Export Processing Zones Authority v Nzei & Company Advocates (Environment and Land Miscellaneous Application E048 of 2024) [2025] KEELC 18405 (KLR) (16 December 2025) (Ruling)

REPUBLIC OF KENYA IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND LAND COURT AT MACHAKOS ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES AUTHORITY::::::::::::::::APPLICANT NZEI VERSUS & COMPANY ADVOCATES::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::RESPONDENT RULING The application is dated 15th November 2024 and is brought pursuant to the Order of the Court of 6th November, 2024, Section 1A, 1B and 3A of the Civil Procedure Act, Cap 21 seeking the following orders; 1. THAT the Honourable Court be pleased to set aside the decision of the Honorable Taxing Officer (Hon. Anne Nyoike) delivered on 29th May, 2023 on the Advocate-Client Bill of Costs dated 25th March, 2022 in respect to items 1 and 2 on instruction fees only. 2. THAT the Honourable Court be pleased to tax afresh the Advocate- Client Bill of Costs dated 25th March, 2022 in respect to items 1 and 2 on instruction fees only. 3. THAT in the alternative to prayer 2, the Honourable Court be pleased to remit the Advocate-Client Bill of Costs dated 25th March, 2022 for fresh taxation by a different Taxing Officer in respect to items 1 and 2 on instruction fees only. ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 1 4. THAT costs of this Application be provided for. It is supported by the sworn annexed Affidavit of WINNIE SANG and on the following grounds that the Advocate filed an Advocate-Client Bill of Costs dated 26th March, 2022 arising out of services rendered to the client in Machakos ELC Case No. 315 of 2019 - Tanathi Water Services Board vs Export Processing Zones Authority. That in the primary suit, the contention revolved around the ownership and control of the Client’s water supply and sewerage facilities, including issues of connectivity, treatment and discharge of effluents. The Advocate filed a Statement of Defence and Counter-claim dated 26th November, 2009 and through the said Counter-claim sought permanent injunctive reliefs against the Plaintiff. That however, the primary suit never proceeded to full trial for reason that being related to Machakos ELC Case No. 35 of 2010 - Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd & Others vs Export Processing Zones Authority & Others in terms of the cause of action and reliefs sought, by an Order issued on 16th July, 2018, the Court in conduct of both matters (Hon. Justice Angote) stayed proceedings in the primary suit and directed that the said primary suit awaits the decision in Machakos ELC Case No. 35 of 2010 - Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd & Others vs Export Processing Zones Authority & Others. That subsequently, judgment was delivered in Machakos ELC Case No.35 of 2010 - Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd & Others vs Export Processing Zones Authority & Others on 4th October, 2019 and the said Judgment was adopted, in its entirety, as the Judgment of the Court in the primary suit through the Court’s ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 2 Order of 17th November, 2021. That the Advocate filed an Advocate - Client Bill of Costs dated 10th June, 2020 in Machakos ELC Case No. 35 of 2010 - Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd & Others vs Export Processing Zones Authority & Others which was taxed from Kshs. 118,739,93/= to Kshs. 27,410,844/=. That the Client unsuccessfully challenged the Taxing Officer’s decision whereby in a Ruling delivered on 29th October, 2021, the Hon. Justice Angote held that the Taxing Officer had correctly applied herself based on the value of the subject matter which the Court determined as Kshs. 700,000,000/-, ascertainable from the Judgment and the pleadings in the matter. That it is on the foregoing background that the Advocate filed the Advocate-Client Bill of Costs dated 25th March, 2022 leading to the Hon. Taxing Officer’s Ruling dated 29th May, 2023 which is under challenge even though the same was taxed from Kshs. 60,117,490/- to Kshs. 35,505,007/=. That the Client is aggrieved that even though the Honorable Taxing Officer, in the impugned Ruling, expressly acknowledged the existence of Machakos ELC Case No. 35 of 2010 - Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd & Others vs Export Processing Zones Authority & Others and further adopted the value of the subject matter as Kshs. 700,000,000/-, the Taxing Officer taxed the Bill of Costs herein at Kshs. 35,505,007/- in the face of the taxed amount in the related suit standing at Kshs. 27,410,844/-. That there is no justification whatsoever as to why the Taxing Officer taxed the Bill of Costs herein at Kshs. 35.505,007/-, when the primary suit did not proceed to full trial and more importantly: when the Advocates’ costs in the related suit ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 3 (Machakos ELC Case No. 35 of 2010 - Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd & Others vs Export Processing Zones Authority & Others) which proceeded to full trial, was taxed at Kshs. 27,410,844/-. That it is further apparent that the Taxing Officer erred in principal