UBUSHINJACYAHA vs MUREKEZI N’UNDI

# UBUSHINJACYAHA vs MUREKEZI N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-11-28 - Case/document no.: RP 00004/2024/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

## Text

## Page 1

UBUSHINJACYAHA vs MUREKEZI N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RP 00004/2024/CA (Umugwaneza P.J.) 28 Ugushyingo 2024] Amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha – Ububasha bwo gutanga ikirego – Umuntu agira ububasha, uburenganzira n’inshingano igihe akiriho gusa, iyo apfuye ntabyo aba agifite. Umuntu wapfuye ntaba agishoboye kuregera Urukiko (droit d’intenter une action devant une jurisdiction) cyangwa kuburana urubanza ahubwo iyo yarutangiye rukomezwa n’abazungura be n’iyo bibaye ngombwa kujurira, bakabikora mu mazina no mu nyungu zabo bwite aho kubikora mu izina rya nyakwigendera. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, Murekezi Guy na Ghirini Guido baregwa icyaha cyo kunyereza umutungo, ariko igihe urubanza rutaracibwa umwe mu baregeraga indishyi witwa Irto Mattia arapfa, ikirego cye cy’indishyi gikomeza gukurikiranwa n’umugore we Nahimana Grace. Muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rwemeje ko abaregwa badahamwa n’icyaha, bityo ko nta n’indishyi bakwiye gutanga kuko ntaho zaba zishingiye. Ubushinjacyaha ndete n’abaregera indishyi bajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru ariko mbere y’uko urubanza rubanishwa mu mizi, abaregwa mu bujurire aribo Ghirini Guido na Murekezi Guy batanze inzitizi zitandukanye harimo n’isaba kutakira ubujurire bwa nyakwigendera Irto Mattia uregera indishyi kuko nk’umuntu wapfuye nta bubasha afite bwo kujurira. Urukiko Rukuru rufata icyemezo ku nzitizi zatanzwe rusanga ku byerekeye isaba kutakira ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia kuko nk’umuntu wapfuye nta bubasha n’ubushobozi bwo kujurira afite. Irto Mattia yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, Avoka wari umuhagarariye asaba kwemeza ko inzitizi isaba kutakira ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia itagombaga guhabwa ishingiro no kwemeza ko urubanza rusubizwa Urukiko Rukuru kugira ngo rukomeze kuburanishwa mu mizi. Murekezi Guy, Ghirini Guido bo baburana bavuga ko ubujurire bwatanzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kuko nta muntu wapfuye ugira ubushobozi, inyungu n’ububasaha byo gutanga ikirego. Incamake y’icyemezo: Umuntu agira ububasha, uburenganzira n’inshingano igihe akiriho gusa, iyo apfuye ntabyo aba agifite. Umuntu wapfuye ntaba agishoboye kuregera Urukiko (droit d’intenter une action devant une jurisdiction) cyangwa kuburana urubanza ahubwo iyo yarutangiye rukomezwa n’abazungura be n’iyo bibaye ngombwa kujurira, bakabikora mu mazina no mu nyungu zabo bwite aho kubikora mu izina rya nyakwigendera. Amategeko yakoreshejwe: Itegeko N° 71/2024 ryo ku wa 26/06/2024 rigenga abantu n’umuryango, Ingingo ya 2, agace ka (w). Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, Ingingo ya 3 n’iya 121, igika 1. Imanza zifashishijwe: N° 98-21472 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rusesa Imanza rwo mu Bufaransa ku wa 28/03/2003.

Inzitizi ifite ishingiro; Ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia (witabye Imana), ntibwakiriwe ngo busuzumwe kuko nta bubasha n’ubushobozi afite bwo kujurira.

