UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NTAGANZWA

UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NTAGANZWA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-03-03 - Case/document no.: RPA/GEN 00001/2021/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NTAGANZWA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPA/GEN 00001/2021/CA (Kanyange, P.J., Mukandamage na Kaliwabo, J.) 03 Werurwe 2023] Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ubuhamya – Ukuvuguruzanya kw’abatangabuhamya ku tuntu duto mu rubanza, ntibitesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya batanga. Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ubuhamya – Ikimenyetso cy’ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe ntigishobora guteshwa agaciro no kuba kigizwe n’ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe, kuko igifite agaciro ari uburyo umutangabuhamya atangira ubuhamya ibyo afitiye ubumenyi kandi bihuje na kamere y’ikiburanwa kuruta umubare w’abatangabuhamya. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, Ubushinjacyaha bukurikiranye uregwa ku cyaha cya jenoside, icyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside, kurimbura, kwica no gusambanya ku gahato nk’ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza nuko rwemeza ko uregwa ahamwa n’icyaha cya jenoside, icyo kurimbura no gusambanya ku gahato nk’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, rwemeza ko adahamwa n’icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside n’icyo kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu nuko rumuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu. Uregwa yajuririye Urukiko rw’ubujurire avuga ko yahamijwe ibyaha bikomeye hashingiwe ku buhamya bw’abantu bivuguruza, bavuguruzanya, bavuga ibyo babwiwe

cyangwa batakibuka; ko Urukiko rwafashe ko ivuguruzanya rishingiye ku tuntu duto, nyamara rirebana n’ibintu by’ingenzi bigize ubuhamya, byagombye gutuma buteshwa agaciro. Yajuriye kandi avuga ko anenga ko yahamijwe ibyaha hashingiwe ku nyandiko z’ubutegetsi yatangiyeho raporo ku buyobozi bwari bumukuriye, ko izo nyandiko zitagombye gufatwaho ibimenyetso bimushinja. Ubushinjacyaha bwo bwaburanye buvuga ko nta nenge iboneka mu isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuko bitari ngombwa ko abatangabuhamya basobanura inkuru ku buryo bumwe, ko icyangombwa ari uko bahuriza ku ireme ry’icyo ubuhamya bugendereye (substance), ko kandi uregwa ubwe yemera ko yageze i Cyahinda azanye abajandarume ndetse akemera ko abajandarume barashe impunzi, n’ubwo we abyita impanuka. Ubushinjacyaha bwavuze kandi ko ntacyari kubuza Urukiko Rukuru gushingira ku nyandiko uregwa yanditse asobanura uburyo batsinze inkotanyi zari zigiye gufata Komini Nyakizu ndetse asaba n’imbunda, rukaba rwarasanze inkotanyi yavugaga ari impunzi ziciwe i Cyahinda no ku misozi ihakikije. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ukuvuguruzanya kw’abatangabuhamya ku tuntu duto mu rubanza, ntibitesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya batanga.

2. Ikimenyetso cy’ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe ntigishobora guteshwa agaciro no kuba kigizwe n’ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe, kuko igifite agaciro ari uburyo umutangabuhamya atangira ubuhamya ibyo afitiye ubumenyi kandi bihuje na kamere y’ikiburanwa kuruta umubare w’abatangabuhamya.

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Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Ingingo ya 18. Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 65. Imanza zifashishijwe: Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikare v. Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque, RPAA/Gen 0006/09/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 17/12/2015 Prosecutor v. Semanza Laurent, ICTR -97-A rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda ku wa 20/02/2015. The Prosecutor v. Simon Bikindi, ZCTR-01-72-T, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda ku wa 2 /12/2008. The Prosecutor v. Ildephonse Nizeyimana, ICTR 2000-55c-T, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda ku wa 02/06/2012. The Prosecutor v. Akayezu Jean Paul, ICTR- 96-4-T. rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda. The Prosecutor v. Niyitegeka Eliézer, ICTR- 96- 14-A, Appeal Judgment, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Urubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, Ubushinjacyaha burega Ntaganzwa Ladislas icyaha cya jenoside, icyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside, kurimbura, kwica no gusambanya ku gahato nk’ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu. [2] Mu rubanza RP/GEN

00001/2016/HC/HCCI rwaciwe ku wa 28/05/2020, Urukiko Rukuru, rwemeje ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas ahamwa n’icyaha cya jenoside, icyo kurimbura no gusambanya ku gahato nk’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Rwemeje ko adahamwa n’icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside n’icyo kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Rwahanishije Ntaganzwa Ladislas igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, rutegeka ko asonerwa amagarama y’urubanza kubera ko aburana afunze. [3] Mu gufata icyo cyemezo urukiko rwashingiye ku buhamya bw’abamubonye azana abajandarume kuri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda ku wa 15/04/1994 ndetse akabaha amabwiriza yo kwica abatutsi bari bahahahungiye, ibitero yazanye bikaba byarakomeje kwicira abatutsi ku misozi ya Gasasa, Nyakizu na Mwumba ku matariki ya 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, na 21 Mata 1994, ndetse bakamushinja ko i Nkakwa yahayoboreye inama igamije kugarura abatutsi bahungiraga i

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Burundi kugira ngo bicwe. Abatangabuhamya bamushinja kandi urupfu rw’abatutsi 3 bafatiwe mu modoka bahunga, n’urupfu rwa Rwagasana Joseph yagizemo uruhare. Abatangabuhamya banamushinje guha Habib umugore w’umututsikazi ngo amusambanye ku gahato, naho uwitwa Astérie Mukandanga akaba yaramuhaye umutwa nawe ngo amusambanye ku gahato. [4] Urukiko rwashingiye kandi ku nyandiko zitandukanye Ntaganzwa Ladislas, nka Burugumestiri wa Komini Nyakizu, yashyikirije ORINFOR n’abayobozi batandukanye abamenyesha ko inkotanyi zari i Cyahinda zishwe, n’izagerageje guhungira ku misozi ihakikije bakaba barazirukanye, avuga ko n’abayobozi bitwaye bunyenzi basimbujwe ababaye intwari. Muri izi nyandiko habonekamo n’izo yandikiye umukuru w’interahamwe KAJUGA, amusaba intwaro zo guhangana n’abo yitaga inyenzi bacengeye muri Komini yayoboraga. [5] Urukiko, ruhuje ubuhamya bwatanzwe n’inyandiko zagaragajwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, rwasanze Ntaganzwa Ladislas, udahakana kuba yarageze i Cyahinda no ku misozi iyikikije, ndetse wemera ko yazanye abajandarume bo kurinda impunzi, yaragize umugambi wo gukora jenoside, kurimbura ndetse no gusambanya ku gahato nk’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. [6] Ntaganzwa Ladislas yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire avuga ko yahamijwe ibyaha bikomeye hashingiwe ku buhamya bw’abantu bivuguruza, bavuruzanya cyangwa bavuga ibyo babwiwe cyangwa batakibuka; ko Urukiko rwafashe ko ivuguruzanya

rishingiye ku tuntu duto, nyamara rirebana n’ibintu by’ingenzi bigize ubuhamya, byagombye gutuma buteshwa agaciro. Yanenze kandi ko yahamijwe ibyaha hashingiwe ku nyandiko z’ubutegetsi yatangiyeho raporo ku buyobozi bwari bumukuriye, inyandiko avuga ko zitagombye gufatwaho ibimenyetso bimushinja. [7] Ubushinjacyaha bwasubije buvuga ko nta nenge iboneka mu isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuko bitari ngombwa ko abatangabuhamya basobanura inkuru ku buryo bumwe (akantu ku kandi), ko icyangombwa ari uko bahuriza ku ireme ry’icyo ubuhamya bugendereye (substance), ko kandi Ntaganzwa Ladislas ubwe yemera ko yageze i Cyahinda azanye abajandarume ndetse akemera ko abajandarume barashe impunzi, n’ubwo we abyita impanuka. Ubushinjacyaha bwavuze kandi ko ntacyari kubuza Urukiko Rukuru gushingira ku nyandiko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yanditse asobanura uburyo batsinze inkotanyi zari zigiye gufata Komini Nyakizu ndetse asaba n’imbunda, rukaba rwarasanze inkotanyi yavugaga ari impunzi ziciwe i Cyahinda no ku misozi ihakikije. Ubushinjacyaha bwasabye ko hagumishwaho imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe. [8] Iburanisha ryabaye ku itariki ya 22, iya 23, iya 29 n’iya 30 Ukuboza 2022, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yunganiwe na Me Musonera Alexis, naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Nkusi Faustin, Umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw’Igihugu. [9] Urukiko rurasuzuma niba koko abatangabuhamya bashinja Ntaganzwa Ladislas bavuguruzanya ku ngingo zigize ireme ry’ubuhamya bwabo, Runasuzume niba inyandiko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yakoze mu rwego rw’akazi yari afite zitaragombaga gushingirwaho nk’ibimenyetso bimushinja. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA.

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[10] Mbere yo gusesengura ingingo z’ubujurire zavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ari ngombwa kubanza kugaragaza ibidashidikanywaho muri uru rubanza nk’uko ushinjwa yabiburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere no mu bujurire, ari byo bikurikira: - Ntaganzwa Ladislas yemera ko ku wa 15/04/1994 yageze kuri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda ahari hahungiye abatutsi, ahajyanye abajandarume yahawe na Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque, kandi ko kuri iyo tariki abajandarume barashe impunzi zari i Cyahinda, ariko akavuga ko ari impanuka yatewe no kuba hari bamwe mu mpunzi barashe abajandarume nabo bakabasubiza; - Ntaganzwa Ladislas yemera ko ku wa 17/04/1994 abagize inama y’umutekano barimo Perefe Habyarimana Jean Baptiste, basuye abatutsi bari barahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda, kandi ko yahaherewe imbunda yo kwicungira umutekano mu rwego rwa Komini ya Nyakizu yayoboraga; - Ntaganzwa Ladislas yemera ko uwari Ministiri w’Intebe wa Guverinoma yiyise iy’abatabazi, Jean Kambanda yaje muri Komini Nyakizu yayoboraga, akoresha inama abaturage, avugiramo aya magambo : “ umwanzi naza ufate imbunda urase, nagenda ufate isuka uhinge", ibyo Ntaganzwa yita “defense civile“, ko ari muri urwo rwego yandikiye Kajuga Robert1 amusaba intwaro zo kwirwanaho mu rwego rwa Komini Nyakizu; - Ntaganzwa Ladislas yemera itangazo yashyikirije ibiro ntaramakuru bya ORINFOR Butare, muri iryo tangazo hakaba havugwamo ko inkotanyi zari kuri

Paruwasi ya Cyahinda bazihirukanye zigahungira ku misozi, ko naho zitatinze kuhava. - Ntaganzwa Ladislas yemera ko amabaruwa atandukanye yashingiweho nk’ibimenyetso muri uru rubanza, ari we wayanditse mu rwego rw’ubuyobozi yari arimo. A. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarashingiye ku batangabuhamya bivuguruza, bavuguruzanya, abandi bavuga ibyo babwiwe cyangwa batakibuka A.1. Ku birebana n’igitero cyabereye kuri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda ku wa 15 Mata 1994 [11] Ntaganzwa Ladislas, yunganiwe na Me Musonera Alexis, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhamije icyaha cya jenoside rushingiye ku buhamya bw’abantu bivuguruza, bavuguruzanya ndetse bavuga ibyo babwiwe, bakaba baramushinje ko yageze i Cyahinda ku wa 15/07/1994 azanye abajandarume bo kwica abatutsi bari bahahungiye, nyamara bakaba badahuza ku masaha yahagereye, imyenda yari yambaye no kuba yari yitwaje intwaro cyangwa ntayo yari afite. Anenga kandi uburyo Urukiko Rukuru rwavuze ko abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanya ku tuntu duto tutatuma ubuhamya bwabo buteshwa agaciro nyamara utwo Urukiko rwise utuntu duto, ari two tugize ipfundo ry’ikibazo cyatumye ashinjwa icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. [12] Mu gusobanura uburyo imvugo z’abatangabuhamya zitagombaga gushingirwaho, Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku mvugo y’umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya DND, bavanye i Butare ku wa 15/04/1994, agasigara ahitwa mu Iviro, bityo ko 1 Uyu KAJUGA Robert yari umukuru w’interahamwe ku rwego rw’Igihugu mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994.

