https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/8897

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02016d0cf200670ce200610cd200780cd1008f0cd100040000002d0103000400000006010100040000002d010400040000002701ffff04000000020101001c00 0000fb02a4ff0000000000009001000000000440002243616c6962726900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000002d0105000400 00002d010500040000002d010500050000000902000000020d000000320a55001c00010004001c00feff450d080e2000360005000000090200000002040000002d010000040000002d010000030000000000}\par}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258949 \par }}{\footerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4680\tqr\tx9360\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9258949 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\ul\insrsid10244618 REPUBLIC OF KENYA \par IN THE HIGH COURT OF KENYA \par AT HOMA BAY \par CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. E0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\ul\insrsid1926943 60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\ul\insrsid10244618 OF 202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\ul\insrsid1926943 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\ul\insrsid10244618 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 JACK OTIENO OGUTA\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85..\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85.APPELLANT \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 VERSUS \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp20 \tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 REPUBLIC\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid2305475 \'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \'85.RESPONDENT \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 (Being an appeal from the conviction and sentence dated 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs20\super\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 December 2023 in Homa Bay Chief Magistr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid1926943 ate\rquote s Sexual Offence Case No. E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 006 of 2023 by Hon. B. K.Toroitich, RM)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\ul\insrsid10244618 JUDGMENT \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [1]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 This appeal arises from the conviction and sentence of the Magistrate\rquote s Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618\charrsid10244618 Homa Bay Chief Magistrate\rquote s Sexual Offence Case No. E006 of 2023: Republic v Jack Otieno Oguta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 dated 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid10244618\charrsid10244618 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 December 2023. In that case, the appellant was charged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3157681 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid2050288 the offence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 defilement contrary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Section 8(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 as read with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Section 8(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid2050288 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 of the Sexual Offences Act, No. 3 of 2006. The particulars of the charge were that on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5990689 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid2050288 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid10244618 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid2050288 day of February}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 2023 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid2050288 Sofia area in Homa Bay Sub County within }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Homa Bay County he unlawfully and intentionally caused his penis to penetrate the vagina of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid2050288 J.A.O., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid2050288\charrsid405676 a child aged 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618\charrsid405676 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 In the alternative, the appellant was charged with committing an indecent act with a child, contrary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Section 11(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 of the Sexual Offences Act. It was alleged that on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5990689 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid10244618 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5990689 day of February}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 2023 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5990689 Sofia area }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5990689 Homa Bay Sub}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 County within Homa Bay County }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5990689 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7827257 intentionally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 caused his penis to come into contact with the vagina of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5990689 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 .A.O., a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618\charrsid405676 child aged 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5990689\charrsid405676 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618\charrsid405676 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 The appellant denied the allegations levelled against him. The matter was accordingly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10826371 heard to con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10239020 clusion, and i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10826371 n her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3628465 judgment} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15888761 (labelled as a Ruling)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10239020 dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid1529969 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid1529969\charrsid1529969 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid1529969 November 2023, the learned trial magistrate found the appellant guilty and convicted him of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid1529969 ubstantive charge of defilement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 . He was sentenced to 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 5 years\rquote imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618\charrsid1529969 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Being dissatisfied with the decision of the trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 court, the appellant filed the instant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6622876 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ppeal on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid10244618 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 2023 citing the following grounds: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 The learned magist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14384663 rate erred in fact and in law and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 misdirecting herself in failing to adhere to }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14384663\charrsid405676 Sections 150}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14384663 of the Criminal Procedure Code, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid16213464\charrsid405676 Section 146(4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 of the Evidence Act, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14384663\charrsid405676 Article 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14384663 of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14384663 entering judgment against him yet the complainant}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16213464 , having been recalled, failed to appear before the court for cross-examination by the defence counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 . \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 e learned magistrate erred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 fact and in law when she sentenced the appellant based on the evidence that was wanting in nature and suspect since the complainant had slept in the houses of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16542421 three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 different men on different days after having met the appellant. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 The learned magistrate erred in fact and in law by overlooking the fact that the accused was unrepresented, and therefore violated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Article 50(2)(h)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 of the Constitution. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 trial magistrate erred in fact and in law by arriving at a judgment on the basis of evidence that was not unequivocal, since the complainant was beaten and confined in custody before being compelled to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14384663 implicate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 the appellant. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6385526 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [e]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7031832 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7565452 the judgment of the trial court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15925630 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7565452 s full }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14384663 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15925630 errors/omissions and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5245005 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15925630 amounted to a miscarriage of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6385526 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid6385526 [f] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15925630 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5245005 learned magistrate erred in fact and in law by putting herself in the arena of events and relying on the totality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8867344 of evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7227663 presented before her and stating}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15888761 that the accused cross-examined the complainant sufficiently without cautioning herself of the dangers of such a decision. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid15888761\charrsid15888761 [i]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15888761 The judgment of the learned magistrate goes against the rules of natural justice and the sentence excessive and unjust in the circumstances.\tab \tab \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid15888761\charrsid15888761 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15888761 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 On the basis of the foregoing grounds, the appellant prayed that his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15888761 appeal be allowed, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 conviction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15888761 quashed and the sentence of 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 5 years\rquote imprisonment reviewed and set aside. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [6]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 The court issued directions on the 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid10244618 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13115925 March }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11677015 2025 that the a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ppeal be canvassed by way of written submissions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13115925 Accordingly, counsel for the appellant filed written submissions dated 12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid13115925\charrsid13115925 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13115925 March 2025. He provided a summary of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9991045 evidence presented by both the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13115925 Prosecution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9991045 and the Defence and urged the Court to find that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13115925 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6385526 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid6385526\charrsid6385526 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9991045\charrsid6385526 a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9991045 The medical officer exonerated appellant from the charges, thus proving that the case against him was contrived;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6385526 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9991045\charrsid6385526 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9991045 The complainant was untruthful and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6385526 refore unreliable as a witness; \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7036014 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9991045\charrsid6385526 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9991045 The appellant was denied the right to have the complainant recalled for further cross-examination by his counsel, having initially acted in person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13115925 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx6245\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6385526 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [7]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7036014 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7036014\charrsid7036014 On the right to have a witness recalled for further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7036014 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7036014\charrsid7036014 cross-examination, counsel for the appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10238270 placed reliance on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10238270\charrsid10238270 Article 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10238270 of the Constitution and the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10238270\charrsid10238270 Republic v Salim Mohamed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10238270 [2016] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid424608 and submitted that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11677015 appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid424608 ought to have been accorded all the facilitation possible to enable him defend himself. Counsel pointed out that initially, the appellant was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid556724 unrepresented; and therefore ought to have been given an opportunity for his counsel to cross-examine the complainant as provided for in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid556724\charrsid556724 Sections 146(4)} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid556724 of the Evidence Act and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid556724\charrsid556724 Section 150}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid556724 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Thus, the appellant urged the Court to allow the appeal reverse the decision of the lower court on both conviction and sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7036014 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid556724\charrsid1535907 [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid556724 The respondent relied on written submissions dated 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid556724\charrsid556724 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid556724 March 2025. Counsel for the respondent submitted that the Prosecution was able to prove that the appellant was guilty as charged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9723141 by establishing the essential ingredients of the offence of defilement, namely age of the complainant, penetration and identification of the appellant as the offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid556724 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid1535907 In particular, counsel contended that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9723141 the Prosecution called a total of four witnesses who linked the appellant to the offence and placed him at the scene of crime.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid556724\charrsid7036014 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid1529819\charrsid6501538 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid1529819 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6501538 Regarding the failure by the complainant to attend court for further cross-examination, the respondent explained that the investigating officer made several attempts to trace the witness in vain. She further explained that the complainant\rquote s mother was summ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11236520 oned to attend court and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6501538 explain the whereabouts of the complainant but she too did not know where the minor had disappeared to. In the submission of counsel, the right to have a witness recalled is dependent on the availability of the witness; and is therefore not absolute. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7036014 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid6501538\charrsid11013843 [10]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6501538 In response to the appellant\rquote s defence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs28\insrsid6501538\charrsid11013843 alibi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6501538 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11013843 counsel for the respondent took issue with the fact that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6893004 the appellant did not disclose his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs28\insrsid6893004\charrsid5638785 alibi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6893004 defence until the last minute when he was making his defence; such that the Prosecution had no way of disproving the appellant\rquote s allegations. It was further the submission of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5246863 the respondent that the appellant\rquote s witnesses, DW2 and DW3, conceded that they parted ways with the appellant at 6.00 p.m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11013843 on the 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid11013843\charrsid11013843 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11013843 February 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5246863 and therefore could not tell what the app ellant did after that. The respondent also urged the Court to note that the two witnesses did not talk about what the appellant did on the 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid5246863\charrsid5246863 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid5246863 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11013843 and 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid11013843\charrsid11013843 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11013843 February 2023.