Urubanza

## Page 2

I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Irto Mattia na Verfaille Raymond bisunze Ubushinjacyaha, baregeye indishyi mu rubanza N° RP/ECON 00048/2020/TGI/NYGE ruregwamo Murekezi Guy na Ghirini Guido icyaha cyo kunyereza umutungo, ariko igihe urubanza rutaracibwa Irto Mattia arapfa ikirego cye cy’indishyi gikomeza gukurikiranywa n’umugore we Nahimana Grace. Muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rwemeje ko Murekezi Guy na Ghirini Guido badahamwa n’icyaha baregwa, bityo ko nta n’indishyi bakwiye gutanga kuko ntaho zaba zishingiye. [2] Ubushinjacyaha ndete n’abaregera indishyi aribo Irto Mattia na Verfaillie Raymond bajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru, bavuga ko abaregwa Ghirini Guido na Murekezi Guy bagizwe abere hirengagijwe ibimenyetso bibahamya icyaha baregwa cyo kunyereza umutungo, basaba ko ibyo bimenyetso byashingirwaho hakemezwa ko icyaha kibahama bakagihanirwa, Irto Mattia na Verfaillie Raymond banasaba guhabwa indishyi. [3] Mbere y’uko urubanza rubanishwa mu mizi, abaregwa mu bujurire aribo Ghirini Guido na Murekezi Guy batanze inzitizi zitandukanye harimo n’isaba kutakira ubujurire bwa nyakwigendera IRTO Mattia uregera indishyi kuko nk’umuntu wapfuye nta bubasha afite bwo kujurira. Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe icyemezo cyo kubanza gusuzuma izo nzitizi mbere y’uko urubanza ruburanishwa mu mizi, maze ku wa 27/02/2024, ruca urubanza rubanziriza urundi N° JADD/RPA/ECON 00054/2023/HC/KIGM, rusanga inzitizi zatanzwe n’abaregwa nta shingiro zifite uretse isaba kutakira ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia kuko nk’umuntu wapfuye nta bubasha n’ubushobozi bwo kujurira afite. [4] Irto Mattia yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, urubanza ruhabwa N° RP 00004/2024/CA, ruburanishwa mu ruhame ku wa 18/11/2024 hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya SKYPE, Irto Mattia ahagarariwe na Me Habineza Gasore Gilbert, Murekezi Guy yunganiwe na Me Rukangira Emmanuel afatanyije na Me Nzabihimana Jean Claude, Ghirini Guido yunganiwe na Me Rukangira Emmanuel, Ubushinjacyahabuhagarariwe na Niyibizi Tite, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu naho Verfaille Raymond urubanza ruburanishwa adahari. [5] Mu mwanzuro no mu miburanire, Me Habineza Gasore Gilbert avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwahaye ishingiro inzitizi isaba kutakira ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia ku bijyanye n’indishyi, ruvuga ko nta bubasha n’ubushobozi yari afite bwo kujurira kandi yarapfuye, rwirengagije ko nyuma y’uko apfuye umugore we Nahimana Grace ariwe wakomeje urubanza, ariko kuri kopi y’urubanza hakomeza kwandikwa Irto Mattia nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 121 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi1, bivuze ko kujurira no kwishyura ingwate y’amagarama byagombaga gukorwa mu mazina ya nyakwigendera Irto Mattia, bigakorwa na Nahimana Grace wamusimbuye agakurikirana urubanza; asaba kwemeza ko inzitizi isaba kutakira ubujrire bwa Irto Mattia itagombaga guhabwa ishingiro no kwemeza ko urubanza rusubizwa Urukiko Rukuru kugira ngo rukomeze kuburanishwa mu mizi. [6] Murekezi Guy, Ghirini Guido n’ababunganira bireguye batanga inzitizi isaba kutakira ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia kuko n’ubundi nk’uko byari bimeze mu Rukiko Rukuru, uwajuriye yapfuye, akaba atabasha kubona uburenganzira bwo gusaba icyo yita uburenganzira (droit d’intenter une action devant une juridiction), bivuze ko ubujurire bwatanzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kuko nta muntu wapfuye ugira ubushobozi inyungu n’ububasaha byo gutanga ikirego. Bavuga kandi ko ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia

1 Ivuga ko “Iyo iburanisha ry’urubanza ritarapfundikirwa, urukiko rukamenya ko habonetse inzitizi yo guhindura irangamimerere, kuva ku mirimo cyangwa urupfu rw’umuburanyi, umuburanyi usigaye agaragariza urukiko abafite ububasha bwo kurukomeza rukabahamagara, rukurikije amategeko yerekeye ihamagara. Iyo abahamagawe bavugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo bataje gukomeza urubanza mu gihe bahawe, urubanza rucibwa badahari, hubahirizwa amategeko agenga ababuranyi banze kwitaba urukiko. Inzitizi zivugwa mu gika cya mbere, ntizibuza urukiko guca urubanza, iyo rwaburanishijwe rugapfundikirwa ariko rutarasomwa. Icyakora urubanza ruguma ku mazina y’abaruburanye”.

## Page 3

butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kubera ko ikiburanwa ari icyaha cyo kunyereza umutungo gihanishwa igifungo kitarenze imyaka icumi (10). [7] Muri uru rubanza harasuzumwa ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Irto Mattia yagira ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi bwo kujurira. II. ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA  Ibyerekeye kumenya niba Irto Mattia yagira ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi bwo kujurira. [8] Murekezi Guy, Ghirini Guido n’ababunganira, bavuga ko Irto Mattia yari umuburanyi mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugege, ariko igihe urubanza rutaracibwa arapfa, hahamagazwa umugore we Nahimana Grace aba ari na we ukomeza urubanza mu mwanya wa nyakwigendera. Bavuga ko nyamara Urubanza rumaze gucibwa Nahimana Grace yarajuririye ariko akajurira mu izina rya nyakwigendera Irto Mattia, igarama akaritanga mu izina rye n’umwanzuro ugakorwa mu izina rye (mu izina rya Irto Mattia). Urukiko Rukuru rwanze kwakira ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia kuko yajuriye atakiriho (yarapfuye), ibyo bikaba ari nako bimeze mu bujurire bwa kabiri kuko n’ubundi Nahimana Grace yongeye gukora ikosa ryo kujurira mu izina rya Irto Mattia wapfuye yitwaje ko ariwe wakomeje kwandikwa kuri kopi y’urubanza, nyamara yakabaye yarasabye ko iryo kosa rikosorwa. Bavuga ko rero Urukiko rutasuzuma ko uwajuriye yakomeza kuba umuburanyi mu rubanza yajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru kandi atabasha kubona uburenganzira bwo gusaba icyo yita uburenganzira (droit d’intenter une action devant une juridiction), bivuze ko ubujurire bwatanzwe mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko kuko nta muntu wapfuye ugira ubushobozi inyungu n’ububasha byo gutanga ikirego, ahubwo hajurira abazungura be bakabikora mu mazina yabo bwite. [9] Bakomeza bavuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu iteganya ko “Uretse igihe Itegeko ribiteganya ukundi, ikirego cyakirwa mu rukiko iyo urega afite ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi byo kurega”, ko rero, ubujurire bwatanzwe na nyakwigendera IRTO Mattia budakwiye kwakirwa kuko bwatanzwe mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko, kubera ko nta muntu wapfuye ugira ubushobozi, inyungu n’ububasha byo gutanga ikirego. [10] Me Habineza Gasore Gilbert avuga ko mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge Irto Mattia yaregeye indishyi yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, iburanisha ritarapfundikirwa arapfa, hakurikijwe ibyo amategeko ateganya urubanza rukomeza gukurikiranwa n’umugore we Nahimana Grace nk’umuzungura we, ariko Irto Mattia aba ari we ukomeza kugaragara kuri kopi y’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye nk’umuburanyi n’ubwo bwose byari bizwi ko yapfuye urubanza rugakomezwa n’umugore we, ibyo bikaba ari nako biteganywa mu ngingo ya 1212 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, byumvikanisha ko Irto Mattia ugaragara kuri kopi y’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugegenge ariwe wagombaga kujurira akaba ari nawe utangirwa igarama bikozwe n’umugore we ufite ishingano zo gukomeza gukurikirana urubanza guhera igihe umugabo we yapfiriye. Bahamya rero ko kubera izo mpamvu, inzitizi yatanzwe na Ghirini Guido na Murekezi Guy nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa guhabwa kuko urubanza rwasohotse ku mazina ya Irto Mattia nk’uko amategeko

