[2025] KEHC 108 (KLR)

Baya v Republic (Criminal Revision E176 of 2024) [2025] KEHC 108 (KLR) (17 January 2025) (Ruling)

Neutral citation: [2025] KEHC 108 (KLR)

Republic of Kenya

In the High Court at Malindi

Criminal Revision E176 of 2024

M Thande, J

January 17, 2025

Between

Samini Kaingi Baya

Applicant

and

Republic

Respondent

Ruling

1. The Applicant herein was charged in Malindi High Court Criminal Case No. 13 of 2020 with the offence of murder contrary to Section 203 as read with Section 204 of the Penal Code. Following a successful plea-bargaining agreement, the Applicant was on 1. 8.23 convicted on his own plea of guilty to a charge of manslaughter and sentenced to 18 years imprisonment.

2. The Applicant has now moved to this Court by an Application seeking that the Court considers the period of 3 years and 20 days spent in custody prior to sentencing, and reduce his sentence accordingly pursuant to Section 333(2) of the Criminal Procedure Code.

3. The Respondent filed grounds of opposition dated 22. 11. 24 opposing the Application. The grounds are that the sentence was determined by the Court as a matter of fact and that this Court does not have jurisdiction to review the sentenced imposed through the present Application; that the Applicant is circumventing due process instead of filing an appeal; the Applicant was charged and convicted on his own plea of guilt having willingly entered into a plea bargaining agreement; that the Application is bad in law, an abuse of the court process and ought to be dismissed.

4. It is necessary for this Court to determine at the outset whether it has jurisdiction to entertain the Application before it.

5. It is trite that Court may only exercise that jurisdiction which has been conferred upon it by the Constitution, statute or both. In the case of Samuel Kamau Macharia & another v Kenya Commercial Bank Limited & 2 others [2012] eKLR the Supreme Court succinctly stated:A Court’s jurisdiction flows from either the Constitution or legislation or both. Thus, a Court of law can only exercise jurisdiction as conferred by the Constitution or other written law. It cannot arrogate to itself jurisdiction exceeding that which is conferred upon it by law. We agree with counsel for the first and second respondents in his submission that the issue as to whether a Court of law has jurisdiction to entertain a matter before it, is not one of mere procedural technicality; it goes to the very heart of the matter, for without jurisdiction, the Court cannot entertain any proceedings.

6. This Court derives its jurisdiction principally form Article 165(3) of the Constitution which confers upon this Court unlimited original jurisdiction in criminal and civil matters, the provision clearly delineates and demarcates what the Court can and cannot do. The jurisdiction of this Court includes supervisory powers. By dint of Article 165(6) however, this Court cannot supervise superior courts. It provides:The High Court has supervisory jurisdiction over the subordinate courts and over any person, body or authority exercising a judicial or quasi-judicial function, but not over a superior court. (emphasis)

7. The Applicant’s case was heard and determined by this Court, which is a superior court. What he now seeks is that this Court reopens the matter and reviews its own decision, a jurisdiction it does not have. In this regard, I associate with the holding in John Kagunda Kariuki v Republic [2019] eKLR, where Ngugi, J, (as he then was) stated:10. In the present case, the Applicant’s appeal has already been heard by the High Court. He cannot return to the High Court for a review of the sentence imposed. He is at liberty to make an argument for reduced sentence at the Court of Appeal.

8. I am also guided by the holding in Bellevue Development Company Ltd v Francis Gikonyo & 7 others [2018] eKLR, where Kiage, JA considered whether a judge can review the finding of a judge of concurrent jurisdiction and stated:I have no difficulty upholding the learned Judge?s holding that as a judge of the High Court he had no jurisdiction to enquire into or review the propriety of the decisions of the Judges, who were of concurrent jurisdiction as himself. In our system of courts, which is hierarchical in nature, judges of concurrent jurisdiction do not possess supervisory jurisdiction over each other. No judge of the High Court can superintend over fellow judges of that court or of the superior courts of equal status. That much is plain common sense. It has, moreover, been expressly stated in Article 165(6) of the Constitution in these terms;“The High Court has supervisory jurisdiction over the subordinate courts and over any other person, body or authority exercising a judicial or quasi judicial function, but not over a superior court.” (Our emphasis)The learned Judge reasoned, correctly in my view, that an enquiry into the complaints in the appellant?s petition against the Judges called upon him to determine the lawfulness or good faith basis of both their decisions and their conduct, and he could not purport to arrogate to himself the power to review their decisions over which he had no authority. Such an undertaking would have been a plain nullity as had been stated by this Court in Peter Ng’ang’a Muiruri Vs. Credit Bank Ltd & 2 Others Civil Appeal No. 203 of 2006 which the learned Judge cited. The Court in dispelling the notion that a judge of concurrent jurisdiction could supervise fellow judges had stated as follows;“It would be a usurpation of power to push forward such an approach, and whatever decision emanates from a court regarding itself as a constitutional court, with powers of review over decisions of concurrent or superior jurisdiction, such decision is at best a nullity.”This position is so well established that it would be a strange aberration for a judge to embark on what is essentially an examination of the judicial conduct and pronouncements of judges of the same status as himself, a task that is left to courts and judges of higher status in the hierarchy, by way of appeals.

9. Flowing from the foregoing, it is clear that this Court cannot supervise a superior court whether of concurrent or higher jurisdiction. The constitutional supervisory jurisdiction and statutory revision jurisdiction of this Court is limited to decisions of subordinate courts and cannot be extended to superior courts.

10. In light of the foregoing, I decline the invitation by the Applicant to scrutinize and interrogate the decision of a judge of concurrent jurisdiction.

11. The Application being incompetent for want of jurisdiction is hereby struck out.

DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED IN MALINDI THIS 17TH DAY OF JANUARY 2025_____________________M. THANDEJUDGE