and disregarded factors which she ought to have taken into consideration by taxing items 1 and 2 of the Bill of Costs at Kshs. 10,705,000/- and Kshs. 10,610,000/-, being instruction fees to defend the primary suit and instruction fees to raise a Counter-claim, respectively, for reasons that even though the Taxing Officer applied the appropriate scale (Schedule 6), she failed to consider that the basic instruction fee arrived at under item 1 was ripe for reduction on the basis of the work done, which was significantly less compared to the Advocate’s work in the related suit (Machakos ELC Case No. 35 of 2010 - Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd & Others vs Export Processing Zones Authority & Others); The instruction fee under item 1 was further to be subjected to Schedule 6(1)(c) which sets the said fee at 75% of the basic fee where the suit is determined in any manner whatsoever without going to full trial, as was the case in the primary suit; Even though the Advocate is entitled to instruction fee on the Counter-claim, the same could not be taxed at Kshs. 10,610,000 considering the fact that the Counter-claim did not raise any issues substantially different from the Plaint and further considering the fact that the primary suit did not go to full trial. That considering the circumstances surrounding the primary suit in comparison with the related suit, it is manifest that awarding instruction fees at ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 4 Kshs. 10,705,000/- and Kshs. 10,610,000/- (items 1 and 2) was inordinately high, excessive and unjust. That Taxing Officer erred in failing to consider the incomplexity of the matter and the fact that the advocate did not take any further steps beyond the filing of the Defense and Counter-claim in the primary suit. That the award made by the Taxing Officer is against public interest given that the Applicant is a public institution which operates on taxpayers’ money and on pre-approved budgets. The Advocate should not be allowed to unjustly benefit from tax-payers’ money. The Respondent submitted that taxation of a bill of costs is not a mathematical exercise but the discretion of the Taxing Master. That the allegation that the Taxing Master committed an error of principle because the fees in a related matter were taxed lower is misplaced. That no misdirection in law nor demonstrable manifest error has been shown to justify the court’s intervention. This court has considered the application and the submissions therein. The procedure for the challenge of a Taxing Master's decision is provided under Rule 11 of the Advocates Remuneration Order which provides as follows: “(1) Should any party object to the decision of the taxing officer, he may within 14 days after the decision give notice in writing to the taxing officer of the items of taxation to which the objects. ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 5 (2) The taxing officer shall forthwith record and forward to the objector the reasons for his decision on those items and the objector may within fourteen days from the receipt of the reasons apply to a judge by chamber summons, which shall be served on all the parties concerned, setting out the grounds of his objection.” Be that as it may, the principles of varying or setting aside a Taxing Master’s decision are set out in the cases of First American Bank of Kenya vs Shah and Others (2002) EA 64 and Joreth Ltd vs Kigano and Associates (2002) 1 EA 92, that the Taxing Master’s judicial discretion can only be interfered with when it is established that the there was an error of principle, that the fee awarded is manifestly excessive for such an inference to arise, and where discretion is exercised capriciously and in abuse of the proper application of the correct principles of law. In First American Bank of Kenya vs Shah and Others (2002) E.A.L.R 64 the court held that; “First, I find that on the authorities, this court cannot interfere with the taxing officer’s decision on taxation unless it is shown that either the decision was based on an error of principle, or the fee awarded was so manifestly excessive as to justify an inference that it was based on an error of principle”. These principles reiterate the position of the Court of Appeal in Joreth Ltd vs Kigano & Associates (2002) eKLR, where the said Court held that a Taxing Master in assessing costs to be paid to an advocate in a bill of costs was ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 6 exercising her judicial discretion and that such judicial discretion can only be interfered with when it is established that the discretion was exercised capriciously, and in abuse of proper application of the correct principles of law, or where the amount of fees awarded by the Taxing Master is excessive to amount to an error in principle. The Applicant in the instant application contends that being dissatisfied with the Taxing Officer’s decision have filed this application. That the Taxing Officer erred in law and in fact by awarding excessive fees on the Instructions Fees based on the value of the property which was Kshs. 700,000,000/= which was not disputed. That the correct one would be schedule 6(1)(a). In