https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/kehc/2026/8013

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{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar \s1\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6898880 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 REPUBLIC OF KENYA \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6898880 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 IN THE HIGH COURT OF KENYA \par \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 AT HOMA BAY \par \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 CIVIL APPEAL NO. E062 OF 2024 \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6898880 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 \hich\f40 UNITED MILLERS CO. LTD\'85\'85\'85 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85.\'85\loch\f40 APPELLANT \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6898880 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\insrsid6898880\charrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 VERSUS \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw30\brsp20 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6898880 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 \hich\f40 VINCENT OCHIENG..\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\loch\f40 RESPONDENT \par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11158061 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid6898880\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 (Being an appeal from the Judgment and Decree of the Magistrate\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s Court delivered by Hon. C A S Mutai, Chief Magistrate, delivered on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid6507794\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\super\insrsid6898880\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid6898880\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid6507794\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 September}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid6898880\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 2024 in Homa Bay Chief Magistrates Civil Case No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid9907292\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 E007}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid6898880\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 of 202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid9907292\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid6898880\charrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880\charrsid11158061 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6898880 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs20\insrsid6898880 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 JUDGMENT \par \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6898880 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [1]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9907292\charrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12673808 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9907292\charrsid9907292 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Vincent \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Ochieng, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9907292\charrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 sued the appellant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 United Millers Ltd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9907292\charrsid12673808 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Homa Bay Chief Magistrate\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s Civil Case No. E007 of 2024: Vincent Ochieng v United Millers Co. Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12673808 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9907292\charrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 contending that on or about the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid9907292\charrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9907292\charrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 October 2023 he was knocked by the appellant\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s motor vehicle Registra\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 tion No. KDK 073G, Isuzu NQR. The respondent had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9907292 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 contended that the motor vehicle was so recklessly driven, managed or controlled that it lost control and knocked him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1530452 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 at Makongeni area of Homa Bay town, thereby occasioning him bodily injuries. He provided \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 particulars of negligence at paragraph 5 of the Amended Plaint dated 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid1530452\charrsid1530452 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1530452 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 January 2024.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9907292 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1530452\charrsid4729738 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid5571603 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4729738 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 denied the respondent\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s claim vide the Statement of Defence dated 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid4729738\charrsid4729738 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4729738 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 February 2024. It denied that an accident occurred as alleged, or that its driver was negligent in any way. In the alternative, the appellant averred that, if any accident occurred on or about the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid4729738\charrsid4729738 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4729738 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 October 2023}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4871081 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 as alleged by the respondent, then the s\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ame was wholly caused and/or substantially contributed to by the respondent as the owner and rider of the motorcycle. The appellant supplied particulars of negligence alleged by it at paragraph 6 of the Defence. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4871081\charrsid4871081 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [3]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4871081 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The appellant further denied that the re \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 spondent suffered injuries or that he suffered loss or incurred expenses as alleged or at all. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4871081\charrsid4871081 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4871081 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Upon hearing the evidence presented before him by the parties, the learned magistrate found the appellant 100% liable to the respondent for his pain, suffering and loss of amenities. The lower court proceeded to assess general damages at Kshs. 850,000/=}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 an\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 d entered judgment in the respondent\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s favour in that sum together with interest and costs.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4871081 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16733511\charrsid6496208 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [5]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Being aggrieved by the decision of the lower court, the appellant filed this appeal vide the Memorandum of Appeal dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 7}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 October 2024}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 on the following ground\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 s: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri439\sa551\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin720\itap0\pararsid11158061 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 That the learned magistrate erred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 fact and in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 by awarding inordinately high general damages to the respondent. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [b]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 That the learned magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 erred in fact and in law by failing to consider the appellant\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s submissions and authorities on quan\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 tum hence arriving at an erroneous decision. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [c]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511\charrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 That the learned magistrate erred in fact and in law by awarding general damages that were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511\charrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 inordinately high}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511\charrsid16733511 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 to constitute a miscarriage of justice in the circumstances of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid16733511 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [d]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350\charrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 That the \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 learned magistrate\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s judgment was wholly no supported in law by evidence tendered in court by the parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri439\sa551\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin0\itap0\pararsid6696446 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6496208 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Accordingly, the appellant prayed that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 appeal be allowed; that the award by the lower court of general damages be set aside and a fresh }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 asses\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 sment of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 damages be made by this Court in line with case law. The appellant also prayed for costs of the subordinate court and of this appeal. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri439\sa551\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin0\itap0\pararsid12651439 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6496208 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880\charrsid12651439 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The appeal was canvassed by way of written submissions, pursuant to the directions given herein on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350\charrsid12651439 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 3}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880\charrsid12651439 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid6898880\charrsid12651439 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880\charrsid12651439 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350\charrsid12651439 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 S\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 eptember}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880\charrsid12651439 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 2025. In the appellant\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s submissions dated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9921466 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid9921466\charrsid9921466 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid9921466 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 February 2026}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 , it proposed the following issues for determination:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri439\sa551\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin720\itap0\pararsid11158061 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Whether the learned trial magistrate awarded excessive damages on quantum? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Whether the appellants should be awarded costs of the subordinate court and the appeal herein? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri439\sa551\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin0\itap0\pararsid9921466 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [8]} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 On the basis of the injuries allegedly suffered by the respondent, the appellants submitted that the lower court\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s award of Kshs\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 . 850,000/= was excessive. It contended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 that the trial court misdirected its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 elf in awarding such an amount. It further submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 learned m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 agistrate took into account irrelevant factors or left out relevant fac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 tors when assessing the damages. The a\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ppellant also contended that learned magistrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 failed to consider the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 submissions and authorities on quan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 tum when assessing the damages. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [9]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Further to the foregoing, the appellant submitted, although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 an award of general damages is a matter of the cou\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 rt \hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s discretion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 , it is trite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 that comparable injuries should as far as possible attract comparable awards}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 . In support of this argument, the appellant relied on the decision of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 he Court of Appeal in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Tayab v Kinau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [1983] KLR,114 at 115. It urged \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the Court to consider the award made in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the following cases for comparable injuries: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri439\sa551\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin720\itap0\pararsid11158061 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Atunga v Mogambi}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [202}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12651439\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 2] KEHC 9854 (KLR) in which the plaintiff sustained }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 fractures of the tibia and fibula bones; dislocation of the right hip joint; multiple lacerat \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ions on the lower limb; bruises, with multiple c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ut wounds, on the upper limbs; d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 islocation of the right shoulder; chest trauma; and bruises on the frontal part of the head, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 was awarded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Kshs. 550,000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 /= as general damages; \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Mwavita Jonathan v Silvia O\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 nunga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 eKLR, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 in which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the Court of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 made an award of Kshs. 400,000/= in a case}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 where the claimant sustained blunt chest injury, dislocation of the right knee joint, sprains at the cervical spine and commuted intertrochanteric fracture of the hi\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 p. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Jitan Njaga v Abidnego Nyandusi Oigo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 , the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 appellate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 court reduced an award of Kshs 1,000,000 to Kshs 450,000/}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid10625218\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 =}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 for a respondent who sustained lacerations on the occipital area, deep cut wound on the back, right knee and lateral lane, bruises at the back, blunt trauma to the chest, compound fracture of the right tibia/fibula amongst other injuries. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri439\sa551\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin0\itap0\pararsid11622219 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [10]\tab }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219\charrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The appell\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ant urged the Court to note}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 that the authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 it} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 placed before the trial court,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 namely,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Akamba Public Road Service v Abdikadir Adan Galgalo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2016] eKLR, involved claimants who sustained substantially more severe injuries, includin}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 g fractures right tibia a\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 nd fibula}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 bone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 . Yet, even in those markedly more serious cases, the courts assessed general damages at 500,000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 /}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 =. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11622219 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Therefore, for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 respondent\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s injuries, the appellant proposed that an award of Kshs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 500,000/=}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 as general damages would adequately compens\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ate the r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 espondent for the injuries sustained. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1272515\charrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [11]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 On w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 hether the appellant should be awarded costs of the subordinate court and the appeal herein}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 , the appellant submitted that, should its submissions for reduction of the award be made, the Court should \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 consider awarding it costs of the appeal, as costs follow the event}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid10625218 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1272515\charrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [12]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 In response to the appellant\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s submissions, the respondent relied on his written submissions dated 25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid1272515\charrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 August 2025. He proposed the following issues for determination: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri439\sa551\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin720\itap0\pararsid11158061 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1272515\charrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Whether \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the learned m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 agistrate erred in law and fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 by relying on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 extraneous issues as a basis of his determination on liability. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1272515\charrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Whether the award of general damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1272515 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 made to the r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 espondent herein was manifestly and inordinately excessive in the circumstance\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 s. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid8471912 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8471912\charrsid4805613 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid8471912 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the learned magistrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 acted in error }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4805613 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 by failing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 to properly evaluate the evidence on record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4805613 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 thus reaching erroneous decision. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4805613 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4805613\charrsid4805613 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4805613 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the learned m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 agistrate erred }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4805613 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 misapprehend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4805613 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the principle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4805613 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 s}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 applicable in assessment of damages \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 in personal injuries claims thus occasioning miscarriage of justice. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1864118 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri439\sa551\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin439\lin0\itap0\pararsid3212350 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1864118\charrsid1864118 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [13]}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1864118 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12673808 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 espondent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12673808 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 reiterated the injuries suffered by him and the medical evidence presented before the lower court. He urged the Court to find that the evidence adduced by him was not\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 controverted by the appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid15033972 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Accordingly, the respondent urged the Court to uphold the lower court\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s award}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 of Kshs. 850,000=}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid15033972 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 . He relied on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3893607 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid15033972\charrsid15033972 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 James Gathirwa Ngungi v. Multiple Hauliers (EA) Limited & another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid15033972\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid15033972 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2015] e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 KLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid15033972 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 in which the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 plaintiff s\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 uffered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid15033972 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 compound comminuted fracture of the right tibia, compound comminute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid15033972 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 fracture of the right fibula, fracture of the left proximal radius, fracture of left ulna, head injury, deep cut wound of the parietal region about 4cm, soft tissue injury and b\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ruises of both hands, multiple facial cuts and lacerations and pathological}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3893607 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 /}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446\charrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 re-fracture of the right leg and the Court awarded him Kshs. 1,500,000/= in general damages for pain and suffering. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1135704 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3212350 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [14}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 This being a first appeal, it is the duty of this Court to \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 reconsider and re-evaluate the evidence adduced before the lower court with a view of making its own conclusions thereon. It is also imperative to bear in mind that this Court did not have the advantage of seeing or hearing the witnesses; and therefore t \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 h\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 at it must make an allowance for that in its re-evaluation. Hence, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Selle & Another v Associated Motor Boat Co. Ltd & Others }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [1968] EA 123}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 it was held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 that: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6898880 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 "...this court is not bound necessarily to accept the findings of fact by the court below. An \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 appeal to this court ... is by way of retrial and the principles upon which this court acts in such an appeal are well settled. Briefly put they are that this court must reconsider the evidence, evaluate it itself and draw its own conclusions though it sh \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 o\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 uld always bear in mind that it has neither seen nor heard the witnesses and should make due allowance in this respect..." \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3212350 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 With the foregoing principles in mind,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 I have given careful consideration to the evidence placed before the lower court in the light of the pleaded injuries. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The respondent testified before the lower court on 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid3212350\charrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid3212350 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 July 2024}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4857708 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 as PW2. He adopted his witness statement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4857708\charrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 dated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid1402520\charrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 January 2024}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4857708 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 as part \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 of his evidence in chief. He stated that he is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f40\fs28\insrsid4857708\charrsid4857708 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 boda boda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 rider an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4857708 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 d that on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid4857708\charrsid4857708 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4857708 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 October 2023 he was involved in an accident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 at about 9.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 00 hours while riding his motorcycle along the Homa Bay-Kendu Bay Road at Makongeni area.}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6898880 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [16}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The respondent also testified that he sustained serious injuries for which he was admitted at Hom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 a}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Bay County Teaching and Referral Hospital for three days. He listed his injuries as follows: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11158061 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [a] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Fracture of the left fibula bone \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Deep cut wound on the l \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 eft knee joint \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Blunt chest injury \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11158061 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Tender/swollen left injury \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [e]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 location of the left knee joint \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3212350 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid1402520\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 He produced several }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 documents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 to support his claim which were marked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Exhibits I to VI.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid1402520 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7874374\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The respondent called }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7874374\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 PC Alfred Kamen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 (PW1), a poli\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ce officer attached to Homa Bay Traffic Base. He confirmed that an accident occurred on the 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid7874374\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 October 2023 at 9:00 Hours along the Homa Bay-Kendu Bay road at the Makongeni area. PW1 further stated that the accident involved Motor Vehicle Registration No\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 . KDK 073G, Make Isuzu NQR Lorry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 which was being driven by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7874374\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Charles Otwoma Ouma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 and Motorcycle Registration No. KMDC 100Q, Make Boxer, wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ose rider was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the respondent, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7874374\charrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Vincent Ochieng. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7874374\charrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 According to PW1, the lorry was being driven from Kendu Bay directi\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 on, and that on reaching Makongeni area, it turned to the left side to access a par}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 king area outside a supermarket. In the process, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the lorry hit the motor cycle that was parked outside the supermarket and thereby injured the respondent. He added that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 respondent was rushed to Homa\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Bay County}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Teaching and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Referral Hospital for treatment. He produced the Police Abstract dated 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\super\insrsid7221746\charrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 October 2023 as an exhibit before the lower court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7874374 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7221746\charrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7221746 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 opted to call no witness. Instead it relied on its Bundle and List of Documents which were produced by consent as defence exhibits. The parties thereafter filed their written submissions which formed the basis of the lower court\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s judgment. \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13387318 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid7221746\charrsid6496208 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid7221746 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Needless \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 to mention that the legal burden of proof was on the respondent to prove his allegations of negligence on a balance of probabilities. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid12849201 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid12849201 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ection 107(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid12849201 \~\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 of the\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid11212788 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Evidence Act,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 CAP 80, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 provides that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid12849201 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13387318 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid13387318\charrsid12262838 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Whoever desires any court to give judgment as to any legal \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\insrsid13387318\charrsid12262838 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\insrsid13387318\charrsid13387318 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid798937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [22}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid3147956 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid13333565 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Hence, in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid7299426 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Antony Francis Wareham t/a AF Wareham & 2 others v Kenya Post Office Savings Bank (Civil Appeal 5 & 48\~of\~2002) [2004]\~KECA\~166\~(KLR) \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 (2\~July\~2004) (Judgment)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 