid16005173 (supra). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16347311 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16467451 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13640604 [31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16467451 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid1663724 The parties are in agreement that the respondent was contracted by the interested party to develop and install a Revenue Collection and Management System (RCMS); and that the respondent proceeded to design the system in accordance with the agreed specifications. It is also not in dispute that the system was deployed following successful testing and handover. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14494476 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid1663724\charrsid1663724 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid1663724 \tab It is common ground that in the course of time, misuse was detected by the interested par ty and the concerns brought to the attention of the respondent. As a result, the respondent conducted a forensic audit and ascertained that the misuse was not as a result of system failure or weakness, but was deliberately orchestrated by the very persons entrusted with access credentials within the ranks of the employees of the interested party. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16347311 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656633 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16467451\charrsid11885697 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16467451 \tab In the light of the foregoing, the petitioner addressed the Court at length on the duty of care, citing such cases as }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16467451\charrsid8656633 Donoghue v Stevenson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16467451 (supra) among others. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8656633 In the same vein, the respondent pitched arguments that largely related to its contractual relationship with the interested party and the limits thereof. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3434993 Hence, the petitioner is on record as seeking the following main reliefs: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3434993\charrsid10358218 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3434993 \tab An order that the respondent ceases or stops collecting and/or providing a system for the collection of Single Business Permit and any other revenues within the County of Homa Bay. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3434993\charrsid10358218 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3434993 \tab An order commanding the respondent to reimburse the interested party th e cost of acquiring and installing the said revenue collection system as determined in the Valuation Report. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656633 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3434993\charrsid3434993 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid3434993 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16467451 The question to pose in the circumstances is whether this is a dispute that could have been resolved by way of an ordinary civil suit. This question arises because it is now trite that the Court will not determine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7210518 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16467451 as a constit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8656633 utional issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7210518 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8656633 a matter that may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16467451 be determined }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8656633 on another basis. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 In the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 K K B v S C M & 5 others }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 (Constitutional Petition 014 of 2020) [2022] KEHC 289 (KLR) (22 April 2022) (Ruling), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 Hon. Mativo, J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 (as he then was) expressed himself on the doctrine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid8656633 of constitutional avoidance as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 hereunder:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16467451 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 \'93 In summation, the doctrines of ripeness and constitutional a voidance shun to deal with a constitutional issue where there exists another legal course which can give the litigant the relief he seeks. In other words, a constitutional issue is not ripe for determination until the determination of the constitutional i s sue is the only course that can give the litigant the remedy he seeks. Both constitutional avoidance and ripeness avert the determination of the constitutional issues until it becomes very necessary to the extent that it is the only course available to as sist the litigant\rquote s cause\'85\'94 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16467451\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13640604 [35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 Similarly,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 Faraj & 3 others v Police & 2 others (Constitutional Petition 165 of 2020) [2022] KEHC 287 (KLR) (27 April 2022) (Judgment)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 the court held: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16467451\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 \'93 27. The doctrine of avoidance is primarily viewed by cou rts from the position that although a court could take up a matter and hear it, it would still decline to do so if there is another mechanism through which the dispute could be resolved. In that regard, the Supreme Court stated in Communication Commission of Kenya & 5 Others v Royal Media Services Ltd & 5 others (at para 256) that the principle of avoidance means that a Court will not determine a constitutional issue when a matter may properly be decided on another basis.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16467451 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 \'85 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16467451\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 29.The doctrine of ripeness and constitutional avoidance gives credence to the concept that the Constitution does not operate in a vacuum or isolation. It has to be interpreted and applied in conjunction with applicable legislation together with other ava i lable legal remedies. Where there are alternative remedies the preferred route is to apply such remedies before resorting to the Constitution. The possibility of the elevation of any dispute to a constitutional issue is what is sought to be averted by the doctrines of ripeness and constitutional avoidance. It is borne out of a realisation that all legislative or common-law remedies are part of the legal system\'85\'94 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16467451 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13640604 [36}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451 The Supreme Court also had occasion to express itself on the doctrine}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 Petition 14, 14A, 14B & 14C of 2014 (Consolidated) Communications Commission of Kenya & 5 others v Royal Media Services Limited & 5 others }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 [2014] eKLR (29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 September 2014) (Judgment)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451 . It held that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16467451\charrsid16005173 : \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16467451 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 \'93[256] \'85 The principle of avoidance entails that a Court will not determine a constitutional issue, when a matter may properly be decided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 on another basis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 .\~ In South Africa, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 S v. Mhlungu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 , 1995 (3) SA 867 (CC) the Constitutional Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 Kentridge AJ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 articulated the principle of avoidance in his minority Judgment as follows [at paragraph 59]: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16467451 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 \'93 I would lay it down as a general principle that where it is possible to decide any case, civil or criminal, without reaching a constitutional issue, that is the course which should be followed.