2 Ivuga ko “Iyo iburanisha ry’urubanza ritarapfundikirwa, urukiko rukamenya ko habonetse inzitizi yo guhindura irangamimerere, kuva ku mirimo cyangwa urupfu rw’umuburanyi, umuburanyi usigaye agaragariza urukiko abafite ububasha bwo kurukomeza rukabahamagara, rukurikije amategeko yerekeye ihamagara. Iyo abahamagawe bavugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo bataje gukomeza urubanza mu gihe bahawe, urubanza rucibwa badahari, hubahirizwa amategeko agenga ababuranyi banze kwitaba urukiko. Inzitizi zivugwa mu gika cya mbere, ntizibuza urukiko guca urubanza, iyo rwaburanishijwe rugapfundikirwa ariko rutarasomwa. Icyakora urubanza ruguma ku mazina y’abaruburanye.”

## Page 4

abiteganya, akaba ari nawe wagombaga kujurira no kwishyura ingwate y’amagarama maze ibikorwa byose bijyanye n’urubanza bigakurikiranwa na Nahimana Grace. [11] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko Urukiko rwazakurikiza amategeko rugafata umwanzuro ukwiye. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [12] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba igihe umuburanyi apfuye yaratanze ikirego ariko urubanza rutaracibwa, hagahamagazwa abazungura be bakaba aribo bakomeza urubanza ku bireba nyakwigendera, iyo bibaye ngombwa ko bajurira, babikora mu izina no munyungu zabo cyangwa niba bajurira mu izina no munyungu za nyakwigendera. [13] Ingingo ya 2, agace ka (w) y’Itegeko N° 71/2024 ryo ku wa 26/06/2024 rigenga abantu n’umuryango ivuga ko «ubuzimagatozi bw’umuntu bivuga ububasha umuntu agira bwo kugira uburenganzira n’inshingano kuva akivuka kugeza apfuye”. Naho ingingo ya 14 y’iryo Tegeko ivuga ko “Urupfu rurangiza ubuzimagatozi bw’untu”. [14] Ingingo ya 121, igika 1 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu ikavuga ko “Iyo iburanisha ry’urubanza ritarapfundikirwa, urukiko rukamenya ko habonetse inzitizi yo guhindura irangamimerere, kuva ku mirimo cyangwa urupfu rw’umuburanyi, umuburanyi usigaye agaragariza urukiko abafite ububasha bwo kurukomeza rukabahamagara, rukurikije amategeko yerekeye ihamagara”. Naho ingingo ya 3 y’iryo Tegeko ikavuga ko “Ikirego cyakirwa mu rukiko iyo urega afite ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi byo kurega, keretse igihe itegeko ribiteganya ukundi”. [15] Izi ngingo zisesenguriwe hamwe zumvikanisha ko umuntu agira ububasha, uburenganzira n’inshingano igihe akiriho gusa, ko iyo apfuye ntabyo aba agifite. Mu yandi magambo, umuntu wapfuye ntaba agishoboye kuregera Urukiko (droit d’intenter une action devant une jurisdiction) cyangwa kuburana urubanza ahubwo iyo yarutangiye rukomezwa n’abazungura be. Ibyo bivuze ko n’iyo bibaye ngombwa kujurira, umuzungura waje gukomeza urubanza ari na we ujuririra, ibyo akabikora mu mazina no munyungu ze bwite aho kubikora mu izina rya nyakwigendera. Iki gisobanura gihuza n’icyatanzwe mu rubanza N° 98-21472 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rusesa Imanza rwo mu Bufaransa ku wa 28/03/2003. Muri urwo rubanza, urwo Rukiko rwavuze ko umuntu wapfuye adafite ububasha bwo gutanga ikirego cyangwa ubwo kuburana, ko ndetse n’iyo bikozwe ku bwo kwibeshya, iyo iba ari inenge idashobora gukosorwa. [16] Dosiye igaragaraza ko Irto Mattia yapfuye yaramaze kuregera indishyi mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge mu rubanza N° RP/ECON 00048/2020/TGI/NYGE ariko urubanza rutaracibwa, asimburwa n’umugore we Nahimana Grace, uyu aba ariwe ukomeza gukurikirana urubanza, ariko kuri kopi y’urwo rubanza hakomeza kwandikwa IRTO Mattia, hemezwa ko ikirego cye cy’indishyi kidafite ishingiro, bityo ko indishyi asaba adakwiye kuzihabwa. [17] Dosiye igaragaza kandi ko mu kujurira mu Rukiko Rukuru, haba muri system, haba no mu mwanzuro wo kujurira handitswe ko hajuriye Irto Mattia ndetse n’ingwate y’igarama igatangwa mu izina rye, kandi nyamara bizwi ko uyu yapfuye, ibi akaba ari nabyo byatumye Urukiko Rukuru rwanga kwakira