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6501538 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid6893004\charrsid15663256 [11] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15663256 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11236520 refore, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15663256 respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7668650 urged the Court to dismiss the appeal in its entirely, contending that the sentence imposed by the lower court was not only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15222325 lawful but also reasonable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7668650 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6893004 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid16473339 [12}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 I have carefully considered the appellant\rquote s Grounds of Appeal, the evidence adduced before the trial court, and the submissions filed herein. Being a first appeal, it is the duty of this Court to re-evaluate the evidence on record and arrive at its own independent conclusi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11236520 on, while bearing in mind that the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 did not have the opportunity to se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6754434 e or hear the witnesses testify}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11236520 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11236520 (S}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 ee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 Okeno v Republic [1972] EA 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11236520 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045635 [13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618\charrsid6754434 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618\charrsid6754434 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618\charrsid9438706 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10951934\charrsid9438706 prosecution called four witnesses before the lower court. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618\charrsid9438706 complainant}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10951934\charrsid9438706 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618\charrsid9438706 estified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10951934\charrsid9438706 on 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid10951934\charrsid9438706 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10951934\charrsid9438706 February 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618\charrsid9438706 as PW1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13129847 She stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13048918 she left her parents\rquote home for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13129847 Rangwe to visit her aunt; and that she boarded a motorcycle and was dropped at Malela from where she started walking on foot towards Rangwe. PW1 further stated that, on her way, she met the appellant, a person who was well known to her as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13129847\charrsid13048918 Jack}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13129847 . She added that the appellant offered to take her to Rangwe on his motorcycle but needed to pick up his jacket from his house. She agreed to the suggestion and together they went to the house of the appellant at about 3.00 p.m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7543644 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13129847\charrsid4537413 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13129847\charrsid4537413 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13129847 \tab PW1 further stated that while waiting outside for the appellant to pick up his jacket, he overstayed and when he emerged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12023746 from his house}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13129847 he got hold of her hand and dragged her into his house and locked the door}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12023746 from outside}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13129847 . He left and did not return until 10.00 p.m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid4537413 She added that the appellant found her sleeping on the chair. He proceeded to forcefully undress her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11620025 and had sexual intercourse with her in spite of her resistance. She stated that she had to sleep on the chair and when she woke up at about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13126106 5.00 a.m. she found the door locked from outside; and the appellant was not in the house. He returned at about 9.00 a.m. She spent that night in the same house and left the following morning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13129847 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13126106\charrsid13126106 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13126106 \tab PW1 further stated that as she was walking towards her parent\rquote s home, the appellant followed her on a motorcycle and gave her Kshs. 350/= for fare. She used the money to travel to her aunt\rquote s place in Rangwe.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9845013 It was her evidence that she picked the clothes she had gone for and left her aunt\rquote s place at about 5.00 p.m. On the way she was rescued by a certain man at about 7.00 p.m. The man told her it was too late and offered her accommodation for the night. The following day, the man gave her Kshs. 50/=}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12785802 for her transport to Rodi where he met }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13048918 yet another man who she referred to as an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12785802 old man. The man inquired from her where she was going and on explaining her predicament the man took her to Rodi Police Station. He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12023746 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12785802 mother was contacted and she went and collected her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13048918 from Rodi Police Station}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12785802 . \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid12785802\charrsid12785802 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12785802 Ultimately, the matter was reported to Ogongo Police Station for investigations. She was issued with a P3 Form and taken to Ogongo Hospital for examination and treatment. She identified the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3025209 documents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12785802 she was given at Ogongo Hospital.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13126106 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid3025209\charrsid3025209 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3025209 \tab The complainant\rquote s mother, }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid3025209\charrsid3025209 Eunice Achieng Ochido}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3025209 , testified as PW2. She confirmed that PW1 is her daughter and that she was in Form 2 at Ogongo Secondary School at the time of the incident.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid795276 She further confirmed that the girl was aged 16 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13048918 at the time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid795276 , having been born on the 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid795276\charrsid795276 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid795276 October 2006. PW2 told the lower court that PW1 disappeared from home on 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid795276\charrsid795276 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid795276 February 2023 and on learning from PW1\rquote s siblings that she had gone to Rangwe to visit her aunt, PW2 contacted the said aunt who denied having been visited by PW1. She informed her husband and thereafter reported the matter to Ogongo Police Station.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3025209 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid795276\charrsid795276 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid795276\charrsid795276 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid795276 \tab It was further the testimony of PW2 that the police at Ogongo referred her to the Children Office at Mbita. She went to Mbita as advised and was required to avail the girl\rquote s Certificate of Birth as well as her photograph to aid further search. Before she could avail those documents she received a phone call from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3280442 Ongongo Police Station that her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13048918 daughter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3280442 was at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid795276 Rodi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3280442 Police Station. PW2 further stated that she went to Rodi Police Station and collected PW1. She took her to Ogongo Police Station where she was questioned to reveal where she had been.