Republic vs Minister for Agriculture & 2 Others ex parte Samuel Muchiri W’Njuguna (2006) eKLR Ojwang, J (as he then was) expressed himself as follows: “The taxation of costs is not a mathematical exercise; it is entirely a matter of opinion based on experience. A Court will not, therefore, interfere with the award of a taxing officer, particularly where he is an officer of great experience, merely because it thinks the award somewhat too high or too low; it will only interfere if it thinks the award so high or so low as to amount to an injustice to one party or the other…The court cannot interfere with the taxing officer’s decision on taxation unless it is shown that either the decision was based on an error of principle, or the fee awarded was manifestly excessive as to justify an inference that it was ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 7 based on an error of principle. Of course it would be an error of principle to take into account irrelevant factors or to omit to consider relevant factors. And according to the Advocates (Remuneration) Order itself, some of the relevant factors to take into account include the nature and importance of the case or matter, the amount or value of the subject matter involved, the interest of the parties, the general conduct of the proceedings and any direction by the trial judge. Needless to state not all the above factors may exist in any given case and it is therefore open to the Taxing Officer to consider only such factors as may exist in the actual case before him. If the court considers that the decision of the taxing officer discloses errors of principle, the normal practice is to remit it back to the taxing officer for reassessment unless the Judge is satisfied that the error cannot materially have affected the assessment…A taxing officer does not arrive at a figure by multiplying the scale fee, but places what he considers a fair value upon the work and responsibility involved…Since costs are the ultimate expression of essential liabilities attendant on the litigation event, they cannot be served out without either a specific statement of the authorising clause in the law, or a particularised justification of the mode of exercise of any discretion provided for…The complex elements in the proceedings which guide the exercise of the taxing officer’s discretion, must be specified cogently and with conviction. The nature of the forensic responsibility placed upon ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 8 counsel, when they prosecute the substantive proceedings, must be described with specificity. If novelty is involved in the main proceedings, the nature of it must be identified and set out in a conscientious mode. If the conduct of the proceedings necessitated the deployment of a considerable amount of industry and was inordinately time-consuming, the details of such a situation must be set out in a clear manner. If large volumes of documentation had to be classified, assessed and simplified, the details of such initiative by counsel must be specifically indicated – apart, of course, from the need to show if such works have not already been provided for under a different head of costs…” In KANU National Elections Board & 2 others v Salah Yakub Farah [2018] eKLR, it was held that: “The principles applicable to a review of a taxing master’s decision The general principles governing interference with the exercise of the taxing master’s discretion were authoritatively stated by the South African court in the case of Visser vs Gubb 1981 (3) SA 753 (C) 754H – 755C as follows:- “The court will not interfere with the exercise of such discretion unless it appears that the taxing master has not exercised his discretion judicially and has exercised it improperly, for example, by disregarding factors which he should properly have considered, or considering matters which it was improper for him to have ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 9 considered; or he had failed to bring his mind to bear on the question in issue; or he has acted on a wrong principle. The court will also interfere where it is of the opinion that the taxing master was clearly wrong but will only do so if it is in the same position as, or a better position than, the taxing master to determine the point in issue . . . The court must be of the view that the taxing master was clearly wrong, i.e. its conviction on a review that he was wrong must be considerably more pronounced than would have sufficed had there been an ordinary right of appeal.” Differently put, before the court interferes with the decision of the taxing master it must be satisfied that the taxing master’s ruling was clearly wrong, as opposed to the court being clearly satisfied that the taxing master was wrong. This indicates that the court will not interfere with the decision of the taxing master in every case where its view of the matter in dispute differs from that of the taxing master, but only when it is satisfied that the taxing master’s view of the matter differs so materially from its own that it should be held to vitiate the ruling. (See Ocean Commodities Inc and Others vs Standard Bank of SA Ltd and Others [1984] ZASCA 2; 1984 (3) and Legal and General Insurance Society Ltd vs Lieberum NO and Another 1968 (1) SA 473 (A) at 478G.) ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 10 It is settled law that when a court reviews a taxation it is vested with the power to exercise the wider degree of supervision. (Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Co. vs Johannesburg Town Council 1903 TS 111). The Taxing Master is required to take into account the time necessarily taken, the complexity of the matter, the nature of the subject-matter in dispute, the amount in dispute and any other factors he or she considers relevant. The ultimate question raised by the applicant for review/setting aside the taxation is therefore whether the Taxing Master struck this equitable balance correctly in the light of all the circumstances of this particular case. The scope of this application requires this court be satisfied that the Taxing Master was clearly wrong before interfering with her decision. The quantum of such costs is to be what was reasonable to prosecute or defend the proceedings and must be within the remuneration order. The determination of such quantum is determined by the Taxing Master and is an exercise of judicial power guided by the applicable principles. It is a well-established principle of review that the exercise of the Taxing Master's discretion will not be interfered with ‘unless it is found that he/she has not exercised his/her discretion properly, as for example, when he/she has been actuated by some improper motive, ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 11 or has not applied his/her mind to the matter, or has disregarded factors or principles which were proper for him/her to consider, or considered others which it was improper for him/her to consider, or acted upon wrong principles or wrongly interpreted rules of law, or gave a ruling which no reasonable man would have given.' (Per SMIT AJP in Preller vs S Jordaan and Another 1957 (3) SA 201 (O) at 203C - E.) Guidance can also be obtained from the Canadian case of Reese vs. Alberta {1993} 5 A.L.R. (3rd) 40in which McDonald J. sets out the general principles applicable to awarding costs, at page 44:- "While the allocation of costs of a lawsuit is always in the discretion of the court, the exercise of that discretion must be consistent with established principles and practice. … The costs recoverable are those fees fixed for the steps in the proceeding by a schedule of fees ….plus reasonable disbursements….” In principle, costs are awarded, having regard to such factors as:- (a) the difficulty and complexity of the issues; (b) the length of the trial; (c) value of the subject matter and (d) other factors which may affect the fairness of an award of costs. The law obligates the taxing master to take into account the above principles. ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 12 Restating the principles of taxation of costs, the Ugandan Supreme court in Bank of Uganda vs. Banco Arabe Espanol SC Civil Application No. 23 of 1999 (Mulenga JSC).stated:- "Save in exceptional cases, a judge does not interfere with the assessment of what the taxing officer considers to be a reasonable fee. This is because it is generally accepted that questions which are solely of quantum of costs are matters with which the taxing officer is particularly fitted to deal, and in which he has more experience than the judge. Consequently a judge will not alter a fee allowed by the taxing officer, merely because in his opinion he should have allowed a higher or lower amount. Secondly, an exceptional case is where it is shown expressly or by inference that in assessing and arriving at the quantum of the fee allowed, the taxing officer exercised, or applied a wrong principle. In this regard, application of a wrong principle is capable of being inferred from an award of an amount which is manifestly excessive or manifestly low. Thirdly, even if it is shown that the taxing officer erred on principle, the judge should interfere only on being satisfied that the error substantially affected the decision on quantum and ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 13 that upholding the amount allowed would cause injustice to one of the parties." …The principles guiding the review of taxation in this court were settled in President of the Republic of South Africa and Others v Gauteng Lions Rugby Union and Another: “a. Costs are awarded to a successful party to indemnify it for the expense to which it has been put through, having been unjustly compelled either to initiate or defend litigation. b. A moderating balance must be struck which affords the innocent party adequate indemnification, but within reasonable bounds. c. The taxing master must strike this equitable balance correctly in the light of all the circumstances of the case. d. An overall balance between the interests of the parties should be maintained. e. The taxing master should be guided by the general precept that the fees allowed constitute reasonable remuneration for necessary work properly done. f. And the court will not interfere with a ruling made by the taxing master merely because its view differs from his or hers, but only when it is satisfied that