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atagombaga guhamya ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yajyanye igitero i Cyahinda kandi ataragezeyo ngo amenye ibihabera. [13] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga na none ko umutangabuhamya Gatera Appolinaire yabwiye Urukiko ko yamubonye yambaye imyenda ya gisirikare, abajijwe impamvu mu Bushinjacyaha yavuze ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yari yambaye ikoti, asubiza ko yashakaga kuvuga ko ari “ikoti rya gisirikare”; naho Rwemarika Straton wabajijwe uko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yari yambaye, yavuze ko “yambaraga neza” mu gihe Rusagara François we yahamije ko yari yambaye ikoti ry’umukara risanzwe. Avuga kandi ko uwitwa Sezibera yahamije ko ubwo bajyaga i Gasasa, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yari yambaye ikoti rya gisirikare rigera ku mavi, naho mu ibazwa rye ryo ku wa 23/05/2019, avuga ko yari yambaye ikoti rya gisivili. Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga ko, kuba abo batangabuhamya bavuga ko bari hamwe, ariko bakaba badasobanura ku buryo bumwe imyenda yari yambaye, bituma ubuhamya bwabo bushidikanywaho. [14] Ku birebana n’amasaha Ntaganzwa Ladislas yaba yaragereye i Cyahinda ku wa 15/04/1994, avuga ko nabyo abatangabuhamya bashingiweho batabivugaho kimwe, ko KAYISIRE Cassien yatangarije intumwa z’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yahageze hagati ya saa saba na saa munani, nyamara mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko yahageze mu gitondo hagati ya saa tatu na saa saba. Naho ku birebana n’aho

Ntaganzwa Ladislas yari ahagaze, avuga ko uyu mutangabuhamya yabwiye intumwa za TPIR ko yagiye iruhande, abapolisi n’abajandarume aba aribo barasa, kandi ko mu gihe yaremeshaga inama nta mbunda yari afite. [15] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ivuga ko Urukiko rushingira ku batangabuhamya bafite ubumenyi ku byabaye, ko rero ivuguruzanya ryaranze abatangabuhamya bamushinja ryagombaga gutuma ubuhamya bwabo buteshwa agaciro, aho kuvuga ko ivuguruzanya ryabo rishingiye ku tuntu duto. [16] Ntaganzwa Ladislas, yunganiwe na Me Musonera Alexis, avuga ko icyo anenga ku birebana n’abatangabuhamya bamushinja ko yagabye igitero i Cyahinda ku wa 15/04/1994, ari uko abo batangabuhamya batashoboraga kumenya impamvu yazanye abajandarume, Urukiko Rukuru rukaba rwarabashingiyeho rwemeza ko yabajyanye ari igitero cyo kwica abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda, nyamara abajandurume yarabazanye agambiriye kurinda umutekano w’impunzi zari zahungiye mu gace ayobora, ko ubwicanyi bwabaye kuri uwo munsi asanga ari impanuka yatewe nuko impunzi zarashe abajandarume, aba nabo bakarasa birwanaho. [17] Ntaganzwa Ladislas, yunganiwe na Me Musonera Alexis, yamenyesheje Urukiko ko ibisobanuro birebana n’ukwivuguruza, kuvuguruzanya no kuvuga ibyo babwiwe, byaranze abatangabuhamya bamushinja, bireba icyaha cya jenoside ndetse n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kuko iki kimenyetso cyashingiweho ku buryo bumwe kuri ibi byaha byombi. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bwiregura kuri iyi ngingo [18] Ubushinjacyaha busubiza kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire buvuga ko nta nenge iboneka mu isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuko abatangabuhamya ko ku wa 15/04/1994

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Ntaganzwa Ladislas wari Burugumestiri wa Komini Nyakizu, yazanye abajandarume i Cyahinda kandi ko uwo munsi bishe impunzi nyinshi, ibi bikaba bidatandukanye n’ibyo ushinjwa yemera ko uwo munsi yahageze, kandi ko yazanye abajandarume ndetse ko abajandarume barashe impunzi, n’ubwo we abyita impanuka, nyamara akaba atavuga ko ibyabereye i Cyahinda ku wa 15/04/1994 ari impanuka, mu gihe impunzi 25.000, harimo abana, abagore n’abasaza barashwe n’abajandarume yazanye. [19] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko amagambo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yabwiye abatutsi bahungiye i Cyahinda ko bahisemo kugura inka abandi bakagura amasasu, bityo ko bareka amahembe akarwana n’amasasu, agaragaza ko atagenzwaga no kubarindira umutekano, ahubwo ari igitero yayoboye cyo kwica abahungiye i Cyahinda, ndetse ko n’inyandiko yanditse zisobanura ibyahabereye, zigaragaza ko umugambi wari uwo kwica, bityo ko nta nenge iboneka mu isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru. [20] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko abatangabuhamya Kasire Cassien, DNA, Rusagara François, Rwemarika Straton, Bwanakweri Vianney, Gasinzigwa Jean Damascène na Gatera Appolinaire bahamije ibyo bazi neza kandi ko bahuriza kuby’ingenzi byabereye i Cyahinda ku wa 15/04/1994, nko kuba Ntaganzwa Ladislas ari we wazanye abajandarume, no kuba yarategetse ko barasa impunzi bafatanyije n’interahamwe n’impunzi z’abarundi. Buvuga ko kuba Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga ko abo

batangabuhamya bavuguruzanya ku myenda yari yambaye, ku masaha yahagereye n’aho yari ahagaze, ari utuntu duto tudashobora gutesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya bwabo, kandi ko iryo vuguruzanya riterwa n’ibihe abatangabuhamya barimo ndetse n’igihe kinini gishize ibyo bavugaho bibaye. Busobanura ko ukwivuguruza kutafatirwa gusa ku magambo umutangabuhamya akoresha cyangwa kudahuza neza imvugo mu gusobanura imigendekere y’ibyo atangira ubuhamya, ko icya ngombwa ari uko ireme ry’ibyo avuga (substance) ridahinduka. Buvuga kandi ko kudatesha agaciro ubuhamya biturutse ku tuntu duto abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanyaho, Urukiko Rukuru rwabishingiye no ku manza zaciwe n’inkiko Mpuzamahanga zagaragajwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa, kandi Ntaganzwa Ladislas akaba ntacyo azinenga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [21] Ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko Umushinjacyaha n’uregwa bafite bombi uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo icyo aricyo cyose cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru mu gihe hari imwe cyangwa zose mu mpamvu zikurikira: 1° ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y’itegeko gutuma icyo cyemezo gita agaciro; 2° ukwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye kwatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi. [22] Iyi ngingo yumvikanisha ko uwajuriye agomba kugaragaza ikosa ryakozwe rigomba gukosorwa mu bujurire, bivuze ko atagomba gusa kugarura mu bujurire ibyo yatsinzweho ku rwego rwa mbere, kuko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rudashinzwe kuburanisha bundi bushya urubanza

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mu mizi nk’uko byasobanuwe mu rubanza ICTR -97-A rwa Semanza Laurent rwaciwe ku wa 20/02/2015 n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, igika cya 9.2 [23] Ku birebana n’uko umutangabuhamya DND atagombaga gushingirwaho ku birebana no kuba Ntaganzwa Ladislas yarajyanye abajandarume i Cyahinda kuko yavuze ko bavanye i Butare agasigara i Nyagisozi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga koko mu buhamya bwa DND buboneka mu gika cya 42 n’icya 43 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, yarasobanuye uburyo yajyanye na Ntaganzwa Ladislas i Butare n’uburyo uyu yahawe abajandarume, anavuga ko we yasigaye iNyagisozi naho Ntaganzwa Ladislas n’abajandarume yavanye i Butare bajya i Cyahinda (…). [24] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi mu gushingira kuri ubwo buhamya bwa DND, Urukiko Rukuru rwarashatse kugaragaza ko ku wa 15/04/1994 Ntaganda Ladislas yajyanye abajandarume i Cyahinda, runabihuza n’uko nawe yemeye ko yahabajyanye nubwo yavugaga ko bari abo kurinda umutekano w’impunzi zari zahahungiye, ariko Urukiko ruza gusanga ubuhamya bwatanzwe bugaragaza ko ari igitero yagabye kuri izo mpunzi. [25] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero kuba umutangabuhamya DND yarasigaye i Nyagisozi, ntacyo bihindura ku buhamya bwe bwashingiweho n’Urukiko Rukuru burebana n’uko Ntaganda Ladislas yajyanye abajandarume i Cyahinda yari avanye i Butare, kuko nawe adahakana ko yahabajyanye, akavuga gusa ko bari abo

kurinda umutekano w’impunzi. [26] Ku birebana n’ingingo yo kuba abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanya ku myenda Ntaganzwa Ladislas yari yambaye, isaha yagereye i Cyahinda, kuba yari afite cyangwa atari afite imbunda, aho yari ahagaze, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yayiburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, mu gika cya 73 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rusesengura ubuhamya bwatanzwe na Kasire Cassien, DNA, DND, Rusagara François, Rwemarika Straton, Bwanakweri Vianney, Gasinzigwa Jean Damascène na Gatera Appolinaire, rusanga aba bose barahamije ko ku wa 15/04/1994, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yageze i Cyahinda azanye abajandarume, bafatanyije n’interahamwe n’impunzi z’abarundi, kwica impunzi z’abatutsi bari bahungiye muri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda. [27] Ku birebana n’ibyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga by’uko abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanya, nabyo Urukiko Rukuru rwarabisuzumye, rusobanura ko kuba badahuza imvugo ku birebana n’amasaha yahagereye, imyambaro yari yambaye n’aho yari ahagaze, ari utuntu duto tudashobora gutuma ubuhamya buteshwa agaciro, kuko tudafitanye isano n’ireme ry’ubuhamya batanze. Ibyo kuba abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanya ku tuntu duto ariko ntibigire ingaruka ku ireme ry’ubuhamya batanze, Urukiko Rukuru rwanabishingiye ku rubanza rwa Bikindi Simon3 ndetse n’urubanza rwa Nizeyimana Ildephonse4 zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda. [28] Muri iki gika cya 72 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa

n’ibindi bigikurikiye, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze Ntaganzwa Ladislas wiyemereye ko kuri iyi tariki ya 15/04/1994 yageze i Cyahinda 2 La Chambre d’appel souligne qu’en appel, une partie ne saurait se conteter de répéter les arguments ayant échoué en première instance dans l’espoir que la Chambre d’appel les examinera à nouveau. La procédure d’appel n’est pas un procès de novo et la Chambre d’appel n’est pas un un second juge du fond. Il revient à la partie requérante de prouver que les conclusions ou les décisions de la Chambre de première instance ont entraîné une erreur telle qu’elle justifie l’intervention de la Chambre d’appel. 3 Case no. ZCTR-01-72-T, The Prosecutor v. SIMON BIKINDI, 2 December 2008, page 12, paragraph 32. 4 4 ICTR 2000-55c-T, Le Procureur c/ Ildephonse Nizeyimana, du 02 Juin 2012, p. 94, para 289.