held: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid7299426 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13387318\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs22\insrsid13387318\charrsid13333565 \'93 We have carefully considered the judgement of the superior court, the grounds of appeal raised against it and the submissions before us on those matters. Having done so we are impelled to state unequivocally that in our adv ersarial system of litigation, cases are tried and determined on the basis of the pleadings made and the issues of fact or law framed by the parties or the Court on the basis of those pleadings pursuant to the provisions of order XIV of the Civil Procedur e Rules. And the burden of proof is on the plaintiff and the degree thereof is on a balance of probabilities. In discharging that burden, the only evidence to be adduced is evidence of existence or non existence of the facts in issue or facts relevant to t he issue. It follows from those principles that only evidence of facts pleaded is to be admitted and if the evidence does not support the facts pleaded, the party with the burden of proof should fail\'85\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13387318\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid6822680 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6696446 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid13653547 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid9775081 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Further, the Court of Appeal in the case of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid9775081 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Palace Investments Limited v Geoffrey Kariuki Mwenda & another }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid1735402 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2015] eKLR}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid9775081 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 restated that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid9775081 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 : \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13387318\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid13387318 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid13387318\charrsid7019655 The burden of proof is placed upon the appellant and is to be discharged on a balance of probabilities. Denning J. in Miller \endash vs- Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 ALL ER 372 discussing the burden of proof had this to say: - \par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\qj \li2880\ri1440\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin1440\lin2880\itap0\pararsid13387318\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid13387318\charrsid7019655 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\qj \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13387318\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid13387318\charrsid7019655 \'93 That degree is well settled. It must carry a reasonable degree of probability, but not so high as is required in a criminal case. If the evidence is such that the tribunal can say: \lquote We think it more probable than not\rquote , the burden is discharged, but, if the probabilities are equal, it is not. Thus, proof on a balance or preponderance of probabilities means a win, however narrow. A draw is not enough. So, in any case in which the tribunal cannot deci de one way or the other which evidence to accept, where both parties\rquote explanations are equally (un)convincing, the party bearing the burden of proof will lose, because the requisite standard will not have been attained.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid13387318 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13387318\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid13387318 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx720\tx1217\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13387318 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid4410155 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Consequently, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 aving alleged \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 negligence at paragraph 4 of their Plaint, it was for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 respondent to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 prove their allegations on a balance of probabilities. As aptly stated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid3147956 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Statpack Industries v James Mbithi Munyao }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid3147956 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2005] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af1\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 : \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid798937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat8\langnp2057\insrsid13387318\charrsid798937 \'93\'85it is trite law that the burden of proof of any fact or allegation is on the Plaintiff. He must prove a causal link between someone\rquote s negligence and his injury. The Plaintiff must adduce evidence from which, on a balance of probability, a connection between the two may be drawn. Not every injury is necessarily a result of someone\rquote s negligence. An injury per se is not sufficient to hold someone liable for the same\'85\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13387318\charrsid798937 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx720\tx1217\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13387318 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [25}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid13387318\charrsid477597 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 From the account presented by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid6696446 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the respondent and PW1, it is P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 laint that the allegations of negligence against the appellant\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s driver was pro\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ved on a balance of probabilities. It has often been said that accidents do no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 just happen. The respondent had parked his motor cycle outside a supermarket. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 appellant\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s driver turned left to park when he knocked the respondent\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s motor cycle and thereb\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 y occasioned him the injuries complained of.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 It is manifest therefore that the appellant\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s driver did not keep a proper look out or exercise caution before turning left to access the parking area.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid13387318 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx720\tx1217\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4003561 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [26}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4921030\charrsid4921030 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The respondent\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s evidence was not rebutted by the appe\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 llant. Although the appellant filed a written statement by the driver, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4003561\charrsid6496208 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Charles Otwoma Ouma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4003561 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 , the driver was not called to testify and prove the allegations of negligence made by the appellant in its Defence. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030\charrsid5521567 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 nstead }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4003561 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 the appellant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030\charrsid5521567 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 opted to re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4003561 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ly on its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030\charrsid5521567 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 written submissions, yet it is now trite that submissions cannot substitute for evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030\charrsid5712783 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The point was made by the Court of Appeal in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4921030\charrsid5712783 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Daniel Toroitich Moi v Stephen Muriithi & Another [2014] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4921030\charrsid11539260 \hich\af37\dbch\af37\loch\f37 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid4921030 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4921030\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid4921030\charrsid5712783 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 "...Submissions cannot take the place of evidence. T \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 he 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\super\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid4921030\charrsid5712783 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 st \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid4921030\charrsid5712783 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Respondent had failed to prove his claim by evidence. What appeared in submissions could not come to his aid. Such a course only militates against the law and we are unable to countenance it. Submissions are generally parties' }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs22\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid4921030 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 "marketing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs22\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid4921030\charrsid5712783 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 language" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid4921030\charrsid5712783 ,\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 each side endeavouring to convince the court that its case is the better one. Submissions, we reiterate, do not constitute evidence at all."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid4921030 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af40\hich\af40\dbch\af37\insrsid4921030\charrsid5712783 \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid798937 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4921030\charrsid5702869 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 27}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4921030\charrsid5702869 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid4921030 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Therefore, on a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937\charrsid3371173 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 balance of probabilities, the evidence on record established that the accident was occasioned by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 sole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937\charrsid3371173 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 negligence of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 appellant\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s driver. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid798937\charrsid16733887 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Michael Hubert Kloss & Another vs. David Seroney & 5 Others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2009] eKLR, the Court of Appeal quoted with app\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 roval the following passage from the judgment of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid798937\charrsid2773508 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Lord Reid}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid798937\charrsid16733887 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Stapley v Gypsum Mines Ltd (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937\charrsid10747957 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [1953}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid798937\charrsid10747957 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 A.C. 663 at p. 681: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid798937 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid798937\charrsid16733887 \loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'93\loch\f40 To determine what caused an accident from the point of view of legal liability is a most difficult task. If there is any valid logical\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 \hich\f40 or scientific theory of causation it is quite irrelevant in this connection. In a court of law this question must be decided as a properly instructed and reasonable jury would decide it\'85\loch\f40 The question must be determined by applying common sense to the fact\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 s\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 of each particular case. One may find that as a matter of history several people have been at fault and that if any one of them had acted properly the accident would not have happened, but that does not mean that the accident must be regarded as having b \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 e\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 en caused by the faults of all of them. One must discriminate between those faults which must be discarded as being too remote and those which must not. Sometimes it is proper to discard all but one and to reg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\insrsid798937 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 \hich\f40 ard that one as the sole cause\'85\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid857602 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid6496208 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid4003561\charrsid4003561 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 On quantum, it is useful to bear in mind the caution expressed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 H. West & Son Ltd v Shephard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [1964] AC 326, that: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12877600 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 "...In a sphere in which no one can predicate with complete assurance that the award made by another is wrong the best that can be done is t\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 o pay regard to the range of limits of current thought. In a case such as the present it is natural and reasonable for any member of an appellate tribunal to pose for \tab himself the question as to what award he himself would have made. Having done so, and r\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 e\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 membering that in this sphere \tab there are inevitably differences of view and of opinion, he does \tab not however proceed to dismiss as wrong a figure of an award merely because it does not correspond with the figure of his own assessment." \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12877600 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 The Court of Appeal restated this principle thus in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Hellen Waruguru Waweru (Suing as the legal representative of Peter Waweru Mwenja vs. Kiarie Shoe Stores Limited [2015] eKLR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 : \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12877600 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 "As a general principle, assessment of damages lies in the discretion of the tr\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ial court and an appellate Court will not disturb an award of damages unless it is so inordinately high or low as to represent an erroneous estimate. It must be shown that the Judge proceeded on wrong principles or that he misapprehended the evidence in s \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 o\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 me material respect and so arrived at a figure which was either inordinately high or low. The Court must be satisfied that either the Judge, in assessing the damages, took into account an irrelevant factor, or left out of account a relevant one or that; s \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 h\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ort of this, the amount is so inordinately high that it must be a wholly erroneous estimate of the damages." \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12877600 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [30}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 As has been noted herein above, the lower court awarded the respondent Kshs. 850,000/= as general damages for his injuries. The award, natural\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ly, was premised on the nature of the respondent\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s injuries. The injuries as pleaded and proved were: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11158061 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid857602\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [a]} {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid857602 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Fracture of the left fibula bone \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid857602\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [b]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid857602 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Deep cut wound on the left knee joint \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid857602\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [c]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid857602 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Blunt chest injury \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid857602\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [d]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid857602 