RLR- V.4 - 2023

# RLR- V.4 - 2023

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Rwanda law reports - Date: 2023-10-02 - Collection: Supreme Court

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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA SUPREME COURT P.o. Box. 2197 KIGALI www.judiciary.gov.rw ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO RWANDA LAW REPORTS Icyegeranyo V. 4 - 2023 Law Reports V. 4 - 2023 October, 2023 Ukwakira, 2023

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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA SUPREME COURT Po. Box. 2197 KIGALI www.judiciary.gov.rw ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO RWANDA LAW REPORTS Icyegeranyo V. 4 - 2023 Law Reports V. 4 - 2023 October, 2023 Ukwakira, 2023

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ISHAKIRO

ABAGIZE KOMITE Y’UBWANDITSI ...................................iii I. ITSINDA RY’ABANYAMATEGEKO BATEGUYE IMANZA................................................................................iii II. KOMITE YEMEZA IMANZA .......................................... v IRIBURIRO ............................................................................... ix IBIKUBIYE MURI IKI CYEGERANYO................................. xi INYITO ...................................................................................... xi AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO ........................................xiii IMANZA ZIFASHISHIJWE .................................................... xv AMAGAMBO MPINE ........................................................... xvii Re MHAYIMANA ..................................................................... 1 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI ................. 13 UBUSHINJACYAHA v NSABIMANA N'ABANDI .............. 35

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ABAGIZE KOMITE Y’UBWANDITSI

I. ITSINDA RY’ABANYAMATEGEKO BATEGUYE IMANZA

KAGABO U. Stephanie

KAVUTSE M. Claude

KUBWIMANA Jean Claude

MUJABI K. Naphtal

NZAYISENGA Daniel

UWINKINDI Angelique

UWIMANA Jean Marie Vianney

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II. KOMITE YEMEZA IMANZA

Prof. Dr. NGAGI M. Alphonse : Perezida wa Komite, Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire

Dr. MUHIRE G. Yves : Visi Perezida wa Komite, Umwarimu muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda

BWIZA N. Blanche : Umwanditsi wa Komite, Umugenzuzi w’Inkiko

RUKUNDAKUVUGA F. Regis : Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire

Dr. KARIMUNDA M. Aimé : Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga

NDAHAYO Xavier : Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru

RUTAZANA Angeline : Umugenzuzi Mukuru w’Inkiko

KALIWABO Charles : Umucamanza w’ Urukiko rw’Ubujurire

Dr. SEZIRAHIGA Yves :

BURAYOBERA UMUZAYIRE Bibiane : Umuyobozi wa ILPD

Visi Perezida wa Komisiyo y`u Rwanda ishinzwe Ivugururwa ry`Amategeko

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NSENGIYUMVA Jean Claude : Umugenzuzi w’Inkiko

KIBUKA Jean Luc : Umucamanza w’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi

HABARUREMA Jean Pierre : Umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw’Igihugu

BUNYOYE Grace : Umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw’Igihugu

KABIBI Specioza : Intumwa ya Leta

MUREREREHE Saouda : Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rukuru

Lt. col. MADUDU A. Charles :

Umucamanza mu Rukiko rwa Gisirikare

Dr. NSHIMIYIMANA Didace :

GIRANEZA Clémentine :

Dr MBONIGABA Callixte :

Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rukuru

Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye

Umwarimu muri INES - Ruhengeri

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BAGABO Faustin :

Dr ZIKAMABAHARI Jean de Dieu :

UWIMANA Christine :

KARAKE Canisius :

HABIMANA Pie :

UMUTESI Vestine :

YANKURIJE Dorothée : Avoka mu Rugaga rw’Abavoka Umwarimu muri University of Kigali Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye Umwarimu muri UNILAK

Avoka mu Rugaga rw’Abavoka

Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi

Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ibanze

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IRIBURIRO Basomyi bacu, Tunejejwe no kubagezaho Icyegeranyo cy’Ibyemezo by’Inkiko, Volime 4 [2023]. Nk’uko mubizi, tubahitiramo imanza zikubiyemo bimwe mu bisubizo by’ibibazo muhura nabyo kenshi, haba mu mirimo yanyu ndetse no mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Muri iyi nomero murasangamo imanza eshatui (3) zikurikira: urubanza rumwe (1) rw’imbonezamubano, urubanza rumwe (1) rw’inshinjyabyaha n’urubanza rumwe (1) rwerekeranye n’imiburanishirize y’imanza. Nk’uko mumaze kubimenyera imanza ziri muri iki cyegeranyo ziboneka no ku rubuga rwa murandasi rw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga: http://decisia.lexum.com/rlr/kn/nav.do. Dr NTEZILYAYO Faustin Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga akaba na Perezida w’Inama Nkuru y’Ubucamanza

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IBIKUBIYE MURI IKI CYEGERANYO Iki Cyegeranyo gikubiyemo imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire.

INYITO Imanza ziri muri iyi volime zikoreshwa muri ubu buryo: [2023] 4 RLR

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AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO

a. Amategeko akoreshwa ubu Itegeko n˚ 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 11,12,16,116,154,181, 183……………………………………...…46 Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba, ingingo 2…………46 Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 28,33 47,49, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 64………………………………... Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 2,18,19,38……………………………………………………………46 Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena Ububasha bw’Inkiko, ingingo ya 65 na 73………………...………….......46 Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, z’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 103, 106 n’iya 107………………………………2 ingingo ya 12 n’iya 111……………………………………15 Itegeko nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 2…………………………………………………15 ingingo ya 3 n’iya 104……………………………………..46 Iteka rya Perezida no 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw'umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga…………………….16

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Amabwiriza no 001/2021 yo ku wa 15 Werurwe 2021 ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agenga itangazwa ry’imanza mu cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko, mu ngingo yayo ya 9, igika cya 2 n’icya 3………………………………………………………...46

b. Amategeko yakuweho ariko yakoreshwaga igihe ikibazo cyavukaga Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/0L ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, (ryavanyweho) ingingo ya 77, 85, 503, 459, 503………………………………………………………46 Itegeko-Teka no 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/08/1977 ryashyiragaho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, (ryavanyweho) ingingo 97, 163……………………………………………………………………46 Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 y’igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw'amategeko y'imbonezamubano, ingingo za 258 na 260…………………………………………………………………….16

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IMANZA ZIFASHISHIJWE Re GLIHD, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00004/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2019………………………..47 RS/INJUST/RCOM 00005/2020/SC rwaciwe kuwa 27/11/2020 haburana BPR ATLAS MARA PLC VS NKUSI Evariste, igika cya 18……………………………………………………………………...16 RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0015/14/CS, Ntahonkiriye et al vs Icyitegetse Léa rwaciwe kuwa 31/07/2015……………………….16 RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0023/16/CS rwaciwe kuwa 27/09/2019 haburana Rutabayiru et al vs Mukamabano Charlotte, igika cya 28……………………………………………………………………16 Ubushinjacyaha v Habyarimana, n˚ RPA 0224/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/01/2017………………………..47 Ubushinjacyaha v Ingabire Umuhoza n’ abandi, n˚ RPA 0255/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/12/2013…………………………………………………………..47 Ubushinjacyaha v Mpiranya, nº RPA 0343/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/02/2015………………………..47 Ubushinjacyaha v Musangamfura, RPAA 00381/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 18/3/2022…………….47 Ubushinjacyaha v Mushayidi, RPA 0298/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/02/2012………………………..47 Ubushinjacyaha v Ndererimana n˚ RPA 0249/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 16/09/2016………………………..47 Ubushinjacyaha v Nzafashwanimana, no RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/ 02/2022…………..47

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xx ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

Urubanza, Porokirere v Kambanda, n˚ ICTR-97-23-S, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) ku wa 4/09/1998………………………………….47 Urubanza rwa Vojislav Šešelj, IT-03-67-R77.2-A, rwaciwe na ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber) ku wa 19/ 05/2010……………..47 Uwera Sharon, RS/RECUS/COM 0001/17/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 14/06/2019………………………….2

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xxi xxi AMAGAMBO MPINE

AMAGAMBO MPINE 1 Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza mbonezamubano – Ubwihane bw’umucamanza – Iyakirwa ry’ubwihane bw’umucamanza – Ntibihagije ko utanze ikirego cy’ubwihane bw’umucamanza yakwandika gusa avuga ibiteganywa n’itegeko ahubwo agomba no kwerekana ibimenyetso ashingiraho ibyo avuga kugira ngo urukiko rubone aho ruhera rusuzuma ishingiro ryabyo. Re MHAYIMANA………………………………………1 3.Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Kwemera icyaha – Ukwemera icyaha kugira agaciro gashobora gutuma uregwa agabanyirizwa igihano iyo gukozwe mbere y’uko iburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere ripfundikirwa, iyo kudashidikanywaho, kuba uwemera agaragaza ko yumva uburemere bw’ibikorwa yemera n’ingaruka zabyo, abyicuza, abisabira imbabazi no kuba yiteguye gusubiza ibyo yangije uko abitegerejweho UBUSHINJACYAHA vs NSABIMANA N'ABANDI……………………………………………..35 4. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cy’iterabwoba – Umuntu uyobora, woshya, ushishikariza, utegura cyangwa utanga ibikoresho cyangwa utera inkunga iyo ariyo yose agatuma abandi bakora ibyaha bisanzwe biteganyijwe n’amategeko ahana ibyaha hagamijwe iterabwoba, aba akoze igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Uyu muntu ntabwo ahanirwa kuba umufatanyacyaha mu byaha byakozwe n’abandi, ahubwo ahanirwa ibikorwa yakoze ubwe byabibanjirije cyangwa byatumye ibindi bikorwa by’iterabwoba byabaye nyuma bishyirwa mu bikorwa.

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xxii ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

UBUSHINJACYAHA vs NSABIMANA N'ABANDI……………………………………………..35 Ubujurire – Ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi – Mu manza nshinjabyaha ntabwo hatangwamo ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi, Ubujurire bwose burebana n’ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha bugomba kuba ubujurire bw’ibanze kandi bugatangwa mu bihe biteganywa n’itegeko. UBUSHINJACYAHA vs NSABIMANA N'ABANDI……………………………………………..35 Ikirego cy’indishyi – Mu gihe umuburanyi yasabye indishyi z’akababaro (mpozamarira) n’indishyi z’ivutswamahirwe (mbangamirabukungu), Urukiko ntirukwiye kuzikomatanyiriza hamwe kuko zidahuje kamere ndetse n’uburyo bwo kuzibara bukaba butandukanye. Mu gihe indishyi z’akababaro (indishyi mpozamarira) zitangwa mu buryo bw’ubushishozi kuko akenshi biba bigoye ko haboneka ibipimo bifatika zishingiraho kuko zishyura ibifitanye isano n’amarangamutima, indishyi z’ivutswamahirwe (mbangamirabukungu) zo zigira ibipimo zishingiraho n’iyo byaba bigenekereje kuko uwavukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha umutungo we, ashaka ukundi abigenza kugira ngo abeho uko bisanzwe, ibyo akaba aribyo bihabwa agaciro mu mafaranga. UBUSHINJACYAHA vs NSABIMANA N'ABANDI……………………………………………..35 4. Amategeko agenga ubwishingizi – Itandukaniro riri hagati y’impanuka y’akazi, impanuka yo mu muhanda n’impanuka yatewe n’ikindi kintu cyatewe n’uburangare bwa nyiracyo – Mu gihe impanuka idatewe n’ikinyabiziga kiri mu muhanda, amategeko asanzwe ateganya ibyo

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xxiii AMAGAMBO MPINE

kwishyura indishyi ni yo akoreshwa cyangwa andi mategeko yihariye ajyanye no kwishyura indishyi. Impanuka ibaye igihe hakorwa imirimo yo gupakurura no gupakira itandukanywa n'impanuka zo mu muhanda n’impanuka zikomoka ku murimo, uwakoze impanuka, agaragaza gusa usabwa indishyi, ko icyateye impanuka cyari icye kandi icyo kintu kikaba cyagize uruhare ku byo ashingiraho asaba indishyi HABAKUBAHO vs SORWATRACO N’ABANDI….13 5. Amategeko agenga umurimo – Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka mu kazi – Iyo uwakoze impanuka asanganywe ubwishingizi nk’umukozi (assuré social) yayitewe n’undi muntu utari umukoresha we cyangwa umukozi w’umukoresha we, uwagize impanuka cyangwa abamukomokaho, bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba uwateye impanuka indishyi z’ibyo yangirijwe hagendewe ku mategeko asanzwe, mu gihe ibyangiritse bidateganywa n’amategeko agenga umurimo HABAKUBAHO vs SORWATRACO N’ABANDI….13

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IMANZA ZEREKERANYE N’IMIBURANISHIRIZE Y’IMANZA

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Re MHAYIMANA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA– RS/RECUS/RAD 00001/2022/SC – (Mukamulisa, P.J., Nyirinkwaya na Hitiyaremye, J.) 30 Ugushyingo 2022] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza – Ubwihane bw’umucamanza – Iyakirwa ry’ubwihane bw’umucamanza – Ntibihagije ko utanze ikirego cy’ubwihane bw’umucamanza yakwandika gusa avuga ibiteganywa n’itegeko ahubwo agomba no kwerekana ibimenyetso ashingiraho ibyo avuga kugira ngo urukiko rubone aho ruhera rusuzuma ishingiro ryabyo. Incamake y’ikibazo: Mhayimana yihannye umucamanza mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RAD 00002/2022/SC aburanamo n’Urugaga rw’Abavoka mu Rwanda, avuga ko uwo mucamanza uri mu nteko iburanisha urwo rubanza yasanze amufitiye urwango rukomeye rwakomotse ku burakari yatewe n’ibaruwa yandikiye Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika ifite impamvu igira iti: kubagezaho ikibazo cy’akarengane nagiriwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire naburanaga na sosiyeti KHAAS Ltd y’umunyapakistani no gusaba ko hashakishwa icyihishe inyuma y’ako karengane kakozwe mu buryo bugambiriwe bwo kwirengagiza ukuri n’amategeko. Akomeza avuga ko muri iyo baruwa yandikiye Perezida wa Repubulika, yerekanye ko uwo mucamanza, mu buryo bwagaragaraga ko burimo akagambane n’uwo munyepakistani, yemeje ko urubanza RCOMA 00503/2019/HCC yari yarayitsinzemo rurimo akarengane, nyamara icyo kirego kitaragombaga kwakirwa. Asoza avuga ko uwo mucamanza

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2 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

aramutse agumye mu nteko imuburanisha nta butabera yazabona kuko noneho yaba abonye icyuho cyo kumwihimuraho. Incamake y’icyemezo: Ntibihagije ko utanze ikirego cy’ubwihane bw’umucamanza yakwandika gusa avuga ibiteganywa n’itegeko ahubwo agomba no kwerekana ibimenyetso ashingiraho ibyo avuga kugira ngo urukiko rubone aho ruhera rusuzuma ishingiro ryabyo. Bityo, Mhayimana Isaie nta kimenyetso na kimwe atanga kigaragaza ko koko uwo mucamanza yihana amufitiye urwango, akaba ariyo mpamvu ikirego cye kitakwakirwa. Ikirego cy’ubwihane nticyakiriwe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, z’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 103, 106 n’iya 107. Imanza zifashishijwe: Uwera Sharon, RS/RECUS/COM 0001/17/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 14/06/2019. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RAD 00002/2022/SC aburanamo n’Urugaga rw’Abavoka mu Rwanda, Mhayimana

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3 Re MHAYIMANA

Isaïe yihannye umucamanza Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé, ubwo bwihane bukaba bwarakorewe mu ruhame mu iburanisha ryo ku itariki ya 21/11/2022. Ibyo byatumye iburanisha rihagarara, uwatanze ubwihane yibutswa ko agomba kubikorera inyandiko isobanura ikirego cye n’amategeko ashingiraho. [2] Ku itariki ya 22/11/2022, abinyujije mu ikoranabuhanga rya IECMS ritangirwamo ibirego mu nkiko, Mhayimana Isaïe yanditse asobanura ko impamvu z’ubwihane bwe ari urwango rukomeye afitiwe n'umucamanza Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé. [3] Ikibazo cyasuzumiwe mu Nama y’Abacamanza ku itariki ya 28/11/2022, hagendewe ku myanzuro y’uwatanze ikirego cyo kwihana umucamanza nk’uko biteganywa n’ingino ya 107, igika cya 5, y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko mu gusuzuma iyakirwa ry’ikirego cy’ubwihane hashingirwa gusa ku nyandiko zashyikirijwe Urukiko, bitabaye ngombwa ko ababuranyi bahamagazwa. [4] Muri uru rubanza habanje gusuzumwa niba ikirego cy’ubwihane cyatanzwe na Mhayimana Isaïe gishobora kwakirwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 103, agace ka 3, y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru kuko ariyo iteganya impamvu ashingiraho ikirego cye.

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4 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

II. IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYACYO 1. Kumenya niba ubwihane bwakozwe na Mhayimana Isaïe bwakwakirwa [5] Mu nyandiko yashyize muri IECMS, Mhayimana Isaïe avuga ko impamvu yatumye yihana umucamanza Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé uri mu nteko iburanisha urubanza RS/INJUST/RAD 00002/2022/SC, ari uko yasanze amufitiye urwango rukomeye rwakomotse ku burakari uwo mucamanza yatewe n’ibaruwa yandikiye Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika ku itariki ya 28/09/2021 ifite impamvu igira iti: kubagezaho ikibazo cy’akarengane nagiriwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/06/2021 naburanaga na sosiyeti KHAAS Ltd y’umunyapakistani witwa Amjat Ali Merchant no gusaba ko hashakishwa icyihishe inyuma y’ako karengane kakozwe mu buryo bugambiriwe bwo kwirengagiza ukuri n’amategeko. [6] Avuga ko iyo baruwa yaje ikurikira indi yo ku itariki ya 15/07/2020 yari yarandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, icyo gihe wari Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé, amusaba ko ubujurire bwa kabiri bwa sosiyete KHAAS Ltd yakodeshaga inyubako ze bwasuzumwa byihutirwa kuko yasangaga budashobora kwakirwa ahubwo bwarakozwe mu rwego rw’agahimano gusa, akandikirwa amabaruwa ndetse no muri IECMS ariko uwo mucamanza ntagire icyo abikoraho kugeza aho ahubwo yemeje ko urubanza RCOMA 00503/2019/HCC rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. [7] Mhayimana Isaïe akomeza avuga ko muri iyo baruwa yandikiye Perezida wa Repubulika, yerekanye ko Umucamanza

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5 Re MHAYIMANA

Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé wari Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, mu buryo bwagaragaraga ko burimo akagambane n’uwo munyepakistani Amjat Ali Merchant, Umuyobozi n’umunyamigabane wa KHAAS Ltd, yemeje ko urubanza RCOMA 00503/2019/HCC Mhayimana Isaïe yari yarayitsinzemo rurimo akarengane, nyamara icyo kirego kitaragombaga kwakirwa. Mu kubangamira Mhayimana Isaïe amubuza kurangirisha urubanza, umucamanza Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé, yanze ko ubwo bujurire bwa KHAAS Ltd bufatwaho umwanzuro, ngo bwandikwe hanyuma buburanishwe, cyangwa se bufatweho umwanzuro ko butemewe, ahubwo yihutira gusuzuma ikirego cya KHAAS Ltd cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, n’ibindi byose byakozwe bigamije kugira ngo itsinde mu buryo bw’akarengane bwagaragajwe muri iyo baruwa ya Mhayimana Isaïe. [8] Avuga kandi ko kuba yarandikiye Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika agaragaza uruhare rwa Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé muri urwo rubanza, akanagenera kopi Nyakubahwa Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga na Minisitiri w’Ubutabera agaragaza amakosa yakozwe muri urwo rubanza, byateye Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé kumugirira urwango. [9] Yanzura avuga ko ashingiye kuri ibyo bisobanuro byose, asanga umucamanza Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé aramutse agumye mu nteko imuburanisha nta butabera yazabona kuko noneho yaba abonye icyuho cyo kumwihimuraho. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [10] Ku byerekeye kwihana umucamanza, ingingo ya 103, agace ka 3, y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018

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6 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko Umucamanza bashobora kumwihana iyo umwe mu baburanyi agaragaje ishingiro ry’urwango afitanye na we. [11] Nanone ingingo ya 106 y’Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa, iteganya ko uwihannye umucamanza mu iburanisha agomba kwandikira Perezida w’Urukiko inyandiko isobanura ubwihane, naho ingingo ya 107, igika cya mbere, y’iryo Tegeko igateganya ko urukiko umucamanza arimo, rusuzuma ako kanya niba ubwo bwihane bushobora kwakirwa. [12] Ingingo ya 106 n’iya 107 zimaze kuvugwa haruguru, zumvikanisha ko utanze ikirego atari ukwandika gusa avuga ibiteganywa n’itegeko, ahubwo agomba no kwerekana ibimenyetso ashingiraho ibyo avuga, kugira ngo urukiko rubone aho ruhera rusuzuma ishingiro ryabyo. [13] Urukiko rusanga mu bisobanuro Mhayimana Isaïe yashyize mu ikoranabuhanga rya IECMS yihana umucamanza Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé, nta kimenyetso na kimwe atanga kigaragaza ko koko uwo mucamanza amufitiye urwango, kugira ngo hasuzumwe niba bifite ishingiro hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 103, agace ka 3, y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, uretse kuvuga gusa ko urwo rwango rukomoka ku ibaruwa yandikiye Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika. [14] Ibyerekeranye n’uko uwatanze ikirego cy’ubwihane agomba gutanga ibimenyetso by’ibyo avuga, uru Rukiko rwabitanzeho umurongo mu rubanza rwaciwe ku itariki ya 14/06/2019, aho rwanze kwakira ubwihane bwari bwatanzwe

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7 Re MHAYIMANA

n’uwaburaniraga Uwera Sharon avuga ko umucamanza afitiye urwango uwo yaburaniraga ariko ntabigaragarize ibimenyetso1. [15] Hashingiwe rero ku ngingo ya 103, agace ka 3, ndetse no ku ya 106 n’iya 107, igika cya mbere, z’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ikirego kigamije kwihana umucamanza Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé cyatanzwe na Mhayimana Isaïe kidashobora kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kuko nta bimenyetso yatanze ashingiraho yihana umucamanza ku mpamvu y’urwango avuga amufitiye. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [16] Rwemeje ko ikirego cy’ubwihane cyatanzwe na Mhayimana Isaïe kitakiriwe.

1 Urubanza RS/RECUS/COM 0001/17/CS, igika cya 12.

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IMANZA ZACIWE MU MIZI

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URUBANZA RW’IMBONEZAMUBANO

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13

HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RCAA 00003/2020/CA (Nyirandabaruta, P.J,.) 04 Ukuboza 2020] Amategeko agenga umurimo – Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka mu kazi – Iyo uwakoze impanuka asanganywe ubwishingizi nk’umukozi (assuré social) yayitewe n’undi muntu utari umukoresha we cyangwa umukozi w’umukoresha we, uwagize impanuka cyangwa abamukomokaho, bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba uwateye impanuka indishyi z’ibyo yangirijwe hagendewe ku mategeko asanzwe, mu gihe ibyangiritse bidateganywa n’amategeko agenga umurimo. Amategeko agenga ubwishingizi – Itandukaniro riri hagati y’impanuka y’akazi, impanuka yo mu muhanda n’impanuka yatewe n’ikindi kintu cyatewe n’uburangare bwa nyiracyo – Mu gihe impanuka idatewe n’ikinyabiziga kiri mu muhanda, amategeko asanzwe ateganya ibyo kwishyura indishyi ni yo akoreshwa cyangwa andi mategeko yihariye ajyanye no kwishyura indishyi. Impanuka ibaye igihe hakorwa imirimo yo gupakurura no gupakira itandukanywa n'impanuka zo mu muhanda n’impanuka zikomoka ku murimo, uwakoze impanuka, agaragaza gusa usabwa indishyi, ko icyateye impanuka cyari icye kandi icyo kintu kikaba cyagize uruhare ku byo ashingiraho asaba indishyi. Incamake y’ikibazo: Urubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gisumbi, Habakubaho asaba indishyizikomoka kumpanuka yatewe n’urugi rw’imodoka rukamuvuna umugongo,

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14 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

akaba arega Sorwatraco ariyo yari nyira iyo modoka, mu rubanza Sorwatraco yasabye ko hagobokeshwa Bralirwa yari umukoresha wa Habakubaho ndetse na Sanlam yari umwishingizi wa Sorwatraco. Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ikirego cye gifite ishingiro rutegeka ko Sanlam nk’umwishingizi wa Sorwatraco iha ndishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuko Habakubaho. Sanlam ntiyishimiye imikirize ijuririra Urukiko Rukuru ivuga ko yaciwe indishyi zitareba umwishingizi kandi na nyiri ikinyabiziga ataramenyekanishije impanuka, Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire bufite ishingiro, ko impanuka Habakubaho yatejwe n’ikinyabiziga atari impanuka yo mu muhanda, ko rero impanuka yabaye itakwishyurwa n’umwishingizi Sanlam kuko Habakubaho yakomerekejwe n’urugi rw’iyo modoka itagenda itari mu muhanda, rwasanze icyabaye ari impanuka y’akazi, uburyozwe bwayo bukaba bugomba kwirengerwa n’uwari umukoresha we mu gihe cy’impanuka, cyangwa ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi. Habakubaho ntiyishimiye imikirize, ajuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, avuga ko atahawe indishyi z’impanuka yagize hashingiwe ku mpamvu y’uko amasezerano Sorwatraco yagiranye na Sanlam ataziteganya, akaba asanga mu gihe adahawe indishyi na Sorwatraco yazihabwa na Sanlam Ltd, kubera ko kuba nyir’ikinyabiziga ataramenyesheje impanuka bitamugiraho ingaruka. Sorwatraco na Sanlam bo bavuga ko Habakubaho indishyi yasabye atazihabwa kuko atakoze impanuka yo mu muhanda ku buryo yabiherwa indishyi, kandi ko nta mpamvu hari kuba imenyekanisha ry’ayo kuko yakoze impanuka y’akazi.

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15 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI

Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Iyo uwakoze impanuka asanganywe ubwishingizi nk’umukozi (assuré social) yayitewe n’undi muntu utari umukoresha we cyangwa umukozi w’umukoresha we, uwagize impanuka cyangwa abamukomokaho, bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba uwateye impanuka indishyi z’ibyo yangirijwe hagendewe ku mategeko asanzwe, mu gihe ibyangiritse bidateganywa n’amategeko agenga umurimo, bityo Bralirwa nk’umukoresha wa Habakuba ikaba itagomba kuryozwa indishyi kuko impanuka yayitewe na Sorwatraco. 2. kwishyura indishyi niyo akoreshwa cyangwa andi mategeko yihariye ajyanye no kwishura indishyi. Impanuka ibaye igihe hakorwa imirimo yo gupakurura no gupakira itandukanywa n'impanuka zo mu muhanda n’impanuka zikomoka ku murimo, uwakoze impanuka, agaragaza gusa usabwa indishyi, ko icyateye impanuka cyari icye kandi icyo kintu kikaba cyagize uruhare ku byo ashingiraho asaba indishyi, bityo Sorwatraco niyo igomba kuryozwa indishyi z’akababaro Habakubaho yasabye kubera kutita bu kintu ishinzwe kurinda. Ubujurire bwatanzwe bufite ishingiro; Urubanza rwajuririwe rurahindutse; Amagarama y’urubanza aherereye ku isanduku ya Leta. Amategeko yashyimgiweho: Itegeko n° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 19/4/2018 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano iz’ubucuruzi, iz’imirimo n’iz’ubutegetsi., ingingo ya 12 n’iya 111 Itegeko nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 2

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16 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

Iteka rya Perezida no 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw'umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 y’igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw'amategeko y'imbonezamubano, ingingo za 258 na 260 Imanza zifashishijwe RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0015/14/CS, Ntahonkiriye et al vs Icyitegetse Léa rwaciwe kuwa 31/07/2015 RS/INJUST/RCOM 00005/2020/SC rwaciwe kuwa 27/11/2020 haburana BPR ATLAS MARA PLC VS NKUSI Evariste, igika cya 18; RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0023/16/CS rwaciwe kuwa 27/09/2019 haburana Rutabayiru et al vs Mukamabano Charlotte, igika cya 28 Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Yvonne Lambert- Faive et Laurent Leveneur, Droit des assurances, 12 ed. Paris, Dalloz, 2005, pp. 576, 579, 109 Yvonne Lambert- Faive et Stephanie Parchy- Simon, Droit du dommage corporel, systeme d’indemnization, 8 ed. Paris, Dalloz, 2016, p.451 Raymond Guillien na Jean Vincent; Lexique des termes juridiques, Dalloz, Paris 1988 p 4

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17 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI

Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Tariki ya 09/03/2017, igihe imodoka RAB 856Q ya Sorwatraco Ltd yari iparitse izanye ibinyobwa bya Bralirwa, urugi rwayo rw’inyuma rwarafungutse rukubita mu mugongo Habakubaho Samson, bimutera ubumuga buhoraho. Habakubaho Samson yareze Sorwatraco Ltd mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi, asaba indishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka, iyi nayo igobokesha Bralirwa mu rubanza, ivuga ko ari yo yari umukoresha wa Habakubaho Samson, na Sanlam AG Ltd (yahoze ari Soras AG Ltd) nk’umwishingizi w’imodoka ivugwa ko yateye impanuka. [2] Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi rwaciye urubanza RC 00073/2018/TGI/GIC ku wa 16/5/2019, rwemeza ko ikirego cya Habakubaho Samson gifite ishingiro, rutegeka Soras AG Ltd nk’umwishingizi wa Sorwatraco Ltd kumwishyura indishyi mbangamirabukungu zingana na 86.400.000 Frw, izikomoka ku bumuga zingana na 1,080,000 Frw, amafaranga yivuje kwa muganga ntirwayamugenera kuko atayagaragarije ibimenyetso. [3] Sanlam AG Ltd yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru ivuga ko yaciwe indishyi zitareba umwishingizi kandi na nyiri ikinyabiziga ataramenyekanishije impanuka, Urukiko Rukuru ruca urubanza RCA 00242/2019/HC/KIG ku wa 8/5/2020, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Sanlam AG Ltd bufite ishingiro, ko impanuka Habakubaho Samson yatejwe n’ikinyabiziga RAB 856 Q atari impanuka yo mu muhanda, ko rero impanuka yabaye itakwishyurwa n’umwishingizi Sanlam AG Ltd kuko Habakubaho Samson yakomerekejwe n’urugi

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18 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

rw’iyo modoka itagenda itari mu muhanda, rumuca umugongo arimo kuyipakurura, rusanga icyabaye ari impanuka y’akazi, uburyozwe bwayo bukaba bugomba kwirengerwa n’uwari umukoresha we mu gihe cy’impanuka, cyangwa ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi (Rwanda Social Security Board) [4] Habakubaho Samson ntiyishimiye icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, ajuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, avuga ko atahawe indishyi z’impanuka yagize hashingiwe ku mpamvu y’uko amasezerano Sorwatraco Ltd yagiranye na Sanlam AG Ltd ataziteganya, akaba asanga mu gihe adahawe indishyi na Sorwatraco Ltd yazihabwa na SORAS AG Ltd ubu yahindutse Sanlam AG Ltd, kubera ko kuba nyir’ikinyabiziga ataramenyesheje impanuka bitamugiraho ingaruka. [5] Uhagarariye Sorwatraco Ltd na Sanlam AG Ltd bavuga ko Habakubaho Samson indishyi yasabye atazihabwa kuko atakoze impanuka yo mu muhanda ku buryo yabiherwa indishyi, kandi ko nta mpamvu hari kuba imenyekanisha ry’ayo kuko yakoze impanuka y’akazi. [6] Urubanza rwaburanishirijwe mu ruhame ku wa 21/10/2020, Habakubaho Samson ahagarariwe na Me Mutabaruka Jean, Sorwatraco Ltd ihagararaiwe na Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre naho Sanlam AG Ltd ihagarariwe na Me Mukandori Brigitte.

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19 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI

II. IBIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO [7] Gusuzuma niba kuba nta menyekanisha ry’impanuka ryakozwe bikuraho iyubahirizwa ry’amasezerano Sanlam AG Ltd yagiranye na Sorwatraco Ltd. [8] Mutabaruka Jean, avuga ko kuba nta menyekanisha ry’impanuka ryakozwe, bidakuraho amasezerano Soras AG Ltd yahindutse Sanlam AG Ltd yagiranye na Sorwatraco Ltd, ko Sanlam AG Ltd yagombaga guha indishyi Habakubaho Samson nyuma igasaba Sorwatraco Ltd kuziyishyura kuko nta kigaragaza icyo umushoferi wa Sorwatraco Ltd n’umufasha we (boy chauffeur) bakoze bamaze kubona ko imodoka yabo yakoze impanuka. [9] Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre, avuga ko Sorwatraco Ltd itari gukora imenyekanisha mu gihe nta mpanuka yabaye yishingiwe n’umwishingizi, ko kandi ko habayeho irengayobora (exception) indishyi zasabwa Sanlam AG Ltd, n’ubwo ku bw’ibanze babona itaragombaga kuza mu rubanza, ariko bakaba barayizanye mu rubanza birinda ko imanza zaba nyinshi. [10] Me Mukandoli Brigitte avuga ko Me Mutabaruka Jean avuga ko batse indishyi kubera urugi rwagwiriye Habakubaho Samson, ariko akaba atagaragaza aho abishingira mu mategeko harebwe impanuka yabaye, kuko nta dosiye y’impanuka yakozwe ngo imenyeshwe umwishingizi, ariyo mpamvu asanga Sanlam AG Ltd nta ndishyi ikwiye gutanga.

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20 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [11] Ingingo ya 9 y’amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Soras ubu yabaye Sanlam AG Ltd na Sorwatraco Ltd ku wa 09/07/2013, iteganya ko uwishingiwe yiyemeje kumenyesha umwishingizi impanuka zose zakorewe ku wundi muntu, nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 2 igika cya 1 y’Itegeko teka No 32/75 du 7 Kanama 1975 riteganya ubwishingizi butegetswe ku birebana n’ubwishingizi bujyanye n’iby’abandi byangijwe n’ibinyabiziga bigendesha moteri, gukora ibishoboka byose akamenyesha umwishingizi impanuka yo mu muhanda yemejwe na Polisi n’uburyo yabaye bigaragarira mu nyandikomvugo y’impanuka, yaba atabikoze agacibwa 10% ku gaciro k’ibyangijwe cyangwa ubwishingizi bugata agaciro hashingiwe mu buryo impanuka yabaye (l’assuré s’engage pout tout accident impliquant un tiers et ce conformement a l’article 2 & 1 de décret-loi No 32/75 du 7 Aout 1975 relatif à l’assurance obligatoire de la responsabilité civile en matière des véhicules automoteurs à tout mettre en œuvre en vue de faire constater l’accident par la police de roulage et en fournir le procès-verbal.Tout manquement a cette obligation entraine automatiquement l’application d’une pénalité égale à 10% qui sera déduite de la valeur du sunitre ou à la déchéance de garantie selon les circonstances de l’accident). [12] Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko bimaze kugaragazwa haruguru, icyo amasezerano Sanlam AG Ltd yagiranye na Sorwatraco Ltd yerekana nuko umwishingizi utamenyekanishije impanuka, hari amafaranga acibwa n’umwishingizi kubera ubwo burangare, ntabwo ayo masezerano ateganya ko mu gihe impanuka igaragarijwe ibimenyetso, umwishingizi adashobora kwishyura uwangirijwe, bivuze ko gutinda kumenyeskanisha impanuka ubwabyo bidakuraho inshingano zikubiye mu

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21 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI

masezerano y’ubwishingizi Soras AG Ltd yahindutse Sanlam AG Ltd yagiranye na Sorwatraco Ltd yafashe ubwishingizi. [13] Kumenya niba indishyi Habakubaho Samson asaba yazihabwa n’ushobora kuziryozwa hagati ya Sorwatraco Ltd na sanlam AG Ltd [14] Me Mutabaruka Jean, avuga ko mu gika cya 13 cy’urubanza rwajuririwe, umucamanza yavuze ko indishyi Habakubaho Samson asaba zitakwishyurwa n’umwishingizi hakurikijwe ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 8 y’ingingo rusange z’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi Sanlam AG Ltd yagiranye na Sorwatraco Ltd (conditions générales), asaba ko ibyo byakosorwa, kubera ko nk’uko biri mu igika cya mbere ku rupapuro rwa mbere rw’amasezerano Sorwatraco Ltd yagiranye na Soras AG Ltd ubu yahindutse Sanlam AG Ltd, yishingiye uburyozwe bw’imodoka za Sorwatraco Ltd n’iy’akoze impanuka irimo, kandi ko muri ayo masezerano hatavugwamo ko imodoka yaba igenda cyangwa itagenda, ko ahubwo mu gika cyayo cya 4, havugwamo ko ubwishingizi butangira guhera imodoka igenda, ipakira cyangwa ipakurura, ibyo bikaba ntaho bihurira n’ingingo ya 8 Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho, kuko ivuga ibijyanye no gushya kw’imodoka, yibwe, […] uko byishyurwa, bidafite aho bihuriye n’impanuka Habakubaho Samson yagize, ko Urukiko rwari gushingira ku ngingo ya 4 n’iya 9 z’amasezerano habakubaho Samson agahabwa indishyi asaba. [15] Me Mutabaruka Jean, akomeza avuga ko bareze Sorwatraco Ltd kubera urugi rw’imodoka yarwo rwifunguye rugakubita Habakubaho Samson, babiheraho basaba indishyi zishingiye ku ngingo ya 258 y’igitabo cya gatatu cy’amategeko mbonezamubano, yakoreshwaga igihe impanuka yabaga, Sorwatraco Ltd ikavuga ko ifite umwishingizi inasaba

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22 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

kumugonokesha mu rubanza, hazamo iby’impanuka yo mu muhanda nyuma babihinduramo iy’akazi, kandi Habakubaho Samson yari nyakabyizi uterura ikaziye agahembwa, adafite aho ahuriye n’iyo modoka, ariko umushoferi n’umufasha we ( boy Chauffeur) bayisigaho baragenda, ku bw’ubwo buteshuke bwabo bakaba bagomba kubyirengera, ko impamvu Bralirwa itatanze indishyi ari uko itari nyiri imodoka cyangwa umwishingizi wayo. [16] Me Mukandori Brigitte, avuga ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Soras AG Ltd na Sorwatraco Ltd atashingirwaho hatangwa indishyi kubera ko nta mpanuka yo mu muhanda yabayeho, ahubwo Habakubaho Samson yayikoze imodoka iri muri Parking Moteri yayo ijimije, ko niba urugi rwaramugwiriye byatewe na manipulations yakoze n’ubukubuganyi bwe, kuko imodoka yari ihagaze, bene izi mpanuka zikaba zitishingirwa, ko hishingirwa impanuka z’imodoka ziri mu muhanda Moteri ikora, ariyo mpamvu asanga indishyi Habakubaho Samson yasabye nta shingiro zifite, cyane ko na Polisi itahise itabazwa ngo ikore iperereza, ahubwo iperereza ryakozwe nyuma y’imyaka ine impanuka ibaye, Habakubaho Samson amaze gutsindwa mu manza z’umurimo. [17] Me Mukandori Brigitte akomeza avuga ko ibyo Me Mutabaruka Jean avuga ko hashingirwa ku ingingo ya 4 y’amasezerano, atari byo, kuko iyo ngingo yakoreshwa aruko imodoka yarimo kugenda idaparitse, naho uwayikubitaho iparitse byaba ari amakosa ye, ko nta kosa ryo mu muhanda ryakozwe n’imodoka bishingiye, ko ahubwo ibyabaye kuri Habakubaho Samson ari impanuka y’akazi yakagombye kwishingirwa n’umukoresha we witwa Koperative « Intwali », naho ingingo ya 9 yavuze itareba impanuka yabaye, mu gihe ingingo ya 8 igaragaza ibitishingirwa mu masezerano rusange (exclusions).

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23 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI

Avuga ko ingingo zoze Me Mutabaruka Jean yagaragaje zigira agaciro iyo imodoka igenda, ariyo mpamvu na Sanlam AG Ltd itari gusabwa indishyi mu gihe itamenyeshejwe ibijyanye n’impanuka yabaye nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 19 y’Itegeko-Teka No 32/75 ryo ku wa 7/08/1975 ryerekeye ibinyabiziga bitwarwa na Moteri. [18] Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre, avuga ko impanuka Habakubaho Samson yagize itishyurwa n’ubwishingizi, ko ari impanuka y’akazi kuko yahise arega Bralirwa abizi neza ko ibyamubayeho ari impanuka y’akazi, akaba asanga iyo atanyurwa n’imanza z’umurimo zaciwe yari kujya mu karengane. Naho ku mvugo ya Me Mutabaruka y’uko kuba imodoka ya Sorwatraco Ltd yaracomotse urugi rukavaho bitayibuza kwitwa impanuka yishyurwa n’umwishingizi kuko amasezerano bagiranye atavuga imodoka igenda cyangwa itagenda, avuga ko HABAKUBAHO Samson yari afitanye amasezerano na Koperative « Intwali » nayo ifitanye amasezerano na Bralirwa, yo kuyizanira abapakurura arinawo murimo Habakubaho Samson yarimo akora. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [19] Ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko ikimenyetso cyo mu rubanza ari uburyo bukoreshwa kugira ngo ukuri kw’ ibyabaye kugaragare. Naho ingingo ya 3 y’iryo tegeko igateganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. [20] Ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza

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24 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera, ko iyo abibuze, uwarezwe aratsinda. [21] Ingingo ya 260 y’itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 rishyiraho igitabo cy’urwunge rw'amategeko y'imbonezamubano, ibyerekeye imirimo nshinganwa cyangwa amasezerano, cyakoreshwaga igihe Habakubaho Samson yagiraga impanuka iteganya ko: «Umuntu ntaryozwa gusa ibyangiritse kubera ibikorwa bye bwite, ahubwo anaryozwa ibyangijwe n'ibikorwa by'abantu yishingiye cyangwa n'ibintu ashinzwe kurinda ». [22] Amasezerano Sorwatraco Ltd yagiranye na Soras AG Ltd yahindutse Sanlam AG Ltd ku wa 09/07/2013, avuga mu gika cya mbere ku rupapuro rubanza, ko mu ngingo rusange z‘amasezerano ajyanye n’ubwishingizi police modèle 2501 édition 10/84 no muri izi ngingo zihariye Soras Assurances Generales Ltd, B.P 924 Kigali, yishingiye iby’abandi byakwangizwa n’imodoka zigendesha moteri za Sorwatraco Ltd guhera ku wa 12/7/2013 kugeza ku wa 11/7/2014 (couvre la responsabilité civile des véhicules automoteurs de Sorwatraco Ltd KIGALI à partir du 12/07/2013 jusqu’au 11/07/2014). [23] Ingingo ya 4 y’ayo masezerano, iteganya ko ufashe ubwishingizi yemeye ko imodoka ze zifatiwe ubwishingizi zikoreshwa mu ngendo zo gutembera bisanzwe, zikoreshwa mu bwikorezi no kugemura ibintu bitandukanye uretse ubwikorezi bw’abantu n’ibintu byatangiwe ikiguzi (L’assuré déclare que les véhicules couverts sont utilisés soit pour la promenade et les affaires, soit pour le transport ou la livraison des biens divers, à l’exclusion de tout transport de biens ou de personnes à titre onéreux).

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[24] Ingingo ya 8 y’amasezerano yavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko amasezerano atareba ibyangijwe bikomotse ku bicuruzwa byikorewe cyangwa ibindi bikorwa bisabwa kuri ubwo bwikorezi ariko bidakomoka ku mikoreshereze y’imodoka’ (Sont exclus de l’assurance les dommages causés par le seul fait des choses transportées ou par les manipulations nécessitées par le transport et ne résultent pas de l’usage du vehicule). [25] Dosiye igaragaza ko ku wa 25/01/2018 Polisi y’igihugu ikorera Gicumbi yakoze raporo y’iperereza ku kibazo cya Habakubaho Samson, yemeje ko Habakubaho Samson guhera mu mwaka wa 2004 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2014 yari umukozi wa Bralirwa apakurura imodoka zabaga zizanye ibinyobwa byayo ariko akaba atarakoreraga ku masezerano yanditse ahemberwa mu ntoki ari nyakabyizi kuko yabarizwaga muri Koperative Intwali, ku wa 9/3/2014 ari mu kazi na bagenzi be Gahamanyi Jean wavutse 1981 na Rukundo Jean d’Amour wavutse 1971, bemeje ko ubwo bapakururaga imodoka RAB 856 Q ya Kayombya Robert yari izanye ibinyobwa bya Bralirwa uko bisanzwe, urugi rwayo rw’inyuma rwakutse ruramanuka rwitura kuri Habakubaho Samson, maze rumuvuna umugongo nk’uko binagaragazwa n’impapuro Habakubaho Samson yivurijeho. [26] Iperereza kandi ryagaragaje ko imodoka RAB 856 Q yakoreraga Sorwatraco Ltd (Societe Rwandaise de transport et Commerce au Rwanda) yari itwawe na Ruhumuriza wakoreraga Bralirwa Ltd nk’uko abatangabuhamya bakoreraga Bralirwa Ltd ishami rya Gicumbi babyemeza mu nyandiko mvugo zabo. [27] Dosiye igaragaza raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 8/2/2015 yakozwe na Docteur A.E Nkusi ukorera mu bitaro by’Umwami Fayisali, yemeje ko Habakubaho Samson yagize ubumuga buhoraho (incapacité permanente) bwa 80%.

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26 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

[28] Ku bijyanye n’indishyi Habakubaho Samson yari yatse zijyanye n’impanuka yagize ikamutera ubumuga bwa 80%, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko nta ndishyi akwiye guhabwa kubera ko impanuka yakoze ari impanuka y’akazi, aho kuba impanuka yo mu muhanda Sorwatraco Ltd yafatiye ubwishingizi muri Soras AG Ltd ubu yahindutse Sanlam AG Ltd. [29] Kugira ngo hasobanuke neza niba impanuka Habakubaho Samson yakoze ari iy’akazi cyangwa impanuka yo mu muhanda yishyurwa n’umwishingizi ni ngombwa kwerekana itandukaniro hagati y’impanuka y’akazi n’impanuka yo mu muhanda. [30] Ku bijyanye n’impanuka y’akazi, abahanga mu mategeko Raymond Guillien na Jean Vincent, bavuga ko impanuka y’akazi ari akaga kagwira umuntu gakomotse ku kazi akora hatitawe ku cyayiteje, ukorera umushahara cyangwa ukora mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, yaba akorera umukoresha umwe cyangwa benshi. [31] Ku bijyanye n’impanuka yo mu muhanda, Abahanga Yvonne Lambert- Faive na Laurent Leveneur bakoze isesengura rishingiye ku mategeko, basobanura ko impanuka yo mu muhanda ari impanuka ikorwa n’ikinyabiziga cyashyizwe mu rugendo, mu muhanda nyabagendwa cyangwa agahanda kihariye, kandi ko imodoka yahagaritswe mu muhanda nyabagendwa ikagira ibyo yangiza ishobora nayo kwitwa impanuka yo mu muhanda kandi nyirayo akaba yakwishyurwa n’umwishingizi. [32] Ku bijyanye n’impanuka Habakubaho Samson yagize, Urukiko rurasanga n’ubwo yari ku kazi ko gupakurura ibinyobwa bya Bralirwa Ltd abivana mu modoka ya Sorwatrako Ltd, impanuka yagize itaratewe n’ibyo yapakururaga ku buryo byakwitwa impanuka y’akazi (fait du travail), ahubwo

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27 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI

yaraturutse ku kibazo ikinyabiziga ubwacyo cyari gifite (problémes d’ordre mécanique) cy’urugi rwayo rutari rukwikiye cyangwa rufashe nk’uko bikwiye bigatuma rumugwira, ibyo bibazo bikaba bitari mu byishingiwe mu masezerano Sorwatraco Ltd yagiranye na Sanlam AG Ltd, harebwe ibikubiye mu ngingo yayo ya 8 yagaragajwe haruguru, bivuze ko Sanlam AG Ltd itaryozwa indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka Habakubaho Samson yagize. [33] Rurasanga kandi iyo mpanuka itaryozwa umukoresha wa Habakubaho Samson, kuko nk’uko nabyo byagaragajwe haruguru, impanuka yagize itakwitwa iy’akazi mu gihe ntaho ihuriye n’akazi yakoraga. Rurasanga ahubwo nk’uko bigaragara, impanuka yaratejwe n’ikintu cy’undi muntu (imodoka ya Sorwatraco Ltd), bityo nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 260 y’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’Urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano yibukijwe haruguru, yakoreshwaga ubwo Habakubaho Samson yakoraga impanuka, Sorwatraco Ltd ikaba ari yo igomba kuryozwa izo ndinshyi. [34] Abahanga mu mategeko bavuzwe haruguru bavuga ko iyo uwakoze impanuka usanganywe ubwishingizi nk’umukozi (assuré social) yayitewe n’undi muntu utari umukoresha we cyangwa umukozi w’umukoresha we, uwagize impanuka cyangwa abamukomokaho, bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba uwateye impanuka indishyi z’ibyo yangirijwe hagendewe ku mategeko asanzwe, mu gihe ibyangiritse bidateganywa n’amategeko agenga umurimo. [35] Nk’uko byerekanywe mu bika bibanziriza iki, abahanga Yvonne Lambert- Faive na Stephanie Parchy- Simon bagaragaza ko mu gihe impanuka idatewe n’ikinyabiziga kiri mu muhanda, amategeko asanzwe ateganya ibyo kwishyura indishyi ari yo

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28 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

akoreshwa cyangwa andi mategeko yihariye ajyanye no kwishura indishyi, banagaragaza ko impanuka ibaye igihe hakorwa imirimo yo gupakurura no gupakira itandukanywa n'impanuka zo mu muhanda n’impanuka zikomoka ku murimo. Berekana ko uwakoze impanuka, agaragaza gusa usabwa indishyi, ko icyateye impanuka cyari icye kandi icyo kintu kikaba cyagize uruhare ku byo ashingiraho asaba indishyi. [36] Urukiko rurasanga rushingiye ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe muri uru rubanza, ku bijyanye n’ugomba kwishyura indisyi zikomoka ku mpanuka mu gihe bigaragaye ko itishingiwe, Sorwatraco Ltd ari yo igomba kuryozwa indishyi z’akababaro Habakubaho Samson yasabye kubera kutita bu kintu ishinzwe kurinda, kuko bigaragara ko itabashije kumenya hakiri kare ikibazo imodoka yayo yari ifite cy’urugi rudafunze neza, kugeza ubwo rwakutse rukamugwira. [37] Kumenya indishyi Habakubaho Samson akwiriye guhabwa [38] Me Mutabaruka Jean asaba ko uwo ahagarariye yahabwa indishyi z’akababaro k’ubumuga yagize hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Perezida no 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw'umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, zingana na 92,147,015 Frw, yiyongeraho, ay’ikurikiranarubanza angana na 1.500.000 Frw na 2.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [39] Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre avuga ko nyuma y’ibisobanuro n’ibimenyetso byose n’amategeko bagaragaje bashingiraho, asanga Habakubaho Samson nta ndishyi akwiriye muri uru rubanza kubera ko nta kibazo yatewe na Sorwatraco Ltd, ko ahubwo ari we ukwiye gutanga indishyi, ko mu rubanza

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29 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO N’ABANDI

rujuririrwa muri rutegetse ya kabiri umucamanza yategetse ko Sorwatraco Ltd yafatanya na Habakubaho kwishyura indishyi zingana na miliyoni (1 000 000 Frw) kandi atari byo, kubera ko Sorwatraco Ltd nta makosa yakoze muri uru rubanza ikwiriye kwakirwa indishyi. Asanga indishyi zose zisabwa muri uru rubanza zikwiye kwishyurwa na Habakubaho Samson, ko Kandi kuba Sorwatraco Ltd yiriyambaje Avoka kuva urubanza rugitangira ibisabira indishyi zingana na 3 000 000 Frw. [40] Me Mukandori Brigitte uhagarariye Sanlam AG Ltd avuga ko Habakubaho Samoson nta ndishyi akwiye kuko ari we wishoye mu manza, ko ahubwo yacibwa indishyi zingana na 8,000,000 Frw kuri uru rwego ziyongera kuzo Sanlam AGA Ltd yagenewe mu Rukiko Rukuru kuko ari we wishoye mu manza. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA a) Ku byerekeye indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka [41] Ingingo ya 258 y’itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 rishyiraho Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw'amategeko y'imbonezamubano, ibyerekeye imirimo nshinganwa cyangwa amasezerano cyakoreshwaga igihe Habakubaho Samson yakoraga impanuka, iteganya ko: “Igikorwa cyose cy'umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse”. [42] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga indishyi zingana na 92,147,015 Frw Habakubaho Samson yaka azishingira ku Iteka rya Perezida no 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw'umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, kubera ko yumvaga ko impanuka yagize ari iteganywa n’iryo teka, ariko nk’uko

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30 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

byasobanuwe, impanuka yagize ikaba yaraturutse ku burangare bwa nyiri ikinyabiziga utaratahuye hakiri kare ikibazo cy’urugi imodoka ye yari ifite rukamugwaho, rukamutera ubumuga. Rurasanga rero, indishyi yagenerwa ari iziteganywa mu ngingo ya 258 ifatiwe hamwe n’iya 260 z’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 y’igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw'amategeko y'imbonezamubano ryavuzwe haruguru, ryakoreshwaga igihe akora impanuka, ku bijyanye n’igikorwa cyose cyangirije umuntu kubera kutita ku bintu umuntu ashinzwe kurinda, ariko kubera ko iryo tegeko ritateganyije uburyo izo ndishyi zibarwa, zikaba zigomba kugenwa mu bushishozi bw’umucamanza, harebwe ubumuga yatewe n’iyo mpanuka n’ingaruka byamugizeho. [43] Rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe muri uru rubanza, impanuka Habakubaho Samson yagize yaramusigiye ubumuga buhoraho ku kigero cya 80%, akaba agendera mu kagare, ari nta kintu ashobora kwikorera kuva yagira impanuka, bityo n’ubwo nta giciro ngenderwaho mu kugena indishyi, rusanga hakurikijwe ubumuga yagize kandi agifite kugeza ubu, ndetse azahorana, ku myaka afite, n’ikigero cy’ububabare yagize yagenerwa 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, aho kuba 92,147,015 yari yasabye ashingiye ku Iteka rya Perezida no 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw'umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga. b) Kubijyanye n’izindi ndishyi zakwa muri uru rubanza [44] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N◦22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi

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iteganya ko "[…] ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe". [45] Urukiko rurasanga kuba Sorwatraco Ltd ari yo yateje impanuka bikaba ngombwa ko Habakubaho Samson ashaka umuburanira kandi agakurikirana urubanza rwe kugeza kuri uru rwego, agomba kwishyurwa ibyo yatakaje ku rubanza, 2.000.000 Frw yaka y’igihembo cya Avoka akaba yayahabwa kuko atari ikirenga harebwe ko yaburanye guhera mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye kugeza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, agahabwa na 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kuri izo nzego zose. [46] Rusanga 1.000.000 Frw Habakubaho Samson yari yategetswe guha Sanlam AG Ltd afatanyije na Sorwatraco Ltd atagomba kuyatanga, kuko bigaragara ko ibyo yaregeye bifite ishingiro, naho ayo Sorwatraco Ltd yagombaga guha Sanlam AG Ltd akaba atakurwaho kuko ariyo yagobokesheje Sanlam AG Ltd mu rubanza kandi nayo yemera ko nta mpanuka yo mu muhanda yabaye. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [47] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Habakubaho Samson bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe; [48] Rwemeje ko urubanza n° RCA 00242/2019/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 8/5/2020 ruhindutse [49] Rutegetse Sorwatraco Ltd kwishyura Habakubaho Samson 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, ikamuha

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2.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza; [50] Rutegetse kandi Sorwatraco Ltd kwishyura Sanlam AG Ltd 500.000 Frw yategetswe mu rubanza rujuririrwa; [51] Rutegetse ko amafaranga y’amagarama y’urubanza aherera ku isanduku ya Leta kuko Habakubaho Samson afite icyemezo cy’utishoboye.

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URUBANZA RW’INSHINJABYAHA

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35

UBUSHINJACYAHA v NSABIMANA N'ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPA 00060/2021/CA (Rukundakuvuga, P.J., Gakwaya na Kamere J.) 04 Mata 2022] Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cy’iterabwoba – Umuntu uyobora, woshya, ushishikariza, utegura cyangwa utanga ibikoresho cyangwa utera inkunga iyo ariyo yose agatuma abandi bakora ibyaha bisanzwe biteganyijwe n’amategeko ahana ibyaha hagamijwe iterabwoba, aba akoze igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Uyu muntu ntabwo ahanirwa kuba umufatanyacyaha mu byaha byakozwe n’abandi, ahubwo ahanirwa ibikorwa yakoze ubwe byabibanjirije cyangwa byatumye ibindi bikorwa by’iterabwoba byabaye nyuma bishyirwa mu bikorwa. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Kwemera icyaha – Ukwemera icyaha kugira agaciro gashobora gutuma uregwa agabanyirizwa igihano iyo gukozwe mbere y’uko iburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere ripfundikirwa, iyo kudashidikanywaho, kuba uwemera agaragaza ko yumva uburemere bw’ibikorwa yemera n’ingaruka zabyo, abyicuza, abisabira imbabazi no kuba yiteguye gusubiza ibyo yangije uko abitegerejweho. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Igihano – Buri mucamanza ku rwego urwo arirwo rwose, yemerewe gutanga igihano mu bushishozi bwe kijyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha ndetse n’ingaruka zacyo, ariko mu bujurire, Umucamanza agomba kuzirikana ko yemerewe gusa guhindura igihano cyatanzwe n’Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rubanza, ari uko amaze

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kugaragaza ko Urukiko rubanza rwaba rwarakoresheje nabi itegeko cyangwa ubushishozi bwarwo mu gutanga icyo gihano. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirije y’imanza nshinjabyaha – Ubujurire – Ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi – Mu manza nshinjabyaha ntabwo hatangwamo ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi, Ubujurire bwose burebana n’ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha bugomba kuba ubujurire bw’ibanze kandi bugatangwa mu bihe biteganywa n’itegeko. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirije y’imanza nshinjabyaha – Ikirego cy’indishyi – Mu gihe umuburanyi yasabye indishyi z’akababaro (mpozamarira) n’indishyi z’ivutswamahirwe (mbangamirabukungu), Urukiko ntirukwiye kuzikomatanyiriza hamwe kuko zidahuje kamere ndetse n’uburyo bwo kuzibara bukaba butandukanye. Mu gihe indishyi z’akababaro (indishyi mpozamarira) zitangwa mu buryo bw’ubushishozi kuko akenshi biba bigoye ko haboneka ibipimo bifatika zishingiraho kuko zishyura ibifitanye isano n’amarangamutima, indishyi z’ivutswamahirwe (mbangamirabukungu) zo zigira ibipimo zishingiraho n’iyo byaba bigenekereje kuko uwavukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha umutungo we, ashaka ukundi abigenza kugira ngo abeho uko bisanzwe, ibyo akaba aribyo bihabwa agaciro mu mafaranga. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ku wa 20/09/2021, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi rwaciye Urubanza RP 00031/2019/HC/HCCIC ku rwego rwa mbere, ruhamya abaregwa barimo Rusesabagina Paul wari Perezida wa MRCD- FLN, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara wari visi Perezida wa 2 wa MRCD-FLN ndetse akaba n’umuvugizi wayo, kimwe n’abandi bari abayobozi, abanyamuryango n’abarwanyi muri

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MRCD-FLN ibyaha birimo ibyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba bikomoka ku bitero uwo mutwe wagabye ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, bikica abaturage, bikabangiriza imitungo iyindi bikayisahura ndetse bigatwika n’imodoka zirimo izitwara abagenzi; runabategeka kwishyura indishyi bafatanyije. Mu bahamwe n’ibyaha muri urwo rubanza harimo kandi n’abayobozi bakuru mu gisirikare cya FDLR aribo Nsanzubukire Félicien na Munyaneza Anastase. Ubushinjacyaha, Abaregwa ndetse n’Abaregera indishyi ntibanyuzwe na zimwe mu ngingo z’imikirize y’urwo rubanza, bajuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. Urubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire rwaburanishijwe Rusesabagina Paul adahari kuko yanze kwitaba ku bwende kandi yarahamagajwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. Hashingiwe ku myanzuro bari barashyikirije Urukiko, Ababuranyi n’Urukiko babanje kumvikana ku ngingo z’ingenzi zigomba gusuzumwa mu rubanza n’uburyo zizakurikirana mu iburanisha. Urukiko rwayoboye iburanisha kuri izo ngingo, impaka zigibwa ku bibazo bitandukanye, runabifataho umwanzuro. Iby’ ingenzi muri byo ni ibi bikurikira: i. Ese Rusesabagina Paul, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara na Nizeyimana Marc nk’abayobozi mu mpuzamashyaka ya MRCD-FLN bakwiye guhanirwa kugira uruhare mu bikorwa byakozwe n’abarwanyi b’uwo mutwe mu bitero byagabwe ku butaka bw’u Rwanda nk’uko byari byemejwe n’Urukiko ku rwego rwa mbere, cyangwa ahubwo bakwiye guhanwa nk’abakoze ibikorwa by’iterabwoba ubwabo? Ubushinjacyaha kuri iyi ngingo buvuga ko ibikorwa by’iterabwoba bivugwa mu ngingo ya 19, igika cya mbere,

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y’Itegeko No 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, ari byo gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, kugerageza gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba no gushyigikira ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, byose bihurira ku ijambo ‘‘ibikorwa by’iterabwoba’’ bisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 2, agace ka kane (4)(a) na (b). Buvuga ko iyo ari yo mpamvu Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, Rusesabagina Paul na Nizeyimana Marc, nka bamwe mu bayobozi b’umutwe wa MRCD-FLN, bahurira n’ibikorwa byakozwe n’abo barwanyi, ku kuba barateye inkunga y’amafaranga, bagatanga uburenganzira bwo kugaba ibitero bitandukanye byagabwe mu Rwanda, bagashishikariza abandi kubikora. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Ubushinjacyaha bukaba busanga bakwiye guhamwa no gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, aho guhamwa no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba byakozwe n’abo barwanyi, nk’uko Urukiko rubanza rwari rwabyemeje. Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, mu gusubiza kuri iyi ngingo, yabwiye Urukiko ko we abona nta kosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze mu guhana Abaregwa rushingiye ku ngingo ya 19 y’Itegeko Nº 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba. Impamvu atanga ni uko iyo ngingo iri mu mutwe uteganya ibyaha n’ibihano ku bikorwa by’iterabwoba, bikaba byumvikana ko ibijyanye n’inyito y’ibyaha Abaregwa bakurikiranweho ariho bikwiye gushakirwa, aho kujya kurebera mu gice cy’ingingo rusange zitanga ibisobanuro by’amagambo, aricyo ingingo ya 2 y’iryo Tegeko Ubushinjacyaha bwitsitsaho iherereyemo. Muri urwo rwego, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara yavuze ko nk’umuvugizi atakagombye kuryozwa ibikorwa bya gisirikare atari afitemo ijambo kandi hari abari babishinzwe, basubijwe mu buzima busanzwe.

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ii. Ikibanzo kindi cyasuzumwe n’urukiko n’ukumenya niba Urukiko rubanza rwaribeshye mu kwemeza ko Rusesabagina Paul, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara na Nizeyimana Marc badahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe? Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zari zishingiye ku kumenya niba Abaregwa muri uru rubanza, uretse icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba bahamijwe, bakwiye no guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe cyateganywaga mu ngingo ya 459 y’Itegeko Ngenga N˚ 01/2012/0L ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko butemera ibyo Urukiko rubanza rwavuze, ko kugira ngo icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe cyibeho, hagomba kuba, mu kugikora, hari hagamijwe ko Igihugu cy’u Rwanda cyigarurirwa n’ibihugu by’amahanga no kuba hagomba kuba hifashishijwe Abacancuro “les mercenaires” kuko iyo urebye ingingo ya 459 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ntaho ubona Umushingamategeko yateganyije ibyo bintu bibiri Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho rubagira abere nk’ibigize icyaha (les éléments constitutifs) cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe. Kwitonda André avuga ko iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha idakwiye guhabwa ishingiro kuko Ubushinjacyaha buyisobanura bwibanda gusa ku mikoreshereze y’imanza zabanje (jurisprudence) ariko bukirengagiza ko mu kubagira abere Urukiko Rukuru rutashingiye gusa ku byo inkiko zemeje mu manza zabanje, ahubwo rwanagendeye ku cyo abaregwa bari bagendereye (mobile).

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Mu gusubiza kuri iyi ngingo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwanasubije ku zindi mpaka zari ziyishamikiyeho zikurikira: a. Bigenda bite iyo hari imanza ebyiri z’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zatanze imirongo itandukanye ku kibazo kimwe? Ese urubanza rwaciwe nyuma rushobora gufatwa nk’urwahinduye umurongo usanzweho kandi rutaragize icyo ruvuga ku rubanza rwa mbere? b. Ese ni ngombwa ko kugira ngo habeho icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, muri izo ngabo haba harimo ingabo z’amahanga cyangwa hagambiriwe komeka igihugu cy’u Rwanda ku bihugu by’amahanga? iii. Ikindi kibazo n’ukumenya niba Rusesabagina Paul ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba giteganywa n’Itegeko Nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba. Impaka kuri iki kibazo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Rusesabagina Paul, nyuma yo guhamwa n’ibyaha byo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, yaragombaga no guhamwa n’icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba nk’uko Ubushinjacyaha bwabisabaga mu bujurire. Ikindi kibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ni ukumenya niba Rusesabagina Paul, Nizeyimana Marc, Nsanzubukire Félicien, Munyaneza Anastase, Nsengimana Herman, Kwitonda André, Nshimiyimana Emmanuel, Ndagijimana Jean Chrétien, Hakizimana Théogène na Mukandutiye Angelina baremeye icyaha ku buryo bibabera impamvu yo kugabanyirizwa igihano. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasuzumye ibiranga ukwemera gutuma abaregwa bashobora kugabanyirizwa ibihano nk’uko biteganywa

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mu ngingo ya 59, agace ka mbere (1˚), y’Itegeko N˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. iv. Ikindi kibazo n’ukumenya niba Urukiko ku rwego rwa mbere rwari rwemerewe kugabanyiriza ibihano Rusesabagina Paul, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, Nizeyimana Marc, Nikuzwe Siméon, Ntabanganyimana Joseph, Niyirora Marcel, Iyamuremye Emmanuel, Nsengimana Herman, Kwitonda André, Nshimiyimana Emmanuel, Ndagijimana Jean Chrétien, Hakizimana Théogène na Mukandutiye Angelina kubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, rukajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganyijwe n’itegeko. Kuri iyi ngingo, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu kugabanyiriza abaregwa ibihano, Urukiko rubanza rwakoresheje nabi ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya uburyo ibihano bigabanywa iyo hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ndetse ya 47 n’iya 48 z’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, aho Umucamanza abujijwe guca urubanza yirengagije ibyo itegeko riteganya ndetse hakaba nta cyaha gishobora kugabanyirizwa igihano atari mu bihe no mu buryo buteganywa n’itegeko. Bityo, bukaba busanga kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragabanyije igihano kikajya munsi y’igihano gito, rwirengagije icyo amategeko ateganya. mu kugabanya ibihano, rwashingiye ku manza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’lkirenga n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, kandi hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ltegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yayo ya 95 iteganya uburyo amategeko asumbana, busanga ibyemezo by’inkiko bidasumba itegeko. Bityo, ko kuba itegeko ryari rihari kandi ryumvikana, ko ari ryo ryagombaga gukoreshwa, keretse hari icyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga cyemeje ko iryo tegeko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, ko uretse

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n’ibyo ariko, uwo murongo utashingirwaho mu gihe unyuranyije n’itegeko. Abaregwa bose barebwa n’iyo ingingo y’ubujurire hamwe n’ababunganira, bitabye Urukiko bavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwasanze impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zituma bagabanyirizwa ibihano zuzuye, kandi rusanga kutajya munsi y’igihano gito byaba ari ukunyuranya n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye nk’uko riteganywa mu ngingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Bakomeza bavuga ko mu rwego rwo gutanga ubutabera buboneye, Umucamanza mu guca urubanza adashingira ku mategeko gusa, ko n’ibyemezo by’inkiko ari ngombwa ko bishingirwaho, ari nayo mpamvu umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RS/INCOST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 4/12/2019, haburana Kabasinga Florida na Leta y’u Rwanda, urubanza RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/2/2020, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nzafashwanimana Jean de Dieu n’urubanza RPA 00031/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28/10/2021, zerekeranye n’uburyo kubuza Umucamanza kugabanya igihano ari ukubangamira ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye. v. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kandi rwasuzumye niba Urukiko rubanza rwarakoze ikosa mu kugubanyiriza Rusesabagina Paul, Nizeyimana Marc, Nsanzubukire Félicien, Munyaneza Anastase na Mukandutiye Angelina igihano rushingiye kuba ari ubwa mbere bakora icyaha kandi baregwa ibyaha bikomeye.