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afite abajandarume, atashingira ku ivuguruzanya rirebana n’amasaha yahagereye n’imyambaro yari yambaye, kuko atagamije guhakana ko yahageze koko. [29] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ruremeranywa n’isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru kuko, uretse no kuba utuntu duto abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanyaho tudatesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya, na Ntaganzwa Ladislas uburanisha iyi ngingo ntahakana ko ku wa 15/4/1994 yajyanye abajandarume i Cyahinda kandi ko barashe impunzi. Kuba atemeranywa n’Urukiko Rukuru ku mugambi watumye ajyana aba bajandarume i Cyahinda nta sano bifitanye n’ingingo yo kuvuguruzanya ku masaha yahagereye, imyambaro yari yambaye n’aho yari ahagaze. [30] Urukiko rurasanga rero, usibye kwongera kugarura ibyo yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, Ntaganzwa Ladislas atagaragaza inenge yari gutuma ubuhamya budashingirwaho n’Urukiko Rukuru nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko y’Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, bityo ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. A.2. Ku birebana n’ibyabereye i Cyahinda ku itariki ya 16, 17, 18 n’iya 19 Mata 1994 [31] Ntaganzwa Ladislas, yunganiwe na Me Musonera Alexis, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku mvugo za DND wavuze ko ku wa 16/04/1994 yagiye mu gitero i Cyahinda cyari kiyobowe na Ntaganzwa Ladislas, nyamara uwo mutangabuhamya yarashakaga kuvuga igitero cyo ku wa 18/04/1994 cyari kiyobowe na Adjudant

chef Kanyeshyamba, ko rero ubwo buhamya yabutanze agamije kumugerekaho icyaha atakoze. Akomeza avuga ko nyuma y’icyo yita impanuka yabaye ku wa 15/04/1994, ku itariki ya 16 n’iya 17 Mata 1994 i Cyahinda hari ituze, ndetse bakomeza kwakira izindi mpunzi, kandi ko nta mutangabuhamya wundi uvuga ko kuri aya matariki yombi hari igitero cyabaye ku mpunzi zari zahahungiye, bityo ko Urukiko rwibeshye mu kuvuga ko impunzi zarashwe no kuri aya matariki avuzwe. [32] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga na none ko ku wa 17/04/1994, Habyarimana Jean Baptiste uwari Perefe wa Butare na Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque basuye Paroisse ya Cyahinda bakoresha inama, ko ku wa 18/4/1994 uwari Perezida Sindikubwabo nawe yageze i Cyahinda abwira abaturage ko bagomba kwirwanaho bakirukana inkotanyi zaje muri Nyakizu, ko iyi disikuru ariyo yatumye haba ubwicanyi kuri Paruwasi Cyahinda ndetse no ku misozi iyikikije, nk’uko byanemejwe n’umutangabuhamya Umulisa Josiane. Avuga ko iby’iyo nama y’uwari Perefe wa Butare yanavuzweho mu rubanza rwa Nyiramasuhuko Pauline n’urwa Nizeyimana Ildephonse zaburanishijwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, aho abacamanza bemeje ko nta bwicanyi bwabaye kuri ayo matariki yombi, ko ahubwo bwabaye ku wa 18/04/1994 buyobowe na Ajudant Chef Kanyeshyamba w’umusirikare. Asanga rero ibyabereye i Cyahinda bikwiye gusesengurwa mu bice bibiri aribyo: ibyahabereye ku

wa 15/04/1994 n’ibyahabereye kuva ku wa 18/04/1994 nyuma y’uruzinduko rwa Perezida Sindikubwabo, ko kandi nta ruhare yabigizemo. [33] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga kandi ko anenga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku buhamya bwatanzwe na Rusagara François wavuze ko yari i Gasasa abona i Cyahinda hatwikwa ku wa 17/04/1994, nyamara atarashoboraga kumenya abatwitse abo ari bo, ubwo buhamya rero bukaba nta kuri kurimo, kuko kuri iyo tariki nta bwicanyi bwabaye.

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[34] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhamije icyaha cya jenoside rushingiye ku bwicanyi bwabereye kuri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda nyamara ibyo ashijwa ari nabyo Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque yahaniwe mu rubanza yaciriwe n’Urukiko rwa Gisirikare kugeza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanura kuri iyi ngingo [35] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nta gahenge impunzi zari i Cyahanda zahawe ku matariki avugwa na Ntaganzwa Ladislas, kubera ko mu nyandiko yashyikirije ORINFOR, yavuze ko inkotanyi zashatse kwigarurira Komini Nyakizu, ariko bakazirwanya ku wa 15/04/1994, kandi ko imirwano yakomeje ku wa 16/04 kugeza ku wa 19/04/1994. Bukomeza buvuga ko, mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 19/05/2019, umutangabuhamya DND yahamije ko we ubwe yagiye mu gitero cyagabwe i Cyahanda ku wa 16 no ku wa 19 Mata 1994, naho umutangabuhamya Rusagara François avuga ko mu gihe yari ku musozi wa Gasasa, wegeranye na Paruwasi ya Cyahinda, yiboneye igitero cyagabwe i Cyahinda ku wa 17 Mata 1994, bityo ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas tacyo akwiye kunenga kuri aba batangabuhamya bombi, mu gihe ubuhamya bwabo bushimangira ibyo yiyandikiye. [36] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga na none ko ibyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga ko ubwicanyi bwabaye i Cyahinda nyuma y’uko uwari Perefe wa Butare (Habyarimana Jean Baptiste) asuye impunzi ku wa 17/04/1994, nta kuri kurimo, kuko adahakana ko ubwicanyi bwari bwatangiye ku wa 15/04/1994,

kandi ko Perefe Habyarimana Jean Baptiste atigeze ashyigikira ubwicanyi, akaba ariyo mpamvu kuri uwo munsi we n’umuryango we bishwe. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas adasobanura iby’igitero cya Adjudant chef Kanyeshyamba, ko kandi kitavanaho uruhare rwe rwatangiwe ibimenyetso. [37] Ku byerekeye urubanza rwa Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko rudashinjura Ntaganzwa Ladislas, ko ahubwo rugaragaza ko i Cyahinda hagabwe ibitero byinshi, kandi ko Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque yahaniwe uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwahabereye, mu gihe Ntaganzwa Ladislas nawe yahaniwe uruhare rwe.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [38] Ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa kuri iyi ngingo bugamije kugaragaza ko nta bwicanyi bwabaye i Cyahinda ku matariki ya 16 na 17 Mata 1994, ko ahubwo bwatangijwe n’uwari Perezida Sindikubwabo mu nama yakoresheje ku wa 17/04/1994, bukaba bwarayobowe na Adjudant chef Kanyeshyamba, ko kandi ibikorwa akurikiranyweho ari nabyo Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque yahaniwe. [39] Nk’uko bigaragara mu rubanza rwajuririwe5, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko ubwicanyi bwakorewe impunzi zahungiye i Cyahinda bwatangiye ku wa 15/04/1994 nk’uko na Ntaganzwa Ladislas yiyemereye ko kuri iyi tariki abajandarume bishe impunzi babitewe no kuba hari impunzi zarashe bamwe mu bajandarume, rubishingira no ku nyandiko yashyikirije ORINFOR Butare agaragaza ko ku wa 15/04/1994 inkotanyi zagerageje gufata Komini Nyakizu bakazikoma imbere zisubira kuri Paruwasi i Cyahinda, ko imirwano yaje gukomeza tariki ya 16 kugeza tariki 5 Reba igika cya 79- 83 by’urubanza nº RP/GEN 00001/2016/HC/HCCI

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ya 19/04/1994 abaturage bafasha ingabo, bamenesha inkotanyi, zihungira hejuru ku misozi naho zitatinze kuva, Ntaganzwa Ladislas akanavuga muri iyo nyandiko ubwoko bw’imbunda zakoreshejwe muri ibyo bitero. Urukiko rwasanze inkotanyi Ntaganzwa Ladislas yavugaga muri iryo tangazo ari abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda, ko ibyo yongeye no kubishimangira mu mabaruwa yagiye yandikira inzego zinyuranye zirimo iyo yandikiye uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe. [40] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ryarashingiye ku buhamya bwa DND uvuga ko yagiye mu bitero byo ku wa 16 kugeza ku wa 19/04/1994 biyobowe na Ntaganzwa Ladislas n’ubwa Rusagara François wavuze ko ku wa 17/04/1994 yabonye i Cyahinda hatwikwa, rishingira no ku itangazo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yashyikirije ORINFOR Butare, aho yasobanuye ko kuva ku wa 15/04/1994 ingabo zifashijwe n’abaturage zakubise incuro inkotanyi zari zateye Paruwasi ya Cyahinda, ibitero bikaba byarakomeje kugeza ku wa 19/04/1994, bityo Urukiko rwanzura ko nta tuze ryari i Cyahinda ku wa 16 no ku wa 17/04/1994, binyuranye n’ibyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yaburanishije. [41] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, mu ibazwa rye ryo ku wa 09/05/2019, imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru, DND yasobanuye ko yagiye mu bitero byagabwe i Cyahinda kwica impunzi zari zasigaye muri Kiliziya kandi ko ibyo bitero byabaye kuva ku wa 16 kugeza ku wa 19/04/1994,

biyobowe na Ntaganzwa Ladislas, ibi bikaba bivuguruza ibyo avuga ko DND yemeye gusa igitero cyo ku wa 18/04/1994 cyari kiyobowe na Adjudant chef Kanyeshyamba. [42] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga na none, n’ubwo Ntaganzwa Ladislas anenga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa Rusagara François butavugisha ukuri ku byabaye i Cyahinda ku wa 17/04/1994, mu mwanzuro we w’ubujurire (urupapuro rwa 29) nawe adahakana ko kuri iyi tariki i Cyahinda hatwitswe, ahubwo akavuga ko aho Rusagara François yari i Gasasa atashoboraga kumenya abahatwitse, ko ndetse nta kigaragaza inkomoko y’inkongi y’umuriro Rusagara François yabonye, ariko icyumvikana mu buhamya bwe ni uko kuri iriya tariki ya 17/04/1994 nta tuze ryari i Cyahinda nk’uko Ntaganzwa Ladislas abiburanisha n’ubwo ataba yarabonye abatwitse. [43] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, imiburanire ya Ntaganzwa Ladislas y’uko DND yari mu gitero cyari kiyobowe na Adjudant chef Kanyeshyamba nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza rwa Nizeyimana Ildephonse rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, kandi ko icyo gitero ari cyo cyatumye ituze ryari i Cyahinda ku wa 16 - 17/04/1994 rihungabana nta shingiro ifite, kuko, nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 09/05/2019, imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru, DND yasobanuye ko yagiye mu bitero byagabwe i Cyahinda kwica impunzi zari zasigaye muri Kiliziya, byabaye kuva ku wa 16 kugeza ku

wa 19/04/1994, biyobowe na Ntaganzwa Ladislas, na Rusagara François ahamya ko yabonye i Cyahinda hashya ku wa 17/04/1994, ubwo buhamya bwombi bukaba buhura n’ibikubiye mu nyandiko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yashyikirije ORINFOR Butare agaragaza ko ku wa 15/04/1994 inkotanyi zagerageje gufata Komini Nyakizu bakazikoma imbere zisubira kuri Paruwasi i Cyahinda, ko imirwano yaje gukomeza tariki ya 16 kugeza tariki ya 19/04/1994. [44] Urukiko rurasanga kandi, ibyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga ko mbere y’inama ya Sindikubwabo yo ku wa 17/04/1994 nta bitero byabaye i Cyahinda, nabyo nta shingiro bifite, kuko hari abatangabuhamya Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho barimo DND na Rusagara François

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babinyomoza, ibyo kandi bavuze bikaba bihura n’ibyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yemeje mu itangazo yahaye ORINFOR Butare rigaragaza ko ibitero byabaye mbere y’inama avuga yakoreshwejwe na Sindikubwabo. [45] Ku birebana no kuba Ntaganzwa avuga ko atahanirwa ubwicanyi bwabereye i Cyahinda kuko ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi byahabereye byaryojwe Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque, Urukiko rurasanga, mu rubanza N° RPAA 0006/GEN/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 17/12/2015, bigaragara ko Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque yahaniwe ubufatanyacyaha mu bwicanyi hashingiwe ku kuba yaratanze abajandarume n’imbunda azi neza ko bagiye kwica impunzi zari zahungiye i Cyahinda, ndetse akaba atarigeze ahana ababikoze harimo na S/Lt Majoro wayoboye abo bajandarume.6 Rurasanga icyaha Major Habyarabatuma Cyriaque yahaniwe kitavanaho icyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas ashinjwa muri uru rubanza gishingiye ku kuba yarasabye akanahabwa abajandarume bishe impunzi zari zahungiye i Cyahinda, nawe ubwe akaba ashinjwa kuyobora ibitero byishe impunzi, bityo buri wese akaba yarahaniwe uruhare rwe rwihariye. [46] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, rushingiye ku byasobanuwe haruguru, rurasanga ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas bugamije kugaragaza ko nta bitero byagabwe i Cyahinda ku matariki ya 16 - 19 Mata 1994, nta shingiro bufite. A.3. Ku birebana n’ibitero byabereye ku misozi ya Gasasa, Mwumba na Nyakizu [47] Ku birebana n’ibitero byabereye ku misozi ya