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid795276 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid3280442\charrsid3280442 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3280442 \tab PW2 testified that, although PW1 refused to speak in her presence, she later opened up and revealed that she had been defiled by the appellant. She was taken to Ogongo Sub-County Hospital for examination after which the appellant was arrested and charged. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13042236\charrsid13042236 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13042236 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13042236\charrsid13042236 Dr. Lazarus Okumu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13042236 (PW3) is a clinical officer and was attached to Homa Bay County Referral Hospital at the material time. He confirmed that the minor herein was escorted to their facility by police officers for examination following allegations of defilement. On examining her, he noted that the hymen was torn was bleeding easily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13048918 on touch. He concluded that the minor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13042236 had indeed been defiled. He filled and signed the P3 Form in respect of the minor, which he produced before the lower court as the Prosecution\rquote s Exhibit 2 along with other documents. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13042236\charrsid13069596 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13042236 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13069596 The last prosecution witness was the investigating officer, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13069596\charrsid13069596 PC (W) Esther Apelo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13069596 (PW4). She confirmed that a report of defilement was made at Homa Bay Police Station on the 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid13069596\charrsid13069596 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13069596 February 2023 and that the matter was assigned to her for investigations. She interrogated the minor after which she escorted her to Homa Bay County Referral Hospital where she was examined and her P3 filled. PW4 further stated that, on the 9}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid13069596\charrsid13069596 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13069596 February 2 023, the complainant led them to the house of the appellant at Sofia where they found and arrested the appellant. In cross-examination, PW4 conceded that the matter was initially handled by the police at Ogongo Police Station as well as Rodi Police Post.} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13042236 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13069596\charrsid7817104 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13069596 \tab On being placed on his defence, the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 denied the allegations of defilement. In his sworn statement he denied any prior knowledge of PW1 before his arrest. Regarding the events of 4}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid7817104\charrsid7817104 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 February 2023, the appellant stated that he left his house in the morning for work as usual; and that he was away in Awendo with his boss, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid9045635 Oguna}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 and co-workers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid9045635 Bonface Owira}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid9045635 Simion Ogutu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 . They returned to Homa Bay at 5.00 p.m., took supper together and left for his home at Yao at 7.00 p.m.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13069596 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid7817104 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 \tab He denied that he is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid9045635 boda boda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 rider, or that he met the complainant that day as alleged. He likewise denied that he stays at Sofia. In particular, the appellant denied that he defiled PW1 on the 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid7817104\charrsid7817104 th}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 February 2023 as alleged. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid9045635 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 \tab In the light of the foregoing the issues for consideration are: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9045635 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid9045635 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 \tab Whether the Prosecution proved the elements of the charge of defilement beyond reasonable doubt: \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid9045635 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 \tab Whether the appellant\rquote s fair trial rights were violated with regard to legal representation and the right to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3037629 have a witness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 recall}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3037629 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 for purposes of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3037629 further }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 cross-examination; \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid7817104\charrsid9045635 [c]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid7817104 Whether the sentence imposed by the lower court was excessive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid16385712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9045635 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Whether the Prosecution proved its case against the appellant beyond reasonable doubt:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid9045635 [25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 \tab For purposes of the substantive charge, of which the appellant was convicted and sentenced to 15 years\rquote imprisonment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 Section 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 (1)}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 as read with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 Section 8(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid16385712 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 of the }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 Sexual Offences Act No. 3 of 2006}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 provides: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308\charrsid12197126 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308\charrsid9578944 \hich\af39\dbch\af0\loch\f39 (1)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar \s16\qj \fi-360\li1353\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin1353\itap0\pararsid14055308\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308\charrsid9578944 A person who commits an\~act which causes penetration\~with a\~child\~is guilty of an offence termed defilement. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li993\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin993\itap0\pararsid222539 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid222539\charrsid9578944 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid9578944\charrsid9578944 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid15995681 (4) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid222539\charrsid222539 A person who commits an offence of defilement with a child between the age of sixteen and eighteen years is liable upon conviction to imprisonment for a term of not less than fifteen years. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li1352\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1352\itap0\pararsid14055308\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\highlight7\insrsid14055308\charrsid16385712 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308\charrsid15995681 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635\charrsid15995681 26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308\charrsid15995681 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308\charrsid15995681 \tab The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3037629 provisions set out the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308\charrsid15995681 ingredients of defilement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3037629 , namely, that the victim was a child}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 , the identity of the perpetrator and whether penetration occurred. I have therefore proceeded to re-evaluate the evidence presented before the lower court along those lines and my findings are as follows: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 On whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 the complainant was, at the material time, a c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid15995681 hild for purposes of Section 8(4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ) of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Sexual Offences Act: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 \tab There is no gainsaying that the age of a minor is a critical component of a defilement charge which must be proved by the Prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. This point was aptly made by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Kaingu