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Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba uburemere bw’icyaha bwaba imbogamizi mu kugabanyiriza uregwa igihano hashingiwe ku kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranweho icyaha. vi. Rwasuzumye kandi niba ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi mu manza nshinjabyaha bushoboka. Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku bujurire bwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe n’Abaregwa bashingiye ku kuba itegeko rigena imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha ntacyo ribivugaho, ahubwo rikaba rinateganya ko ku byo ritavugaho, hakurikizwa ibiteganywa mu itegeko rigena imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, kandi iri ryo rikaba riteganya ubu bwoko bw’ubujurire. vii. Kumenya niba ibirego by’indishyi byatangiwe ingwate y’igarama cyangwa ibyemezo by’isonerwa ryayo urubanza rwaratangiye kuburanishwa bishobora kwakirwa. Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zazanwe n’Abarega, banenga urubanza rujuririrwa kuba rwarakiriye ibirego by’abaregera indishyi rugatangira no kuburanisha, bataratanga ingwate y’igarama, bakayitanga ari uko abaregwa babigaragaje nk’ikibazo. viii. Kumenya niba abahamijwe ibyaha by’iterabwoba ariko batageze aho ibyaha byakozwe n’umutwe w’iterabwoba babarizwamo byakorewe bashobora kuryozwa indishyi z’ibyangijwe n’abarwanyi b’uwo mutwe. Impaka kuri iki kibazo zakuruwe n’Abaregwa bagaragaza ko bakwiye kuryozwa ibyangijwe n’ibitero bagaragayemo gusa. ix. Ibijyanye no guhindura, mu rwego rw’ubujurire, icyemezo cyafashwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko ku rwego rwa mbere.

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Mu rwego rw’ibirego nshinjabyaha, impaka kuri iyi ingingo zari zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko, mu bujurire rushobora kongera kugabanya igihano, iyo abaregwa nta kindi banenga Urukiko rubanza uretse kuvuga gusa ko batagabanyirijwe bihagije. x. Ibyerekeye isubikagihano risabwa na bamwe mu baregwa. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasuzumye ibiteganywa n‘ingingo ya 64, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange rusanga iteye urujijo kuko uretse no kuba itavuga bimwe mu kinyarwanda no mu zindi ndimi yanditsemo n‘amagambo “irangizarubanza ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo” ayivugwamo ntiyumvikana neza, kuko igihano kidateganyirizwa igifungo ahubwo icyaha aricyo giteganyiriza igifungo; maze rusobanura ko bikwiye kumvikana ko isubikagihano rishingira ku gihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5) cyemejwe n’Urukiko, aho kuba ku cyaha itegeko ryateganyirije igihano cy’igifungo kirengeje imyaka itanu (5). Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Uteye inkunga iyari yo yose iterabwoba aba akoze igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, Umuntu uyobora, woshya, ushishikariza, utera inkunga, utegura cyangwa utanga ibikoresho agatuma abandi bakora ibyaha bisanzwe biteganyijwe n’amategeko ahana ibyaha hagamijwe iterabwoba, ntahanirwa ibyo byakozwe n’abandi, ahubwo ahanirwa kuba yarakoze ibikorwa byabibanjirije, byatumye ibindi bikorwa by’iterabwoba byabaye nyuma bishyirwa mu bikorwa. 2. Ukwemera icyaha kugira agaciro gashobora gutuma uregwa agabanyirizwa igihano iyo gukozwe mbere y’uko iburanisha ku

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rwego rwa mbere ripfundikirwa, iyo kudashidikanywaho, kuba uwemera agaragaza ko yumva uburemere bw’ibikorwa yemera n’ingaruka zabyo, abyicuza, abisabira imbabazi no kuba yiteguye gusubiza ibyo yangije uko abitegerejweho. 3. Buri mucamanza ku rwego urwo arirwo rwose, yemerewe gutanga igihano mu bushishozi bwe kijyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha ndetse n’ingaruka zacyo, ariko mu bujurire, Umucamanza agomba kuzirikana ko yemerewe gusa guhindura igihano cyatanzwe n’Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rubanza, ari uko amaze kugaragaza ko Urukiko rubanza rwaba rwarakoresheje nabi itegeko cyangwa ubushishozi bwarwo mu gutanga icyo gihano. 4. Mu manza nshinjabyaha ntabwo hatangwamo ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi, Ubujurire bwose burebana n’ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha bugomba kuba ubujurire bw’ibanze kandi bugatangwa mu bihe biteganywa n’itegeko. 5. Isubikagihano ni uburyo igihano cy’igifungo cyategetswe n’Umucamanza gikwiye kurangizwa, rishobora kutangwa no mu gihe uwahamwe n’icyaha atarisabye. 6. Uregera indishyi mu rubanza nshinjabyaha yemerewe kubikora igihe cyose, apfa gusa kuba yarangije kuzuza ibisabwa mu itangwa ry’ikirego cy’indishyi, urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha rutarapfundikirwa ku rwego rwa mbere. Urubanza rihindutse kuri bimwe; Ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe;

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Ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha bwatanzwe na Kwitonda, Ndagijimana, Hakizimana na Nikuzwe ntibwakiriwe; Abaregwa bose uretse Nsanzubukire Félicien na Munyaneza Anastase bategetswe gufatanya kwishyura indishyi. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko n˚ 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 11,12,16,116,154,181, 183. Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba, ingingo 2. Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ingongo ya 2,18,19,38. Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 28,33 47,49, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 64. Itegeko n°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 65 na 73. Itegeko nᵒ 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3 n’iya 104 Amabwiriza no 001/2021 yo ku wa 15 Werurwe 2021 ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agenga itangazwa ry’imanza mu cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko, mu ngingo yayo ya 9, igika cya 2 n’icya 3. Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/0L ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, (ryavanyweho) ingingo ya 77, 85, 503, 459, 503. Itegeko-Teka no 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/08/1977 ryashyiragaho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, (ryavanyweho) ingingo 97, 163.

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Imanza zifashishijwe: Re GLIHD, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00004/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2019 Ubushinjacyaha v Ingabire Umuhoza n’ abandi, n˚ RPA 0255/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/12/2013. Ubushinjacyaha v Habyarimana, n˚ RPA 0224/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/01/2017. Ubushinjacyaha v Ndererimana n˚ RPA 0249/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 16/09/2016. Ubushinjacyaha v Mpiranya, nº RPA 0343/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/02/2015. Ubushinjacyaha v Mushayidi, RPA 0298/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/02/2012. Ubushinjacyaha v Musangamfura, RPAA 00381/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 18/3/2022. Ubushinjacyaha v Nzafashwanimana, no RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/ 02/2022. Urubanza rwa Vojislav Šešelj, IT-03-67-R77.2-A, rwaciwe na ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber) ku wa 19/ 05/2010. Urubanza, Porokirere v Kambanda, n˚ ICTR-97-23-S, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) ku wa 4/09/1998. Inyandiko z’Abahanga: Antoine Rubbens, L’instruction criminelle et la procédure pénale, Tome III, Larcier, Bruxelles, 1965, P. 265, n˚ 259. Bernard Bouloc, Droit pénal général, 26e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2019, P. 591, n˚ 791

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Christiane Hennau et Jacques Verhaegen, Droit pénal général, 3e édition, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2003. Harald Renoult, Droit pénal général, 19e édition, Bruylant- Paradigme, Bruxelles, 2020, P. 291. Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2e édition, Larcier, Bruxelles, 2006. Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Droit pénal général zaïrois, DES, Kinshasa, 1989, P. 340. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ubushinjacyaha bwareze: NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NSENGIMANA Herman, RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, mu Rukiko Rukuru, Uregereko Rwihariye Ruburanisha ibyaha Mpuzamahanga n’ibyambukiranya imbibi. Bubarega buri wese ku giti cye ibyaha bitandukanye ; [2] Mu byo baregwaga harimo : kurema umutwe w’ingabo utemewe cyangwa kuwujyamo, kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, iterabwoba ku nyungu za politiki, gutera inkunga iterabwoba.

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Hari kandi ubwicanyi nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, itwarwa ry’umuntu ritemewe n’amategeko nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, kwiba hakoreshejwe intwaro nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, gutwikira undi ku bushake inyubako, ibigenewe gutwara abantu cyangwa ibintu nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, gukubita no gukomeretsa ku bushake nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, ubwinjiracyaha bw’ubwicanyi nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Hari na none gutanga, kwakira no gushishikariza kwakira ibikomoka ku iterabwoba, kugambana no gushishikariza abandi iterabwoba. Hakaba no gukwiza amakuru atariyo cyangwa icengezamatwara bigamije kwangisha Leta y’u Rwanda mu bihugu by’amahanga, guhakana jenoside, gupfobya jenoside, kugirana umubano na Leta y’amahanga bigiriwe gushoza intambara no guhabwa ku bw’uburiganya cyangwa gukora no gukoresha inyandiko n’impapuro bitangwa n’inzego zabigenewe. [3] Urubanza rwahawe no RP 00031/2019/HC/HCCIC, abaturage bagera kuri 98 bagizweho ingaruka na bimwe mu bikorwa abaregwa bakurikirwayweho, bisunga Ubushinjacyaha muri urwo rubanza baregera indishyi. Mu iburanisha ryarwo, umwe mu baregwa RUSESABAGINA Paul, yikuye mu rubanza rugeze hagati yanga kwitabira iburanisha, urubanza ruburanishwa adahari, maze rusomwa ku wa 20/9/2021. [4] Mu isesengura Urukiko rubanza rwakoze, rwasanze ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo utemewe cyangwa kuwujyamo, icyo cyaha kidahama abo kiregwa kuko bitewe n’uko ibikorwa baregwa bitari mu rwego rw’ibyaha bihungabanya umudendezo wa Leta n’ibindi bihugu kandi batabikoze bagamije gushyigikira igitero cy’intambara cy’ingabo zindi zitari izemewe z’igihugu. Rwasanze kandi ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba cyaregwaga

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RUSESABAGINA Paul, ibikorwa akurikiranweho bihanwa n’amategeko abiri atandukanye1, hamwe bihanwa nk’icyaha cyihariye cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba, ahandi gutera inkunga iterabwoba bigahanwa nka kimwe mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, Urukiko rubanza rumaze gusesengura ayo mategeko rwasanze ibikorwa aregwa bikwiye guhanwa nk’ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, aho guhanwa n’icyaha cyo gutera inkunga ibikorwa by’iterabwoba. [5] Mu cyemezo cyarwo, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, rwemeje ko : NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, icyo guhakana jenoside, icyo gupfobya jenoside n’icyaha cyo guhabwa ku bw’uburiganya cyangwa gukora no gukoresha inyandiko n’impapuro bitangwa n’inzego zabigenewe. Rwemeza ko adahamwa n’icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, icyaha cyo kugirana umubano na Leta y’amahanga bigiriwe gushoza intambara, icyo gutanga, kwakira no gushishikariza kwakira ibikomoka ku iterabwoba, icy’iterabwoba ku nyungu za politiki, icyo kugambana no gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba n’icyo gukwiza amakuru atariyo cyangwa icengezamatwara bigamije kwangisha Leta y’u Rwanda mu bihugu by’amahanga. Rumuhanisha igifungo

1 Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba ndetse n’Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba

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cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), rutegeka ko urwandiko rw’inzira (passport) na telefoni yafatanwe binyagwa. RUSESABAGINA Paul ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, ariko ko adahamwa n’icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25). NIZEYIMANA Marc ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, ariko ko adahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema ry’umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe n’icyo kugirana umubano na Leta y’amahanga bigiriwe gushoza intambara, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, icyo gukoresha binyuranyije n’amategeko ikintu giturika ahantu hakoreshwa na rubanda n’icyo kugambana no gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, rwemeza ko adahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema cyangwa kujya mu mutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, maze rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène bahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, icyo gukoresha binyuranyije n’amategeko ikintu giturika ahantu hakoreshwa na rubanda n’icyo kugambana no

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gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, rubahanisha buri wese igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). NIKUZWE Siméon ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka icumi (10). NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase na HAKIZIMANA Théogène bahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba, ariko ko badahamwa n’icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, rubahanisha buri wese igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5). NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina bahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, ariko badahamwa n’icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe w’ingabo utemewe, ruhanisha NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina buri wese igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5). Naho NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien buri wese igifungo cy’imyaka itatu (3). [6] Ku bijyanye n’ikirego cy’indishyi, Urukiko rubanza rwemeje ko abaregwa bose, uretse NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase, bafatanya kwishyura abaregera indishyi mu buryo bukurikira:

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NSENGIYUMVA Vincent indishyi zingana na 21.500.000 Frw, HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney 600.000 Frw, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste 600.000 Frw, RUGERINYANGE Dominique na NTABARESHYA Dative buri wese 5.000.000 Frw, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney 300.000 Frw, INGABIRE Marie Chantal 10.000.000 Frw, SHUMBUSHA Damascène 300.000 Frw, NSABIMANA Anastase 300.000 Frw, MUKASHYAKA Joséphine 10.000.000 Frw, SIBORUREMA Vénuste 300.000 Frw, NGENDAKUMANA David 300.000 Frw. NDUTIYE Yussuf 7.000.000 Frw, OMEGA Express Ltd 164.700.000 Frw, ALPHA Express Company Ltd 80.100.000 Frw, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas 7.690.200 Frw, KIRENGA Darius, UMURIZA Adéline, SHUMBUSHO David na RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné bahagarariwe na RUDAHUNGA Ladislas buri wese 2.000.000 Frw, KAREGESA Phénias 5.500.000 Frw, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane 10.500.000 Frw, NGIRABABYEYI Désiré 2.500.000 Frw, HABIMANA Zerothe 2.500.000 Frw,

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NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle 2.000.000 Frw, KAYITESI Alice 2.000.000 Frw, NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane 5.000.000 Frw, UWAMBAJE Françoise 10.000.00 Frw, abana batanu ba MUKABAHIZI Hilarie bahagarariwe na MBONIGABA Richard aribo MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANKUNDIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane na HABAKUBAHO Adéline buri wese 5.000.000 Frw, abavandimwe barindwi ba MUKABAHIZI Hilarie ari bo MBONIGABA Richard, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWALI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alexis, NYIRANGABIRE Valérie na SEMIGABO Déo buri wese 2.000.000 Frw. NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène 3.000.000 Frw, NSABIMANA Joseph 3.000.000 Frw, RUTAYISIRE Félix 4.000.000 Frw, MAHORO Jean Damascène 5.000.000 Frw, NZEYIMANA Paulin 2.000.000 Frw. [7] Rwemeje ko nta ndishyi zigenewe abaregera indishyi kubera ibitero byagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyugwe, mu Murenge wa Kitabi ari bo: YAMBABARIYE Védaste, NYAMINANI Daniel, MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, BWIMBA Vianney na NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel.

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[8] Rwemeza ko nta ndishyi zigenerwa abo mu Murenge wa Nyabimata aribo: HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marceline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, MUYENTWALI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, SEBAGEMA Simon, BARAYANDEMA Viateur, KARERANGABO Antoine, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille na HABYARIMANA Damascène. [9] Rwemeza ko nta ndishyi zigenerwa abo mu Murenge wa Ruheru aribo: MANARIYO Théogène, GASHONGORE Samuel, NZABIRINDA Viateur, NIYOMUGABA, NDAYISENGA Edouard, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, BARAGAMBA, RUTIHUNZA Enos, BARIRWANDA Innocent, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, HABIMANA Innocent, SEBARINDA Emmanuel, NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, NKUNDIZERA Damascène, HABAKURAMA Gratien na HARERIMANA Emmanuel. [10] Rwemeza ko n’abo mu Murenge wa Kivu ari bo: NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, DUSENGIMANA Solange, KANYANDEKWE Vénant, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel na NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, nta ndishyi bahabwa, ndetse na GAKWAYA Gérard wo mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo. [11] Ubushinjacyaha, bamwe mu baregwa, kimwe na bamwe mu baregera indishyi ntibishimiye imikirize y’urubanza ku ngingo zinyuranye, bajuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire.

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Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza ko butanyuzwe n’igisobanuro cyatanzwe n’Urukiko rubanza ku cyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, butanyuzwe kandi n’icyemezo cyo kugira umwere RUSESABAGINA Paul ku cyaha cyo gutera inkunga umutwe w’ iterabwoba, icyo guhindura inyito z’ ibyaha byihariye birimo icy’ubwicanyi, itwarwa ry’umuntu ritemewe n’amategeko, kwiba hakoreshejwe intwaro, gutwikira undi ku bushake inyubako, ibigenewe gutwara abantu cyangwa ibintu, ubwinjiracyaha bw’ubwicanyi, gukubita no gukomeretsa ku bushake byarezwe abaregwa nk’ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, ko butanyuzwe na none n’ibihano byatanzwe buvuga ko byatanzwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko. [12] NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara we ajurira anenga ko atagabanyirijwe igihano bihagije kandi yemera icyaha ku buryo budashidikanywaho, asaba ko yakongera kugabanyirizwa. NSENGIMANA Herman ajurira avuga ko atanyuzwe n’uburyo atagabanyirijwe igihano bihagije kandi yemera icyaha mu buryo budashidikanywaho no kuba yaraciwe indishyi, kandi nta ruhare rutaziguye yagize mu bikorwa byangirije abaregera indishyi. [13] NIZEYIMANA Marc ajurira, avuga ko yahamijwe ibyaha atagizemo uruhare, ndetse acibwa indishyi kandi nta ruhare yagize mu byaha byakozwe. BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy we yajuriye ku mpamvu z’uko atagabanyirijwe ibihano ku buryo buhagije kandi ntibinasubikwe. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas we yajurijwe n’uko ngo Urukiko rubanza rutasesenguye neza impamvu zamuteye gukora icyaha ngo ruzishingireho mu gufata icyemezo; ko kandi yahaniwe igitero cyo mu Karangiro kandi atarakigizemo uruhare, ndetse agaragaza ko atanyuzwe n’igihano yahanishijwe.

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[14] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard na SHABANI Emmanuel nabo barajuriye kuko Urukiko rubanza rutahaye agaciro impamvu nyoroshyacyaha barugaragarije no kuba barategetswe gutanga indishyi ku bijyanye n’ibitero byabereye mu Karere ka Rusizi. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, by’ umwihariko, anenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwaramuhamije icyaha cyo kugambana n’icyo gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba kandi atakirezwe. [15] NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude nabo bajuriye banenga Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi kuba rutarahaye agaciro impamvu nyoroshyacyaha barugaragarije no kuba rutaragaragaje igihe bafatiwe kandi aricyo gikwiye guherwaho habarwa igihe bazamara muri gereza. [16] NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase nabo bajuriye kubera ko Urukiko rubanza rutaragaragaje igihe bafatiwe kandi aricyo gikwiye guherwaho babara igihe bazamara muri gereza no kuba bataragabanyirijwe igihano kugera ku mwaka umwe (1), kandi bemera icyaha. IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel na NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel bo ntibemeranijwe n’Urukiko rubanza ku bijyanye no gukurikiranwa mu nkiko ndetse bagahanwa, aho gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe nk’abandi, kuba batarahawe isubikagihano mu gihe hatabayeho gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe n’ibijyanye n’indishyi baryozwa kandi nta ruhare bagize zashingiraho. [17] KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na NIKUZWE Siméon batanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha ku mpamvu zinyuranye.

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[18] Ku rundi ruhande abaregera indishyi barimo HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, RUGERINYANGE Dominique, NTABARESHYA Dative, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, INGABIRE Marie Chantal, SHUMBUSHA Damascène, NSABIMANA Anastase, MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, SIBORUREMA Vénuste, NGENDAKUMANA David, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, KIRENGA Darius, UMURIZA Adéline, SHUMBUSHO David na RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné bahagarariwe na RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, KAREGESA Phénias, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, HABIMANA Zerothe, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, KAYITESI Alice, NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane, UWAMBAJE Françoise, abana batanu ba MUKABAHIZI Hilarie bahagarariwe na MBONIGABA Richard, aribo MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANKUNDIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane na HABAKUBAHO Adéline, MUKABAHIZI Hilarie, MBONIGABA Richard, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWALI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alexis, NYIRANGABIRE Valérie na SEMIGABO Déo, NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, NSABIMANA Joseph, RUTAYISIRE Félix, MAHORO Jean Damascène, NZEYIMANA Paulin, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, NDUTIYE Yussuf, OMEGA Express Ltd, ALPHA Express Company Ltd bajuriye banenga kuba Urukiko rubanza rwarabageneye indishyi nkeya rugendeye ku bushishozi bwarwo kandi izo bari basabye zari zatangiwe ibimenyetso. [19] Abaregera indishyi barimo YAMBABARIYE Védaste, NYAMINANI Daniel, MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, BWIMBA Vianney, NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel,

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HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marceline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, MUYENTWALI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, SEBAGEMA Simon, BARAYANDEMA Viateur, KARERANGABO Antoine, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille, HABYARIMANA Damascène, MANARIYO Théogène, GASHONGORE Samuel, NZABIRINDA Viateur, NIYOMUGABA, NDAYISENGA Edouard, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, BARAGAMBA, RUTIHUNZA Enos, BARIRWANDA Innocent, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, HABIMANA Innocent, SEBARINDA Emmanuel, NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, NKUNDIZERA Damascène, HABAKURAMA Gratien, HARERIMANA Emmanuel, NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, DUSENGIMANA Solange, KANYANDEKWE Vénant, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel, NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine na GAKWAYA Gérard, bajuriye banenga Urukiko rubanza kuba nta ndishyi rwabageneye rushingiye ku kuba nta bimenyetso bazitangiye, kandi hari imvugo z’abazi uko ibintu byangenze, imvugo z’abaregwa ubwabo biyemereye ndetse bigambye ibyaha babakoreye, rukaba rwarirengagije ingaruka byabagizeho. [20] Ubujurire bwabo bose bwahawe nomero zitandukanye, zihurizwa hamwe, iburanisha rishyirwa ku wa 17/01/2022, uwo munsi ababuranyi bose baritaba, uretse RUSESABAGINA Paul. Ibyo byateye impaka ku bijyanye no kumenya niba

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yarahamagajwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko, Urukiko rujya kwihererera, maze ku wa 18/01/2022, rwemeza ko RUSESABAGINA Paul yahamagajwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, rutegeka ko urubanza ruburanishwa adahari, nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 128 y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha. Iburanisha ryashyizwe ku wa 20/01/2022. [21] Kuri uwo munsi, ababuranyi bamaze gusobanurirwa ingingo z’ingenzi zigize ubujurire bwabo, bemeranyijwe n’Urukiko ko zikubirwa mu bibazo bizasesengurwa mu byiciro bitanu bikurikira: a. Ibyerekeye inyito y’ibyaha Urukiko rubanza rwahamije ababuranyi; b. Ibyerekeye ibyaha abaregwa bagizweho abere; c. Ibyerekeye ibyaha abaregwa bahamijwe n’Urukiko; d. Ibyerekeye ibihano bahawe; e. Ibyerekeye indishyi. Banemeranyije kuri gahunda y’uburyo bizaburanishwa. [22] Mu iburanisha byagaragaye ko NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel yajuririye icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe kandi Urukiko rutarakimuhamije, maze ari we, Ubushinjacyaha n’uru Rukiko bemeranya ko kidakwiye kuba mu bibazo bisuzumwa. [23] Muri iryo buranisha kandi, Ubushinjacyaha bwamenyesheje Urukiko ko bwahinduye ibisobanuro byabwo ku bireba impamvu ya mbere irebana n’ibyaha byahinduriwe inyito, ko ubu iyo mpamvu ireba gusa abaregwa RUSESABAGINA

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Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara na NIZEYIMANA Marc ku bijyanye n’inyito y’icyaha kigomba kubahama ku byaha byakozwe n’abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN. I. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA 1. IMPAMVU Z’UBUJURIRE ZISHINGIYE KU NYITO Y’IBYAHA URUKIKO RWAHAMIJE ABAREGWA - Kumenya inyito y’icyaha RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc na NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara bagomba guhanirwa ku birebana n’ibikorwa bigize ibyaha byakozwe n’abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN [24] Kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko hari ibyo bwemeranwaho n’Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi mu isesengura rwakoze, ariko ko hari n’ibyo bunenga. Buvuga ko butemera isesengura Urukiko rubanza rwakoze mu bika bya 162, 164 na 236 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, aho rwemeje ko NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul na NIZEYIMANA Marc batagomba gukurikiranwa nka gatozi ku bikorwa by’iterabwoba, ahubwo bakurikiranwa nk’abagize uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba byakozwe n’abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN.2 Ubushinjacyaha bukagaragaza ko

2 Mu gika cya 164 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rubivuga muri aya amagambo: “… Urukiko rusanga rero ibikorwa byakozwe

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gufata abayobozi b’umutwe w’iterabwoba nk’abagize uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba byakozwe n’abo bayobora, aho kubafata nk’abakoze ibikorwa by’iterabwoba nyirizina, ataribyo kuko nk’abayobozi b’umutwe w’iterabwoba, bateguye, bagatera inkunga ndetse bagashishikariza abandi gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, itegeko ryateganyije ko ibyo bakoze ubwabyo ari ibikorwa by’iterabwoba. Ibyo bukabishingira ku bisobanuro itegeko ryahaye igikorwa cy’iterabwoba nk’uko biri mu ngingo ya 2, agace ka 4 (a) na (b) y’Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ivuga ko: “Igikorwa cy’iterabwoba ari: a) igikorwa cyose cyagambiriwe kinyuranyije n’amategeko mpanabyaha gishobora kubangamira ubuzima, umutekano, umudendezo, gukomeretsa bikomeye cyangwa guteza urupfu rw’umuntu uwo ari we wese, umubare runaka cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu cyangwa cyangiza cyangwa gishobora kwangiza umutungo wa Leta cyangwa uw’umuntu ku giti cye, umutungo kamere, ibidukikije cyangwa umurage ndangamuco, gikozwe hagamijwe: i. gukanga, gutera ubwoba, gukoresha ku ngufu, guhatira cyangwa gutera Leta, umuryango,

n’abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN mu bitero Ubushinjacyaha bukurikiranyeho NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara na RUSESABAGINA Paul nka gatozi b’ubwicanyi, gukubita no gukomeretsa, itwarwa ry’umuntu ritemewe n’amategeko, gutwikira undi ku bushake inyubako, ibigenewe gutwara abantu cyangwa ibintu no kwiba hakoreshejwe intwaro nk’ibikorwa by’iterabwoba ndetse n’icy’ubwinjiracyaha bw’ubwicanyi nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba kuri RUSESABAGINA Paul batagomba kubikurikiranwaho nka gatozi, ahubwo nk’uko byasobanuwe Urukiko rwasanze icyo bakoze ari ukugira uruhare muri ibyo bikorwa by’iterabwoba bigize icyaha cyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba.”

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urwego, abaturage cyangwa icyiciro runaka cyabo gukora cyangwa kudakora igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose, gufata cyangwa kureka umurongo runaka cyangwa kugendera ku mahame runaka; ii. kubuza imirimo ya Leta igenewe abaturage, itangwa rya serivisi za ngombwa ku baturage gukomeza uko bisanzwe cyangwa guteza imidugararo; iii. guteza ubwigomeke ku butegetsi mu gihugu; b. igikorwa cyose cyo guteza imbere, gutera inkunga, guha ubufasha, kuyobora, gufasha, koshya, kwigisha, gutoza, kugerageza, gushishikariza, gukangisha, kugambana, gutegura cyangwa gutanga ibikoreshwa, gikozwe n’umuntu uwo ari we wese hagamijwe gukorwa icyo ari cyo cyose mu bivugwa mu gace ka a)’’. [25] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibikorwa by’iterabwoba bivugwa mu ngingo ya 19, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, ari byo gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, kugerageza gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba no gushyigikira ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, byose bihurira ku ijambo ‘‘ibikorwa by’iterabwoba’’ bisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 2, agace ka kane (4)(a) na (b). Buvuga ko iyo ari yo mpamvu abaregwa NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul na NIZEYIMANA Marc, nka bamwe mu bayobozi b’umutwe wa MRCD-FLN, bahurira n’ibikorwa byakozwe n’abo barwanyi, ku kuba barateye inkunga y’amafaranga, bagatanga uburenganzira bwo kugaba ibitero bitandukanye byagabwe mu Rwanda, bagashishikariza abandi kubikora. Kubera iyo mpamvu,

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Ubushinjacyaha bukaba busanga bakwiye guhamwa no gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, aho guhamwa no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba byakozwe n’abo barwanyi, nk’uko Urukiko rubanza rwari rwabyemeje. [26] Me RUGEYO Jean, wunganira NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, mu gusubiza kuri iyi ngingo, yabwiye Urukiko ko we abona nta kosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze mu guhana abaregwa barimo uwo yunganira, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 19 y’Itegeko nº 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba. Impamvu atanga ni uko iyo ngingo iri mu mutwe uteganya ibyaha n’ibihano ku bikorwa by’iterabwoba, bikaba byumvikana ko ibijyanye n’inyito y’ibyaha abaregwa bakurikiranweho ariho bikwiye gushakirwa, aho kujya kurebera mu gice cy’ingingo rusange zitanga ibisobanuro by’amagambo, aricyo ingingo ya 2 y’iryo Tegeko Ubushinjacyaha bwitsitsaho iherereyemo. Muri urwo rwego, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara yavuze ko nk’umuvugizi atakagombye kuryozwa ibikorwa bya gisirikare atari afitemo ijambo kandi hari abari babishinzwe, barimo Colonel GATABAZI Joseph wari ushinzwe ibikorwa bya gisirikare (opérations militaires) basubijwe mu buzima busanzwe. [27] Nyuma y’uko Ubushinjacyaha butanze ibisobanuro bikosora umwanzuro w’ubujurire kuri iyi ngingo, abandi baregwa barebwa n’icyo kibazo, ntacyo babivuzeho. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [28] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga impaka kuri iki kibazo zishingiye ku kumenya uko abayobozi b’umutwe w’iterabwoba

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bagomba guhanwa ku byaha byakozwe n’abo bayobora, byagize ingaruka ku baturage b’aho byakorewe. [29] Ubushinjacyaha busaba ko hemezwa ko RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara na NIZEYIMANA Marc bakoze icyaha cy’iterabwoba, aho kuba icyaha cyo kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba nk’uko Urukiko rubanza rwabyemeje mu bika bya 162, 164 na 236 by’urubanza rujurirwa. Muri make ikibazo cy’Ubushinjacyaha, si ukwemeza ko bagomba guhanwa nka gatozi cyangwa nk’icyitso ku bikorwa by’iterabwoba byakozwe n’abarwanyi ba MRCD- FLN3, ahubwo ni ukwemeza ko bakoze icyaha giteganywa mu ngingo ya 19 y’Itegeko ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba. Kugira uruhare bivugwa muri iyo ngingo bikaba bidakwiye kwitirwanywa no kuba icyitso gisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 2 y’Itegeko n˚68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. [30] Mu by’ukuri, kugira uruhare bivugwa mu ngingo ya 19 y’Itegeko ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba ni icyaha; mu gihe icyitso kivugwa mu ngingo ya 2 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ari ukugira uruhare runaka mu ikorwa ry’icyaha (mode de participation).

3 Ibi bishimangirwa n’ibyasobanuwe n’Urukiko rubanza mu gace ka 162 k’urubanza rujuririrwa aho rwavuze ko “Harebwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 18 n’iya 19 zavuzwe, umuntu udakoze igikorwa cy’iterabwoba gishobora kubangamira ubuzima, gukomeretsa bikomeye, guteza urupfu cyangwa kwangiza umutungo bivugwa mu ngingo ya 2, agace ka 4˚ a) ariko agakora igikorwa cyo guteza imbere, agatanga inkunga, ubufasha, akayobora, akoshya n’ibindi bikorwa bivugwa muri iyi ngingo, agace ka 4˚, b) aba agize uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, akaba agomba guhanirwa icyaha cyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, giteganywa n’ingingo ya 19 yavuzwe’’.

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[31] Ingingo ya 83, igika cya mbere (1) n’icya kabiri (2), y’Itegeko n˚68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko “Icyaha kiryozwa uwagikoze ubwe, uwafatanyije na we kugikora cyangwa icyitso cye. Umuntu ukora icyaha abishaka ni we uhanwa. Icyakora (….)’’. [32] Nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 2 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, uwakoze icyaha (Auteur) ni “uwakoze igikorwa gihanwa n’itegeko cyangwa uwanze gukora igikorwa gitegetswe n’itegeko”. Iyo ngingo inasobanura ugomba gufatwa nk’umufatanyacyaha, ndetse n’icyitso. [33] Umufatanyacyaha ni “uwafatanyije ku buryo butaziguye n’uwakoze icyaha’’; naho icyitso akaba “umuntu wafashije uwakoze icyaha mu byagiteguye bigaragarira muri kimwe mu bikorwa bikurikira: a. utuma hakorwa icyaha akoresheje igihembo, isezerano ry’igihembo, iterabwoba, agakabyo k’ubutegetsi cyangwa k’ububasha cyangwa amabwiriza agamije gukoresha icyaha; b. ufasha uwakoze icyaha mu byagiteguye, mu byoroheje imikorere yacyo cyangwa mu byakinonosoye kandi yarabikoze abizi, cyangwa uwashishikaje uwakoze icyaha; c. utuma undi akora icyaha akoresheje imbwirwaruhame, urusaku rushishikaza cyangwa iterabwoba, bibereye ahantu hateraniye abantu barenze babiri (2), inyandiko, ibitabo cyangwa ibindi byanditswe n’icapiro, biguzwe cyangwa bitangiwe ubuntu cyangwa byatangarijwe ahantu

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hateraniye abantu benshi, amatangazo amanitse cyangwa yeretswe rubanda; d. uwahishe uwakoze icyaha, umufatanyacyaha cyangwa uwahishe icyitso kugira ngo ataboneka cyangwa adafatwa, umufasha kwihisha cyangwa gucika cyangwa umuha aho kwihisha cyangwa uwamufashije guhisha ibintu byakoreshejwe cyangwa byagenewe gukoreshwa icyaha; e. uwahishe abizi ikintu cyangwa ibikoresho byakoreshejwe cyangwa byagenewe gukoresha icyaha; f. uwiba, uhisha cyangwa wonona nkana ku buryo ubwo aribwo bwose ibintu byagombye gufasha kugenza icyaha, gutahura ibimenyetso cyangwa guhana abakoze icyaha’’. [34] Mu ngingo z’igenzi z’amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeranye no guhana abakora iterabwoba rikoresha ibisasu biturikana ingufu yemejwe n’Inama Rusange y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku wa 15/12/1997, nk’uko yemejwe burundu n’Iteka rya Perezida n˚40/01 ryo ku wa 14/4/2002, ziteganya ko umuntu wese utega mu buryo butemewe kandi nkana ikintu giturika cyangwa ikindi kintu cyica, ahantu rusange, mu kigo cya Leta cyangwa ikindi kigo rusange, sisitemu yo gutwara abantu cyangwa ibikorwa remezo, ufite intego yo guteza urupfu cyangwa kwangiza umubiri, cyangwa kurimbura ibintu bikomeye bivamo cyangwa bishobora guteza igihombo kinini mu bukungu, ugerageza gukora kimwe muri ibyo byaha byavuzwe haruguru cyangwa akagira uruhare muri icyo cyaha, cyangwa agategura ikorwa ryacyo cyangwa agategeka abandi kugikora cyangwa gutanga umusanzu mu bundi buryo ubwo ari bwo

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bwose ku itsinda ry’abantu mu ikorwa ryacyo, aba akoze icyaha cy’iterabwoba4. [35] Ingingo ya 2, agace ka kane (4˚), b) y’Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba yumvikanisha ko umuntu wese uteza imbere, utera inkunga, uha ubufasha, uyobora, ufasha, woshya, wigisha, utoza, ugerageza, ushishikariza, ukangisha, ugambana, utegura cyangwa utanga ibikoresho, hagamijwe iterabwoba, aba akoze ibikorwa by’iterabwoba bihanishwa ingingo za 19 n’iziyikurikira z’iryo Tegeko. [36] Bimaze kugaragara hirya no hino ku isi ko akenshi abahanirwa ibyaha byo gukora iterabwoba ari ababishyira mu bikorwa, mu gihe bigoye guhanira abayobozi bakuru ibikorwa byakozwe n’abo bayobora5 kandi aribo bategura umugambi,

4 “Commet une infraction au sens de la Convention quiconque illicitement et intentionnellement livre, pose, ou fait exploser ou détonner un engin explosif ou autre engin meurtrier dans ou contre un lieu public, une installation gouvernementale ou une autre installation publique, un système de transport public ou une infrastructure, dans l’intention de provoquer la mort ou des dommages corporels graves, ou des destructions massives entraînant ou risquant d’entraîner des pertes économiques considérables. Commet également une infraction au sens de la Convention quiconque tente de commettre une des infractions ci-dessus ou se rend complice d’une telle infraction, ou en organise la commission ou donne l’ordre à d’autres personnes de la commettre ou contribue de toute autre manière à sa commission par un groupe de personnes agissant de concert’’.

5 “Les infractions pénales traditionnelles et les sanctions qui leur sont applicables ont été principalement conçues pour punir les exécuteurs matériels d’un acte illicite. Elles ne sont cependant pas forcément efficaces pour réprimer les groupes très hiérarchisés dans lesquels les tâches, tels que l’exécution matérielle des attentats à la bombe, les meurtres ou les détournements d’aéronefs, sont séparées de celles qui portent sur la

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bagategeka abo bayobora kuwushyira mu bikorwa; ndetse n’igihe bishobotse ko bahanwa, ugasanga badahanwe mu buryo bumwe kuko hari aho usanga bafashwe nk’ibyitso kandi nyamara aribo ba nyiri ibitekerezo byo gushinga imitwe y’iterabwoba no gushishikariza abandi gukora iterabwoba6.

préparation, la planification et le soutien logistiques. La répression efficace du terrorisme passe par l’inculpation pénale des personnes qui ont planifié, organisé et commandité des opérations terrorists”. Office des Nations-Unies contre la drogue et les crimes, Recueil de cas sur les affaires de terrorisme, New-York, 2010. 6 Nko mu rubanza rwa KATANGA Germain n’ubwo atari akurikiranyweho ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha mu rwego rw’ubujurire rwemeje ko agomba guhanwa nk’icyitso mu bikorwa byakozwe n’abo yayoboraga. Reba urubanza ICC-01/04-01/17 rwaciwe ku wa 07/03/2014. P.709 Mu gihe mu rwego rubanza Urukiko rwari rwemeje ko ahanwa nka gatozi kuri ibyo byaha. Mu zindi manza nk’urwa Nicolas Rodrigues Bautista wo muri Colombie na bagenzi bayoboraga umutwe wa Ejertico de Liberacion Nacional wateze igisasu mu bitembo bya peterole (Aléoduc), bikaza kugira ingaruka ku baturage bo mu gace kitwa Machuca, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, Urugereko mpanabyaha rusesa imanza rwahamije icyaha abo bayobozi b’umutwe ELN nka gatozi, bategetse ko icyo gisasu gitegwa n’ubwo bo batageze aho icyaha cyakorewe (élément intentionnel). Ni nako byagenze mu rubanza rwa Abmeil Guzman n’abandi bayobozi b’umutwe wa Sentier Lumunieux muri Perou. Nabo bahamijwe ibyaha nka gatozi n’ubwo batigeze bagera aho byakorewe. Reba Corte Suprema, arrêt du 13 oct. 2006 (Abimael Guzmán). Cité par Werle, G. & Burghardt, B. (2012). Les formes de participation en droit international pénal. Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé, 1, 47- 67. https://doi.org/10.3917/rsc.1201.0047 no muri Recueil de cas sur les affaires de terrorisme. NATIONS UNIES. New York, 2010 iboneka kuri https://www.unodc.org/documents/terrorism/Publications/Digest_of_Terroris t_Cases/French.pdf . Ubu buryo kandi bwo guhamya abayobozi ibyaha hashingiwe ku bubasha bafite ku bikorwa by’imitwe bayobora mu byaha byakozwe n’imitwe ikorera

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[37] Mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ihame ry’uko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi no kurwanya mu buryo bukwiye ibyaha bikorwa n’itsinda ry’abantu rikorera kuri gahunda kandi rifite umugambi wo gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, Umushingamategeko w’u Rwanda yemeje ko umuntu uyobora, woshya, ushishikariza, utera inkunga, utegura cyangwa utanga ibikoresho hagamijwe gukanga, gutera ubwoba, guhatira cyangwa gutera Leta cyangwa sosiyete nyarwanda gukora cyangwa kudakora igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose, gufata cyangwa kureka umurongo runaka cyangwa kugendera ku mahame runaka, kubuza serivisi za Leta gukora, guteza ubwigomeke ku butegetsi mu gihugu, aba akoze ibikorwa by’iterabwoba.7

uri gahunda (Groupes Organisés et structurés) bwanemejwe mu manza zo mu Budage zakurikiranwagamo abanyamuryango ba conseil national de défense ya RDA n’abagize biro politike ya SED mu bwicanyi bwabereye ku mupaka wa Germano-Allemande. Reba Cour fédérale de justice, arrêt du 26 juill. 1994, BGHSt 40, 218 (p. 237 s.); Cour fédérale de justice, arrêt du 4 mars 1996, BGHSt 42 (p. 65, 68) ; Cour fédérale de justice, arrêt du 8 nov. 2002, BGHSt 45, 270 (p. 296)

7 Ibi kandi si Umwihariko w’u Rwanda. Hari n’ibindi bihugu byagiye muri uyu murongo. Urugero ruri nko mu itegeko ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba mu Bwami bw’Ubwongereza ryo mu 2000, aho mu ngingo yaryo ya 56 riteganya icyaha kihariye ku muntu wese uyobora ku rwego urwo ari rwo rwose ibikorwa by’umutwe ufite aho uhurira n’iterabwoba. (Terrorism Act 2000, 56. — (1) A person commits an offence if he directs, at any level, the organisation. Activities of an organisation, which is concerned in the commission of acts of terrorism.) Itegeko ryo mu Bushinwa (Amendment (III) of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, Paragraph 1 of Article 120 “Whoever forms, leads or actively participates in a terrorist organization shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no less than ten years or life imprisonment; the active participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no less than three years but no more than ten years; other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no more than

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[38] Ibikorwa by’iterabwoba bivuzwe haruguru bigize icyaha cyihariye cyo gukora iterabwoba. Ibyo bivuze ko umuntu uyobora, woshya, ushishikariza, utera inkunga, utegura cyangwa utanga ibikoresho agatuma abandi bakora ibyaha bisanzwe biteganyijwe n’amategeko ahana ibyaha hagamijwe iterabwoba, adahanirwa ibyo byakozwe n’abandi, ahubwo we ahanirwa kuba yarakoze ibikorwa byabibanjirije, kandi byatumye ibindi bikorwa by’iterabwoba byabaye nyuma bishyirwa mu bikorwa. [39] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero harebwe ibikorwa NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara na RUSESABAGINA Paul bakoze, batera inkunga y’amafaranga, bategura, bayobora, bashishikariza, batanga ibikoresho byafashije abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN gushyira mu bikorwa umugambi w’uwo mutwe wo kugaba ibitero mu Turere dutandukanye, nyuma bakabyigamba ku maradiyo no ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, bagomba guhamwa no gukora iterabwoba, aho kuba kugira uruhare mu bikorwa byakozwe n’abo bayobora. [40] Ku birebana na NIZEYIMANA Marc, n’ubwo atageze aho ibitero byabereye mu Rwanda, ariko harebwe kuba ariwe wateguraga abarwanyi akajonjoramo abajya mu bitero, akabambutsa umupaka, hakanarebwa imikoranire ye ya hafi n’abasirikare bateguye kandi bayoboye ibyo bitero, nawe agomba guhamwa no gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, byatumye abarwanyi bakora ibyaha bakoze mu bitero hagamijwe iterabwoba, aho kuba kugira uruhare ku byaha byakozwe n’abo barwanyi.

three years, criminal detention, public surveillance, or be deprived of political rights.”

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[41] Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko rubanza rwaribeshye mu kwemeza ko NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul na NIZEYIMANA Marc bagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe n’abarwanyi b’umutwe wa MRCD-FLN, ahubwo hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 19 y’Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, bahamwa no gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba byatumye abo barwanyi bakora ibyaha mu bitero bagabye hagamijwe iterabwoba. 2. IMPAMVU Z’UBUJURIRE ZISHINGIYE KU BYAHA ABAREGWA BAGIZWEHO ABERE  a. Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe [42] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasesenguye nabi ingingo ya 4598 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/05/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, maze rugira abere RUSESABAGINA Paul na NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara baregwaga kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, ndetse na NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NSENGIMANA Herman,

8 Ingingo ya 459-y’Itegeko Ngenga n°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko: “Umuntu wese urema umutwe w’ingabo cyangwa akabisembura cyangwa akagirana amasezerano na zo, abikoresheje impano, igihembo, iterabwoba, igitugu, abigirira gushyigikira igitero cy’intambara cy’ingabo zindi zitari izemewe z’igihugu (…..) Umuntu wese wemera, ku bushake, kwinjira cyangwa gutorerwa kujya mu ngabo zitari ingabo zemewe z’igihugu (….)”.

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IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase na HAKIZIMANA Théogène baregwaga kujya muri uwo mutwe. [43] Bukomeza buvuga ko butemera ibyo Urukiko rubanza rwavuze, ko kugira ngo icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe cyibeho, hagomba kuba mu kugikora hari hagamijwe ko Igihugu cy’u Rwanda cyigarurirwa n’ibihugu by’amahanga, no kuba hagomba kuba hifashishijwe Abacancuro “les mercenaires”. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyo urebye ingingo ya 459 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ntaho ubona Umushingamategeko yateganyije ibyo bintu bibiri Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho rubagira abere, nk’ibigize icyaha (les éléments constitutifs) cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe. [44] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga kandi ko bunenga Urukiko Rukuru gushingira ku manza ebyiri zaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru zikemezwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, zirimo urubanza rwa MUSHAYIDI Déogratias n’Urubanza rwa INGABIRE Umuhoza Victoire. Buvuga ko muri izo manza ingingo ziteganya icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, zasesenguwe mu buryo butari bwo, kuko zashingiye ku isobanurampamvu y’Itegeko- Teka no 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/08/1977 ryashyiragaho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ahagaragara ibijyanye no kwifashisha ingabo z’amahanga (les mercenaires). Urukiko rwabifashe nk’ibigize icyaha (éléments constitutifs) cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, nyamara atari ko biri, kuko iyo urebye ku rupapuro rwa 12 rw’iryo sobanurampamvu usanga iri jambo ritarakoreshejwe hagamijwe kugaragaza ibigize icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, ahubwo hasobanurwaga

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ibijyanye n’ibyaha bikurikiranwa hatanzwe uruhushya rwa Gouvernement. Buvuga kandi ko n’iyo urebye neza usanga ibyo Urukiko Rukuru rwavuze ko iki cyaha kigomba kuba kigamije ko igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigarurirwa n’ibihugu by’amahanga, nabyo atari ko biri, kuko ingingo ya 459 yagarutsweho igaragaza neza ko icyo cyaha gikorwa hagamijwe gushyigikira igitero cy’intambara cy’ingabo zindi zitari ingabo zemewe z’igihugu. [45] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nyuma y’izo manza Urukiko rubanza rwashingiyeho, hari izindi zaciwe zafashe umurongo utandukanye n’uwo. Muri zo harimo urubanza no RPA 0249/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 16/09/2016 hajuririrwa urubanza no RP 0108/12/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 29/10/2013, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NDERERIMANA Norbert alias Gaheza hamwe na bagenzi be n’urubanza no RPA 0224/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/1/2017 haregwa uwitwa HABYARIMANA Emmanuel. Izo manza zombi zikaba zaragaragaje ko icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe gikorwa hagamijwe kugaba igitero cy’intambara kandi bitabaye ngombwa ko hiyambazwa ingabo z’amahanga. [46] Ubushinjacyaha busoza iyi ngingo buvuga ko abaregwa bane ari bo RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy bagombaga guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, naho icyenda (9) basigaye aribo NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase na HAKIZIMANA Théogène

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bagahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwinjira mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe. [47] Me RUGEYO Jean, wunganira NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, avuga ko n’ubwo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko umurongo wari uri mu rubanza rwa MUSHAYIDI Déogratias ndetse n’Urubanza rwa INGABIRE Umuhoza Victoire Urukiko rubanza rwashingiyeho bagirwa abere waje gukurwaho mu manza zaciwe nyuma, butagaragaza aho bubishingira kuko ntaho muri izo manza bigaragara ko uwo murongo uvanweho. Akavuga ko kuba muri izo manza Urukiko rutaragendeye kuri uyu murongo bitavuze ko byanze bikunze uwo murongo wavanweho. [48] Me URAMIJE James, wunganira IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel na NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, we avuga ko abo yunganira bakurikiranweho kwinjira mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe, kandi ko ibyo babyemeranyaho n’Ubushinjacyaha, ko ariko icyo batemeranyaho ari uburyo binjiye muri iyi mitwe kuko batari bazi ko ari umutwe w’ingabo utemewe, ko kandi batinjiyemo ku bushake kuko bashyizweho agahato; bityo, bakaba badakwiye guhanirwa icyo cyaha. [49] Me MUGABO Sharifu Yussuf, wunganira KWINTONDA André, avuga ko iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha idakwiye guhabwa ishingiro kuko Ubushinjacyaha buyisobanura bwibanda gusa ku mikoreshereze y’imanza zabanje (jurisprudence) ariko bukirengagiza ko mu kubagira abere Urukiko Rukuru rutashingiye gusa ku byo inkiko zemeje mu manza zabanje, ahubwo rwanagendeye ku cyo abaregwa bari bagendereye (mobile). Avuga ko Urukiko rwasobanuye ko abaregwa bakoze ibikorwa bakurikiranweho mu mugambi wo gukora iterabwoba. Ibi bikaba bihura n’ibisobanuro

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bihabwa ibikorwa by’iterabwoba. Bityo, Urukiko rubanza rukaba nta kosa rwakoze kuko n’ubundi abaregwa bahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba. [50] Uretse abaregwa bunganiwe na Me MUGABO Sharifu Yussuf, Me URAMIJE James ndetse na Me RUGEYO Jean, abandi ntacyo bavuze kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [51] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mbere na mbere impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku kumenya niba abaregwa bavugwa muri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bahamwa n’icyaha kivugwa mu ngingo ya 459 y’Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/0L ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana. Nk’uko bivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha, hari imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku birebana n’icyaha kivugwa muri iyo ngingo zigaragaza imirongo ibiri yafashwe n’urwo Rukiko ijyanye n’ibikorwa bigize icyo cyaha n’ubushake bwo kugikora. Ikibazo kikaba ari ukumenya umurongo ugomba kwifashishwa muri uru rubanza, hagati yizo manza zombi. [52] Ikibazo cyo kumenya umurongo watanzwe n’inkiko ukurikizwa mu micire y’imanza, cyasubijwe mu rubanza n˚ RS/INCONST/SPEC 00004/2019/SC rwaciwe ku wa 04/12/2019, haburana GLIHD (Great Lakes Initiative for Human Rights Development) na Leta y’u Rwanda, aho mu gika cya 33, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagaragaje ko mu mikorere y’inkiko zishingira ku mahame yo kubahiriza umurongo wafashwe (stare decisis), buri rukiko ruba rugomba kubahiriza umurongo rwafashe ku kibazo runaka, n’uwafashwe n’Urukiko rurukuriye

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hakurikijwe uko zisumbana (the higher up a court is in the hierarchy, the more authoritative its decisions: decisions of the higher courts will bind lower courts to apply the same decided principle). [53] Ibi kandi byashimangiwe mu mabwiriza no 001/2021 yo ku wa 15 Werurwe 2021 ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agenga itangazwa ry’imanza mu cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko, mu ngingo yayo ya 9, igika cya 2 n’icya 3, aho igira iti: “Buri mucamanza ategetswe kubahiriza umurongo usanzweho waba uwo ku rwego rw’Urukiko arimo cyangwa urwisumbuyeho uko inkiko zigenda zisumbana. Icyakora umucamanza ashobora kudakurikiza umurongo usanzweho iyo ashoboye kugaragaza ko ibibazo biri mu rubanza aca bidasa n’ibyaburanwe mu murongo usanzweho (distinguishing) cyangwa iyo abashije kugaragaza ko uwo murongo ubangamiye inyungu z’ubutabera (overruling).” [54] Mu magambo macye umucamanza ategetswe kubahiriza umurongo watanzwe n’inkiko zimukuriye, uw’Urukiko arimo cyangwa uwo yatanze mu manza yaciye ku bibazo bisa n’icyo agomba gucyemura9. Nk’uko byasobanuwe, guhindura uwo murongo bishobora gukorwa gusa n’Urukiko rwisumbuye ku rwaciye urubanza cyangwa urwo rukiko ubwarwo. Uretse muri ibyo bihe, Umushingamategeko w’u Rwanda yateganyije uko

9 Walker Jr, J. M. (2016). The role of precedent in the United States: How do precedents lose their binding effect. Stanford Law School China Guiding Cases Project.S Available at: https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/commentaries/15- john- walker/#:~:text=How%20Do%20Precedents%20Lose%20Their%20Binding %20Effect%3F,- In%201932%2C%20Justice&text=In%20the%20federal%20system%2C%20 the,en%20banc%E2%80%9D%20in%20plenary%20session.

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bigenda igihe umuburanyi atemeranya n’umurongo uriho mu rubanza ruheruka gucibwa ku kibazo gisa n’icye. Icyo gihe, nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo za 65 na 73 z’Itegeko rigena ububasha bw’inkiko10, abiregera Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kugira ngo ruwuhindure. Ntibisaba ko uwo murongo usabirwa guhinduka uba ari uwatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Upfa gusa kuba, ku kibazo gisa n’icyo afite, ari wo watanzwe mu rubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma. [55] Guhindura umurongo bishobora gukorwa mu buryo bweruye (explicite) cyangwa buteruye (implicite). Iyo bikozwe mu buryo bweruye, ari nabwo buryo bukunze kubaho kandi bukwiriye, urukiko rugereranya ikiburanwa n’icyemezo rwafashe ku bibazo bisa nacyo, rwamara kwemeza ko bisa, rugasuzuma umurongo rwari rwafashe, rugasobanura impamvu udakwiye gukomeza kugenderwaho; ko rwari rwibeshye ruwufata, ko utakijyanye n’igihe cyangwa se indi mpamvu rwasobanura; hanyuma rukemeza ko uwo murongo uhindutse. Icyakora, bishobora kubaho ko urukiko rusuzuma ikibazo rwashyikirijwe, rukagifataho icyemezo rutabanje kugenzura ko icyo kibazo cyasuzumwe mbere mu rubanza rwabaye itegeko rukagifataho umurongo runaka, rugafata icyemezo kiri mu murongo unyuranye cyangwa uvuguruza usanzweho. Ibyo bishobora guterwa no kutamenya, uburangare cyangwa ubucukumbuzi buke. Ibyo aribyo byose, iyo ibyo bibaye, hubahirizwa umurongo watanzwe nyuma. Mu yandi magambo umurongo uherutse niwo uba ukwiye kubahirizwa n’urwo Rukiko ndetse n’inkiko ziri munsi yarwo11. Birumvikana ko iyo

10Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko 11 “When the Supreme Court does overrule precedent, it often does so expressly. In that situation, lower courts are obliged to follow the overruling decision. But the Supreme Court sometimes overrules prior holdings only by

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urwo rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, nk’Urukiko rukuriye izindi zose mu gihugu, umurongo mushya rufashe ku kibazo runaka uba ubaye itegeko kuri rwo ubwarwo no ku nkiko zose z’igihugu. Ntibikenera ko uba waravanyeho usanzweho mu buryo bweruye. [56] Muri uru rubanza, abaregwa bakurikiranweho ibyaha biteganywa n’ingingo ya 459 y’Itegeko Ngenga no 01/2012/0L ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryakoreshwaga ubwo abaregwa bakoraga ibikorwa bakurikiranweho, iteganya ibi bikurikira: “Umuntu wese urema umutwe w’ingabo cyangwa akabisembura cyangwa akagirana amasezerano na zo, abikoresheje impano, igihembo, iterabwoba, igitugu, abigirira gushyigikira igitero cy’intambara cy’ingabo zindi zitari izemewe z’igihugu, ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka icumi (10) kugeza ku myaka cumi n’itanu (15). Umuntu wese wemera, ku bushake, kwinjira cyangwa gutorerwa kujya mu ngabo zitari ingabo zemewe z’igihugu, ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka irindwi (7) kugeza ku myaka icumi (10). Ibyaha bivugwa mu gika cya mbere n’icya kabiri by’iyi ngingo bikurikiranwa biregewe cyangwa bitangiwe uruhushya n’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru cyangwa Umushinjacyaha Mukuru wa Gisikare hakurikijwe imiterere y’icyaha.”

implication. As the Court stated more than a century ago : “Even if it were true that the decision referred to was not in harmony with some of the previous decisions, we had supposed that a later decision in conflict with prior ones had the effect to overrule them, whether mentioned and commented on or not.” Reba muri Shannon, B. S. (2009). Overruled by implication. Seattle UL Rev., 33, 151. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1972&c ontext=sulr

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[57] Iyi ngingo yasimbuye iyari iya 163 mu Itegeko-Teka no 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/08/1977 ryashyiragaho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana yagiraga iti:’’ Azahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka itanu kugeza ku myaka icumi n’ihazabu y’amafaranga atarenga ibihumbi magana abiri, umuntu uzarema ingabo, cyangwa akabisembura, cyangwa akagirana amasezerano nazo, abikoresheje ibiguzi, ibihembo, amasezerano, iterabwoba, igitugu cy’ubutegetsi cyangwa cy’umulimo kandi abigiriye gushyigikira igitero cy’intambara z’ingabo zindi zitari izemewe z’igihugu. Azahanishwa igifungo kuva ku mwaka umwe kugeza kuri itanu n’ihazabu y’amafaranga atarenga ibihumbi ijana, Umuntu wese uzaba yemeye ku bwende bwe kwinjira cyangwa gutorerwa kujya mu gitero cy’intambara kitabariwe mu ngabo zemewe z’igihugu. Ibyaha bivuzwe muri iyi ngingo bizakurikiranwa leta ya Repubulika ibiregeye cyangwa ibyemeye.” [58] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, rwasobanuye iyo ngingo rugendeye ku murongo watanzwe n’imanza zaciwe mbere zemeje ko abaregwa kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe badahamwa n’icyo cyaha rutitaye ku kuba hari izindi zaciwe nyuma yazo ku bari bakurikiranweho icyo cyaha cyikabahama. Mu gukemura izo mpaka, uru Rukiko rurasuzuma niba izo manza koko zarasuzumye ibibazo bisa, hanyuma zigafata imirongo itandukanye. [59] Mu rubanza n˚ RPA 0255/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/12/2013, INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire na bagenzi be baburana n’Ubushinjacyaha, bakurikiranweho kuba barashinze umutwe wiswe Coalition des

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Forces Démocratiques (CFD), ushamikiye ku ishyaka FDU- Inkingi, bagamije guteza umutekano muke mu gihugu mu rwego rwo guhatira Leta y’u Rwanda kujya mu mishyikirano. Ubushinjacyaha bushingiye kuri ibyo bikorwa bwabareze icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe bagamije igitero cy’intambara cyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 163 yavuzwe haruguru.12 [60] Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze ibikorwa bigize ibyaha byo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe hagamijwe guteza umutekano muke mu gihugu, atari ibyaha bigendereye guhungabanya umudendezo wa Leta n’ibindi bihugu, ahubwo bigendereye kurwanya inzego za Leta iriho mu rwego rwo gufata ubutegetsi ku ngufu cyangwa guhatira Ubuyobozi buriho kujya mu mishyikirano, bitewe n’uko iyo ngingo ya 163 iherereye mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’ibyaha bikorerwa igihugu. Muri icyo cyiciro hakaba havugwamo ibyaha bigendereye guhungabanya umudendezo wa Leta n’ibindi bihugu (atteinte à la sûreté extérieure de l’Etat), naho ibyo abaregwa bari bakurikiranweho bikaba biri mu cyiciro cya kabiri kivuga ibyaha bigendereye kuvutsa igihugu umudendezo (atteinte à la sûreté intérieure de l’Etat). 13 [61] Muri urwo rubanza kandi Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagaragaje ko ari bwo bwa mbere rwari rusuzumye ikibazo nk’iki kuko mu rubanza n˚ RPA 0298/10/CS rwaciwe ku wa 24/02/2012, haregwa MUSHAYIDI Déogratias, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rutagisuzumye kubera ko mu bujurire nta muburanyi

12 Reba ibika bya 396 na 397 by’urubanza no RPA 0255/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/12/2013 13 Idem, ibika 409-410

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wari wakirushyikirije.14 Ni muri urwo rwego kandi n’urubanza n˚ RPA 0249/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 16/09/2016, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NDERERIMANA Norbert alias Gaheza hamwe na bagenzi be, rwagarutsweho n’Ubushinjacyaha narwo rutari bushingirweho muri uru rubanza bitewe n’uko narwo rutasuzumye ibijyanye n’iremwa ry’umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe kuko icyo kibazo kitajuririwe ngo gisuzumwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Hajuririwe gusa ibijyanye n’ibihano. Bityo, urubanza rwa INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire na bagenzi be akaba ari rwo rugomba kugereranywa n’urubanza n˚ RPA 0224/12/CS rwa HABYARIMANA Emmanuel n’Ubushinjacyaha rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/01/2017 kuko arirwo ruheruka gucibwa kuri icyo kibazo. [62] Muri urwo rubanza rwa HABYARIMANA Emmanuel yarezwe kuba yarinjiye mu ishyaka ry’umwami KIGELI ryitwa Rwandese Protocol for the Return of the Kingdom (RPRK), rikorana na KAYUMBA NYAMWASA ryari rigamije ko umwami KIGELI agaruka mu gihugu akaba yari ashinzwe gushaka insoresore zo gutoza igisirikare kugirango bazatere igihugu cy’u Rwanda. Mu gusesengura ibikorwa bigize icyaha, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ntirwigeze rwita ku kumenya niba kurema umutwe w’ingabo utemewe ushamikiye kuri RPRK ugamije igitero cy’intamabara byari bigendereye kwegurira cyangwa komeka igice cy’u Rwanda ku bihugu by’amahanga cyangwa niba uwo mutwe ugizwe n’ingabo z’amahanga (les mercenaires), ahubwo nk’uko bigaragara muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwemeje ko kwinjiza abantu mu mutwe w’ingabo zindi zitari izemewe z’igihugu ugamije guhungabanya umutekano w’igihugu byihagije kugirango icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo

14 Reba mu gika cya 407 cy’urubaza rwa INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire rwavuzwe

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bitemewe cyibe cyuzuye. Ibyo bigaragarira aho Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwahamije HABYARIMANA Emmanuel icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo utemewe rugendeye ku kuba yemera ko yahaye SEBATEMBA misiyo yo gushaka abasore bo kujyana mu gisirikare cya ba KAYUMBA NYAMWASA ukorana n’ishyaka ry’umwami KIGELI, ibyo SEBATEMBA nawe akabimushinja kandi n’abo basore bakaba barafatiwe i Kayonza, bagiye kujyanwa Uganda.15 [63] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga izi manza zavuzwe, yaba urubanza rwa INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire ndetse n’uru rwa HABYARIMANA Emmanuel ruheruka, zihuriye ku kuba abaregwa bari abanyarwanda bakukiranweho kurema imitwe y’ingabo bitemewe igamije kugaba ibitero by’intambara bigamije guhungabanya umutekano hagenderewe guhindura ubutegetsi buriho. Ndetse muri iyo mitwe y’ingabo ivugwa yose hakaba nta n’umwe muri yo ugizwe n’abanyamahanga cyangwa abacanshuro (mercenaires) kuko ari abayigize n’abashishikarizwaga kuyijyamo ari abanyarwanda. Ibi rero bigaragaza ko ibikorwa byaregerwaga muri izi manza bisa. Kuba rero Urubanza rwa HABYARIMANA Emmanuel, ari narwo ruheruka, rutaragaragaje ko kugira ngo iki cyaha cyuzure ari ngombwa ko umutwe w’ingabo utemewe uba ugamije kwegurira igice cy’u Rwanda ibihugu by’amahanga cyangwa izo ngabo zigomba kuba zigizwe n’aba mercenaires, bivuze ko umurongo wari mu rubanza rwa INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire, mu buryo buteruye, wahinduwe. [64] Uru Rukiko rurasanga icyakora, n’ubwo urwo rubanza rwakemuye izo mpaka ku ruhande rumwe ku birebana n’abashobora gukurikiranwaho icyo cyaha, rutarasobanuye neza

15 Igika cya 17 n’icya 23 cy’urwo rubanza n˚ RPA 0224/12/CS

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ibijyanye no kumenya ibigize icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe. Hashingiwe ku kuba iki cyaha giherereye mu cyiciro cy’ibyaha bihungabanya umudendezo wa Leta n’ibindi bihugu (Infractions contre la sûreté extérieure de l’Etat), uru Rukiko rurasanga icyangombwa, rugendeye mu murongo w’urwo rubanza ruheruka rw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ari uko abahungabanya umutekano w’igihugu babikorana n’imitwe yashingiwe hanze, igamije guhungabanya umutekano w’igihugu iturutse hanze yacyo, kabone n’ubwo yaba ifatanyije na bamwe mu bari mu gihugu imbere. Muri icyo gihe rero, abawurimo bose bakurikiranwaho iki cyaha, bapfa kuba bujuje ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 459, ni ukuvuga kurema umutwe w’ingabo utari mu zemewe z’igihugu, gusembura iremwa ryazo, (gukora ibintu bituma ziremwa), kugirana amasezerano nazo, gushyigikira igitero cy’intambara cy’ingabo nk’izo no kuzishyigikira hifashishijwe impano, igihembo, iterabwoba cyangwa igitugu. [65] Muri uru rubanza abaregwa icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe banaregwa icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, bamwe muri bo bakanaregwa icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba. Ibi byaha byombi bitandukaniye ku kiba kigambiriwe mu gukora icyaha. Mu gihe kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe biteganywa mu ngingo ya 459 ikiba kigambiriwe ari ugushyigikira igitero cy’intambara cy’ingabo zindi zitari izemewe z’igihugu, umutwe w’iterabwoba wo uba ugambiriye ibikorwa by’iterabwoba16.