Gasasa, Nyakizu na Mwumba iteganye na Cyahinda, Ntaganzwa Ladislas anenga abatangabuhamya Gatera Appolinaire, Sezibera Révérien, DHN na Ntampaka Zacharie, bemeza ko yabigizemo uruhare kuko bamubonye mu bitero byo kuri iyo misozi, byagabwe ku batutsi bari bahahungiye, nyamara bakaba batarashoboraga kumumenya mu kivunge cy’abantu 7000 bivugwa ko bari muri ibyo bitero. [48] Akomeza avuga ko Ntampaka Zacharie yamushinje igitero cyabaye ku wa 19/04/1994, ariko Urukiko Rukuru rwongeraho n’igitero cyo ku wa 21/04/1994 kandi nta muntu ukimushinja, kandi ko mu iperereza Urukiko Rukuru rwakoreye i Cyahinda nta muntu wabonetse umushinja igitero cyo ku misozi yavuzwe haruguru. Avuga na none ko ku wa 19/04/1994 yari i Butare mu nama yo kwimika Perefe mushya, bityo ko atashoboraga kubera icyarimwe i Butare n’i Cyahinda, ko inama yo kwimika Perefe yatangiye saa tatu igasoza saa munani, mu gihe bamushinja igitero cyo kuri iyo misozi cyagabwe guhera saa tatu kugeza saa kumi n’imwe. [49] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko nta nama yabereye kuri Komini irebana n’igitero cyagombaga kubera i Gasasa, akibaza aho rwahereye rwemeza igitero cyabereye kuri uwo musozi kandi rwari rumaze kumuhanaguraho icyaha yarezwe cyo gukoresha inama ku wa 21/04/1994 ishishikariza abantu kwica abatutsi bari bahungiye ku musozi wa Gasasa. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanuye kuri iyi ngingo 6 Reba igika cya 13 n’icya 22 by’urubanza RPAA/Gen 0006/09/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’I kuwa 17/12/2015 haburana Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikare na Major HABYARABATUMA Cyriaque.

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[50] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yanenze ko Gatera, Sezibera, DHN na Ntampaka nk’abantu bahigwaga batari kumenya umuntu runaka uri mu gitero, ko nyamara aba ari abantu bari bamuzi neza, kandi ko imanza nyinshi zaciwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bw’abantu barokotse jenoside kuko nabo, n’ubwo bahigwaga, ariko bashoboraga kumenya bamwe mu babahigaga. [51] Ku birebana n’imvugo ya Ntaganzwa Ladislas ko ku wa 19/04/1994 yari i Butare, bityo ko atashoboraga kuba mu gitero cyabereye ku misozi ikikije i Cyahinda, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko, n’ubwo ntakigaragaza ko koko kuri uwo munsi yari i Butare, nyamara ntibivanaho ko yageze n’i Gasasa, kuko igitero cyo ku wa 19/04/1994 cyatangiye mu gitondo kugeza ku mugoroba, kandi nawe akaba avuga ko inama yarangiye saa munani. Bukomeza buvuga ko i Gasasa hatewe inshuro nyinshi ku buryo Ntaganzwa adashobora kuburanisha gusa ibyabaye ku wa 19/04/1994. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko, hari abandi bantu batanze amakuru ashyigikira ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yari mu bitero byabereye i Gasasa, abo akaba ari Mukankusi Espérance, Nzabirinda Emmanuel na Havugimana André nabo babwiye Urukiko Rukuru ko ibyo bitero Ntaganzwa Ladislas yabibonetsemo. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko, kuba hari abatangabuhamya bavuga ko batamubonye mu bitero byo ku musozi wa Gasasa, Nyakizu na Mwumba, ubwabyo bitavanaho ubuhamya bw’abahamubonye kandi bamushinja. [52] Ubushinjacyaha

busobanura ko ubuhamya bwa Ntampaka Zacharie nta nenge bufite, kuko ahamya ko kuva ku wa 16/04/1994 i Gasasa habaye ibitero bitandukanye kandi ko n’ubwo atibuka neza amatariki, ariko yibuka ko habayeho igitero cyo ku wa nyuma, icyo ku wa gatandatu, icyo ku cyumweru n’icyo ku wa kabiri cyamaze abantu benshi, kuko cyarimo imbunda nyinshi. [53] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko, bitewe n’uko abatangabuhamya batahunze ku munsi umwe bagana kuri iyi misozi ikikije i Cyahinda, bishoboka ko batahuriza no ku matariki baboneyeho Ntaganzwa Ladislas, kubera ko habaye ibitero byinshi, ko nyamara ibyo bitaba impamvu yo kunenga ubuhamya batanze. Kuri iyi ngingo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko, n’ubwo Ntaganzwa Ladislas adashaka kwemera uruhare rwe mu bitero byabereye i Gasasa, nyamara mu itangazo yashyikirije ORINFOR yavuze ko birukanye inkotanyi i Cyahinda zigahungira ku misozi iri hafi, ariko naho bazihakuye, bikaba byumvikana ko nta bundi buryo bazihakuye uretse ibitero bagabye ku mpunzi zari zahahungiye.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [54] Ku birebana n’ibitero byabereye ku misozi ya Gasasa, Nyakizu na Mwumba, ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas bugamije kunenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru cyashingiye ku batangabuhamya bavuga ko bamubonye, nyamara batarashoboraga kumubona mu kivunge cy’abantu benshi ngo bamumenye. Bugamije kandi kugaragaza ko atashoboraga kuba mu gitero cyo ku wa 19/04/1994 kuko yari mu nama yimika Perefe i Butare. Bugamije na none kugaragaza ko Urukiko rwamuhamije igitero cyo ku wa 21/04/1994 bushingiye ku buhamya bwa Ntampaka Zacharie, nyamara uyu yaravuze igitero cyo ku 19 Mata 1994. [55] Nk’uko biboneka mu gika cya 84 kugeza ku gika cya 92 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, cyane cyane mu gika cya 87, Urukiko Rukuru rwasesenguye ubuhamya bwa Gatera, Ntampaka, DHN na Sezibera, rusanga baravuze ibyo biboneye kandi babihurizaho, ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas uvuga

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ko batashoboraga kumubona mu kivunge cy’abantu benshi atagaragaza icyo abishingiraho, uretse amagambo ye, ko kuba abamushinja barahigwaga bitavuze ko batashoboraga kubona abari mu bitero, cyane cyane ko ubuhamya bwabo bugaragaza ko ibi bitero byagabwe ku minsi itandukanye. [56] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, mu bika bivuzwe haruguru, Urukiko Rukuru rwarasesenguye ubuhamya bwatanzwe ku birebana n’ibitero byagabwe ku misozi ya Gasasa, Mwumba na Nyakizu rusanga kuri iyi misozi harabaye ibitero byinshi no ku minsi itandukanye ku buryo kwibeshya ku munsi w’igitero bikwiye gufatwa nk’ikosa rito ritatesha ubuhamya agaciro, ko na Ntaganzwa Ladislas witsitsa ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 aho avuga ko yari i Butare bitamuvanaho uburyozwe, kuko atariwo munsi wonyine iyi misozi yatewe kandi ko nawe yatanze raporo ivuga ko bateye inkotanyi (byasobanuwe ko ari impunzi z’abatutsi) bakazivana i Cyahinda no ku misozi ihakikije, Urukiko rukaba rwaremeje ko iyo misozi ivugwa harimo i Gasasa, Nyakizu na Mwumba. [57] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga usibye kugarura mu bujurire ibyo yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, Ntaganzwa Ladislas aterekana ikosa Urukiko rwakoze hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, ahubwo kuba rwarahuje ubuhamya bumushinja n’inyandiko yiyandikiye yemeza ibitero byabaye ku misozi ivugwa haruguru bikaba biha ireme ubuhamya

anenga. Rurasanga kandi kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaremeje ko nta nama yakozwe itegura igitero bidakwiye kuba impamvu ishinjura Ntaganzwa Ladislas kuko, ku birebana n’ibyabereye i Gasasa, Nyakizu na Mwumba adashinjwa inama yakoresheje, ahubwo ashinjwa ibitero byatangiriye i Cyahinda bigakomereza kuri iyi misozi aho abatutsi bari bahungiye, ndetse bamwe mu bamushinja, nka DHN, bakaba bari muri ibi bitero. [58] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas bugamije kunenga ibyashingiweho n’Urukiko Rukuru ku birebana n’uruhare rwe mu bitero byagabwe ku misozi ya Gasasa, Mwumba na Nyakizu, nta shingiro bufite. A.4. Ku birebana n’inama yabereye i Nkakwa [59] Ntaganzwa Ladislas yajuriye avuga ko Urukiko rwamuhamije ibyaha bikomeye hashingiwe ku buhamya bwa Ruhinguka Vital wenyine uvuga ko yabwiwe na Konseye Ngendamagabo Théoneste ko Ntaganzwa yamuhaye amabwiriza yo kugarura abatutsi bahungiraga i Burundi, bakicwa. Avuga ko ashinjwa n’abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanya kuko DNC, umwe mu bahungaga, yavuze ko atamubonye i Nkakwa, Sezibera Réverien akavuga ko Ntaganzwa yakoresheje abaturage inama yo kwica abatutsi bahungiraga iBurundi naho DND akavuga ko yabwiwe na Maniraho wari diregiteri w’amashuri ko Ntaganzwa yatanze amabwiriza yo kugarura no kwica abatutsi bahungaga. [60] Anenga Urukiko ko, rushingiye kuri ubwo buhamya, rwemeje ko nta nama yaremesheje i Nkakwa yo kugarura no kwica abatutsi bahungiraga i Burundi ariko rukabirengaho rugashingira ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe, Ruhinguka Vital rukamuhamya icyaha atakoze. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanura kuri iyi ngingo

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[61] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Urukiko rwasesenguye imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bahuriza ku kuba Ntaganzwa Ladislas yaratanze ubutumwa bwo kugarura abatutsi bahungiraga i Burundi banyuze i Nkakwa, ko kuba abatangabuhamya bamwe bavuga ko yakoresheje inama abandi bakavuga ko yabibwiye abantu, bidahindura ukuri kw’ibyo ashinjwa, kuko adashinjwa gukoresha inama, ahubwo akurikiranyweho uruhare yagize mu kugarura abatutsi bahungaga, bakicwa, ko kandi nawe yemera ko yageze i Nkakwa, ko kuba babyita inama cyangwa bakavuga ko yavuganye na bamwe mu bantu bari bahari sibyo bizana gushidikanya ku buhamya batanze. [62] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko bitari ngombwa ko abatangabuhamya basobanura inkuru ku buryo bumwe (akantu ku kandi), ko icyangombwa ari uko bahuriza ku ireme ry’icyo ubuhamya bugendereye (substance). Buvuga ko ibi ariko byasobanuwe mu manza zaciwe n’Inkiko mpuzamahanga harimo n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, mu rubanza rwa Munyakazi Yussuf7 n’urwa Ntawukuriryayo Dominique8. Buvuga kandi ko kuba na none Urukiko rwaremeje ko Ntaganzwa yategetse ko abatutsi bagarurwa bakicwa nyamara rwaremeje ko nta nama yakoreshe i Nkakwa bidakwiye kuboneka nk’inenge, kuko mu gika cya 122 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa9, rwasesenguye ubuhamya kandi rugaragaza ishingiro ry’icyemezo rwafashe.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [63] Ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas bugamije kugaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko nta nama yakoresheje i Nkakwa ariko rubirengaho rushingira ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe butagira ikibushyigikira rwemeza ko yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi bahungiraga i Burundi. [64] Imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe igaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru, nyuma yo gusesengura ubuhamya bw’abavuze ku iyicwa ry’abatutsi bahungiraga i Burundi, rwarasanze nta kigaragaza ku buryo budashidikanywaho ko ubwo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yageraga i Nkakwa yakoresheje inama kubera ko abatangabuhamya batabihurizaho, ariko rukaba rwari rwasanze ubuhamya bwatanzwe bugaragaza ko ku mugoroba wo ku wa 14/04/1994, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yageze i Nkakwa ahasanga abantu barimo Konseye Ndengamagabo Théoneste amubwira kutareka abatutsi bahungiraga i Burundi, uyu nawe abwira abaturage kujya kubatangira barabagarura barabica nk’uko byemejwe n’umutangabuhamya Ruhinguka Vital. 7 Byongeye kandi, kugira ngo ubuhamya bushyigikire ubundi, si ngombwa ko bwombi buba busa kuri byose kubera ko buri mutangabuhamya avuga ibyo yabonye, akurikije uko abyumva, igihe byabaga cyangwa se akurikije uko yasobanukiwe n’ibintu yumvanye abandi. Ahubwo,ikibazo cy’ingenzi ni ukumenya niba ubuhamya bubiri cyangwa burenze bwakwizerwa iyo budashobora kubangikanywa. 8 Ntawukuriryayo Dominique, ICTR-05-82-A, Appeal Judgement, 14.12.2011, para.