Kasomo v Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 504}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 of 2010, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 thus: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\b\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308\charrsid15995681 \'93 Age of the victim of sexual assault under the Sexual Offences Act is a critical component. It forms part of the charge which must be proved the same way as penetration in the cases of rape and defilement. It is therefore essential that the same be proved by credible evidence for the sentence to be imposed will be dependent on the age of the victim\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\b\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308\charrsid15995681 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14055308\charrsid15995681 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 In terms of acceptable proof,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Rule 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Sexual Offences Rules of Court Rules}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 states:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 "When determining the age of a person, the court may take into a ccount evidence of the age of that person that may be contained in a birth certificate, any school documents or in a baptismal card or similar document." \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 \tab It is also now settled that the age of a victim of a sexual offence can also be determined by observatio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15995681 n and common sense. Moreover, as was pointed out in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid15995681 P M M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 v Republic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15995681 [2018] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 : \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 \'93\'85 whilst the best evidence of age is the birth certificate followed by age assessment, the mother\rquote s evidence of the complainant\rquote s age together with the combination of all other evidence available can be relied on to determine the age of the complainant\'85\'94 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 The complainant testified before the lower court and stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055951 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 he was born on 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid14055308\charrsid12197126 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 October 2006 and was therefore 16 years and 8 months }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid3037629 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055951 s at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 4}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid14055308\charrsid15681919 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 February 202 3 when the offence was said to have been committed. Her mother PW2, corroborated her evidence in this regard and produced the complainant\rquote s Certificate of Birth as the Prosecution\rquote s Exhibit. Hence, for all intents and purposes, th}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15995681 e complainant was 16 years old because it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 is now trite that the months following the last birthday, if any, do not count for purposes of determining the age of a child, so long as they are less than one year. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9578944 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9578944\charrsid9578944 [31]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9578944 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 This was well explained by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Hadson Ali Mwachongo v Republic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 [2016] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 as hereunder: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 "Section 2 of the Interpretation and General Provisions Act defines "year" to mean a year reckoned according to the British Calendar. Under the British Calendar Act, 1751, a year means a period of 365 or 366 days. T hus a person who is, for example, 10 years and 6 months is deemed to be 10 years old and not 11 years old. That approach entails not taking into account the period above the prescribed age so long as it does not amount to a year." \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 In any event}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Section 8(4) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Sexual Offences Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 provides for the age bracket between 16 and 18 years. Accordingly, it is my finding that credible evidence was adduced before the lower court to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the Complainant was a child for purposes of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Sections 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Sexual Offences Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 , as read with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Section 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Children Act, No. 8 of 2001}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 . \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 [b]\tab On Penetration of the complainant: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15995681 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 \tab The complainant testified that the appellant, a person well-known to her found her walking on the road and offered to take her to her destination on his motorcycle; but needed to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15009529 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 collect his jacket from his house. PW1 gave evidence that the appellant instead detained her in his house against her will and defiled her in the night.\tab While it is true that PW1 was the only witness to the crime, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15995681 the proviso to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid15995681\charrsid10236103 Section 124}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15995681 is explicit that: \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15995681 \cbpat17 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid15995681 \'93\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid15995681\charrsid10236103 where in a criminal case involving a sexual offence the only evidence is that of the alleged victim of the offence, the court shall receive the evidence of the alleged v ictim and proceed to convict the accused person if, for reasons to be recorded in the proceedings, the court is satisfied that the alleged victim is telling the truth. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15995681 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs20\insrsid15995681\charrsid10236103 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635\charrsid9045635 [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 It is noteworthy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14558447 too }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 that in the case of }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Kassim Ali v Republic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 [2006]\~KECA\~156\~(KLR)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 held that: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1134\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin1134\itap0\pararsid14055308 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 \'93\'85 as the superior court correctly held, the commission of a sexual offence can be properly corroborated by circumstantial evidence (see\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\ul\insrsid14055308 Ongweya v. Republic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 \~[1964] EA 129). \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 \par So the absence of medical evidence to support the fact of rape is not decisive as the fact of rape can be proved by the oral evidence of a victim of rape or by circumstantial evidence. \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 \tab PW3 confirmed that he examined the complainant and observed that her hymen was torn and was bl eeding easily on touch. He formed the opinion that the girl had been defiled. He produced the P3 form the he filled and signed along with the treatment documents issued to PW1. On the basis of the evidence presented, penetration was proved beyond reasonab le doubt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14440584 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid8740407 [c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 On whether the penetration of the complainant was perpetrated by the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 : \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 The courts have emphasized that the identification of a suspect in criminal proceedings requires careful scrutiny of the evidence. The Court of Appeal in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 Francis Kariuki Njiru & 7 others v Republic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 [2001]\~KECA\~58\~(KLR), held: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid14055308 \'93The law on ident ification is well settled, and this Court has from time to time said that the evidence relating to identification must be scrutinized carefully, and should only be accepted and acted upon if the court is satisfied that the identification is positive and f ree from the possibility of error\'85\'94 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs19\insrsid14055308 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14055308 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid9045635 [38}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8740407\charrsid8740407 Although the appellant denied any prior knowledge of the complainant, she adduced credible evidence that linked the appellant with her defilement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8740407 She told the lower court that she had known the appellant by name prior to the 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\super\insrsid8740407\charrsid8740407 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8740407 February 2023}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14558447 and that explains why she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 was easily persuaded to go with him to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8740407 his house on that day.