16 Reba ingingo ya 2, agace ka 11, y’Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu isobanura umutwe w’iterabwoba: itsinda ry’abantu rikorera kuri gahunda, kandi rifite umugambi wo gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba;

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[66] Abaregwa muri uru rubanza ku bijyanye n’iki cyaha bari mu byiciro 2: hari abari muri FDLR-FOCA na CNRD-FLN batigeze bajya muri MRCD-FLN, abo ni NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase. Hakaba n’ababaye muri MRCD-FLN imaze guhurizwamo CNRD-FLN n’andi mashyaka. Ababaye muri FDLR-FOCA bari mu mutwe w’iterabwoba kuko uwo mutwe washyizwe ku rutonde rw’imitwe y’iterabwoba n’umuryango w’abibumbye.17 Bityo rero, Urukiko rusanga badashobora guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe mu gihe bari mu mutwe wemejwe kuba uw’iterabwoba; ni ukuvuga ugamije ibikorwa by’iterabwoba nk’uko itegeko ribisobanura. Ababaye muri MRCD-FLN bavugwa muri iki cyiciro bakurikiranweho ibyaha byo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba; ku rwego rwa mbere birabahama, bamwe barajurira abandi ntibajurira. Ku byerekeye NIZEYIMANA Marc n’ubwo we yajuririye ko ibikorwa yakoze bitagize icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, uru Rukiko rwamuhamije icyaha cyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 41 cy’uru rubanza. Naho ku bireba NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, nawe icyo cyaha yagihamijwe n’uru Rukiko nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 89 cy’uru rubanza. Muri rusange abahamijwe iki cyaha bahoze mu mutwe wa MRCD-FLN batabijuririye ni RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien na HAKIZIMANA Théogène, bivuze ko bemera ko babaye mu mutwe w’iterabwoba.

17 The FDLR was listed on 31 Dec. 2012 pursuant to the criteria set out in paragraph 4 of resolution 2078 (2012)

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[67] Uru Rukiko rurasanga rero umutwe wa FLN abaregwa baremye18 abandi bakawubamo atari umutwe w’ingabo utemewe kuko utari ugamije igitero cy’intambara nk’uko bivugwa mu ngingo ya 459, ahubwo nk’uko ibikorwa byawo byawugaragaje mu bitero wagabye ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, mu Turere twa Rusizi, Nyamasheke, Nyamagabe na Nyaruguru uwo mutwe wari ugamije ibikorwa by’iterabwoba nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 2, iya 18 n’iya 19 z’Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu. Kubera izo mpamvu uru Rukiko rurasanga ibyo Ubushinjacyaha bwajuririye busaba ko aba baregwa bahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe nta shingiro bifite.  Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba [68] Ubushinjacyaha bunenga uburyo Urukiko rubanza rutahamije RUSESABAGINA Paul icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba nk’icyaha ukwacyo, ahubwo ibikorwa bikigize rukabifatira hamwe n’ibindi yakoze byo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba. Ibi Ubushinjacyaha bubishingira ku kuba ibikorwa yakoze bihura n’ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 3 (1°) (a) y’Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba.

18 Ku birebana n’iremwa ry’uyu mutwe, nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandikomvugo y’ibazwa ya RUSESABAGINA Paul ryo ku wa 31/08/2020, ku rupapuro rwa 4 n’urwa 5, RUSESABAGINA Paul yemeye ko afatanyije n’abandi bari kumwe muri MRCD bemeje ko igira n’umutwe w’ingabo, bawuha izina rya FLN. N’ubwo avuga ko atari mu baremye FLN kuko yahoze ari iya CNRD, igihe bari bamaze gushinga MRCD ni nabwo bemeje kuyiha umutwe w’ingabo bawita FLN, ndetse uza kongerwamo n’ingabo zazanywe na RRM ya NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara.

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[69] Ubushinjacyaha bukavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rutagombaga gushingira ku Itegeko nº 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba ngo rwemeze ko ibyo yakoze bigize icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba kuko iyo hari amategeko abiri ahana icyaha kimwe, itegeko ryihariye ari ryo rigomba gukoreshwa. Bukomeza buvuga ko bitewe n’uko aya mategeko yombi ahana uwateye inkunga iterabwoba, itegeko ryagombaga gushingirwaho ari Itegeko no 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba, kuko muri iri tegeko icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba cyateganyijwe nk’icyaha cyihariye, aho gufatwa nka kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cyo gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba. [70] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko iby’uko Urukiko rubanza rwasanze icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba cyagombye kuregwa undi muntu ku giti cye cyangwa umuryango ufite ubuzimagatozi utera inkunga umutwe w’iterabwoba, ariko atari mu bawushinze cyangwa ngo abe ari mu bagize inzego z’Ubuyobozi bwawo, akabikora azi ko iyo nkunga izakoreshwa ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, atari byo kuko nta na hamwe Umushingamategeko yateganyije ko umuntu washinze umutwe w’iterabwoba cyangwa uri mu bawuyobora atahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba mu gihe ibikorwa bigize icyo cyaha byuzuye. Buvuga ko ahubwo Urukiko rubanza rwagombaga kubona ko ibi byaha byombi byakozwe mu mpurirane mbonezamugambi. [71] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko ibikorwa bitandukanye byo gutera inkunga iterabwoba RUSESABAGINA Paul ubwe yakoze, birimo gutanga inkunga y’amafaranga, iy’ibikoresho bya gisirikari (nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bika bya

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113-132 by’urubanza rujuririrwa) bihura n’ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 3 (1°) (a) y’Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ko rero nta cyari kubuza ko ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba, ndetse bitanabujije ko ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD- FLN, kuko ibyo byaha byombi bibangikana cyane ko byakozwe mu mugambi umwe w’iterabwoba, kandi bigize impurirane mbonezamugambi y’ibyaha. [72] RUSESABAGINA Paul ntacyo yasubije kuri iki kibazo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [73] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta mpaka ziri ku kuba RUSESABAGINA Paul yarateye inkunga ibikorwa by’iterabwoba by’umutwe wa MRCD-FLN, abereye umuyobozi nk’uko byanasobanuwe mu gika cya 139 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa. Rurasanga ahubwo impaka ziri ku kumenya niba ibikorwa yakoze byo gutera inkunga iterabwoba bikwiye guhanwa hashingiwe ku Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba cyangwa niba hashingirwa ku Itegeko nº 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, cyangwa yombi. [74] Ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba ivuga abarebwa n’iryo tegeko muri ubu buryo: “Iri tegeko rireba umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa umuryango ufite ubuzimagatozi, mu rwego rw’imirimo bakora, bayobora, bagenzura, cyangwa batanga inama ku byerekeranye no kubitsa, kuvunjisha, gushora

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imari, guhindura cyangwa ubundi buryo bwose bwo kwimura amafaranga cyangwa undi mutungo.” [75] Iyi ngingo ya 2 y’Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, igaragaza ko kugira ngo umuntu akurikiranwe, anahanwe, hashingiwe kuri iri tegeko hagomba kubanza kugaragazwa ko ari mu bo rireba. Ni ukuvuga kuba ari umuntu cyangwa umuryango ufite ubuzima gatozi mu rwego rw’imirimo akora akaba: - ayobora, - agenzura, cyangwa - atanga inama, ku byerekeranye no kubitsa, kuvunjisha, gushora imari, guhindura cyangwa ubundi buryo bwose bwo kwimura amafaranga cyangwa undi mutungo. Ibi nyamara siko byahoze mu Itegeko n°47/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba, kuko ryo nta mwihariko ryashyiraga ku bo rireba; bikaba byumvikanisha ko Umushingamategeko yashatse ko Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba rihana abavugwa mu ngingo ya 2 yaryo gusa19.

19 Article 2 of the law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing. Scope of this Law : “This Law applies to any individual or legal person that, in the framework of his/her or its profession, conducts, controls or advises on transactions involving deposits, exchanges, investments, conversions or any other movement of capital or any other property”.

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[76] Ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko nº 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba isobanura ibikorwa by’iterabwoba. Mu agace kayo ka 4o, (b) igateganya ko igikorwa cy’iterabwoba ari igikorwa cyose cyo guteza imbere, gutera inkunga, guha ubufasha, kuyobora, gufasha, koshya, kwigisha, gutoza, kugerageza, gushishikariza, gukangisha, kugambana, gutegura cyangwa gutanga ibikoreshwa, gikozwe n’umuntu uwo ari we wese hagamijwe gukorwa icyo ari cyo cyose mu bivugwa mu gace ka a). Ingingo ya 19 y’iryo Tegeko yo igateganya ko “Umuntu ukora, ugerageza gukora, ugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba cyangwa ushyigikira ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, aba akoze icyaha”. [77] Izo ngingo zombi zisomewe hamwe zumvikanisha ko uteye inkunga iyari yo yose iterabwoba aba akoze igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Nta mwihariko iri tegeko ryashyize kubakwiye gukurikiranwaho ibyo bikorwa kuko rihana uwo ari we wese bigaragayeho. Mu gihe nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru gukurikiranwaho ibyaha hashingiwe ku Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba bisaba kuba uri mu kiciro cy’abarivugwamo. Nk’uko byumvikana aya mategeko yombi akaba atareba abantu bamwe, bityo, hakaba nta n’impaka zikwiye kugibwa ku birebana n’itegeko rikwiye gukoreshwa aha cyangwa hariya kuko buri ryose ryagenewe abo rikwiye gukoreshwaho. Ni muri urwego rero Itegeko rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba ridashobora gukoreshwa ku bikorwa byo gutera inkunga iterabwoba RUSESABAGINA Paul akurikiranweho hatabanje kugenzurwa niba ari mu cyiciro cy’abarebwa n’iryo Tegeko.

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[78] Mu rubanza rujuririrwa n’ubwo Urukiko rubanza rutahamije RUSESABAGINA Paul icyaha cyo gutera inkunga ibikorwa by’iterabwoba hashingiwe ku Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba, ntirwasuzumye niba ari mu barebwa n’iryo tegeko, ahubwo rwavuze ko iki cyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba cyagombye kuregwa undi muntu ku giti cye cyangwa umuryango ufite ubuzimagatozi utera inkunga umutwe w’iterabwoba, ariko atari mu bawushinze cyangwa ngo abe ari mu bagize inzego z’ubuyobozi bwawo, akabikora azi ko iyo nkunga izakoreshwa ibikorwa by’iterabwoba20. [79] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ikibazo atari ukuba uregwa ari mu bashinze cyangwa mu bayobozi b’umutwe w’iterabwoba hanyuma agatera inkunga iterabwoba nk’uko Urukiko rubanza rwabyemeje, ahubwo icyagombaga gusuzumwa ni ukureba niba RUSESABAGINA Paul abarizwa mu cyiciro cy’abarebwa n’itegeko rihana gutera inkunga ibikorwa by’iterabwoba biteganywa n’itegeko rikumira iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba. [80] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga haba mu rwego rwa mbere no mu rwego rw’Ubujurire, nta mpaka zagiwe ku bijyanye no kumenya niba RUSESABAGINA Paul mu rwego rw’imirimo ye, ari umuntu ukora, uyobora, ugenzura, cyangwa utanga inama ku byerekeranye no kubitsa, kuvunjisha, gushora imari, guhindura cyangwa ubundi buryo bwose bwo kwimura amafaranga cyangwa undi mutungo ku buryo iri tegeko rimureba. Bityo, Urukiko rukaba ntaho rwahera rumuhamya icyaha kivugwa muri iryo Tegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/8/2018

20 Reba igika cya 138 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa

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rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba. 3. KU BYAHA ABAREGWA BAJURIRIYE A. Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyaha cyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba [81] Abajuririye ibi byaha ni NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na NIZEYIMANA Marc.  NSHIMIMANA Emmanuel [82] NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel n’umwunganira ntibemera ibyo yahamijwe n’Urukiko rubanza by’uko yabaye muri FLN, kuko icyo yemera ari uko yabaye muri FDLR na CNRD-Ubwiyunge, kandi iyo mitwe akaba yarayigiyemo ku ngufu ayinjijwemo n’abasirikare bayo, bamukuye ku ishuri afite imyaka cumi n’irindwi (17), ndetse akaba atarashoboraga kuyivamo kuko yabigerageje agakubitwa inkoni 300 kandi n’uwabigeragezaga wese akaba yarafatirwaga ibihano bikomeye birimo n’urupfu. Avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rutitaye ku mibereho ye bwite no kuba MRCD-FLN itandukanye na CNRD kandi ibyo kuba iyo mitwe yari itandukanye byaranasobanuwe na Colonel NIYONZIMA Arthémon wari trésorier général wa CNRD-Ubwiyunge mu mvugo ze abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha. Avuga kandi ko kuba atarigeze aba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN, byemezwa n’ubuhamya bwa Gén. MBERABAHIZI David. Asoza avuga ko yakoreshejwe icyaha ku gahato, bityo hakaba nta buryozwacyaha bukwiye kubaho.

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[83] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibyo NSHIMIYAMANA Emmanuel aburanisha mu bujurire, ari nabyo yireguje ku rwego rubanza, Urukiko rumaze kubisuzuma rumuhamya icyaha. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko unenga urubanza rujuririrwa aba agomba kugaragaza amakosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze, kandi NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel akaba ntayo agaragaza, kuko Urukiko Rukuru nyuma yo gusuzuma ibimenyetso byatanzwe n’impande zombi kuri iki kibazo n’impaka zakigiweho, rwemeje ko ahamwa n’iki cyaha, mu bujurire akaba nta kindi kimenyetso agaragaza ko Urukiko rubanza rwibeshye. [84] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko Urukiko rubanza rwamuhamije icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN, rushingiye ku bimenyetso bitandukanye bwatanze, birimo ibyo ubwe yiyemereye mu mabazwa ye mu Bugenzacyaha, nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandikomvugo yo ku wa 15 Nyakanga 2020, ku kibazo n’igisubizo cya 4, aho yavuze ko yabaye muri FDLR-FOCA kuva mu mwaka wa 2012 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016, ndetse akaba no muri MRCD-FLN kugeza afashwe ku wa 22 Gashyantare 2020. Ibyo ni nabyo yiyemereye mu Bushinjacyaha ku wa 14 Kanama 2020 no ku wa 24 Nzeri 2020. Buvuga na none ko ibyo NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel avuga ko atigeze aba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba ashingiye ku mvugo za Gén. MBERABAHIZI David, nta shingiro bifite kuko uwo Gén. MBERABAHIZI David, mu ibazwa rye mu Bugenzacyaha ryo ku wa 02 Gashyantare 2020, ntiyigeze agaragaza ko NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel atigeze aba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba. Naho ku birebana no kuba yari umwana ubwo yinjiraga muri iyo mitwe, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko atari impamvu imukuraho uburyozwacyaha, kuko atari umwana wo kutaryozwa ibyo yakoze.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [85] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga impaka ku bujurire bwa NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko rubanza rwarakoze amakosa mu kwemeza ko yabaye muri MRCD-FLN no kuba rutaritaye ku mibereho ye bwite rushingiye ku buryo yinjijwe muri uwo mutwe ku gahato, kandi akiri umwana no kuba atarashoboraga kuwigobotora. [86] Ku byerekeye kuba atarigeze aba mu gisirikare cya MRCD-FLN, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko nk’uko Urukiko rubanza rwabisobanuye mu gika cya 445, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel yinjiye mu gisirikare cya FDLR, aho gicikiyemo ibice, ajya muri CNRD nk’uko nawe abyiyemerera. Rurasanga ikindi kidashidikanwaho, ari uko CNRD n’ingabo zayo, mu mwaka wa 2018, byaje kwiyunga n’indi mitwe bikabyara MRCD-FLN, ko rero ubwo NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel yafatwaga ku wa 22/02/2020, CNRD nta ngabo bwite yari igifite, kuko zari zarabaye FLN ya MRCD. Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko rubanza rutaramurenganyije kuko ubwo yafatwaga, igisirikare cya CNRD cyari cyarabaye MRCD-FLN, kandi akaba ari ni nacyo yafatiwemo. [87] Naho ku byerekeye kuba ngo Urukiko rubanza rutaritaye ku mibereho ye bwite rushingiye ku kuba yarinjijwe muri uwo mutwe ku gahato, ari umwana kandi akaba atarashoboraga kuwigobotora, uru Rukiko rurasanga nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko nk’uko nawe ubwe abyiyemerera, yinjiye mu gisirikare cya FDLR afite imyaka cumi n’irindwi (17), akaba atari akiri umwana muto utaryozwa icyaha. Rurasanga ahubwo nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwabibonye, iyo myaka rwayishingiyeho

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rumugabanyiriza igihano, aho kumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka itatu (3)21. [88] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi ubwo yinjiraga mu gisirikare cya CNRD, yari yaramaze kuba mukuru bihagije kuko yari amaze kugira imyaka makumyabiri n’itatu (23)22. Ibyo bikaba binagaragaza ko igihe igisirikare cya CNRD cyari gihindutse MRCD-FLN, nta rwitwazo rwo kuba umwana cyangwa agahato yari agifite kuko yakomeje kukigumamo. [89] Naho ibyo kuba atarashoboraga kukigobotora, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga uretse imvugo ye gusa ko yagerageje kukivamo akabihanirwa, n’abashakaga kukivamo ngo bakaba barahabwaga ibihano bya kinyamaswa, nta kimenyetso agaragaza kibishimangira, ndetse imvugo za HAKIZIMANA Uzziel na GATABAZI Joseph ntizigaragaza ko ari ko byamugendekeye. Uru Rukiko rurasanga ariko yaba iyo mvugo ye yaba n’izo nyandikomvugo avuga, bitafatwa nk’ukuri kuko ababivuze atari abantu bari bivanye muri icyo gisirikare ku bushake ku buryo baba badafite aho babogamiye. Kubera izo mpamvu Urukiko rurasanga icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba kimuhama. Ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite.  NIZEYIMANA Marc [90] NIZEYIMANA Marc avuga ko atemera icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyaha cyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba yahamijwe n’Urukiko rubanza, ko icyo yemera ari uko yabaye mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe.

21 Igika cya 687 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa 22 Ubwo FDLR yacikakagamo ibice, kimwe cyikiyita CNRD.

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Asobanura ko yafashwe ari Koloneli mu ngabo za FLN, ari commandant wungirije wa segiteri ya kabiri, ko mu mwaka wa 2002 yinjiye muri FDLR- FOCA agenda azamuka mu ntera ya gisirikari, aba commandant ushinzwe protection ya segiteri i Masisi. Avuga ko yavuye muri FDLR mu mwaka wa 2016 nyuma y’uko habaye ukutumvikana ku bijyanye no kubarura impunzi, ko abari bashyigikiye icyo gitekerezo batandukanye na FDLR, bashinga CNRD, nawe ajyana ingabo yayoboraga muri uwo mutwe, akomeza imirimo yakoraga. Avuga ko bigeze mu mwaka wa 2018, Gén. IRATEGEKA Wilson yamubwiye ko hashinzwe impuzamashyaka ya MRCD nk’umutwe wa politike, ariko we ntiyabyitaho kuko nta munyapolitike bavuganaga, ko we akenshi yabaga ari mu mirwano, ntamenye aho inama zaberaga, ko rero ntaho ahuriye n’ibyaha yahamijwe, kandi n’Ubushinjachaha bukaba nta kimenyetso bwabitangiye, uretse kubivuga gusa. [91] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko urubanza rujuririrwa rwashingiye ku mvugo za NIZEYIMANA Marc ubwe yavuze abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha, aburana ku ifunga n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo, ndetse anaburana urubanza mu mizi no ku mvugo za bamwe mu babanye na NIZEYIMANA Marc mu mitwe y’iterabwoba, barimo BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, KWITONDA André, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara. [92] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ingingo ya 107, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko n° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko iyo icyaha cyabonewe ibimenyetso bikigaragaza, ugikurikiranweho cyangwa umwunganira ashobora kwerekana impamvu zose yireguza, zerekana ko ikirego kitakwemerwa, zihamya ko icyo

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aregwa atari icyaha cyangwa se ko ari umwere n’izindi mpamvu zose zivuguruza izimuhamya icyo cyaha. Nyamara, mu bujurire bwe, NIZEYIMANA Marc n’umwunganizi we bakaba ntaho bagaragaza ko Urukiko rubanza rwaba rwarakoze ikosa mu gushingira kuri biriya bimenyetso kandi akaba atarigeze agaragariza Urukiko Rukuru ibimenyetso bivuguruza ibyo Ubushinjacyaha bwarushyikirije bimushinja ibyaha. [93] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwashingiye ku mwanya yari afite mu gisirikare cya FLN n’uburyo ibyemezo bya gisirikali byafatwaga, kandi uko yabisobanuye ku rwego rubanza, akaba ari nta gishya yongeyemo. Bityo, nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza no RPAA 0024/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 14/03/2014, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NSENGIYUMVA na bagenzi be23, mu gihe nta ngingo atanga zivuguruza iby’Urukiko rubanza rwashingiyeho, uru Rukiko rukwiye kwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [94] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire ya NIZEYIMANA Marc zishingiye ku kuba atemera ko kuba mu ngabo za FLN bigize icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba.

23 Uwajuriye utarigeze atanga ibimenyetso bivuguruza iby’Urukiko rubanza rwashingiyeho nta shingiro ubujurire bwe buhabwa. Urukiko rwabivuze muri aya magambo : “Urukiko rukaba rusanga Banki y’Abaturage itarashoboye gutanga ibimenyetso bivuguruza iby’Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho ruhanaguraho Nyaguhirwa icyaha, Bityo, ubujurire bwayo bukaba nta shingiro bufite […]”.

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[95] Ingingo 2 y’Itegeko n˚46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, isobanura igikorwa cy’iterabwoba mu byiciro 2 bikurikira: Ikiciro cya mbere kirimo ibikorwa nyirizina bigira ingaruka ku buzima n’imitungo y’abaturage nk’uko bigaragara mu gace kayo ka 4 a), bikozwe hagamijwe: i. gukanga, gutera ubwoba, gukoresha ku ngufu, guhatira cyangwa gutera Leta, umuryango, urwego, abaturage cyangwa icyiciro runaka cyabo gukora cyangwa kudakora igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose, gufata cyangwa kureka umurongo runaka cyangwa kugendera ku mahame runaka; ii. kubuza imirimo ya Leta igenewe abaturage, itangwa rya serivisi za ngombwa ku baturage gukomeza uko bisanzwe cyangwa guteza imidugararo; iii. guteza ubwigomeke ku butegetsi mu gihugu; Igice cya kabiri kikabamo ibikorwa byatumye igikorwa nyirizina gishoboka cyangwa byakozwe mu kugitegura cyangwa mu kukiyobora nk’uko biteganyijwe muri ako gace. [96] Naho agace ka 11 k’iyo ngingo ko kakavuga ko umutwe w’iterabwoba ari “itsinda ry’abantu rikorera kuri gahunda, kandi rifite umugambi wo gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba. Kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba bigahanwa n’ingingo ya 18 ivuga ko: “Umuntu uba cyangwa wemera kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba cyangwa ugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’umutwe w’iterabwoba cyangwa ukora ikintu cyose cyongerera ubushobozi undi mutwe w’iterabwoba, aba akoze icyaha (...). Ingingo ya 19 yo ihana gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba ikavuga ko:

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“Umuntu ukora, ugerageza gukora, ugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba cyangwa ushyigikira ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, aba akoze icyaha (...)”. [97] Izi ngingo zisomewe hamwe, zumvikanisha ko kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba no gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba bigaragarira mu bikorwa birimo ibyo kuba mu mutwe ukorera kuri gahunda ugamije gukora ibikorwa bigira ingaruka ku buzima n’imitungo y’abaturage, bikozwe hagamijwe gukanga, gutera ubwoba, gukoresha ku ngufu, guhatira cyangwa gutera Leta, umuryango, urwego, abaturage cyangwa icyiciro runaka cyabo gukora cyangwa kudakora igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose, gufata cyangwa kureka umurongo runaka cyangwa kugendera ku mahame runaka. [98] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyo NIZEYIMANA Marc avuga ko atari azi imigambi y’iterabwoba mu mitwe y’ingabo yabayemo, nta shingiro bifite, kuko yabaye muri FDLR-FOCA azi ko ari umutwe w’iterabwoba, nk’Uko n’Urukiko Rukuru rwabisobanuye24, akayigumamo kugeza ubwo icikiyemo ibice, mu mwaka wa 2016 akajya mu kiswe CNRD cyaje kwihuza n’andi mashyaka bikabyara MRCD-FLN.

24 Mu gika cya 229, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko FDLR mu bihe bitandukanye yagiye igaba ibitero by’iterabwoba ku butaka bw’u Rwanda bikica abantu, bigasenya ibikorwa remezo, bikangiza imitungo yaba iya Leta cyangwa iy’abantu ku giti cyabo ari umutwe w’iterabwoba nk’uko byemejwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nk’urubanza MANIRAGUHA Rwego Gilbert na bagenzi be n’urwa NSHIMIYIMA na SHEMA Jimmy zavuzwe ndetse n’akanama gashinzwe umutekano k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye nako ku wa 31/12/2012 kawushyize ku rutonde rw’imitwe y’iterabwoba.

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[99] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko NIZEYIMANA Marc yanabisobanuye mu Rukiko Rukuru, yemeye ko uwo mutwe wari ugamije gukuraho ubutegetsi mu Rwanda, ndetse hakaba hari n’ingabo yatoranyije azifasha kwambuka zijya mu gace ka Nyamasheke. Ibyo bikorwa bye bigize ibikorwa by’iterabwoba nk’uko bisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 2, agace ka 4, y’Itegeko n˚ 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba ryavuzwe nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika cya 95 cy’uru rubanza. [100] Naho ibyo avuga ko atageze ku butaka bw’u Rwanda aho ibyaha byakorewe, nabyo uru Rukiko rurasanga bitamuvanaho icyaha cyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika cya 38 cy’uru rubanza nk’umuyobozi w’ingabo zakoze ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, ntahanirwa ibyo byakozwe n’abandi, ahubwo we ahanirwa kuba yarakoze ibikorwa byabibanjirije, kandi byatumye ibindi bikorwa by’iterabwoba byabaye nyuma bishyirwa mu bikorwa. [101] Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, ubujurire bwa NIZEYIMANA Marc kuri iyi ngingo nta shingiro bufite. B. Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kugambana no gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’ iterabwoba [102] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard yajuririye icyaha cyo kugambana n’icyo gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwakoze ikosa ryo kukimuhamya kandi atarakirezwe, agasaba uru Rukiko ko rwakimuhanaguraho, kuko Urukiko rubanza

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rwakoze ikosa ryo kumushyira mu gikundi kimwe na MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas na bagenzi be bagiye bashishikariza abandi gukora ibyo byaha. [103] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko bwemeranya na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard ko atigeze aregwa cyangwa ngo asabirwe ibihano ku cyaha cyo kugambana no gushishikiriza abandi gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, bityo ko adakwiye kugihamywa n’Urukiko. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [104] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko bigaragara mu rubanza rujuririrwa mu gika cya 697, Urukiko Rukuru Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha rpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi mu cyemezo cyarwo, rwarahamije NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard icyaha cyo kugambana n’icyo gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba, nyamara nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 679 rwari rwasanze atari mubo gihama. Uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga rero, nk’uko NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard abivuga ndetse akaba abyemeranyaho n’Ubushinjacyaha, Urukiko Rukuru rwaramuhamije icyo cyaha rwibeshye. Bityo, kikaba kitamuhama. 4. IMPAMVU Z’UBUJURIRE ZIREBANA N’IBIHANO [105] Bimwe mu bihano abaregwa bahawe n’Urukiko rubanza, Ubushinjacyaha ntibwabyishimiye, ariko hari n’ibyo abaregwa batishimiye. Muri uru rubanza harabanza gusuzumwa ubujurire

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bw’Ubushinjacyaha mu gice cya mbere cy’uyu mutwe, hanyuma rusuzume mu gice cyawo cya akabiri ibyo abaregwa bajuririye. A. IMPAMVU Z’UBUJURIRE BW’UBUSHINJACYAHA [106] Ubushinjacyaha bwanenze icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru ku bijyanye no kuba rwaremeje ko abaregwa bamwe bemeye ku buryo bwuzuye icyaha maze rukabishingiraho rubagabanyiriza igihano. Ntibwanyuzwe kandi no kuba urwo Rukiko hari abaregwa rwagabanyirije igihano rushingiye ku kuba ari ubwa mbere bakoze icyaha. Ndetse bunanenga kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaragabanyirije ibihano abaregwa kugeza n’ubwo rujya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko. Muri iki cyiciro uru rubanza rurasazuma mu gice cya mbere ibyerekeranye no kumenya niba uburyo abaregwa bemeyemo icyaha ari ukwemera guhagije kwashingirwaho bagabanyirizwa igihano. Mu gice cya kabiri, Urukiko rurasuzuma niba bwari ubwa mbere abaregwa bakoze icyaha ndetse niba ibyo byaba impamvu ituma bagabanyirizwa ibihano. Mu gusoza, Urukiko rurasuzuma niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarakoze ikosa mu kugabanya igihano rukajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’Itegeko. a. Kumenya niba uburyo abaregwa bemeye icyaha ari ukwemera guhagije kwashingirwaho bagabanyirizwa igihano [107] Kuri iyi ngingo, Ubushinjacyaha bunenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, kuba rwaragabanyirije ibihano abaregwa barimo RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien,

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MUNYANEZA Anastase, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, rushingiye ku kwirega no kwemera icyaha, kandi abaregwa bataremeye icyaha ku buryo budashidikanywaho.  Ku bireba RUSESABAGINA Paul [108] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko icyo bunenga Urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rubanza ari uko rwashingiye ku kuba hari ibyo yemeye abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha, mu Bushinjacyaha no mu iburanisha ku ifunga n’ifungura ry’agateganyo, rumugabanyiriza ibihano; nyamara rwirengagiza ko guhera mu gihe yaburanaga ku cyemezo cyongera igihe cy’ifunga ry’agateganyo kugeza atangira kuburanishwa mu mizi y’urubanza, yahinduye imvugo bigera n’ubwo atemera ububasha bw’Urukiko, ndetse yikura mu iburanisha atarisobanura ku byaha aregwa. [109] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 59 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, busanga ugabanyirizwa ibihano ari uwemeye ibyo aregwa kuva mu ntangiriro, kandi akabikora ku buryo budashidikanywaho, ko kandi ibyo atariko biri kuri RUSESABAGINA Paul, ndetse imyitwarire yagaragaje ikaba idakwiye kumubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ku buryo yanabiboneramo inyungu agabanyirizwa igihano ku byaha yahamijwe, birimo icyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba. Ko rero busanga RUSESABAGINA Paul ataragombaga kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko atigeze yemera icyaha mu buryo budashidikanywaho imbere y’Urukiko.

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[110] RUSESABAGINA Paul ntacyo yavuze kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha, haba mu myanzuro cyangwa mu gihe cy’iburanisha kuko atigeze aryitabira.  Ku bireba NIZEYIMANA Marc [111] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko icyo bunenga urubanza rujuririrwa, ari uko Urukiko mu guhamya NIZEYIMANA Marc icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba byateye urupfu, ubusanzwe bihanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, rwamugabanyirije igihano rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) gusa, rushingiye ku kuba hari ibyo yemeye abazwa mu iperereza, aburana ifunga n’ifungura ry’agateganyo n’igihe yaburanaga urubanza mu mizi. Nyamara, nk’uko bigaragara mu mwanzuro we no mu myiregurire ye mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 29/4/2019 n’iryo ku wa 6/5/2021, yahakanye ibyaha hafi ya byose aregwa kuko mu byaha icyenda (9) yarezwe yemeyemo kimwe gusa cyo kuba mu mutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, kandi nacyo, Urukiko rubanza rukaba rwarakimugizeho umwere. ibindi byaha yahamijwe yakabaye yemera akabisabira imbabazi arabihakana. [112] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko na none Urukiko rubanza rwavuze ko hari ibyo NIZEYIMANA Marc yemeye mu iperereza, kandi nabyo yarageze mu gihe cy’iburanisha, akabihakana agamije guhunga icyaha. Bukaba busaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, kuzahuza imyiregurire ya NIZEYIMANA Marc n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 59 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko ukwemera icyaha gushingirwaho uwakoze icyaha agabanyirizwa ibihano, ari ugukozwe kuva mu ntangiriro kandi kugakorwa ku buryo budashidikanywaho. Busanga nta kwemera icyaha

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kwigeze kubaho kuri NIZEYIMANA Marc, ku buryo byamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ituma agabanyirizwa ibihano. [113] NIZEYIMANA Marc avuga ko yemeye icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe ku buryo busesuye kandi agisabira imbabazi, ko ibindi byaha Ubushinjacyaha bumurega atabyemera kuko ntabyo yakoze. Ibyo kuvuga ko yivuguruje ahakana ibyaha yari yemeye mu iperereza avuga ko atari byo, ko ahubwo ibyo bavuga ko yavuze mu ibazwa rye mu Bugenzacyaha, batabimwandikiye uko yabivuze bigatuma abihakana mu gihe yabazwaga mu Bushinjacyaha no mu gihe cy’iburanisha. [114] Me MUREKATETE Henriette, wunganira NIZEYIMANA Marc, avuga ko NIZEYIMANA Marc atemera ibyaha yahamijwe, ariko ko nta kosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze rumugabanyiriza igihano kuko kuva mu ntangiriro yasobanuye uko ibintu byagenze, nk’uko bigaragara mu bika bya 376 na 377 by’urubanza rujuririrwa.  Ku bireba NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase [115] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwabahamije icyaha kimwe cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba rya FDLR-FOCA, rubagabanyiriza igihano rushingiye ku kuba hari ibyo bemeye babazwa mu iperereza, mu kuburana urubanza ku ifunga n’ifungura ry’agateganyo n’igihe baburanaga urubanza mu mizi. Ubushinjacyaha busanga nyamara icyaha bemeye cyo kwinjira mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe, Urukiko rubanza rwarakibagizeho abere. Byongeye kandi mu myanzuro yabo no mu myiregurire yabo mu iburanisha bavuze ko batemera icyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba, kuko igihe bafatwaga bari baramaze kuva muri FDLR-FOCA,

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baragiye muri CNRD-Ubwiyunge. Ndetse ko kuva bahunga igihugu muri 1994 batigeze bongera kugaruka mu Rwanda, bakaba nta gitero na kimwe cyagabwe na FDLR-FOCA bigeze bazamo mu Rwanda, nta n’icyemezo bafataga muri iyo mitwe kuko batari abayobozi bayo. Ubushinjacyaha bukavuga ko iyi myiregurire yabo igaragaza ko NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase bataburanye bemera ibyaha baregwa ku buryo byababera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha yatuma bagabanyirizwa ibihano. [116] NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien avuga ko kuva mu ntangiriro yemeye icyaha cyo kuba yarabaye muri FDLR-FOCA yaje kwitwa umutwe w’iterabwoba, ko ariko igihe yari awurimo, nta gikorwa cy’iterabwoba we ku giti cye yakoze, ko n’Ubushinjacyaha ntacyo bugaragaza, akaba asanga kuba Urukiko rubanza rwarashingiye kuri uko kwemera icyaha kwe, rukamugabanyiriza ibihano, nta kosa rwakoze kuko rubyemererwa n’amategeko. [117] MUNYANEZA Anastase avuga ko yemeye kuba yarabaye mu mutwe wa FDLR-FOCA, ko kuba muri iyo myiregurire ye Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zituma agabanyirizwa ibihano, nta nenge abibonamo. [118] Me TWAJAMAHORO Herman, wunganira NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase, avuga ko abo yunganira basobanuriye neza Urukiko rubanza ibikorwa bakoze kandi bemera, narwo rubihuza n’inyito y’icyaha rwabahamije, rusanga ibyo bemeye bigize impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zikwiye gutuma bagabanyirizwa ibihano.

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 Ku bireba NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien na HAKIZIMANA Théogène [119] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwabagabanyirije ibihano hashingiwe ku kuba baremeye ibyaha, kandi nk’uko bigaragara mu myanzuro yabo no mu nyandikomvugo z’iburanisha, ntabyo bemeye. Buvuga ko barezwe ibyaha bibiri ariko bakaba bemera gusa kuba mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe, bagahakana kuba uwo mutwe wari uw’iterabwoba nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 434 k’urubanza rujuririrwa. Kubera izo mpamvu, bukaba busanga kuvuga ko bemeye icyaha ku buryo budashidikanywaho bikaba byababera impamvu zituma bagabanyirizwa ibihano, ari ikosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze. [120] Ubushinjacyaha busoza buvuga ko by’umwihariko kuri KWITONDA André mu myanzuro ye yivugira ko yemera icyaha, nyamara akongeraho ko nta bushake bwo kugikora yari afite, ko rero ibyo bigaragaza ko atigeze yemera icyaha; bityo ko Urukiko rutari rukwiye kubishingiraho rumugabanyiriza igihano. [121] NSENGIMANA Herman avuga ko yaburanye ku byaha bibiri mu Rukiko rubanza, birimo icyo kuba mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe n’icyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, ko yemeye ibikorwa byo kuba yarabaye muri iyo mitwe, hanyuma Urukiko rubanza rusanga uwo mutwe yemeye ko yabayemo ari uw’iterabwoba, ko asanga rero hagendewe ku bikorwa yemeye bivuze ko yemeye icyaha kuva mu ntangiriro. [122] Me RUGEYO Jean, wunganira NSENGIMANA Herman, avuga ko nta kosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze ryo

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gushingira ku kuba uwo yunganira yaremeye ibikorwa akurikiranweho, kuko rwabisesenguye rugasanga bigize icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba. [123] NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien we avuga ko yemeye ko yabaye muri FLN, ariko ko kuba wari umutwe w’iterabwoba, atari abizi kandi akaba yaragiyemo kuko ise yari umwe mu bayobozi b’uwo mutwe. Akavuga ko rero we icyo yemeye ari ibikorwa, ibisigaye bikaba ari iby’Urukiko. [124] KWITONDA André avuga ko kuva urubanza rwatangira, yemeye ko yabaye mu mitwe y’iterabwoba, ko ariko yasobanuye n’impamvu zatumye ayijyamo, zirimo igitutu n’iterabwoba yashyizweho n’abayobozi bayo bamuteraga ubwoba ko natajyamo bazamugirira nabi, Bityo ko kuba yaragabanyirijwe ibihano, nta kosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze. [125] HAKIZIMANA Théogène avuga ko kuba Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko adakwiye kugabanyirizwa ibihano kuko atemeye icyaha ku buryo budashidikanywaho, nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa, kuko kuva mu mabazwa yose, yemeye ko yabaye muri MRCD-FLN, Urukiko rubanza rwemeza ko iyi mitwe ari iy’iterabwoba, ko kandi nawe atabihakana, bityo rero kuba rwaragendeye ku bikorwa yemeye, rukamugabanyiriza ibihano, nta kosa rwakoze. [126] Me MUGABO Sharif Yussuf, wunganira NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, KWITONDA André na HAKIZIMANA Théogène, avuga ko mu mwanzuro w’Ubushinjacyaha, nabwo bwemeye ko KWITONDA André yemeye icyaha, ko rero ashingiye ku ngingo ya 59, agace ka gatatu (3˚), y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, kubwe asanga Ubushinjacyaha

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cyangwa uregwa atari bo bagomba kunenga ukwemera icyaha kwe. Akavuga ko niba Umucamanza yarafashe imvugo za KWITONDA André wiyemerera nta gushidikanya ko yabaye muri MRCD-FLN, akabihuza n’Itegeko agasanga agomba kugabanyirizwa, nta kosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze. Kimwe no kuri NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien na HAKIZIMANA Théogène, avuga ko nabo bemeye ibikorwa bakoze mu buryo budashidikanywaho. [127] NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel we avuga ko kuva mu Bugenzacyaha mu mabazwa ye atigeze ahakana ko yabaye mu mitwe aregwa, kandi ko yasobanuye uburyo yayijyanwemo ku gahato. Ibi abihurizaho n’umwunganira mu mategeko Me URAMIJE James.  Ku bireba MUKANDUTIYE Angelina [128] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko MUKANDUTIYE Angelina yahamijwe icyaha kimwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, rumugabanyiriza ibihano rushingiye ku kuba hari ibyo yemeye haba mu iperereza n’igihe cy’iburanisha, nyamara mu Rukiko rubanza yavuze ko yashishikarije abana b’abakobwa kujya muri FLN mbere y’uko CNRD yihuza na PDR-Ihumure bikabyara MRCD. Ibi akaba yarabivuze mu rwego rwo guhunga icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN. Nyamara kandi abatangabuhamya banyuranye barimo abo yashishikarije kujya muri uwo mutwe, bemeje ko yabakanguriye kujya muri FLN, CNRD yaramaze kwihuza na PDR-Ihumure bigashinga MRCD, ko rero kwemera icyaha kwe kutakozwe mu buryo budashidikanywaho nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 59 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange.

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[129] MUKANDUTIYE Angelina avuga ko kuva mu ntangiriro yemeye ko yabaye muri MRCD na CNRD-Ubwiyunge aho yari komiseri ushinzwe iterambere ry’umugore, ko bamaze kubona ko baterwa na ba Maï-Maï yakanguriye abana b’abakobwa kujya mu gisirikare muri iyo mitwe kugira ngo bajye babasha kwirwanaho, ko iyo aza kumenya ko bazatera u Rwanda atari kubikora, ko kandi ibyo bikorwa bye yabyemeye, akabisabira imbabazi. [130] Me MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, wunganira MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, avuga ko asanga impamvu y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha y’uko MUKANDUTIYE Angelina atagombaga kugabanyirizwa ibihano kuko atemeye icyaha mu buryo budashidikanywaho, nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa kuko yemeye icyaha ku buryo bwuzuye, ntacyo ahisha kuva mu nzego z’iperereza kugera ubwo yaburanaga urubanza mu mizi. Avuga kandi ko MUKANDUTIYE Angelina yasobanuriye Urukiko rubanza ko we nka Komiseri wari ushinzwe umuryango n’iterambere ry’umugore, inshingano ze zarangiriraga mu gukangurira urubyiruko rw’abakobwa kwinjira mu gisirikare, agakora urutonde rwabo yakanguriye bemeye, akarushyikiriza Umuyobozi w’abasirikare witwa IRATEGEKA Wilson bitaga Antoine JEVA, ariko ko ibyakurikiragaho byo kujya mu myitozo no kugaba ibitero atabimenyaga kuko we yari umusiviri. [131] Me MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal akomeza avuga ko MUKANDUTIYE Angelina yemereye Urukiko rubanza ko yari Komiseri muri CNRD-Ubwiyunge yaje kwihuza n’indi mitwe bikaba MRCD-FLN ari wo mutwe w’iterabwoba, ibyo bikaba bimugira umwe mu bagize umutwe w’iterabwoba, ari nacyo yahamijwe, akaba ari nabyo byatumye agabanyirizwa igihano. Avuga kandi ko kuba Urukiko rubanza rwarakiriye ukwemera

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icyaha kwa MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, rukagusuzuma rugasanga ukwemera kwe kudashidikanywaho, ndetse kukamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, nta kosa rwakoze, kuko ingingo ya 58 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ivuga ko umucamanza ubwe ariwe ugena niba impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zahabwa agaciro. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [132] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba abaregwa bavugwa muri iki gice bataremeye ibyaha bahamijwe mu buryo budashidikanywaho ku buryo bitari kubabera impamvu yo kugabanyirizwa ibihano. [133] Izo mpaka zikemurwa n’ingingo ya 59, agace ka mbere (1˚), y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru isobanura ibiranga ukwemera icyaha gutuma uregwa agabanyirizwa ibihano no ku gace kayo ka gatatu (3˚) kagaragaza igihe uko kwemera icyaha kugomba gukorerwa kugirango kugirire akamaro uregwa. Mu gace kayo ka mbere (1˚), iyo ngingo iteganya ibi bikurikira: “Umucamanza ashobora kugabanya ibihano nk’iyo ushinjwa, mbere yo gukurikiranwa, yemeye icyaha akagisabira imbabazi uwo yakoreye icyaha n’umuryango nyarwanda mu buryo budashidikanywa, akicuza kandi akishyura ibyo yangije nk’uko bari babimutegerejeho’’. Agace kayo ka gatatu (3˚) kakavuga ko: “Umucamanza ashobora kugabanya ibihano nk’iyo ushinjwa, mu ntangiriro z’iburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere, ushinjwa yireze akemera icyaha mu buryo budashidikanywa’”.

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[134] Iyi ngingo yaje isimbura iyari iya 77 mu Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ivuga ko "Umucamanza ashobora kugabanya ibihano nk’iyo: 1° ushinjwa, mbere yo gukurikiranwa, yemeye icyaha akagisabira imbabazi uwo yakoreye icyaha n’umuryango nyarwanda mu buryo budashidikanywa, akicuza kandi akishyura ibyo yangije nk’uko bari babimutegerejeho; …, 3° mu ntangiriro z’iburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere, ushinjwa yireze akemera icyaha mu buryo budashidikanywa”. [135] Mu gusobanura ibijyanye no kwemera icyaha, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabitanzeho umurongo mu rubanza nº RPA 0343/10/CS rwaciwe ku wa 27/02/2015 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na MPIRANYA Boniface, ruvuga ko ukwemera icyaha gushobora kugirira inyungu uwagukoze ku buryo ashobora kugabanyirizwa igihano yari guhabwa, ari ugukozwe ku buryo budashidikanywaho, ntacyo ashaka gukinga Urukiko cyangwa ngo agire icyo agoreka ku bwende25. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire narwo mu rubanza n˚ RPAA 00381/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 18/3/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na MUSANGAMFURA Damien, rwemeje ko ukwemera icyaha kwe kurimo kugabanya uburemere bwacyo, bityo bikaba bigutesha agaciro26.

25 Reba Urubanza n° RPA 0343/10/CS haburana Ubushinjacyaha na MPIRANYA Boniface rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/02/2015, igika cya 13. 26 Reba igika cya 21 n’icya 26 cy’urubanza n˚ RPAA 00381/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 18/03/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na MUSANGAMFURA Damien.

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[136] Nk’uko byumvikana mu ngingo yavuzwe no mu manza zaciwe zivuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki, ukwemera icyaha kugira agaciro gashobora gutuma uregwa agabanyirizwa igihano iyo nibura kujuje ibi bikurikira: - Kuba kudashidikanywaho, ni ukuvuga kutarimo kugoreka amakuru arebana n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwe, kuva gitegurwa kugeza gishyirwa mu bikorwa; hagaragazwa abakigizemo uruhare n’uruhare rwa nyiri ukwemera, ndetse n’inzira zose zakoreshejwe n’uburyo bwakoreshejwe kugirango kigerweho, - Kuba uwemera agaragaza ko yumva uburemere bw’ibikorwa yemera n’ingaruka zabyo, - Kuba abyicuza, ni ukuvuga agaragaza ko ababajwe n’ibyabaye kandi akaba yumva bitari bikwiye kuba, ndetse ko atazabisubira. - kuba abisabira imbabazi - No kuba yiteguye gusubiza ibyo yangije uko abitegerejweho Ibyo bigakorwa bitarenze, byibuza mu iburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere. [137] Hashingiwe kuri ibi bisobanuro, uru Rukiko rurasuzuma niba Urukiko rubanza rwaba rwarakoze amakosa mu kwemeza ko RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina

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bemeye icyaha ku buryo bibabera impamvu yo kugabanyirizwa igihano.  Ku bireba RUSESABAGINA Paul [138] Mu gika cya 675 k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, rwasobanuye ko kuba RUSESABAGINA Paul abazwa mu iperereza, anaburana ibirebana n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo hari ibyo yemeye, agasobanura uburyo byakozwe, akabisabira imbabazi, bityo akaba akwiye kugabanyirizwa ibihano. [139] Nk’uko bigaragara mu bika bya 12, 13 na 68 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, nyuma yo gutanga inzitizi ebyiri zijyanye n’ububasha bw’Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi bwo kumuburanisha no gusaba gukuraho icyemezo kimufunga by’agateganyo, Urukiko Rukuru rukemeza ko nta shingiro zifite, RUSESABAGINA Paul yikuye mu rubanza, yanga kuburana mu mizi. [140] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kugira ngo hemezwe ko ukurikiranweho icyaha yemeye icyaha aregwa, agomba kuba yarabikoze mu buryo budashidikanywaho igihe cy’iperereza cyangwa mu Rukiko ruburanisha mu mizi. [141] Ibivugwa mu gace kabanziriza aka, byumvikanisha ko ibyavuzwe n’ukurikiranyweho icyaha mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha, yemera icyaha aregwa, agomba kubishimangira imbere y’umucamanza uburanisha mu mizi, agaragaza ko agiye kuburana yemera icyaha aregwa, agasobanura mu buryo

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budashidikanywaho uko icyo cyaha cyakozwe. Ibi ariko ntibibuza Umucamanza kubishingiraho mu gihe uregwa yisubiyeho, akaburana mu mizi ahakana icyo cyaha noneho 27. [142] Icyo Ubushinjacyaha bunenga ni uko Urukiko rubanza rwamugabanyirije igihano rushingiye ku kuba yarireze akemera icyaha mu iperereza kandi nyamara ataritabye Urukiko ngo ashimangire ukwemera kwe mu iburanisha ry’urubanza mu mizi. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyo ubwabyo atari ikosa kuko Umucamanza yemerewe kugenzura ukwirega kwakorewe mu iperereza akaguha agaciro akurikije ireme ryako nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru28. Rusanga ikibazo ahubwo ari uko Urukiko rubanza rushiningiye ku byo rwavuze mu bika bya 87- 91 no mu bika bya 112-118, bigaragaza ahanini uburyo RUSESABAGINA Paul yasobanuye uko bashinze MRCD-FLN, inshingano bayihaye n’uko bigabanyije inshingano ndetse akanemera ko hari amafaranga yayoherereje, rwemeje ko yemeye icyaha rumugabanyiriza igihano, nyamara atemera ko FLN yakoze ibikorwa by’iterabwoba. Avuga ko nk’umuyobozi niba ngo hari ibikorwa by’iterabwoba uwo mutwe wa FLN wakoze abyicuza akanabisabira imbabazi. Ibyo uru Rukiko rukaba

27 ‘‘ Le juge du fond apprécie souverainement la sincérité d’un aveu fait par le prévenu au cours de l’instruction préparatoire, même quand cet aveu a été ultérieurement rétracté devant le tribunal’’ Cass. 29 octobre 1956, 31 octobre 1961, 19 mars 1962, Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2e édition, Larcier, Bruxelles, 2006, P.1042. ‘‘ Cette règle vaut tant pour l’aveu judiciaire que pour l’aveu extrajudiciaire’’, Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, idem. 28 “Tout en consacrant le principe de l’individualisation de la peine par le mécanisme des circonstances atténuantes dont il précise le régime, le législateur a abandonné au juge le soin de rechercher ce qui, dans le cas d’espèce, pourrait à ses yeux constituer une circonstance atténuante”, Christiane Hennau et Jacques Verhaegen, Droit pénal général, 3e édition, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2003, P. 455, n˚ 510.

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rusanga ari ukwiyerurutsa kuko n’ubwo avuga ko yicuza kandi ababajwe n’ibyabaye atemera ko ariwe ari na FLN babifitemo uruhare. Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ukwemera kwe kutarigushingirwaho agabanyirizwa ibihano.  Ku bireba NIZEYIMANA Marc [143] Imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa igaragaza, mu gika cyarwo cya 678, ko Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, rwasobanuye ko rurebye imikorere y’ibyaha bihama NIZEYIMANA Marc, rukareba ko hari ibyo yemeye aburana urubanza mu mizi, abazwa mu iperereza ndetse anaburana ibirebana n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo, nawe akwiriye kugabanyirizwa ibihano. [144] Mu gika cya 676 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko nyuma yo gusesengura ibikorwa NIZEYIMANA Marc aregwa, ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, ariko adahamwa n’icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe w’ingabo utemewe n’icyaha cyo kugirana umubano na Leta y’amahanga bigiriwe gushoza intambara. [145] Imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa, mu gace kayo ka 216 n’aka 218, igaragaza ko NIZEYIMANA Marc yaburanye mu Rukiko rubanza avuga ko yemera icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe wa FDLR-FOCA n’uwa FLN, ko yafashwe ari koloneli mu ngabo za FLN, akaba na commandant wungirije (second) wa segiteri ya kabiri. Yaburanye avuga kandi ko nta bikorwa by’iterabwoba yakoze ku butaka bw’u Rwanda kuko kuva yahunga, atigeze ahagaruka. Avuga kandi ko atanabaye mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN, akaba nta n’amabwiriza

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yatanze yo gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba. Yongeraho ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza ko amahame shingiro y’iyo mitwe harimo ingingo zivuga ko izajya ikora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba ngo abe yarayibayemo abizi kandi abyemera. Yanavuze ko ibyo kuba umutwe wa FLN warakoze ibikorwa by’iterabwoba yabimenye agejejwe imbere y’Ubugenzacyaha, arimo kubazwa. [146] Mu bice bya 225, 226 na 227 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko rwasanze aburana urubanza mu mizi no ku bijyanye n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa by’agateganyo, ndetse abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha, NIZEYIMANA Marc yaremeye ko yabaye mu mutwe w’ingabo wa FDLR-FOCA na FLN, ariko atari imitwe y’iterabobwa kuko icyo bari bagamije ari ukuvanaho ubutegetsi, atari iterabwoba. Imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa, mu gace kayo ka 641, igaragaza ko asubiza ku birebana n’ibihano Ubushinjacyaha bwamusabiraga, NIZEYIMANA Marc yavuze ko asaba Urukiko kumugira umwere ku byaha umunani (8) aregwa kubera ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaje ibimenyetso bushingiraho bubimurega. Naho ku cyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’ingabo utemewe cyo, avuga ko acyemera akanacyicuza, ko ku bw’ibyo yagabanyirizwa ibihano, agahanishwa igifungo cy’umwaka umwe (1); rwasanga ibyo avuga bifite ishingiro, rukanagisubika kubera ko ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe n’ubutabera. [147] Nk’uko bigaragara mu mwanzuro wo kwiregura wa NIZEYIMANA Marc mu bujurire, yakomeje guhakana ko atari mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, ari nabyo yavuze mu iburanisha, asobanura ko atemera icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba. [148] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga icyaha NIZEYIMANA Marc yemeye mu

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Rukiko rubanza no muri uru Rukiko, ari icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, nyamara yaranagihanaguweho ku rwego rwa mbere. Koko rero, nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 228 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko ibikorwa byakozwe na NIZEYIMANA Marc bijyanye no kuba yarinjiye muri FDLR-FOCA, akaninjira mu mutwe wa FLN, bitagize icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe w’ingabo utemewe kubera ko ibi bikorwa yakoze bitari mu rwego rw’ibyaha bihungabanya umudendezo wa Leta n’ibindi bihugu kandi ko atabikoze agamije gushyigikira igitero cy’intambara cy’ingabo zindi zitari izemewe z’igihugu. [149] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero, kuba ukwemera icyaha ari ukwemera ibikorwa bigize icyo cyaha mu buryo budashidikanywaho nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 59 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ryavuzwe haruguru, kandi NIZEYIMANA Marc akaba yarahakanye mu buryo budasubirwaho ibyaha yahamijwe, Urukiko rubanza rwaribeshye mu kumugabanyiriza igihano rushingiye ku mpamvu y’uko hari ibyo yemeye aburana urubanza mu mizi n’ibirebana n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo, cyangwa ngo abazwa mu iperereza. [150] Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha ifite ishingiro.  Ku bireba NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase [151] Imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa igaragaza, mu gace kayo ka 684, ko Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, rwasobanuye ko rurebye imikorere y’ibyaha bihama NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase, rukanareba ko hari ibyo

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bemeye baburana urubanza mu mizi, babazwa mu iperereza cyangwa baburana ibirebana n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo ndetse ngo akaba ari n’ubwa mbere bakurikiranweho ibyaha mu nkiko, bakwiriye kugabanyirizwa ibihano. [152] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 683 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 503 y’Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ryakurikizwaga ubwo bakoraga ibyaha baregwa, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase bahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba, ariko badahamwa n’icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, cyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 459 y’iryo Tegeko Ngenga. [153] Imyiregurire ya NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien mu Rukiko rubanza, nk’uko bigaragara mu bika bya 399, 400 na 401 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, igaragaza ko yaburanye avuga ko yemera icyaha cyo kwinjira mu mutwe w’ingabo zitemewe kuko yinjiye muri FDLR mu mwaka wa 2002 atabigambiriye, ko ku itariki ya 31/5/2016, yavuye muri FDLR ajya muri CNRD, ko yayibayemo kugeza afashwe n’ingabo za Congo FARDC ku wa 9/2/2017, akaba yarafunzwe FLN itarashingwa. Yavuze kandi ko atemera icyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba kuko yafashwe atakiba muri FDLR kuko yari yarinjiye muri CNRD ari we ubyibwirije, ko kuba yarayivuyemo ku bushake, ibyayo atabiryozwa kuko ingingo ya 503 y’Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru ihana umuntu uri cyangwa wemera kuba mu ishyirahamwe

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ry’iterabwoba, kandi nta ruhare yagize mu bitero byagabwe ku butaka bw’u Rwanda. [154] Nk’uko biragaraga na none mu bika bya 402, 403, 404 na 405 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, MUNYANEZA Anastase nawe yireguye mu Rukiko rubanza, avuga ko yemera icyaha cyo kwinjira mu mutwe w’ingabo zitemewe kuko yinjiye muri FDLR mu mwaka wa 2002 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016, akinjira muri CNDR-Ubwiyunge, ayibamo kugeza afashwe n’ingabo za Congo ku wa 10/2/2017. Yavuze kandi ko atemera ko yabaye mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba kuko atari azi raporo ya Département y’Amerika ishyira FDLR mu mitwe y’iterabwoba, ko yayinjiyemo ku bw’amaburakindi, akora akazi k’uburwanyi, ko atari umunyamuryango wayo, nta n’ibyemezo yafataga, kandi atari mu rutonde rw’abagize umutwe w’iterabwoba uwo ariwo wose ugaragazwa na ONU. [155] Nk’uko bigaragara mu bika bya 432 na 433 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, nyuma yo gusuzuma imyiregurire ya NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase, Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko kuba bemera ko babaye muri FDLR kuva mu mwaka wa 2002 kugera bawuvuyemo mu mwaka wa 2016, bagomba guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba, ko kuvuga ko batahamwa n’icyo cyaha kubera ko bafashwe batakiri muri FDLR, nta gaciro byahabwa kuko ingingo ya 503 y’Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru idahana gusa kuba cyangwa kwemera kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba, ahubwo ihana n’uwaba yararibayemo mu gihe kuribamo byafatwaga nk’icyaha. [156] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu miburanire ya NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien yemera ko yinjiye muri FDLR mu

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mwaka 2002 ariko atabigambiriye, akavuga ko abyibwirije yaje kuva muri uwo mutwe akajya muri CNRD mu 2016, akaba yarafashwe atakiba muri FDLR, ko bityo, adakwiye kuryozwa icyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba kuko yafashwe yaramaze kurivamo. MUNYANEZA Anastase we agaragaza ko atemera icyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba kuko n’ubwo yabaye muri FDRL atari aziko yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’imitwe y’iterabwoba kandi ko yayigiyemo kubera amaburakindi akora akazi k’uburwanyi, ariko ko atari umunyamuryango w’iryo shyirahamwe cyangwa ngo abe hari icyemezo icyaricyo cyose yafataga. Ibi bigaragaza ko NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase n’ubwo bemera ko babaye muri FDRL-FOCA, bahakana ko bari baziko bari mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba. Bityo, bakaba bagaragaza ko badashaka kwemera uburemere n’ingaruka z’ibyo bakurikiranweho, ko muri macye ntacyo bicuza. [157] Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe mu gace kabanziriza aka, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ukwemera kwa NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase kutari kujuje ibiteganywa n’amategeko29 ku buryo kwari kuba imwe mu mpamvu ituma bagabanyirizwa ibihano. Bityo, iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha ikaba ifite ishingiro.

29 Ingingo ya 59 y’itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange

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 Ku bireba NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na HAKIZIMANA Théogène [158] Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, mu gika cya 684 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwasobanuye ko rurebye imikorere y’icyaha gihama HAKIZIMANA Théogène, rukanareba ko hari ibyo yemeye aburana urubanza mu mizi, abazwa mu iperereza cyangwa aburana ibirebana n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo ndetse akaba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranweho ibyaha mu nkiko, akwiriye kugabanyirizwa igihano. Mu gika cya 685 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwa mbere rwasobanuye ko kuba NSENGIMANA Herman na KWITONDA André baremeye icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba bahamijwe, bagomba kugabanyirizwa igihano. [159] Mu gika 687 k’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko kuba NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien baremeye ko babaye mu mitwe y’iterabwoba bagomba kugabanyirizwa igihano. [160] Mu gika cya 199 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwagaragaje ko NSENGIMANA Herman, nk’uko yari yabivuze mu Bugenzacyaha, mu Bushinjacyaha n’igihe yari mu Rukiko rwamuburanishije ibyerekeranye n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo, yaraburanye urubanza mu mizi yemera ko yabaye mu mutwe w’ingabo wa FLN, abikanguriwe na NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, ariko atari azi ko ari umutwe w’ingabo utemeye cyangwa uw’iterabwoba, kuko intego bari bafite ari iyo kurwana bakazakorana imishyikirano na Leta y’u Rwanda. Rwagaragaje kandi ko NSENGIMANA Herman yasobanuye ko

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adahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN kubera ko atari umunyamuryango wa MRCD cyangwa umwe mu bayishinze, ko Ubushinjacyaha bukimurega kubera gusa ko ari muri FLN, umutwe wa gisirikare, utandukanye na MRCD umutwe wa politiki. [161] Mu gika cya 437 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasanze NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel yaremeye ko yari muri FDLR-FOCA, akavuga ko yayigiyemo ku ngufu ayinjijwemo n’abasirikare bayo bamukuye ku ishuri, afite imyaka cumi n’irindwi (17), ko yanabaye mu mutwe w’ingabo wa FLN, ko ari nabyo yasobanuye abazwa mu iperereza no mu Rukiko aburana ibirebana n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo; ariko atabaye muri MRCD-FLN kuko yari itandukanye na CNRD. Naho mu gace ka 438 k’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rubanza rwasanze KWITONDA André, aburana mu mizi, yaremeye ko yanabaye muri FDLR-FOCA, anaba muri CNRD no muri FLN, ko ayijyamo atari azi ko ari imitwe y’iterabwoba, akaba ari nabyo yari yavuze abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha, ndetse n’igihe yaburanaga ibijyanye n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo. [162] Mu gika cya 440 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko nk’uko yari yabivuze mu Bugenzacyaha, mu Bushinjacyaha no mu gihe yaburanaga ibijyanye n’infugwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, aburana urubanza mu mizi, yemeye ko yabaye muri FDLR-FOCA, anaba muri CNRD-Ubwiyunge, ariko atamenye ko ari imitwe y’iterabwoba; ko yakomeje kuyibamo kubera igitutu no gutinya ibihano bya kinyamaswa, birimo no kwica byahabwaga abashakaga kuvamo n’inyigisho zo

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kubangisha Leta y’u Rwanda, ariko atigeze aba muri MRCD- FLN. [163] Nk’uko biragaraga mu gika cya 449 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, nk’uko yari yabivuze mu Bugenzacyaha, mu Bushinjacyaha n’igihe yaburanaga ibijyanye n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo, yaraburanye urubanza mu mizi yemera ko yabaye mu mutwe w’ingabo wa FLN, ko atayigiyemo ku bushake bwe, ko yakomeje kuyibamo kubera gutinya ibihano no kubera inyigisho bahabwaga, ko ataryozwa ibyaha yakoreshejwe ku ngufu n’agahato. [164] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo NSENGIMANA Herman yaburanye, mu Rukiko rubanza, yemera ko yari mu mutwe wa FLN, ariko atemeraga ko uwo mutwe ari umutwe w’iterabwabo kuko yavuze ko ari umutwe wa gisirikare, utandukanye na MRCD umutwe wa politiki, kandi ko nta kimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bwagaragaje cyemeza ko ari umunyamuryango cyangwa umwe mu bantu bashinze umutwe wa MRCD-FLN. Bityo, Urukiko rubanza ntirwagombaga kumugabanyiriza igihano rushingiye ku kuba yaremeye icyaha yahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba kuko atacyemeye mu buryo budashidikanywaho, cyane cyane ko imvugo ze zigaragaza ko atumva uburemere n’ingaruka z’ibikorwa akurikiranweho; ibyo bikaba byerekana ko atakicuza. [165] Ku bireba KWITONDA André, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo yaburanye yemera ko yabaye mu mitwe ya FDRL-FOCA na MRCD-FLN, ariko avuga ko atari azi ko iyo mitwe ari iy’iterabwoba, kandi ko yayigumyemo kubera agahato n’iterabwoba. Ntibyabujije Urukiko rubanza kumuhamya icyaha

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cyo kuba mu mitwe y’iterabwoba. Mu gihe rwari rwemeje ko icyaha kimuhama, ntirwashoboraga kwemera kumugabanyiriza igihano rushingiye ku kwemera icyaha kandi nyamara mu miburanire ye agaragaza ko atigeze yumva ko ibyo arimo ari amakosa ngo abyicuze kandi abisabire imbabazi. Kubera izo mpamvu rero, Ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha kuri iyi ngingo bukaba bufite ishingiro. [166] Ku bireba NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kimwe n’abandi bavuzwe haruguru NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, baburanye bemera ko babaye muri FDLR-FOCA na FLN, ariko bagahakana ko babayemo ku bushake kandi ko bari bazi ko ari imitwe y’iterabwoba kuko bavuga ko FLN itandukanye na MRCD. Uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ibyo ari urwitwazo rutesha agaciro ireme ry’ukwemera gutuma bashobora kugabanyirizwa ibihano. Bityo, impamvu y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha kuri iyi ngingo ikaba ifite ishingiro. [167] Ku bireba HAKIZIMANA Théogène, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rusanga n’ubwo yaburanye yemera ko yabaye muri FLN, ariko ko yinjiye muri iyo mitwe, akomeza kuyibamo kubera igitutu no gitinya ibihano, ko atari azi ko ari iy’iterabwoba, ko abayobozi babo batigeze bababwira ko iyo mitwe ari iy’iterabwoba, ndeste ko nta bikorwa by’iterabwoba yigeze akora ku giti cye. Uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga kuvuga ko atari aziko FLN ari umutwe w’iterabwoba, bigaragaza ko atemera ko ibyo yarimo ari amakosa bikaba binumvikanisha ko atumva uburemere n’ingaruka zabyo, bikaba ahubwo ari urwitwazo rugabanya ireme ry’ukwemera kwe. Bityo, ukwemera kwe

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kukaba kutaragombaga gushingirwaho mu byatumye agabanyirizwa ibihano.  Ku bireba MUKANDUTIYE Angelina [168] Mu gika cya 685 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, rwasobanuye ko harebwe ko MUKANDUTIYE Angelina nawe yemeye icyaha, agafasha inzego z’ubutabera, akaba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe mu nkiko, agomba kugabanyirizwa igihano. [169] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 455 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, nyuma yo gusuzuma imyiregure ya MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko aburana urubanza mu mizi, yemeye ko yabaye muri MRCD-FLN ari komiseri ushinzwe umuryango n’iterambere ry’umwari n’umutegarugori n’uko yashishikarizaga abakobwa kujya mu gisirikare, ariko atari azi ko ari umutwe w’iterabwoba, ko ibyo yanabyemeye abazwa haba mu Bugenzacyaha, mu Bushinjacyaha, no mu Rukiko aburana ibijyanye n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo. [170] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 424 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, mu iburanisha mu Rukiko rubanza, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina yavuze ko ubukangurambaga yabukoze bakiri muri CNRD, batari biyunga n’andi mashyaka, ko yabikoraga kubera ishyaka yari afite ashaka kwerekana ko n’abakobwa bashoboye. [171] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga MUKANDUTIYE Angelina yarahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, kandi nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 424

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cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, yaburanye mu Rukiko rubanza avuga ko yinjiye mu mutwe wa FDLR, aza no kwinjira mu mutwe wa CNRD mu mwaka wa 2016, ufite umutwe w’ingabo wa FLN, anagirwa Komiseri ushinzwe umuryango n’iterambere ry’umwari n’umutegarugori. Mu gika cya 426 cy’urwo rubanza, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina yasoje imyiregure ye, avuga ko yemera ko yabaye muri MRCD-FLN, ariko ko atari azi ko ari umutwe w’iterabwoba. [172] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi nk’uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa gatandatu (6) rw’inyandiko-mvugo y’iburanisha yo ku wa 22/7/2021 mu Rukiko rubanza, MUKANDUTIYE Anglina yaremeye ko yashishikarije abakobwa kujya mu ngabo za MRCD-FLN, kandi hari abakobwa babiri babajijwe barabisobanura. [173] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe ku bandi, kuvuga ko yabaye muri MRCD-FLN atazi ko ari umutwe w’iterabwoba, bigaragaza ko atemera ko ibyo yarimo ari amakosa, ahubwo bikaba ari urwitwazo rwo guhunga icyaha akurikiranweho. Bityo, Uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga impamvu y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha ku bimureba kuri iyi ngingo bifite ishingiro. b. Kumenya niba Urukiko rubanza rwarakoze ikosa mu kugabanyiriza igihano bamwe mu baregwa rushingiye ku kuba ari ubwa mbere bakoze icyaha [174] Iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha ireba abaregwa barimo RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina.  Ku bireba RUSESABAGINA Paul

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[175] Ku bijyanye no kuba RUSESABAGINA Paul yaragabanyirijwe ibihano hashingiwe ku kuba ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko busanga bitamubera ubwabyo impamvu nyoroshyacyaha byonyine, dore ko mu kugabanya ibihano hashingiwe kuri iyi mpamvu, Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 4930 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, runirengagiza ndetse uburemere bw’ibyaha yakoze kandi byagize ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu harimo abapfuye, abakomeretse n’abangirijwe imitungo yabo. Bukomeza buvuga ko kutagabanya ibihano kubera uburemere bw’icyaha ari nako byemejwe mu rubanza n˚ RPA 0298/10/CS31 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/2/2012, haburana MUSHAYIDI Déogratias n’Ubushinjacyaha, mu gika cyarwo cya 40. Ubushinjacyaha bukaba busaba ko RUSESABAGINA Paul nawe yahabwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu. [176] RUSESABAGINA Paul ntacyo yavuze kuri iyi ngingo haba mu myanzuro cyangwa imbere y’Urukiko mu gihe cy’iburanisha kuko atigeze aryitabira.