21, 24. 9 Urukiko rusanga icyakora muri ubwo buhamya nta kigaragaza ku buryo budashidikanywaho ko Ntaganzwa agera i Nkakwa yakoresheje inama abaturage kubera ko Sezibera Révérien na Ruhungika Vital bavuga ko Ntaganzwa yabasanze i Nkakwa batabihurizaho kuko Sezibera avuga ko yabakoresheje inama ababwira kujya kugarura abatutsi bahungaga naho Ruhinguka akavuga ko Ntaganzwa ahageze ibyo kugarura abatutsi yabibwiye konseye Ngendamagabo, uyu aba ari we uhamagara abaturage ababwira kujya kubagarura, mu gihe DND uvuga ko yajyanye na Ntaganzwa i Nkakwa uwo munsi, ibyo yavuze mu iperereza by’uko Ntaganzwa ageze kuri santeri hafi y’Akanyaru yegeranyije abantu yahasanze abakoresha inama ababwira ko izo mpunzi zitagomba kubacika ariko atanga ubuhamya mu rukiko ibyo yavuze ari uko bageze i Nkakwa bahasanze abantu barimo uwitwa Maniraho wari diregiteri w’amashuli, NTAGANZWA ababwira ko yamenye ko izo mpunzi ari abatutsi, ko batagomba kubacika ngo bagende atavuga ko ari inama yabakoresheje.

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[65] Bigaragara kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rwasuzumye ubuhamya bwa DND rusanga bwuzuzanya n’ubw’abandi batangabuhamya bavuze ko nyuma y’uko Ntaganzwa Ladislas ageze i Nkakwa ku mugoroba wo ku wa 14/04/1994 abatutsi bahungiraga i Burundi bagaruwe bakicwa. [66] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibimaze kuvugwa byumvikanisha ko Urukiko Rukuru rutashingiye ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe nk’uko Ntaganzwa Ladislas abivuga, ahubwo rwasesenguye ubuhamya bwose bwatanzwe ku byabereye i Nkakwa, rusanga bose bahuriza ku kuba Ntaganzwa Ladislas yarageze i Nkakwa, ahavugira amagambo yo kugarura abatutsi bahungiraga i Burundi baricwa. Kuba rero Urukiko rwaremeje ko nta nama yakozwe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitavuguruza icyemezo cyarwo kuko n’ubwo nta nama ihuza abaturage muri rusange yakoresheje, bitavanaho ko yatanze ubutumwa ku bantu yahasanze kandi bugakurikirwa no kugarura abatutsi bahungaga bakicwa. [67] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, Urukiko rurasanga ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas kuri iyi ngingo nta shingiro bufite. A.5. Ku birebana n’abantu biciwe kuri bariyeri i Yaramba [68] Ntaganzwa Ladislas yajuriye avuga ko yahamijwe urupfu rw’abantu batatu biciwe kuri bariyeri i Yaramba, nyamara nta n’umwe mu batangabuhamya wavuze ko bishwe kubera ko ari abatutsi, ahubwo ko bavuga ko bishwe kubera ko basanganywe grenade mu modoka barimo. Akomeza avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku

mutangabuhamya DHN wavuze ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas ari we wishe aba bantu batatu, nyamara yarabajijwe niba bari abatutsi akavuga ko atabizi, ko batababajije, bivuze ko batishwe kubera ubwoko bwabo. [69] Avuga kandi ko hashingiwe ku buhamya bwa Rutagengwa Martin wavuze ko ari we washoreye aba bantu ageze mu nzira asubira iwe, bakomezanya n’abandi barimo Ndayambaje bahimbaga Mapanga na Ahorukomeye, aba bakaba baramubwiye ko bahuye na Ntaganzwa agategeka abajandarume kubarasa; ko uwo mutangabuhamya nawe yavuze ko bari abantu batazwi, bivuze ko ubwoko bwabo butari buzwi. [70] Avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavuze ko ubwo buhamya bushimangirwa n’ubwa BNG wabwiye Ubushinjacyaha bwa Finlande ko abo bantu bishwe n’abajandarume ku itegeko rya Ntaganzwa Ladislas wababwiye ngo ‘’muzi icyo gukora’’ uwitwa Sergeant (gendarme) akaba ariwe wabishe nk’uko nawe yabitanzemo ubuhamya. [71] Asanga rero abo batangabuhamya bataragombaga gushingirwaho, kuko ntaho bigeze bavuga ko abishwe bahowe ko ari abatutsi, bakaba kandi bavuguruzanya ku wishe abo bantu. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanura kuri iyi ngingo [72] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas kuri iyi ngingo nta shingiro bufite, kubera ko abatangabuhamya avuga batavuguruzanya, ahubwo buzuzanya. Busobanura ko Rutagengwa Martin yavuze ko yari mubashoreye abagabo b’abatutsi bafatiwe mu modoka ya SUZUKI, ariko ko we yagarukiye nzira, aza guhabwa amakuru ko abamushoreye bahuye na Ntaganzwa Ladislas ari kumwe n’abajandarume ababwira kubarasa. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyi mvugo idatandukanye n’ibyo BNG, yasobanuriye Ubushinjacyaha bw’Igihugu cya Finlande ku wa 16/05/2007 mu rubanza rwa Bazaramba, kuko yasobanuye ko abo bantu bafatiwe

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i Yaramba, bafatwa babita inkotanyi, ko baberetse Ntaganzwa Ladislas wavuze ko nta wundi muti, ko bazi icyo bagomba kubakoresha, umusirikare ufite ipeti rya sergeant abica abarashe. Buvuga kandi ko ibi bidatandukanye n’ubuhamya bwa DHN wavuze ko yabonye Ntaganzwa Ladislas ari kumwe n’abajandarume i Yaramba baturutse kuri Komini, ubwo hari imodoka yari yafashwe n’abaturage irimo abantu batatu, barabashorera babajyana kuri Komini bahurira na Ntaganzwa Ladislas muri selire Bugarama arabarasa, arangije abwira abaturage kubahwanya, imodoka barimo ya Suzuki Samurai arayitwara. [73] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko abatangabuhamya bose bahuriza ku bintu by’ingenzi aribyo, kuba abantu batatu barafatiwe mu modoka bagashorerwa, kuba barahuye na Ntaganzwa Ladislas ari kumwe n’abajandarume no kuba aba barahise bicwa. Busobanura ko kuba hari ibyo badahuza mu kubara iyi nkuru, bidakwiye gutesha agaciro ubuhamya bwabo nk’uko byasobanuwe ko icy’ingenzi ari ugusesengura ireme ry’ubuhamya aho kureba ko abatangabuhamya bahuza imvugo ijambo ku rindi. [74] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko abatangabuhamya bose bavuze ko aba bantu bafashwe kubera ko ari abatutsi, ibyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas aburanisha ko batigeze bazira ubwoko ari uburyo bwo kwisobanura yungukiye muri uru Rukiko, ko kandi abantu bahamije ko nyuma yo kwica aba bantu, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yagaragaye atwara imodoka bambuwe. Buvuga ko

Ntaganzwa Ladislas adashobora guhakana uruhare rwe, mu gihe yandikiye sous prefet wa Busoro amuha raporo kuri ubu bwicanyi mu ibaruwa yandikitse ku wa 17/05/1994 amumenyesha ko ku wa 16/05/1994 bavuye mu nama i Butare bageze i Nyakizu basanga abaturage bo muri segiteri Yaramba bafashe abantu batatu bari mu modoka AC 3781 Jeep Suzuki, basuzumye basanga ari inkotanyi, ko mu bintu babafatanye harimo gerenade ebyiri n’impapuro nyinshi zirimo lisiti batangiraho umusanzu w’inyenzi, kandi ko bishwe, akaba yaraboneyeho no gusaba imbunda. [75] Ubushinjacyaha busaba ko uru Rukiko rwaha agaciro isesengurwa ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuko rishiniye ku buhamya bw’abantu bavuze ibyo biboneye nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 62 y’Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/200410 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [76] Iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas igamije kunenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru cyashingiye ku buhamya buvuguruzanya ku birebana n’umuntu wishe abantu batatu bafatiwe mu modoka i Yaramba no kuba Urukiko rutaragaragaje ko bazize ubwoko bwabo. [77] Imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe igaragaza ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yaburanye anenga ubuhamya bwa DHN wavuze ko Ntaganzwa ari we wishe abasore batatu bafatiwe mu modoka SUZUKI, mu gihe abandi batangabuhamya bemeje ko bishwe n’abajandarume, bityo ko uko kuvuguruzanya kugomba gutuma agirwa umwere. Yaburanye kandi avuga ko yavuye mu nama agasanga aba basore bishwe n’abaturage, ko kandi aba batahowe ubwoko bwabo, ahubwo bazize ko bari bafite grenades na liste y’abatangaga umusanzu w’inkotanyi. 10 Iyi ngingo ivuga ko ubuhamya ari ibivugwa mu Rukiko bivuzwe n’umuntu wabibonye cyangwa wabyumvise ubwe.

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[78] Ku birebana n’iyi ngingo, Urukiko Rukuru rwasesenguye ubuhamya bwa Rutagengwa Martin, umwe mu bantu bashoreye aba basore, wavuze ko bishwe n’abajandarume ku itegeko rya Ntaganzwa Ladislas, ubwa BNG nawe wahamirije Ubushinjacyaha bwa Finlande mu rubanza rwa Bazaramba ko bishwe n’abajandarume babwiwe na Ntaganzwa Ladislas ngo bazi icyo gukora, Urukiko rukaba rwarahaye agaciro izi mvugo, naho ibyo DHN yavuze ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas ari we warashe aba basore biteshwa agaciro.11 [79] Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje uruhare rwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas mu iyicwa ry’aba basore, rushingiye na none ku ibaruwa yo ku wa 17/05/1994, yandikiye sous prefet wa Busoro amumenyesha ko ku wa 16/05/1994 yavuye mu nama agasanga abaturage b’i Nyakizu bafashe inkotanyi zari zifite grenades 2 n’impapuro abantu batangiragaho umusanzu w’inyenzi,12 Urukiko rukaba rwaravuguruje imvugo ye y’uko yasanze aba basore bishwe. [80] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kosa ryakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuko rutigeze rushingira ku buhamya buvuguruzanya, ahubwo rwasuzumye ireme ry’ibyavuzwe na buri mutangabuhamya, rugasanga ubwatanzwe na BNG n’ubwatanzwe na Rutagengwa Martin aribwo buhuje n’ibyabaye, ko abasore batatu bavugwa muri iyi dosiye bishwe n’abajandarume bitegetswe na Ntaganzwa Ladislas. Rurasanga kandi, imvugo ya Ntaganzwa Ladislas ko nta kigaragaza ko aba basore bazize ubwoko bwabo nta shingiro ifite, kuko ivuguruzwa

n’inyandiko yo ku wa 17/05/1994 yiyandikiye ubwe avuga ko i Nyakizu hafatiwe inkotanyi 313 zari mu modoka ya SUZUKI zifite grenades 2 n’impapuro ziriho abatanga imisanzu y’inyenzi, imbere y’uru Rukiko akaba aribwo avuga ko ubwoko bwabo butari buzwi. [81] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa no ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’iyi ngingo, ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa nta shingiro bufite. A.6. Ku birebana n’urupfu rwa Rwagasana Joseph [82] Ntaganzwa Ladislas yunganiwe na Me Musonera Alexis anenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru ko cyashingiye ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe ari we DNF wavuze ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas ari we watanze Rwagasana Joseph amuhaye Djuma wamwishe akamujugunya mu cyobo. Avuga ko uyu mutangabuhamya yivuguruza, kuko hamwe yavuze ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yabasanze kuri bariyeri ya Ryabidandi avuye kuri Komini hanyuma ngo aha Djuma ako kana ngo akice akajugunya mu cyobo, yongeye kubazwa, DNF avuga ko babashoreye bakabageza ku biro bya Komini, ariho Ntaganzwa Ladislas yahaye Djuma aka kana arakica. [83] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga kandi ko mu gihe Urukiko rwakoraga iperereza i Cyahinda, abaturage baje ari benshi barimo na Rwemarika, umubyeyi wa Rwagasana Joseph, bakaba barabajijwe niba hari andi makuru bamutangaho, ntihaboneka n’umuntu n’umwe umushinja urupfu rwa Rwagasana Joseph, ko rero

umubyeyi we atari guceceka iyo aba ari we 11 Reba igika cya 161 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa. 12 Reba igika cya 163 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa 13 Amagambo “inkotanyi”n’ “inyenzi” yahawe ubusobanuro mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho uRwanda harimo urubanza N° ICTR- 96-4-T rwa Akayezu Jean Paul, igika cya 147-149, rushingiye ku busobanuro bwatanzwe n’umuhanga mu ndimi Mathias Ruzinda , rwasanze aya magambo yarasobanuraga abatutsi byavugwaga ko mu gihe cya jenoside bari ku ruhande rw’abasirikare ba FPR barwanyaga ubutegetsi bw’abahutu