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14440584\charrsid14440584 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6495929 That evidence completely displaced the alibi defence raised by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid12595109 appellant as it placed him at the scene of the incident; an incident which took place at night.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13572445\charrsid13903077 [39]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 \tab Further consideration of the evidence of the complainant shows that she got to know the appellant as one of her mother\rquote s suppliers. She testified that the appellant used to supply soda to her mother\rquote s shop and that she used to communicate with him secretly using her brother\rquote s mobile phone. She explained that on one occasion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15426757 when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 the appellant went to the shop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15426757 to supply soda, he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 found her alone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15426757 at the shop }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 and gave her his mobile phone number}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 and invited her to communicate with him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 There}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15426757 fore, the complainant gave credible evidence as to the fact that she was defiled by the appellant. There}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 was no plausible cause for the complainant to give false testimony against the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15426757 and therefore the assertion by the appellant that she was coerced into giving false testimony rings hol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid9849983 low.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13572445 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13903077\charrsid13903077 [40]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14440584 That the complainant sought refuge and help from two other men who were strangers to her after the defilement by the appellant does not in any way absolve the appellant from culpability.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 She was categorical that she did not engage in sexual intercourse with any of those men.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid6495929 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8740407\charrsid8740407 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 [41}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid8740407 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 In the premises, it is my finding that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid14055308 the offence of defilement under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 Section 8}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 as read with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 Section 8(4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14055308 of the Sexual Offences Act was proved by the Prosecution beyond reasonable doubt and therefore he was rightly convicted for defilement. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid8740407\charrsid8740407 B.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8740407 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Whether the Appellant\rquote s rights under Article 50 (2) (g) and (h) of the Constitution were violated: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 [42}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \tab Legal representation is a constitutional right and an integral part of fair hearing. The rationale for this was aptly captured by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 Lord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f39\fs28\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 Denning}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11236520 , MR,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 in\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs21\b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 Pett v Greyhound Racing Association}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 \~[1968] 2 ALL E R 545, at 549 as follows: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\b\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 It is not every man who has the ability to defend himself on his own. He cannot bring out the points in his own favor or the weakness in the other side. He may be tongue-tied, nervous, confused or wanting in intelligence. He cannot examine or cross-examine witnesses. We see it every day . A magistrate says to a man: \lquote you can ask any questions you like;\rquote whereupon the man immediately starts to make a speech. If justice is to be done, he ought to have the help of someone to speak for him; and who better than a lawyer who has been trained for the task.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin720\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 [43}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Accordingly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Article 50(2)(g)(h)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 of the Constitution is explicit that: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 (2) Every accused person has the right to a fair trial, which includes the right\emdash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 ... \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 (g) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 to choose, and be represented by, an advocate, and to be informed of this right promptly;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\insrsid10244618 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 (h) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 to have an advocate assigned to the accused person by the State and at State expense, if substantial injustice would otherwise result, and to be informed of this right promptly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\insrsid10244618 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri567\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin567\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 [44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \tab Nevertheless, as was pointed out by the Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Republic v Karisa Chengo & 2 Others} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\cf18\insrsid10244618\charrsid6295672 (Petition 5\~of\~2015) [2017]\~KESC\~15\~(KLR) (26\~May\~2017) (Judgment),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11236520\charrsid6295672 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11236520 the right is not open-ended. Moreover,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11236520 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 here is a clear distinction between the right to legal representation in general and the right to legal rep resentation at state expense. The Supreme Court made this vital distinction thus: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \'93\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 it is obvious to us that in criminal proceedings legal representation is important. However, a distinction must always be drawn between the right to representation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 per se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 and the right to representation at State expense specifically. Inevitably, there will be instances in which legal representation at the expense of the State will not be accorded in criminal proceedings. Consequently, in view of the principles already exp ounded above, it is clear that with regard to criminal matters, in determining whether substantial injustice will be suffered, a Court ought to consider, in addition to the relevant provisions of the Legal Aid Act, various other factors which include: \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \hich\af39\dbch\af0\loch\f39 (i)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar \s16\qj \fi-1080\li1800\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid10244618\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 the seriousness of the offence; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \hich\af39\dbch\af0\loch\f39 (ii)\tab}the severity of the sentence; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \hich\af39\dbch\af0\loch\f39 (iii)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 the ability of the accused person to pay for his own legal