30 Ingingo ya 49 y’iryo tegeko iteganya ko: ‘‘ Umucamanza atanga igihano akurikije uburemere bw’icyaha, ingaruka icyaha cyateye, impamvu zatumye agikora, uko uwagikoze yari asanzwe yitwara, imibereho ye bwite n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo.’’ 31Urukiko rwasobanuye ko: ‘‘Mu byo MUSHAYIDI Déogratias akurikiranweho, harimo icyaha cyo kugambanira igihugu cye ashaka guhirika ubutegetsi buriho, ibyo akabikora abanje kubiba urwikekwe n’umwiryane mu bagituye akoresheje inyandiko ze. Urukiko rukaba rusanga uwo waba uriwe wese, byonyine kugambanira igihugu cyawe ugitezamo intambara utitaye ku mubare w’abantu bazayigwamo, ibizangirika, n’igihugu ubwacyo kigasenyuka, ari icyaha ndengakamere, ku buryo Urukiko rusanga MUSHAYIDI Déogratias nta mbabazi akwiye guhabwa kubera uburemere bw’ibyaha aregwa.’’

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 Ku bireba NIZEYIMANA Marc [177] Ku kijyanye no kuba NIZEYIMANA Marc ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha, nabyo bikaba biri mu byo Urukiko rwashingiyeho rumugabanyiriza igihano, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko hirengagijwe uburemere bw’ibyaha yakoze kandi byagize ingaruka ku bantu batandukanye n’imitungo yabo; ko nk’uko bwabigaragaje kuri RUSESABAGINA Paul, kutagabanya ibihano kubera uburemere bw’icyaha kabone n’ubwo uregwa yaba ari bwo bwa mbere akoze icyaha ari ko byemejwe mu rubanza n˚ RPA 0298/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/2/2012, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na MUSHAYIDI Déogratias. [178] NIZEYIMANA Marc ntacyo yavuze ku bijyanye n’iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha.  Ku bireba NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase [179] Ku bijyanye no kuba Urukiko rubanza rwarabagabanyirije ibihano hashingiwe ku kuba ari ubwa mbere bakoze icyaha, no kuba icyaha bakoze nta ngaruka cyagize kuko batigeze bagaba ibitero by’iterabwoba mu Rwanda, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase nka bamwe mu ba ofisiye bakuru bari bagize FLDR-FOCA, iyi mitwe ikaba mu bihe bitandukanye yaragiye igaba ibitero mu Rwanda, kuba baramaze imyaka cumi n’ine (14) yose mu mutwe w’iterabwoba nk’uko biri mu gika cya 432 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa (babaye muri FDLR-FOCA kuva 2002 kugera 2016), ko bagize igihe kinini cyo kwigarura, ariko ntibagikoresha kugeza bafashwe, kuko batavuye muri iyo mitwe ku bushake bwabo. Buvuga kandi ko kuvuga ko kuba ari ubwa

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mbere bakurikiranwe atari byo, kuko NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien ari ku rutonde rwa ONU nk’uwafataga ibyemezo muri iyo mitwe y’iterabwoba. Bityo, kuba Urukiko rubanza rwarabishingiyeho rubagabanyiriza ibihano ni ikosa ryakozwe. [180] NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase, ntacyo basubije ku bijyanye n’iyi ngingo y’Ubushinjacyaha.  Ku bireba MUKANDUTIYE Angelina [181] Ku kijyanye no kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragabanyirije MUKANDUTIYE Angelina ibihano hashingiwe ku kuba ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko busanga ibyo atari ukuri kuko asanzwe akatiwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yahawe n’Inkiko Gacaca. [182] MUKANDUTIYE Angelina avuga ko ibyo kuba yarakatiwe yabimenyeshejwe mu mwaka wa 2006, ko kandi kugeza ubu ntacyo arabivugaho. Bityo, ko n’Ubushinjacyaha budakwiye kubishingiraho buvuga ko adakwiye kugabanyirizwa ibihano ku bindi byaha akurikiranyweho. [183] Me MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, wunganira MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, avuga ko impamvu y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha ijyanye no kuba MUKANDUTIYE Angelina ataragombaga kugabanyirizwa ibihano, hashingiwe ku kuba ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha kuko yakatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa, kuko iyo mpamvu atariyo yonyine Urukiko rubanza rwashingiyeho rumugabanyiriza ibihano, ko ahubwo hazarebwa impamvu zose Urukiko rwa mbere rwashingiyeho mu gika cya 685 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [184] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba uburemere bw’icyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho bumubera inzitizi yo kuba yagabanyirizwa igihano mu gihe ari ubwa mbere akurikiranyweho icyaha. [185] Hari impamvu nyoroshya cyaha ziteganywa n’itegeko, zikanatuma mu gihe zigaragaye, umucamanza agomba kugabanya ibihano. Izo ziteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 54 (impamvu y’ubutoya) n’iya 55 (impamvu y’ubusembure) z’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. Itegeko riteganya ariko ko Umucamanza ashobora kwemeza izindi mpamvu zituma uregwa agabanyirizwa ibihano zirimo iziteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 59, ariko nk’uko bigaragara sizo zonyine ategetswe gushingiraho kuko iyo ingingo izigaragaza nk’ingero z’ibishobora gushingirwaho hagabanywa igihano. Bivuze ko ashobora gushingira no ku zindi mpamvu zirimo n’iyo kuba uregwa ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha. Ibyo abyemererwa n’ingingo ya 49 n’iya 58 z’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. Iya 49, igika cya mbere, iteganya ko “Umucamanza atanga igihano akurikije uburemere bw’icyaha, ingaruka icyaha cyateye, impamvu zatumye agikora, uko uwagikoze yari asanzwe yitwara, imibereho ye bwite n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo’’. Naho iya 58, ikavuga ko “Umucamanza ubwe [ari] we ugena niba impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemezwa n’Umucamanza zahabwa agaciro. Kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha abisobanura mu cyemezo cy’Urukiko”. [186] Izi ngingo zombi zishimangira ihame ry’ametegeko ryemerera Umucamanza, mu gutanga igihano, kureba imibereho

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y’uwakoze icyaha mbere yo kugikora, igihe yagikoraga na nyuma yo kugikora, akazihuza n’uko icyaha cyakozwe, uburemere bwacyo n’ingaruka cyateye muri sosiyete. Izo ngingo zombi zumvikanisha kandi ko Umucamanza afite uburenganzira bwo kugenera ukurikiranywe impamvu nyoroshyacyaha n’ubwo icyaha aregwa cyaba ari icyaha cy’ubugome (crime) cyangwa icyaha gikomeye (délit), kuko nta mwihariko iryo tegeko ryashyize ku cyaha runaka. [187] Hashingiwe ku bivugwa mu gace kabanziriza aka, kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ntibikuraho uburemere bw’icyaha, bivuze ko kugabanyiriza igihano uwahamwe n’icyaha bitagabanya na gato uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze32. Ibyo byumvikanisha ko uburemere bw’icyaha n’impamvu nkomezacyaha zigize icyaha, bitabangamira Umucamanza kwemeza mu nyungu z’uwahamwe n’icyaha impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zagaragaye, agamije kumugenera mu bushishozi bwe igihano gishingiye k’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo n’imibereho ye bwite (individualisation de la peine), ari yo mpamvu Umushingameteko yateganyije mu Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ko Umucamanza, mu kugena igihano, agomba kwita ku mpamvu nkomezacyaha no ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha33.

32 “Un constat de circonstances atténuantes se réfère à l’évaluation de la sentence et n’ôte rien à la gravité de l’infraction. Il atténue la peine et non le crime. On n’observera toutefois que l’atténuation de la peine ne réduit en aucune façon le degré de gravité du crime, la question relève davantage du pardon que du moyen justificatif’’, affaire n˚ ICTR-97-23-S, Procureur contre Jean KAMBANDA, Jugement portant condamnation, P.27, n˚56. 33 Ingingo ya 49, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange.

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[188] Mu bika bikurikiyeho, harasuzumwa niba hari amakosa yakozwe n’Urukiko mu kugabanyiriza ibihano abaregwa barimo RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, hagendewe ku kuba aribwo bwa mbere bakoze icyaha.  Ku bireba RUSESABAGINA Paul na NIZEYIMANA Marc [189] Ku birebana na RUSESABAGINA Paul na NIZEYIMANA Marc, nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, mu mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha Urukiko rubanza rwemeje, harimo no kuba ari ubwa mbere bakurikiranyweho ibyaha34. [190] Hashingiwe ku ngingo no ku mahame y’amategeko yavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 49 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, kuba ari ubwa mbere RUSESABAGINA Paul na NIZEYIMANA Marc bakoze icyaha bitababera ubwabyo impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, kuko ibyaha bakoze ari ibyaha biremereye, bitahabwa agaciro kuko ahubwo iyo ngingo iha Umucamanza uburenganzira bwo kuyigishingiraho agasuzuma uburemere bw’icyaha, ingaruka icyaha cyateye, impamvu zatumye agikora, uko uwagikoze yari asanzwe yitwara, imibereho ye bwite n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo, maze akanashingira ku ngingo ya 58 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, akagena igihano gikwiriye.

34 Igika cya 675 n’icya 678 by’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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[191] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko mu rubanza n˚ RPA 0298/10/CS rwa MUSHAYIDI Déogratias, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye ko kuba icyaha aregwa ari ndengakamere, nta mbabazi akwiye guhabwa kubera uburemere bw’ibyaha aregwa, bushaka kumvikanisha ko ari nako byagombaga kugenda ku birebana na RUSESABAGINA Paul na NIZEYIMANA Marc muri uru rubanza. Muri uru rubanza Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ari ukumva nabi imikoreshereze y’ingingo ya 49 n’iya 58 z’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, kuko izo ngingo ziha ubwisanzure Umucamanza bwo guhuza imiterere y’icyaha n’uburyo cyakozwe ndetse n’uwagikoze, hakurikijwe umwihariko wa buri rubanza. Ibyo binashimangirwa n’uko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza n˚ RPA 0255/12/CS rwa INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire na bagenzi be, rwaciwe ku wa 13/12/2013, INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire nawe waregwaga ubugambanyi nka MUSHAYIDI Déogratias, kandi akaba ari narwo rwaciwe nyuma35, rwamugabanyirije igihano rushingiye ku kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranywe. [192] Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro ifite.  Ku bireba NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase [193] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 684 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwemeje ko kuba ari ubwa mbere bakurikiranwe n’inkiko, ari imwe mu mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha yatuma NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA

35 Urwa Mushaidi Déogratias rwaciwe ku wa 24-02-2012 naho rwa Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire rucibwa ku wa 13-12-2013

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Anastase bagabanyirizwa igihano, ku cyaha bakoze cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba. [194] Hashingiwe ku ngingo no ku mahame y’amategeko yavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko kuba NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase bari mu ba officiers bakuru ba FDLR- FOCA, kuba baramaze imyaka cumi n’ine (14) yose mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa FDLR-FOCA, kandi harebwe uburemere bw’icyaha bahamijwe n’ingaruka z’ibitero by’iterabwoba FDLR- FOCA yagabye ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, batari kugabanyirizwa igihano, hashingiwe gusa ku kuba ari ubwa mbere bakoze icyaha cyangwa se nta ngaruka icyaha bakoze cyagize kubera ko ubwabo batigeze bagaba ibitero by’iterabwoba mu Rwanda, bitahabwa agaciro kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe, Uburemere bw’icyaha cyangwa impamvu nkomezacyaha bitabangamira Umucamanza kwemeza mu bushishozi bwe ko hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha mu nyungu z’uwahamwe n’icyaha ku buryo agomba kugabanyirizwa igihano giteganywa n’itegeko, agahabwa igihano gikwiye gishingiye k’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo no ku mibereho bwite y’uwahamwe n’icyaha. [195] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro ifite.  Ku bireba MUKANDUTIYE Angelina [196] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, imwe mu mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha, yemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza, yatumye MUKANDUTIYE Angelina agabanyirizwa igihano giteganywa

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n’itegeko ku cyaha yahamijwe, ni ukuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranywe mu nkiko36. [197] Isesengura ry’urubanza rujuririrwa rigaragaza ko ku rwego rwa mbere, Ubushinjacyaha butazamuye ikibazo kirebana no kuba MUKANDUTIYE Angelina yaba yarakatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca, ko ahubwo inyandiko-mvugo y’iburanisha mu Rukiko rubanza yo ku wa 22/7/2021 igaragaza ko ari MUKANDUTIYE Angelina wamenyesheje Urukiko ko Inkiko Gacaca zamukatiye igihano cyo gufungwa burundu y’umwihariko. [198] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bwagaragarije Urukiko rubanza gishimangira koko ibyavuzwe na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, ndetse ko n’Urukiko rubanza nta kintu rwabivuzeho. [199] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Ubushinjacyaha budakwiye kunenga urubanza rujuririrwa ku mpamvu y’uko Urukiko rubanza rwemeje ko ari ubwa mbere MUKANDUTIYE Angelina akurikiranyweho icyaha, mu gihe butazamuye icyo kibazo, ndetse butatanze ikimenyetso gikwiye kibigaragaza nyuma y’uko MUKANDUTIYE Angelina yemeye mu Rukiko ko yakatiwe igihano n’Inkiko Gacaca. [200] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko mu bujurire, Ubushinjacyaha bwaratanze ku wa 21/2/2022, inyandiko y’urubanza rw’ibyaha byo mu rwego rwa kabiri yakozwe n’Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca igaragaza ko ku wa 23/11/2008, Urukiko Gacaca rw’Umurenge wa Rugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge rwakatiye MUKANDUTIYE Angelina igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko.

36 Igika cya 685 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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[201] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyo Urukiko rubanza ruza kubona icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rw’Umurenge wa Rugenge, rutari kwemeza ko ari ubwa mbere MUKANDUTIYE Angelina akurikiranyweho icyaha, bityo uru Rukiko rukaba rugomba kubikosora. Bityo, impamvu yo kuba ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha ikaba itagomba gushingirwaho agabanyirizwa igihano. c. Kumenya niba Urukiko rubanza rwarakoze amakosa mu kugabanyiriza abaregwa igihano, rukajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganyijwe n’Itegeko [202] Ubushinjacyaha bunenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwaragabanyirije igihano abaregwa barimo RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, rukajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganyijwe n’itegeko ku byaha baregwaga. [203] Bukomeza buvuga ko mu kugabanyiriza abaregwa ibihano, Urukiko rubanza rwakoresheje nabi ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya uburyo ibihano bigabanywa iyo hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, aho igihano cyo gufungwa burundu gishobora kugabanywa ariko ntikijye munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25). Igihano cy’igifungo kimara igihe kizwi cyangwa ihazabu bikaba bishobora kugabanywa ariko

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ntibijye munsi y’igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe. [204] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko mu kugabanya ibihano, Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije na none ingingo ya 47 n’iya 48 z’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, aho Umucamanza abujijwe guca urubanza yirengagije ibyo itegeko riteganya ndetse hakaba nta cyaha gishobora kugabanyirizwa igihano atari mu bihe no mu buryo buteganywa n’itegeko. Bityo, bukaba busanga kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragabanyije igihano kikajya munsi y’igihano gito, rwirengagije icyo amategeko ateganya. [205] Ubushinjacyaha bunenga kandi ko Urukiko rubanza, mu kugabanya ibihano, rwashingiye ku manza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’lkirenga n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, kandi hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ltegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yayo ya 95 iteganya uburyo amategeko asumbana, busanga ibyemezo by’inkiko bidasumba itegeko. Bityo, ko kuba itegeko ryari rihari kandi ryumvikana, ko ari ryo ryagombaga gukoreshwa, keretse hari icyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga cyemeje ko iryo tegeko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, ko uretse n’ibyo ariko, uwo murongo utashingirwaho mu gihe unyuranyije n’itegeko. Ubushinjacyaha busanga kandi izo manza zifashishijwe n’Urukiko rubanza, nazo ubwazo zaravugishijwe ibyo zitavuze, kuko habayeho gusobanura nabi icyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku ikoreshwa ry’ingingo ya 60, itarigeze ikurwaho n’Urukiko rw’lkirenga. [206] RUSESABAGINA Paul, ntacyo yasubije kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire haba mu myanzuro cyangwa mu gihe cy’iburanisha kuko atigeze aryitabira.

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[207] NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NSENGIMANA Herman na Me RUGEYO Jean ubunganira, bavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwasanze impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zituma bagabanyirizwa ibihano zuzuye, kandi rusanga kutajya munsi y’igihano gito byaba ari ukunyuranya n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye nk’uko riteganywa mu ngingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda. By’umwihariko kuri NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, Ubushinjacyaha mu gihe bwamusabiraga ibihano bwasabye ko agabanyirizwa kuko yaburanye yemera ibyaha akurikiranyweho, naho ku birebana na NSENGIMANA Herman, Urukiko rubanza, rushingiye ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha, rwasanze agomba guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), kubwe akaba asanga kuba rwarabagabanyirije ibihano, nta kosa rwakoze. [208] Me MUREKATETE Henriette, wunganira NIZEYIMANA Marc, avuga ko kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragiye munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko, ari mu rwego rwo gutanga ubutabera buboneye, nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda; bityo ko asanga nta kosa rwakoze. [209] Me TWAJAMAHORO Herman, wunganira NIKUZWE Siméon, avuga ko kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaramuhamije icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, rukamuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka icumi (10), kiri munsi y’igiteganwa n’itegeko, nta kibazo kirimo. Avuga ko nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko rw’lkirenga mu manza rwaciye zerekeranye n’ubwigenge bw’Umucamanza mu guha agaciro impamvu nyoroshyacyaha no gutanga igihano, no kuba akamaro k’igihano katareberwa gusa k’uburemere bw’icyaha cyakozwe, ahubwo hakwiye no kwitabwa ku nyungu z’uregwa. Avuga ko rero

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abihuje n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 151 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, iteganya ubwigenge n’ubwisanzure bw’Umucamanza mu gufata ibyemezo, asanga kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragabanyirije NIKUZWE Siméon ibihano rukajya munsi y’igihano gito cyateganyijwe, nta kosa rwakoze. [210] Me NGAMIJE KIRABO Guido, wunganira NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, avuga ko mu rwego rwo gutanga ubutabera buboneye, Umucamanza mu guca urubanza adashingira ku mategeko gusa, ko n’ibyemezo by’inkiko ari ngombwa ko bishingirwaho, ari nayo mpamvu umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza n˚ RS/INCOST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 4/12/2019, haburana KABASINGA Florida na Leta y’u Rwanda, urubanza n˚ RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/2/2020, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu, n’urubanza n˚ RPA 00031/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28/10/2021, zerekeranye n’uburyo kubuza Umucamanza kugabanya igihano ari ukubangamira ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye, ku bwe akaba asanga kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragabanyirije abo yunganira igihano, nta kosa rwakoze. [211] Me URAMIJE James, wunganira IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel na NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, avuga ko ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange itagomba kubuza Umucamanza gutanga ubutabera buboneye mu bwisanzure bwe, mu gihe agaragaza impamvu yashingiyeho atanga ibihano. Ku bwe rero asanga kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragabanyirije abo yunganira ibihano, bifite ishingiro.

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[212] Me MUGABO Sharif Yussuf, wunganira KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien na HAKIZIMANA Théogène, avuga ko ku ruhande rumwe ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange igaragara nk’aho nta kibazo iteje, ari nayo mpamvu Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu gihe rwacaga urubanza nº RS/INCONST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC rutihutiye kuyivanaho, ariko ko ku rundi ruhande iyo ngingo iteza ikibazo mu gihe Umucamanza asanze ari ngombwa kugabanya igihano kugera munsi y’icyateganyijwe n’itegeko. Avuga ko ibyo ubigereranije n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 151, agace kayo ka 5, y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, iteganya ubwigenge bw’Umucamanza, iyo ngingo imubuza ubwisanzure, kandi agomba gutanga ubutabera buboneye nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga. [213] Akomeza avuga ko ibivugwa mu gace kabanziriza aka, byatumye muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rubanza rwifashisha ingingo ya 49 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ibishingirwaho mu gutanga ibihano, n’ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko iyo nta tegeko rihari rijyanye n’ikiburanwa, Umucamanza ashobora gushingira ku byemezo by’inkiko, rukaba rwarabikoze mu rwego rwo gushaka igisubizo kuri icyo kibazo kiri mu ngingo ya 60 yavuzwe haruguru. Avuga ko Urukiko rwifashishije imanza nº RS/INCOST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 4/12/2019, haburana KABASINGA Florida na Leta y’u Rwanda n’ urubanza nº RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/2/2020, haburana

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Ubushinjacyaha na NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu, mu rwego rwo kugaragaza ko ubwisanzure bw’Umucanza butazitirwa no gutanga igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko, ko ahubwo ubwo bwisanzure bukwiye gutanga uburenganzira bwo kujya munsi y’igihano gito giteganyijwe. Avuga ko ndetse Urukiko rw’Ubujurire narwo rwahuye n’icyo kibazo mu guca urubanza nº RPAA 00025/2019/CA mu gika cya 1237 rukifashisha iyo mirongo yavuzwe haruguru mu gushaka igisubizo. Kubwe rero akaba asanga no muri uru rubanza, kuba abo yunganira baragabanyirijwe ibihano kugera no munsi y’igihano gito cyateganyijwe n’itegeko, nta kosa Urukiko rwakoze. [214] Me MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, wunganira MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, avuga ko kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaramugabanyirije igihano kugeza munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko, nta kosa rwakoze, kuko igihano ntayegayezwa gisanzwe kinyuranye n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye, ndetse kibangamiye ubwigenge bw’Umucamanza, ko kandi kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragendeye ku murongo watazwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza nº RS/INCONST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC mu rwego rwo kugaragaza ko kutagabanya igihano kugeza munsi y’igito cyateganyijwe n’itegeko, ari ukubangamira ubwisanzure bw’Umucamanza, nabwo nta kosa rwakoze kuko Urukiko rwo hasi rutanyuranya n’umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko ruri hejuru. Avuga ko ubwisanzure bw’Umucamanza bwo gutanga igihano kikajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko ari nako byemejwe mu rubanza n˚ RPAA 00031/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa

37 "Umuntu wese uri cyangwa wemera kuba mu ishyirahamwe rikora iterabwoba, ahanishwa igifungo kuva ku myaka cumi Nitanu (15) kugeza ku myaka makumyabiri (20)".

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28/10/2021, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na BAHATI Françoise, mu gika cya 4338. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [215] Impaka kuri iki kibazo zishingiye ku kumenya niba hari ikosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze mu kugendera mu murongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukagabanya igihano kugeza munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko mu gihe hari itegeko ribibuza. [216] Mu mahame agenga imicire y’imanza ishingiye ku kubahiriza ibyemezo by’inkiko mu manza zaciwe ku bibazo bisa (stare decis), inshingano z’Umucamanza ni uguhuza itegeko n’ibibazo bisuzumwa, akabifataho umurongo. Iyo uwo murongo ufashwe ugasobanura itegeko, ushobora gutanga igisobanuro kigari cyangwa ukakigira gito ku cyari gisanzwe mu itegeko, ku bijyanye n’ikibazo gisuzumwa n’ibindi bisa nacyo byose. Nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika 54 cy’uru rubanza, iyo hari utishimiye umurongo runaka watanzwe n’Urukiko urwari rwo rwose hakurikijwe aya mahame, aho gushakisha uburyo Urukiko rutawugenderaho agomba ahubwo kuwuregera mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga kugirango uvanweho nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo za 65 na 73 z’Itegeko rigena ububasha bw’inkiko.

38 Muri icyo gika urukiko rwagize ruti ‘‘Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 60, agace ka mbere (1), y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, bibuza Umucamanza kugabanya igihano cyo gufungwa burundu munsi y’igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumabyiri n’itanu (25), mu gihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, bidakwiye gukoreshwa kuko binyuranye n’amahame y’ubutabera buboneye, ubwisanzure n’ubwigenge bw’Umucamanza’’.

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[217] Mu rubanza rujuririrwa mu bika bitandukanye, Urukiko rubanza rwashingiye ku rubanza n˚ RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/2/2020, maze rugabanyiriza ibihano RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, rujya munsi y’ibihano bito biteganywa n’itegeko. [218] Mu urwo rubanza, Urukiko rubanza rwagabanyije ibihano kugeza munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko rwifashishije urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire39 narwo rwifashishije isesengura rwakoze ku rubanza no RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/SC rwaciwe ku wa 4/12/201940.

39 Reba igika cya 19 cy’urubanza no RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwagabanyirije igihano NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu, waregwaga gusambanya umwana muri urwo rubanza, maze rumuha igihano kiri munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko. Mu gihe igihano gito yashoboraga guhanishwa cyari igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25), nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 78, igika cya mbere, agace ka 2, y’Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryakoreshwaga ubwo yakoraga icyaha, Urukiko rwamuhanishije igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka icumi (10). 40 Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye ko Umucamanza agomba kwita ku mpamvu nkomezacyaha no ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha zaba ari izirebana n’uregwa cyangwa izirebana n’icyaha, maze rukavuga ko Itegeko ryanga ko izo mpamvu zisuzumwa ngo Urukiko rwemeze ishingiro ryo kugabanya igihano rikwiye gufatwa nk’irinyuranye n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku butabera

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[219] Hakurikijwe ihame ryasobanuwe mu gika cya 216 cy’uru rubanza, uru Rukiko rurasanga urubanza rwa NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu rwaraguye imbago z’ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange41; bityo, rufungurira inzira Urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu manza ruca ndetse ruzifungurira n’inkiko zo hasi, ku buryo nazo zishingiye ku miterere y’icyaha, uburyo cyakozwemo, uburemere bwacyo n’imibereho y’uwagikoze zishobora kugabanya igihano zikajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko. Naho, ibyo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije itegeko ribuza kugabanya igihano kugera munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko

buboneye, ndetse rikaba ribangamiye ubwigenge bw’Umucamanza kuko nta mahitamo rimuha, rikamwambura inshingano yo gutanga igihano kigendanye n’icyaha cyakozwe, ashingiye ku mikorere yacyo, uko cyakozwe, imyitwarire y’uwagikoze n’ingaruka zacyo k’uwagikorewe no ku muryango nyarwanda muri rusange, rwanzura ko nta wavuga ko Umucamanza yigenga mu gutanga igihano mu gihe agomba gutanga igihano ntayegayezwa kitajyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha, uburyo cyakozwemo, n’igihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zikomeye zari gutuma uregwa agabanyirizwa igihano. Reba igika cya 17 cy’urubanza no RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwarasanze kutagabanya ibihano bito biteganyijwe n’Itegeko byagira ishingiro gusa iyo intera iri hagati y’igihano gito n’ikiri hejuri ari ndende, naho mu gihe iyo intera ari nto, ubwabyo bibuza Umucamanza guhuza igihano n’icyaha cyakozwe, inyungu z’uwahohotewe, iza rubanda n’iz’uregwa. 41 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko: “Iyo hari impamvu zigabanya ububi bw’icyaha, ibihano bishobora kugabanywa ku buryo bukurikira: 1º haseguriwe ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 107 igihano cyo gufungwa burundu gishobora kugabanywa ariko ntikijye munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25); 2º igihano cy’igifungo kimara igihe kizwi cyangwa ihazabu bishobora kugabanywa ariko ntibijye munsi y’igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe.

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ryavuzwe, bikaba nta shingiro bifite kuko mu gihe uwo murongo uriho nta cyari kubuza Urukiko rubanza kuwifashisha. [220] Kubera izo mpamvu, uru Rukiko rurasanga, nta makosa Urukiko rubanza rwakoze mu kugabanyiriza ibihano RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, rukajya munsi y’ibihano bito biteganywa n’itegeko. Bityo, ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. B. IMPAMVU Z’UBUJURIRE BW’ABAREGWA [221] Bamwe mu baregwa batanze ubujurire mu bihe biteganywa n’amategeko abandi batanga ubujuririre bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha. Muri iki igice, Urukiko rurabanza gusuzuma ibyerekeye iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwuririye k’Ubushinjacyaha mu gice cya mbere hanyuma busuzume ibyerekeranye n’ubujurire bw’abaregwa bwatanzwe ku gihe.

 Ibyerekeye iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi mu manza nshinjabyaha [222] Ku bijyanye n’ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bamwe mu baregwa batanze, Ubushinjacyaha bwazamuye inzitizi yo kutabwakira, buvuga ko mu myanzuro bashyikirije Urukiko, bavugaga ko ari iyo kwiregura ku bujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha

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gusa. Bukomeza buvuga ko ingingo ya mbere (1) y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko iryo tegeko ari ryo rikoreshwa mu miburanishirize y’izindi manza mu gihe nta yandi mategeko yihariye agenga iyo miburanishirize, ko ariko busanga Urukiko rukwiye kuzasuzuma niba ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi mu manza nshinjabyaha bwemewe, rurebe niba ubujurire bwa KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na NIKUZWE Siméon bwakwakirwa. [223] Ubushinjacyaha busoza buvuga ko ubu buryo bwo gutanga ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha ari ugushaka kwihisha inyuma ya procédure civile, kandi nyamara ibyo bajuririra bakagombye kubikora bashingiye kuri procédure pénale, mu bihe no mu buryo yateganyije. Busanga abaregwa, bamaze kubona ko ibihe byo kujurira byabarenganye, aribwo bakoresheje ubwo buryo. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nta mpamvu yo gushakira uburyo bwo kujuririra imanza nshinjabyaha mu manza mbonezamubano, kandi byarateganyijwe mu itegeko ribigenga. [224] Me MUGABO Shariff Yussuf, wunganira KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, avuga ko ashingiye ku ngingo ya 264 y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, iteganya ko ku bindi bidateganyijwe muri iri tegeko bijyanye n’imiburanishirize, hakurikizwa Itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, ko ubujurire bwabo bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha bakagira ibyo basaba, bashingiye ku ngingo ya 152 y’iryo Tegeko.

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[225] Me TWAJAMAHORO Herman, wunganira NIKUZWE Siméon, avuga ko ubujurire bwe bushingiye ku ngingo ya 26442 y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ko n’ubwo ari mu bari banyuzwe n’ibihano bahawe ku rwego rwa mbere, ariko Ubushinjacyaha bukaba bwajuriye, ko nawe atakwitesha ayo mahirwe yo kujurira kandi abyemererwa n’amategeko. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [226] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga impaka kuri iki kibazo zishingiye ku kumenya niba ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi mu manza nshinjabyaha bushoboka, nk’uko byemewe mu manza mbonezamubano. [227] Ingingo ya 181 y’Itegeko n˚ 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko "Kujurira bikorwa mu gihe kitarenga iminsi mirongo itatu (30) uhereye ku itariki urubanza rwaciriweho ku muburanyi wari uhari cyangwa ahagarariwe igihe urubanza rwacibwaga. Icyo gihe gikurikizwa kandi ku muburanyi wamenyeshejwe mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, umunsi urubanza ruzacibwaho ntaze cyangwa ngo yohereze umuhagararira“. [228] Ingingo ya 181 ivugwa haruguru yumvikanisha ko ku birebana n’imanza nshinjabyaha, uwahamwe n’icyaha n’Ubushinjacyaha, mu gihe batishimiye urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa mbere, bagomba byanze bikunze kurujurira bitarenze

42 ‘‘Ku bindi bidateganyijwe muri iri tegeko bijyanye n’imiburanishirize, hakurikizwa itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano (…)’’

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iminsi mirongo itatu, uherereye ku itariki urubanza rwaciriweho ku muburanyi wari uhari cyangwa ahagarariwe igihe urubanza rwacibwaga. Bivuze ko kujurira nyuma y’iminsi mirongo itatu cyangwa gutanga nyuma y’iminsi mirongo itatu ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe ku gihe n’undi muburanyi, bituma ubwo bujurire butakirwa43, kuko ubujurire bwose burebana n’ikurikiranacyaha (action pénale) bugomba kuba ubujurire bw’ibanze (appel principal). [229] Naho ku byerekeye ibyo bamwe mu baburanyi bavuga ko, amahame asanzwe akoreshwa mu miburanishirize y’imanza mbonezamubano ariyo akurikizwa iyo ntacyo itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha ryateganyije, uru Rukiko rurasanga, ku byerekeye ubujurire mu manza nshinjabyaha, Umushingamategeko yarashatse ko hakurikizwa gusa amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha; kuko aho yashatse ko bigenda ukundi nko ku birego by’indishyi muri izo manza, yabivuze mu buryo bweruye ko hakurikizwa amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza mbonezamubano44. Ibyo bivuze ko ku byerekeranye n’ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi ku birego nshinjabyaha atashatse kugira icyo abuvugaho, kuko yazirikanaga ko hari ihame risanzwe mu mategeko ko ubujurire mu manza nshinjabyaha bushobora

43 ‘‘L’appel intéressant l’action publique ne peut être qu’un appel principal. L’appel portant sur l’action civile peut se faire en forme d’appel principal ou incident’’, Antoine Rubbens, L’instruction criminelle et la procédure pénale, Tome III, Larcier, Bruxelles, 1965, P. 265, n˚ 259. 44 Reba ingingo ya 113 y’itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha “Ikirego cy’indishyi gitanzwe mu rukiko ruburanisha imanza z’inshinjabyaha gitangwa kandi kikaburanishwa hakurikijwe amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano ziburanishwa mu mizi.”

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gukorwa gusa nk’ikirego cy’ibanze nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. [230] Hashingiwe kuri ibyo bisobanuro, uregwa mu bujurire, yemerewe gusa gusubiza mu mbibi z’icyo uwajuriye yajuririye. Ibindi ibirego yashyikiriza Urukiko hanze y’izo mbibi ntibyakirwa iyo bikozwe nyuma y’igihe cy’ubujurire giteganywa n’amategeko. [231] NIKUZWE Siméon yatanze umwanzuro wo kwiregura ku bujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha ku wa 28/11/2021. Muri uwo mwanzuro, nyuma yo gusubiza ku mpamvu z’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha, yatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha ku birebana n’ibigize icyaha bituzuye ku bimureba n’impamvu zimukuraho uburyozwacyaha. [232] KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien bo batanze umwanzuro wo kwiregura ku bujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha ku wa 29/11/2021. Muri uwo mwanzuro, nyuma yo gusubiza ku mpamvu z’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha, batanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha ku byerekeye ibihano bahawe ku cyaha bahamijwe n’Urukiko rubanza no ku mpamvu zibakuraho uburyozwacyaha, bakaba baranatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’abaregera indishyi. [233] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba urubanza rujuririrwa rwaraciwe ku wa 20/9/2021 no kuba NIKUZWE Siméon yaratanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha ku wa 28/11/2021, KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien bakaba nabo baratanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha ku wa 29/11/2021, nyuma y’iminsi mirongo itatu, uhereye ku itariki urubanza

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rujuririrwa rwaciriwe, ubujurire bwabo butakwakirwa kuko butari ubujurire bw’ibanze, kandi ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi butabaho mu manza nshinjabyaha ku birebana n’ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha. a) Abajuririye kongera kugabanyirizwa ibihano [234] NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NSENGIMANA Herman na MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, bari bagabanyirijwe igihano ku rwego rwa mbere, bajurira basaba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano.  NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara [235] Mu myanzuro NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara yashyikirije Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, avuga ko kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaramukatiye igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), byamuvukije amahirwe yo gusubira mu muryango nyarwanda, kuko azava muri gereza ari mu zabukuru ntacyo akikoreye. Asaba Urukiko kwita ku mibereho ye bwite yo kuba ari umurwayi w’igifu n’umuvuduko w’amaraso, kuba yaragizwe impfubyi na jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994, agasigarana gusa umuvandimwe umwe nawe wamugaye kandi batagira naho bacumbika. Asaba ko hagashingirwa ku manza z’abari abayobozi ba FDLR barimo Dr. Ignace MURWANASHYAKA na MUSONI Straton bahawe ibihano bito, ndetse n’abasirikare ba FLN bajyanwe i Mutobo, n’abandi bakoze jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bakaba barireze bemera ibyaha bahabwa ibihano bito birimo na TIG (Travaux d’Intérêt Général). [236] Akomeza avuga ko asaba Urukiko kwita ku kuba yaritandukanyije ku mugaragaro n’ishyaka rye RRM, FLN ndetse na MRCD-FLN, akanashinja ku mugaragaro ibihugu byateraga inkunga FLN birimo Uburundi, Uganda n’uwahoze ari

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Perezida wa Zambiya Edgar LUNGU, abo bose bakaba barahindutse abanzi ku buryo bashobora kumugirira nabi. Bityo, akaba asanga nta yandi mahitamo afite uretse gukorera Leta y’u Rwanda kuko ariyo yamuha umutekano. Asaba rero Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuzita kuri izo ngingo zose yarushyikirije, maze akagabanyirizwa igihano kugeza ku gifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), ko kandi akomeza gusaba imbabazi ku byabaye. [237] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ku bijyanye n’umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza n˚ RPA 283/10/CS rwaciwe ku wa 19/12/2014, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na GAHONGAYIRE Jeanne ku bijyanye no kutongera kugabanyiriza ibihano k’uregwa wari wabihawe mu Rukiko rubanza, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara avuga ko urwo rubanza rutandukanye n’urwe, kuko uwarurezwemo yahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka icumi (10) n’Urukiko Rukuru, mu gihe we yahanishijwe igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). [238] Me RUGEYO Jean, wunganira NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, avuga ko icyo banenga urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rubanza ari uko rutamugabanyirije igihano kugeza kucyo yifuza cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), kandi yaraburanye yemera icyaha, agatanga amakuru menshi yafashije Ubushinjacyaha, ko rero rutari rukwiye gushingira gusa ku buremere bw’ibyaha yarezwe, ahubwo rwagombaga no kureba mibereho ye bwite. Asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuzita ku nyungu bwite z’uwo yunganira n’inyungu z’ubutabera muri rusange, rugashingira ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza n˚ RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko

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rw’Ikirenga, igika cya 4545, n’urubanza n˚ RPAA 00031/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/10/2021, rukongera kumugabanyiriza igihano. [239] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko impamvu y’ubujurire bwe nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa, kuko uretse no kuba ibyo asaba byo kugabanyirizwa ibihano yarabihawe, ahubwo Urukiko Rukuru rwanakoze ibinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, igaragaza uburyo ibihano bitangwa, aho mu gika cya 665 kugeza ku cya 667 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwamugabanyirije kuva ku gihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, kugeza ku gifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), mu gihe igihano yari akwiye guhabwa kitagombaga kujya munsi y’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25) habaye hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, ukurikije iby’iyo ngingo iteganya. Buvuga ko imbere y’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire icyo NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara yagombye kugaragaza ari icyo anenga urubanza rujuririrwa, nk’uko ingingo ya 88 y’itegeko rivuzwe haruguru ibiteganya.

45 Muri icyo gika Urukiko rw’ikirenga rwavuze ko “Kuba Umushingamategeko yarahisemo ko mu gihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, ibihano bitangwa bishobora kugabanywa ariko ntibijye munsi y’igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe, Urukiko rusanga byaba biri mu gaciro, mu gihe intera hagati y’igihano gito (minimum) n’igihano kinini (maximum) ibaye nini, hibandwa ku kugabanya igihano gito. Ibi nibyo byatuma ibiteganywa n’Ingingo ya 49, igika cya mbere y’itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 iteganya ko Umucamanza atanga igihano akurikije uburemere bw’icyaha, ingaruka icyaha cyateye, impamvu zatumye agikora, uko uwagikoze yari asanzwe yitwara, imibereho ye bwite n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo, bishyirwa mu bikorwa mu buryo nyabwo. Gushingira ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha hagatangwa igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyaha (minimum) kandi kiri hejuru, ntacyo bimarira uregwa n’ubutabera muri rusange”.

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[240] Ku bijyanye n’impamvu nshya asabisha kongera kugabanyirizwa ibihano, nazo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nta shingiro zifite, kuko kuba yaragizweho ingaruka na jenoside, ari we wakagombye kuba arwanya ibibi by’intambara. Naho ibyo kuba hari abasirikare ba FLN bakoze ibyaha batarakurikiranwa bajyanwe i Mutobo, atabishingiraho yisabira kugabanyirizwa, kuko atabasha guhuza uruhare rwabo n’ibikorwa bye bwite yakoze, ndetse ntakigaragaza ko nabo batazakurikiranwa. Naho ku kijyanye n’imanza za Dr. Ignace MURWANASHYAKA na MUSONI Straton baburanishijwe mu gihugu cy’Ubudage, bagahabwa ibihano bito ku bw’impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, buvuga ko muri icyo gihugu baburanishirijwemo bafite uburyo bwabo basesengura impamvu nyoroshyacyaha. [241] Kubera izo mpamvu, Ubushinjacyaha busaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuzashingira ku murongo wafashwe mu rubanza n˚ RPAA 66/08/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 6/2/2009, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na KABAHIZI Jean, n’urubanza bijyanye n’uwajuriye usaba kugabanyirizwa ibihano kandi yari yabikorewe, n’urubanza n˚ RPA 283/10/CS rwaciwe ku wa 19/12/2014, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na GAHONGAYIRE Jeanne, mu gace karwo ka cumi na kimwe (11), maze uru Rukiko ruzemeze ko impamvu y’ubujurire ya NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, nta shingiro ifite.  NSENGIMANA Herman [242] NSENGIMANA Herman na Me RUGEYO Jean umwumunganira, bavuga ko ku cyaha NSENGIMANA Herman yahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, basanga hari icyo Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije. Bavuga ko rutamugabanyirije ibihano ku buryo bukwiye, kandi yaraburanye yemera icyaha, bakaba basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kongera kumugabanyiriza.

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Basaba ko yavanwa ku gihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe, agahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka ibiri (2), kuko rubifitiye ububasha. Basoza bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha nta burenganzira bufite bwo gusaba Urukiko guhanika igihano. [243] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuba NSENGIMANA Herman asaba kongera kugabanyirizwa, kuva ku gifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe, kugera ku gifungo cy’imyaka ibiri (2), nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa, kuko ibyo asaba yabihawe mu Rukiko rubanza, kandi rukaba nta nshingano rufite zo kugabanya ibihano kugeza ku gihe uregwa yifuza. Buvuga ko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko n˚ 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, ubundi yakabaye yarahanishijwe igihano kitari munsi y’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri (20), ko ahubwo urebye ibyo amategeko ateganya46, Urukiko Rukuru rwagiye hasi cyane y’igihano giteganyirijwe iki cyaha.  MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas [244] MATAKAMABA Jean Berchmas avuga ko icyo anenga Urukiko Rukuru, ari uko rutahaye agaciro ukwemera icyaha kwe, rukamuhamya ibyaha byakorewe mu Karangiro kandi atari ahari, yari yarakoze impanuka ari mu bitaro, ndetse ababikoze babyiyemerera, ariko akaba yarahawe ibihano biri hejuru hagendewe kubyo yakoreye Rusizi, kandi yarafashije ubutabera kubona amakuru, akaba asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko rwazaha agaciro iyo myiregurire ye, rugasuzuma neza izo impamvu zamuteye gukora ibyaha, rukongera kumugabanyiriza ibihano.

46 Reba ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange.

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[245] MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas avuga ko ubusanzwe ari umuturage mwiza w’inyangamugayo, ko ariko yaje kugwa mu cyaha bidaturutse ku bushake, abitewe n’uko yigeze gutanga amakuru ku barwanyi batandukanye b’umutwe wa FDLR bituma bamwe bafatwa. Avuga ko mu mwaka wa 2017 yatanze amakuru y’uwitwa BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy na Mongali, baje bamusaba akazi ko gucukura amabuye, nyamara ari amayeri bari bafite bagamije gukora ibikorwa bibi, abimenyesha Ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze, Mongali arafatwa, naho BIZIMNANA Cassien ahungira muri Congo. Avuga ko byo byamugizeho ingaruka, kuko abo mutwe wa FDLR baje kwica umuvandimwe we, mu rwego rwo kumwihimuraho, ko nawe ubwe, nyuma yaje guhurira na BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy n’uwitwa BUGINGO Justin muri Congo i Bukavu, aho yakoraga ikinyobwa cyitwa Sadiki Soft Drink, bamutera ubwoba bamubwira ko natemera kwifatanya nabo bazamugirira nabi, yemera gukorana nabo; ko ariko bwari uburyo bwo kwigura. [246] Me MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, wunganira MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, avuga ko ashingiye ku ngingo ya 49 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ibyo Umucamanza ashingiraho mu gutanga ibihano, asanga Urukiko rubanza rutarahaye agaciro uko yari asanzwe yitwara mbere yo gukora icyaha, no kuba yaremeye icyaha kuva agifatwa. Avuga ko ahubwo rwahaye agaciro impamvu nkomezacyaha, aho rwavuze ko n’ubwo yemeye icyaha, ariko rushingiye ku bikorwa yakoze, yinjiza intwaro mu Rwanda, imikoranire ye n’imitwe y’iterabwoba n’ingaruka byagize ku baturage, rumuhana rushingiye ku cyaha gifite igihano kirusha ibindi gukomera. Avuga ko iyo ariyo mpamvu asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kureba impamvu

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nyoroshyacyaha zikaringanizwa n’impamvu nkomeza cyaha, akongera kugabanyirizwa igihano ku buryo bukwiye. [247] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko busanga ibisobanuro byose MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas ashingiraho avuga ko Urukiko rwirengagije ibijyanye n’imyiregurire ye nta shingiro bifite, kuko yaburanye yemera icyaha cyo kugambana no gushishikariza abantu gukora iterabwoba, anasobanura ko we na NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude bemeye umugambi mubisha bari bamaze gusobanurirwa na BUGINGO Justin na BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy wo kuzagira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba. Avuga ko n’ubwo yongeyeho ko nta mugambi yari afite wo gukora icyo cyaha, ko yaguye mu mutego wa BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy na BUGINGO Justin, babimushoyemo, ariko Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas afatanije n’abo bagambanye bagize ubushake mu bikorwa bakoze, rwemeza ko yagize uruhare mu bitero bitandukanye byagabwe mu Mirenge itandukanye, birimo n’igitero cyagabwe mu Karangiro kuko intwaro zirimo imbunda, amasasu na grenades byakoreshejwe muri ibyo bitero byaturukaga muri RDC byagera mu Rwanda bimwe bikabikwa kwa MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas mbere y’uko bikoreshwa; Urukiko rubanza rukaba rwarashingiye kuri ibyo byose, rugaragaza uruhare rwe mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba. [248] Ku bijyanye no kuba asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko yemera icyaha mu buryo budashindikanywaho, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko busanga nta shingiro bifite kuko mu mabazwa ye atandukanye no mu miburanire ye yagaragaje ko yemera uruhare rwe mu bitero by’iterabwoba byakorewe i Rusizi, ariko yarangiza akivuguruza agaragaza ko ibyo yakoze hari ababimushoyemo. Avuga ko we nta bushake yari afite bwo kubikora kandi nyamara

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atarigeze agira ubushake bwo kwitandukanya nabyo. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko uko kwivuguruza kwe kutamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha kuko ukwemera kwe gushidikanywaho, ndetse ibyaha yakoze bikaba biremereye kuko byagize ingaruka ku bantu bakomeretse no ku mitungo yabo. Busoza buvuga ko ibyo kutagabanya ibihano kubera uburemere bw’icyaha byemejwe mu rubanza n˚ RPA 0298/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/02/2012 haburana MUSHAYIDI Déogratias n’Ubushinjacyaha mu gika cyarwo cya 40 nk’uko rwagarutsweho haruguru. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [249] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuri iyi ingingo ikigomba gusuzumwa ari ukumenya niba Urukiko rushobora kongera kugabanya igihano, iyo abaregwa nta kindi banenga urukiko Rubanza kuri iyo ngingo, uretse kuvuga gusa ko batagabanyirijwe bihagije. [250] Ingingo ya 49 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko “Umucamanza atanga igihano akurikije uburemere bw’icyaha, ingaruka icyaha cyateye, impamvu zatumye agikora, uko uwagikoze yari asanzwe yitwara, imibereho ye bwite n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo’’. [251] Ingingo ya 58, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru igira iti: “Umucamanza ubwe ni we ugena niba impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemezwa n’umucamanza zahabwa agaciro’’. Igika cya kabiri cy’iyo ngingo giteganya ko “Kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha bigomba gusobanurwa mu cyemezo cy’urukiko’’.

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[252] Isesengura ry’ingingo ya 58 n’iya 49 z’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ryumvikanisha ko Umucamanza mu bushishozi bwe asuzuma impamvu nyoroshyacyaha (circonstances atténuantes judiciaires ou causes judiciaires d’atténuation), akazisobanura, akemeza ko koko zoroshya uburemere bw’icyaha kandi ko zikwiye gushingirwaho. Iyo amaze kwemeza ko zashingirwaho atanga igihano kijyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha ndetse n’ingaruka zacyo. Ubwo burenganzira bufitwe na buri mucamanza usuzuma urubanza yashyikirijwe harimo n’Umucamanza uburanisha urubanza rujuririrwa. Gusa, Umucamanza wo mu bujurire agomba kuzirikana ko yemerewe guhindura igihano cyatanzwe n’Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rubanza, igihe amaze kugaragaza amakosa Umucamanza wo muri urwo Rukiko yaba yarakoze mu gutanga icyo gihano47. Ibyo bivuze ko Umucamanza wo mu bujurire aba ashinzwe kugenzura niba, Umucamanza mu Rukiko rubanza yarubahirije neza igenwa ry’igihano hakurikijwe ingingo za 49 na 58 zavuzwe haruguru. [253] Ku kibazo nk’iki, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire rw’Urukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho Yougoslavie mu rubanza rwa VOjISLA V SESELJ narwo rwasobanuye ko Umucamanza wo mu rwego rubanza afite ububasha busesuye bwo kugena igihano gikwiye mu bushishozi bwe, ruvuga ko Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire atemerewe guhindura icyo gihano, uretse igihe agaragaje ko Urukiko rubanza

47 Niyo mpamvu itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha mu ngingo yaryo 183, agace ka 6, iteganya ko ujurira agomba kugaragaza ibisobanuro kuri buri nenge cyangwa kuri buri kibazo bigaragaza amakosa yakozwe n’uburyo agomba gukosorwa hashingiwe ku mategeko n’ibimenyetso n’igisabwa urukiko.

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rwakoresheje nabi ubushishozi bwarwo cyangwa se ko rwakoresheje nabi itegeko.48 [254] Ibyerekeye igenzurwa ry’ubushishozi bwakoreshejwe mu rubanza rubanza byashimangiwe mu nº RPAA 00406/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 22/10/2021, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NAHAYO Ignace, aho Urukiko rwavuze ko n’ubwo NAHAYO Ignace yari yagabanyirijwe igihano ku mpamvu y’uko yemeye icyaha, nta cyabuza ko mu bujurire yongera gusaba ko yagabanyirizwa birushijeho mu gihe asanga igihano yahawe kiremereye harebwe icyaha yahamijwe, maze mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rugasuzuma niba ibyo asaba bikwiye kandi bikurikije amategeko.49 [255] Hashingiwe kuri ibyo bisobanuro, uru Rukiko rurasuzuma mu bika bikurikiyeho, kuri buri muburanyi mu bajuriye, niba hari ukwibeshya kugaragarira buri wese kwabaye, cyangwa gukoresha nabi ubushishozi cyangwa itegeko mu kugena ibihano kugaragara mu rubanza rujuririrwa.

48 Reba Case no. IT-03-67-R77.2-A, 19 May 2010, VOJISLAV V SESELJ par 37: “The Appeals Chamber recalls that Trial Chambers are vested with broad discretion in determining an appropriate sentence. In general, the Appeals Chamber will not revise a sentence unless the appellant demonstrates that the Trial Chamber has committed a discernible error in exercising its discretion or has failed to follow the applicable law”. Available at: file:///C:/Users/l.ucyeye/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Con tent.Outlook/PPHD5LL8/VOjISLA%20V%20SESELJ%20%20in%20ICTR %20APPELATE%20CHAMBER.pdf 49 Nyuma yo kongera kubisuzuma ariko urukiko rwasanze igihano yari yahawe kijyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha yahamijwe, ntirwongera kumugabanyiriza.

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 Ku bireba NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara [256] NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, mu bujurire bwe, ntanenga ko Urukiko rubanza rwaba rwarakoresheje nabi itegeko mu kumugenera igihano, agaragaza gusa ko akurikije impamvu nyoroshyacyaha yagaragaje atagabanyirijwe igihano bihagije, akaba asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kongera kukigabanya. [257] Nk’uko bigaragara mu bice bya 664, 665 na 671 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko n’ubwo NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara yakoze ibikorwa byateye urupfu, ariko akaba yaremeye ibyaha aregwa kuva mu iperereza kugeza aburana urubanza mu mizi, akanafasha ubutabera, atanga amakuru yafashije mu iperereza n’uko ari ubwa mbere akurikiranweho icyaha, akwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano, agahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), aho kuba igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, hashingiwe ku ingingo ya 60, igika cya mbere, agace ka mbere (1˚), y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru no ku bisobanuro byatanzwe mu manza n˚ RS/INCONST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga na urubanza n˚ RPAA 00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. [258] NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara asaba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) yahawe kimuvutsa amahirwe yo gusubira mu muryango nyarwanda, nyamara yaricujije ibyaha yakoze yemeye mu buryo budashidikanywaho, akanabisabira imbabazi kubo byagizeho ingaruka no ku muryango nyarwanda muri rusange. Avuga ko yafashije ubutabera atanga amakuru kuri we n’abandi bafatanyije, Avuga ko yitandukanyije kumugaragaro n’imitwe ya RRM, MRCD na FLN, ko yashinje kumugaragaro ibihugu byateraga inkunga FLN, ko afite uburwayi budakira akaba ariyo

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mpamvu asaba uru Rukiko kongera kumugabanyiriza igihano, agahabwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5)50. Avuga ko Urukiko rubanza, mu gutanga igihano, rutari kureba gusa uburemere bw’icyaha yahamijwe, ko rwagombaga no kureba inyungu ze n’inyungu z’ubutabera. [259] Ubushinjacyaha bwo buvuga ko kuba NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara yaragabanyirijwe ku rwego rwa mbere, atakongera kugabanyirizwa ubwa kabiri, nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu manza zitandukanye zirimo, urubanza n˚ RPA 0066/08/CS rwo ku wa 6/2/2009, urubanza n˚ RPA 0085/09/CS rwo ku wa 17/6/201151 n’urubanza n˚ RPA 0283/10/CS rwo ku wa 19/1/201452. [260] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Umucamanza, mu gutanga igihano, areba imibereho y’uwakoze icyaha mbere yo

50 NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara avuga ko Urukiko rwo mu Budage rwakatiye abayobozi bakuru ba FDLR, Dr. Ignace MURWANASHYAKA, wari Perezida wa FDLR na MUSONI Straton, wari Visi Perezida wayo, igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itatu (13) n’icy’imyaka umunani (8), ko abasirikare bakuru ba FLN, aribo Colonel GATABAZI Joseph, wari ushinzwe gutegura ibitero, Lieutenant Colonel HAKIZIMANA wari umujyanama wa Général Wilson mu bijyanye n’ubutasi na Général de Brigade MBERABAHIZI David, Colonel NIYONZIMA Arthémon na Colonel NAMUHANGA Anthère bajyanwe mu ngando i MUTOBO. 51 Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu manza ebyiri za mbere, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaragaragaje ko nta mpamvu yo kongera kugabanyiriza abaregwa (KABAHIZI Jean na HAVUGIMANA Innocent) ibihano, hashingiwe ku kuba mu manza zijuririrwa baragabanyirijwe ibihano hakurikijwe amategeko. 52 Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu rubanza rwa gatatu, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye ko ibyo uregwa GAHONGAYIRE Jeanne asaba, yararangije kubihabwa kuko icyaha yakoze, ubundi gihanishwa igifungo cya burundu, ariko we akaba yarahawe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka icumi (10), akaba adakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa harebwe uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze.

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kugikora, igihe yagikoraga na nyuma yo kugikora, akabihuza n’uko icyaha cyakozwe, uburemere bwacyo n’ingaruka cyateye muri sosiyete, bivuze ko atanga igihano akigereranyije n’icyaha cyakozwe (principe de la proportionnalité de la peine à l’infraction), ibyo akabikora agamije kurengera sosiyete, guhana koko uwakatiwe, kurengera inyungu z’uwahohotewe, anabihuza n’inyungu yo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe uwakatiwe no gukumira ibyaha bishya53. [261] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko rubanza rwarabyubahirije kuko rwahaye NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara igihano, hashingiwe ku buremere no ku ngaruka z’ibyaha yahamijwe, runabigereranya n’uko yari asanzwe yitwara mbere yo gukora ibyo byaha, uko yemeye ibyaha aregwa kuva mu iperereza kugeza aburana urubanza mu mizi n’uko yafashije ubutabera, atanga amakuru arebana n’ibyaha aregwa, rukaba rwaramuhanishije mu bushishozi bwarwo igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rubanza rutari gushingira ku bindi bintu bigize imibereho ye bwite mu gihe bitaragaragajwe muri dosiye y’urubanza cyangwa bitaburanishijwe mu buryo bw’ivuguruzanya54.

53 ‘‘ Le choix de la peine par le juge doit donc obéir à cinq considérations: la protection de la société, la punition du condamné, la prise en compte des intérêts de la victime, la réinsertion du condamné et la lutte contre la récidive.’’, Harald Renoult, Droit pénal général, 19e édition, Bruylant- Paradigme, Bruxelles, 2020, P. 291. 54 ‘‘Le juge prononce la ou les peines qu’il considère être adaptées au condamné et prend en compte pour cela tous les éléments le concernant figurant à la procédure et soumis aux débats contradictoires’’, Harald Renoult, op.cit, P. 285.