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wamwicishirije umwana. Ntaganzwa Ladislas asanga ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe rukumbi nawe wivuguruza, butari bukwiye kuba ikimenyetso kimushinja. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanura kuri iyi ngingo [84] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ikimenyetso kimwe gishobora kwemerwa kandi kigashingirwaho mu guca urubanza nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo n’inkiko mpuzamahanga (ICTR ndetse na ICTY) mu manza zitandukanye, aho zemeje ko Urukiko rushobora gushingira ku kimenyetso kimwe kidafite ikindi kigishyikiye mu gihe rwagenzuye rugasanga gikwiye kwemerwa, ko nta tegeko na rimwe ritegeka gushingira ku bimenyetso bifite ibindi byuzuzanya nabyo. (There is no legal requirement for corroboration14. There is, as a general rule15, a trial chamber is free to rely on a single, uncorroborated witness in making its findings, even regarding testimony on a material fact16). Bukomeza buvuga ko n’ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo ivuga ko Urukiko rutitsitsa ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya, ko ahubwo rwita cyane cyane ku bumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye, no ku buryo babivuga uko byagenze nta cyo bihimbira. [85] Ubushinjacyaha busobanura ko DNF atigeze yivuguruza, kuko ubwo yabazwaga ku rwego rw’iperereza n’intumwa y’urukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga tariki ya 02/04/1999 yasobanuye ko ubwo yari asubiye i Cyahinda ari kumwe na Rwagasana Joseph n’umugore witwa Astérie Mukandanga wari kumwe

n’akana ke k’agakobwa bavuye i Kigembe aho bari barahungiye, bageze kuri bariyeri barabamenya bemeza kubajyana ku biro bya Komini, bakimara kuhagera Burugemesitiri Ntaganzwa Ladislas ahita aza arabamenya, atangazwa n’uko bakiriho, ko musaza we wari ufite imyaka itandatu (6) yishwe ku mabwiriza ya Ntaganzwa Ladislas nyuma yo kumubaza niba ari umuhungu, amufata mu kaboko amujugunyira abicanyi, ababwira kumwica maze bamwica areba. Yongeye kubazwa n’Ubushinjacyaha tariki ya 13/09/2016 nabwo asobanura ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yabasanze kuri bariyeri yo mu Ryabidandi 14 Rukundo Appeal Judgement, para. 201 (citing Nchamihigo Appeal Judgement, para 42; Simba Appeal Judgement, para. 121; Rutaganda Appeal Judgement, paras. 29, 493 (“It is possible for one Trial Chamber to prefer that a witness statement be corroborated, but neither the jurisprudence of the [ICTR nor ICTY] requires it.”); Semanza Appeal Judgement, para. 153; Musema Appeal Judgement, para. 18; Bagilishema Appeal Judgement, para. 79; Simba Appeal Judgement, para. 121; Renzaho Appeal Judgement, para. 296; Kordić and Čerkez Appeal Judgement, para. 274 (“The Appeals Chamber has consistently held that the corroboration of evidence is not a legal requirement, but rather concerns the weight to be attached to evidence.”) (citing Čelebići Appeal Judgement, para. 506; Kunarac et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 268 (“[T]he Appeals Chamber

affirms its settled jurisprudence that corroboration is not legally required; corroborative testimony only goes to weight.”); Aleksovski Appeal Judgement, para. 62). Kvočka Appeal Judgement, para. 576. 15 Kupreškić et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 33, 16 Niyitegeka Appeal Judgement, paras. 92, 171 (“The Appeals Chamber has consistently held that a trial chamber is in the best position to evaluate the probative value of evidence and that it may, depending on its assessment, rely on a single witness’s testimony for the proof of a material fact. Accordingly, acceptance of and reliance upon uncorroborated evidence, per se, does not constitute an error of law.”); Rutaganda Appeal Judgement, para. 29 (“It is possible for one Trial Chamber to prefer that a witness statement be corroborated, but neither the jurisprudence of the [ICTR] nor of the ICTY makes this an obligation.”); Musema Appeal Judgement, para. 36 (same); Kayishema and Ruzindana Appeal Judgement, paras. 154, 322; Seromba Appeal Judgement, para. 79 (“A witness testimony need not be corroborated to have probative value and a trial chamber has the discretion to decide in the circumstances of the case whether corroboration is necessary.”); Karera Appeal Judgement, para. 45; Hategekimana Appeal Judgement, para. 187 (“[A] trial chamber is at liberty to rely on the uncorroborated evidence of a single witness when making its findings, even if it relates to a material fact.”); Kupreškić et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 33.

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ari kumwe na gasaza ke na Mukandanga Astérie wari kumwe n’agakobwa ke, ababaza aho baturutse n’icyo bari barahunze, amasubiza ko bahunze abantu bari bambaye amasashe, ahita abwira uwitwa Djuma kwica gasaza ke, arakica agata mu cyobo cyari aho, kuko kari agahungu. Buvuga ko DNF asobanura neza uburyo we n’abo bari kumwe bavuye aho bari barahungiye muri Komini ya Kigembe, bagera kuri bariyeri yo mu Ryabidandi, Ntaganzwa Ladislas arahabasanga abwira uwitwa Djuma kumwica, uyu nawe aramwica amuta mu cyobo. Busanga rero ubuhamya bwe mu rukiko buhura n’ibyo yari yarasobanuye abazwa mu iperereza ku byerekeranye n’uruhare Ntaganzwa Ladislas yagize mu iyicwa ry’uwo mwana Rwagasana Joseph. [86] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuba Rwemarika atarigeze ashinja Ntaganzwa Ladislas urupfu rwa Rwagasana Joseph bidakwiye kuba impamvu imushinjura, kuko Rwagasana Joseph yahunganye na DNF, uyu akaba ari we uzi urupfu yapfuye n’ababigizemo uruhare, ko Rwemarika utarigeze amubona yicwa atari kumutangaho amakuru.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [87] Ku bijyanye n’urupfu rwa Rwagasana Joseph, ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas bugamije kugaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhamije iki cyaha rushingiye ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe (DNF) nabwo burangwa no kwivuguruza ku bijyanye n’aho yiciwe ndetse n’uwamwishe, no kuba umubyeyi wa Rwagasana Joseph ntacyo yamushinje ku birebana n’urwo rupfu. [88] Imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe igaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru rwahaye agaciro ubuhamya bwa DNF ku bijyanye n’urupfu rwa Rwagasana Joseph rubishingiye ku kuba ari we wari kumwe n’uwo mwana igihe yicwaga, ko uyu yasobanuye neza uburyo yishwe na Djuma ku itegeko rya Ntaganzwa Ladislas. Rwasanze kandi ubuhamya bwe mu Rukiko buhura n’ibyo yari yarasobanuye abazwa mu iperereza ku byerekeranye n’uruhare Ntaganzwa Ladislas yagize mu iyicwa ry’uwo mwana Rwagasana Joseph. [89] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, ikimenyetso cy’ubuhamya bwa DNF kidashobora guteshwa agaciro no kuba kigizwe n’ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe, kuko igifite agaciro ari uburyo umutangabuhamya atangira ubuhamya ibyo afitiye ubumenyi kandi bihuje na kamere y’ikiburanwa kuruta umubare w’abatangabuhamya nk’uko byumvikana mu ngingo ya 65 y’Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo17. Rurasanga kandi, usibye ibyumvikanishwa n’iyo ngingo y’Itegeko, ibirebana n’ikimenyetso gishingiye ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe, Urukiko Rukuru rwarasobanuye ishingiro

ryabyo rwifashishije imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda harimo urwa Niyitegeka Eliézer18, Ntaganzwa Ladislas akaba aterekana ikosa rwakoze aho rwavuze ko biri mu burenganzira bw’Urukiko gushingira ku kimenyetso cy’ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe mu gihe rusanze aricyo gihuje n’ukuri kw’ibyabaye. 17 Ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko umucamanza atitsitsa ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya, ahubwo rwita cyane cyane ku bumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye, no ku buryo babivuga uko byagenze nta cyo bihimbira. 18 ICTR- 96- 14-A, Niyitegeka Eliézer, Appeal Judgment, Para. 171 : “A Trial Chamber may, in its discretion, rely on the testimony of a single witness as proof of a material fact. In circumstances in which the Trial Chamber finds the witness to be credible, it does not constitute an error for the Chamber to accept and rely on his testimony, even in the absence of corroborating evidence”.

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[90] Ku birebana n’ubuhamya bwa DNF, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga yarasobanuye ko mu gihe yari kumwe na Rwagasana Joseph, yahuye na Ntaganzwa Ladislas hanyuma Djuma akamwica ku itegeko rya Ntaganzwa Ladislas ndetse akamujugunya mu rwobo; kuba hamwe yaravuze ko yamwiciye kuri Komini ubundi akavuga ko ari kuri bariyeri ya Ryabidandi, ibi ntibyaba ivuguruzanya ritesha agaciro ubuhamya bitewe nuko, mu iperereza Urukiko rwikoreye rwasanze aho bita mu Ryabidandi ari hafi cyane y’ibiro bya Komini19, ariyo mpamvu Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze nta vuguruzanya riri mu buhamya yatanze, n’uru Rukiko rukaba ariko rubibona. [91] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi, kuba Rwemarika atarigeze ashinja Ntaganzwa Ladislas urupfu rwa Rwagasana Joseph bidasobanura ko ubuhamya bwa DNF butavugisha ukuri, kuko umutangabuhamya atanga ubuhamya bw’ibyo yabonye cyangwa yumvise, kandi Ntaganzwa Ladislas akaba aterekana ko aba bantu bari ahantu hamwe ku buryo urupfu rwa Rwagasana Joseph barusobanukiwe ku buryo bumwe. [92] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa no ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ingingo y’ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa igamije kugaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku mutangabuhamya umwe kandi yivuguruza, nta shingiro ifite. A.7. Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gusambanya abagore ku gahato [93] Ntaganzwa Ladislas yunganiwe

na Me Musonera Alexis anenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru cyamuhamije icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato abagore rushingiye ku mvugo y’umutangabuhamya umwe, DNF kandi nawe wivuguruza. Avuga ko DNF yavuze ko we na Asterie Mukandanga bafatiwe kuri bariyeri y’i Ryabidandi bakicazwa hasi, hanyuma Burugumestiri ahabasanze abwira HABIB kujyana DNF kumusambanya, naho Astérie Mukandanga amuha abatwa babiri bamusambanyije bakanamwica, ko DNF asubiye kubazwa yavuze ko ababafatiye kuri bariyeri babajyanye ku biro bya Komini Nyakizu, aho akaba ariho Ntaganzwa Ladislas yabatanze agororera abicanyi babikoranye umwete, bityo ko umutangabuhamya washingiweho yivuguruza ku bijyanye n’aho Ntaganzwa Ladislas yabasanze. [94] Ntaganzwa Ladislas akomeza avuga ko DNF witangaho ubuhamya yavuze ko Habib yamubanye amezi 2 ndetse ko babyaranye umwana, nyamara yongeye kubazwa avuga ko bamwandikiye ibitari byo kuko, nyuma y’uko abohojwe na Habib yaje kuvayo akabyarana n’umusirikare, bikaba byumvikana ko imvugo ze zihinduka. Akomeza avuga ko Urukiko rutigeze rugaragaza ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi yahuriyemo n’abo bivugwa ko yagororeye abagore bo gusambanya. [95] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rwasabye Ubushinjacyaha gushaka ibindi bimenyetso byunganira imvugo ya DNF, buvuga ko ntabyo bufite, ariko Urukiko rubirengaho rumuhamya icyaha kidafitiwe ibimenyetso, nyamara Ubushinjacyaha bwarashoboraga kubaza uwitwa Ananias bivugwa ko DNF yari iwe mbere y’uko HABIB amutwara mu nkambi ya Gikongoro, cyangwa bukabaza Habib uvugwa ko yamusambanyije. 19 Reba igika cya 263 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa

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[96] Me Musonera Alexis, wunganira Ntaganzwa Ladislas, avuga ko, uretse no kuba nta bimenyetso byerekana uruhare rw’uwo yunganira mu cyaha cyogusambanya abagore ku gahato, ukurikije n’imikorere y’icyaha aho bivugwa ko HABIB yabohoje DNF mu gihe cy’amezi 2, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yagombaga gukurikiranwaho kubanisha abantu ku gahato aho kuba icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanura kuri iyi ngingo [97] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nta nenge yo kuba umuntu yakwitangaho ubuhamya kandi ko Urukiko rwasesenguye rugasanga DNF yaravuze ibyamubayeho uko byakabaye, ko nta kwivuguruza kwamuranze, kuko Komini ya Nyakizu iri hamwe n’aho bariyeri y’i Ryabidandi yari yashyizwe nk’uko na Ntaganzwa Ladislas yavuze ko ari urugendo rw’iminota 3 gusa. Bukomeza buvuga ko nta kosa Urukiko rwakoze kuko rwasanze ibyo DNF yavuze abifitiye ubumenyi bityo ko bitari ngombwa kubaza abandi bantu, ko kandi kuba HABIB yaramubanye mu gihe cy’amezi 2 bidahindura inyito y’icyaha Ntaganzwa Ladislas akurikiranyweho, bityo ko ubujurire kuri iyi ngingo nta shingiro bukwiye guhabwa.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [98] Ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas kuri iyi ngingo bugamije kugaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhamije icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato rushingiye ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe kandi nawe wivuguruza, Ubushinjacyaha busabwa ibimenyetso by’inyongera ntibwabibona, nyamara Urukiko rubirengaho rumuhamya icyaha atakoze, no kugaragaza ko nta byaha byagaragajwe yahuriyemo n’abo bivugwa ko yagororeye abagore bo gusambanya. Bugamije kandi kugaragaza ko kuri DNF, kuba yarabanye ya HABIB igihe cy’amezi abiri bitakwitwa icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato, ahubwo cyaba icyo kubanisha abantu ku gahato. [99] Ku birebana no kuba Ntaganzwa Ladislas ashinjwa n’umutangabuhamya umwe ku cyaha cyo gusambanya abagore ku gahato, imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe igaragaza ko yabiburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, mu gika cya 287 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rusanga bitanyuranye n’itegeko kuko ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko nº15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko Urukiko rutitsitsa ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya ahubwo rwita ku bumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye no ku buryo bavuga uko byagenze, rubihuza n’ibyemejwe mu rubanza rwa MUSEMA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, mu gika cya 45. [100] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga usibye kugarura iyo miburanire mu bujurire, ntacyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas anenga ibisobanuro Urukiko Rukuru

rwatanze rushingiye ku Itegeko no ku byemejwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza rwavuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki, ngo agaragaze uburyo ibyo rwashingiweho bitakurikizwa ku mutangabuhamya DNF. [101] Ku birebana no kuba uwo mutangabuhamya ataragombaga gushingirwaho kuko yivuguruza, nabyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yarabiburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, mu gika cya 284 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ku birebana n’aho Ntaganzwa Ladislas yasanze abasambanyijwe, Urukiko Rukuru rusobanura ko kuba DNF yaravuze kuri bariyeri mu Ryabidandi ubundi akavuga kuri Komini, atari ukwivuguruza, kuko mu Ryabidandi ariho ibiro bya Komini byari

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byubatse, ko rero kubera igihe gishize, kuvuga ku biro bya Komini cyangwa kuri bariyeri yo mu Ryabidandi atari inenge kuko ari ahantu hegerenye cyane nk’uko n’Urukiko rwiboneye ko mu Ryabidandi ari ho ibiro bya Komini byari byubatse. [102] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu bujurire bwe, Ntaganzwa Ladislas atagaragaza icyo Urukiko Rukuru rwaba rwarabeshyeho mu bisobanuro rwatanze binashingiye kubyo rwiboneye ubwo rwajyaga kuburanishiriza muri Nyakizu, ngo agaragaze uburyo kuvuga mu Ryabidandi no kuvuga ku biro bya Komini ari ahantu habiri hatandukanye cyane ku buryo byatuma hemezwa ko umutangabuhamya yivuguruje, bityo kuba atarabikoze ahubwo akagarura ibyo n’ubundi yaburanishije ariko atagaragaza icyo anenga kigomba gukosorwa, ntacyo uru Rukiko rwashingiraho ngo ruhindure icyemezo yajuririye. [103] Ku kirebana n’uko DNF yahinduye imvugo kuko hari aho yavuze ko Habib yamubanye amezi 2 ndetse ko babyaranye umwana, yongeye kubazwa akavuga ko nyuma y’uko abohojwe na Habib yaje kuvayo abyarana n’umusirikare, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga icyo kibazo nacyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yarakiburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere (mu gika cya 286), Urukiko Rukuru rusanga kuba DNF abazwa n’intumwa z’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriyeho u Rwanda yaravuze ko yatwaye inda ya Habib naho abazwa n’Ubushinjacyaha akavuga ko umwana yamubyaranye n’umusirikare mu 1995, bitatesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya

bwe, kuko abazwa mu Bushinjacyaha ku wa 13/06/2016 yasobanuye ko HABIB yamuhoboje bakabana amezi agera kuri abiri , nyuma abyarana n’umusirikare , ko rero yakosoye ibyari byaranditswe uko atabivuze. [104] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga no kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire, ntacyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas agaragaza anenga ibisobanuro by’Urukiko Rukuru ku birebana n’icyo yita kwivuguruza k’umutangabuhamya, kuko kuba hari ibyo uwo mutangabuhamya yasanze intumwa z’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriyeho u Rwanda zaranditse uko atabivuze, mu Bushinjacyaha agasobanura ko abamubajije mbere banditse cyangwa bumvise nabi ibyo yavuze, babyandika uko bitari, ko yababwiye ko Habib yamubohoje bakabana igihe kingana n’amezi abiri, ariko ko umwana yabyaye atari uwa Habib kuko yamubyaranye n’umusirikare mu mwaka wa 1995 (bivugwa mu gika cya 282 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa), byumvikana ko, nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwabisobanuye, icyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yita kwivuguruza mu mvugo, umutangabuhamya yarasobanuye impamvu yabiteye. [105] Ku birebana nuko nta mpamvu igaragara yari gutuma Ntaganzwa Ladislas agororera abatwa na HABIB abagore bo gusambanya, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko, Urukiko Rukuru, rushingiye ku buhamya bwa DNF (reba ibigika cya 283 n’icya 291 by’urubanza rujuririrwa) rwemeje ko yagororeye abigaragaje mu bwicanyi abaha abagore bo gusambanya; ibyo kugororera abicanyi

babikoranye umwete bikaba biboneka no mu nyandiko ya Ntaganzwa Ladislas yandikiye uwari Ministiri w’intebe Jean Kambanda, avuga ko abayobozi bitwaye bunyenzi bambuwe inshingano zabo zigahabwa abigaragaje nk’intwari, hakurikijwe amagambo yakoreshwaga mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994, ijambo ubutwari rikaba ryari rijyanye no kwica abantu benshi. [106] Ku birebana nuko Ubushinjacyaha bwasabwe ibimenyetso by’inyongera ntibubibone ariko Urukiko rukabirengaho rumuhamya icyaha atakoze, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite, kuko icyo dosiye y’Urukiko Rukuru igaragagaza ari uko mu iburanisha ryo ku wa

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22/07/2019 ryakurikiye iperereza ryakorewe i Cyahinda, hari ibyo Urukiko rwifuje ko bitangwaho ibisobanuro harimo n’ibirebana n’icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato abagore, Ubushinjacyaha butanga ibisobanuro bugaragaza ko ikimenyetso bushingiraho ari ubuhamya bw’uwakorewe icyaha ko kandi cyemewe hashingiwe ku mategeko no ku zindi manza zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashiriweho u Rwanda. [107] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero, byumvikana ko kuri urwo rwego Urukiko Rukuru rwari rukiburanisha urubanza rutaragera igihe cyo gusesengura ibimenyetso byatanzwe ngo rubone ko ibyo Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze ku cyaha cyo gusambanya abagore ku gahato bidahagije, bityo ibyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga ko Urukiko rwabonye ko ibimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze bidahagije rukabusaba gutanga ibindi by’inyongera ntibiboneke, nta shingiro bifite. [108] Ku bivugwa n’uwunganira Ntaganzwa Ladislas ko kuba DNF yarabanye ya Habib igihe cy’amezi abiri bitakwitwa icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato ahubwo bigize icyo kubanisha abantu ku gahato, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibi byaravugiwe mu iburanisha nta bindi bisobanuro byanditse bitangiwe, bigaragaza uburyo icyaha cyo gusambabanya abagore ku gahato cyakozwe mu rwego rwa jenoside, gikorewe abantu bahigwaga, cyasanishwa n’icyo gushyingira abantu ku gahato nk’uko abivuga, gishobora gukorwa mu bihe bisanzwe. [109] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa,

Urukiko rurasanga ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas kuri iyi ngingo nabwo nta shingiro bufite. B. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rutaragombaga gushingira ku nyandiko z’ubuyobozi Ntaganzwa Ladislas yakoze nk’ibimenyetso bimushinja [110] Ntaganzwa Ladislas n’umwunganira bavuga ko ibimenyetso byanditse byashingiweho bijyanye n’inyandiko z’ubuyobozi, bitagombaga gushingirwaho n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuko nka Burugumesitiri, byari ngombwa ko akorera abamukuriye za raporo zinyuranye mu rwego rw’ubuyobozi, ko byari mu nshingano ze gusaba intwaro zo kurinda umutekano muri Komini yayoboraga, bityo ko bitagize ikimenyetso kimushinja umugambi wo kwica abatutsi. Avuga kandi ko, hashingiwe ku miterere y’Akarere ka Nyakizu kari gahanye umupaka n’u Burundi, ko hari mu gihe cya defense civile, izo ntwaro zikaba zari zigenewe kurinda umupaka w’u Rwanda n’u Burundi nk’uko byari byasabwe na superefe wa Superefegitura ya Busoro mu ibaruwa n° 60/04.09/04 c.