representation; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \hich\af39\dbch\af0\loch\f39 (iv)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 whether the accused is a minor; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \hich\af39\dbch\af0\loch\f39 (v)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 the literacy of the accused; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s16 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \hich\af39\dbch\af0\loch\f39 (vi)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 the complexity of the charge against the accused;}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11603262 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 [45}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11603262 A perusal of the record of the lower court shows that on the date of his arraignment before the lower court, the learned magistrate inform}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid338857 ed the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11603262 of his legal right to legal representation and explained to him that he had the right to engage an advo cate of his own choice or to apply to the Legal Aid Authority for an advocate at state expense. This was done before the appellant was required to answer the charges. The accused responded as follows:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15470267 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11603262\charrsid15470267 \'93 I will hire an advocate later for now read the charges to me\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13903077 46}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11603262\charrsid4284447 The Court record further shows that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11603262 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4284447\charrsid12197126 before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid14777201 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4284447\charrsid12197126 commencement of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid14777201 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4284447\charrsid12197126 trial, the appellant engaged the services of an advocate, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4284447\charrsid12197126 Mr. Ochieng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4284447\charrsid12197126 , but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid14777201 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4284447\charrsid12197126 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid14777201 advocate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4284447\charrsid12197126 later asked for leave to withdraw from the conduct of the appellant\rquote s defence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126 The development was clearly explained to the accused and his response recorded to the effect that he understood that he was to proceed in person. He did not apply for time to engage another advocate. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13791086 It is also notable that o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126 nly one witness testified }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13791086 that day before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126 the matter was adjourned. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid16385712 appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126 was able to engage the services of another advocate, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126\charrsid8740407 Mr. Ongoso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126 , who took over his defence thereafter. The record further shows that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126\charrsid8740407 Mr. Ongoso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126 was present when the evidence of PW2, PW3 and PW4 was led. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 I am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 far from persuaded that the appellant\rquote s right to legal representation at state expense was infringed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12197126 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13193161 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13903077 [47}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid16385712\charrsid13193161 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid16385712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13193161 In his first ground of appeal, the appellant impugned the decision of the lower court on the grounds that the learned trial magistrate failed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13193161 to adhere to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13193161\charrsid405676 Sections 150}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13193161 of the Criminal Procedure Code, }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13193161\charrsid405676 Section 146(4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13193161 of the Evidence Act, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13193161\charrsid405676 Article 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13193161 of the Constitution by entering judgment against him yet the complainant, having been recalled, failed to appear before the court for cross-examination by the defence counsel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid2586881 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid2586881\charrsid10187717 Section 150}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid2586881 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid13193161 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2586881 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs20\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3300834\charrsid2586881 A\~ court may, at any stage of a trial or other proceeding under this Code, summon or call any person as a witness, or examine any person in attendance though not summoned as a witness, or recall and re-examine a person already examined, and the court shall summon and examine or recall and re-examine any such person if his evidence appears to it essential to the just decision of the case:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs20\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid2586881 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs20\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3300834\charrsid2586881 Provided that the\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\b\f39\fs20\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3300834\charrsid2586881 prosecutor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs20\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3300834\charrsid2586881 \~ or the advocate for the prosecution or the defendant or his advocate shall have the right to cross-examine any such person, and the court shall adjourn the case for such time (if any) as it thinks necessary to enable the cross-examination to be adequatel y prepared if, in its opinion, either party may be prejudiced by the calling of that person as a witness.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs20\cf18\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid3300834 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2586881\charrsid2586881 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13903077 [48}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2586881\charrsid11405751 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2586881 \tab In this instance, the matter had to proceed after counsel for the appellant opted out, on the ground that the complainant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4328674 , who was a school girl,}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2586881 was then kept at a protection centre pending her testimony. It was feared that she would disappear if released. The record shows that the learned magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4328674 indeed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2586881 ordered for her recall for purposes of further cross-examination}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid4328674 at the instance of the defence counsel,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2586881 and that the prosecution was granted time to avail her but she could not be traced. Her mother was summoned to court on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11405751 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\super\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2586881\charrsid2586881 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2586881 March 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11405751 to avail the minor but she was unable to avail her because the minor had disapp eared. Needless to say that the right could only be realized if the witness was available. It cannot, in the circumstances, be said that the learned magistrate denied the appellant his right to have the complainant cross-examined further by his counsel}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid14777201 when the record clearly shows that the order for recall and the opportunity was pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid15601371 vided by the learned magistrate;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid14777201 save that the witness could not be traced}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11405751 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid8285731 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 C. On whether the sentence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid15601371 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 5 years is harsh or excessive: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa150\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid13903077 [49}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 \tab In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10244618 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 Bernard Kimani Gacheru v Republic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 [2002] eKLR, the Court of Appeal restated that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\loch\af39\hich\af39\dbch\af31505\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa150\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10244618 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 It is now settled law, following several authorities by this court and by the High Court, that sentence is a matter that rests in the discretion of the trial court.