3 Lorsqu'une personne décède, ses droits et obligations sont transmis à ses héritiers. Cela signifie que ce sont les héritiers qui doivent intervenir en justice, et non le défunt lui-même. Dans le cas où un appel est formé au nom du défunt, il s'agit d'une irrecevabilité absolue, car seule la personne vivante peut agir en justice, et ce même au nom de sa succession. L'appel fait sous le nom du cujus (la personne décédée) par sa succession, n'est pas régularisable en l'état. En effet, une personne décédée ne peut pas être partie à une procédure, et cette irrégularité ne peut pas être corrigée simplement par une régularisation. L'appel formé au nom du défunt est donc nul dès le départ.

## Page 5

ubujurire bwe. Mu kujuririra icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, nabwo bigaragara ko hajuriye Irto Mattia witabye Imana, Nahimana Grace n’umwunganira bagakomeza kugaragaza ko ibyo babiterwa n’uko muri kopi y’urubanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye, Irto Mattia ariwe ukomeza kugaragara nk’umuburanyi. [18] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rusanga Urukiko rwisumbuye rwarakoze ikosa ryo gukomeza kwandika amazina y’uwapfuye rumugaragaza nk’aho ari we muburanyi, cyane cyane ko rwari rwamaze kwemeza ko asimbuwe na Nahimana Grace. Rusanga ariko ibyo bidashobora kuba urwitwazo kuri Nahimana Grace n’umwunganira rwo gutanga ubujurire mu izina ry’uwapfuye kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika cya15 6 cy’uru rubanza, uyu aba atagishoboye gutanga ikirego cyangwa kuburana urubanza mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko. Rusanga ahubwo byarashobokaga ko Nahimana Grace ajurira mu izina rye, agasaba ko Urukiko Rukuru rubanza kurukosora4 cyangwa se akajurira amaze kurukosoza5 . Uru Rukiko rusanga n’ubujurire bwakozwe mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire bwaratanzwe na Irto Mattia kandi nk’uko byasobanuwe, uyu adashobora kugira ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi kuko yitabye Imana; bityo uru Rukiko rukaba rudashobora kubwakira. II. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [19] Rwemeje ko inzitizi yatanzwe na Murekezi Guy na Ghirini Guido ifite ishingiro; [20] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Irto Mattia (witabye Imana), butakiriwe ngo busuzumwe kuko nta bubasha n’ubushobozi afite bwo kujurira; [21] Rutegetse ko ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe ihwanye n’ibyakozwe muri uru rubanza.

4 Reba ingingo ya 138 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu ivuga ko “Uwifuza ko urubanza rukosorwa cyangwa rusobanurwa kandi rwarajuririwe, abigaragaza mu mwanzuro, Urukiko rwajuririwe rukabisuzumira hamwe n’izindi ngingo z’ubujurire. Muri icyo gihe Urukiko rwo hasi ntiruba rugifite ububasha bwo gukosora ayo makossa”. 5 Reba ingingo ya 138 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu ivuga ko “Ibirego bisaba gusobanura cyangwa gukosora amakosa ari mu rubanza biregerwa urukiko rwaciye urwo rubanza bigasuzumwa n’umucamanza waruciye”.