[2007] KEHC 491 (KLR)
The court found that the plea entered by the appellants was not unequivocal because neither the charge nor the facts as admitted by the appellants established that they had knowledge that the notes in their possession were fake, which is an essential element of the offence under section 367(a) of the Penal Code. The...
Source-derived case information.
- Citation
- [2007] KEHC 491 (KLR)
- Parties
- Appellant: Benson Kiarie Ngugi; Respondent: Republic
- Court
- High Court
- Court Station
- High Court at Bungoma
- Jurisdiction
- Kenya
- Case Number
- Criminal Appeal 209 of 1997
- Procedural Posture
- Criminal Appeal / Judgment
- Outcome
- appeal_allowed
- Judges
- J Karanja
- Legal Topics
- Plea Taking, Equivocal Plea, Elements of Offence, Possession of Forged Currency
- Source Language
- en
Source-derived case record
Summary, issues, holding and outcome
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Parties
Benson Kiarie Ngugi
Appellant
Republic
Respondent
Procedural Posture
Criminal Appeal / Judgment
Legal Issues
- 1 Whether the plea entered by the appellants was unequivocal and valid under the law.
- 2 Whether the facts admitted by the appellants disclosed all the essential elements of the offence under section 367(a) of the Penal Code.
- 3 Whether the conviction and sentence based on the plea could stand.
Ratio Decidendi
The court found that the plea entered by the appellants was not unequivocal because neither the charge nor the facts as admitted by the appellants established that they had knowledge that the notes in their possession were fake, which is an essential element of the offence under section 367(a) of the Penal Code. The court emphasized that possession of fake notes per se is not an offence unless accompanied by guilty knowledge. The trial court failed to explain all essential elements of the charge to the appellants, and their responses did not amount to an admission of all elements. As a result, the conviction could not stand, and the appeal was allowed, with the conviction quashed and the...
Court Disposition
appeal_allowed
Orders
- The appeal is allowed.
- The conviction against both appellants is quashed.
Full Case Text
Judgment text and source record
25 paragraphs
REPUBLIC OF KENYA IN THE HIGH COURT OF KENYA AT BUNGOMA
Criminal Appeal 209 of 1997
BENSON KIARIE NGUGI....................................APPELLANT
VS
REPUBLIC........................................................RESPONDENT
JUDGMENT
The appellants herein were charged before the Senior Principal Magistrate Court, Bungoma with a charge of “Being in possession of papers for forgery contrary to section 367 (a) of the Penal code.”
Particulars of the charge were that
“On the 27th November, 1997 at Bungoma Township in Bungoma District within Western Province, knowingly had in his possession of papers upon words, figures, letters, marks, lines had been printed to resemble Ksh.1,000/= and Ksh.500/= notes” sic.
Upon the particulars being read over and explained to the appellants, they each replied:
“I admit I had fake notes.”
A plea of guilty was entered against them. The facts were read out to them and they each replied “facts are true”.
A conviction followed and they were each sentenced to serve 2 years imprisonment. Being dissatisfied with the said conviction and sentence, they filed this appeal through J. S. Khakula & Co. Advocates. The appeal is premised on the following grounds:-
1. The learned Senior Principal Magistrate erred in law in accepting the accused’s words as a plea of guilty.
2. The facts given by the prosecution did not disclose an offence under section 367 (a) of the Penal Code.
3. The learned Senior Principal Magistrate erred in law in convicting the appellant on his own plea of guilty when the plea was equivocal.
-The 4th ground was abandoned. The learned counsel for the appellants expounded these grounds in court and urged the court to allow the appeal. Mr. Ndege, counsel for the state intimated that he was opposing the appeal in a preliminary point in view of section 348 of the Criminal procedure Code. In my considered view, however, I believe this is a point in law. Section 348 of the Civil Procedure Code only applies where the plea is unequivocal. Where the appellant nonetheless challenges the manner in which the plea was taken and more so puts forward the claim that the plea was equivocal, then this becomes a point of law and the appellant must be heard on his appeal against a conviction that follows such a plea. I believe it is on that basis that the judge who admitted this appeal admitted the same as against both the conviction and the sentence.
I have perused the record of the trial court along with section 367 (a) of the Penal Code under which the appellants were charged. I agree with learned counsel for the appellants that under section 367 (a) knowledge is an essential ingredient. Possession of a fake note per se is not an offence. One has to possess the same with the knowledge that it was fake. This is not a strict liability offence. The only issue that arises in this appeal therefore is whether the answers given by the appellants on plea show that they knew that the said notes were fake. Their answer as set out earlier was “I admit I had fake notes”. That in itself does not amount to an offence. The answer does not show that other than processing the said notes, the appellants had the knowledge that they were fake. The particulars as read to and admitted by the appellants do not include the statement that the appellants knew that the said notes were fake. Neither the answer to the charge, nor the one to the fact after they were read over to the appellants gives the slightest indication that the appellants were aware that the offence was not the possession of the notes – but the possession accompanied with the knowledge that they were fake.
Guilty knowledge cannot be deduced from their conduct before arrest. After evaluating the material before me, my finding is that all the essential elements of the charge were not clearly explained to the appellants as stipulated in the well celebrated case of ADAN -V- REPUBLIC (1973) E.A 445, KARIUKI -V- REPUBLIC (1984) KLR 809 and other subsequent cases. For the aforegoing reasons, my finding is that the pleas entered by the appellants were not equivocal. The conviction against them cannot therefore stand. Accordingly, I allow this appeal, quash the conviction against both appellants and set aside the sentence imposed by the trial court.
W. KARANJA
JUDGE
15/5/2007
Delivered today in open court in the presence of:
Mr. Makali for Khakula for the appellant.
Mr. Onderi for the state.