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Tender/swollen left injury \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid857602\charrsid7874374 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [e]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid857602 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Dislocation of th\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 e left knee joint}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \tab \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12877600 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \tab }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 The principle reiterated by the Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 in}{ \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 Stanley Maore v Geoffrey Mwenda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 [2004] eKLR,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 is that comparable injuries ought to be compensated by comparable awards. It expressed itself thus: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12877600 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs20\insrsid12877600 \loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'93\'85\loch\f40 we must consider the award of \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 damages in the light of the injuries sustained. It has been stated now and again that in assessment of damages, the general approach should be that comparable injuries should, as far as possible, be compensated by comparable awards keeping in mind the cor \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 r\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 \hich\f40 ect level of awards in similar cases.\'94 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid984884 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11429982 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Accordingly, I have taken into consideration the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11429982\charrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 respondent\hich\f40 \rquote \loch\f40 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11429982 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 injuries as against the following comparable authorities:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12661452 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid984884 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12661452\charrsid11429982 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [a] \tab Akamba Public Raod Services v Abdikadir Adan Galgalo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12661452 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2016] eKLR an amount of Kshs. 500,\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 000/= was awarded for pain, suffering and loss of amenities for a respondent who had sustained a fracture of the right tibia bone among other injuries. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12661452\charrsid11429982 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [b]\tab Ann Namulembo Nyando v Mungai Mwangi & another}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12661452 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [2019] eKLR in which Kshs. 500,000/= was awarded as g\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 eneral damages for pain, suffering and loss of amenities to an appellant who had sustained a compound fracture of the right tibia and fibula. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid984884 \rtlch\fcs1 \af215\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f215\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af215\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11429982 [c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af215\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11168369\charrsid14821376 ]\tab Zoa Taka Limited & another v Kyalo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af215\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11168369 (Civil Appeal E011 of 2022) [2025] KEHC 1606 (KLR) (Civ ) (27 February 2025) (Judgment) in which the plaintiff was awarded general damages in the sum of Kshs. 850,000/= for fracture of right malleolus bone and soft tissue injuries. The award was reduced on appeal to Kshs. 500,000/=. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11168369 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af215\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11429982 [d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af215\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11168369\charrsid14821376 ]\tab Menengai Oil Refineries Limited v Bundi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af215\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11168369 (Civil Appeal E039 of 2022) [2024] KEHC 11122 (KLR) (23 September 2024) (Judgment) in which the plaintiff sustained left medial malleolus fracture along with soft tissue injuries and the appellate court awarded Kshs. 550,000/= as general damages. \par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid984884 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 In the premises, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11429982 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 it is manifest that the sum awarded by the learned magistrate was on the higher side. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12736217 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 It is equally manifest that the authority relied on by the respondent involved far more serious injuries and is therefore not comparable to t\hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 he injuries sustained by the respondent herein. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11429982 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 Going by the range of awards aforementioned, I would reduce the general damages awarded to the respondent to Kshs. 550,000/=. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid8532569 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11429982\charrsid6496208 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11429982 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 In the result, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 I find merit in the appeal on quantum. The same is hereby all \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 owed and orders granted as follows: \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li720\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid984884 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [a]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 That the judgment and decree of the lower court on general damages be and is hereby set aside, and is substituted with an award of Kshs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid11168369 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12661452 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 0,000/=. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11429982 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 [b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \tab \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 That costs of the appeal be and are hereby awarded to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12661452 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 . \par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid984884 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 It is so ordered. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12736217 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 VIRTUALLY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 THIS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid984884 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\super\insrsid984884\charrsid984884 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 ST}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid984884 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 DAY OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid984884 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 MAY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 , 2026 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid984884 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8747044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid984884 \loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11158061 \loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'85\loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'85\loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid984884 \loch\af40\dbch\af37\hich\f40 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85 \'85 \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8747044 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid11158061 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 HON. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 OLGA SEWE \par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid984884 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs28\ul\insrsid12877600 \hich\af40\dbch\af37\loch\f40 JUDGE \par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100e9de0fbfff0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb4ec3301045f748fc83e52d4a 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