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[262] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zagaragajwe na NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara ubwa mbere muri uru Rukiko, nko kuba yaracitse ku icumu rya jenoside cyangwa ari impfubyi, kuba afite umu fiancée, kuba ubu afite imyaka mirongo itatu n’icyenda (39) y’amavuko, kuvuga ko yitandukanije na RRM, MRCD na FLN, kuba afite indwara y’umuvuduko w’amaraso n’ikibazo cy’igifu no kuba hari abasirikare bakuru ba FLN banjyanwe mu ngando i Mutobo, atari impamvu zatuma yakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano yakatiwe, harebwe akamaro k’igihano n’ingaruka z’ibyaha yahamijwe. [263] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga icyakora, Urukiko rubanza rutarahaye agaciro gakwiye hakurikijwe guhuza igihano n’uburemere bw’icyaha, kuba ari ubwa mbere yakurikiranweho icyaha, kuba yaremeye mu buryo budashidikanywaho ibyaha yahamijwe kuva yafatwa, abisabira imbabazi kubo byagizeho ingaruka n’umuryango nyarwanda muri rusange, afasha ubutabera atanga amakuru akenewe ku birebana n’iyo mitwe y’iterabwoba, ku bantu bayigize, uko ibihugu n’abantu bayitera inkunga, kuba aburana mu mizi yarakomeje kwemera ibyo byaha yahamijwe, ibi bikaba byarafashije ubutabera kubona amakuru ahagije yerekeranye n’imikorere y’umutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN, atuma hafatwa ingamba zikwiye mu rwego rwo gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikorwa n’uwo mutwe. Kubera izo mpamvu, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ibyo asaba ko yakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano bifite ishingiro. [264] Naho Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko hashingiwe ku manza eshatu zavuzwe haruguru, zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara adakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko izo manza

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zemeje ko nta mpamvu yo kongera kugabanyiriza abaregwa igihano kubera ko bagabanyirijwe ibihano ku rwego rwa mbere, hakurikijwe amategeko, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro, kuko ahubwo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye ko abaregwa badakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano ku mpamvu y’uko bagabanyirijwe igihano bihagije ku rwego rwa mbere55. Naho ku birebana n’urubanza rwa GAHONGAYIRE Jeanne, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rukaba rwasobanuye ko adakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa, harebwe uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze56.  Ku bireba NSENGIMANA Herman [265] Uru Rukiko ruributsa ko nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika cya 164 cy’uru rubanza, rwasanze ukwemera kwa NSENGIMANA Herman kwashingiweho agabanyirizwa igihano kutuzuye, bityo kukaba kutaragomba gushingirwaho mu bituma agabanyirizwa igihano. Muri iki gice rero, harasuzumwa izindi mpamvu NSENGIMANA Herman atanga asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano, hazirikanwa ihame ryagaragajwe haruguru ry’uko igihano gishobora guhinduka gusa mu rwego rw’ubujurire iyo Urukiko rubanza rwibeshye bigaragarira buri wese mu gukoresha ubushishozi bwarwo cyangwa se rwakoresheje nabi itegeko mu kugena igihano. [266] Muri uru rubanza, Ubujurire bwa NSENGIMANA Herman ntibushingiye ku kuba Urukiko rubanza rwarakoreshe nabi itegeko, ahubwo bushingiye ku kuba Urukiko rubanza

55 Reba ku rupapuro rwa gatatu, igika cya 7 cy’urubanza rwa KABAHIZI Jean no ku rupapuro rwa kabiri, igika cya 6 cy’ urubanza rwa HAVUGIMANA Innocent. 56 Reba igika cya 12 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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rutaramugabanyirije igihano bihagije mu bushishozi bwarwo, agasaba kongera kugabanyirizwa. [267] Mu gika cya 685 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwagabanyirije NSENGIMANA Herman igihano ku mpamvu y’uko yemeye icyaha yahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, kuba yarafashije inzego z’ubutabera no kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe mu nkiko, aho guhanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), agahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5). [268] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe ku ngingo irebana no kumenya niba NSENGIMANA Herman yaraburanye yemera icyaha yahamijwe mu buryo budashidikanywaho, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibisabwa na NSENGIMANA Herman bitahabwa agaciro, ko ahubwo yagabanyirijwe igihano n’Urukiko rubanza ku buryo burenze, kuko kumugabanyiriza igihano kugeza ku gifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), rwanashingiye ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha y’uko yemeye icyaha yahamijwe mu buryo budashidikanywaho, nyamara yaraburanye ahakana ko FLN atari mutwe w’iterabwoba, ko ari umutwe w’igisirikare, bivuze ko atemera kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba nk’uko Urukiko rubanza rwabyemeje. [269] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga NSENGIMANA Herman adakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere. Bityo, iyi ngingo ye y’ubujurire ikaba nta shingiro ifite.  Ku bireba MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas [270] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 679 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko MATAKAMBA

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Jean Berchmas ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, icyo gukoresha binyuranije n’amategeko ikintu giturika ahantu hakoreshwa na rubanda n’icyo kugambana no gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko n’ubwo MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas n’abagenzi be bemeye ibyaha bakurikiranweho, ariko rurebye uburyo bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi, uko bambutsaga intwaro bazizana mu Rwanda bakazibika n’imikoranire yabo n’abayobozi b’ingabo za FLN, ndetse n’ingaruka ibyo bitero byagize bikomeretsa abantu, binangiza imitungo, bagomba guhanishwa igihano giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera mu bibahama, bagahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). [271] Nk’uko bigaragara mu mikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa, mu gika cya 637 na 643, Ubushinjacyaha bwasabaga ko MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas ahanishwa igihano kirusha ibindi gukomera cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25) ko atagabanyirizwa igihano kubera ukwemera icyaha kwe kutuzuye no kuba ibyaha aregwa ari ibyaha by’ubugome; MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas we yavuze ko igihano yasabiwe ari kinini, ko yemera uruhare mu byaha aregwa, ariko asaba Urukiko gushishoza, rukareba icyamuteye kubikora, anasaba isubikagihano kubera impanuka yagize ikamutera ibibazo mu mutwe. [272] Mu myanzuro ye mu bujurire, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas asaba Urukiko gusuzuma ukwemera icyaha kwe kudashidikanywaho, rukamugabanyiriza igihano, kuko Urukiko rubanza rutaguhaye agaciro, ahubwo rwashingiye ku mpamvu

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nkomezacyaha zidateganyijwe n’itegeko, rwanga kumugabanyiriza igihano, rwirengagiza ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 59 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ko impamvu nkomezacyaha ziteganywa gusa n’itegeko. Mu iburanisha muri uru Rukiko, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas avuga ko asaba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere, ku mpamvu y’uko mbere y’uko akora ibyaha yahamijwe, yari umuturage w’inyangamugayo, wafashaga abashinzwe umutekano. [273] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 47 n’iya 49 z’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rubanza rutirengagije ukwemera icyaha kwa MUTAKAMBA Jean Berchmas kuko rwemeje ko yemeye ibyaha aregwa, ariko adakwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano kubera uburyo we n’abandi bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi. Bunavuga ko n’iyo Urukiko ruza guha agaciro ukwemera icyaha kwe nk’impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, igihano yari guhabwa, kitari kujya munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri yahawe n’Urukiko rubanza, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 60, agace ka kabiri (2˚), y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru. [274] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko ntirutegetswe kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha igihe cyose zigaragajwe, ngo rugabanyirize uregwa igihano, ahubwo ruzemeza mu bushishozi, kandi rushobora kwanga kuzemeza nk’impamvu ngabanya gihano, rurebye imikorere y’icyaha uregwa akurikiranweho cyangwa uburyo cyakozwemo, ari nabyo Urukiko rubanza rwakoze. Ku bireba MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, n’ubwo yemeye ibyaha aregwa, rwanze kumugabanyiriza igihano cy’igifungo kugeza munsi y’imyaka

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makumyabiri (20), igihano ntarengwa cyo hasi (gito) giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera (l’infraction la plus grave) yahamijwe, harebwe impamvu zasobanuwe mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa. Bivuze ko urwo Rukiko rutirengagije ukwemera icyaha kwe, ahubwo rwasanze mu bushishozi bwarwo uko kwemera icyaha kwe kutamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha cyangwa ngabanya gihano, rurebye uburemere bw’ibyaha yahamijwe. [275] Ku bivugwa na MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas ko Urukiko rubanza rwanze kumugabanyiriza igihano rushingiye ku mpamvu nkomezacyaha zidateganyijwe n’itegeko, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro kuko ibyo uregwa yita impamvu nkomezacyaha zitateganyijwe n’itegeko ari ibikorwa bigize ibyaha yahamijwe, bigaragaza uburemere n’ubugome bwabyo, bikaba atari impamvu nkomezacyaha nk’uko zisobanurwa n’amategeko nshinjabyaha. [276] MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas avuga kandi ko Urukiko rubanza, rwirengagije indi mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha irebana n’uko mbere yo gukora ibyaha yahamijwe yari umuturage w’inyangamugayo. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, ibyo nta shingiro bifite, mu gihe atabivuze ku rwego rwa mbere ngo anabitangire ibimenyetso. Rurasanga kandi no mu bujurire, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, uretse kubivuga, atagaragariza Urukiko ibimenyetso bibishimangira. [277] N’ubwo MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas avuga ko atagabanyirijwe igihano ku rwego rwa mbere, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko rubanza rwaramuhanishije igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), igihano ntarengwa cyo hasi giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera yahamijwe, aho kumuhanisha igihano cy’imyaka

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makumyabiri n’itanu (25), igihano ntarengwa cyo hejuru, giteganyirijwe icyo cyaha. Ibi byumvikanisha ko kuba atarahawe igihano cyo hejuru, yagabanyirijwe igihano. Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rwa mbere rwaramuhaye igihano gikwiye kandi gihagije, akaba adashobora kugaragaza ikosa rwakoze mu kumugenera icyo gihano, ku buryo byaba ngombwa ko cyongera kugabanywa. a. Kumenya niba Urukiko rubanza rwarirengagije impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zatanzwe na bamwe mu baregwa [278] NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, SHABANI Emmanuel na BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy bajuriye banenga Urukiko rubanza ko rutahaye agaciro impamvu nyoroshyacyaha barugaragarije ngo ruzishingireho rubagabanyiriza ibihano. [279] NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent avuga ko anenga Urukiko rubanza, kuba rwarirengagije amakuru yatanze kuva yatangira kubazwa mu nzego z’iperereza, yemera icyaha ku buryo budashidikanywaho, kugera imbere y’Urukiko, akaba atarigeze ahindura imvugo, ariko akaba atarahawe igihano gito gishoboka, ahubwo agakatirwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). [280] Me NGAMIJE KIRABO Guido, umwunganira, avuga ko Urukiko rubanza mu guha NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent igihano rwashingiye ku cyaha gifite igihano kirusha ibindi gukomera, byatumye atagabanyirizwa ibihano ku buryo bukwiye, akaba asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuzashingira ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza n˚ RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 4/12/2019, mu gika cya 49, no ku

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rubanza n˚ RPAA 00031/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/11/2021, zose zijyanye n’ubwigenge bw’Umucamanza mu guha agaciro impamvu nyoroshyacyaha. [281] BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude we avuga ko anenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwarirengagije ukwemera icyaha kwe kuva afashwe kugeza aburana imbere y’Urukiko, ntirwamugabanyiriza igihano ku cyaha yahamijwe cyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo ya 19 y’Itegeko ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, aho igihano giteganyirijwe ari imyaka makumyabiri (20), kandi nawe akaba ariyo yahanishijwe. Bityo, akaba asanga nta kugabanyirizwa igihano kwigeze kubaho, ariyo mpamvu asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kumugabanyiriza igihano. [282] SHABANI Emmanuel we avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ko yemeye ibyaha kuva mu nzego z’iperereza kugera mu Rukiko, birimo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi gukora iterabwoba, icyo gukoresha ikintu giturika ahari rubanda n’icyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba. Avuga ko yemeye n’ibindi byaha yakoze abishowemo n’uwitwa BUGINGO Justin, ko ariko Urukiko rubanza rwamushyize mu gikundi cy’abandi baregwa ibindi byaha, nk’icy’ubwinjiracyaha bw’ubwicanyi, abihanirwa atarabikoze. [283] Me UWIMANA Channy, wunganira SHABANI Emmanuel, avuga ko mu kumuhana, Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ingingo ya 49 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ibyo umucamanza ashingiraho mu gutanga igihano, ndetse rumushyira mu itsinda ry’abantu benshi, aregwa ibyaha atakoze, bituma atagabanyirizwa ibihano, kandi afite impamvu

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nyoroshyacyaha. Avuga ko rutagize icyo ruzivugaho ngo ruzisobanure nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 58, agace kayo ka 2, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, rwemeza gusa ko ahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), rudasobanuye impamvu z’icyo gihano. [284] Me UWIMANA Channy avuga ko asanga rero SHABANI Emmanuel ataragabanyirijwe ibihano, ariyo mpamvu basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kubimugabanyiriza. Ku bijyanye no kugabanya igihano hagendewe ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha, asaba Urukiko kuzifashisha urubanza n˚ ICTR 05-86-S rwo ku wa 17/12/2019, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Michel BAGARAGAZA, aho Urukiko rwemeje ko yaburanye yemera icyaha, kandi akaba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe, rumukatira igifungo cy’imyaka irindwi (7), kandi yari guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu. [285] NSABlMANA Jean Damascène avuga ko icyatumye ajurira asaba kugabanyirizwa ibihano, ari uko kuva mu ntangiriro yemeye ibyaha akurikiranweho, abisabira imbabazi, kandi asubiza intwaro yari abitse, ariko Urukiko rubanza ntirwabiha agaciro ahubwo rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), ko rero asaba uru Rukiko kumugabanyiriza igihano. [286] Me UWIMANA Channy, wunganira NSABlMANA Jean Damascène, avuga ko yajuriye kuko Urukiko rutahaye agaciro impamvu nyoroshyacyaha yo kwemera icyaha kwe, kuba yaratanze amakuru yaho yari yarabitse intwaro mbere y’uko afatwa no kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe, ahubwo akaba yarashyizwe mu gatebo kamwe n’abandi benshi byatumye ahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), ku cyaha atarezwe cyo kugambana no gushishikariza abandi gukora iterabwoba, ngo akisobanureho. Avuga ko ariyo mpamvu asaba

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uru Rukiko gushingira ku ngingo ya 3857 y’Itegeko no 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, NSABlMANA Jean Damascène akagabanyirizwa igihano, kuko kuri we asanga ntabyo yakorewe hashingiwe ku kuba yarahanishijwe igihano kinini giteganyirijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, nacyo yahamijwe, ubusanzwe gihanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), kandi nawe akaba ariyo yahawe. [287] BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy avuga ko kuva yafatwa yagaragaje guhinduka mu myitwarire ye, yemera icyaha arakicuza kandi agisabira imbabazi, ko ndetse yasubije ibikoresho byose yari afite, akaba asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kumugabanyiriza ibihano. [288] Me MUREKATETE Henriette, wunganira BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ingingo ya 59, agace kayo ka mbere (1), y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, kuko rutasobanuye ibijyanye n’impamvu nyoshyacyaha kuri we. Avuga ko ibyo byatumye atagabanyirizwa igihano nk’abandi, kandi yaremeye icyaha ku buryo budashidikanywaho, ariyo mpamvu basaba uru Rukiko kumugabanyiriza, kandi rukazashingira ku rubanza n˚ RPAA 00064/2019/CA58 rwaciwe

57 ‘‘Haseguriwe ibiteganywa n’andi mategeko, ibihano biteganyijwe ku byaha bivugwa muri iri tegeko bishobora kugabanywa iyo ukurikiranweho icyaha atanze amakuru atashoboraga kuboneka ku bundi buryo, afasha gukumira cyangwa kugabanya ingaruka z’icyaha, kumenya cyangwa gushyikiriza inkiko uwakoze icyaha, kubona ibimenyetso cyangwa kuburizamo ibikorwa by’iterabwoba biteganywa n’iri tegeko’’. 58 ‘‘Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo ingingo ya 60, agace ka kabiri (2), y’ltegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko iyo hari impamvu zigabanya ububi bw’icyaha, igihano cy’igifungo kimara

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n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 30/7/2021, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na HABIMANA Pascal, mu gika cyarwo cya 39. [289] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko abaregwa barimo NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, SHABANI Emmanuel, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène na BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, bavuga ko icyo bahuriyeho ari uko bagabye ibitero i Rusizi. Buvuga Urukiko rubanza mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwasanze bakwiye guhanishwa igihano kiremeyeye kuruta ibindi mu byaha, harebwe ku ngaruka ibyo bitero byagize ku bantu. Buvuga ko rero ibyo basaba byo kugabanyirizwa ibihano, nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa, kuko atari itegeko kugabanya ibihano, kabone n’ubwo baba bafite impamvu nyoroshyacyaha. Buvuga ko Urukiko rubanza

igihe kizwi cyangwa ihazabu bishobora kugabanywa ariko ntibijye munsi y’igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe, hashingiwe ku murongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’lkirenga mu rubanza n˚ RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/SC rwo ku wa 4/12/2019, Umucamanza afite inshingano yo guhanisha uwahamwe n’icyaha igihano gikwiye, akurikije uburemere bw’icyaha, ingaruka icyaha cyateye, impamvu zatumye agikora, uko uwagikoze yari asanzwe yitwara, imibereho ye bwite n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 49 y’ltegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, kumubuza kugabanya igihano giteganyijwe n’itegeko, kandi hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, cyangwa kubimwemerera, mu gihe izo mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha zihari, ariko kugabanya igihano ntibijye munsi y’igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe, bikaba byaba ari ukumwabura ubwisanzure n’ibwigenge bwo gutanga igihano kigendanye n’icyaha cyakozwe, bituma adaha umuburanyi uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye. Rurasanga kandi ibi byaba binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 n’iya 151 z’ltegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, kuko mu kwemeza ibyo byose, Urukiko rw’lkirenga rwashatse kugaragaza ko nta cyabuza Umucamanza kugabanyiriza mu buryo bukwiye uwahamwe n’icyaha igihano giteganywa n’itegeko, hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingino ya 49 y’ltegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru’’.

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rwabahaye igihano gito cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) kiri munsi y’icyo itegeko riteganya. [290] Ku bijyanye no kuba abaregwa bari muri iri tsinda, bakunze kugaruka cyane ku kintu cyo kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaritaye ku mpamvu nkomezacyaha, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko atari ukuri, kuko izo mpamvu ziteganywa n’itegeko, kandi ingingo ya 19, agace kayo ka 3, y’Itegeko n˚ 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, iteganya impamvu imwe nkomezacyaha, ku cyaha cyo kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, bikozwe n’umuyobozi, n’impamvu nkomezacyaha iteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 34 y’iryo Tegeko, igihe ibyo bikorwa by’iterabwoba byateje urupfu, ko kandi muri abo baregwa nta na hamwe Urukiko rubanza rwashingiye kuri izo mpamvu zivugwa muri iryo Tegeko. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA  Ku bireba NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude [291] Ku bireba NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, ubujurire bwabo kuri iyi ngingo bushingiye ku kuba Urukiko rubanza rutarahaye agaciro ukwemera kwabo ngo rugushingireho rubagabanyiriza igihano. Mu gukemura izi mpaka, uru Rukiko rurifashisha ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 49 n’iya 58 z’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. [292] Ingingo ya 49 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko “Umucamanza atanga igihano akurikije uburemere bw’icyaha, ingaruka icyaha cyateye, impamvu zatumye agikora, uko

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uwagikoze yari asanzwe yitwara, imibereho ye bwite n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo’’. Naho iya 58, igika cya mbere, y’iryo Tegeko yo ikagira iti: “Umucamanza ubwe ni we ugena niba impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemezwa n’umucamanza zahabwa agaciro’’. Igika cya kabiri cy’iyo ngingo giteganya ko “Kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha bigomba gusobanurwa mu cyemezo cy’urukiko’’. [293] Izi ngingo zombi zishimangira ihame ry’amategeko ryemerera Umucamanza, mu gutanga igihano, kureba imibereho y’uwakoze icyaha mbere yo kugikora, igihe yagikoraga na nyuma yo kugikora, akazihuza n’uko icyaha cyakozwe, uburemere bwacyo n’ingaruka cyateye muri sosiyete, akemeza niba hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ndetse akanemeza niba zishobora gushingirwaho cyangwa kudashingirwaho mu kugabanya igihano. [294] Mu gika cya 679 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude bahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba n’icyo gukoresha binyuranije n’amategeko ikintu giturika ahantu hakoreshwa na rubanda. NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent akaba ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kugambana no gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko n’ubwo NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude bemeye ibyaha bakurikiranyweho, ariko rurebye uburyo bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi, uko bambutsaga intwaro bazizana mu Rwanda bakazibika n’imikoranire yabo n’abayobozi b’ingabo za FLN, ndetse n’ingaruka ibyo bitero byagize bikomeretsa abantu, binangiza

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imitungo, bagomba guhanishwa igihano giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera mu bibahama, bagahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). [295] Mu myanzuro bahuriyemo mu bujurire, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude banenga Urukiko rubanza ko rwanze kubagabanyiza igihano kandi bemera ibyaha. Kuri ibyo Ubushinjacyaha busubiza ko Urukiko rubanza rutirengagije ukwemera icyaha kwa NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude kuko rwemeje ko bemeye ibyaha baregwa, ariko bakaba badakwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano kubera uburyo bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi. Bunavuga ko n’iyo Urukiko ruza guha agaciro ukwemera icyaha kwabo nk’impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, igihano bari guhabwa, kitari kujya munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri (20) bahawe n’Urukiko rubanza, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 60, agace ka kabiri (2˚), y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru. [296] Uru Rukiko rusanga nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rudategetswe kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha igihe cyose zigaragajwe, ngo rugabanyirize uregwa igihano. Ahubwo ruzemeza mu bushishozi bwarwo, kandi rushobora kwanga kuzemeza nk’impamvu ngabanya gihano, rurebye imikorere y’icyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho cyangwa uburyo cyakozwemo, ari nabyo Urukiko rubanza rwakoze. Ku birebana na NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, Urukiko rubanza rwanze kubagabanyiriza igihano cy’igifungo kugeza munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri (20), igihano ntarengwa cyo hasi (gito) giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera (l’infraction la plus grave) bahamijwe, harebwe impamvu zasobanuwe mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa. Ibyo

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bivuze ko urwo Rukiko rutirengagije ukwemera icyaha kwabo, ahubwo rwasanze mu bushishozi bwarwo uko kwemera icyaha kwabo kutababera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha cyangwa ngabanya gihano, rurebye uburemere bw’ibyaha bahamijwe. [297] N’ubwo NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude bavuga ko batagabanyirijwe igihano ku rwego rwa mbere, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko rubanza rwarabahanishije igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), igihano ntarengwa cyo hasi giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera bahamijwe, aho kubahanisha igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25), igihano ntarengwa cyo hejuru, giteganyirijwe icyo cyaha. Ibi byumvikanisha ko kuba batarahawe igihano cyo hejuru, bagabanyirijwe igihano. Uru Rukiko rurasanga kandi Urukiko rwa mbere rwarabahaye igihano gikwiye kandi gihagije, harebwe ibyaha bakoze mu buryo butaziguye. [298] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude badakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano bahawe ku rwego rwa mbere. Bityo, iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwabo ikaba nta shingiro ifite.  Ku bireba SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard [299] SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard bavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rutahaye agaciro ukwemera icyaha kwabo no kuba ari ubwa mbere bakoze icyaha, nk’impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, rubahanisha igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), ko n’ubwo baregwa icyaha by’ubugome, nta cyari gutuma batagabanyirizwa igihano.

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Bavuga kandi ko batagabanyirijwe igihano, kuko bahanishijwe igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), igihano kinini giteganyijwe n’itegeko ku byaha bahamijwe. Banenga na none Urukiko rubanza kuko rutasobanuye impamvu rwabahaye igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). [300] By’umwihariko, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard avuga ko kuba mbere yo gufatwa yararangiye Ubuyobozi aho yari yahishe intwaro kugira ngo zitazabonwa n’abandi, byamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 38 y’Itegeko n˚ 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba. [301] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 47 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, bidakwiye gufatwa nk’aho Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ukwemera kwa SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, kuko nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwemeje ko bemeye icyaha, ariko badakwiye kugabanyirizwa ibihano kubera uburyo bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi. Bunavuga ko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 60, agace ka kabiri (2˚), y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, n’iyo Urukiko ruza guha agaciro ukwemera icyaha kwabo nk’impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, igihano bari guhabwa, kitari kujya munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri (20) bahawe n’Urukiko rubanza, kubera ko icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera bahamijwe, ari cyo gukoresha binyuranyije n’amategeko ikintu giturika ahantu hakoreshwa na rubanda, gihanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri (20), ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25).

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[302] Mu gika cya 679 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard bahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba n’icyo gukoresha binyuranyije n’amategeko ikintu giturika ahantu hakoreshwa na rubanda. SHABANI Emmanuel akaba anahamwa n’icyaha cyo kugambana no gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko n’ubwo SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard bemeye ibyaha bakurikiranyweho, ariko rurebye uburyo bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi, bagomba guhanishwa igihano giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera mu bibahama, bagahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). [303] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga usibye ko Urukiko rudategetswe kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha igihe cyose zigaragajwe, ngo rugabanyirize uregwa igihano, ahubwo mu gihe ruzemeza, rubikora mu bushishozi bwarwo, bivuze ko rushobora kwanga kuzemeza nk’impamvu ngabanya gihano, rurebye imikorere y’icyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho cyangwa uburyo cyakozwemo, ari nabyo Urukiko rubanza rwakoze ku birebana na SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard. [304] Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe mu gace kabanziriza aka, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, ihame ry’amategeko ku birebana n’impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, ari uko ubugome bw’icyaha butabuza Urukiko kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha no kugabanya igihano, ariko mu bushishozi bwarwo, n’ubwo hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha,

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rushobora kwanga kugabanyiriza uregwa igihano mu gihe rusanga uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze n’ubugome cyakoranywe buruta kure impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ziri mu nyungu ze. [305] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko rubanza rutarasobanuye ko SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard batagabanyirizwa igihano kubera ubugome ibyaha bahamijwe byakoranywe, ahubwo mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’urwo Rukiko byumvikanisha ko rwasanze n’ubwo bemeye ibyaha bakurikiranyweho, badakwiye kugabanyirizwa cyane igihano, harebwe uburyo bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi. Iyo akaba ariyo mpamvu rwabahanishije igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera bahamijwe, aho kubahanisha igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25), igihano kinini ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyo cyaha. [306] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero ibivugwa na SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard ko batagabanyirijwe igihano, ndetse nta mpamvu yatanzwe n’Urukiko rubanza isobanura igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) bakatiwe, nta shingiro bifite. [307] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 38 y’Itegeko n˚ 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, akwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko mbere yo gufatwa yarangiye Ubuyobozi aho yari yahishe intwaro kugira ngo zitazabonwa n’abandi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro kuko kumenyesha abayobozi aho yahishe imbunda (pistolet) na gerenade (grenade), akoresheje umugore

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we kuko we yari yaragiye Congo59, n’ubwo yaba ari amakuru atashoboraga kuboneka ku bundi buryo, adafasha gukumira, kugabanya ingaruka z’icyaha cyangwa kuburizamo ibikorwa by’iterabwoba, nk’uko bisabwa n’iyo ngingo ya 38. Rurasanga kandi n’ubwo yari kuba amakuru afite kamere ivugwa muri iyo ngingo, Urukiko rudategetswe kugabanyariza byanze bikunze uregwa igihano. [308] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa SHABANI Emmanuel na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard nta shingiro ifite.  Ku bireba BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy [309] BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy anenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwaramuhanishije igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), nyamara ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe n’inzego z’ubutabera, ko yaburanye yemera icyaha ku buryo budashidikanywaho, ko yafashije inzego z’iperereza, atanga amakuru yatumye bamwe mubo bakoranye ibyaha bafatwa, ariyo mpamvu asaba uru Rukiko kumugabanyiriza ibihano kuko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 59, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru. Asobanura ko atagabanyirijwe igihano kuko Urukiko rwa mbere rwamuhaye igihano kiri mu mbibi (fourchette) y’ibihano biteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera yahamijwe, kandi rutanasobanuye impamvu y’icyo gihano. Avuga kandi ko kuva yafatwa yagaragaje guhinduka muri we kuko yatanze ibikoresho byose yari afite, ko yicuza kandi asaba imbabazi.

59 Reba gika cya 321 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa aho yabivuze.

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[310] Mu gika cya 679 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, icyo gukoresha binyuranije n’amategeko ikintu giturika ahantu hakoreshwa na rubanda n’icyo kugambana no gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko n’ubwo BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy n’abagenzi be bemeye ibyaha bakurikiranyweho, ariko rurebye uburyo bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi, bagomba guhanishwa igihano giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera mu bibahama, bagahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20). [311] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga isesengura ry’ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko rubanza mu gika cya 681 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, byumvikanisha ko rwasanze n’ubwo BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy yemeye ibyaha akurikiranyweho, adakwiye kugabanyirizwa cyane igihano, harebwe uburyo we n’abagenzi be bakozemo ibitero ahantu hatandukanye mu Karere ka Rusizi, ariyo mpamvu rwamuhanishije kimwe n’abagenzi be igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyaha kirusha ibindi gukomera bahamijwe, aho kubahanisha igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25), igihano kinini ntarengwa giteganyirijwe icyo cyaha. [312] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo uregwa yemeye ibyaha aregwa kuva yafatwa, ko ari ubwa mbere akurikiranywe n’inzego z’ubutabera, akaba yarafashije izo nzego, Urukiko rudategestwe byanze bikunze kwemeza izo mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha nk’impamvu ngabanya gihano ku kigero

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abyifuzaho, kuko rubikora mu bushishozi bwarwo, rushingiye muri rusange k’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo no ku mibereho y’uwagikoze. Rusanga inenge igaragazwa na BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy ko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 59, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru itahabwa agaciro. [313] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rubanza rwaratanze ibisobanuro ku mpamvu zatumye BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) rushingiye k’uburyo ibyaha yahamijwe byakozwemo no ku buryo yaburanye yemera ibyaha aregwa. Bityo, ibyo avuga akaba atari ukuri. [314] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy nta shingiro ifite. b. Kumenya niba abaregwa basaba isubikagihano barikwiye [315] Abaregwa bajuriye basaba isubikagihano ni NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard na SHABANI Emmanuel.  NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel [316] NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel avuga ko kuva mu Rukiko rubanza yasabye gusubikirwa ibihano nk’uko biteganywa mu

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ngingo ya 8560 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ariko ntiyabihabwa. Avuga ko aramutse adahawe amahirwe yo gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, Urukiko rukabibona ukundi, rwamuha igihano gisubitse kugira ngo ajye kureba umuryango we, ndetse abashe gukurikirana ubuzima bwe kuko afite uburwayi bw’umuvuduko w’amaraso. [317] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko busanga ibisabwa na NSHIMYIMANA Emmanuel byo kuba yasubikirwa ibihano nta shingiro bifite kuko atigeze yinjizwa mu mitwe y’iterabwoba ku gahato nk’uko abivuga, ko kandi yayigiyemo atakiri umwana.  IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel [318] IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel avuga ko yemeranya n’Ubushinjacyaha kuba ibyaha akurikiranyweho bwarabimureze bushingiye ku Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ko asaba uru Rukiko narwo kuzashingira ku ngingo ya 85 y’iryo Tegeko Ngenga iteganya ibijyanye n’isubikagihano nawe agasubikirwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yahanishijwe ku rwego rwa mbere. [319] Ubushinjacyaha busanga ku bijyanye no kuba igihano yahawe cy’imyaka itanu (5) cyasubikwa hashingiwe ku ngingo

60 Ingingo ya 85 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ‘‘Isubikagihano ni icyemezo cy‟umucamanza gihagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5) iyo uwagikatiwe atigeze ahanishwa mbere mu rubanza rwabaye ndakuka igihano cy’igifungo cyangwa igihano nsimburagifungo cy‟imirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro kirenze amezi atandatu (6)’’.

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ya 85 y’Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ko uretse no kuba adasobanura impamvu akwiye gusubikirwa ibihano ku cyaha kiremereye nk’icyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, nta n’ubwo ingingo y’itegeko akoresha kuri icyo cyaha ariyo ikwiye, kuko kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba ari cyaha cy’imaragihe, gihanwa hakurikijwe itegeko ririho, igihe igikorwa cya nyuma kigize icyaha gihagarikiwe. Bukomeza buvuga ko kuba yarabaye mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa FDLR-FOCA kugera muri Gicuransi 2016, akimukira mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN akaba ari nawo yari akirimo kugeza afashwe mu mwaka wa 2019, igikorwa yakoze gihanwa hakurikijwe ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko n˚ 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, riteganya igihano kitari munsi y’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri (20); icyo gihano kikaba kitasubikwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 6461 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu.  Kuri NIYIRORA Marcel [320] NIYIRORA Marcel avuga ko hashingiwe ku kwemera ibyaha kwe nk’impamvu nyoroshyacyaha asaba Urukiko ko mu kumuhana rwashingira ku ngingo ya 3862 y’Itegeko nº 46/2018

61 ‘‘Isubikagihano ni icyemezo cy’urukiko gihagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5). Isubikagihano ritangwa hashingiwe ku buremere bw’icyaha’’ 62 Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko nº 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba ‘‘Haseguriwe ibiteganywa n’andi mategeko, ibihano biteganyijwe ku byaha bivugwa muri iri tegeko bishobora kugabanywa iyo ukurikiranweho icyaha atanze amakuru atashoboraga kuboneka ku bundi buryo, afasha gukumira cyangwa kugabanya ingaruka z’icyaha, kumenya cyangwa gushyikiriza inkiko uwakoze icyaha, kubona ibimenyetso cyangwa kuburizamo ibikorwa by’iterabwoba biteganywa n’iri tegeko’’

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ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba iteganya ko ibihano biteganyijwe muri iryo tegeko bishobora kugabanywa, ndetse rukanashingira ku ngingo ya 85 y’Itegeko Ngenga n˚ 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya isubikagihano, nawe akaba yasubikirwa igihano yahabwa, akajya gushaka umuryango we kuko yafashwe atazi aho uherereye. [321] Me URAMIJE James, wunganira NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel na NIYIRORA Marcel, avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku kwemera icyaha kwabo, rwabagabanyirije igihano bahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), ko rero ashingiye kuri icyo gihano bahawe, asaba ko basubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, ariko urukiko rwabibona ukundi, na none hagendewe kuri icyo gihano bahawe, bakaba bahabwa isubikagihano. [322] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuba NIYIRORA Marcel asaba isubikagihano, busanga nta shingiro bifite kuko icyaha yahamijwe ari icyaha cy’ubugome gifite igihano kirengeje igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5). Bityo, busanga ibyo asaba binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 64-y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange igira iti: “Isubikagihano ni icyemezo cy’Urukiko gihagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5)”.  NSABIMANA Jean Damascène na SHABANI Emmanuel [323] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwanze kumusubikira igihano ruvuga ko aho atuye hatazwi, kandi umwirondoro we ugaragara muri dosiye, ko ibyo

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byamuteye impungenge ko bishobora kumugiraho n’izindi ngaruka. Naho SHABANI Emmanuel asaba imbabazi kuko yemeye ibyaha akaba amaze gukosoka, agasaba kugabanyirizwa ibihano yasabiwe no kubisubikirwa. [324] Me UWIMANA Channy, wunganira NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, avuga ko, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko adahawe isubikagihano kuko adafite umwirondoro uzwi, nyamara, ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa rwagiye rugaragaza ko yasabye kujya gufungirwa Rusizi aho mushiki we aherereye, ko kandi muri dosiye umwirondoro we urimo, aho atuye n’umugore bashakanye, akaba asaba Urukiko ko yasubikirwa igihano, hagendewe ku gihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yahanishwa, akavanwa mu gatebo kamwe na bandi yashyizwemo mu rukiko rubanza, byatumye ahanirwa n’icyaha atakoze, aho yahanishijwe igifungo cy’imyaka 20 mu buryo budakwiye. [325] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ikijyanye no kuba urukiko rwaranze gusubikira NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard igihano rushingiye ku kuba umwirondoro we utazwi, ko icyo atari cyo cyashingiweho cyonyine, kuko nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 688 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa mu mpamvu we na bagenzi be bimwe isubikagihano harimo n’imikorere n’uburemera bw’ibyaha bibahama. Buvuga ko rero isubikagihano asaba hagendewe ku bihano ibyaha yahamijwe by’ubugome bihanishwa biri hejuru y’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), ritashoboka, hashingiwe ku biteganywa mu ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryavuzwe iteganya ko isubikagihano ritangwa ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5), ndetse hakanarebwa uburemere bw’icyaha.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [326] Ingingo ya 64, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ibi bikurikira:“Isubikagihano ni icyemezo cy’urukiko gihagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5). Isubikagihano ritangwa hashingiwe ku buremere bw’icyaha“. [327] Imyandikire y’ingingo ya 64, igika cya mbere, igaragara nk’irimo ikosa, kuko ivuga ko isubikagihano rishoboka ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo cy’imyaka itanu kandi nyamara; igihano ntigiteganyirizwa igifungo ahubwo icyaha nicyo giteganyirizwa igihano cy’igifungo. Ibyo bitera urujijo ku kumenya icyo Umushingamategeko yashatse kuvuga: niba isubikagihano rikoreshwa ku gihano giteganyirijwe icyaha gihanisha igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5) cyangwa se niba gikoreshwa ku cyaha cyahanishijwe igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5). [328] Mu ingingo ya 85 y’Itegeko Ngenga n°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, yatangaga ibisobanuro ku isubikagihano muri aya magambo: "Isubikagihano ni icyemezo cy’umucamanza gihagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka 5, (...)" Ibyo bihura n’ibisobanuro bitangwa mu itegeko rishya mu

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rurimi rw’icyongereza63 n’igifaransa64. Akaba ari byo bituma Urukiko rutekereza ko Umushingamategeko w’u Rwanda wanditse iyo ngingo mu kinyarwanda yibeshye ku myandikire yayo. Aho kuvuga ko isubakagihano ari icyemezo cy’Urukiko gihagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5), yagombaga kuvuga ko isubikagihano ari icyemezo cy’Urukiko gihagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5). Ibyo bikumvikanisha ko isubikagihano rishingira ku gihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5) cyemejwe n’Urukiko aho kuba ku cyaha itegeko ryateganyirije igihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5). [329] Ibi ni nabyo bihura n’ihame ry’amategeko nshinjabyaha ryemeza ko isubikagihano rishoboka ku byaha byose iyo igihano cyatanzwe kuri icyo cyaha gituma rishoboka65, hanitawe buremere bw’icyaha nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 64 y’itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. Rurasanga rero haseguriwe ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 33366 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, hagomba

63 Ingingo ya 64, igika cya mbere, mu rurimi rw’icyongereza ivuga iti “Suspension of sentence is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years. Suspension of a penalty is ordered on the basis of the gravity of the offence” 64 Mu rurimi rw’igifaransa igira iti: ‘‘ Le sursis est la décision judiciaire ordonnant de surseoir à l’exécution d’une peine d’emprisonnement n’excédant pas cinq (5) ans. Le sursis est ordonné en considération de la gravité de l’infraction’’. 65 ‘‘Le sursis simple peut être accordé quelle que soit l’infraction commise, du moment que la peine choisie est susceptible de sursis’’, Bernard Bouloc, Droit pénal général, 26e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2019, P. 591, n˚ 791. 66 Ingingo ya 333-y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ivuga iti: ‘‘Iri tegeko ryateguwe, risuzumwa kandi ritorwa mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda’’.

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kwemezwa ko isubikagihano ritangwa hashingiwe ku gihano kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5), Umucamanza yahaye uwahamwe n’icyaha, kandi rigatangwa ku byaha byose, nk’uko ingingo ya 64 mu rurimi rw’icyongereza n’urw’igifaransa ibyumvikanisha. Ibi akaba ari nako byavugwaga mu Bitabo by’amategeko ahana atandukanye yakoreshwaga mbere, nk’ingingo ya 9767 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana no 21/1977, ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 ku bijyanye n’isubikagihano n’ingingo ya 8568 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana. [330] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga harebwe kamere yaryo, isubikagihano ari uburyo igihano cy’igifungo cyategetswe n’Umucamanza gikwiye kurangizwa69, ko ashobora kuritanga no mu gihe uwahamwe n’icyaha atarisabye, bivuze ko aritanga mu bushishozi bwe70, hitawe ku gihano yahaye uregwa, imibereho ye

67 ‘‘ Iyo uwakatiwe nta bindi bihano yaciwe mbere hose by’igifungo kirenga amezi abili, muli urwo rubanza, inkiko zikoresheje icyemezo gisobanuliwe impamvu, zishobora gutegeka guhagalika irangiza-rubanza ku bihano byose biciwe by’iremezo cyangwa by’umugereka, cyangwa kuli bimwe muli byo; aliko kandi ni ngombwa kw’igihano cy’iremezo cy’igifungo kitarenga imyaka itanu’’. 68 ‘‘Isubikagihano ni icyemezo cy’umucamanza gihagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5) iyo uwagikatiwe atigeze ahanishwa mbere mu rubanza rwabaye ndakuka igihano cy’igifungo cyangwa igihano nsimburagifungo cy’imirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro kirenze amezi atandatu (6)’’. 69 ‘‘Le juge a la possibilité, grâce aux sursis, de conditionner l’exécution d’une ou de plusieurs peines qu’il prononce au comportement ultérieur du condamné. S’il prononce une peine, le juge ne décide pas seulement de sa nature et de son taux mais est également habilité à préciser, dans certaines limites, ses modalités d’exécution (…….)’’, Harald Renout, op.cit., P. 321. 70 ‘‘Lorsque toutes les conditions légales sont remplies, il n’est jamais tenu de faire bénéficier le condamné du sursis simple. Le sursis n’est jamais un droit, ce n’est même pas une mesure naturelle lorsque l’indulgence paraît s’imposer.

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bwite no ku buremere bw’icyaha yakoze. Rurasanga rero harebwe kamere y’isubikagihano no kuba ritangwa mu bushishozi bw’Umucamanza, nta cyabuza uwahamwe n’icyaha ku rwego rwa mbere, kubisaba ubwa mbere mu bujurire.  Ku bireba NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel [331] Mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 31/1/2022, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel yavuze ko Urukiko nirusanga agomba kuryozwa icyaha yahamijwe, asaba ko igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itatu (3) yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere, cyasubikwa. [332] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuba NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel asaba isubikagihano ubwa mbere mu bujurire, iyi ngingo idakwiye gusuzumwa. Busobanura ko yagombaga kugaragaza ko yari yabisabye mu Rukiko rubanza, ntabihabwe, maze akagaragaza amakosa yaba yarakozwe, agakosorwa. Buvuga kandi ko n’iyo uru Rukiko rwabisuzuma, bitashoboka ko yabihabwa kuko icyaha yahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, gihanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), nyamara isubikagihano riteganyijwe ku gihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5). Buvuga na none ko bitumvikana ko asaba isubikagihano mu gihe avuga ko nta cyaha yakoze.

Le juge apprécie s’il ya lieu d’ordonner le sursis en fonction de la personnalité du délinquant et de son milieu social ; (…..), Bernard Bouloc, op.cit. P. 592, n˚ 792. ‘‘La condamnation conditionnelle est facultative. Elle est une faveur que le juge accorde discrétionnairement au condamné. Donc, même lorsque les conditions légales sont réalisées, le juge peut refuser d’accorder le sursis, (…). Par contre, si la condamnation conditionnelle est accordée, elle doit être motivée’’, Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Droit pénal général zaïrois, DES, Kinshasa, 1989, P. 340.

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[333] Imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa igaragaza ko ku birebana n’igihano Ubushinjacyaha bwamusabiye ku rwego rwa mbere, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel yasubije ko adakwiye kuryozwa ibyaha aregwa, kubera ko yabigiyemo ku gahato, ko ahubwo aho guhanwa yakwigishwa amateka y’igihugu agafatwa nk’abandi bari kumwe mu mashyamba ya Congo, bahabwa inyigisho zo kubasubiza mu buzima busanzwe. [334] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel adahakana mu by’ukuri ko yabaye mu mitwe y’iterabwoba, ahubwo yemera ko yinjiyemo ku ngufu, akiri umwana, ibi bituma avuga ko ataryozwa ibyaha yarezwe, ariko mu bujurire akongeraho ko mu gihe Urukiko rwasanga agomba kuryozwa icyaha yahamijwe, yasubikirwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itatu (3) yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere. [335] Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe haruguru ku birebana n’ingingo ya 64, kuba isubikagihano ari uburyo igihano cy’igifungo cyategetswe n’Umucamanza kirangizwa (une modalité d’exécution de la peine) no kuba isubikagihano ritangwa mu bushishozi bw’Umucamanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta cyabuza NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel gusaba ubwa mbere mu bujurire isubika ry’irangiza ry’igihano yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere, ibi byumvikanisha ko ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko isubikagihano risabwe ubwa mbere mu bujurire na NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel ku gihano cy’igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri (20) giteganyirijwe icyaha yahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwabo, bitahabwa agaciro. [336] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe n’Urukiko rubanza, n’ubwo NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel

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yinjiye akiri muto mu mitwe y’iterabwoba, akiga mu mashuli yisumbuye, akaba yaraburanye yemera icyaha aregwa, atanga amakuru yafashije ubutabera. N’ubwo kandi ari ubwa mbere akurikiranyweho ibyaha mu nkiko, ariko harebwe ko NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel yabaye mu mutwe wa FDLR n’uwa FLN kugeza afashwe ku wa 22/2/2020, kuba yaremeye ko ku wa 31/5/2016, yagiye muri CNRD kubera ko ari bo bari bafite umurongo yiyumvagamo, ko yagiye no kwiga amashuri yisumbuye n’ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare (ESM) muri nzeri 2017, akarangiza kwiga ku wa 25/3/2018, afite ipete rya Sous- Lieutenant, ibi bigaragaza ubushake bwe bwo kuguma mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, akaba adakwiye guhabwa isubika ry’irangiza ry’igihano yakatiwe cy’imyaka itatu (3), kuko igihano cy’igifungo kidasubitswe yahawe ari cyo gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyaha yahamijwe. [337] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel nta shingiro ifite.  Ku bireba NIYIRORA Marcel [338] Ku birebana n’igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), Ubushinjacyaha bwamusabiye ku rwego rwa mbere, NIYIRORA Marcel yasubije ko atahabwa igihano yasabiwe, ahubwo ko yasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe nawe akigishwa amateka y’igihugu nk’abandi, Urukiko rubanza rukaba rwaramuhanishije igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5). Mu bujurire, NIYIRORA Marcel asaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko igihano yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere yasubikwa. [339] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko isubikagihano NIYIRORA Marcel asaba, atarihabwa kuko icyaha yahamijwe giteranyirijwe

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igihano cy’igifungo kirengeje imyaka itanu (5), nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. [340] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko gusubikirwa igihano bisabwa na NIYIRORA Marcel bidashoboka kuko icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba yahamijwe, giteganyirijwe igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri (20), kirengeje igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe, bitahabwa agaciro kuko mu kugena isubikagihano hatarebwa igihano cyateganyirijwe icyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho, ahubwo harebwa igihano yahawe n’Umucamanza. [341] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko n’ubwo NIYIRORA Marcel yahawe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), adakwiye gusubikirwa irangiza ry’icyo gihano, harebwe imiterere y’icyaha yakoze, aho bigaragara ko yinjiye muri FDLR- FOCA kuva mu mwaka wa 2003 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016, aza kujya muri CNRD afite ipeti rya kapiteni, nyuma yinjira muri MRCD-FLN kugeza afashwe ku wa 16/7/2020, afite ipeti ya Lieutenant-Colonnel, aho yayoboye abarwanyi ba FDLR-FOCA mu Ntara ya Kivu y’amajyaruguru muri za Rusizi n’ahandi muri Congo (RDC), anakora mu buyobozi bwa CNRD. [342] Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa NIYIRORA Marcel nta shingiro ifite.  Ku bireba IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel [343] IYAMURENYE Emmanuel yakatiwe n’Urukiko rubanza igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), akaba asaba uru Rukiko

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gusubika irangiza ry’icyo gihano, nk’uko yari yarabisabye mu Rukiko rubanza. [344] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuba IYAMURENYE Emmanuel yarabaye mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa FDLR-FOCA kugera muri Gicurasi 2016, akimukira mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN, akaba ari nawo yari akirimo ubwo yafatwaga mu mwaka wa 2019, akaba yarahamijwe ku rwego rwa mbere icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, gihanishwa igihano cy’igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri (20), ko rero hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, icyo gihano kitasubikwa. [345] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko gusubikirwa igihano bisabwa na IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel bidashoboka kuko icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba yahamijwe, giteganyirijwe igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri (20), kirengeje igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe, kuko ingingo ya 64 yavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko ryemezwa gusa ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5), bitahabwa agaciro kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, mu kugena isubikagihano hatarebwa igihano cyateganyirijwe icyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho, ahubwo harebwa igihano yahawe n’Umucamanza. [346] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko harebwe ko IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel yabaye muri FDLR kuva mu mwaka wa 2000, ayivamo mu mwaka wa 2016, ajya muri CNRD kugera mu mwaka wa 2019 ubwo yafatwaga, ko ari mu barwanyi muri FDLR na FLN, ko yagize uruhare mu bikorwa by’imitwe y’iterabwoba ya FDLR-FOCA na MRCD-FLN, ko muri FDLR–

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FOCA yabaye Chef de peloton na Commandant de compagnie kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016, ko igihe yafatwaga yari afite ipeti rya Colonnel, akaba rero ugereranyije n’umwanya yari afite mu bikorwa by’uwo mutwe, yari afite uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa byawo. Bityo, isubikagihano asaba akaba atarihabwa. [347] Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwe nta shingiro ifite.  Ku bireba NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard na SHABANI Emmanuel [348] Mu gika cya 688 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko harebwe imikorere y’ibyaha bihama NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard na SHABANI Emmanuel, kuba badafite aho batuye hazwi ndetse n’uburemere bw’ibyaha by’iterabwoba bahamijwe, batagomba guhabwa isubikagihano. [349] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard na SHABANI Emmanuel bavuga ko banenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwaranze kubaha isubikagihano ku mpamvu y’uko badafite aho batuye hazwi, nyamara nk’uko bivugwa na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard,

inyandiko itanga ikirego y’Ubushinjachaya igaragaza umwirondoro we wuzuye, w’aho atuye kandi abarizwa. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard avuga kandi ko n’ubwo afite aho atuye hazwi, Itegeko ritavuga ko kugira ngo uwahamwe n’icyaha asubikirwe igihano agomba kuba afite aho atuye hazwi. Avuga na none ko yasabye Urukiko rubanza, ko mu gihe rutamuha isubikagihano, yafungirwa muri gereza ya Rusizi, hafi yaho umuryango we utuye, ariko ntacyo Urukiko rwabivuzeho.

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[350] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko bwemeranywa na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard ko aho atuye hazwi, ko ariko mu kumwangira isubikagihano, Urukiko rubanza rutashingiye gusa kuri iyo mpamvu, rwashingiye no ku zindi zirimo imikorere n’uburemere bw’ibyaha yahamijwe, nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 688 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa. Buvuga kandi ko uretse n’ibyo, isubikagihano ritarashobokaga ku byaha yahamijwe, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n˚68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru. [351] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo impamvu y’uko aho atuye hatazwi, atariyo yonyine yashingiweho mu kwangira NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard na SHABANI Emmanuel isubikagihano, Urukiko rubanza rwaribeshye mu kwemeza ko badafite aho batuye hazwi kuko muri dosiye y’urubanza, hagaragaramo aho batuye. [352] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga hashingiwe ku bisobanuro rwatanze ku byerekeye ingingo ya 64 y‘Itegeko n˚68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, harebwe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) Urukiko rubanza rwabahaye ku byaha bahamijwe, isubikagihano ritari gushoboka kuko ritangwa iyo uwahamwe n’icyaha yakatiwe n’Urukiko igihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka itanu (5). [353] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard na SHABANI Emmanuel irebana n’isubikagihano batahawe ku rwego rwa mbere nta shingiro ifite. [354] Ku birebana n’icyo NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard asaba ko afungirwa muri gereza ya Rusizi, hafi

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y’umuryango we, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibijyanye no gutegeka aho igihano kirangirizwa bitari mu nshingano z’inkiko. c. Kumenya niba ibyo abaregwa basaba kujyanwa mu kigo gishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze mu mitwe yitwaje intwaro babyemererwa [355] Ibijyanye no kujyanywa mu kigo gishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze mu mitwe yitwaje intwaro byasabwe na NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na NIYIRORA Marcel. [356] NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase bavuga ko ku rwego rwa mbere basabye ko batakurikiranwa bakajyanwa mu ngando i Mutobo, bagasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe nk’uko byakorewe bagenzi babo, hashingiwe ku masezerano ya Lusaka yo ku wa 10/7/1999, ku itangazo ryo ku wa 9/11/2007 ryashyizweho umukono n’u Rwanda na RDC ryakorewe i Nairobi/ Kenya no ku Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 066 ryo ku wa 13/9/2002. Bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rutahaye agaciro ihame igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigenderaho ryo gushaka buri gihe umuti w’ibibazo binyuze mu nzira y’ibiganiro n’ubwumvikane busesuye, nk’uko biteganyijwe mu mahame remezo mu ngingo ya 10, igika cya cumi na kimwe (11), y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, ariyo mpamvu babijuririye basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko byakwitabwaho. [357] NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, kimwe na Me TWAJAMAHORO Herman ubunganira, bavuga ko mu rubanza rujurirrwa, mu gika cya 463, Urukiko rubanza rwavuze ko impamvu batasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, ari uko ibiteganywa muri ariya masezerano bitabuza ko n’uwakoze ibindi byaha atabikurikiranwaho, ntirwagaragaza ibyo byaha

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ibyo aribyo, mu gihe bo icyo bahamijwe ari uko babaye mu mitwe y’iterabwoba gusa, kandi bakaba batarigeze bagihakana, bakaba basaba uru Rukiko kubyitaho, bagasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe kuko ari uburenganzira bwabo bahabwa n’ibikubiye muri ayo masezerano, ko kandi ibisabwa byose babyujuje, ndetse bakaba baritandukanyije n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro. [358] NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel we, avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwavugishije amasezerano ya Lusaka yo ku wa 10/7/1999 ibyo atavuze, kuko ateganya ko abarwanyi babaga muri iriya mitwe muri Congo, bemerewe gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe banyuze i Mutobo, uretse abari bakurikiranyweho ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, ibyaha by’intambara na jenoside. Avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bumukurikirana bwirengagije ko muri ibyo byaha byose byavuzwe haruguru, nta na kimwe akurikiranyweho, akaba asaba ko nawe yasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe nk’abandi. [359] NIYIRORA Marcel avuga ko mu miburanire ye yasabye Urukiko rubanza gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, nk’uko n’abandi bitandukanije n’iyo mitwe kandi bafashwe nyuma ye babikorewe, bakajyanwa i Mutobo, ariko ko rutabimuhaye, ariyo mpamvu asaba uru Rukiko kubyitaho, nawe akajyanwa mu kigo cyigisha uburere mboneragihugu, rugashingira ku ngingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, iteganya ko abantu bareshya imbere y’amategeko, ko ndetse amasezerano ya Lusaka n’itangazo rya Nairobi, avuga gutatanya, kwambura intwaro no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe, kandi ibyo Ubushinjacyaha bukaba bubizi, ariko ko bwarirenzeho bukamukurikirana, ko asaba uru Rukiko kubisuzuma rukabiha agaciro.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [360] Ingingo ya 183, agace ka gatandatu (6), y’Itegeko n˚ 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko "Ubujurire bukorwa mu buryo bw’umwanzuro utanga ikirego, ugaragaza ibisobanuro kuri buri nenge cyangwa kuri buri kibazo bigaragaza amakosa yakozwe n’uburyo agomba gukosorwa hashingiwe ku mategeko n’ibimenyetso n’igisabwa urukiko". [361] Iyi ngingo ya 183, agace ka gatandatu (6) yumvikanisha ko iyo urega mu bujurire atagaragaza ibisobanuro kuri buri nenge bigaragaza amakosa yakozwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa n’uburyo agomba gukosorwa mu mategeko, ubujurire bwe buba nta shingiro bufite. [362] Nk’uko bigaragara mu bice bya 463 na 464 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, ku birebana n’ikibazo cyo gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko haba mu masezerano ya Lusaka yo ku wa 10/7/1999, haba mu itangazo rihuriweho n’igihugu cya Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC) na Leta y’u Rwanda ryakorewe i Nairobi ku wa 9/11/2007, ndetse no mu Iteka rya Minisitiri n˚ 066 ryo ku wa 13/9/2002 rigena ingingo zigenderwaho mu myakirire n’ishyirwa muri gahunda yagenewe abavuye mu bucengezi, ntaho biteganyijwe ko abakekwaho ibindi byaha bari muri iyo mitwe batabikurikiranwaho kuko ikigarukwaho ari uko abakurikiranweho ibyaha byerekeranye na jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n’iby’intambara bagomba gushyikirizwa ubutabera, ko ari nabyo byemejwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza n˚ RPA 0255/12/CS rwa INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire na bagenzi be, rwaciwe ku wa 13/12/2013.

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[363] Abaregwa bavugwa haruguru bavuga ko banenga Urukiko rubanza kuko basabye ko hashingiwe ku masezerano ya Lusaka yo ku wa 10/7/1999 agamije guhagarika imirwano, ku itangazo ryo ku wa 9/11/2007 ryashyizweho umukono na Leta y’u Rwanda na Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC), ryakorewe Naïrobi-Kenya n’Iteka rya Minisitiri n˚ 066 ryo ku wa 13/9/2002 rigena ingingo zigenderwaho mu myakirire n’ishyirwa muri gahunda yagenewe abavuye mu bucengezi, batakurikiranwa, bagashyirwa mu buzima busanzwe kuko uretse kuregwa icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, bataregwa icyaha cya jenoside, ibyaha by’intambara cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu, ariko rwanzura ko n’ubwo batashinjwa ibyo byaha bitatu, izo nyandiko zitabuza ko bakurikiranywa ku bindi byaha bitavuzwemo. Bavuga ko ariyo mpamvu basaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko aho gukurikiranywa, bajyanwa mu ngando i Mutobo kimwe n’abandi. [364] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyi mpamvu y’ubujurire bw’abaregwa bavugwa haruguru, nta shingiro ifite kuko batagaragaza icyo banenga ku bisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko rubanza, byatumye rwanga icyifuzo cyabo cyo kujyanwa mu kigo gisubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze mu mitwe yitwaje intwaro. [365] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’abagerwa itahabwa agaciro kuko uretse kuvuga ko Urukiko rubanza rutasuzumye neza ibivugwa cyane cyane mu masezerano ya Lusaka, ntacyo banenga ku bisobanuro Urukiko rubanza rwagaragaje rushingiraho icyemezo rwafashe ko nta cyabuza ko abakoze ibyaha bitari ibya jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n’ibyaha by’intambara, batakurikiranwaho ibindi byaha bisanzwe nk’iterabwoba.

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[366] Usibye n’ibyo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyasobanuwe n’Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza rwa INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire, bishimangirwa n’ibivugwa cyane cyane mu gace ka makumyabiri na kabiri (22) k’amasezerano ya Lusaka yo ku wa 10/7/1999 agamije guhagarika imirwano, aho asobanura ko uretse abakekwaho icyaha cya jenoside, ibihugu bikomokamo abarwanyi b’imitwe yitwaje intwaro, mu ngamba zose zikenewe bifata kugira ngo byorohereze gutaha kwabo ku bushake, bishobora no kwemeza imbabazi zitangwa n’Itegeko71 zisibanganya (rétroactivement) ibindi byaha baba bakoze72; ni ukuvuga ibyaha bisanzwe (infractions de droit commun). Ibyo ari ko sibyo Leta y’u Rwanda yakoze. Bityo, n’ubwo batakoze ibyaha bitatu byavuzwe haruguru, nta cyabuza ko bakurikiranwaho ibyaha baregwa kandi bahamijwe muri uru rubanza. [367] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’abaregwa ko hari abandi bari kumwe nabo, basubijwe mu buzima busanzwe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko Ubushinjacyaha ari bwo bufite inshingano yo kumenya niba ari ngombwa gukurikirana umuntu (opportunité de poursuite).

71 Amnistie : Acte du législateur qui efface rétroactivement le caractère punissable des faits auxquels il s’applique. Selon le cas, l’amnistie empêche ou éteint l’action publique, annule la condamnation déjà prononcée ou met un terme à l’exécution de la peine. 72 ‘‘ (…….). Les pays d’origine des membres des groupes armés s’engagent à prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour faciliter leur rapatriement. Ces mesures pourraient inclure l’amnistie, au cas où certains pays jugeraient cette mesure avantageuse. Toutefois, cette mesure ne s’appliquera pas dans le cas des suspects du crime de génocide. (…..)’’.

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[368] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase,

NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na NIYIRORA Marcel, nta shingiro ifite. d. Kumenya igihe igihano gitangira kubarirwa [369] NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude basabye Urukiko gusobanura igihe giherwaho habarwa igihano cy’igifungo bakatiwe. [370] NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase bavuga ko banenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rutasuzumye ikibazo barushyikirije cyo kwemeza ko igihano cy’igifungo bazakatirwa kigomba kubarwa kuva umunsi bafatiweho muri Congo. Basobanura ko bafungiwe i Goma mu kwezi kwa kabiri mu mwaka wa 2017 (9/2/2017), nyuma bajyanwa i Kinshasa muri gereza ya Makala, nyuma y’amezi atandatu mu kwezi kwa cyenda, bagarurwa mu Rwanda, ko nta nyandiko bigeze bahabwa mu gihe cy’ifatwa n’iyinjizwa mu Rwanda ngo zibe zakwifashishwa mu kubara igihe bazamara mu gifungo. Basaba rero uru Rukiko gukosora amakosa yakozwe n’Urukiko rubanza. [371] NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude bavuga nabo ko basabye ko amatariki bafatiweho muri Congo yazashingirwaho kugira ngo habarwe igihe igihano bahabwa gitangirira, ariko Urukiko rubanza rukaba ntacyo rwabivuzeho, nyamara bararugaragarije ko NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent yafashwe ku wa 31/7/2019, naho BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude we yafashwe ku wa 24/10/2019. NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent avuga ko ikimenyetso ashingiraho yemeza ko icyo aricyo gihe yafatiwe, ari uko ku wa 26/10/2019 yajyanywe

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imbere y’itangazamakuru n’imbere y’abaturage mu Murenge wa Kamembe, mu Karere ka Rusizi, gusobanura ibyaha yakoze. BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude we avuga ko ikimenyetso gihamya ko ari icyo gihe yafatiwe, ari uko nawe ku wa 26/10/2019 yajyanywe Rusizi imbere y’abaturage, gusobanura ibyo yakoze, akaba asaba ko amezi icyenda (9) yamaze afunzwe yabarirwa mu gihano yakatiwe. [372] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuba amatariki abaregwa bavuga ko ariyo bafatiweho muri Congo, nta kimenyetso bayagaragariza, ko iyi ngingo yabo y’ubujurire nta gaciro yahabwa kuko igihe giherwaho mu kubara igihano cy’igifungo Urukiko rwategetse ari igihe umuntu amaze afunzwe n’inzego zabiherewe ububasha n’itegeko. Buvuga ko ikimenyetso kigaragaza igihe abaregwa bamaze bafunzwe n’inzengo zabiherewe ububasha n’itegeko ari inyandikomvugo z’ifunga (PVA) zakorewe mu Bugenzacyaha (RIB), ko rero kuba batagaragariza Urukiko ikimenyetso kivuguruza ibikubiye muri izo nyandikomvugo z’ifunga bo ubwabo bishyiriyeho umukono, ibyo bavuga ku birebana n’amatariki bafatiweho nta shingiro bifite. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [373] Ingingo ya 28, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko "Igihe cy’igifungo gitangira kubarwa kuva ku munsi urubanza ruhana umuntu rwabaye ndakuka. Igihe umuntu amaze afunzwe n’inzego zabiherewe ububasha n’itegeko kivanwa mu gihe cy’igifungo urukiko rwategetse". Naho ingingo ya 16, igika cya kabiri n’icya gatatu, y’Itegeko n˚ 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza

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nshinjabyaha iteganya ko "Iyo akora iperereza, umugenzacyaha ashobora gufata no gufunga ukurikiranyweho icyaha mu buryo buteganywa n’iri tegeko. Umugenzacyaha yandika inyandikomvugo yo gufata no gufunga akagenera kopi ucyekwaho icyaha". [374] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko nᵒ 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko ‘‘Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana". [375] Kuba Umushingamategeko yaravuze mu buryo butaziguye ko inyandiko-mvugo ivugwa mu ngingo ya 16, igika cya gatatu, y’Itegeko n˚ 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru, ikemura impaka mu byerekeye ibiyivugwamo, keretse yaregewe mu rukiko ko ari impimbano, hagomba kumvikana ko ibivugwamo ari ukuri kugeza aho bivuguruzwa n’ibindi bimenyetso. [376] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ikimenyetso kigaragaza itariki ukekwaho icyaha yafungiweho by’agateganyo igihe cy’iperereza cyangwa mbere yo gukurikiranwa mu Rukiko ari inyandikomvugo y’ifunga (procès-verbal d’arrestation) yakozwe n’Umugenzacyaha ubifitiye ububasha cyangwa urwandiko rufunga by’agateganyo rwakozwe n’Umushinjacyaha ubifitiye ububasha. [377] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko harimo inyandikomvugo z’ifunga za Général Major NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien alias IRAKIZA Fred na Général Major MUNYANEZA Anastase alias RUKUNDO Job Kuramba zakozwe ku wa 15/7/2020 n’Ubugenzacyaha (RIB), ko harimo kandi inyandikomvugo

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z’ifunga za NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude zakozwe ku wa 16/7/2020 n’Ubugenzacyaha. [378] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga uretse ibyo bavuga ko bafatiwe muri Congo, bagafungwa kubera ibyaha baregwa muri uru rubanza bakoreye sosiyete nyarwanda, nta bimenyetso byanditse cyangwa byunganiwe n’ibimenyetso byanditse bituzuye bagaragarije Urukiko bishimangira ibyo bavuga. Ku bw’ibyo rukaba rusanga hagomba kwemezwa ko bafashwe ku matariki avugwa mu nyandikomvugo zibafunga zavuzwe haruguru, ni ukuvuga ku wa 15/7/2020 no ku wa 16/7/2020. [379] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi izo nyandikomvugo z’ifunga zigize ibimenyetso bigaragaza umunsi bafungiweho kuko bazishyizeho umukono nta ngufu, nta n’agahato. [380] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga igihano cy’igifungo bakatiwe kigomba gutangira kubarwa, ku bireba NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase ku wa 15/7/2020, naho ku bireba NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude ku wa 16/7/2020. Ibi akaba ari nako bigomba kugenda ku baregwa bose, harebwe ibigaragara mu nyandikomvugo z’ifunga bakorewe mu Bugenzacyaha, n’ubwo uru Rukiko rutasuzumye ibyo abandi baregwa bavuze kuri icyo kibazo, kubera ko bakizamuye ubwa mbere mu iburanisha mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire. [381] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’Ubujurire bwa NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude nta shingiro ifite.

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C. IBYEREKEYE IBIHANO UBUSHINJACYAHA BUSABIRA ABAREGWA MU BUJURIRE [382] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko haseguriwe ibyaha abaregwa bahamijwe ku rwego rwa mbere, bushingiye kandi ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe ku mpamvu z’ubujurire bwawo, busaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko: 1. RUSESABAGINA Paul ahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, 2. NIZEYIMANA Marc igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, 3. NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25), 4. NSENGIMANA Herman igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 5. IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 6. KWITONDA André igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 7. NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 8. HAKIZIMANA Théogène igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 9. NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20),

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10. NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 11. MUNYANEZA Anastase igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 12. NIKUZWE Siméon igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 13. NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), 14. MUKANDUTIYE Angelina igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) na 15. NIYIRORA Marcel igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15). [383] Ubushinjacyaha busaba kandi uru Rukiko kwemeza ko nta gihindutse ku bihano byahawe: 1. BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, 2. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, 3. SHABANI Emmanuel, 4. NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, 5. BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude na 6. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard. [384] NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara asaba Urukiko kudaha agaciro icyifuzo cy’Ubushinjacyaha, kuko harebwe uko yitandukanyije na MRCD, agafasha ubutabera, akaba akomeza gusaba imbabazi Abanyarwanda bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero byakozwe na FLN yari abereye umuvugizi, igihano asabirwa kidahwanye n’imyitwarire ye imbere y’ubutabera kuva yafatwa.

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Asoza asaba Urukiko kongera kumugabanyiriza igihano yakatiwe kuko yiteguye kuzaba Umunyarwanda wubahiriza amategeko y’igihugu, kandi ko akamaro k’igihano katareberwa mu buremere bw’icyaha gusa. [385] NIZEYIMANA Marc avuga ko asaba kugirwa umwere ku cyaha yahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba n’icyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba. [386] NSENGIMANA Herman avuga ko igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) asabirwa kidakwiye kuko kuva yatangira kuburana yemeye icyaha yahamijwe, ariyo mpamvu, ku rwego rwa mbere, Urukiko rubanza rwamugabanyirije igihano kugeza ku gifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), ko rero asaba Urukiko kureba ubwirege bwe, rukongera kumugabanyiriza igihano, agasubira mu buzima busanzwe nk’abandi. [387] IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel avuga ko icyifuzo cy’Ubushinjacyaha cy’uko yahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo utemewe kigomba guteshwa agaciro kuko atakirezwe. Asaba Urukiko guha agaciro imiburanire ye, rukemeza ko asubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, anyuze mu Kigo mboneragihugu. [388] KWITONDA André avuga ko asaba Urukiko kutamuhamya icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe bitemewe kuko atakirezwe, ko yahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, ariko yinjijwemo bamuteye ubwoba, akaba asaba Urukiko kwemeza ko ataryozwa icyo cyaha. [389] NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel avuga ko asaba Urukiko gukuraho igihano yahawe kubera ko Ubushinjacyaha butabashije kuvuguruza ibimenyetso yatanze by’uko yinjijwe ku ngufu mu

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mitwe y’iterabwoba, akayigumishwamo ku ngufu, ko asaba kandi kujyanywa mu Kigo ngororamuco, bitaba ibyo akaba yahabwa isubikagihano. [390] HAKIZIMANA Théogène avuga ko yinjiye mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba ku gahato n’igitutu, bituma arigumamo, ko kandi yari afite ubumuga, ntacyo ashoboye, bituma aguma muri iyo mitwe. Asaba Urukiko gusuzuma izo mpamvu, rukamuha ubutabera. [391] NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien avuga ko yinjijwe mu ishyamba akiri umwana, akaba asaba kutaryozwa icyaha yahamijwe, agasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe kugira ngo bitume urundi rubyiruko ruri mu mashyamba rwitandukanya n’iyo mitwe. [392] NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien avuga ko adahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe kuko atigeze akiregwa mu Rukiko rubanza, akaba asaba Urukiko kunyura muri programme national de mobilisation et de réintegration, ko mu gihe Urukiko rwaba rubibonye ukundi, rwakwemeza igihano cy’imyaka itanu (5) yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi kigatangira kubarwa tariki ya 9/2/2017. [393] MUNYANEZA Anastase avuga ko adahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe kuko atigeze akiregwa mu Rukiko rubanza, akaba asaba Urukiko kumuha amahirwe yo gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, akajya gufatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu, ariko mu gihe rwabibona ukundi, rwategeka ko icyemezo cy’Urukiko rubanza kidahindutse ku gihano cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe, kandi kigatangira kubarwa guhera tariki ya 10/2/2017.

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[394] NIKUZWE Siméon avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bumusabira igihano kirenze ku byo yari yahawe, ariko butagaragaza ibikorwa yaba yarakoze biteganywa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko n˚46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, akaba rero asaba kugirwa umwere kuri icyo cyaha. [395] NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph avuga ko asaba Urukiko kwemeza ko ari umwere ku cyaha yahamijwe, kuko atabaye mu mutwe w’iterabwoba. [396] MUKANDUTIYE Angelina avuga ko asaba imbabazi, akajya gufatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu. [397] NIYIRORA Marcel avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaje ibimenyetso bimuhamya icyaha gishya aregwa mu bujurire cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, akaba asaba gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe nk’uko bikorwa ku bantu bitandukanyije n’imitwe y’iterabwoba, bitaba ibyo agasubikirwa igihano yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere. [398] BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy avuga ko atigeze aregwa icyaha cy’irema ry’umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe, ko asaba Urukiko kumugabanyiriza igihano yakatiwe kuko yemeye icyaha kuva mu iperereza kugera mu iburanisha mu Rukiko, kandi ko amakuru yatanze atari kumenyekana iyo adafatanya n’ubutabera. [399] MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas avuga ko yafashije ubutabera gufata abandi bakoze icyaha, ko asaba Urukiko imbabazi, agasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe kuko ari umurwayi, n’ubu akaba ari mu kato.