\~ Similarly, sentence must depend on the facts of each case.\~ On appeal the appellate court will not easily interfere with sentence unless, that sentence is manifestly excessive in the circumstances of the case, or that the trial court overlooked some material factor or took into account some wrong material, or acted on a wrong principle.\~ Even if, the appellate court feels that the sentence is heavy and that the appellate court might itself not have passed that sentence, these alone are not sufficient grounds for interfering with the dis cretion of the trial court on sentence unless, anyone of the matters already stated is shown to exist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs20\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13903077 [50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 \tab The penalty for defilement is prescribed in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 Section 8(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10048825 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 Sexual Offences Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs23 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 which provides: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11422385 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10048825\charrsid10048825 A person who commits an offence of defilement with a child between the age of sixteen and eighteen years is liable upon conviction to imprisonment for a term of not less than fifteen years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10048825 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11422385\charrsid11422385 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11405751 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 [51}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \tab The of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10048825 fence was committed against a 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 -year}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15357118 old child.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8740407 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 It is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8740407 therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 my finding that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid595257 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 5 years\rquote imprisonment was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15357118 the minimum that the learned magistrate could impose. The sentence was therefore not only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid15357118 ppropriate in the circumstances, taking into account the mitigating factors presented, including the fact that the appellant was a first offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8740407 Moreover, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 he record of the lower court shows that the learned magistrate prepared a well-reasoned ruling on sentence in which she took into account the relevant factors pertinent to the matter at hand. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11405751 Indeed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 , in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af284\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 Republic v Manyeso (Petition E013 of 2024) [2025] KESC 16 (KLR) (11 April 2025) (Judgment) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af284\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 the Supreme Court had occasion to make the point that: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11405751 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af285\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 Paragraph 11 to 14 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af286\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 Muruatetu & another v Republic; Katiba Institute & 4 others (Amicus Curiae) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af285\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 [2021] KESC 31 (KLR) directions (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af286\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 Muruatetu Direction) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af285\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 were very clear that the decision in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af286\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 Muruatetu & another v Republic; Katiba Institute & 5 others (Amicus Curiae) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af285\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 [2017] KESC 2 (KLR) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af286\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 Muruatetu decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af285\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 ) did not invalidate mandatory sentences or minimum sentences in the Penal Code, Sexual Offences Act or any other statute. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af286\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 Muruatetu decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af285\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 could not be said to be the authority for stating that all provisions of the law prescribing minimum sentences were inconsistent with the Constitution.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af285\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11405751 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid13903077 [52}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11405751\charrsid11405751 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11405751 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid10244618 I therefore find no basis for interfering with the sentence imposed by the trial court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11405751 For purposes of }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11405751\charrsid9578944 Section 333(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid11405751 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the learned magistrate noted that the appe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid14367185 llant had been released on bond upon his arraignment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\insrsid8285731 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10244618 \cbpat8 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs20\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid13903077 [53}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8011981 In the result, it is my finding that the a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 ppeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8011981 lacks merit. It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 is dismissed in its entirely.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid8011981 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10244618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 It is so ordered. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5659776 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 DATED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid5638785 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 SIGNED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid5638785 AND DELIVERED VIRTUALLY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 THIS }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid5638785 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\super\insrsid10244618 TH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 DAY OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid5638785 MAY}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10562100 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2305475 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid2305475 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid2305475 \'85\'85..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2305475 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid2305475 HON. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\insrsid10244618 OLGA SEWE \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sa100\saauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2305475 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f39\fs28\ul\insrsid10244618 JUDGE \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a 9cb2400825e982c78ec7a27cc0c8992416c9d8b2a755fbf74cd25442a820166c2cd933f79e3be372bd1f07b5c3989ca74aaff2422b24eb1b475da5df374fd9ad 5689811a183c61a50f98f4babebc2837878049899a52a57be670674cb23d8e90721f90a4d2fa3802cb35762680fd800ecd7551dc18eb899138e3c943d7e503b6 b01d583deee5f99824e290b4ba3f364eac4a430883b3c092d4eca8f946c916422ecab927f52ea42b89a1cd59c254f919b0e85e6535d135a8de20f20b8c12c3b0 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