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 [257] Similarly the U.S.Supreme Court has held that it would not decide a constitutional question which was properly before it, if there was also some other basis upon which the case could have been disposed of (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid16467451\charrsid11173556 , 297 U.S. 288, 347 (1936)).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid11173556 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7210518 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13640604 [37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid6766160 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 \tab As for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7364251 the right of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 access to information, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid5927058 Article 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 of the Constitution states:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid15681272 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid2115446 (1) Every citizen has the right of access to\emdash \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid2115446 (a) information held by the State; and \par (b) information held by another person and required for the exercise or protection of any right or fundamental freedom. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid2115446 (2) Every person has the right to the correction or deletion of untrue or misleading information that affects the person. \par (3) The State shall publish and publicise any important information affecting the nation. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7210518 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13640604 [38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid15486671 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 Under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid15486671 Section 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid15486671 Access to Information Act,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 every person has the right to access information unless such a right has been limited under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid6766160 Section 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 of the Act. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid7826287 Section 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993 provides: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs24\insrsid3434993 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid7364251 (1)\tab Subject to this Act and any other written law, every citizen has the right of access to information held by\emdash \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid7364251 (a)the State; and \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid7364251 (b)another person and where that information is required for the exercise or protection of any right or fundamental freedom. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid7364251 (2) Subject to this Act, every citizen's right to access information is not affected by\emdash \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid7364251 (a) any reason the person gives for seeking access; or \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid7364251 (b) the public entity's belief as to what are the person's reasons for seeking access. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3434993 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid3434993\charrsid7364251 (3) Access to information held by a public entity or a private body shall be provided expeditiously at a reasonable cost. \par (4) This Act shall be interpreted and applied on the basis of a duty to disclose and non-disclosure shall be permitted only in circumstances exempted under section 6. \par (5) Nothing in this Act shall limit the requirement imposed under this Act or any other written law on a public entity or a private body to disclose information. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2880\ri1440\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin2880\itap0\pararsid3434993\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs24\insrsid3434993 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7364251 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13640604 [39}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid15486671 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3434993\charrsid15486671 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7364251 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7210518 use of the conjunctive }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7210518\charrsid7210518 \'93and\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7210518 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7210518\charrsid7210518 Section 4(1)(b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7210518 above presupposes that a party approached the Court under that sub-section must prove that the information is held by the person sued and that it is required for the exercise or protection of any right or fundamental freedom. In this instance, there}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7364251 was no demonstration by the petitioner that the information sought from the respondent, which is a private body, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7364251\charrsid7364251 is required for the exercise or protection of any right or fundamental freedom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7210518 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7210518\charrsid7210518 such that information ought not to be sought for the sake of it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs24\insrsid3434993\charrsid7210518 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li2880\ri1440\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin2880\itap0\pararsid3434993\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs24\insrsid3434993 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8656633 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid13640604 [40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16347311\charrsid16347311 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16347311 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid7210518 In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid8656633 the premises, it is my finding that the Petition was totally unwarranted and therefore is incompetent on account of the doctrine of avoidance. The same is hereby struck out with no order as to costs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16347311 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid4997416 It is so ordered. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid4997416\charrsid4997416 DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED VIRTUALLY THIS 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\super\insrsid4997416\charrsid4997416 TH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid4997416\charrsid4997416 DAY OF MAY 2026 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4997416 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid4997416\charrsid4997416 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11696946 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid4997416\charrsid4997416 \'85\'85\'85. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid11696946 HON. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid4997416\charrsid4997416 OLGA SEWE \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af288\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid4997416\charrsid4997416 JUDGE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\cf1\insrsid4997416\charrsid4997416 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14494476 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af287\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\cf1\insrsid16347311\charrsid16320261 \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a 9cb2400825e982c78ec7a27cc0c8992416c9d8b2a755fbf74cd25442a820166c2cd933f79e3be372bd1f07b5c3989ca74aaff2422b24eb1b475da5df374fd9ad 5689811a183c61a50f98f4babebc2837878049899a52a57be670674cb23d8e90721f90a4d2fa3802cb35762680fd800ecd7551dc18eb899138e3c943d7e503b6 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