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[400] SHABANI Emmanuel avuga ko asaba Urukiko kumuha igihano gito gishoboka, kigasubikwa kugira ngo ajye kwifatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu. [401] NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent asaba Urukiko kwemera imbabazi asaba, kugabanya igihano yakatiwe no kwemeza ko icyo gihano gitangira kubarwa guhera ku wa 24/10/2019. [402] BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude avuga ko asaba Urukiko kwemera imbabazi asaba, kugabanya igihano yakatiwe no kwemeza ko icyo gihano gitangira kubarwa guhera ku wa 24/10/2019. [403] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard avuga ko akomeza gutakambira Urukiko, rukamugabanyiriza kuko yagororotse cyane, ko asubijwe mu muryango nyarwanda, yazashishikariza abandi kutagwa mu mutego, agafatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu, ariko mu gihe rwabibona ukundi, asaba Urukiko gutegeka ko afungirwa muri gereza ya Rusizi, hafi y’umuryango we kuko afite ikibazo cy’uburwayi bw’igifu, ukabasha kumwitaho. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA  Ku bireba RUSESABAGINA Paul [404] Uru Rukiko rwasanze, ibyo Urukiko rubanza rwemeje ko RUSESABAGINA Paul yemeye icyaha bidashidikanywaho ku buryo byamubera impamvu yo kugabanyirizwa igihano, nta shingiro bifite. Rusanga ariko kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranyweho icyaha nk’uko n’Urukiko rubanza rwabyemeje, nta mpamvu uru Rukiko rubona yatuma yongererwa igihano, kuko igihano yahawe cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri

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n’itanu (25) kijyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze, rukaba rukigumishijeho.  Ku bireba NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara [405] Nk’uko byasobanuye haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga harebwe ko ari ubwa mbere NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara yakurikiranyweho icyaha, ko yemeye mu buryo budashidikanywaho ibyaha yahamijwe kuva yafatwa, akaba abisabira imbabazi kubo byagizeho ingaruka n’umuryango nyarwanda muri rusange, yafashije ubutabera atanga amakuru akenewe ku birebana n’iyo mitwe y’iterabwoba, ku bantu bayigize, uko ibihugu n’abantu bayitera inkunga, kandi aburana mu mizi yakomeje kwemera ibyo byaha yahamijwe, ibi bikaba bigize impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemejwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza,kandi bikaba bitarajuririwe. Kubera izo mpamvu uru Rukiko rurasanga Urukiko rubanza rutaramugabanyirije igihano mu buryo buhagije ugereranyije imyitwarire ye n’uruhare yagize mu gutahura ukuri ku mikorere y’iki cyaha akurikiranyweho. Bityo, mu bushishozi bwarwo akaba akwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano yahawe kikava ku myaka makumyabiri (20) y’igifungo kikaba igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15).  Ku bireba NIZEYIMANA Marc [406] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga harebwe ibyasobanuwe haruguru, kuba NIZEYIMANA Marc yarahakanye mu buryo budasubirwaho ibyaha yahamijwe, atari akwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano ku mpamvu y’uko hari ibyo yemeye aburana urubanza mu mizi. Ariko harebwe imikorere y’ibyaha yahamijwe no kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe n’inkiko, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga mu bushishozi bwarwo, igihano yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) gikwiranye

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n’imiterere n’uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze. Bityo, icyo gihano yahawe n’Urukiko rubanza kikaba kigomba kugumaho.  Ku bireba NSENGIMANA Herman [407] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, NSENGIMANA Herman yaburanye mu Rukiko rubanza ahakana ko yari mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, anasaba ko atahamwa n’icyo cyaha, ahubwo yemera ko yabaye mu mutwe w’igisirikare utemewe, nyamara yagabanyirijwe igihano ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha eshatu, harimo no kuba yaraburanye yemera icyaha yahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, ibi byatumye agabanyirizwa igihano kugeza ku gifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5). Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko ibyo yasobanuye bigize icyo cyaha yahamijwe, ariko rusanga atacyemera kuko avuga ko ibikorwa yakoze yabikoze atagamije iterabwoba. Bityo, rukaba rusanga yaragabanyirijwe cyane igihano giteganyijwe n’Itegeko cy’igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka cumi n’itanu ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri (20), ku buryo bigomba gukosorwa, akaba ahanishijwe, mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka irindwi (7), aho kuba igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere.  Kuri IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel [408] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel yaragabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, hashingiwe ku kuba ari n’ubwa mbere akurikiranywe mu nkiko, rukaba rusanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere kigomba kugumaho kuko gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyaha yakoze, ndetse n’imibereho ye bwite.

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 Kuri KWITONDA André [409] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga KWITONDA André yaragabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, hashingiwe ku kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranywe mu nkiko. Bityo, rukaba rusanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere kigomba kugumaho kuko gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyaha yakoze, harebwe n’imibereho ye bwite.  Kuri NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel [410] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel yaragabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, hashingiwe ku buryo yinjiye mu mitwe aregwa kubamo akiri muto, akaba ari nabwo bwa mbere akurikiranyweho ibyaha mu nkiko. Bityo, rukaba rusanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itatu (3) yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere, kigomba kugumaho kuko gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyaha yahamijwe n’imibereho ye bwite.  Kuri HAKIZIMANA Théogène [411] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, kuba HAKIZIMANA Théogène yaragabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, hashingiwe ku kuba hari ibyo yemeye aburana urubanza mu mizi, abazwa mu iperereza, ndetse anaburana ibirebana n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo no kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe mu nkiko, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe ku cyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba, gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyo cyaha yakoze, imibereho ye bwite n’imyitwarire ye kuva afatwa. Bityo, icyo gihano yakatiwe kikaba kigomba kugumaho.

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 Kuri NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien [412] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien yaragabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, hashingiwe ku buryo yinjiye mu mitwe aregwa kubamo akiri muto, awubamo kubera ko se yari umwe mu bayobozi ba MRCD-FLN, kuba yaremeye ko yabaye muri iyo mitwe, atanga amakuru yafashije ubutabera, akaba ari nabwo bwa mbere akurikiranyweho ibyaha mu nkiko, Bityo, rukaba rusanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itatu (3) yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere, kigomba kugumaho kubera ko gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyaha yahamijwe, imibereho ye bwite n’imyitwarire ye kuva afatwa.  Kuri NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien [413] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, kuba NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien yaragabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, hashingiwe ku kuba hari ibyo yemeye aburana urubanza mu mizi, abazwa mu iperereza, ndetse anaburana ibirebana n’ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo no kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe mu nkiko, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe ku cyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba, gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyo cyaha yakoze, imibereho ye bwite n’imyitwarire ye kuva afatwa. Bityo, icyo gihano kikaba kigomba kugumaho.  Kuri MUNYANEZA Anastase [414] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwagaragaje haruguru ko MUNYANEZA Anastase yagabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, hashingiwe ku kuba kuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe mu nkiko, ku bw’ibyo rukaba rusanga

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igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe ku cyaha cyo kuba mu ishyirahamwe ry’iterabwoba, gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyo cyaha yakoze, imibereho ye bwite n’imyitwarire ye kuva afatwa. Bityo, icyo gihano kikaba kigomba kugumaho.  Kuri NIKUZWE Siméon [415] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasanze NIKUZWE Siméon yaragabanyirijwe igihano mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, harebwe imikorere y’icyaha yahamijwe, ko nta ngaruka zikomeye ibikorwa yakoze byagize kuko nta bitero yagiyemo na grenade yari yarabitse ikaba yarafashwe itarakoreshwa, akaba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranyweho icyaha. Bityo, rukaba rusanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka icumi (10) yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere, ku cyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba kigomba kugumaho kuko kijyanye n’ibikorwa yakoze, imyitwarire ye n’imibereho ye bwite muri rusange.  Kuri NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph [416] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph yaragabanyirijwe igihano mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, harebwe ko uruhare rwe rwagarukiye ku kuba yarashakishije ubwato n’icyambu, ariko ntiyajya mu bitero, akaba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranyweho icyaha mu nkiko, ku bw’ibyo igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itatu (3) yakatiwe ku cyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, kikaba kigomba kugumaho kuko kijyanye n’imikorere y’icyaha, imyitwarire ye n’imibereho ye bwite muri rusange.

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 Kuri MUKANDUTIYE Angelina [417] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, imwe mu mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha, yemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza, yatumye MUKANDUTIYE Angelina agabanyirizwa igihano giteganywa n’itegeko ku cyaha yahamijwe, ni ukuba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranywe mu nkiko, nyamara byagaragaye ko ku wa 23/11/2008, Urukiko Gacaca rw’Umurenge wa Rugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge rwakatiye MUKANDUTIYE Angelina igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko. [418] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 52, igika cya mbere n’icya gatatu73, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina agomba guhanishwa igihano ntarengwa cyateganyijwe n’itegeko ku cyaha yahamijwe kuko iki cyaha ari n’isubiracyaha, ni ukuvuga igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20).  Kuri NIYIRORA Marcel [419] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga NIYIRORA Marcel yaragabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, hashingiwe ku kuba ari n’ubwa mbere akurikiranywe mu nkiko. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere kigomba kugumaho kuko gikwiranye

73 Igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 52 yavuzwe haruguru giteganya ko ‘‘Ku byaha by’ubugome, isubiracyaha ribaho igihe cyose umuntu yongeye gukora icyaha nyuma yo gukatirwa mu rubanza rwabaye ndakuka’’. Igika cyayo cya gatatu giteganya ko ‘‘Umuntu wese ugaragaweho isubiracyaha ahanishwa igihano ntarengwa cyateganyijwe n’itegeko kandi icyo gihano gishobora kongerwa kugeza ku nshuro ebyiri zacyo’’.

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n’imiterere y’icyaha yakoze, n’imyitwarire ye kuva afatwa, ndetse n’imibereho ye bwite.  Kuri BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard [420] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, nta mpamvu yatuma BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène bakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano bahawe ku rwego rwa mbere. Bityo, igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) bakatiwe kikaba kigomba kugumaho kuko gikwiranye n’imiterere y’icyaha bakoze, n’imyitwarire yabo kuva bafatwa, ndetse n’imibereho yabo bwite. 5. IMPAMVU Z’UBUJURIRE ZIREBANA N’INDISHYI [421] Hari abaregwa batishimiye icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, cyo kwakira ikirego cy’indishyi hatubahirijwe amategeko arebana n’itangwa ry’ingwate y’igarama, kubera ko bamwe mu baziregeye batanze ingwate y’igarama imwe, abandi bayitanga cyangwa se batanga ibyemezo byo kutishobora batinze (A). Hari abaregwa banenga kuba mu rubanza rujuririrwa barategetswe kwishyura indishyi kandi nta ruhare bagize mu bikorwa byangiririje abaziregeye (B).

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Hakaba n’abaregera indishyi bajuriye banenga ingano nto y’indishyi bagenewe (C) cyangwa se kuba nta ndishyi bigeze bagenerwa na gato (D). Abaregwa nabo bireguririye rimwe ku bujurire bw’abaregera indishyi banenze kuba baragenewe indishyi nkeya cyangwa se kuba nta na nkeya bagenewe (E). A. Ku birebana n’iyakirwa ry’ibirego by’indishyi byatangiwe igarama rimwe cyangwa ibyemezo byo kutishobora ariko bigakorwa bikererewe [422] Ku birebana n’iyi ngingo, abaregwa barimo NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard na SHABANI Emmanuel kimwe n’ababunganira bagaragaza ko batemeranya n’ibyo Urukiko rubanza rwemeje byo kwakira ikirego cy’indishyi, mu gihe abaregera indishyi batatanze ingwate y’igarama mbere y’uko cyandikwa. Bavuga ko ibirego by’abaregera indishyi bahagarariwe na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise na Me MUNYAMAHORO René, byabanje gutangwa ku igarama rimwe ryanditse kuri HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, hanyuma hazamuwe inzitizi y’uko ikirego cyabo kitakwakirwa kuko batagaragaza impamvu batanga igarama rimwe kandi badahuje inyungu, babona kuba aribwo bashyira muri dosiye ibyemezo by’uko batishoboye. Bavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwabirenzeho rwakira icyo kirego rushingiye ku kuba ikirego cy’indishyi gishobora kwakirwa igihe cyose urubanza rutarapfundikirwa. Abunganira abaregwa bavuga ko iki kirego cyabo kitagombaga kwakirwa kuko ibyo bakoze binyuranyije n’amategeko.

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[423] Me RUGEYO Jean, wunganira NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, avuga ko ihame ari uko ku birego by’indishyi mu manza nshinjabyaha hakurikizwa imiburanishirize y’imanza mbonezamubano, ko kugira ngo ikirego cy’indishyi cyakirwe hari ibisabwa mbere y’uko cyandikwa mu bitabo by’Urukiko birimo nk’ingwate y’igarama cyangwa icyemezo cyo kutishobora kandi bikaba bigomba gutangwa mbere. Avuga ko ibyo abaregera indishyi bakoze muri ubwo buryo bazana ibyemezo byo kutishobora kandi urubanza rugeze hagati ruburanishwa, ari ukuzuza ibyo batari barakoze neza mu itangwa ry’ikirego kuko ikirego cyo cyari cyaramaze gutangwa. [424] Me MUREKATETE Henriette, wunganira NIZEYIMANA Marc na BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, avuga ko asanga ikirego cyakirwa kitari cyujuje ibisabwa, kuko gutanga igarama cyangwa icyemezo cyo kutishobora ari yo ticket iha urega ijambo imbere y’urukiko hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 7, agace ka mbere y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ko iyo ngwate y’igarama ari yari gutuma abaregera indishyi baza imbere y’urukiko kuvuga ko bahuje inyungu, ko ariko nyuma Urukiko rwaje gusanga badahuje inyungu. Akongeraho ariko ko ibi bitareba abatanze amagarama mu gihe batangaga ibirego byabo by’indishyi kuko bo bujuje ibisabwa n’amategeko. [425] NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent na BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude bunganirwa na Me NGAMIJE KIRABO Guido bavuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 7 (1°) y’Itegeko n°22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, urega afite inshingano yo gutanga

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ingwate y’amagarama, ko hanashingiwe ku ngingo ya 21, agace ka mbere (1°), y’iryo Tegeko, umwanditsi w’Urukiko adashobora kwandika ikirego mu gihe urega atabanje gutanga ingwate y’amagarama y’urubanza keretse igihe abisonewe, ko mu gihe urubanza no RP 00031/2019/HC/HCCIC rujurirwa rwari rwaratangiye kuburanishwa, basabye Urukiko ko ku baregera indishyi batatanze ingwate y’igarama ibirego byabo by’indishyi bitakwakirwa. [426] Me NGAMIJE KIRABO Guido, avuga ko bamwe mu baregera indishyi bamaze kumva mu iburanisha hanengwa ko batanze ikirego batatanze ingwate y’igarama, ari bwo bashyize muri système [IECMS] ibyemezo by’uko batishoboye, mu gihe nyamara hashingiwe ku biteganywa mu ngingo ya 7 n’iya 21 z’ Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ku birebana no gutanga ingwate y’igarama, bari guhabwa ijambo mu rubanza ari uko babanje kuzuza ibyo basabwa. [427] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène na SHABANI Emmanuel bunganiwe na Me UWIMANA Channy kimwe n’abo baregwa hamwe bavuzwe haruguru, bavuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 7, agace ka mbere (1°) y’Itegeko n°22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, urega afite inshingano yo gutanga ingwate y’amagarama, ko hanashingiwe ku ngingo ya 21m gace ka mbere, (1°) y’iryo Tegeko, umwanditsi w’urukiko adashobora kwandika ikirego mu gihe urega atatanze ingwate y’amagarama y’urubanza keretse igihe abisonewe. [428] Me MUGABO Sharif Yussuf, wunganira KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, avuga ko kuri iki kibazo kirebana n’iyakirwa ry’ibirego by’indishyi ntaho itegeko riteganya ibihe ntarengwa byo gutanga ingwate y’igarama, ko iyo abihuje n’igihe ntarengwa cyo gutanga

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ikirego cy’indishyi by’akarusho asanga igarama rishobora gutangwa igihe cyose urubanza nshinjabyaha rukirimo kuburanishwa, ko yumva hatashakirwa igisubizo mu itegeko. Bityo, ko ku ruhande rw’abo yunganira abihariye ubushishozi bw’Urukiko kugira ngo ruzabisuzume rubihuje n’icyemezo Urukiko rubanza rwabifasheho. [429] Abaregera indishyi bavuga ko ku kibazo kirebana n’uko bamwe mu baregera indishyi batanze igarama batinze ku buryo Urukiko rubanza rutari kwakira ibirego byabo, ingingo ya 116 y’Itegeko n° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, igaragaza ko uregera indishyi ashobora gutanga ikirego kuva urubanza rutangiye kugeza igihe iburanisha rirangiriye ku rwego rwa mbere. Basobanura ko ibivugwa muri iyi ngingo bisobanuye ko igihe cyose iburanisha mu manza nshinjabyaha ritararangira, uwifuza kuregera indishyi ashobora gutanga ikirego cye cy’indishyi, kandi ko ari ko byagenze mu rubanza rujuririrwa kuko abaregera indishyi batari baratanze ingwate y’igarama batanze nyuma ibyemezo by’uko batishoboye, maze Urukiko rwemeza ko ibirego byabo byakirwa. Bakaba rero basanga ibyo abaregwa bajuriye basaba cyangwa bireguza ku bijyanye no kuba ikirego kitaragombaga kwakirwa bitahabwa ishingiro. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [430] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ikibazo kigomba gusuzumwa aha, atari icyo kuba haba hari uwaregeye indishyi mu rubanza no RP 00031/2019/HC/HCCIC rujuririrwa utarigeze atanga ingwate y’igarama cyangwa se icyemezo cyo kutishobora kimusonera iyo nshingano. Rurasanga ahubwo ikibazo uru Rukiko rugomba gusuzuma kandi cyari cyarasuzumwe ndetse

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kigafatwaho icyemezo n’Urukiko ku rwego rwa mbere, ari ikirebana n’inkurikizi ku iyakirwa ry’ibirego by’indishyi zaterwa n’igihe ingwate y’igarama cyangwa se icyemezo cy’ukutishobora byatangiwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa. Aha abaregwa indishyi bakaba bavuga ko byagombaga kuba byaratangiwe rimwe muri dosiye n’inyandiko z’umwanzuro w’ikirego cy’indishyi, mu gihe abaregera indishyi bo bavuga ko nta kibazo cy’iyakirwa ry’ikirego cy’indishyi kiba gihari igihe cyose ingwate y’igarama cyangwa se icyemezo gisonera itangwa ryayo biba byagejejwe mu rubanza mbere y’ipfundikirwa ryarwo. Ibi bivugwa n’abaregera indishyi bikaba ari nabyo byahawe ishingiro n’Urukiko rubanza. [431] Ku birebana n’igihe ushaka kuregera indishyi yisunze Ubushinjacyaha yemerewe gutangira ikirego gisaba indishyi, ingingo ya 116 y’Itegeko no 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ibikurikira : « Uwangirijwe n’icyaha ashobora kuregera urukiko rubifitiye ububasha kugira ngo arihwe ibye byononekaye, kuva igihe urukiko rushyikirijwe ikirego nshinjabyaha kugeza igihe iburanisha rirangiriye ku rwego rwa mbere. Urukiko rubimenyesha abarebwa n’urubanza”. [432] Ibikubiye muri iyi ngingo, byumvikanisha neza nta rujijo ko nta muntu wangiririjwe n’icyaha wemerewe kuregera indishyi yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, mbere y’uko butanga ikirego nshinjabyaha, cyangwa se nyuma y’uko urukiko rwaregewe urubanza nshinjabyaha rushoje iburanisha ry’urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere. Ibi bikaba nta kindi bivuze uretse kuvuga ko uwifuza kuregera indishyi asabwa kuba yujuje ibisabwa byose kugira ngo ikirego cye gisaba indishyi cyakirwe mbere y’uko Urukiko rwaregewe rusoza iburanisha mu mizi ry’urubanza rwose.

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[433] Ibi bisobanuye na none ko ushaka kuregera indishyi muri ubu buryo ashobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu bihe bitandukanye apfa gusa kwirinda ko isozwa ry’iburanisha ry’urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere rimugereraho hari ibisabwa kw’iyakirwa ry’ikirego mbonezamubano atari yarangiza kuzuza. Bivuze kandi ko iyo hasuzumwa niba ikirego cy’indishyi cyatanzwe hisunzwe ikirego nshinjabyaha cyujuje cyangwa se kitujuje ibisabwa n’amategeko kugira ngo cyakirwe, Umucamanza ubisuzuma agomba kubisuzuma arebye ibyari bimaze kugikorwaho ku gihe cy’isozwa ry’iburanisha ry’urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere. Umuburanyi utanze inzitizi yo kutakira bene iki kirego kiregera indishyi avuga ko hari ibisabwa kugira ngo cyakirwe bitakorewe igihe, aba agomba kugaragaza igihe uwaregeye indishyi yarangirije kuzuza ibyo asabwa n’igihe iburanisha ry’urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere rwasorejwe. Uregera indishyi yaba yararangije kubyuzuza mbere y’igihe iburanisha ryasorejweho ikirego cye kiregera indishyi kikaba kigomba kwakirwa kuko cyatanzwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. [434] Muri uru rubanza, nk’uko ababuranyi bose barurimo babyemeranwaho kandi bikaba binagarukwaho mu gika cya 469 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, abaregera indishyi barebwa n’iki kibazo batangiye gutanga ibirego byabo by’indishyi ku wa 15/02/2021, ariko ku birego icyo gihe bitari byatangiwe ingwate y’amagarama cyangwa se ibyemezo bibasonera kuyatanga babitanga nyuma ku wa 14/07/2021 hatarasozwa iburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere ry’urwo rubanza, kuko nk’uko na none bigaragazwa n’inyandiko-mvugo y’iburanisha bwa nyuma ry’urubanza rujuririrwa, iryo buranisha ryasojwe ku wa 20/07/2021, Urukiko rutangaza ko urubanza ruzasomwa ku wa 20/08/2021.

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[435] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa ku miterere y’ikibazo kirimo gusuzumwa n’icyo itegeko rigiteganyaho, uru Rukiko ruremeranwa n’ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, mu gika cya 474 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ko kuba abaregera indishyi batari baratanze mbere inyemezabwishyu z’ingwate y’amagarama cyangwa se ibyemezo by’isonerwa ryayo barageze nyuma iburanisha ritarasozwa bagatanga ibyemezo by’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha bigaragaza ko basonewe kwishyura amagarama y’urubanza kubera ko batishoboye, ibirego byabo byagomba kwakirwa hashingiwe ku kuba barisunze ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha bagatanga ikirego cy’indishyi hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 116 y’Itegeko no 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha yibukijwe haruguru. Bityo, ibivugwa na bamwe mu baregwa kuri iyi ngingo ko hari ibirego by’abaregera indishyi bitagombaga kwakirwa, bikaba nta shingiro bigomba guhabwa. B. Ku bireba abaregwa banenga kuba mu rubanza rujuririrwa barategetswe kwishyura indishyi kandi nta ruhare bagize mu bikorwa byangiririje abaziregeye [436] NIZEYIMANA Marc na Me MUREKATETE Henriette umwunganira, bavuga ko ku bimureba nta kirego cy’indishyi na kimwe gifite ishingiro kuko nta gikorwa na kimwe cyangiririza abaziregeye yigeze akora cyangwa se ngo agiremo uruhare kandi uburyozwacyaha akaba ari gatozi. [437] NSENGIMANA Herman na Me RUGEYO Jean umwunganira, bavuga ko kuba yari mu mutwe wa FLN byonyine nta sano ya hafi bifitanye n’ibikorwa byakozwe n’abarwanyi

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b’uyu mutwe ku buryo yaryozwa indishyi, ko nta ruhare ku giti cye yabigizemo, ko rero nta ndishyi akwiye kuryozwa. Me RUGEYO Jean agasaba Urukiko kwemeza ko nta ruhare rutaziguye « direct » rwa NSENGIMANA Herman mu bitero byagize ingaruka ku baregera indishyi. NSENGIMANA Herman avuga ko aregwa icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, ariko ko nta gikorwa cy’iterabwoba yagiyemo, nta n’umuntu yahaye amabwiriza yo kujya gukora ibikorwa byangije. [438] NSENGIMANA Herman avuga kandi ko ibyo abaregera indishyi bemeza ko umuntu wese wagize uruhare muri FLN yakwishyura kandi akishyura ibyangijwe byose na MRCD-FLN, asanga yaba arenganye kwishyuzwa indishyi yarambukanye n’abarwanyi ba FLN barenga magana ane (400), akaba yibaza niba kumuhitamo byaba ari échantillonage. [439] Ku kibazo kijyanye n’uko ingingo ya 33 y’Itegeko n˚68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko abasangiye icyaha bose baryozwa indishyi zigikomokaho, avuga ko icyo gihe abo bazanye bose mu gihugu bava muri Congo, bari kumwe mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, bakwiye kwishyura ntawe uvanywemo ngo kuko byatuma nibura buri wese ashyiraho macye macye abaregera indishyi bakabona ubwishyu. [440] Me RUGEYO Jean, wunganira NSENGIMANA Herman, avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwakoresheje nabi ingingo ya 11 y’Itegeko no 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, abaregera indishyi bashingiraho bavuga ko indishyi zishobora kuregwa uwakoze icyaha, uwamufashije, icyitso cye cyangwa n’utegetswe kuriha indishyi (le civilement responsable). Asobanura ko ibivugwa muri iyo ngingo bihura na théories ebyiri zirebana n’itangwa

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ry’indishyi, Urukiko rubanza rutakoresheje, arizo théorie de la proximité de cause na théorie de la causalité adequate. Avuga ko Urukiko rwahisemo gukoresha théorie de l’ équivalence de conditions, aho rwemera ko hashingirwa ku mpamvu iyo ari yo yose yaba ari iya hafi cyangwa se iya kure nyamara iyo théorie idateganyijwe mu mategeko yo mu Rwanda ku buryo yakoreshwa ku ndishyi ziregerwa hano kuko yo ikusanya byinshi. Asoza avuga ko théorie de la proximité de cause ariyo yagombaga gushingirwaho kuko yita ku mpamvu ya hafi yateye igihombo gisabirwa indishyi, kandi ko yari isanzwe iteganyijwe muri Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano, mu ngingo zayo za 258, 260 na 261, ko gukoresha théorie de l’équivalence de conditions byasaba ko abagize uruhare bose mu bikorwa byangirije abaregera indishyi kugeza no kuri ba nyir’inganda bakoze imbunda na za gerenade byakoreshejwe mu bitero, kuriha ibyangiritse. [441] Me MUGABO Sharif Yussuf n’abo yunganira aribo KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, bavuga ko uko ari batatu batafatanya n’abandi baregwa kwishyura indishyi kubera ko ibyo baregwa bakoze, babikoreshejwe ku gahato, iterabwoba n’igitutu batashoboraga kwigobotora, kandi bakaba batarigeze bagira uruhare mu bikorwa byangiririje abaregera indishyi. Bavuga ko izo ndishyi zikwiye kwishyurwa n’abagize ubuyobozi bukuru bw’iyo mitwe baregwa, bafatanyije ndetse n’abagize uruhare « direct » mu bikorwa byangiririje abaregeye indishyi. [442] Bavuga kandi ko nk’uko bigaraga muri footnotes ku rupapuro rwa 230 rw’urubanza rwajuririwe, Urukiko rubanza, mu gutegeka abaregwa kwishyura indishyi, rwashingiye kuri théorie de l’équivalence de conditions, nyuma yo kugaragaza

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théories ziriho rwahitamo74. Basobanura ko abaregwa batategetswe gufatanya kwishyura indishyi kuko hari icyaha bahuriyeho, ahubwo bo babitegetswe, Urukiko rubanza rugendeye kuri théorie de l’équivalence de conditions kuko uwo mutwe w’iterabwoba iyo utaza kubaho, nta n’ibitero byangiririza abaregera indishyi byari kubaho. Avuga ariko ko Urukiko rutitaye ku kuba iyo théorie ifite imbibi itagomba kurenga, ari nabyo biyitandukanya na théorie abahanga bise théorie de causalité de l’univers. Bishatse kuvuga mu yandi magambo ko ikintu cyose kibaye kiba gifite impamvu gikomokaho; muri théorie de l’équivalence de conditions hakaba hitabwa ku gutandukanya ibyabaye by’ingenzi byagize uruhare mu guteza ingaruka, mu gihe muri théorie de causalité de l’univers harebwa uruherereka rw’ibyabaye byose igihombo gikomokaho. Ko kuba rero urukiko rutaravanguye ibyo byabaye, uburyo rwafashemo iyi théorie bwirengagije imbibi zayo, akaba asanga ariho inenge ya mbere iri. [443] Me MUGABO Sharif Yussuf avuga ko agarutse kubo yunganira baregwa kuba muri iyi mitwe y’iterabewoba, Urukiko rwazasuzuma ko uburyo bayibayemo ari ku gitutu, ku gahato n’iterabwoba, kandi Urukiko rubanza rwabyirengagije, ndetse ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 33 y’Itegeko n˚68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano, igaragaza ko abafatanya kwishyura ari abahamijwe icyaha kimwe, asanga ibyari bikwiye ari uko Urukiko Rukuru rwari kwita cyangwa gukoresha théorie de la causalité adéquate ku mpamvu y’uko iyi théorie yo ifata ibyo bikorwa byose ikabiha agaciro, ariko mu kugena uburyozwe hakabaho gusanisha buri gikorwa n’ingaruka cyateje, aha akaba asanga bitari bikwiye gufata abaregwa bose ibyaha bitandukanye

74 Arizo théorie de l’équivalence de conditions, théorie de la proximité de cause na théorie de la causalité adéquate.

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bakoze mu buryo butandukanye, Urukiko ngo rubishyire ku rwego rumwe, ko ahubwo icyari gikwiye ari uko Urukiko rubanza rwari kwita ku ruhare rwa buri gikorwa ku gihombo cyabaye. [444] IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel na NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, bunganirwa na Me URAMIJE James, bavuga ko nk’uko byagaragajwe mu iburanisha ryose, nta gikorwa na kimwe bigeze bakora ngo babe baricanye cyangwa se barasahuye. Bityo, ko abakoze ibyo bikorwa byo kwangiririza abandi ari bo babiryozwa ku giti cyabo. Bagasaba Urukiko kwemeza ko abagomba kuryozwa indishyi ku giti cyabo ari abagiye mu bitero cyangwa abakoze ibikorwa byo kwangiza iby’abandi. [445] By’umwihariko, NIYIRORA Marcel avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwavuze ko atari akiri muri uriya mutwe, akaba rero yumva ko atari no kuryozwa indishyi zikomoka ku ngaruka z’ibikorwa byawo. Naho, Me URAMIJE James, umwunganira, avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bwagaragaje ko bwemera ko NIYIRORA Marcel atagiye mu bitero, ko bityo, nta ngaruka z’igikorwa yaryozwa kuko ntacyo yagigizemo uruhare. [446] NIYIRORA Marcel avuga ko atemera ibyo abahagarariye abaregera indishyi bavuze ko yagiraga uruhare mu gutoranya abantu bagiye i Nyamasheke, kuko nta hantu hagaragara ko yigeze agira uruhare rwa hafi cyangwa rwa kure mu gutoranya abantu bagiye mu bitero runaka. Bityo, ko gushingira kuri théorie de l’équivalence de conditions byaba bibaye nk’icyaha cy’inkomoko, kandi icyaha ari gatozi. [447] IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel avuga ko icyaha ari gatozi, ko umuntu yagombye kuryozwa ibyo yakoze. Asobanura ko

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ntawe yatumye kujya mu bitero, ndetse nta n’ubwo yigeze agera aho byabereye, ko rero asaba Urukiko ko mu gihe ruzaba rwiherereye rwazemeza ko nk’uko icyaha n’uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi, ataryozwa indishyi. [448] NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel na Me URAMIJE James umwunganira bavuga ko adakwiye kuryozwa indishyi kuko yinjijwe muri FLN ku ngufu kandi ari umunyeshuli. Naho ku kijyanye n’icyo mu rwego rw’amategeko banenga « theorie de l’équivalence des condititons » Urukiko rubanza rwashingiyeho rutegeka bamwe mu baregwa kwishyura indishyi, Me URAMIJE James yasobanuye ko banenga kuba dosiye irimo abantu baregwa bagera kuri makumyabiri (20) kandi bose bataregwa ibikorwa bimwe by’umwihariko abo we yunganira bakaba batarageze ahabereye ibikorwa byangiririje abaregera indishyi, haba muri NYUNGWE cyangwa se muri NYARUGURU, ariko bakaba barategetswe kuriha indishyi. Ko rero nta ruhare rwabo yunganira rwagaragajwe ku gikorwa iki n’iki abaregera indishyi bashingiraho bazisaba, akaba aribyo basaba Urukiko kuzasuzuma. [449] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, SHABANI Emmanuel bunganiwe na Me UWIMANA Channy ubunganira bo bavuga ko bataryozwa indishyi ku bwo kuba gusa mu mutwe wa MRCD- FLN, kuko n’iyo batayibamo nk’umutwe w’iterabwoba n’ubundi bitari kuwubuza gukora ibikorwa byangiririje abaregera indishyi, bagasanga ahubwo abayobozi b’uwo mutwe aribo bagakwiye kuryozwa izo ndishyi. [450] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène avuga ko yemera kuryozwa indishyi ku byabereye mu Karere ka Rusizi ariko ko ataryozwa indishyi z’ibyabereye muri Nyungwe, naho izindi zikaryozwa uriya mutwe.

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[451] SHABANI Emmanuel avuga ko ataryozwa indishyi z’ibyabaye mu mwaka 2018 mu gihe yari ataramenya FLN, ko ataryozwa ibyabereye Rusizi kuko icyaha ari gatozi. Naho kuba yarisanze mu mutwe wa FLN, bikaba byaremejwe ko ari icyaha, we yumva byabazwa abashinze uwo mutwe. [452] Me UWIMANA Channy, wunganira NSABIMANA Jean Damascène na SHABANI Emmanuel, avuga ko Urukiko rwashingiye kuri théorie de l’équivalence de condititons ariko ko iyo ruza gushingira kuri théorie de la causalité adéquate nayo rwari rwagaragaje, aba baregwa bari gusabwa indishyi gusa ku byo bazi kandi bemera. Agasaba rero ko Urukiko rwashingira ku ruhare rwa buri muntu kugira ngo aryozwe ibyo yagizemo uruhare, ibyo atagizemo uruhare ntabiryozwe. [453] MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas na Me MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal umwunganira, bavuga ko ataryozwa indishyi z’ibyabereye mu Karere ka Nyaruguru no mu Karere ka Nyamagabe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe atarahageze kandi ko atanaryozwa indishyi z’ibyabaye atarinjira mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN. Yemera ko ahubwo yaryozwa indishyi z’abagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero by’iterabwoba byakorewe mu Karere ka Rusizi babigaragarije ibimenyetso. [454] BIZIMANA Cassien Alias Passy na Me MUREKATETE Henriette umwunganira, bavuga ko ku birebana n’indishyi, basaba ko harebwa ibyangirikiye mu bitero yemera ko yagizemo uruhare byabereye mu Karere ka Rusizi gusa, naho ibyabereye mu Mirenge ya Nyabimata na Nyamagabe n’ahandi akaba atabyemera. [455] Mu kwiregura, abaregera indishyi mirongo cyenda na batatu (93), bahagarariwe na Me MUNYAMAHORO René na

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Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, bavuga ko ibivugwa n’abaregwa ko batagombaga gutegekwa kwishyura indishyi kandi nta ruhare bagize mu bikorwa byangiririje abaziregeye, byazahuzwa n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 2, agace ka 5 y’ Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange igaragaza neza ko kuryozwa ibyabaye bidasaba ko nyir’ukwangiza ubwe nka gatozi ariwe wabiryozwa wenyine, ahubwo ko n’uwamufashije mu buryo bumwe cyangwa se ubundi nawe yaryozwa ibyangijwe, ndetse ko n’ingingo ya 33 y’iryo Tegeko nayo ishimangira ko abantu bose bahaniwe icyaha kimwe, bafatanya kwishyura ibisubizwa, indishyi z’akababaro n’amagarama y’urubanza. [456] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi bagaragaje thérories eshatu zishingirwaho mu kugena indishyi, iya mbere akaba ari théorie de l’équivalence de conditions ivuga ko hashingirwa ku mpamvu iyo ari yo yose ijyanye n’igikorwa, iya kabiri ikaba théorie de la causalité adéquate ivuga impamvu ijyanye n’icyangijwe naho iya gatatu ikaba théorie de la proximité de cause ivuga impamvu y’igikorwa cyegereye. [457] Basobanura ko basabye urwo Rukiko gushingira kuri théorie d’équivalence de conditions, aho mu ruhererekane rw’ibyakozwe hagaragazwa amakosa yabaye ayo ari yo, maze abakoze ibyo bikorwa bakaryozwa bafatanyije. Bavuga ko abaregwa bari muri uriya mutwe [wa CNRD-FLN] bari mu byiciro bitandukanye birimo abari abayobozi batandukanye nka RUSESABAGINA Paul wari umuyobozi mukuru, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara wari umuvugizi wa FLN, abayobozi basanzwe nka ba commissaires n’abandi bari

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abasirikare. Hakaba harimo abatanze ibikoresho n’abagiye ku rugamba kugira ngo ibitero bibe; aba bose bakaba aribo baryozwa indishyi z’ibyo bangije kandi bakaba ntaho bahungira ibyo kuziryozwa. [458] Bavuga ko nko kuri NSENGIMANA Herman wari umuvugizi w’uwo mutwe w’iterabwoba, mu gika cya 195 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa hagaragaramo ko ari we watangaje neza ibyabaye mu Murenge wa Ruheru, ko rero yari azi ibyabaye. Naho nko kuri NIZEYIMANA Marc wari colonel muri FLN, mu gika cya 221 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa hakagaraga ko yivugira uburyo yahisemo abasirikare bagiye mu bitero. Kuri NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel bavuga ko n’ubwo yari umunyeshuri ariko yari umunyamuryango [wa MRCD-FLN], kandi yagize uruhare mu gutegura ibitero; naho NIYIRORA Marcel wari Lt Colonel akaba yarateguye abagiye gutera. Bavuga ko abandi bemera ibikorwa byabereye muri Rusizi, bakaba batagaragaza igihe umutwe w’iterabwoba washingiwe, ko ariko ibitero byose biba abaregwa bari bawurimo. [459] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bakomeza basobanura ko bahuza iyi théorie d’équivalence de conditions n’ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko n˚ 46/2018 ryo ku wa 13/8/2018 ryerekeye kurwanya iterabwoba, aho umushingamategeko yasobanuye ko umutwe w’iterabwoba ari itsinda ry’abantu rikorera kuri gahunda. Bakabihuza n’uburyo uyu mutwe wari wubatse, kuko mu mabazwa y’abaregwa, mu myiregurire yabo mu kwerekana ko FLN yari ihari bagaragaje uburyo umugambi wabo wari uteye, aho bagabanaga imirimo/ tâches, bamwe bakaba bari i Rusizi, abandi i Nyabimata mu duce dukikije ishyamba rya Nyungwe. Basobanura ko kandi mu miburanire y’abaregwa cyane cyane nka NSABIMANA Callixte

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alias Sankara yabigarutseho avuga ko iyo bajyaga gutangaza ibyabaye babaga bafite n’amafoto, ko nka Rusizi haterwa bari bafite amafoto y’ibyabaye, abapfuye, abasahuwe n’ibyangijwe, ko ibyo byerekana ko uwo mutwe bari bahuriyemo wakoreraga kuri gahunda. Bavuga ko SANKARA nk’umuvugizi atari gukora wenyine hatari umuntu wa Rusizi wafashe ayo amafoto akayamwoherereza kugira ngo abitangaze agaragaze ko FLN iri mu Rwanda kandi ko yafashe Nyungwe cyangwa se yafashe Nyabimata. Ibi bakaba basanga ibi aribyo umushingamategeko yashatse kuvuga mu itegeko ko uwo mutwe w’iterabwoba ukorera kuri gahunda, ukagira schéma n’uburyo abawurimo bagabana imirimo (taches). [460] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gika cya 391 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa NIYIRORA Marcel alias Bama wari colonel ubwe avuga ko yari afite inshingano zikomeye zitandukanye, zirimo no kwakira abantu babaga binjiye mu mutwe. Bavuga ko rero ibyo bihujwe n’imvugo zagiye zivugwa na NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara wasobanuye uburyo binjizaga abantu mu mutwe bakava muri Uganda bakajya muri Congo, bivuze ko NIYIRORA nk’umusirikare yabakiraga, akabaha imyitozo ya gisirikari, akababwira uko ibintu byose bigenda, bityo ko adakwiye kuza imbere y’Urukiko avuga ko atabazwa ibyabereye mu bitero byishe, bikangiriza ndetse bikamugaza abantu batandukanye ubuzima bwabo bwose, ndetse arutakambira asaba gusubizwa mu buzima busanzwe no gusubikirwa igihano (sursis). Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bakaba basaba Urukiko ko mu gihe ruzaba rwiherereye rwazareba ukwemera ibyaha (aveux) kw’aba baregwa n’ugutakambira Urukiko basaba kugabanyirizwa ibihano, rubihuze n’ibyo baburana bavuga ku bijyanye n’ibirego by’indishyi.

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[461] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko badahakana ko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ko ariko ibivugwa n’abaregwa ko batakurikiranwa nka gatozi nta shingiro byahabwa kuko kugeza ubu bafite ibyo bahamijwe n’Urukiko, kandi bakaba baterekana ko bagizwe abere; ko rero ibyo baryozwa ari ibikorwa byabo bakoze. Naho kuvuga ko batagize uruhare mu gushinga umutwe wa MRCD- FLN ku buryo batagomba gukurikiranwa, nyamara bakaba bemera ko bawubayemo kandi ukaba hari ibyo wangiririje abantu, bakwiye kuba bumva ko ibyo bagomba kubiryozwa nk’uko amategeko abiteganya. [462] Ku kibazo kijyanye n’uko abaregwa bavuga ko théorie de l’équivalence de conditions itakoreshwa mu rubanza bakurikiranweho, kuko ari benshi kandi ataribo bonyine bakagombye gukurikiranwa, Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko icyo bashingiraho ari ihame ry’uko uwangirije undi agira inshingano zo kumwishyura indishyi zikomoka ku buryozwacyaha, ko kuvuga ko hari abandi bagombye gukurikiranwa bitavuze ko bazakurikiranwa cyangwa se batazakurikiranwa, ko rero abaregwa indishyi ubu ari abagejejwe imbere y’Urukiko kandi bakaba bemera uruhare bagize muri MRCD-FLN. Kubera izo mpamvu, hashingiwe ku ihame ry’uko abahamirijwe hamwe icyaha kimwe baryozwa indishyi hamwe, bakaba basanga abaregwa muri uru rubanza nabo bagomba kuryozwa indishyi abaziregeye basaba, zose uko zakabaye. [463] Ku birebana n’ibyavuzwe na NSENGIMANA Herman ko mu kuryozwa indishyi habaho kuzigabagabana hashingiwe ku ruhare buri wese wazirezwe yagize mu kwangiza, Me MUNYAMAHORO Réné na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise

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bavuga ibyo atari ibyo kuko atari ryo hame ry’amategeko, ko itegeko ari uko abahamirijwe hamwe icyaha kimwe baryozwa indishyi hamwe, ndetse uregera indishyi akaba yabaza umwe muri bo kuba yazishyura zose kuko itegeko ribimwemerera. Ko aba baregwa uyu munsi baramutse banditse bashaka kwishyura izo ndishyi zose ntacyo byaba bitwaye kuko icyo bashaka ari uko ababuze ababo, ababuze ibyabo byangijwe muri biriya bitero basubizwa ibyabo byangijwe mu buryo bukwiye. [464] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise basoza bavuga ko ku bijyanye n’inenge bamwe mu baregwa bavuga irebana n’uko uruhare rwabo mu bikorwa byangirije abaregera indishyi ari rutoya cyangwa se ko ntarwo bagize, ko ingano y’ikosa atari yo ishingirwaho hagenwa ingano y’indishyi ari byo byitwa principe de différence de fautes, ko harebwa gusa uwo ariwe wese wakoze ikosa akaba yaryozwa ibyo yangije hatitawe ku kuba ikosa ari rinini cyangwa se ritoya; ko ndetse muri bo ufite ubushobozi buruta ubw’abandi ashobora kwishyuzwa zose uko zakabaye kuko itegeko ribyemera. [465] Me MURANGWA Faustin, uhagarariye abaregera indishyi bane (4), avuga ko yemeranwa n’ibyavuzwe na bagenzi be, Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise kuri iyi ngingo, kandi ko abaregwa bishyuzwa indishyi batajuririye ibyaha bahamijwe byo kuba mu mutwe wa MRCD- FLN, ko mu guca urubanza rujuririrwa Urukiko Rukuru rutagiye kure y’ingingo ya 11 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ivuga abagomba kuryozwa indishyi, aho mu baregwa bari mu mutwe wa FLN harimo abakoze icyaha, abo bafatanyije gukora icyaha, ibyitso byabo, ibi bakaba batarabijuririye, ko baciwe indishyi nk’abantu bari mu bagize (membres) uyu mutwe w’iterabwoba kuko

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ibikorwa wakoze byateye ingaruka abaregera indishyi ahagarariye. [466] Me MURANGWA Faustin asobanura ko ku kibazo kijyanye n’uko hatakoreshwa théorie de l’équivalence de conditions muri uru rubanza ruburanishwamo abaregwa benshi, kandi hashobora kuba hari abandi badashobora kuburanishirizwa rimwe, avuga ko Me RUGEYO Jean uburanira bamwe mu baregwa yirengagiza ko hari ibyaha abaregwa bahamijwe bose birimo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba batajuririye muri uru Rukiko, kandi iki cyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN akaba aricyo cyagize ingaruka ku baregera indishyi. Bityo, hakaba harimo ihuriro (lien de causalité) rituma ntaho abaregwa bahungira kuryorezwa hamwe indishyi z’ibyo bangije (solidairement). Naho ku bijyanye n’uburyo indishyi zazishyurwa, avuga ko ibyo ari ibintu bijyanye n’irangiza ry’urubanza, ko bitajyanye n’uburyo indishyi zigenwa, kandi ko abaregera indishyi badashaka kwinjira mu byo kuvuga ku ruhare rwa buri wese mu baregwa nka gatozi (auteur) umufatanyacyaha (coauteur) cyangwa se nk’icyitso (complice) muri uyu mutwe cyangwa muri ibi bitero bahamijwe n’Urukiko ko babayemo kandi bakaba batarabijuririye. Bityo, ko asanga kuba abaregwa bavuga ko bataryozwa indishyi ziregerwa ari ukwivuguruza. [467] KARERANGABO Antoine nawe uregera indishyi avuga ko iyi mvugo ya bamwe mu baregwa y’uko nta ndishyi bategekwa kwishyura kuko batagiye mu bitero itahabwa agaciro kuko ari mu bagiye mu bitaro bya Munini akamaramo iminsi ibiri kubera inkoni yakubiswe n’abashinjwa cyangwa se abo bari bayoboye. [468] Me HAKIZIMANA Joseph umwunganiye avuga ko mu rwego rwo gushimangira ibyavuzwe na bagenzi be baburanira

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abandi baregera indishyi, asanga muri uru rubanza mu baregwa ntawajuriye asaba kugirwa umwere. Ko kubireba KARERANGABO Antoine yunganira, utarahawe indishyi, abyuzurisha ingingo ya 33 y’Itegeko no 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ivuga ko abantu bose bahaniwe icyaha kimwe bafatanya kwishyura ibisubizwa, indishyi z’akababaro n’amagarama y’urubanza. Ashingiye kuri iyo ngingo, avuga ko abaregwa uko ari 21 bahuriye mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wagiye ukora ibikorwa byo guhungabanya ituze ry’abanyarwanda n’ibikorwa by’iterabwoba bivanzemo n’ubwicanyi, bityo agasanga Urukiko rukwiye guha ishingiro indishyi zisabwa abaregwa no kuzibaryoza bafatanyije. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [469] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga impaka rugomba gukemura hagati y’abaregwa n’abaregera indishyi zishingiye ku kuba, ku ruhande rumwe, uretse RUSESABAGINA Paul utarigeze ajurira akaba ataranitabiriye urubanza mu bujurire, ndetse na NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase batahamwe n’icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN, abandi baregwa bose muri rusange bavuga ko bataryozwa indishyi basabwa kuko batari mu bitero byangiririje abaziregera, ko kuba bari mu mutwe wa FLN ubwabyo bitaba impamvu ituma baziryozwa, ko ahubwo abaziregera bagombye kuzihabwa n’uwo mutwe wa FLN, abayobozi bawo cyangwa abarwanyi bari mu bitero byakorewemo ibikorwa byo kubangiririza. Ku rundi ruhande, abaregera indishyi muri rusange bo bavuga ko abaregwa bose bagomba gufatanya kwishyura indishyi zose baregera kuko bose bagize uruhare mu bikorwa by’umutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN wagabye ibitero byabagizeho ingaruka zinyuranye, izo ngaruka zikaba zirimo nko

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kubicira abantu, kubakomeretsa no kubangiririza imitungo; izo ndishyi bakaziryozwa gusa kuko bahuriye ku cyaha cyo kuba muri uwo mutwe cyangwa se icyo kuwukoreramo ibikorwa cyangwa se kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, kabone n’iyo baba batarigeze bagera ahakorewe ibitero byateje ingaruka zatumye baregera indishyi. [470] Ku birebana n’ushobora kuregwa indishyi zikomoka ku byangijwe n’ikorwa ry’icyaha, ingingo ya 11 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ibikurikira: “Indishyi zishobora kuregwa uwakoze icyaha, uwo bafatanyije gukora icyaha, icyitso cye kimwe n’utegetswe kuriha indishyi. Indishyi zishobora kandi gusabwa abazungura b’uwakoze icyaha”. Ibi binashimangirwa mu ihame rusange ry’uko ku birebana no gutanga indishyi “igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangiririje undi gitegeka nyir’ugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangijwe”. Ku birebana n’ubufatanye bw’abahamwe n’icyaha mu kugira ibyo bishyura bifitanye isano n’icyaha cyabahamye, ingingo ya 33-y’Itegeko Nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ibikurikira: « Abantu bose bahaniwe icyaha kimwe bafatanya kwishyura ibisubizwa, indishyi z’akababaro n’amagarama y’urubanza”. Ibi bivuze ko iyo ikorwa ry’icyaha hari ibyo ryangije bikemezwa n’Urukiko, bituma abahamwe n’icyo cyaha bose bagomba kubisubiza, kwishyura indishyi z’akababaro n’amagarama y’urubanza bafatanyije. [471] Mu gihe iyo uwakoze icyaha ari umwe bihagije ko ibirebana n’indishyi zihabwa uwagikorewe bigenwa hakurikijwe ihame rusange rimaze gusobanurwa, icyo ingingo ya 33 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha

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n’ibihano muri rusange yibukijwe haruguru yongeraho, ni uko iyo noneho abakoze icyaha ari benshi bagomba gufatanya (in solidum) kwishyura indishyi hatabayeho kubanza gusaranganya ubwishyu ku baregwa hagendewe ku ngano y’uruhare rwa buri wese mu ikorwa ry’icyaha ngo harebwe ababigizemo uruhare ruto, ururinganiye cyangwa se urunini. Mu yandi magambo, ntibiba bikiri ngombwa gushakishiriza ahandi ikosa ry’ugomba kwishyura indishyi rigomba gushingirwaho, kuko Umushingamategeko yagaragaje muri iyi ngingo ya 33 ko uryozwa indishyi ari uwahamwe n’icyaha kandi ko iyo ari benshi baryozwa izo ndishyi bafatanyije mu buryo nabwo bumaze gusobanurwa haruguru. [472] Muri uru rubanza, mu gusuzuma niba abaregwa bagomba kwishyura indishyi abaziregera, ikibazo nti kikiri icyo kureba ikosa cyangwa se igikorwa iki n’iki kihariye buri wese yaba yarakoreye uregera indishyi kikamwangiriza, ahubwo ikibazo ni ukumenya niba ibyangijwe bisabirwa indishyi byarangijwe n’ikorwa ry’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN byiyongeraho kuri bamwe ikorwa ry’icyaha cyo gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba, kandi niba abaregwa kwishyura indishyi baramaze guhamwa n’ibyo byaha. [473] Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, mu gika cya 632 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rushingiye ku kuba impamvu yose yatumye habaho igikorwa cyangiririza undi igomba gushingirwaho mu kugena indishyi, rwasanze ibitero byagabwe ku butaka bw’u Rwanda byarakozwe mu mugambi wa MRCD- FLN wo gukora iterabwoba, no kuba iyo uwo mutwe utaza kuba warabayeho bitari gushoboka ko ibyo bikorwa byagize ingaruka ku baregera indishyi biba kandi n’ababikoze bakaba barabikoze

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muri uwo mugambi wa MRCD-FLN, abahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba muri uwo mutwe no gukora no kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba bagomba gufatanya kwishyura indishyi. [474] Muri uru rubanza rw’ubujurire abaregwa bamwe bavuga ko batari bakwiye kuryozwa indishyi kuko n’ubwo bemera kuba bari mu bagize umutwe wa MRCD-FLN batari mu bitero byangiririje abaziregera. Mu gihe abaregwa biyemerera ko bagize uruhare mu bitero byabereye mu Karere ka Rusizi, bo bemera kuryozwa gusa indishyi ku byabereye muri ako Karere gusa kuko batari mu bitero byahabereye ahandi, kandi n’igihe byahabereye bakaba bari bataratangira gukorana n’umutwe wa FLN. Abaregera indishyi bose bo basaba ko icyemezo cy’Urukiko rubanza cyo kubategeka gufatanya kwishyura indishyi kigumaho. [475] Uru Rukiko rurasanga, n’ubwo Urukiko rubanza hari aho rwatinze rusesengura ibyanditswe n’abahanga mu mategeko ku bijyanye n’impamvu zitandukanye zishingirwaho mu kumenya ugomba kuryozwa indishyi75, iryo sesengura rikaba ryaranuririweho n’abunganira abaregwa rigakurura impaka ndende kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire hagati yabo n’abaregera ndishyi, bitari ngombwa kwinjira no gutinda kuri izo nyandiko z’abahanga kuko ingingo ya 33 y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange yibukijwe haruguru isobanura neza uko izi mpaka zikemurwa bitiriwe biba

75 Reba ku rupapuro rwa 230-231, mu gika cya 631 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa cyane cyane mu bisobanuro no 54, 55,56 na 57 by’ahahera ku rupapuro, aho Urukiko rwasobanuye “théorie de l’équivalence des conditions”, “théorie causa proxima”, “théorie de la causalité adéquate” na “théorie de l’empreinte continue du mal”.

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ngombwa kubanza gushakisha mu nyandiko z’abahanga ibindi byakwisungwa. [476] Uru Rukiko rurasanga rero kuba NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara,NSENGIMANA Herman, RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean Claude, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean Claude, na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène no muri ubu bujurire bakomeje guhamwa n’ibyaha bifitanye isano n’ibikorwa by’iterabwoba byakozwe n’abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN nk’uko byasobanuwe, ibyo byaha bikaba ari byo byangiririje abaregeye indishyi muri uru rubanza, bagomba gufatanya kwishyura indishyi zikomoka ku ikorwa ry’ibyo byaha nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza. Bityo, ubujurire bw’abaregwa kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. C. Ku birebana n’abaregera indishyi bajuriye banenga ingano y’izo bagenewe [477] Abaregera indishyi 46 bakurikira bavuga ko baregeye indishyi, Urukiko rubanza ntirwazibaha zose nk’uko bari bazisabye, ahubwo ruzibagenera mu bushisozi bwarwo. Abo ni: 1. HAVUGIMANA Jean Marie Vianney,

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2. BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, 3. RUGERINYANGE Dominique, 4. NTABARESHYA Dative, 5. HABYARIMANA Jean Marie Vianney, 6. INGABIRE Marie Chantal, 7. SHUMBUSHA Damascène, 8. NSABIMANA Anastase, 9. MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, 10. SIBORUREMA Vénuste, 11. NGENDAKUMANA David, 12. RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 13. KIRENGA Darius, uhagarariwe na RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 14. UMURIZA Adéline, uhagarariwe na RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 15. SHUMBUSHO David, ahagarariwe na RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 16. RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné ahagarariwe na RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 17. KAREGESA Phénias, 18. NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, 19. NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, 20. HABIMANA Zerothe, 21. NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle,

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22. KAYITESI Alice, 23. YAMBABARIYE Vedaste 24. NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane, 25. UWAMBAJE Françoise, abana batanu ba MUKABAHIZI Hilarie bahagarariwe na MBONIGABA Richard aribo 26. MUKESHIMANA Diane, 27. NDIKUMANA Isaac, 28. MUKANKUNDIYE Alphonsine, 29. UZAYISENGA Liliane na 30. HABAKUBAHO Adéline, 31. MBONIGABA Richard, 32. VUGABAGABO Jean Marie Vianey, 33. MURENGERANTWALI Donat, 34. HAKIZIMANA Denis, 35. RWAMIHIGO Alexis, 36. NYIRANGABIRE Valérie 37. SEMIGABO Déo, 38. NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, 39. NSABIMANA Joseph, 40. RUTAYISIRE Félix, 41. MAHORO Jean Damascène, 42. NZEYIMANA Paulin,

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43. NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, 44. NDUTIYE Yussuf 45. OMEGA Express Ltd, 46. ALPHA Express Company Ltd [478] Abaregera indishyi bari muri iki cyiciro ni abavuga ko bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero bya MRCD-FLN byagabwe mu Murenge wa Nyabimata mu Karere ka Nyaruguru (a), muri Nyungwe mu Murenge wa Kitabi mu Karere ka Nyamagabe (b) no mu Karere ka Rusizi mu Murenge wa Kamembe n’uwa Nyakarenzo (c). a) Ku birebana n’abajuririye ingano y’indishyi zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Nyabimata mu Karere ka Nyaruguru [479] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko abo bahagarariye n’abo bunganira bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero byo mu Murenge wa Nyabimata ariko bakaba batarishimiye indishyi bagenewe. Abo ni: HAVUGIMANA Jean Marie Vianney na BAPFAKURERA Venuste bangiririjwe za moto, HABYARIMANA Jean Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Anastase, SIBORUREMA Venuste, NGENDAKUMANA David na SHUMBUSHA Damascène basahuwe imitungo itandukanye bakanikorezwa ibyasahuwe, RUGERINYANGE Dominique na NTABARESHYA Dative biciwe umwana, hakaba na INGABIRE Marie Chantal na MUKASHYAKA Joséphine biciwe abagabo. Kuri aba haniyongeraho kandi NSENGIYUMVA Vincent uhagarariwe na Me MURANGWA Faustin.

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 Ku bireba HAVUGIMANA Jean Marie Vianney na BAPFAKURERA Venuste [480] Me MUNYAMAHARO René na Me MUKASEHAMA Marie Louise, bunganira aba babiri bahuriye ku kuba baratwikiwe moto, bavuga ko HAVUGIMANA Jean Marie Vianney Urukiko rwamugeneye ibihumbi magana atandatu (600.000 Frw) y’indishyi z’agaciro ka moto ye yatwitswe, nyamara yari yarugaragarije n’ibindi yatakaje birimo amafaranga ahwanye na 360.000Frw yari amaze kwishyura moto ariko itaramwandikwaho kuko yayishyuraga mu byiciro; amafaranga 120.000Frw yakoresheje akurikirana ikibazo cy’ibyangombwa bye byatwikanwe na moto; amafaranga 120.000 Frw yatakaje akurikirana ikibazo cya moto kuko uwo yari yanditseho yamuregaga mu buyobozi; indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye na 500.000Frw. Agasaba Urukiko kumugenera indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 1.100.000 Frw bikosora 1,500,000Frw zari mu mwanzuro. [481] Bavuga kandi ko moto ye yatwitswe n’abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN mu gitero cyabereye mu Murenge wa Nyabimata mu Karere ka Nyaruguru, yari yarayipatanye kuri 1.400.000 Frw agomba kuzayishyura mu gihe cy’umwaka umwe n’igice ariko akaba yari ayimaranye amezi atatu (3) kandi itari yamwandikwaho nka nyirayo kuko atari yakarangije kuyishyura ngo akorane mutation n’uwo bari barayipatanye. [482] Ku bireba BAPFAKURERA Venuste, bavuga ko we Urukiko rwamugeneye indishyi zingana na 600.000 Frw z’agaciro ka moto yangijwe, nyamara yari yarugaragarije raporo y’Ubuyobozi ivuga neza ibyabaye kandi bikaba byarateye akababaro abantu bose byagizeho ingaruka. Agasaba uru Rukiko

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kumugenera indishyi zingana na 5.044.500 Frw zikubiyemo indishyi z’akababaro n’agaciro k’ibye byangijwe. [483] Bavuga ko banenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwarabaze indishyi zijyanye n’agaciro k’izo moto gusa, mu buryo bugenekereje (forfaitaire) kuri buri wese rukamugenera 600.000 Frw. Kubera ko mu Rwanda nta tegeko rihari ritanga ibisobanuro birambuye (details) ku ibarwa ry’indishyi zirebana n’ibintu bimwe na bimwe, muri ubu bujurire bashyize muri système inyandiko zigaragaza uburyo mu bindi bihugu bagerageje gukemura iki kibazo cyo kubara indishyi. Bavuga ko nko mu rubanza rw’uwitwa Germain KATANGA, hari ibyo abavoka bari bahagarariye abaregera indishyi bagaragaje babishyikiriza urukiko nk’ibijyanye n’uko umuntu wabuze ikintu cye, rutamusubiza agaciro kacyo gusa, ko hari n’ibindi bintu aba yatakaje bijyanye n’akababaro yagize mu kubura icyo kintu (manque à gagner), harimo ndetse n’uko imibereho ye ihinduka kubera icyo kintu cye yabuze. Bakaba basaba Uru Rukiko ko narwo mu bushishozi bwarwo rwakwita kuri ibyo byose. Bavuga kandi ko n’ubwo aba batari bigeze bagaragariza urukiko ku buryo budasubirwaho amafaranga binjizaga umunsi ku wundi, ko ibyo bagerageje gushakisha bagendeye k’uko ibiciro bimeze ku isoko basanze moto yinjiza hagati ya 5.000 Frw na 8.000 Frw ku munsi. [484] HABYARIMANA Jean Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Anastase, SIBORUREMA Venutse, NGENDAKUMANA David na SHUMBUSHA Damascene nabo bahagarariwe na Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise. Uko ari batanu (5) bahuriye ku kuba hejuru yo kwamburwa bimwe mu byo bari batunze, baranashimuswe bakikorezwa ibintu byari byibwe. Bavuga ko urukiko rubanza rwashingiye kuri raporo y’Umurenge wa Nyabimata igaragaza amazina yabo

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y’uko bashimuswe, maze mu bushishozi bwarwo rubagenera buri wese amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) gusa. Ibyo akaba aribyo barabijuririye. Ku buryo bw’umwihariko ariko, buri wese agira ibyo asaba.  Ku bireba HABYARIMANA Jean Marie Vianney [485] Avuga ko Urukiko rwamuhaye indishyi z’ akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw kubera ko yikorejwe ibintu ariko ko atagaragaje ibimenyetso by’ibindi bintu bye byibwe bikanangizwa, ko rwirengagije ko abagizi ba nabi baje biba ibintu by’abaturage n’ibindi. Ubu arasaba indishyi zingana na 1.560.000 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza zikubiyemo 560.000 Frw y’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yambuwe (telefone, ipantaro, ishati, ibishyimbo n’ igitenge) na 1.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro.  Ku bireba NSABIMANA Anastase [486] Avuga we ko yasabye indishyi zose hamwe zihwanye n’amafaranga miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi magana abiri na cumi na bitatu (1.213.000 Frw), ariko Urukiko rubanza mu gufata icyemezo rumugenera gusa indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw, rwirengagiza ibijyanye n’izindi ndishyi yari yasabye. Ubu arasaba indishyi zingana na 1.213.000 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza zikubiyemo 150.000 Frw yari yagurishije inka akayaha abamuteye kugira ngo batamwicira umugore, 63.000 Frw y’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yasahuwe (imyaka, telephone n’imyambaro) na 1.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro kubera ko abagabye ibitero bamwikoreje ibyo bari basahuye, bakamutwara bugwate akagaruka mu rukerera.

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 Ku bireba SIBORUREMA Venuste [487] Avuga ko yasabye indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 570.500 Frw zikubiyemo indishyi z’ akababaro n’ibye yibwe, ariko Urukiko rumugenera indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw z’uko yashimuswe, rwirengagiza kumugenera izijyanye n’ibintu bye byibwe. Ubu arasaba indishyi zingana na 570.500 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza zikubiyemo 70.500 y’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yasahuwe (imyaka, amata, telephone n’imyambaro) na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro.  Ku bireba NGENDAKUMANA David [488] Avuga ko yasabye indishyi zingana na 528.400 Frw z’uko yashimuswe akanibwa ibyo yari afite, maze urukiko rubanza rumugenera gusa indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw z’uko yashimuswe, ariko rwirengagiza kumugenera indishyi z’ibintu bye byibwe. Ubu arasaba indishyi zingana na 528.400 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza zikubiyemo 28.400 Frw y’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yasahuwe (ibiribwa, telephone n’imyambaro) na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro kubera ko bamwikoreje ibyo bibye kugera mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe.  Ku bireba SHUMBUSHA Damascène [489] Avuga ko yasabye indishyi zose hamwe zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atandatu na mirongo itanu na bine (654.000 Frw) maze Urukiko rubanza rumugenera gusa indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw ariko ntirwamugenera indishyi z’ibye byibwe. Ubu arasaba indishyi zingana na 654.000 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza zikubiyemo 600.000 Frw z’akababaro, 50.000 Frw ibintu bye

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bitandukanye bibye birimo imyaka, imyambaro, telefoni n’amafaranga ibihumbi bine (4.000 Frw) bamwambuye. [490] Kuri aba bose, Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise banenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko kuko rwavuze ko nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ibyo bavuga ko batakaje, bagasaba uru Rukiko ko rushingiye kuri raporo y’Ubuyobozi igaragaza ko aba bantu bashimuswe, no ku buhamya butandukanye bw’abatangabuhamya bari muri video bagaragarije urukiko mu iburanisha, rwabiha agaciro mu bushishozi bwarwo, bakabiherwa indishyi kuko bigoye kubona ibimenyetso nka factures z’imyenda, telefoni n’ibindi byibwe. Naho ku birebana n’indishyi z’akababaro basabye, basobanura ko zishingiye ku kababaro bagize kubera ko bashimuswe mu ijoro, bikabatera guhungabana no guhangayika byiyongera ku magambo akomeretsa ndetse abaca intege babwiwe. Kubera izo mpamvu. Basaba Urukiko ko rwazashingira kuri ibi byose, maze rukagenera aba baregera indishyi izo bari basabye ku rwego rwa mbere. [491] Hari kandi icyiciro cy’abantu bapfushije ababo mu gitero cyo mu Murenge wa Nyabimata nabo bunganiwe na Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, bakaba baragenewe indishyi ku rwego rubanza ariko ntibazishimira barazijuririra. Abo ni RUGERINYANGE Dominique na NTABARESHYA Dative biciwe umwana, na INGABIRE Marie Chantal na MUKASHYAKA Joséphine biciwe abagabo.