1184. Avuga kandi ko yasabye izo ntwaro mu gushyira mu bikorwa ijambo Minisitiri w’Intebe Jean Kambanda yabwiye abaturage ba Komini Nyakizu aho yagize ati :“umwanzi naza ufate imbunda urase, nagenda ufate isuka uhinge“, ko agendeye kuri iyo mpanuro, yandiye Kajuga Robert amusaba intwaro zo kwirwanaho ku rwego rwa Komini, na cyane cyane ko muri uko kwezi kwa gatanu 1994 hari habaye akajagari muri Nyakizu, Komini ikaba yaragombaga kwishakira umutekano.Ntaganzwa Ladislas na Me Musonera Alexis umwunganira banenga kandi Urukiko Rukuru ko rwamutwereye amagambo atavuze, aho mu gika cya 208 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa rwavuze ko yandikiraga inzego zimukuriye azimenyesha ibitero bagabye, nyamara ntaho yavuze ayo magambo. [111] Ntaganzwa Ladislas avuga na none ko Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ikosa ryo gushakira umugambi wo kurimbura abatutsi mu magambo yanditse avuga ko i Cyahinda hari inyenzi zashakaga gufata Komini, ko kandi abantu bitwaye bunyenzi bahagaritswe ku mirimo yabo,

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nyamara izi mvugo yarazishingiye ku cyemezo cy’Urwego rw’Igihugu cyemeje ko umwanzi yari yageze muri Nyakizu, bityo ko iyi mvugo atari we wayitekerereje, iki kitagize ikimenyetso cy’umugambi wo kurimbura abatutsi. [112] Ntaganzwa Ladislas yunganiwe na Me Musonera Alexis asoza avuga ko raporo zitandukanye yakoreye inzego zimukuriye, ndetse n’inyandiko yashyikirije ORINFOR Butare nta kindi byari bigamije, uretse kumenyesha ko hari impunzi zahungiye kuri Paruwasi Cyahinda hanyuma zigahungira ku misozi ihakikije kandi ko naho zitahatinze, ko izi nyandiko zitavuga ko impunzi zahiciwe, kandi ko zitagaragaza uruhare rwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe abatutsi muri Komini Nyakizu, agasaba kugirwa umwere. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bwisobanura kuri iyi ngingo [113] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyi mpamvu y’ubujurire nta shingiro ifite, kuko inyandiko zashingiweho n’Urukiko Rukuru zigaragaza nta gushidikanya ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yagize uruhare rufatika mu kurimbura abatutsi baguye ahantu hatandukanye muri Komini Nyakizu. Buvuga ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas atabasha kugaragaza ikosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu gushingira ku bimenyetso by’inyandiko yanditse, kuko rwasobanuye impamvu zumvikana rwemeza ko yarafite umugambi wihariye wo kwica abatutsi bo muri Komini Nyakizu. Buvuga ko amabaruwa atandukanye Ntaganzwa Ladislas yanditse asobanura ibikorwa bifatika yakoze n’uburyo abatutsi bishwe, akaba yagombye kuvuga kuri

buri nyandiko asobanura icyo yari agamije gitandukanye n’icyo Urukiko rwamuhamije. [114] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu guhamya Ntaganzwa Ladislas icyaha urukiko rwashingiye ku mabaruwa atandukanye harimo ibaruwa N° 103/04.09.01 yandikiye Superefe wa Superefegitura ya Busoro tariki ya 10.05.1994 amubwira ibyo babonye bagenzura amarondo na za bariyeri muri Komini ya Nyakizu ku italiki ya 09/05/1994. Buvuga ko ibi biragaragaza uruhare rwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas yagize muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi rwo gushyirishaho bariyeri akanazigenzura, kandi azi neza ko zigamije guhagarika no kwica abatutsi bazifatiweho, ko kandi ziciweho abatutsi benshi. Buvuga ko iyi baruwa yavuzwemo icyo yise uruhare rukomeye mu gusubiranishamo abaturage b’abahutu, ko ababikora bose bafite abagore b’abatutsikazi cyangwa ubwabo bakomoka ku batutsi, ko ibi byagaragazaga urwango yari afitiye abatutsi n’abafite aho bahuriye nabo, ndetse bikagaragaza n’ubushake yari afite bwo kubarimbura bose. [115] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kandi Ntaganzwa Ladislas yanditse ibaruwa yo ku wa 31/05/1994 agaragazaga amasasu akenewe muri komini Nyakizu, ko iyo baruwa igaragaza nta gushidikanya uruhare rwe muri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, kuko yatse kandi agatanga imbunda zakoreshejwe mu kwica abo batutsi, bikaba byuzuzanya n’ibyavuzwe n’abatangabuhamya. Bukomeza buvuga ko mu gihe Ntaganzwa Ladislas yasabaga imbunda n’amasasu, nta

ntambara yari muri Komini Nyakizu, ahubwo ko hari ubwicanyi bw’abaturage, ko kandi n’iyo yari kuba ihari, ibijyanye n’imbunda zo kuyirwana byari mu nshingano z’abasirikare, bityo ko nta mpamvu yari gutuma Burugmestiri yaka intwaro. [116] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko hari ibaruwa N° 124.04.09.01.4 yo ku wa 03/06/1994, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yandikiye Kajuga Robert wari Perezida w’interahamwe ku rwego rw’Igihugu amusaba ko yamutera inkunga mu kubona vuba intwaro kugira ngo babone uko

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bahangana n’inyenzi. Bugaragaza kandi ko perezida w’interahamwe ku rwego rw’Igihugu atarashinzwe umutekano mu gihugu, ahubwo yarashinzwe interahamwe zishe abatutsi mu Rwanda, ko atari no mu bayobozi ba Ntaganzwa mu rwego rw’akazi ku buryo ari we aha raporo y’uko umutekano wifashe mu karere ayobora, bityo ko gusaba intwaro umukuru w’interahamwe bigaragaza ko bari mu mugambi umwe wo kurimbura abatutsi. [117] Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza kandi ibaruwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas yandikiye Minisitiri w’Intebe, amugezaho ibibazo yita ko bikomeye, avuga ko hari abakonseye bitwaye bunyenzi, abandi bafatanywe inyenzi, ndetse n’abandi ngo bambukije inyenzi bazijyana i Burundi, ko aba basimbujwe abantu yita intwari kuko bayoboye urugamba mu ntambara y’i Cyahinda, ko ubutwari avuga ari ubwo kwica abatutsi bari bahungiye i Cyahinda, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza umugambi wo gukora jenoside. [118] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga na none ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas yanditse ibarwa yo ku wa 26.04.1994 itumira abakonseye, abaselire n’abahagarariye amashyaka mu nama yagombaga kuba ku wa 28/04/1994, iyi nama ikaba yaragombaga kwiga uburyo intambara yo kurwanya inyenzi yatangiriye i Cyahinda igomba gukomeza, uko imitungo imwe yanyazwe abatutsi igomba gufatwa nk’iminyago indi ikajya mu maboko ya Leta, ndetse ikiga n’ikibazo cy’inyenzi. Muri iyo nama kandi hafashwe icyemezo guhera ku munsi ukurikiye ko hagomba kuba

“ratissage”, bivuze ko bagombaga guhumba abatutsi aho bari bihishe bose. [119] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko umugambi wa Ntaganzwa Ladislas wo kurimbura abatutsi wagaragajwe n’itangazo yashyikirije ibiro ntaramakuru ORINFOR Butare rigaragara ku rupapuro (cote) rwa 1188, aho yasobanuraga ko inkotanyi zari kuli Paruwasi ya Cyahinda bazirukanye zigahungira mu misozi iri hafi aho kandi ko naho zitahatinze kuko bazihasanze, inkotanyi zavugwaga akaba ari impunzi z’abatutsi zagabweho ibitero. [120] Ubushinjacyaha busoza buvuga ko nta nenge iboneka mu rubanza rwashingiye ku bimenyetso by’inyandiko zivugwa na Ntaganzwa Ladislas kuko zigaragaza umugambi yari afite wo kurimbura abatutsi, bityo ko iyi ngingo y’ubujurire nta gaciro igomba guhambwa. [121] Urukiko Rukuru rwasesenguye ibikubiye mu nyandiko zose Ntaganzwa Ladislas yanditse, rusanga bigaragaza ko yari afite umugambi n’uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi bo muri Komini Nyakizu n’abari barahahungiye bavuye ahandi, kubera impamvu zikurikira: a. Amabarwa asobanura uburyo bagabye ibitero ku batutsi bari barahungiye i Cyahinda, avuga ko ari urugamba barwanye n’inkotanyi zari zahahungiye; b. Itangazo yagejeje ku biro ntaramakuru bya ORINFOR Butare rigaragaza ko ku wa 15/04/1994 inkotanyi zagerageje gufata Komini Nyakizu bakazikoma imbere, zisubira kuri Paruwasi i Cyahinda, ko imirwano yaje gukomeza tariki ya 16 kugeza tariki ya 19/04/1994, abaturage bafasha ingabo, barazimenesha zihungira hejuru ku misozi naho zitatinze kuva, akanavuga ubwoko bw’imbunda zakoreshejwe muri ibyo bitero; c. Ibarwa yandikiye uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe avuga ko bakuyeho abakonseye bitwaye bunyenzi kubera ko bahishe bakanambutsa i Burundi abatutsi yitaga inyenzi, nuko basimbujwe abo yitaga intwari zayoboye urugamba mu ntambara yari yabereye i Cyahinda;

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d. Ibarwa yandikiye Perefe wa Perefegitura ya Butare ku wa 08/06/1994 avuga ko inkotanyi zashatse kwigarurira Komini Nyakizu zikirundanyiriza i Cyahinda; e. Ibarwa yandikiye Superefe wa Superefegitura ya Busoro avugamo ibyo kutizera impapuro abantu bahungaga bandikirwaga n’abakonseye b’aho baturuka, inyenzi zafatiwe i Kibangu mbere yo kwicwa zikababwira ko hari izindi mirongo itatu zinjiye muri Nyakizu n’uburyo yafashe icyemezo cyo gushakisha hose muri Segeteri zose za Komini Nyakizu aho zaba ziri kugira ngo umugambi wazo bawuburizemo, anasaba kwihutisha kubaha intwaro zo kubafasha muri ibyo bikorwa; f. Ibarwa yandikiye Kajuga Robert wari perezida w’interahamwe amusaba intwaro kugira ngo bazabashe guhangana n’inyenzi; g. Ibarwa yo ku wa 10/05/1994 yandikiye Superefe wa Busoro amugezaho ibyavuye mu nama yo ku wa 28/04/1994 yigaga ibijyanye n’uko ibintu byifashe nyuma y’intambara yabereye kuri Paruwasi ya Cyahinda agaragaza ibyemezo bafashe byo gukora amarondo yo kugenzura aho umwanzi yanyura, gushyiraho bariyeri no gushakisha abasore bo gutoza ibya gisirikare. [122] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Ntaganzwa Ladislas n’umwunganizi we batagaragaza inenge cyangwa ikosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu gushingira ku nyandiko yanditse nka Burugumesitiri, kuko rwasobanuye uburyo izi nyandiko zigaragaza umugambi we wo kwica abatutsi bo muri Komini Nyakizu n’abandi bahahungiye. [123] Urukiko

rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas aburanisha avuga ko yanditse izi nyandiko mu rwego rwo kumenyesha inzego zimukuriye uko umutekano uhagaze kugirango zifate ingamba zo kugarura umutekano, nta shingiro bigomba guhabwa kuko, uretse no kuba zimwe muri izi nyandiko zari zigenewe umuyobozi w’interahamwe utari ufite aho ahuriye n’ubuyobozi bwa Komini, n’ibikubiye mu nyandiko ubwabyo byasobanuraga icyo Ntaganzwa Ladislas yise ubutwari bwo kurwanya inkotanyi zashakaga kwigarurira Komini Nyakizu n’uburyo bagambiriye gukora “ratissage”, ibyo akaba yarabivugaga azi neza ko ari ubwicanyi bwakorewe impunzi z’abatutsi. [124] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibikubiye mu nyandiko zavuzwe haruguru, Ntaganzwa Ladislas yanditse, bishimangira ibyo abatangabuhamya bavuze ku ruhare yagize mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi bari kuri Paruwasi Cyahinda no ku misozi ihakikije, uyu akaba atagaragaza ikosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu kuzishingiraho nk’ikimenyetso kimushinja. [125] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, rushingiye ku byasobanuwe haruguru, rurasanga ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas nta shingiro bufite, bityo urubanza nº RP/GEN 00001/2016/HC/HCCI rwaciwe ku wa 28/05/2020 n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rukaba rugomba kugumaho mu ngingo zarwo zose. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [126] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Ntaganzwa Ladislas nta shingiro bufite;

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[127] Rwemeje ko urubanza nº RP/GEN 00001/2016/HC/HCCI rwaciwe ku wa 28/05/2020 n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rugumanye agaciro mu ngingo zarwo zose; [128] Rwemeje ko icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi cyahamije Ntaganzwa Ladislas icyaha cya jenoside, icyo kurimbura n’icyo gusambanya ku gahato nk’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, kigumyeho; [129] Rwemeje ko igifungo cya burundu yahanishijwe kigumyeho, [130] Rutegetse ko Ntaganzwa Ladislas asonewe amagarama y’urubanza kuko yaburanye afunzwe.