the taxing master’s ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 14 view differs so materially from its own that it should be held to vitiate the ruling.” The Applicant stated that they were instructed by the Respondent to represent them in a dispute where the subject matter was valued at Kshs. 700,000,000/=. That the Taxing Master awarding instruction fees at Kshs. 10,705,000/- and Kshs. 10,610,000/- (items 1 and 2) was inordinately high, excessive and unjust. That they existed a similar matter, Machakos ELC Case No. 35 of 2010 - Kapa Oil Refineries Ltd & Others vs Export Processing Zones Authority & Others which judgement was adopted in this matter and the costs were taxed less. The Taxing Master in her ruling dated 29th May 2023 provided that the taxation of the matter would be based on Remuneration (Amendment) order of 2014. Under Item one the taxing master based her calculations on schedule 6. The Taxing Master contended that the subject matter was valued at kshs.700,000,000/= which was not disputed and so, the advocate’s instruction fees would be assessed under Schedule 6. She then proceeded to tax item 1 at Kshs. 10,705,000/=. On item 2 awarded Kshs. 10,610,000/= for the counterclaim Schedule 6 provides that; “To sue in any proceedings (whether commenced by plaint, petition, originating summons or notice of motion) in which no defense or other denial of liability is filed, where the value of the subject matter can be ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 15 determined from the pleading, judgment or settlement between the parties and— That value exceeds But does not exceed Kshs 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 Kshs. 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 Kshs. 45,000 65,000 75,000 20,000,000 fees as for Kshs. 1,000,000 plus an additional 1.75% Over 20,000,000 fees as for 20,000,000 plus an additional 1.5%. (b) To sue in any proceedings described in paragraph (a) where a defense or other denial of liability is filed; or to have an issue determined arising out of inter-pleader or other proceedings before or after suit; or to present or oppose an appeal where the value of the subject matter can be determined from the pleadings, judgment or settlement between the parties and— That value exceeds But does not exceed Kshs. 500,000 750,000 Kshs. 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 Kshs. 75,000 90,000 120,000 16 1,000,000 20,000,000 fees as for Kshs.1,000,000 plus an additional 2%. Over 20,000,000 Fees as for 20,000,000 plus an additional 1.5%. (c) To defend proceedings where the defendant substantially adopts the defence of another defendant; an instruction fee calculated under sub- paragraph 1(a). (d) To defend any other proceedings; an instruction fee calculated under subparagraph” The Advocate Remuneration Order is a remuneration code which stipulates how an advocate is to be remunerated once the advocate is retained to render professional services. It contains a costing of the services ordinarily rendered by advocates. Because it is a code which specifies what a particular service would cost, it has been split into various schedules, each schedule containing the costing of a particular category of services. The First Part of Schedule 1 relates to services rendered by an advocate in relation to sales and purchases of land. The Second Part of Schedule 1 relates to services rendered by an advocate in relation to debentures, mortgages and charges. The third part of Schedule 1 relates to services rendered by an advocate in relation to negotiation of sale of property by private treaty or loan secured by mortgage. It is not disputed that this bill of costs arises out of a dispute was valued at over Kshs. 700,000,000/=. I find that the applicable scale is indeed found in Schedule ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 17 6 of the advocates Remuneration Order 2014. The Taxing Master in her ruling dated 21st August 2024 provided that the taxation of the matter would be based on Remuneration (Amendment) order of 2014. Under Item one the taxing master based her calculations on schedule 6 of the 2014 Advocates Remuneration order. She considered that the value of the subject matter was Kshs. 700,000,000/=. She awarded the instruction fees at Kshs.10,705,000/= and awarded kshs. 10,610,000/= for the Counterclaim. I find an era in principle and in the circumstances the fees awarded are excessively high. Bearing in mind that this suit was stayed pending the hearing of a similar suit and the judgement adopted thereafter. I find that there is an error by the Taxing Master in the assessment. Consequently, I find that the application is merited and make the following orders; 1. That the Ruling of the Taxing Officer delivered on 29th May, 2023 in the ELC Misc. Application No. 017 of 2023 and the Certificate of Taxation arising thereon be set aside/vacated. 2. That the bill of costs remitted back to be taxed by a different Taxing Master. 3. There will be no order as to costs. It is so ordered. DELIVERED, DATED AND SIGNED AT MACHAKOS THIS 16TH DAY OF DECEMBER 2025. ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 18 N.A. MATHEKA JUDGE ELC. MISC. APPLICATION NO. E048 OF 2024 19