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 Ku bireba RUGERINYANGE Dominique na NTABARESHYA Dative [492] Aba bavuga ko Urukiko rwabageneye buri wese 5.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro kubera iyicwa ry’umwana wabo HABARUREMA Joseph, nyamara muri raporo y’Ubuyobozi yashingiweho n’Urukiko igaragaza neza ko yari afite na Boutique yasahuwe. Basaba indishyi zingana na 17.000.000 Frw zikubiyemo indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw n’indishyi z’ibyangijwe zingana na 7.000.000 Frw. [493] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise basobanura ko impamvu aba bajuriye ari uko mu cyemezo cy’urukiko rwabageneye gusa 5.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro zo kubura umwana wabo, ariko ntirwaha agaciro ibindi bintu umwana wabo yari afite birimo telefoni ya gaciro ka 19.000 Frw, butike yakoraga nk’akabari aho imwe muri moto zavuzwe haruguru yatwikiwe, harimo na télévision ya flat y’agaciro ka 200.000 Frw. Mu kutishimira icyemezo cy’urukiko bakaba bavuga ko babahaye indishyi z’akababaro za 5.000.000 Frw gusa mu gihe bombi bari bifuje indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 45.000.000 Frw kubera ko yabafashaga nk’uko umwana afasha ababyeyi be bikaba byarabasigiye akababaro bitewe n’akamaro umwana wabo yari abafitiye.  Ku bireba INGABIRE Marie Chantal [494] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamwunganira bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 30.000.000 Frw, iz’imbonezamusaruro zingana na 70.000.000 Frw n’iz’uko abana be bagizwe imfubyi zingana na 50.000.000 Frw kubera kwicirwa umugabo

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MANIRAHO Anatole wari ushinzwe amasomo mu rwunge rw’amashuri rwa Nyabimata, agasigirwa imfubyi azirera wenyine. Akaba anenga kuba Urukiko rwaramugeneye gusa indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw, naho ku zindi ndishyi zari zasabwe rukavuga ko nta bimenyetso yazigaragarije. [495] Basobanura ko uyu, ku rwego rubanza yari yasabye indishyi zavuzwe haruguru zitandukanye,ku birebana n’iz’imbonezamusaruro bakaba bari bagaragarije urukiko amafaranga yinjiraga muri uyu muryango ariko nta kimenyetso bari batanze kigaragaza umushahara nyakwigendera yahembwaga, ko ariko ubu yabashije kubona ikimenyetso kiri ku mugereka wa 111 muri système kigaragaza ko umushahara mbumbe wa nyakwigendera utaravamo ibintu byose wari 207.335 Frw ariko ko ayo yafataga mu ntoki yari amafaranga 130.650 Frw. Bavuga na none ko mu kumugenera indishyi z’ akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw gusa Urukiko rutitaye ku bijyanye n’ibyo yatakaje mu gushyingura ngo rubimuhere indishyi kuko nta bimenyetso yabitangiye. [496] Bavuga ko iki cyiciro cy’abaregera indishyi bapfushije ababo mu bitero byo mu Murenge wa Nyabimata bahuriye ku kuba mu gushyingura nta nyandiko (documents) cyangwa inyemezabwishyu (factures) bafite zigaragaza ibyo batakaje bashyingura, kubera ko mu gushyingura hari ibyo umuntu atakaza bijyanye no kwakira abantu, kujyana umurambo, kubibonera factures bikaba bitarashobotse bitewe n’igihunga bari barimo cyo kubura ababo batigeze babasha kuzaka. Bityo, ibyo bakaba barabikubiye hamwe mu ndishyi z’akababaro, ko nko kuri uyu INGABIRE Marie Chantal ku ndishyi mbonezamusaruro asaba harimo n’amafaranga yari afite yari kuzabyazamo umusaruro kugira ngo abashe gukomeza kwita ku

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muryango ariko yose akaba yaragiye muri ibyo bikorwa byo gushyingura bikaba byaramuhungabanyije. [497] Basobanura kandi ko mu Rukiko rubanza batigeze basaba amafaranga y’ibyo batakaje mu gushyingura mu buryo burambuye/details nk’uko babisobanura mu bujurire, ko ahubwo bari bayasabye mu buryo mbumbe hamwe n’indishyi z’akababaro. Bagasaba ko mu gihe Urukiko ruzaba rwiherereye, nk’uko bagiye babigaragaza ko hari ibindi rwagenderaho kugira ngo ruzamure ibyo bari bagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza harimo nk’akababaro bagize muri iyo mihango yo gushyingura, harimo ibyo batakaje, bakifuza ko kuba umuntu yabuze abe bitarangirira aho ngaho gusa.  Ku bireba MUKASHYAKA Joséphine [498] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko MUKASHYAKA Joséphine ko yiciwe umugabo witwa MUNYANEZA Fidèle, akaba yari yasabye indishyi z’akababaro n’iz’imbonezamusaruro zose hamwe zingana na 100.000.000 z’uko yapfakajwe kandi asigarana abana babiri b’impfubyi bakiri bato, kandi umugabo we yahembwaga ibihumbi ijana ku kwezi (100.000 Frw) ariwe wari ubatunze, atunze n’ababyeyi be, ariko bakanenga ko Urukiko rwamugeneye 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro gusa, naho ku ndishyi mbonezamusaruro ntirwagira icyo rumuha ku mpamvu y’uko nta kimenyetso yari yatanze kigaragaza umushahara nyakwigendera yahembwaga uretse kubivuga gusa. [499] Bavuga ko banenga kuba izi ndishyi z’akababaro yahawe ari nkeya, naho ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro bakaba nyuma baraje kubona ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera yahembwaga 100.000 Frw ku kwezi nk’uko bigaragara ku

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mugereka wa 112 muri système. Bakaba basaba uru Rukiko ko nirwiherera rwazaha agaciro iyi nyandiko maze rukamuha indishyi z’akababaro n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro yari yaregeye zose hamwe zingana na 100.000.000 Frw hanagendewe ku mushahara umugabo yahembwaga.  Ku bireba NSENGIYUMVA Vincent [500] NSENGIYUMVA Vincent uhagarariwe na Me MURANGWA Faustin avuga ko ku wa 19/06/2018 umutwe witwaje intwaro wa FLN wagabye igitero iwe mu rugo utwika imodoka ye yo mu bwoko bwa RAV 4 ifite plaque RAD 802 K yari ifite agaciro ka 25.000.000 Frw, ibikoresho byo mu nzu bifite agaciro ka 30.000.000 Frw, nawe arakomeretswa bikomeye mu mutwe bituma akoresha amafaranga mu kwivuza angana na 1.500.000 Frw, n’ayamutunze kwa muganga angana na 4.000.000 Frw. Avuga ko mu kuregera indishyi yasabye izingana n’aya mafaranga yose, hakiyongeraho 21.600.000 Frw abariwe kuri 20.000 Frw ku munsi kuva igihe imodoka ye yatwikiwe kugeza urubanza ruciwe kubera kuvutswa uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye yamufashaga mu buzima bwa buri munsi, indishyi z’impozamarira zingana na 20.000.000 Frw ndetse na 540.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. Avuga ko ibimenyetso yashingiyeho arega ari inyandiko zitandukanye zigaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aregera ariko ko muri ubu bujurire anongeraho imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bamutabaye akimara guterwa, ko izi mvugo zigamije gufasha Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kumva ko hari ibimenyetso bitashoboraga kuboneka kubera imiterere y’ibitero ndetse n’ihungabana ku mubiri no mu mutwe byasigiye ababigabweho. [501] Avuga ko icyo anenga urubanza rujuririrwa ari ukuba Urukiko rwarasesenguye ibimenyetso rugasanga bigaragaza ko

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yakomerekejwe n’icyo gitero, binagaragaza ko yivuje mu bitaro byitiriwe Umwami Faisal aho yoherejwe n’ibitaro bya Kaminuza bya Butare ariko rukavuga ko atagenerwa amafaranga asaba angana na 5.500.000 Frw yakoresheje yivuza n’ayamutunze mu gihe yari mu bitaro, kubera ko ngo nta bimenyetso yabitangiye, nta n’ikigaragaza ko yabaye mu bitaro n’igihe yaba yarahamaze. Asobanura ko aha Urukiko rwivuguruje kuko rwemeye ko rwahawe ibimemyetso bigaragaza ko NSENGIYUMVA Vincent yoherejwe n’ibitaro bya Kaminuza bya Butare no mu bitaro byitiriwe Umwami Faisal ariko rugasoza ruvuga ko ntacyo rwaheraho rwemeza ko yabaye muri ibyo bitaro. Akaba asaba mu bujurire indishyi zimaze kuvugwa harugu yari yabisabiye ku rwego rwa mbere. [502] Avuga ko ku birebana n’indishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka ye yatwitswe, Urukiko rwavuze ko kuba yari ayitunze bishimangirwa n’ibimenyetso byagaragajwe, mu bushishozi bwarwo rumugenera miliyoni cumi n’eshanu (15.000.000 Frw) kubera ko ngo ibimenyetso yatanze bitagaragaza ko yari ifite agaciro ka miliyoni makumyabiri n’eshanu (25.000.000 Frw) yari yasabye, akaba anenga kuba Urukiko rwarivuguruje kuko rwagaragaje ko rwahawe kandi runyurwa n’ibimenyetso ku gaciro k’imodoka ariko rumugenera indishyi mu bushishozi bwarwo, ko asanga harabayeho kugenekereza kuko ntaho rwashingiye rugena indishyi rwamuhaye. [503] Avuga ko ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’ibikoresho byo mu nzu, Urukiko rwemeje ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent ataragaragaje ibikoresho byo mu nzu bifite agaciro ka miliyoni mirongo itatu (30.000.000 Frw) avuga ko yari atunze, indishyi abisabira atagomba kuzigenerwa cyane cyane ko ngo na raporo yakozwe

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n’umuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyabimata itavuga ko hari ibintu yasahuwe. Akaba asanga aha naho Urukiko rwaramwumvise nabi kuko ngo raporo yakozwe ivuga ko byatwitswe bitasahuwe. Asaba ko hanashingirwa ku buhamya bw’abamutabaye nk’uwitwa Antoine, ariko ntiyimwe uburenganzira bwe. [504] Avuga ko ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’ibyo yatanze ku ngendo kubera kuvutswa imodoka yari asanzwe yiyambaza, Urukiko rwamugeneye mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi z’akababaro zingana na miliyoni eshashatu (6.000.000 Frw) kubera ko ngo ayo yasabye ari menshi, ko asanga aho naho harabayeho kugenekereza mu gihe yari yagaragaje ko akenera imodoka mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi kandi ko ku munsi iyo ukodesheje imodoka yo kugendamo bifata hagati ya 15.000 Frw na 20.0000 Frw ko ari nabyo yari yagendeyeho abara ayo yari yasabye, ko rero atumva icyo Urukiko rwagendeyeho rumugenera 6.000.000 Frw. [505] Akomeza avuga kandi ko Urukiko rwamugeneye 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, ariko ko ari make ukurikije ingendo yakoreye i Nyanza iburanisha ritarimurirwa i Kigali ndetse n’ayo yakoresheje nyuma y’uko ryimurwa. Asaba muri rusange ko aho mu gika cya 708 Urukiko rwategetse ko yishyurwa indishyi zingana na miliyoni makumyabiri n’imwe n’ibihumbi magana atanu (21.500.000 Frw) byasubirwamo hagashingirwa ku bimenyetso byari byatanzwe n’ibindi byatangiwe mu bujurire birimo n’abatangabuhamya. [506] Me MURANGWA Faustin uhagarariye NSENGIYUMVA Vincent avuga ko hagaragajwe factures uwo ahagarariye yivurijeho n’iz’ibyo yakoreshaga ari mu bitaro, ko carte jaune y’imodoka yatwitswe igaragaza ko yaguzwe mu mwaka wa 2016 kandi nk’umukozi wa Leta iyo modoka

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yagombaga kuba itarengeje 40.000 Km, ikaba yari inafite ubwishingizi. Avuga ko yari yarayiguze 25.000.000 Frw, mu kumugenera indishyi zingana na 15.000.000 Frw gusa nyuma y’imyaka 2 ayiguze bikaba bitumvikana ukuntu yaba itakaje hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’agaciro yari ifite. [507] Akomeza avuga ko ku bijyanye n’ibikoresho byo mu nzu byari byasabiwe indishyi, umutangabuhamya witwa Callixte wabanaga na NSENGIYUMVA Vincent asobanura ukuntu abateye batwitse imodoka, bakangiza bagatwika no mu nzu ibintu byarimo bigahiramo, bikaba bigoye kubona za factures zabyo. Naho ku birebana n’indishyi z’akababaro, izo yasabaga ari 20.000.000 Frw akurikije ingaruka byamugizeho kuko kugeza uyu munsi agifite ibikomere bituma atabasha gukora akazi ke neza no kwita ku muryango we, ariko Urukiko rukaba rwaramugeneye 6.000.000 Frw gusa, mu gihe we ayo yasabaga atari menshi. b) Ku birebana n’abajuririye ingano y’indishyi zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, mu Murenge wa Kitabi, Akarere ka Nyamagabe [508] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko ibitero byabereye muri Nyungwe byagize ingaruka ku bantu 26, bakaba barahawe indishyi ariko ntibazishimire kuko ari nkeya. Abo ni aba bakurikira : 1. UWAMBAJE Françoise na 2. NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, 3. RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 4. RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné,

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5. SHUMBUSHO David, 6. KIRENGA Darius, 7. MARIZA Adéline, 8. MBONIGABA Richard, 9. MUKESHIMANA Diane, 10. NDIKUMANA Isaac, 11. MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, 12. UZAYISENGA Liliane, 13. HABAKUBAHO Adéline, 14. VUGABAGABO Jean Marie Vianney, 15. MURENGERANTWARI Donat, 16. HAKIZIMANA Denys, 17. RWAMIHIGO Alexis, 18. NYIRANGABIRE Valérie, 19. SEMIGABO Déo, 20. NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, 21. NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane, 22. KAREGESA Phénias, 23. HABIMANA Zerothe, 24. NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, 25. KAYITESI Alice na 26. YAMBABARIYE Védaste.  Ku bireba UWAMBAJE Françoise

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[509] UWAMBAJE Françoise yunganiwe na Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise avuga ko umugabo we HABYARIMANA Dominique yaguye mu gitero cyabereye muri Nyungwe, bikaba byaramugizeho ingaruka zikomeye kuko byamuteye agahinda gakomeye, ko yanamusigiye abana bo kurera wenyine, aho bimusaba gukoresha imbaraga nyinshi kugira ngo abashe gukorera urugo, ariko ko bitashoboka ko yarukorera nk’umugabo we, ko ndetse no mu kumushyingura hari ibyo yatakaje. [510] Avuga ko umugabo we yari rwiyemezamirimo wari ufite amasoko menshyi, kuko yahakoreshaga imodoka 2, aho yakoranaga n’Akarere, ibigo by’amashuli, mu by’imidugudu ya reserve force n’ibindi byinshi. Avuga ko iyo umugabo we yabaga yakoze neza ku kwezi yinjizaga miliyoni enye (4.000.000 Frw) amaze gukuramo ibindi byose, kandi ko ashingiye ku gihe umugabo we yari asigaje ngo agere mu gihe cy’izabukuru, yari yasabye miliyoni ijana (100.000.000 Frw) zikubiyemo indishyi z’akababaro, iz’imbonezamusaruro n’iz’ibyo yatakaje, kuko nawe yayaheraho akagira icyo akora cyateza urugo imbere. Ko ayo mafaranga yinjizaga yayatangiye ibimenyetso mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire birimo historiques za konti zo ku mabanki zigaragaza uburyo umugabo we yakoraga, akaba asaba ko rwazazishingiraho rukamugenera indishyi. [511] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bunganira UWAMBAJE Françoise, bavuga ko ku bijyanye n’indishyi asaba ari byiza kuba Urukiko rwaravuze ko izo rutanze ari indishyi z’akababaro. Ko iyo barebye ibiteganywa n’amategeko n’uko indishyi ubwazo zigomba kuba zigabanyije mu bice bitandukanye, kuba indishyi z’akababaro yahawe atazemera kuko ari nkeya ni uko ari umugore ufite n’abana,

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Urukiko rwakabaye rwaramugeneye indishyi runashingiye kuri abo bantu batandukanye. [512] Naho ku bijyanye n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro, bavuga ko n’ubwo uyu munsi atabasha kugaragaza amafaranga umugabo we yinjizaga mu kwezi, akaba nta tegeko rihari rikoreshwa mu kubara indishyi ku bijyanye n’abantu bagiye bapfa mu buryo bundi butandukanye uretse gusa irigena uburyo babara indishyi ku bantu biciwe mu mpanuka y’imodoka n’irirebana n’abishwe n’inyamaswa zo muri parike cyangwa inyamaswa ziri ahantu hakomye. Bavuga ko mu Rwanda iyo umuntu afite imirimo akora hashingirwa ku mafaranga yinjizaga ku mwaka cyangwa ku kwezi, yaba adafite umurimo akora hagashingirwa ku mushahara muto umuntu ashobora kuba yatahana. Bityo, ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa banenga aho Urukiko rwavuze gusa ko indishyi nta shingiro zifite kuko umugabo we nta murimo yari afite, nyamara nk’umuntu wari uriho wakoraga rwakabaye nibura ruvuga ko nta kimenyetso yagaragaje cy’imirimo yakoraga ariko rukaba rwashingira kuri SMIG [Salaire Minimum Garanti] rukamuha indishyi ziciriritse. [513] Bavuga ko ku bijyanye n’ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura, Urukiko rwavuze ko batahabwa izo ndishyi, nyamara zari zikubiye muri miliyoni ijana basabaga,ko uyu munsi bigoye kuba bagaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo bakoresheje byose nk’uko babisobanuye, kuko abantu bakimara gupfa habayeho ibibazo bikomeye, impanuka zikomeye, abantu bapfiriye muri ibyo bitero, abandi barahungabana ubwabo ku buryo bumvaga ko batabona ubutabera ndetse batanabyizeye, ko ariyo mpamvu mu gutanga ikirego hari ibimenyetso bitabonetse harimo nk’ibigaragaza amafaranga yatakaje igihe yashyinguraga umugabo we.

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[514] Bavuga ariko ko bashingiye ku ngingo ya 154 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, hari izindi nyandiko zitandukanye z’ibimenyetso bashyikirije uru Rukiko mu bujurire zigaragaza imirimo itandukanye umugabo we yakoraga aho bigaragara muri système ku mugereka wa 104, amafoto nayo yashyizwe muri dosiye ku mugereka 106 na 107 agaragaza imva y’umugabo we, ndetse na facture yakoresheje mu kumushyingura iri ku mugereka 103, cyokora hari factures atabashije kubona z’ibyo yatakaje mu gushyingura nk’iz’amazi yakirije abamuherekeje, iz’ingendo. [515] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise basobanura ko bumva indishyi z’akababaro arizo Dommage moraux zonyine, Urukiko rwamugeneye miliyoni icumi (10.000.000 Frw), hakaba ariko na dommages economiques nk’uko byasobanuwe ko umugabo we yakoraga ku buryo uyu munsi hagombye gushingirwa nibura ku minsi yari asigaje yo gukora akaba yagenerwa indishyi, n’ibindi bitandukanye yatakaje nk’uko byasobanuwe, ko Urukiko rubanza rwakabaye rwaramugeneye izo ndishyi, ariko ko rwazimwimye ruvuga ko nta bimenyetso bifatika afite, ubu bagasaba ko mu bushishozi bw’uru Rukiko yazihabwa. Naho ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’impozamarira za miliyoni icumi uwo bunganira yagenewe ariko akaba atazemera kuko ari nkeya, basaba Urukiko ko rwakongera rukabisuzuma, rukamugenera mu bushishozi bwarwo nibura miliyoni mirongo itanu (50.000.000 Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro.  Ku bireba NGIRABABYEYI Désiré [516] Bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi z’akababaro zose hamwe zingana na 137.600.000 Frw zikubiyemo 50.000.000 Frw

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z’ubumuga yagize, 20.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, 66.600.000 Frw na 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikirana rubanza ariko Urukiko Rukuru rumugenera indishyi z’akababaro gusa zingana na 2.000.000 Frw n’amafaranga y’ikurikirana rubanza. [517] Basobanura ko NGIRABABYEYI Désiré yari umushoferi w’imodoka ya ALPHA Express Company Ltd, ku wa 15/12/2018 akaba yaravuye i Rusizi atwaye abagenzi, ageze mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe asanga abarwanyi ba FLN babateze, bica bamwe mubo yari atwaye, abandi barabakomeretsa nawe akomerekeramo. Avuga ko muri icyo gitero yarashwe ku murundi ndetse no mu bworo bw’ikirenge, bikaba byaramuviriyemo ubumuga buhoraho kuko adashobora gutwara imodoka ngo ave i Kigali agere i Rusizi yongere agaruke kandi mbere yarabikoraga. Ubwo bumuga bukaba bwaremejwe na muganga ku Bitaro bya Kibagabaga bugana na 22% ndetse ko adashobora no kubagwa. Ubu umwuga w’ubushoferi yakoraga wari umutunze akaba atakiwukora uretse gusa kuba yakora imirimo y’amaboko. [518] Anavuga ko iyo raporo ya muganga atigeze ayigaragaza mu Rukiko Rukuru, ko yayibonye urubanza rugeze mu bujurire, ubu akaba yarayishyize muri système ku umugereka wa 093. Avuga kandi ko akiri umushoferi yakoreraga 250.000 Frw ku kwezi ariko akaba nta kimenyetso abitangira. Agasaba ko hashingiwe kuri iyo raporo ya muganga no ku mushahara yahembwaga ku kwezi, anahereye ku gihe yari asigaje ngo ajye mu zabukuru, Urukiko rwamugenera indishyi yari yasabye zingana na 137.600.000 Frw, rukazigena mu bushishozi bwarwo kuko ubu yabaye ikimuga atakibasha gukora akazi ke k’ubushoferi. Abamwungunira bongeraho ko ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’uburibwe yari yahawe zingana na 2.000.000 Frw

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nazo mu bushishozi bw’uru rukiko zakongerwa kuko izo yahawe ari nkeya.  Ku bireba RUDAHUNGA Ladislas hamwe n’abana be RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius na UMULIZA Adéline [519] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise babahagarariye bavuga ko aba bose batanze ikirego basaba indishyi zitandukanye zikubiye hamwe zingana na 33.620.000 Frw, ariko ko RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, se w’umwana wishwe witwa MUTESI Jacqueline, Urukiko rwari rwamugeneye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 5.000.000 Frw, rwongeraho n’amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu gushyingura angana na 2.190.200 Frw, naho ku bavandimwe ba nyakwigendera aribo RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius na UMULIZA Adéline buri wese rumugenera 2.000.000 Frw. Bavuga ko bitewe n’uko aya amafaranga Urukiko rwayagennye mu bushishozi bwarwo, basaba ko uru Rukiko rwakongera rukayasuzuma kuko bayanenga kuba ari makeya.  Ku bireba MBONIGABA Richard, MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, VUGABAGABO Jean Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWARI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valerie na SEMIGABO Déo [520] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise babahagarariye bavuga ko aba bose bari baregeye indishyi kubera urupfu rwa MUKABAHIZI Hilarie. Mu kirego

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bari basabye indishyi z’impozamarira, abana ba nyakwigendera bakaba bari basabye 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, abavandimwe be basaba 5.000.000 Frw, ariko Urukiko rutanga indishyi za 2.000.000 Frw ku bavandimwe naho abana rubagenera 5.000.000 Frw. Bakaba basaba ko Urukiko rwakongera gusuzuma mu bushishozi bwarwo rukabona ko indishyi bari basabye bazikwiye.  Ku bireba NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane [521] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko uyu yaregeye indishyi kubera urupfu rw’ umwana we NIYOBUHUNGIRO Jeanine wari ufite imyaka 23, wari uvuye i Butare ku ishuri agana i Rusizi, akaba yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 15.000.000 Frw z’akababaro na 5.000.000 Frw z’ibyo yatakaje, zose hamwe zikaba 20.000.000 Frw ariko Urukiko rumugenera 5.000.000 Frw zonyine nazo zigenwe mu bushishozi bwarwo. Bakaba bazinenga ko ari nkeya, bagasaba uru Rukiko ko rwakongera kuzisuzuma mu bushishozi bwarwo.  Ku bireba NYIRAYUMVE Eliane [522] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yapfushije umugabo we NTEZIRYAYO Samuel mu gitero cyabereye muri Nyungwe. Akaba yari yasabye Urukiko rubanza indishyi zingana na 23.500.000 Frw ariko rumugenera 10.500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro gusa, zikomatanyirije hamwe rudatandukanyije impozamarira n’izi imbonezamusaruro. Ruvuga ko ari indishyi z’akababaro 10.000.000 Frw n’amafaranga 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. Ibindi yakoresheje bitandukanye mu gushyingura avuga ko nta ndishyi yabiherewe. Bavuga ko muri ubu bujurire bashyize muri système ibimenyetso bijyanye n’ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura umugabo we, biri ku

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umugereka wa 071. Bakaba bongera gusaba indishyi bari basabye, uru rukiko rukazigena mu bushishozi bwarwo. Ku bijyanye n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro kuko nyakwigendera atakoraga umirimo uhemberwa uzwi, basaba urukiko ko zabarwa hashingiwe ku mushahara muto ntarengwa/ SMIG.  Ku bireba KAREGESA Phenias [523] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko kubera urupfu rw’umwana we NIYONSHUTI Isaac wari umunyeshuri ugeze mu mwaka wa gatatu w’amashuri yisumbuye, yari yasabye indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 67.000.000 Frw, zikubiyemo 63.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, 3.000.000 Frw zo gushyingura na 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza ariko ko Urukiko rwamugeneye 5.500.000 Frw. Bagasaba urukiko ko mu bushishozi bwarwo rwakongera rukazisuzuma. [524] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga kandi ko uretse NGIRABABYEYI Désiré bunganiye wavuzwe haruguru hari n’abandi bakurikira nabo bakomerekeye mu gitero cyo muri NYUNGWE bakaba nabo basaba indishyi ku bwabo ariko bakaburana babahagarariye : HABIMANA Zerothe, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, KAYITESI Alice na YAMBABARIYE Védatse.  Ku bireba HABIMANA Zerothe [525] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 139.400.000 Frw ariko agenerwa 2.500.000 Frw mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko. Zikaba ari nke ugereranyije n’izo bari basabye kuko harimo ikinyuranyo gikabije. Bavuga ko baragaragaje muri système ku mugereka wa 090 raporo ya

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muganga w’ibitaro bya Kigeme igaragaza ko HABIMANA Zerothe afite ubumuga buhoraho, kandi akeneye kwivuza. Bakaba basaba uru Rukiko ko rwakongera rugasuzuma ko aya mafaranga yahawe ari makeya rukaba rwamugenera ayandi.  Ku bireba NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle [526] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 5.500.000 Frw ariko Urukiko rumugenera gusa indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 2.000.000 Frw, rukavuga ko atagenerwa indishyi zijyanye n’ubumuga kuko raporo ya muganga itagaragaza ko hari ubumuga yatewe no gukomeretswa n’igitero. Bavuga ko hari raporo ya muganga bashyize muri système iri ku mugereka wa 094 igaragaza ko agifite ubumuga cyane cyane bushingiye ku buranga. Bakaba basaba Urukiko kongera rukabisuzuma kuko indishyi za 2.000.000 Frw yahawe ari nke.  Ku bireba KAYITESI Alice [527] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko hari raporo ya muganga bashyize muri système igaragaza ko kugeza ubu agifite ubumuga bungana na 20%. Ko indishyi yari yasabye zari 50.000.000 Frw ariko Urukiko rukamugenera 2.000.000 Frw. Bakaba basaba Urukiko kongera kubisuzuma.  Ku bireba YAMBABARIYE Vedaste [528] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi za 20.000.000 Frw kubera ubumuga yatewe, bugaragazwa na raporo ya muganga bashyize muri système ku mugereka wa 099,

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ariko ibye Urukiko rukaba rutarabisobanuye neza kuko iyo urebye ibiri mu gika cya 618 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko rwabonye ibimenyetso bye kandi rwabishimye rusanga yagenerwa indishyi za 2.000.000 Frw, ariko mu mwanzuro wa rwo mu gika cya 711 rumushyira mu cyiciro cy’abataragenewe indishyi. Basaba uru Rukiko ko rwakosora iryo kosa ariko na none indishyi yahawe zikongerwa kuko ari nkeya ugerenyije na 20.000.000 Frw yari yasabye.  Ku bireba NDUTIYE Yussuf, OMEGA Express Ltd na ALPHA Express Company Ltd [529] Aba bahagarariwe na Me MURANGWA Faustin nabo bavuga ko batishimiye indishyi bahawe n’Urukiko rubanza kuko ari nkeya. [530] Ku bireba NDUTIYE Yussuf, Me MURANGWA Faustin avuga ko, nk’uko biboneka mu gika cya 533 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ubwo yari mu modoka ye ava i Rusizi, ageze mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe yahuye n’abantu bitwaje intwaro baramuhagarika, ava mu modoka yari atwaye yo mu bwoko bwa Golf VW ifite plaque RAC 547 A yihisha mu ishyamba, nyuma agarutse asanga bayitwitse, aza kumenya ko abayitwitse ari abarwanyi ba FLN, akaba ariyo mpamvu yareze asaba abaregwa, gufatanya kumwishyura indishyi zihwanye n’aamafaranga miliyoni umunani (8.000.000 Frw) y’agaciro k’iyo modoka, indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza angana na miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw) no kugenerwa amafaranga ibihumbi makumyabiri (20.000 Frw) ku munsi kuva igihe yatwikiwe kugeza urubanza ruciwe.

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[531] Avuga ko ibimenyetso yashingiyeho asaba izo ndishyi bigaragara mu gika cya 534 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, birimo facture proforma yakozwe na KAMECAR Motors Ltd ku wa 24/01/2020 igaragaza ko iyo modoka yari ifite agaciro ka 8.000.000 Frw, icyemezo cy’ubwishingizi bw’imodoka cyo ku wa 23/12/2019, ifoto y’iyo modoka itaratwikwa, amafoto ari muri dosiye agaragaza imodoka zatwitswe ndetse na raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’ibanze ivuga ko ku italiki ya 15/12/2018 muri iryo shyamba rya Nyungwe abarwanyi bitwaje intwaro batwitse imodoka zitandukanye. [532] Asobanura ko Urukiko rwasuzumye ibyo bimenyetso yatanze rugasanga bigaragaza ko yari atunze imodoka asabira indishyi yo mu bwoko bwa Golf VW ifite plaque RAC 547A yakozwe mu mwaka wa 2001 kandi ko yatwikiwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ariko rukaba rwaravuze ko harebwe ko facture proforma ashingiraho yakozwe ku wa 24/01/2020 nyuma y’uko imodoka ye itwitswe, rusanga itashingirwaho kuko itagaragaza agaciro yari ifite ayigura n’igihe yari ayimaranye. Bityo, ko atagomba kugenerwa amafaranga asaba hashingiwe gusa kuri iyo facture proforma, ahubwo ko mu bushishozi bwarwo agomba kugenerwa amafaranga angana na 4.000.000 Frw. Anenga kuba izi ndishyi zagenwe n’Urukiko nazo ntacyo zagendeyeho kuko aya mafaranga nta modoka yagura. Akaba asaba uru Rukiko ko yagenerwa ayo yari yasabye cyangwa Urukiko rukaba rwahamagaza abahanga mu kugena agaciro k’ibinyabiziga hagendewe ku myaka biba bimaze bikora n’igihe biba byarakorewe kuko abakoze igenagaciro ryashingiweho mu gusaba indishyi nabo ari ibyo bari bagendeyeho.

[533] Avuga ko ku birebana n’izindi ndishyi asaba, Urukiko rubanza rwasanze kuba yaratwikiwe imodoka, agaterwa ubwoba

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n’icyo gitero no kuba yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye mu buzima bwa buri munsi yabiherwa indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 2.500.000 Frw zigenwe mu bushishozi bwarwo kuko izo yasabye ari nyinshi kandi akaba ataranagaragaje icyo ashingiraho asaba ko imodoka ye ibarirwa amafaranga ibihumbi makumyabiri (20.000 Frw) ku munsi. Aha akaba asanga Urukiko rubanza rwarirengagije ko kugira ngo abone indi yifashisha mu kazi ka buri munsi kandi bitewe n’imiterere yayo (jeep cyangwa ivatiri) kuyikodesha bitwara hagati ya 15.000 Frw na 20.000 Frw ku munsi. [534] Akomeza avuga ko amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, urukiko rwamugeneye nayo ari make hashingiwe ku gihe cyose yitabiriye iburanisha i Nyanza urubanza rutarimurirwa i Kigali na nyuma yaho, no ku kazi ke yabaga yataye nk’uwikorera. Bityo, akaba asaba ko izi ndishyi zakongera zigasuzumwa agahabwa 1.000.000 Frw hakurikijwe ibimenyetso byatanzwe ndetse n’ibindi byagejejwe ku Rukiko mu bujurire birimo no kumva abatangabuhamya. [535] Ku bireba OMEGA EXPRESS Ltd, Me MURANGWA Faustin avuga ko nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 535 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa sosiyete OMEGA EXPRESS Ltd itwara abagenzi yasabye indishyi z’imodoka zayo ebyiri zitwara abagenzi zo mu bwoko bwa coaster zifite plaque RAC 357 J na RAD 201 N zatwikiwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe. [536] Asobanura ko ibimenyetso byashingiweho hasabwa izo ndishyi birimo ibyangombwa by’izo modoka na fagitire zatanzwe n’aho zaguriwe mu “Akagera Business Group” bigaragaza ko imodoka Coaster ifite chassis no JTFGFB 51820- 1053253 na plaque RAC 357 J yaguzwe 51.809.000 Frw, ikaba yaratwitswe imaze imyaka itanu ikora. Naho imodoka ifite

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Chassis no GFB518901981521 na plaque RAD 201 N ikaba yaraguzwe 52.079.986 Frw, igatwikwa imaze umwaka umwe ikora. Izi zikaba zari zasabiwe kwishyurwa hakanatangwa indishyi mbonezamusarururo zingana na 662.000.000 Frw kuri zombi hashingiwe ku mafaranga zinjizaga n’ayo zari zisigaje gukorera kubera ko imodoka zitwara abagenzi zimara imyaka makumyabiri (20) zikora. [537] Avuga kandi ko bari basabye amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’ay’igarama angana na 1.240.000 Frw ndetse n’indishyi za 20.000.000 Frw kubera ko sosiyete ya OMEGA Express Ltd yatakarijwe icyizere bigatuma igira igihombo, indishyi zose hamwe isaba zikaba zingana na 737.128.986 Fw. [538] Akomeza avuga ko mu gusobanura icyemezo cyarwo Urukiko rwagaragaje ko rwashingiye ku bimenyetso byatanzwe na OMEGA Express Ltd, rugasanga hari imodoka ebyiri (2) za Coaster zitwara abagenzi zatwikiwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe n’abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN, ko icyo gihombo kigomba gutangirwa indishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka, iz’igihombo OMEGA Express Ltd yagize bitewe no kutazikoresha n’amafaranga yatakaje kubera gukurikirana urubanza. Mu gika cya 602 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ururkiko rubanza ruvuga ko harebwe ko imodoka isabirwa kwishyurwa agaciro kangana na 51.809.000 Frw yari imaze imyaka itanu (5) ikora rusanga mu bushishozi bw’urukiko yakwishyurwa amafaranga miliyoni mirongo ine (40.000.000 Frw), naho isabirwa kwishyurwa 52.079.986 Frw yari imaze umwaka umwe ikora ikishyurwa miliyoni mirongo ine n’eshanu (45.000.000 Frw). [539] Me MURANGWA Faustin akomeza avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwasanze OMEGA Express Ltd itagaragaza ku buryo

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bwumvikana icyo ishingiraho isaba indishyi mbonezamusaruro, kuko gushingira ku gihe cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) ivuga no ku mafaranga zinjizaga ku munsi bidahagije kugira ngo izo ndishyi zigenwe. Mu gika cya 603 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa rukaba rwaravuze ko rugendeye ku kuba imodoka itwara abagenzi idakora buri munsi, no kuba amafaranga ikorera ku munsi OMEGA Express Ltd yarayatanze igereranyije, kuva OMEGA Express Ltd yagenewe amafaranga y’agaciro k’imodoka, yagenerwa gusa indishyi mbonezamusaruro z’amezi mirongo itatu n’atatu (33) abazwe kuva ku wa 15/12/2018 igihe imodoka yatwikiwe kugeza urubanza ruciwe, kuko Urukiko rusanga imodoka yakora iminsi makumyabiri n’ine (24) mu kwezi, ikorera ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000 Frw) ku munsi. [540] Me MURANGWA Faustin akaba avuga ko Urukiko ntaho rwahera ruvuga ko bus ikora iminsi 24 ku kwezi kuko n’iyo umushoferi yaruhutse bus yo bitayibuza gukomeza gukora. Avuga kandi ko ntacyo Urukiko rwavuze ku kuba ibyabaye byaratumye OMEGA EXPRESS Ltd itakarizwa icyizere ku bayigana, ibi bikaba bikomeje kuyihombya. Urukiko rukaba rwaremeje ko yahabwa indishyi zingana: n’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo irindwi n’icyenda n’ibihumbi magana abiri (79.200.000 Frw) ku modoka zayo ebyiri zatwitswe, ikanagenerwa ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igarama, izo indishyi zose hamwe zikaba zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni ijana na mirongo itandatu n’enye n’ibihumbi magana arindwi (164.700.000 Frw). [541] Avuga ko batanyuzwe n’ibyemejwe n’Urukiko mu gika cya 600 n’icya 603 by’urubanza rujuririrwa kuko rwari kugena indishyi mbonezamusaruro zibariwe ku mafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000 Frw) ku munsi kugeza igihe urubanza

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ruzasomerwa; kandi ko izo ndishyi zikabarirwa ku minsi 30 y’ukwezi, kuko imodoka zikora buri munsi nk’uko umutangabuhamya RURANGWA wari umushoferi yabisobanuye. Asobanura kandi ko amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza asaba ari miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi Magana abiri na mirongo ine (1.240.000 Frw) akubiyemo amafaranga ibihumbi makumyabiri 20.000 Frw na miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi magana abiri na makumyabiri (1.220.000 Frw) abazwe mu buryo bugenekereje kuko ibyo bakoreshaga mu gukurikirana urubanza batabisabiraga factures. [542] Ku bireba ALPHA Express Company Ltd, Me MURANGWA Faustin uyiburanira avuga nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 536 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa Sosiyete itwara abagenzi ya ALPHA Express Company Ltd yasabye indishyi z’imodoka yayo yo mu bwoko bwa TOYOTA Coaster ifite pulaki RAC 341U yatwikiwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe zihwanye na 341.000.000 Frw zikubiyemo 52.000.000 Frw y’ikiguzi cyayo; indishyi z’imbonezamusaruro zingana na 288.000.000 Frw na 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikirana rubanza. Akavuga ko izo ndishyi zari zagaragarijwe ibimenyetso bigizwe n’ibyangombwa by’iyo modoka, inyemezabwishyu yaguriweho yo ku wa 09/01/2015 na raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze igaragaza ko hari imodoka zitwara abagenzi zatwikiwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe. [543] Avuga kandi ko Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku bimenyetso byatanzwe na ALPHA Express Company Ltd, rwemeje ko hari imodoka yayo ya Coaster itwara abagenzi yatwikiwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe mu gitero cyo ku wa 15/12/2018. Bityo, ko igomba kugenerwa indishyi kubera igihombo yagize kijyanye no kubura imodoka yayo

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n’amafaranga yari kuzakorera iyo idatwikwa, ikanagenerwa amafaranga yatakaje kubera gushorwa mu manza, ariko ko harebwe ko iyo modoka yari imaze imyaka ine (4) ikora rwasanze itagenerwa agaciro yari ifite igurwa, ahubwo k’ubw’ubushishozi bwarwo ikaba yagenerwa amafaranga miliyoni mirongo ine 40.000.000 Frw. [544] Avuga na none ko ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro zisabwa na ALPHA Express Ltd, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko hashingiwe ku myaka cumi n’itandatu (16) imodoka yari isigaje gukora no ku mafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000 Frw) ivuga ko ikorera buri munsi, rusanga ntayo yagenerwa kuko yagenewe agaciro k’imodoka, ahubwo ko yagenerwa indishyi mbonezamusaruro z’amezi mirongo itatu n’atatu (33) abazwe kuva ku wa 15/12/2018 igihe imodoka yatwikiwe kugeza urubanza ruciwe, ko rero hashingiwe ku kuba urukiko rusanga imodoka itwara abagenzi yakora iminsi makumyabiri n’ine (24) mu kwezi ikorera amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000 Frw) ku munsi, yagenerwa indishyi zingana na 39.600.000 Frw, ikanagenerwa amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, yose hamwe akaba amafaranga miliyoni mirongo inani n’ibihumbi ijana (80.100.000 Frw). [545] Ku bw’ibyo Me MURANGWA Faustin avuga ko banenga uburyo Urukiko Rukuru rwabaze izo ndishyi, kuko imodoka nk’iyi ya coaster agaciro kayo katagenda kagabanuka kubera igihe imaze ikora, ko ahubwo kiyongera binatewe n’ita gaciro ry’ifaranga (inflation), ibi Urukiko rubanza rukaba rutarabyitayeho mu kugena indishyi z’agaciro k’iyi modoka rugendeye ku gihe yari imaze ikora aho gushingira ku gaciro k’imodoka nk’iyi ku washaka kuyigura uyu munsi. Aha atanga

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urugero ko sosiyeti OMEGA Express Ltd yaguze imodoka mu myaka itatu ishize kuri 51.000.000 Frw ariko nyuma isubiye kuyigura isanga ku isoko igeze kuri 57.000.000 Frw. Ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro, asaba uru Rukiko ko zibarirwa ku minsi 30 y’ukwezi kuko imodoka zikora buri munsi, akanasaba 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kuko kuva urubanza rutangiye i Nyanza kugeza ubu, nta kuntu ALPHA Express Company Ltd yaba yaratakaje 500.000 Frw gusa Urukiko rwayigeneye. [546] Ku kibazo Urukiko rwamubajije cyo kumenya icyaba cyarakozwe na sosiyeti aburanira kugira ngo zibe zakwishyurwa n’ubwishingizi, Me MURANGWA Faustin yasobanuye ko iyi nzira bayigerageje ariko ntibigire icyo bitanga kuko abishingizi babasubije ko bitashoboka bashingiye kuri “principe de prévisibilité”, ndetse ko banagerageje kujya mu Kigega Cyihariye cy’Ingoboka ariko naho barabahakanira. c) Ku birebana n’abajuririye ingano y’indishyi zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Kamembe n’uwa Nyakarenzo mu Karere ka Rusizi [547] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko hari ibitero byabereye mu Karere ka Rusizi, ahantu habiri hatandukanye ariho mu Murenge wa Kamembe ku kabari kitwa Stella ndetse no mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo ku ruganda hanatwikiwe imodoka. Bavuga ko bane (4) mu bo bahagarariye aribo bajuririye kuba baragenewe indishyi nkeya zirebana n’igitero cyagabwe mu Murenge wa Kamembe, aribo : 1. NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène,

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2. RUTAYISIRE Félix, 3. NSABIMANA Joseph na 4. NZEYIMANA Paulin, Naho umwe (1) ari we MAHORO Jean Damascène akaba yarajuririye izo yagenewe zirebana n’igitero cyo ku ruganda mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo.  Ku bireba NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène [548] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi za 30.000.000 Frw kubera ubumuga yatewe n’igitero ndetse akaba yaranabigaragarije raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 22/10/2020, igaragaza ubumuga afite bwa 6%, ko yagiye anivuza, ariko Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo rumugenera 3.000.000 Frw. Bavuga ko yajuririye izo ndishyi kuko ari nkeya. Bagasaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko rwakongera rukazisuzuma maze rukazongera.  Ku bireba RUTAYISIRE Félix [549] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi za 5.000.000 Frw kubera ubumuga yatewe n’igitero cyagabwe mu murenge wa Kamembe ariko Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo rumugenera indishyi za 4.000.000 Frw. Bavuga ko izo ndishyi yahawe ari nkebakaba basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko rwakongera rukazisuzuma maze rukamuha indishyi yari yasabye zingana na 5.000.000 Frw.

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 Ku bireba NSABIMANA Joseph [550] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko NSABIMANA Joseph yakomerekeye muri kiriya gitero, akaba yari yasabye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 9.000.000 Frw n’indishyi zingana na 6.000.000 Frw kubera ubumuga yagize bungana na 8% anabitangira ibimenyetso ariko mu bushishozi bwarwo Urukiko rumugenera 3.000.000 Frw gusa kuri byombi. Kubera ko indishyi yagenewe ari nkeya barasaba mu bujurire Urukiko ko rwakongera rukabisuzuma rukamugenera indishyi yari yasabye mbere.  Ku bireba NZEYIMANA Paulin [551] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yakomerekeye muri kiriya gitero ubwo éclats za gerenade zamugwaga ku mubiri ahantu hatandukanye, akaba yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 5.000.000 Frw ariko Urukiko mu bushishozi bwarwo rumugenera indishyi zingana na 2.000.000 Frw. Bakaba bavuga ko ari nkeya, bagasaba Urukiko ko rushingiye kuri raporo ya muganga yari yatanze n’ubwo igaragaza gusa ko yakomeretse, rwakongera rukabisuzuma rukamugenera indishyi yari yasabye mbere zingana na 5.000.000 Frw.  Ku bireba MAHORO Jean Damascène [552] MAHORO Jean Damascène, yunganiwe na Me Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise avuga ko ariwe nyir’imodoka yo mu bwoko bwa Daihatsu Dyna ifite pulaki RAC 943 B yatwitse mu ijoro ryo ku wa 18/07/2019 ku ruganda mu Karangiro mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo. Avuga ko Urukiko rwamugeneye indishyi za 5.500.000 Frw ariko ko

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abona zidakwiriye kubera ko imodoka ubwayo yari yayiguze 11.000.000 Frw, ikaba yarajyaga ikora akazi ko gutwara amafu yerekeza mu gihugu cya Congo, igakora inshuro ebyiri (2) ku munsi ikorera amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itangatu (60.000 Frw) kuko inshuro imwe yabaga ari 30.000 Frw, amafaranga yari yayiguze akaba yari yarayagujije muri banki, bityo bikaba byaramuteje ubukene n’uyu mwanya adashobora kwivanamo. Akaba asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko rwarebana ubushishozi izo ndishyi bamugeneye niba zikwiye. [553] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamwunganiye bavuga ko uretse indishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka ye, MAHORO Jean Damscène yari yanasabye 29.000.000 Frw z’umusaruro yakabaye yinjiza kuko yari imodoka y’ubucuruzi akaba yari yayizanye kuri urwo ruganda kugira ngo izajye ijyana amafu muri Congo n’ahandi hatandukanye, ndetse anasaba indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw, ariko ko Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo rwamugeneye indishyi zihwanye n’amafaranga yose hamwe 5.000.000 Frw y’agaciro k’imodoka babona ari nke, ko izirebana n’umusaruro w’imodoka ntazo ururkiko rubanza rwamugenera ku mpamvu y’uko nta bimeneyetso yagaragaje. Bavuga ko kuba uwo bunganira atarabashije kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’uko imodoka yakoraga kandi yinjizaga amafaranga byatewe n’uko ibyangombwa byayo byose byahiriye muri iyo modoka. Bavuga ariko ko afite abantu batanga ubuhamya ko yari atunze iyo modoka nk’uwitwa Damascène wamuherekeje ajya kuyigura, uwari umushoferi we, uwo bayiguze, ko bibaye ngombwa Urukiko rwabatumaho rukabumva.

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[554] Bakomeza bavuga ko kuba Ubuyobozi bwamutabaye, bubizi ko yari ayitunze, no kuba Ubushinjacyaha bwaragaragaje ko mu gitero cyabaye i Nyakarenzo hari imodoka yahiriyemo. Avuga kandi ko kuba yari imodoka ya Dyna camionnette nta kindi kintu yakoraga kitari ubucuruzi, bitewe n’uko yayiguze ari occasion kandi akaba yari ayimaranye umwaka umwe (1) ayikoresha, ugereranyije ibiciro biri ku isoko yaba yarinjizaga 60.000 Frw ku munsi, agereranyije ikaba yari kuzinjiza 29.000.000 Frw. Basoza basaba ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu bushishozi bwarwo rwakongera rugasuzuma izo mpamvu zose arugaragarije maze rukamugenera indishyi yari yasabye ku rwego rwa mbere. D. Ku birebana n’abaregera indishyi bajuririye ko nta ndishyi bagenewe na gato [555] Hari abaregera indishyi batazihawe ku rwego rwa mbere bagera kuri (51), bavuga ko bagaragarije urukiko rubanza ibimenyetso by’indishyi basaba birimo raporo z’Ubuyobozi, raporo za muganga, imvugo z’abatangabuhamya n’abakurikiranweho icyaha n’ibimenyetso bitandukanye bishingirwaho biri muri dosiye y’Ubushinjacyaha, ariko urwo Rukiko rwanzura ko badakwiye kuzihabwa kuko nta bimenyetso babitangira. Abo ni: 1. HABIMANA Viateur, 2. NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, 3. BENINKA Marceline, 4. NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, 5. NYIRAHORA Godelive, 6. RUHIGISHA Emmanuel,

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7. MUNYENTWALI Cassien, 8. BANGAYANDUSHA Jean Marie Vianney, 9. NSABIMANA Straton, 10. SEBAGEMA Simon, 11. BARAYANDEMA Viateur, 12. KARERANGABO Antoine, 13. NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, 14. NSAGUYE Jean, 15. NYIRAZIBERA Dative, 16. NDIKUMANA Viateur, 17. NDIKUMANA Callixte, 18. NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, 19. KANGABE Christine, 20. NANGWAHAFI Callixte, 21. NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, 22. NYIRAMANA Bellancille 23. HABYARIMANA Damascène, 24. NYAMINANI Daniel, 25. MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, 26. BWIMBA Vianney, 27. NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, 28. MANARIYO Théogène, 29. GASHONGORE Samuel,

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30. NZABIRINDA Viateur, 31. NIYOMUGABA, 32. NDAYISENGA Edouard, 33. BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, 34. BARAGAMBA, 35. RUTIHUNZA Enos, 36. BARIRWANDA Innocent, 37. NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, 38. HABIMANA Innocent, 39. SEBARINDA Emmanuel, 40. NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, 41. NKUNDIZERA Damascène, 42. HABAKURAMA Gratien na 43. HARERIMANA Emmanuel, 44. NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, 45. DUSENGIMANA Solange, 46. KANYANDEKWE Vénant, 47. NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, 48. HAGENIMANA Patrice, 49. NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel, 50. NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine na 51. GAKWAYA Gérard.

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[556] Abaregera indishyi bari muri iki cyiciro ni bamwe mu bavuga ko bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero bya MRCD-FLN byagabwe mu Murenge wa Nyabimata (a), muri Nyungwe mu Murenge wa Kitabi (b) no mu Karere ka Rusizi mu Murenge wa Kamembe n’uwa Nyakarenzo (c) n’abaregera indishyi bose bavuga ko bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Kivu (d) n’uwa Ruheru (e). a) Ku birebana n’abajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya bagenewe zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Nyabimata [557] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko abo bahagarariye n’abo bunganira bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero byo mu Murenge wa Nyabimata ariko bakaba batarigeze bagenerwa indishyi na gato bagera kuri makumyabiri na babiri (22), ari bo: 1. HABIMANA Viateur, 2. NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, 3. BENINKA Marcelline, 4. NYIRAMINANI Melanie, 5. NYIRAHORA Godelive, 6. RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, 7. MUNYENTWARI Cassien, 8. BANGAYANDUSHA Jean Marie Vianney, 9. NSABIMANA Straton, 10. SEBAGEMA Simon, 11. BARAYANDEMA Viateur,

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12. NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, 13. NSAGUYE Jean, 14. NYIRAZIBERA Dative, 15. NDIKUMANA Viateur, 16. NDIKUMANA Callixte, 17. NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, 18. KANGABE Christine, 19. NANGWAHAFI Callixte, 20. NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, 21. NYIRAMANA Bellancille na 22. HABYARIMANA Damascène. [558] Muri rusange bavuga ko aba bose bahuriye ku kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaremeje ko nta ndishyi bahawe kubera ko nta kimenyetso na kimwe barugaragarije kandi ko muri raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyabimata nta hantu babavuga. Bakaba barajuriye banenga icyemezo cy’urukiko, basaba uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kongera gusuzuma raporo y’Umurenge wa Nyabimata kuko igaragaza ko hari ibintu by’abaturage byangiritse harimo imyaka n’ibindi, ndetse ko n’ abatangabuhamya batandukanye bagiye bagaruka ku kuvuga ko hari ibintu byabo byibwe. Banavuga kandi ko iyo urebye mu gika cya 47 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa usanga Urukiko rubanza rwaragarutse ku buhamya bwa bamwe mu baregera indishyi nk’ubwa HABYARIMANA Damascène nawe uri muri abangaba batagenewe indishyi, aho bagaragazaga uko ibintu byagenze harimo n’ibyo kwangiza cyangwa se kwiba imitungo y’aba bantu baregeye indishyi ariko bakaba ntazo bagenewe.

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 Ku bireba HABIMANA Viateur [559] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko HABIMANA Viateur ari mu bantu basanzwe mu kabari ka HABARUREMA Joseph wishwe. Abagabye igitero bakaba baramukubise ku buryo budashobora gutera ibikomere byagaragazwa na muganga, ibyo akaba yari yabisabiye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 5.000.000 Frw. Bavuga kandi ko yaciriweho imyenda, ibintu bye bikangirika, inkweto yari yambaye zigatakara, nabyo akaba yarabisabiye indishyi zihwanye na 30.000 Frw. Bavuga kandi ko ibyo bintu byamuhungabanyije nk’uko babigaragaje ku rwego rwa mbere ko yamaze igihe kinini kingana n’amezi abiri (2) adakora, akaba yarabisabiye indishyi zingana na 180.000 Frw, yose hamwe akaba yari 5.210.000 Frw ariko Urukiko rubanza rwo rukavuga ko nta kimenyetso na kimwe yarugaragarije. [560] Bakomeza bavuga ko kubera ko nta kimenyetso HABIMANA Viateur yabona kigaragaza uko yakubiswe cyangwa yibwe ibintu bye, basaba uru Rukiko ko rwakongera gusuzuma icyo kibazo, rukagendera kuri raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyabimata n’ubwo idatanga détails y’ibyabaye ku matariki ya 3/06/ 2018, iya 19/06/2018 n’iya 01/07/2018, ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya batandukanye bagiye bagaruka ku byabaye bavugwa mu gace ka 47 k’urubanza rujuririrwa, ku kuba HABIMANA Viateur nawe ari mu batangabuhamya bemeje iby’urupfu rwa HABARUREMA Joseph waguye muri ako kabari yakubitiwemo kubera ibyo bitero, rukanagendera no ku kuba ibyabaye byarabaye abantu bose babibona maze HABIMANA Viateur nawe akagenerwa indishyi zavuzwe haruguru nk’uko yari yazisabye ku rwego rubanza.

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 Ku bireba NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste [561] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste ari mubo igitero cyo ku itariki ya 01/07/2018 cyasanze iwe, bakamutwara ibintu bye bitandukanye birimo ibiribwa, bakagenda bamwikoreje ibintu bari bibye kugera mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe. Bavuga ko yari yasabye ko yasubizwa agaciro k’ingano 70 Kg, kangana na 28.000 Frw abariwe kuri 400Frw ku kilo, ibishyimbo bifite agaciro ka 35.000 Frw, bingana na 50 Kg, ikilo kimwe kikaba kigurishwa 700 Frw (50 kg x 700 Frw= 35.000 Frw), ibigori bifite agaciro ka 16.000 Frw, bingana na 40 Kg, ikilo kimwe kigurishwa 400 Frw (40 kg x 400 Frw = 16.000 Frw), imyenda irimo imipira 3 yo kwifubika ifite agaciro ka 60.000 Frw, inkweto zo mu bwoko bwa bote zifite agaciro ka 5.000 Frw, amafaranga y’ibyibwe ahwanye na 140.000 Frw, indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye na 1.856.000 Frw kubera ko yashimuswe akagenda yikorejwe ibyibwe kugera mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, yose hamwe akaba ari 2.140.000 Frw, ariko urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo y’Umurenge wa Nyabimata rukaba nta indishyi rwamugeneye, kuko atavugwa muri iyo raporo mu bantu bibwe ibintu byabo. [562] Bakomeza bavuga ko basaba uru Rukiko ko rwaha agaciro raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyabimata ivuga ko hari abaturage batwariwe imyaka, ariko ikaba itavuga amazina yabo n’ingano y’iyo myaka, rukanagendera kuri video zigaragaramo imvugo zimwe z’abatangabuhamya batandukanye aho bavuga uburyo aba bantu babateye, basahuraga imyaka y’abaturage, ndetse no mu mvugo za bamwe mu baregwa bavuga ko batwaraga imyaka, rukanashingira kuho iyo raporo y’Ubuyobozi igaruka ku cy’uko aba abantu bashimuswe, bagiye

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bikorejwe ibyo bintu byibwe, rukabihuza n’ingingo ya 104 y’Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo ivuga ko umucamanza ashobora gushingira ku kintu kizwi kugira ngo amenye ikintu kitazwi. Ikizwe akaba ari uko aba baregera indishyi basahuriwe imyaka ndetse n’abatangabuhamya bakabivuga. [563] Banasobanura ko hari impungenge z’uko nko kuri uyu NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste atashobora kubona ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko yari afite ibiro 70 by’ingano. Bityo, ko Urukiko mu ubushishozi bwarwo rwashingira kuri iyo ngingo ya 104 y’Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, rugashingira ku bizwi mu buhamya bwatanzwe ko abaturage basahuriwe imyaka, bigafatwa nka présomption, ishyigikiwe na raporo y’Umurenge wa Nyabimata nk’intangiriro y’ibimenyetso bigaragaza ukuri kw’ibintu (commencement de preuve par écrit).  Ku bireba BENINKA Marceline [564] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko we mu gitero cyabaye yatwawe telephone, anagira ihungabana kubera ko abakigabye baraye bamugendesha ijoro, akaba abisabira indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi mirongo itanu na bine (2.054.000 Frw) zikubiyemo iz’akababaro n’iza telefone ye yibwe.  Ku bireba NYIRAMINANI Mélanie [565] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko igitero cyo mu Murenge wa Nyabimata cyashimuse umugabo we wari ku irondo, kimwikoreza ibyo bari bibye agaruka hashize nk’ibyumweru

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bibiri (2), bikaba byaramuhungabanyije akabisabira indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) ariko ko nawe nta ndishyi Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye kubera ko atagaragaje ko umugabo we ari mu bashimuswe ndetse atanagaragaje ibye byibwe.  Ku bireba NYIRAHORA Godelive [566] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko NYIRAHORA Godelive ari umubyeyi w’imyaka mirongo itandatu (60), ko igihe igitero cyabaga ari mu rugo iwe yumvise abantu bamennye urugi rw’inzu yari aryamyemo bakamusangamo, bagatangira kwiba imyenda ndetse n’imyaka yari yejeje. Bavuga ko yaregeye indishyi z’ibye yibwe byari bibaze ku buryo bukurikira : Igitenge cy’ibipande 3 gifite agaciro ka 9000 Frw, umupira wo kwifubika ufite agaciro ka 3.500 Frw, umpanga/umuhoro ufite agaciro ka 1200 Frw, imbuto y’ibishyimbo ifite agaciro ka 3.000 Frw (5 kg x 600 Frw), n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 483.300 Frw, zose hamwe zigahwana na 500.000 Frw, ariko ko nta ndishyi Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye rushingiye ko nta bimenyetso yagaragaje.  Ku bireba RUHIGISHA Emmanuel [567] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel yari umuhinzi ariko anakorana n’ikigo cya RAB mu gutubura imbuto, akaba yari afite ibigega ahunikamo imyaka byari bigizwe n’inzu eshanu (5). Bavuga ko hari mu gitondo ubwo bamubwiye ko abantu bitwaje intwaro baje bakiba imyaka ye yari ihunitse. Basobanura ko yari yasabye Urukiko rubanza indishyi z’ibye byibwe, ndetse n’indishyi z’akababaro zari zibaze ku buryo bukurikira : Imbuto y’ibirayi ingana na 5.000 kg x 400 Frw= 2.000.000 Frw, imbuto y’ibishyimbo 350 kg x 700 Frw =

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245.000 Frw, imbuto y’amashaza 250 Kg x 800 Frw = 200.000 Frw, inkoko 5 za kizungu x 5.000 Frw = 25.000 Frw, ibigori 500 Kg x 300 Frw = 180.000 Frw, imyenda ifite agaciro ka 40.000 Frw n’indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye na 5.000.000 Frw, yose hamwe akaba ahwanye na 7.690.000 Frw, ariko rwanzuye ko nta ndishyi akwiye kuko atigeze agaragaza ikimenyetso kirebana n’ibyo yasahuwe, ndetse ko na raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge itagaragaje ko ari mu bakorewe ibyo bikorwa asabira indishyi. Kubera izo mpamvu, basaba uru Rukiko gushingira kuri raporo y’Ubuyobozi, iri muri système ku mugereka n° 114, rukamugenera izo ndishyi yari yasabye ku rwego rwa mbere.  Ku bireba MUNYENTWARI Cassien [568] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye, bavuga ko igihe abagizi ba nabi bateraga, baje ari ni joro nka saa tatu bica urugi rw’inzu ye, bamwaka 10.000 Frw yari afite batangira no gusahura ibintu mu nzu babihereza abo hanze, nyuma baza kumusaba gusohoka, agenda, bamushoreye bamwikoreje ibyo bibye. [569] Bakomeza bavuga ko MUNYENTWARI Cassien yari yararegeye indishyi zijyanye n’ibyo bamwibye n’amafaranga ye batwaye bibazwe ku buryo bukurikira: indishyi z’ibyangijwe zigizwe n’umupira wo kwifubika ufite agaciro ka 5.000 Frw, ibitenge bibiri (2) bifite agaciro ka 18.000 Frw, ibiro makumyabiri (20kg) by’amashaza bifite agaciro ka 30.000 Frw kuko ikilo kimwe kigura 1.500 Frw (20Kg x 1500 Frw = 30.000 Frw), ibiro mirongo itatu (30) by’ibishyimbo bifite agaciro ka 18.000 Frw, ikilo kimwe kikaba kigurishwa amafaranga magana atandatu (30Kg x 600 Frw = 18.000 Frw) n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 500.000 Frw. Indishyi zose hamwe zikaba zinga na

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571.000 Frw. Bavuga ariko ko Urukiko rubanza nta ndishyi rwamugeneye ku mpamvu y’uko nta kimenyetso yarugaragarije gushimangira ibyo asaba, ndetse ko na raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge itagaragaje ko ari mu bakorewe ibyo bikorwa asabira indishyi. Basanga rero harirengagijwe ukuri kw’ibyabaye nk’uko byagarutsweho n’imvugo z’abazi ibyabaye, bagasaba uru Rukiko kongera kubisuzuma.  Ku bireba BANGAYANDUSHA Jean Marie Vianney [570] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye, bavuga ko BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney yari ari ku irondo kubera ko ari umu DASSO, bigeze nko mu ma saa tanu z’ijoro haza abantu bitwaje intwaro baramufata baramuzirika bamubaza aho Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa (Gitifu) ndetse na comptable wa SACCO baba, ko nyuma baje kumwaka ikoti rya DASSO yari afite, telefone ebyiri (2) zo mu bwoko bwa Tecno, ko bamaze kumwambura ibyo yari afite, bamwikoreza imizigo y’ibintu bari bibye banamutoteza, bakomeza kumubwira amagambo akomeretsa umutima kubera ko bari bamaze kumenya ko ari we ukuriye irondo ryo ku Murenge, bamugendana ijoro ryose, baza kumurekura mu rukerera nka saa kumi za mu gitondo. [571] Bavuga ko kubera ibyo byose, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean Marie Vianney yari yasabye Urukiko rubanza indishyi z’akababaro n’indishyi z’ibye byibwe ku buryo bukurikira : Telefone ebyiri (2) zo mu bwoko bwa Tecno zifite agaciro ka 113.000 Frw, 28.000 Frw yari afite bamutwaye n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 500.000 Frw. Yose hamwe akaba angana

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na 641.000 Frw. Bavuga ariko ko Urukiko rubanza ntazo rwamugeneye kubera ko nta kimenyetso barugaragarije kirebana n’ibyo basahuwe, n’ibindi avuga byamuteye ako kababaro, ndetse ko na raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa itagaragaje ko ari mu bakorewe ibyo bikorwa asabira indishyi.  Ku bireba NSABIMANA Straton [572] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko NSABIMANA Straton yari afite akabari gacuruza inzoga ariko ari naho aba, ko igihe abagizi ba nabi bateraga baje iwe bagafata inzoga ze bakanywa izindi bakazitwara. Bavuga ko yaje kubacika asiga umugore we n’umwana w’imyaka 2 mu nzu maze barasa mu rukuta rw’inzu bamukanga kugira ngo agaruke gutabara umugore we n’umwana, ariko ko ku bw’amahirwe ntacyo babaye. Akavuga ko bamaze ijoro ryose bihishe abo bagizi ba nabi. Ku bw’iyo mpamvu akaba yari yasabye indishyi zibaze ku buryo bukurikira : Caisses 5 za Mutsingi x 11.000 Frw = 22.000 Frw, Caisses 2 za Primus x 8.300 Frw = 16.600 Frw, Caisse 1 ya Turbo x 11.000 Frw = 11.000 Frw, Caisses vides 5 x 10000 Frw = 50.000 Frw, telefoni ya Tecno ifite agaciro ka 50.000 Frw, n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 1.000.000 Frw, yose hamwe akaba angana na 1.149.000 Frw. Nyamara Urukiko rwemeje ko nta ndishyi agenewe kuko nta kimenyetso yarugaragarije, rwirengagije ko uretse no gusahurwa ibye, yaba yaranagize ihungabana ry’ibyabaye.  Ku bireba SEBAGEMA Simon [573] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko SEBAGEMA Simon yari umucuruzi ufite Tin number 10466687, ko igihe abantu bitwaje intwaro bateraga, bamwibye ibintu bye yacuruzaga

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ndetse n’amafaranga yari yacuruje, ko ibyo byamuteye igihombo kubera ko yari yaragurijwe na SACCO amafaranga yashoye mu bucuruzi, bigatuma agurisha imitungo ye yose kugira ngo abashe kwishyura iyo nguzanyo. Bakomeza bavuga ko SEBAGAMA Simon yaregeye Urukiko rubanza asaba indishyi zibazwe ku buryo bukurikira: Amafaranga angana na 110.000 bibye, ibiro ijana (100) y’ifarini bifite agaciro ka 80.000 Frw kuko ikilo kigura 800 Frw (100 Kg x 800 Frw), Carton ya pakimaya 12 pièces x 1.800 Frw = 21.6000 Frw, ibiro mirongo itanu (50) by’isukari bifite agaciro ka 45.000 Frw (50Kg x 900 Frw), ibiro mirongo itanu (50) by’umuceri bifite agaciro ka 35.000 Frw kuko ikilo kigura 700 Frw (50 Kg x 700 Frw ), amandazi atetse 150 x 100 Frw = 15.000 Frw, imipira yo kwambara 12 x 1.500 Frw = 18.000 Frw, ikarito 1 ya biscuits ya 7.200 Frw, amakariso 12 x 800 Frw = 9600 Frw, kawunga 100 Kg x 600 Frw = 60.000 Frw, telefone ifite agaciro ka 12.000 Frw. [574] Bavuga ko ibyo byatumye SEBAGEMA Simon agurisha isambu ye kugira ngo yishyure ideni rya SACCO ringana na 300.000 Frw, anakoresha 45.000 Frw y’urugendo yiruka muri ibyo bibazo, ari yo mpamvu yasabye Urukiko rubanza kumugenera indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 3.500.000 Frw, ariko ko Urukiko rwemeje ko nta ndishyi rwamugeneye kubera ko nta kimenyetso yagaragaje kirebana n’ibyo yasahuwe ndetse na raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa ikaba itagaragaza ko ari mu bakorewe ibyo bikorwa. Bavuga ko Urukiko rwa mbere rwarirengagije ko ibyabaye byamuteje igihombo.  Ku bireba BARAYANDEMA Viateur [575] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko BARAYANDEMA

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Viateur ari umucuruzi wari ufite inzu yacururizagamo ku gasantere. Bavuga ko ku wa 19/06/2018 ubwo abantu bitwaje intwaro bateraga nijoro bamuhamagaye bamubwira ko imodoka y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bayitwitse, agasohoka agiye kureba ibyabaye ngo anarebe niba batamwibye, ar ibwo yahuye n’abagizi ba nabi akabihisha yumvise amasasu arimo kuvuga bamena inzugi z’amazu y’abantu. Bavuga ko abo bagizi ba nabi bamaze kugenda bagiye kureba ibyabaye nawe asanga iduka rye barisahuye. Akaba yari yabisabiye indishyi z’ibye byangijwe ku buryo bukurikira: Amafaranga 15.000 batwaye, amandazi atetse 60 afite agaciro ka mafaranga ibihumbi bitandatu, kuko rimwe ryaguraga amafaranga ijana, isukari ibiro 300 bifite agaciro ka mafaranga ibihumbi 300.000, kuko ikiro cyaguraga amafaranga 1000 Frw, umuceri ibiro 500 ufite agaciro ka 450.000 Frw, kuko ikiro cyaguraga 900 Frw (500 Kg x 900 Frw = 450.000 Frw), ifarini ibiro 475 ifite agaciro ka 380.000 Frw, ikilo kikaba cyaguraga 800 Frw ( 475 Kg x 800 Frw = 380.000 Frw), indagara ibiro 50 bifite agaciro ka 100.000 Frw, ikilo kikaba cyaguraga 2.000 Frw (50 Kg x 2.000 Frw = 100.000 Frw), ubunyobwa ibiro 100 bufite agaciro ka 150.000 Frw. Ikilo kikaba cyaraguraga 1.500 Frw (100 Kg x 1.500 Frw = 150.000 Frw), inkweto zo mu bwoko bwa botte imiguru 30 zifite agaciro ka 150.000 Frw kuko muguru umwe waguraga 5.000 Frw (30 x 5.000 Frw = 150.000 Frw), amata litiro 42 afite agaciro ka 42.000 Frw, litiro imwe yaguraga 1.000 Frw (42 L x 1.000 Frw = 42.000 Frw), amapatalo 20 afite agaciro ka 200.000 Frw, kuko imwe yaguraga 10.000 Frw (20 x 10.000 Frw = 200.000 Frw), amashati 12 afite agaciro ka 72.000 Frw, imwe yaguraga 6.000 Frw (12 x 6.000 Frw = 72.000 Frw), ibitenge 60 bifite agaciro ka 540.000 Frw, kimwe cyaguraga 9.000 Frw (60 x 9.000 Frw = 540.000 Frw), amashati y’abana 25 afite agaciro ka 75.000 Frw, imwe yaguraga 3.0000 Frw (25 x 3.000 Frw = 75.000 Frw), amakariso

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y’abagabo 180 afite agaciro ka 180.000 Frw, imwe yaguraga 1.000 Frw (180 x 1.000 Frw= 180.000 Frw), urugi rwa metalike rufite agaciro ka 70.000 Frw n’ibirayi tonne imwe yari mu murima barwaniyemo ifita agaciro ka 350.000 Frw. Indishyi zose hamwe yasabaga zingana na 1.500.000 Frw. [576] Bavuga ko mu gufata icyemezo Urukiko rubanza rwemeje ko nta ndishyi akwiye kubera ko nta kimenyetso yarugaragarije kirebana n’ibyo yasahuwe no kuba raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa itaragaragaje ko ari mu bakorewe ibyo bikorwa, bakaba basaba uru Rukiko kumugenera indishyi yasabye rushingiye ku nyandiko igaragaza ko BARAYANDEMA Viateur yishyuraga umusoro, kuko Urukiko rwa mbere rwirengagije ibyabaye n’igihombo ibyo bitero byamuteje  Ku bireba NYIRAGEMA Joséphine [577] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 01/07/2018 abantu bitwaje intwaro baje iwe, bica urugi barinjira batangira kubakubita, bamwaka 5.200 Frw yari afite, batwara imyenda y’abana ifite agaciro kangana na 22.000 Frw, ibigori ibilo icumi 10 bifite agaciro ka 9.500 Frw, banamwangiriza urugi rufite agaciro ka 25.000 Frw. Bavuga ko yasabye Urukiko rubanza indishyi z’ibyangijwe zingana na 61.700 Frw, hakwiyongeraho iz’akababaro yose hamwe akaba 2.000.000 Frw, ariko urukiko mwemeza ko nta ndishyi akwiye kuko nta kimenyetso yarugaragarije kirebana n’ibye byangirijwe no kuba raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa itaragaragaje ko ari mubakorewe ibyo bikorwa. Bakavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ko ibyabaye mu Murenge wa Nyabimata byagize

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ingaruka ku baturage b’uyu Murenge, ndetse ko n’ababikoze babyigambye. Bagasaba uru Rukiko kubikosora.  Ku bireba NSAGUYE Jean [578] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko abacengezi baje mu gihe cya ni joro bajya ku muturanyi abumvise agirango ni abajura asohoka agiye gutabara umuturanyi. Bavuga ko yageze mu nzira ahura nabo agirango ni abasirikare ariko bahita bamwicaza hasi batangira kumukubita. Mu gihe bamukubitaga haje umugabo witwa NYANGEZI ari kuri moto baramuhagarika aranga, bagenda bamukurikiye maze nawe aboneraho ahita yiruka arabacika. Ibyo yahuye nabyo muri iryo joro bikaba byaramuhungabanyije akabisabira indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 1.000.000 Frw, ko ariko Urukiko mu gufata icyemezo rwemeje ko nta ndishyi agenewe kuko nta kimenyetso yarugaragarije ndetse ko na raporo y’Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa ikaba itagaragaza ko ari mu bagizweho ingaruka n’ibikorwa by’abagizi ba nabi. Bakavuga ko aha Urukiko rwirengagije ko ibyabaye mu Murenge wa Nyabimata byagize ingaruka ku baturage b’uyu Murenge ndetse ko n’ababikoze babyigambye.  Ku bireba NYIRAZIBERA Dative [579] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko mu kwezi kwa Nyakanga 2018, abantu bitwaje intwaro baje kwa NYIRAZIBERA Dative basaba amafaranga, ndetse basahura imyaka yari afite irimo ibiro bitanu by’ibishyimbo 5 n’imyenda irimo umupira w’imbeho yari amaze kugura 4.000 Frw. Bavuga ko ibyo yabisabiye indishyi z’ibye batwaye n’iz’akababaro mu Rukiko rubanza zose hamwe zingana na 1.000.000 Frw, ariko

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Urukiko mu gufata icyemezo, rwemeza ko nta ndishyi agenewe kuko nta kimenyetso yarugaragarije, rwirengagije ko ibyabaye mu Murenge wa Nyabimata byagize ingaruka ku baturage b’uyu Murenge ndetse ko n’ababikoze babyigambye.  Ku bireba NDIKUMANA Viateur [580] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko hari mu ma saa moya z’ijoro, NDIKUMANA Viateur n’abandi bumvise amasasu menshi avuga, biba ngombwa ko bihisha, ko mu gitondo ingabo z’u Rwanda zageze iwe, ziri kumwe n’umwana we witwa MUNYENTWARI yahahamutse kuko yari yabonye murumuna we witwa NYANDWI Vital bamwica. Basobanuro ko kubera akababaro yagize, yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rwabanje, asaba indishyi zingana na 50.000.000 Frw, ariko mu gufata icyemezo, rwemeza ko nta ndishyi agenewe kuko nta kimenyetso yarugaragarije na raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa ikaba itagaragaza ko ari mu bagizweho ingaruka n’ibikorwa by’abagizi ba nabi.  Ku bireba NDIKUMANA Callixte [581] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko abantu bitwaje intwaro baje iwe mu rugo barabafata we n’umugore, barabazirika, babambura ibintu bitandukanye babimwikoreza ku ngufu kugera mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe. Akaba yarasabye indishyi z’ibyo yibwe n’iz’akababaro bihwanye n’ibihumbi magana atanu na mirongo inani na kimwe (581.000 Frw) ariko Urukiko rukazimwima kuko atigeze agaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera.

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 Ku bireba NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila [582] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko abantu bitwaje intwaro bateye NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila iwe mu rugo, bamena urugi, barinjira, batwara umugabo we, baranamukubita bimuviramo ubumuga, ko ibi yabisabiye indishyi z’akababaro, iz’imbonezamusaruro n’amafaranga yakoresheje yivuza, byose hamwe bikaba ari amafaranga ibihumbi magana arindwi na mirongo irindwi n’umunani n’ijana (778.100 Frw), ariko mu gufata icyemezo nta ndishyi Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye rushingiye ko nta bimenyetso yarugaragarije by’ibyo aregera. Agasaba uru Rukiko kubikosora  Ku bireba KANGABE Christine [583] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko abantu bitwaje intwaro basanze KANGABE Christine mu rugo rwe, baramubyutsa we n’abana babasahura ibintu bitandukanye, akaba yarasabye mu Rukiko rubanza indishyi z’ibyo batwaye n’iz’akababaro zose hamwe zingana n’ibihumbi magana atanu na mirongo ine na magana atanu (540.500 Frw) ariko Urukiko mu gufata icyemezo rukaba nta ndishyi rwamugeneye rushingiye ko nta bimenyetso yarugaragarije by’ibyo aregera.  Ku bireba NANGWAHAFI Callixte [584] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko abantu bitwaje intwaro bateye NANGWAHAFI Callixte iwe, bamena urugi n’idirishya, batwara ibintu bitandukanye ndetse bamutegeka kubyikorera, akaba yarabisabiye mu Rukiko rubanza indishyi z’ibyo bamutwaye n’iz’akababaro zose zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi

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magana atandatu na mirongo itanu (650.000 Frw) ariko Urukiko mu gufata icyemezo rukaba nta ndishyi rwamugeneye rushingiye ko nta bimenyetso yarugaragarije by’ibyo aregera.  Kuri NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine [585] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko abantu bitwaje intwaro bateye NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, bamusahura ibintu bitandukanye, akaba mu Rukiko rubanza yarabisabiye indishyi zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu na mirongo itatu na bine (534.000 Fw), ariko Urukiko mu gufata icyemezo rukaba nta ndishyi rwamugeneye rushingiye ko nta bimenyetso yarugaragarije by’ibyo aregera.  Ku bireba NYIRAMANA Bellancilla [586] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko NYIRAMANA Bellancilla yatewe n’abantu bitwaje intwaro, bamusahura ibintu bitandukanye, akaba yarasabye Urukiko rubanza kumugenera indishyi z’ibintu bye byibwe n’iz’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu na mirongo itatu na bitandatu na magana ane (536.400 Frw), ariko Urukiko mu gufata icyemezo, rukaba nta ndishyi rwamugeneye rushingiye ko nta bimenyetso yarugaragarije by’ibyo aregera.  Ku bireba HABYARIMANA Damascène [587] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko abantu bitwaje intwaro basanze HABYARIMANA Damascène iwe mu rugo ari nijoro, baramukubita, bamutegeka kujya kubereka aho umucungamutungo wa SACCO ya Nyabimata atuye, yanga

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kuhabajyana, bamwambura telefoni banamwikoreza ibyo bibye, arabitwara kugera mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, bamurekura bukeye. Bakomeza bavuga ko ibyo yabisabiye indishyi, mu Rukiko rubanza, zirimo izo kwishyurwa telefoni ye n’iz’akababaro zose hamwe zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu na makumyabiri (520.000 Frw), ariko Urukiko rukaba nta ndishyi rwamugeneye kuko atigeze agaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera.  Ku bireba KARERANGABO Antoine [588] Me MUNDERERE Léopold na Me HAKIZIMANA Joseph bahagarariye KARERANGABO Antoine bavuga ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 19/06/2018, KARERANGABO Antoine yakomerekejwe n’igitero cyagabwe n’abaregwa, ajyanwa kuvurizwa mu kigo nderabuzima cya Nyabimata, nacyo kimwohereza mu bitaro by’Akarere bya Munini, nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko ibyo bitaro byamuhaye. Bakomeza bavuga ko bashingiye ku ngingo ya 10 n’iya 11 z’Itegeko n° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, basaba uru Rukiko gutegeka abaregwa gufatanya (in solidum) guha KARERANGABO Antoine, indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 1.500.000 Frw, 11.000 Frw yishyuye raporo ya muganga, 11.500 Frw yatanze kuri contre expertise n’amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza angana na 1.500.000 Frw. [589] Me MUNDERERE Léopold asobanura ko icyo anenga Urukiko Rukuru ari uko mu gika cya 594 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwavuze ko KARERANGABO Antoine atagaragaje ko yakubiswe mu gihe nyamara mu gika cya 47 hagaragaramo ko yavuze ko yakubiswe n’abaregwa akajyanwa mu bitaro bya Nyabimata, babona arembye, bakamujyana mu bitaro bya

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Munini. Avuga kandi ko MUHIRWA Médard mu buhamya bwe bwo ku wa 20/07/2018, yavuze ko mu bantu bajyanwe mu bitaro na KARERANGABO Antoine yari arimo. Asaba Urukiko kuzanareba ikimenyetso cyatanzwe n’ibitaro bya Munini byemeza ko yaharwariye avurwa mu mutwe kuko yari yakubiswe, ibyo bikanemezwa na Dr. BYAMUNGU Jean de Dieu wamuvuye. [590] Me MUNDERERE Léopold asobanura kandi ko nta gitangaza kiri mu kuba KARERANGABO Antoine atagaragara kuri raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyabimata kuko iyo urebye uko iyi raporo iteye usanga ari raporo ntoya cyane igizwe na paji imwe n’igice, aho ibijyanye n’igitero cya Nyabimata bivugwa mu mirongo 13 gusa, akaba yibwira ko kutagaragaramo kwe byatewe no kumwibagirwa, ariko ko nta ngaruka byakagombye kumugiraho kuko hari n’abatangabuhamya bavuga ko yakubiswe akanajyanwa mu bitaro kandi ko nawe yabyivugiye mu buhamya yatangiye mu Rukiko mu buryo bwa video. b) Ku birebana n’abajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya bagenerwa zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe muri Nyungwe mu Murenge wa Kitabi [591] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko mu bo baburanira hari abandi 4 bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero byabereye muri Nyungwe, baregeye indishyi ariko nabo ntibagira na nke bagenerwa. Abo ni : 1. NYAMINANI Daniel 2. MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves 3. BWIMBA Vianney

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4. NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel  Ku bireba NYAMINANI Daniel [592] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 45.000.000 Frw, zikubiyemo indishyi z’uburibwe n’iz’ibyo yatakaje ariko ko Urukiko rwavuze ko nta ndishyi agenewe kuko nta bimenyetso yazitangiye. Bakaba barashyize muri système ku mugereka wa 0100 raporo ya muganga nshya igaragaza ko uyu munsi uwo baburanira afite ubumuga bugera kuri 50%, ndetse hakaba hari ubumuga mbangamiraburanga bubarirwa hagati ya kane na gatandatu, ni ukuvuga 4/6. Ubu bakaba basaba Urukiko kumugenera mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi yari yasabye.  Ku bireba MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves [593] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko ku rwego rwa mbere MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 50.000.000 Frw, ariko ko atazihawe. Bavuga ko hashingiwe kuri raporo ya muganga, iri muri système ku mugereka wa 116, igaragaza ko afite ubumuga bugera kuri 25% kandi ko agifite n’ikibazo cy’imitsi, basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko mu bushishozi bwarwo yagenerwa indishyi kuko azikwiye, bitewe n’ubumuga yatewe na kiriya gitero cyabereye mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe.  Ku bireba BWIMBA Vianney [594] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bahagarariye BWIMBA Vianney bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 209.500.000 Frw ariko ntiyazihabwa

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kuko nta bimenyetso yari yagaragaje. Bavuga ko raporo ya muganga bashyize muri système ku mugereka wa 087 na 088 igaragaza ko afite ubumuga bugera kuri 65%, ko rero basaba urukiko ko rwakongera rugasuzuma ikirego cye hanyuma akaba yahabwa indishyi yaregeye.  Ku bireba NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel [595] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 50.000.000 Frw ariko akaba ntazo yagenewe. Bavuga ko hashingiwe ku raporo ya muganga, iri muri système ku mugereka wa 095, igaragaza ko afite ubumuga bugera kuri 25%, basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko rwamugenera indishyi yaregeye. c) Ku birebana n’uwajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya agenerwa zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo mu Karere ka Rusizi [596] Ku birebana n’igitero cyagabwe mu Karere ka Rusizi, mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo, Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko hari umuntu umwe (1) wajuririye ko atanyuzwe no kuba Urukiko rubanza nta ndishyi na nkeya rwamugeneye. Uwo akaba ari GAKWAYA Gérard.  Ku bireba GAKWAYA Gérard [597] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye, bavuga ko GAKWAYA Gérad yari yasabye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 11.000.000 Frw kubera ko yakomeretse mu mugongo, ariko ko Urukiko rubanza rutamugeneye indishyi, ruvuga ko ibimenyetso yatanze ari

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ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko afite ikibazo cyo mu mutwe gihoraho (chronique), ariko kitatewe n’igitero avuga cyo mu Karangiro mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo, nk’uko bigaragazwa na raporo ya muganga rwashingiyeho. Bakomeza bavuga ko n’ubwo raporo ya muganga igaragaza ko GAKWAYA Gérad afite ikibazo cyo mu mutwe kitatewe n’igitero kivugwa, ariko kuba we yemeza ko yabitewe n’icyo gitero, igihe yari ku kazi arinda uruganda rwa MAHORO Jean Damascène, basaba uru Rukiko ko mu bushishozi bwarwo rwasuzuma ishingiro ry’ibyo avuga, maze rukamugenere indishyi z’akababaro asaba. d) Ku birebana n’abajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya bagenewe zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Kivu [598] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko hari abantu bagera kuri 7 bo mu murenge wa Kivu baregeye indishyi, Urukiko rukaba rwaremeje ko nta ndishyi bahawe kubera ko nta bimenyetso bagaragaje. Abo ni: 1. NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, 2. DUSENGIMANA Solange, 3. KANYANDEKWE Venant, 4. NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, 5. HAGENIMANA Patrice, 6. SANGIYEZE Emmanuel na 7. NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine. [599] Banenga ko mu gika cya 149 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, bakomoje ku bitero byabereye mu Murenge wa Kivu ariko Urukiko ntirwaha indishyi abagizweho ingaruka n’ibyo bitero

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kubera ko nta bimenyetso bagaragaje. Basobanura ko muri uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire bazanye noneho ikimenyetso gishya cya raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Kivu igaragara ku mugereka wa 11. Muri rusange ivuga iby’igitero cyabaye tariki 12 Kanama 2018, naho ku birebana n’igitero cyo ku itariki ya 14/8/2018, hakaba ariho hagaragara détails kuri buri muntu n’ibyo bagiye bamutwara, aho igaragaza amazina ya bamwe muri aba barindwi baregera indishyi n’ibyabo byangiritse.  Ku bireba NGAYABERURA Emmanuel [600] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko ku birebana na NGAYABERURA Emmanuel igihe cy’igitero cyabaya mu Murenge wa Kivu, abantu bitwaje intwaro bafashe abantu batanu bari ku irondo ry’abaturage, barimo umwana we w’umuhungu witwa NSENGIMANA Claude, barabatwara, bakomeza kwiba ibintu by’abaturage, ko muri abo bafashwe barekuyemo 3, abandi babiri barimo n’uwo muhungu we barabatwara. Basobanura ko iryo shimutwa ry’umwana we kugeza ubu utaraboneka, ari ryo yari yasabiye indishyi zingana na 6.000.000 Frw, n’ubwo zitamuvura agahinda yatewe no kubura umwana we.  Ku bireba DUSENGIMANA Solange [601] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko DUSENGIMANA Solange yashakanye mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko na BIZUMUREMYI Damien w’imyaka 35, babyarana abana babiri. Mu ijoro ryo ku wa 16/8/2018 umugabo we yavuye mu rugo saa kumi n’ebyiri z’umugoroba agiye ku irondo ry’abaturage, muri iryo joro DUSENGIMANA Solange yarumvise amasasu menshi, ahamagara umugabo we kuri telephone kugira ngo aze amufashe umwana kubera ko yari atwite. Avuga ko icyo gihe telephone

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y’umugabo yari yavuyeho, mu gitondo bamubwira ko umugabo we ari umwe mu bo abagizi ba nabi baraye batwaye. [602] Bakomeza bavuga ko Umugabo we bataramushimuta bari abahinzi bagurisha ibyo bahinze, ku kwezi bakaba barinjizaga nibura 400.000 Frw. Ariko kuva icyo gihe bakaba barasubiye inyuma ndetse n’abana bakaba barakuze batazi se kuko kugeza ubu batazi niba ataritabye Imana. Basoza bvuga ko DUSENGIMANA Solange yari yasabye indishyi z’ibyo bari kuba barinjije kuva umugabo we yashimutwa bifite agaciro ka 11.200.000 Frw, indishyi z’akababaro zo kuba yarabuze umugabo we ndetse n’abana babyaranye bakaba barabuze se ubabyara zihwanye na 10.000.000 Frw yose hamwe akaba ahwanye na 21.200.000 Frw.  Ku bireba KANYANDEKWE Venant [603] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko ku itariki ya 16/07/2018 mu masaha ya saa tatu za nijoro, aribwo KANYANDEKWE Venant n’umuryango we bumvise abantu bishe urugi rw’inzu bari baryamyemo, agiye kureba akubitana n’abantu bitwaje intwaro muri salon; bamubwira kwicara hasi, batwara umufuka w’ibirayi w’ibiro 40 wari mu nzu, barangije bajya mu kiraro ahari ihene ze zigera kuri 5 barazitwara zose. Bavuga ko ibi byose bangije KANYANDEKWE Venant yabisabiye indishyi, mu Rukiko rubanza, zingana na 500.000 Frw n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 500.000 Frw, yose hamwe akaba angana na 1.000.000 Frw.  Ku bireba NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana [604] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko hari mu ijoro ubwo NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana yari ahishije agiye kurya hamwe n’abana be, yumva

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abantu bari gukomanga, afunguye abona abantu bagera ku 8 bari imbere y’umuryango bahita binjira mu nzu bamusaba ibiryo arabibaha bararya, barangije binjira mu cyumba bamutwara ibitenge 4 na 15.000 Frw. Basobanura ko mu Rukiko rubanza, ibi byose NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana yari yabisabiye indishyi z’ibye byibwe zingana na 30.000 Frw n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 500.000 Frw, yose hamwe akaba angana na 530.000 Frw.  Ku bireba HAGENIMANA Patrice [605] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko HAGENIMANA Patrice we mu ijoro ryo ku itariki 16/08/2019 abantu bitwaje intwaro bamuteye iwe mu rugo, bamusahura ibyo kurya n’imyambaro bifite agaciro k’amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itatu na bitatu (33.000 Frw), banamwikoreza ibyo bibye, akaba yari yasabye Urukiko rubanza gusubizwa agaciro k’ibintu bye yatwawe, akanahabwa n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw), ariko ko nta ndishyi urwo Rukiko rwamugeneye.  Ku bireba NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel [606] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko ku wa 16/08/2019 abantu bitwaje intwaro binjiye mu rugo rwa NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel, bamusahura ibintu bitandukanye birimo imyaka ifite agaciro k’amafaranga ibihumbi ijana na makumyabiri na magana ane (120.400 Frw), ku rwego rwa mbere asaba ko yasubizwa agaciro k’ibintu bye byibwe, akanahabwa n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atandatu (600.000 Frw), ariko urukiko rubanza nta ndishyi rwamugeneye.

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 Ku bireba NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine [607] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko abantu bitwaje intwaro bateye NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine iwe mu rugo, bamusahura ibintu bitandukanye birimo ibyo kurya n’imyambaro bifite agaciro k’amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo ine na birindwi na magana atanu (47.500 Frw), akaba yari yasabye Urukiko rubanza gusubizwa agaciro k’ibintu bye no guhabwa indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw), ariko ntiyazihabwa. e) Ku birebana n’abajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya bagenewe zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Ruheru mu Karere ka Nyaruguru [608] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko abantu bagera kuri 16 bo mu Murenge wa Ruheru bari baregeye indishyi ariko ko nta n’umwe wazihawe, ahubwo Urukiko rubanza rwavuze ko nta bimenyetso bagaragaje by’ibyabo byangijwe mu bitero, birimo imyaka, amatungo ndetse n’amazu yasenyutse nk’uko bari babisobanuye mu kirego gisaba indishyi ndetse bakanongera kubisobanura mu mwanzuro w’ubujurire. Abo ni ni aba bakurikira: 1. MANIRIHO Théogène, 2. GASHONGORE Samuel, 3. NZABIRINDA Viateur, 4. NIYOMUGABA, 5. NDAYISENGA Edouard,

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6. BIGIRIMANA Samuel, 7. BARAGAMBA, 8. RUTIHUNZA Enos, 9. BARIRWANDA Innocent, 10. NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, 11. HABIMANA Innocent, 12. HARERIMANA Emmanuel, 13. NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, 14. SEBARINDA Emmanuel, 15. NKUNDIZERA Damascène na 16. HABAKURAMA Gratien. [609] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bavuga ko muri ubu bujurire bashingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 154 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo, n’iz’ubutegetsi yemerera umuburanyi kuba yazana ibimenyetso bishya no mu bujurire, bashyize muri système ku mugereka wa 086 raporo y’Umurenge wa Ruheru yo ku itariki 13/01/2021, ishimangira neza ko aba bantu bagize ibibazo mu gitero cyabereye muri uwo Murenge. Bakavuga ko icyo kimenyetso cyiyongera ku bindi bimenyetso bari baratanze birimo abatangabuhamya batandukanye bagiye babazwa, raporo zindi zisanzwe zagiye zikorwa, n’ibyo Ubushinjacyaha bwagiye bushingiraho mu gutanga ikirego aho bwabajije abantu batandukanye uko ibyo bitero byagiye bikorwa.

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[610] Basobanura ko mu gika cya 596 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, NSENGIMANA Herman yatangaje neza ko icyo gitero cyabereye mu Murenge wa Ruheru, ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko ibyo abo bantu baregera indishyi basaba ari ibyabaye kuko n’abaregwa babyigambye. Bavuga ko basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko rwakongera rugasuzuma ikirego cyabo cy’indishyi, rukabagenera indishyi bari basabye ku rwego rwa mbere, nk’uko amategeko abiteganya. Bavuga ko indishyi bari basabye zisobanuwe kuri buri wese mu buryo buti mu bika bikurikira.  Ku bireba MANARIYO Théogène [611] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 17/7/2020, MANARIYO Théogène n’umuryango we bumvise amasasu menshi bagira ubwoba ariko ntibasohoka mu nzu, ko bukeye basanze amasasu yagiye atobora inzu yabo, kugeza ubu bakaba bahorana ubwoba. Bavuga ko n’amategura yabo yamenetse ndetse we n’umugore bagahahamurwa n’ibyo bumvise. Ibi byose akaba abisabira indishyi z’ibyangiritse n’iz’akababaro zigera ku 1.500.000 Frw, atahawe ku rwego rwa mbere.  GASHONGORE Samuel [612] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko ku wa 17/7/2020 mu masaha ya saa sita z’ijoro, GASHONGORE Samuel kubera ko aturiye ikigo cya gisirikare yumvise amasasu menshi, bimutera ubwoba ndetse agerageza kwihisha adasohotse mu nzu kugira ngo amasasu atamugeraho. Bavuga ko muri iyo mirwano yatewe n’abantu bitwaje intwaro, hangirikiye ibiti bya GASHONGORE Samuel n’amategura y’inzu ye. Bakomeza bavuga ko kuba

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Urukiko rubanza rutamugeneye indishyi yari yasabye, GASHONGORE Samuel asaba uru Rukiko kumugenera indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 1.200.000 Frw zikubiyemo iz’amategura yangiritse (40 x 70 Frw= 2800 Frw), 150.000 Frw y’ibiti bye (150 x 1.000 Frw= 150.000 Frw), amafaranga yakoresheje asana inzu ye ahwanye na 47.200 Frw n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 1.000.000 Frw.  Ku bireba NZABIRINDA Viateur [613] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko NZABIRINDA Viateur atuye mu birometero icumi (10 km) uvuye aho ikigo cya gisirikare kiri, ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 17/7/2020, haje abantu bitwaje intwaro batera ikigo cya gisirikare bararwana, hagati aho bangiza inzu ye, umurima w’ingano n’amashaza byari biteye hafi y’urugo rwe n’inkoko ze zirapfa. Bavuga ko ku bw’ibyo basaba uru Rukiko kugenera NZABIRINDA Viateur indishyi atahawe ku rwego rwa mbere, zose hamwe zingana na 1.000.000 Frw, akubiyemo 250.000 Frw y’ibiro 500 by’ingano, ikilo kibariwe ku mafaranga 500, 60.000 Frw y’ibiro ijana by’amashaza, ikiro kibariwe ku mafaranga 600, 400.000 Frw y’amabati mirongo ine (40), rimwe rigura 10.000 Frw, 30.000 Frw yasanishije igikuta cy’inzu ye cyangirijwe n’amasasu, 30.000 Frw y’amategura 300 yari asakaje inzu ye, rimwe rigura 100 Frw, 35.000 Frw y’inkoko zirindwi za kijyambere zapfuye, imwe igura 5.000 Frw na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro.  Ku bireba NIYOMUGABA [614] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko hari nijoro ubwo humvikanaga urusaku rw’amasasu, NIYOMUGABA n’abo bari kumwe bagira ubwoba ntibasohoka mu nzu, ko mu gitondo

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yasanze bishe inka ye bayirashe kandi yarahakaga igejeje amezi umunani, inzu ye ikaba nayo yarangiritse. Bavuga ibi aribyo NIYOMUGABA ashingiraho asaba uru Rukiko kumugenera indishyi yari yasabye ku rwego rwa mbere ntazihabwe, zingana na 1.290.000 Frw, zigizwe na 50.000 Frw yakoresheje avuza inka ye, 700.000 Frw yari kuzagurisha inyana yapfuye, 40.000 Frw y’amabati y’inzu yangiritse na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro.  Ku bireba NDAYISENGA Edouard [615] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko mu Murenge NDAYISENGA Edouard atuyemo, hateye abantu bitwaje intwaro bararasa hangirika amazu y’abantu, bakaba baranasenye urugo rwe igihe barwanaga bahunga kugira ngo basubire aho baturutse, ko muri ibyo bitero harangirikiyemo n’amategura y’inzu ye. Bavuga ko ku bw’ibyo, NDAYISENGA Edouard asaba uru Rukiko kumugenera indishyi atabonye ku rwego rwa mbere, zigizwe na 100.000 Frw yakoresheje yubaka urugo rwe basenye, 47.000 Frw y’amategura y’inzu (1.000 Frw x 47) na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro.  Ku bireba BIGIRIMANA Fanuel [616] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko, aho BIGIRIMANA Fanuel atuye haturanye n’igikumba cy’inka z’abaturage, ko bumvise amasasu avuga hafi y’icyo gikumba, bagira ubwoba bwo gusohoka mu nzu, inka ye yahakaga amezi 7 isenya ikiraro iriruka kubera ubwoba mu gitondo bayisanga yaramburuye. Bavuga kandi ko muri iryo joro amategura asakaje inzu ye nayo yamenetse. Kubera iyo mpamvu, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel asaba uru Rukiko kumugenera indishyi atabonye ku rwego rwa mbere,

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zigizwe na 1.150.000 Frw, akubiyemo 50.000 Frw y’indishyi z’ibyangijwe, 600.000 Frw yateganyaga kuzagurisha inyana ye yapfuye na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro.  Ku bireba BARAGAMBA [617] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye, bavuga ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 17/7/2020 mu gihe cya saa sita za ni joro, BARAGAMBA ari kumwe n’umuryango we bumvise amasasu avuga cyane, apfumura n’amabati y’inzu ye, ndetse bumva n’ifirimbi, bagira ubwoba ntibasohoka mu nzu, ariko bihisha munsi y’igitanda. Bavuga kandi ko mu gitondo cyo ku wa 18/7/2020, basanze imbere y’urugo rwa BARAGAMBA hapfiriye abacengezi 3, ko ibi byamuteye ubwoba ku buryo n’ubu butarashira, kandi ko n’ubu yabuze amikoro yo gusana inzu ye iva iyo imvura iguye. Basoza bavuga ko mu rwego rwo gusibizwa ibyo yangirijwe, BARAGAMBA asaba uru Rukiko kumugenera indishyi atahawe n’Urukiko rubanza, zingana na 2.000.000 Frw.  Ku bireba RUTIHUNZA Enos [618] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko, hari ku wa 17/7/2020 mu masaha ya ni joro, ubwo RUTIHUNZA Enos n’umuryango we bumvise amasasu bakagira ubwoba, bagiye kumva bumva umuntu ari gukomanga ababwira ngo nibafungure ntibafungura, arasa amasasu menshi hejuru y’inzu ku buryo amategura y’inzu ye yapfumaguritse. Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gitondo basanze umuntu ufite imbuda yapfiriye imbere y’iwe, babimenyesha Ubuyobozi burahamukura. Basoza bavuga ko ibyo byose byabaye byatumye RUTIHUNZA Enos agira ihungabana, ndetse n’amategura asakaje inzu ye arahangirikira, ko ariyo mpamvu imbere y’uru Rukiko, yifuza kubona indishyi atabonye ku rwego

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rwa mbere zingana na 1.000.000 Frw, akubiyemo 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’ibyangijwe (agaciro k’inka ye yaramburuye ndetse n’agaciro k’amategura y’inzu ye yangiritse) na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro.  Ku bireba BARIRWANDA Innocent [619] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye, bavuga ko mu gihe cya saa tatu z’ijoro ariho humvikanye amasasu ndetse amwe akajya apfumura amategura y’inzu ya BARIRWANDA Innocent, mu gitondo yasanze amategura asakaje inzu ze 2 yangiritse. Ku bw’ibyo, basoza bavuga ko kuba ibi byose byarangiritse, BARIRWANDA Innocent abisabira muri uru Rukiko, indishyi atahawe ku rwego rwa mbere zirimo n’iz’akababaro zingana na 1.000.000 Frw.  Ku bireba NSABIYAREMYE Pascal [620] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko igihe NSABIYAREMYE Pascal yari ku irondo n’abagenzi be mu masaha ya nijoro, ku wa 17/7/2020, bumvise amasasu, baza kumenya ko ari abantu bitwaje intwaro bari bateye. Mu gitondo ageze iwe yasanze amategura asakaje inzu ye yatobaguritse, ndetse n’umurima w’ibigori bye babinyukanyutse kuko babirwaniyemo. Basoza bavuga ko ibi byose NSABIYAREMYE Pascal abisabira muri uru Rukiko, indishyi zigera kuri 800.000 Frw, atabonye ku rwego rubanza.  Ku bireba HABIMANA Innocent [621] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko ku wa 17/7/2012 mu masaha ya nijoro ari bwo HABIMANA Innocent yumvise

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urusaku rwinshi rw’amasasu, ndetse akajya agwa ku gisenge ku buryo inzu ye yari isakaje amategura yangiritse cyane. Bavuga kandi ko kugira ngo abashe kongera kubaka igisenge cy’inzu ye byabaye ngombwa ko agurisha inka ze 2, ko kubera igihombo byamuteye HABIMANA Innocent abisabira indishyi mbumbe zingana na 1.000.000 Frw, atahawe ku rwego rubanza.  Ku bireba HARERIMANA Emmanuel [622] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko abantu bitwaje intwaro bateye ikigo cya gisirikare kiri Wimbogo, haba imirwano yahungabanyirije umutungo wa HARERIMANA Emmanuel, ariyo mpamvu asaba indishyi zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu na cumi n’icyenda na magana atanu (519.500 Frw) z’ibye byangiritse n’iz’akababaro, kuko atazihawe ku rwego rwa mbere.  Ku bireba NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu [623] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 17/07/2020, mu gace NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu atuyemo, habaye imirwano yangiza imitungo ye, akaba abisabira indishyi z’akababaro n’agaciro k’iyo mitungo ye yangijwe bihwanye n’ibihumbi magana inani (800.000 Frw), kuko ku rwego rwa mbere nta kintu Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye.  Ku bireba SEBARINDA Emmanuel [624] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 17/07/2020 abantu bitwaje intwaro bateye ku kigo cya gisirikare, haraswa amasasu menshi, bimwangiriza inzu. Ibi byatumye

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SEBARINDA Emmanuel atanga ikirego ariko Urukiko rubanza ntirwamugenera indishyi yaregeye, akaba asaba, uru Rukiko kumugenera indishyi z’ibye byangijwe, hamwe n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu na mirongo itanu na magana atanu (350.500 Frw).  Ku bireba NKUNDIREMA Damascène [625] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 17/07/2020, mu gace NKUNDIREMA Damascène atuyemo, abantu bitwaje intwaro bateye ikigo cya gisirikare kiri mu Murenge wa Ruheru, haba imirwano ikomeye yangiza imitungo ye, akaba abisabira indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi ijana (1.100.000 Frw), harimo iz’ibyangijwe n’iz’akababaro kuko Urukiko rubanza rutazimugeneye.  Ku bireba HABAKURAMA Gratien [626] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bamuhagarariye bavuga ko HABAKURAMA Gratien aturanye n’ikigo cya gisirikare cyatewe n’abantu bitwaje intwaro, ko muri iyo mirwano hangirikiyemo inzu ye, akaba abisabira indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi mirongo itandatu na bibiri na magana atanu (1.062.500 Frw), kuko ku rwego rwa mbere ntayo yabonye. [627] Muri rusange, mu gusoza ku birebana no kujuririra indishyi, Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bavuga ko ibyo abaregwa bavuga ko icyaha ari gatozi, ko nta cyaha bakoze, nta n’uruhare bagize mu bikorwa byabaye ku buryo babiryorezwa indishyi, nta shingiro bifite kubera ko umutwe w’iterabwoba wa FLN bari barimo wakoreraga kuri gahunda n’umugambi umwe wo kugaba ibitero

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ahantu hatandukanye, ku buryo iyo mikoranire y’abagize uwo mutwe ari yo ikwiye gushingirwaho mu kubaryoza indishyi z’ibyo bangije nk’uko babikoze i Nyabitama, muri Nyungwe ndetse n’ahandi. Bityo ko basaba Urukiko kuazashingira ku rubanza ruri muri système ku mugereka wa 150 rwaciwe n’urukiko rwa mbere rw’Iremezo rwa ICTR rufite no ICTR /96/3/T rwabaye hagati y’Ubushinjacyaha na NDIRUBUMWE RUTAGANDA, aho mu gika cyarwo cya 62 n’icya 72 rwasobanuye ibirebana n’umugambi uhuriweho, rugategeka abaregwa bose muri uru rubanza bari bafite umugambi umwe wo gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba aho baba barabikoreye hose hatandukanye, gufatanya kwishyura indishyi. [628] Banavuga ko imvugo ya BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy y’uko ariwe wayoboye ibitero byabereye muri Rusizi, abitumwe n’abayobozi ba FLN, igaragaza ko umugambi abagize umutwe wa FLN bari bafite wari umwe. Naho, ku bavuga ko abaregera indishyi batazihabwa kuko nta bimenyetso babitangiye, basaba ko bitahabwa ishingiro kuko nko mu gika cya 269 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa imvugo za BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude zigaragaza uko bateye gerenade, igakomeretsa abantu n’ibijyanye n’imodoka batwikiye mu Karere ka Rusizi, ibi bikaba nabyo bigaragaza ko abaregwa nabo ubwabo bitangira ibimenyetso, ndetse ko basanga imvugo ya MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas yo kuba imodoka ya MAHORO Jean Damascène igihari kandi ikora, ari ugushinyagurira ba nyir’imitungo kuko bamwe mubo bafatanyije kuyangiza barimo BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude babyemera. [629] Me MUNYAMAHORO René na Me MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise bavuga kandi ko hari imitungo basabira indishyi ariko batashoboye gutangira ibimenyetso kubera imiterere yayo,

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ibimenyetso bikaba ari nta bindi byaboneka uretse kuba nyirayo ayitunze (en fait de meuble, possession vaut titre). Basobanura ko bigoye gutanga ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko kanaka yasahuwe ibiro 6 by’ibishyimbo cyangwa by’amasaka, ko iyo abaregera indishyi baba babeshya bari gukabya mu byo basaba. Bityo ko, ku mitungo nk’iyo, ibimenyetso bihari ari imvugo za ba nyir’imitungo na raporo z’Ubuyobozi zigaragaza ko hari imitungo yangijwe cyangwa yasahuwe. [630] Me MURANGWA Faustin mu gusoza, muri rusange na none avuga ko abaregwa bavuga ko bataryozwa indishyi zikomoka ku byangijwe n’ibitero bitandukanye batagiyemo, birengagiza ko icyaha bahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba nabo biyemerera ko babayemo gifitanye isano n’indishyi baryozwa. Naho, ku baregwa bavuga ko bakurikiranwa gusa ku ndishyi z’ibyabereye mu bitero bagizemo uruhare, Me MURANGWA Faustin avuga ko nabyo atari byo, ko ahubwo baryozwa indishyi zituruka ku bitero byose byakozwe n’uwo mutwe w’iterabwoba bari barimo. [631] Me MUNDERERE Léopold we asoza asaba ko, mu guca urubanza, Urukiko rwazabona ko umugambi abaregwa bari bafite utari uwo kugirira neza igihugu n’abaturage muri rusange, maze abagize uruhare mu bikorwa byangije bafatanye kuryozwa indishyi. Naho, ku bavuga ko kuryozwa indishyi byaba ari nko guhanirwa icyaha cy’inkomoko, kuri bo avuga ko byaba atari byo bitewe n’uko ubwo buryozwe ari ingaruka z’umugambi umwe wari uhuriweho n’abari mu mutwe umwe w’iterabwoba wakorewemo ibitero byangiririje abaregera indishyi. [632] Muri rusange kandi, abaregera indishyi bose bavuga ko mu gusuzuma ibivugwa na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina ko nta mitungo agira yavamo indishyi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire

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rwazashingira ku ihame mu mategeko rivuga ko "Les biens présents et à venir du débiteur constituent le gage commun de ses créanciers", ugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda bishatse kuvuga ko umutungo w’ubereyemo umwenda abandi atunze ubu n’uwo azatunga mu gihe kizaza, uba ari ingwate y’abo abereyemo umwenda. Bityo ko mu guca urubanza atari ngombwa ko Urukiko rubanza gusuzuma niba uregwa indishyi afite ubushobozi bwo kuzishyura kugira ngo rubone kwemeza ko agomba kuzicibwa. UKO ABAREGWA BIREGURA KU BUJURIRE BW’ABAREGERA INDISHYI BANENZE KUBA NTAZO BAGENEWE CYANGWA SE KUBA BARAGENEWE NKEYA [633] Muri rusange, abaregwa bavuga ko abaregera indishyi batagombaga kuzihabwa kuko nta bimenyetso bazitangiye, ariko by’umwihariko, MATAKAMABA Jean Berchmas, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy na NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, bemera kuba baragize uruhare mu bitero byabereye mu Karere ka Rusizi, ndetse na MUKANDUTIYE Angelina bongera ibisobanuro bikurikira ku myiregurire imaze kuvugwa haruguru. [634] MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas avuga ko abagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero byabereye muri Rusizi, bakaba baratanze ingwate y’igarama mu buryo bukurikije amategeko ndetse bakagaragaza ibimenyetso by’indishyi baregera, bazishyurwa. Ahamya ariko ko, nko kuri MAHORO Jean Damascène uvuga ko yatwikiwe imodoka, nk’umuntu baturanye, azi neza ko kugeza uyu munsi iyo modoka igikora kandi ikaba igenda mu muhanda.

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Asobanura ko iyo modoka yari yarayiguze i Gitarama ku mafaranga 6.500.000 Frw, ariko ko atigeze yerekana amafoto yayo hamwe n’izindi modoka zerekanwe ko zatwitswe, ikaba yaratwitswe cabine gusa, ubu ikaba yarakozwe kandi isigaye ijyana ifu muri Congo. [635] MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas avuga kandi ko ku birebana na gerenade yatewe i Kamembe, yemera ko yakomerekeje abagore batatu b’Abayisilamu atazi amazina, ibipande byayo bigwa ku modoka. Naho, iby’akabari kitwa Stella, bivugwa ko kateweho iyo gerenade, avuga ko bitari gushoboka kuko ako kabari gafite igipangu kirekire cya metero 3, kakaba kari hejuru y’umuhanda kuri metero 2, ko kandi Urukiko ruramutse ruhigereye rwabibona. Asoza avuga ko yakabaye aryozwa iby’igitero cyabereye i Nyakarenzo muri Rusizi, ariko ko ho nta kintu cyahangijwe kuko bari basabwe n’abayobozi babo kutagira ibyo bahangiza, atanga urugero rw’ikamyo bahuye nayo ipakiye, ariko ntibagira ikintu bakuramo. Bityo ko, ibyo gusahura no kwiba abaregera indishyi bavuga, ari ukubabeshyera. [636] BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy avuga ko adahakana ibitero byabereye i Rusizi kuko ariwe wari ubiyoboye, ko ibyo yakoze yakurikizaga amabwiriza ya FLN nk’uko yayahabwaga, ko akurikiza amabwiraza yahawe n’umuyobozi we Geva, yatwitse imodoka irimo imyenda ya gisirikare n’iya gipolisi, akaba yarayimennye ikirahure, ayisukaho essence, ayirasaho isasu, irashya. Asoza avuga ko ibyo yakoraga kwari ukubahiriza amategeko y’Ubuyobozi, ko ibitero byabereye ahandi ntacyo yabibazwaho. [637] NSABIMANA Jean Damascène avuga ko yatangiye gukorana na MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas mu kwezi kwa 9,

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mu mwaka wa 2019, akemera ko mu bitero byabereye i Rusizi yahawe na MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas gerenade amusaba kuyishyira uwitwa Claude wari uzi icyo azayikoresha, ikaba ari yo yatewe mu Mujyi wa Kamembe. Asaba Urukiko kuzareba niba koko ibimenyetso abaregera indishyi batanga ari iby’ukuri kuko hari raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 02/07/2019 yatanzweho ikimenyetso ivugwamo abantu bakomerekejwe n’iyo gerenade, nyamara yo yaratewe ku wa 19/10/2019. Asoza avuga ko ntacyo yaryozwa ku bitero byabereye mu Karangiro, mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo kuko yari ataratangira gukorera MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas. [638] MUKANDUTIYE Angelina avuga ko nta muntu ibyabaye bitababaza, ku buryo abo byagizeho ingaruka bakwiye kubihererwa indishyi, ariko ko we ibyo yari atunze byose, byamaze gutezwa cyamunara, akaba nta mutungo n’umwe agifite. Bityo, akaba asaba ko abo baregwa hamwe indishyi, bafite ubushobozi n’imitungo ari bo bazitanga. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA a) ku birebana n’abaregera indishyi bajuririye kuba mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko baragenewe indishyi nkeya [639] Ku birebana n’impamvu y’ubujurire ishingiye ku kuba abaregeye indishyi baragenewe nkeya, bakaba bifuza ko izo bari baregeye ku rwego rwa mbere zakongera gusuzumwa ku rwego rw’ubujurire. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasuzuma ishingiro ry’ibyo abajuriye banenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rujuririrwa, ku buryo ubwo bushishozi bwasimbuzwa ubw’uru Rukiko rujuririrwa mu kubagenera indishyi baregera.

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N’ubwo abaregera indishyi bavuga ko mu Rukiko rubanza bari batanze ibimenyetso bihagije by’indishyi baregeye kandi bakaba banazitangiye ibindi bimenyetso muri uru Rukiko rujuririrwa, bashingiye ku ngingo ya 154, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi76, bavuga ko nta kundi rwabagenera indishyi, uretse kubikora narwo mu bushishozi bwarwo. [640] Mu gusuzuma ikibazo cy’ishingiro ry’inenge ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza, uru Rukiko rugomba kuzirikana ko nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 578, cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ubwo bushishozi aribwo Urukiko rubanza rwakoresheje mu gusuzuma niba abaregera indishyi baratanze ibimenyetso bashingiraho indishyi basaba, birimo ibigaragaza ko hari abishwe n’ibitero, abakomeretse, abashimuswe, abasahuwe n’abangirijwe imitungo, ibigaragaza ko iyo mitungo bari bayifite koko, ndetse n’ibigaragaza ko agaciro gahabwa iyo mitungo kangana n’indishyi baregera; runazirikana ko nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 150, 5o na 6o, y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ababuranyi bagomba kubasha kugaragaza icyo banenga urubanza rujuririrwa. [641] Bikwiye kumvikana kandi ko mu gihe ibimenyetso byaba byari bihari koko ku rwego rwa mbere, ariko Urukiko rubanza ntirugene indishyi ziregerwa, cyangwa se niba bitari bihari kuri

76 Ingingo ya 154, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira:’’ Ntibibujijwe ariko mu rwego rw’ubujurire gutanga ibisobanuro bishya cyangwa ibimenyetso bishya bigamije kumvikanisha kurushaho ibyari byaraburanishijwe mu rwego rwa mbere”.

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urwo rwego ariko noneho ubu bikaba byabonetse kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire, izo ndishyi zigomba gutangwa. Ariko na none mu gihe ibimenyetso byaba bikomeje kutaboneka izo ndishyi zikaba zitagomba gutangwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ivuga ko urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera n’ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko n˚ 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ivuga ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana, yabibura agatsindwa.  Ku birebana n’abajuririye ingano y’indishyi zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Nyabimata, mu Karere ka Nyaruguru [642] Kuri HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, Urukiko rurasanga, mu gika cya 584 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze ntaho rwahera rumugenera indishyi zijyanye n’amafaranga avuga ko yibwe n’indishyi z’akababaro asaba kubera gushimutwa akikorezwa ibintu, kubera ko nta bimenyetso yabitangiye, ahubwo rukaba rwaramugeneye gusa indishyi zijyanye n’agaciro ka moto ye yatwitswe, rushingiye kuri raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata no ku mafoto agaragaza ko iyo moto yahiye. Bityo, rukaba rwaramugeneye mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atandatu (600.000 Frw) kuko nta kindi kimenyetso yari yarugaragarije cy’agaciro nyako iyo moto yari ifite igihe yatwikwaga. [643] Muri uru rubanza rw’ubujurire, HAVUGIMANA Jean- Marie Vianney n’abavoka bamwunganiye basaba ko Urukiko rwamugenera indishyi zingana na 1.100.000 Frw, arimo na y’indishyi z’akababaro angana na 500.000 Frw n’ibyo yatakaje

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akurikirana moto ye yatwitswe. Urukiko rurasanga muri 1.100.000 Frw y’indishyi HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney yari yaregeye mu Rukiko rubanza kandi akomeje kuregera no muri uru Rukiko, ayo yagenewe ari 600.000 Frw gusa y’agaciro ka moto yatwitswe, ay’ibindi avuga ko yatakaje akaba atarayagenewe kubera ko Urukiko rwasanze nta bimenyetso yayatangiye, naho ay’indishyi z’akababaro, Urukiko rubanza rukaba nta kigaragara rwayavuzeho. [644] Uru Rukiko narwo rurasanga ntaho rwashingira rumugenera indishyi zijyanye n’amafaranga avuga ko yambuwe ndetse n’izijyanye n’ibyo avuga ko yavukijwe no gukurikirana ibirebana na moto yari imaze gutwikwa, kuko nta bimenyetso yabigaragarije, ariko ku birebana n’indishyi z’akababaro asaba, rurasanga azikwiye kubera ingaruka yagizweho n’icyaha abaregwa bahamijwe cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wakorewemo ibikorwa byo kumutwikira moto. Bityo, mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, indishyi z’akababaro HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney agomba guhabwa n’abaregwa bahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba zikaba zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw), yiyongera ku zo yari yagenewe n’Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa. [645] Kuri BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, Urukiko rurasanga, mu gika cya 586 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze ntaho rwahera rumugenera indishyi zijyanye n’agaciro ka telefone, amafaranga avuga ko yatwawe kubera ko nta kimenyetso yabitangiye, ndetse nta n’aho rwahera rumugenera amafaranga avuga ko moto ye yari kuzakorera kuko nta kimenyetso yagaragaje cy’ayo yinjizaga ku munsi mbere y’uko itwikwa n’igihe yari imaze ikora. Ahubwo, rushingiye ku kimenyetso cya raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa

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w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata no ku mafoto agaragaza ko iyo moto yahiye, Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi zijyanye n’agaciro ka moto ye yatwitswe kuko ayo yasabaga yari menshi. Bityo, rukaba rwaramugeneye indishyi zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atandatu (600.000 Frw) kuko nta kindi ikimenyetso yari yarugaragarije cy’agaciro nyako iyo moto yari ifite igihe yatwikwaga. [646] Mu bujurire, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba ko Urukiko rwamugenera indishyi zingana na 5.044.500 Frw n’ubundi yari yaregeye ku rwego rubanza, zikubiyemo indishyi z’akababaro n’agaciro k’ibye byangijwe. Mu kongera gusaba izi ndishyi bakaba banenga ko Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye indishyi z’agaciro ka moto gusa, mu gihe yari yararugaragarije raporo y’Ubuyobozi igaragaramo ibyabaye byateye akababaro abo byagizeho ingaruka. [647] Uru Rukiko rurasanga muri ubu bujurire nta kibazo BAPFAKURERA Vénuste agaragaza ko afite ku ngano y’indishyi yagenewe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko zihwanye n’agaciro ka moto ye yatwitswe. Ahubwo, ikibazo agaragaza ko afite kikaba ari icyo kuba mu ndishyi yagenewe ataragenewe iz’akababaro. Rurasanga rero indishyi z’akababaro BAPFAKURERA Vénuste asaba azikwiye kubera ingaruka yagizweho n’icyaha cyahamye abaregwa cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wakorewemo ibikorwa byo kumutwikira moto. Bityo, mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste agomba guhabwa n’abaregwa bahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw), yiyongera kuzo yari yagenewe n’Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa.

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[648] Kuri HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 587 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze yagenerwa indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) kubera gushimutwa, akanikorezwa ibyibano hashingiwe kuri raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata, igaragaza abaturage bashimuswe bakajyanwa mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe babikoreje ibyo basahuye, ariko akaba atagomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibintu bye avuga ko byibwe kubera ko atabitangiye ibimenyetso. [649] Mu bujurire HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba ko Urukiko rwamugenera indishyi zingana na 1.560.000 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza, zikubiyemo 560.000 Frw y’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yambuwe (telefone, ipantaro, ishati, ibishyimbo n’igitenge) na 1.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro. Mu kongera gusaba izi ndishyi, bakaba banenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwarirengagije ko abagizi ba nabi baje biba ibintu by’abaturage n’ibindi. [650] Uru Rukiko rurasanga HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney agaragaza ko yagaye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo, agasaba izingana na 1.000.000 Frw ariko akaba atagaragaza icyo anenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzimugenera. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. Urukiko rurasanga kandi uretse kongera kuvuga ko asaba indishyi zingana na 560.000 Frw z’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yambuwe (telefone, ipantaro, ishati, ibishyimbo n’igitenge) nk’uko n’ubundi yari yabivuze ku rwego

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rwa mbere, nta kimenyetso gishya agaragaza abitangira kuri uru rwego cyangwa se icyo yari yabitangiye ku rwego rubanza kirengagijwe. Bityo, izi ndishyi nazo zikaba nta shingiro zifite. Kubera izo mpamvu zose, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney akaba akwiye gusa 300.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro nk’uko yazigenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. [651] Kuri NSABIMANA Anastase, Urukiko rurasanga, mu gika cya 590 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata igaragaza ko NSABIMANA Anastase nawe ari mu baturage bashimuswe n’abagizi ba nabi babajyana mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe babikoreje ibyo basahuye. Bityo, rushingiye kuri iyo raporo, rukaba rwaramugeneye indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) kubera uko gushimutwa no kwikorezwa ibyibano, ariko rusanga atagomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibintu bye avuga byasahuwe, birimo imyaka, imyambaro, telefone n’amafaranga kuko atabitangiye ibimenyetso. [652] NSABIMANA Anastase n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rumugenera indishyi zingana na 1.213.000 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza, zikubiyemo 150.000 Frw yari yagurishije inka akayaha abamuteye kugira ngo batamwicira umugore, 63.000 Frw y’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yasahuwe (imyaka, telefone n’imyambaro) na 1.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro kubera ko abagabye ibitero bamwikoreje ibyo bari basahuye, bakamutwara bugwate, akagaruka mu rukerera. [653] Uru Rukiko rurasanga NSABIMANA Anastase agaragaza ko yagaye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo,

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agasaba izingana na 1.000.000 Frw nk’uko yabisabye ku rwego rwa mbere, ariko akaba atagaragaza icyo anenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzimugenera, ko rero ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. Rurasanga kandi ku bindi NSABIMANA Anastase asaba, nta kimenyetso agaragaza gishya abitangira kuri uru rwego cyangwa se icyo yari yabitangiye ku rwego rubanza kibe cyarirengagijwe n’Urukiko rubanza. Bityo, izi ndishyi nazo zikaba nta shingiro zifite, indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere, zikaba ari zo zigomba kugumaho. [654] Kuri SIBORUREMA Venuste, Urukiko rurasanga, mu gika cya 592 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata igaragaza ko SIBORUREMA Venuste ari mu baturage bashimuswe n’abagizi ba nabi bakabajyana mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe babikoreje ibyo basahuye, rwamugeneye indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) kubera uko gushimutwa no kwikorezwa ibyibano. Ariko ruvuga ko atagomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibintu bye avuga ko bamutwaye, birimo imyaka, imyambaro, telefone n’ibindi kuko atabitangiye ibimenyetso. [655] Mu bujurire, SIBORUREMA Venuste n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba ko uru Rukiko rumugenera indishyi zingana na 570.500 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza, zikubiyemo 70.500 y’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yasahuwe (imyaka, amata, telefone n’imyambaro) na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, kuko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije kumugenera indishyi zijyanye n’ibintu bye byibwe.

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[656] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga SIBORUREMA Venuste anenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwaramugeneye mu bushishozi bwarwo 300.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, agasaba mu bujurire izingana na 500.000 Frw, nk’uko yari yabisabye ku rwego rubanza, ariko ntagaragaza icyo anenga ubushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzimugenera, rukaba ntaho rwahera ruhindura izo yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. Rurasanga ku bindi asaba atahawe ku rwego rwa mbere, nta kimenyetso gishya abitangira kigaragaza ikirengagijwe n’Urukiko rubanza. Ku bw’ibyo, izi ndishyi nazo nta shingiro zifite. Kubera izo mpamvu, indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw, SIBORUREMA Venuste yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere ni zo zigomba kugumaho. [657] Kuri NGENDAKUMANA David, Urukiko rurasanga, mu gika cya 593 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata, igaragaza ko NGENDAKUMANA David ari mu baturage bashimuswe n’abagizi ba nabi bakajyanwa mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe bikorejwe ibyasahuwe, rwamugeneye indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) kubera uko gushimutwa no kwikorezwa ibyiban. Ariko ruvuga ko atagomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibintu bye avuga ko bamutwaye birimo imyaka, imyambaro, telefone n’ibindi kuko atabitangiye ibimenyetso. [658] Mu bujurire, NGENDAKUMANA David n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba ko Urukiko rwamugenera indishyi zingana na 528.400 Frw yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza, zikubiyemo 28.400 Frw y’agaciro k’ibintu bye bitandukanye yasahuwe (ibiribwa, telefone n’imyambaro) na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro kubera ko bamwikoreje ibyo bibye

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kugera mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, kuko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije kumugenera indishyi z’ibintu bye byibwe. [659] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba NGENDAKUMANA David atarishimiye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo, agasaba izingana na 500.000 Frw yari yasabye ku rwego rwa mbere, ariko ntagaragaza icyo anenga ubushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzimugenera. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho rwahera ruhindura izo yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. Rurasanga ku bindi avuga ko atahawe n’Urukiko rubanza, nta kimenyetso gishya atanga kuri uru rwego kigaragaza ikirengagijwe n’Urukiko rubanza. Bityo, izi ndishyi nazo zikaba nta shingiro zifite. Rurasanga indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw, NGENDAKUMANA David yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere ari zo zigomba kugumaho. [660] Kuri SHUMBUSHA Damascène, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, mu gika cya 589 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rurebye ibigaragara muri raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata ko SHUMBUSHA Damascène ari mu baturage bashimuswe n’abagizi ba nabi, babajyana mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe babikoreje ibyo basahuye, rwamugeneye indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw), kubera uko gushimutwa no kwikorezwa ibyibano, ariko rwemeza ko atagomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibintu bye avuga ko bamutwaye, birimo imyaka, imyambaro, telefone n’amafaranga kuko atabitangiye ibimenyetso. [661] Kuri uru rwego, SHUMBUSHA Damascène n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba ko Urukiko rwamugenera indishyi

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zingana na 654.000 Frw n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rubanza, zikubiyemo 600.000 Frw iz’akababaro na 50.000 Frw z’ibintu bye bitandukanye bibye birimo imyaka, imyambaro, telefoni n’amafaranga ibihumbi bine (4.000 Frw) bamwambuye, kubera ko Urukiko rwabanje rwirengagije kumugenera indishyi z’ibintu bye byibwe. [662] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba SHUMBUSHA Damascène atagaragaza icyo anenga ubushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kumugenera indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 300.000 Frw ntaho rwahera rumugenera 600.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro asaba ubu. Rurasanga kandi ku birebana n’indishyi z’ibye byibwe, kuba nta kimenyetso gishya atanga kigaragaza icyirengagijwe n’Urukiko rubanza mu kutazimugenera, nta shingiro zifite. Kubera izo mpamvu, SHUMBUSHA Damascène akwiye guhabwa 300.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. [663] Kuri RUGERINYANGE Dominique na NTABARESHYA Dative, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, mu gika cya 585 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko kuba bataratanze ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko hari ibintu byasahuwe aho umwana wabo HABARUREMA Joseph yacururizaga n’agaciro kabyo, ntaho rwari guhera rubagenera indishyi basaba zirebana n’ibyo bintu. Rwasobanuye kandi ko kuba hari raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata igaragaza ko HABARURIMA Joseph yishwe mu gitero cyo ku wa 19/06/2018, icyemezo cy’uko yapfuye cyo ku wa 06/11/2018 n’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko RUGERINYANYE Dominique na NTABARESHYA Dative ari ababyeyi be, bakwiye guhabwa indishyi z’akababaro kubera kubura umwana wabo, rukaba rwabageneye mu bushishozi

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bwarwo 5.000.000 Frw kuri buri wese kuko izo basaba ari ikirenga. [664] Mu bujurire, RUGERINYANGE Dominique na NTABARESHYA Dative n’abavoka babahagarariye basaba ko uru Rukiko rwabagenera indishyi zingana na 17.000.000 Frw, nk’uko babisabye ku rwego rubanza, zikubiyemo indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw n’indishyi z’ibyangijwe zingana na 7.000.000 Frw, kuko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ko muri raporo y’Ubuyobozi rwashingiyeho rubagenera indishyi z’akababaro, hanagaragaramo ko hari za butiki zasahuwe kandi ko n’iy’umwana wabo iri mu zasahuwe. [665] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga indishyi z’akababaro zisabwa na RUGERINYANGE Dominique na NTABARESHYA Dative zingana n’izo n’ubundi bagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu rubanza rujuririrwa kuko basaba izingana na 10.000.000 Frw kandi buri wese muri bo yaragenewe izingana na 5.000.000 Frw, hakaba nta mpamvu yatuma rwongera gusuzuma iki kibazo cy’indishyi z’akababaro. [666] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi n’indishyi z’ibyasahuwe basaba, nta kimenyetso gishya bazitangira kuri uru rwego cyangwa se icyo bagaragaza krirengagijwe n’Urukiko rubanza. Bityo, izi ndishyi nazo zikaba nta shingiro zifite. Indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 5.000.000 Frw buri wese muri bo yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere zikaba ari zo zigomba kugumaho. [667] Kuri INGABIRE Marie Chantal, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 588 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Nyabimata igaragaza ko

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MANIRAHO Anatole wari umugabo wa INGABIRE Marie Chantal yishwe n’igitero cyagabwe ku wa 19/06/2018. ku bw’ibyo mu bushishozi bwarwo, rumugenera indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni icumi (10.000.000 Frw) kubera kwicirwa umugabo, akanamusigira abana agomba kurera wenyine. Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko INGABIRE Marie Chantal atagenerwa indishyi mbonezamusaruro kuko nta kimenyetso yatanze kigaragaza ibyo umugabo we yinjizaga. [668] Mu bujurire, INGABIRE Marie Chantal n’abavoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro, ku rwego rwa mbere bari bagaragarije Urukiko rwabanje amafaranga yinjiraga mu muryango wa MANIRAHO Anatole, ariko ko nta kimenyetso bari batanze kigaragaza umushahara nyakwigendera yahembwaga, ko ubu INGABIRE Marie Chantal yabashije kubona ikimenyetso, kiri ku mugereka wa 111 muri système, kigaragaza ko umushahara mbumbe wa nyakwigendera utaravamo ibintu byose wari 207.335 Frw, ayo yafataga mu ntoki ari 130.650 Frw. Bavuga na none ko mu kumugenera indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw gusa, Urukiko rubanza rutitaye ku mafaranga yatakaje mu gushyingura, kuko nta bimenyetso yabitangiye, kandi ko ku rwego rwa mbere batigeze bayasaba mu buryo burambuye (en détails), nk’uko babisobanura ubu mu bujurire,. Bagasaba ko uru Rukiko rwazazamura indishyi z’akababaro bari bagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza harimo nk’izirebana n’akababaro bagize muri iyo mihango yo gushyingura n’ibyo bahatakarije. [669] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga indishyi INGABIRE Marie Chantal yari yasabye ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi yifuza ko n’uru Rukiko rwongera gusuzuma, zigizwe n’indishyi

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z’akababaro zingana na 30.000.000 Frw, indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 70.000.000 Frw n’iz’uko abana be bagizwe imfubyi zingana na 50.000.000 Frw kubera kwicirwa umugabo MANIRAHO Anatole, wari ushinzwe amasomo mu rwunge rw’amashuri rwa Nyabimata. [670] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko ababuranira INGABIRE Marie Chantal babyivugira, batarigeze batandukanyije indishyi z’ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura n’indishyi z’akababaro baregeye. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga n’Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rujuririrwa, ntaho rwari guhera ruzigena mu buryo bwihariye, ko ahubwo bikwiye kumvikana ko mu kugena indishyi z’akababaro mbumbe zingana na 10.000.000 Frw, hakubiwemo n’izo zirebana n’ibyakoreshejwe mu ishyingura, rusanga kandi akababaro izo ndishyi zatangiwe atari aka INGABIRE Marie Chantal wenyine nk’umupfakazi wasizwe na nyakwigendera, ahubwo harimo n’ak’abana yasize ari imfubyi. [671] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro zijyanye n’ibyo MANIRIHO Anatole yashoboraga kuzinjiriza umuryango iyo aba atarishwe, Urukiko rubanza rutaragennye kuko nta kimenyetso rwari rwagaragarijwe cy’ingano y’amafaranga yari asanzwe yinjiza, rukwiye gushingira ku kimenyetso gishya cy’icyemezo cy’umushahara yahembwaga cyagaragajwe, maze rukagenera izo ndishyi INGABIRE Marie Chantal. Rurasanga icyo kimenyetso kigaragaza ko umushahara mbumbe wa nyakwigendera, utaravamo ibintu byose, wari 207.335 Frw, ayo yafataga mu ntoki akaba 130.650 Frw, mu by’ukuri kikaba kitashingirwaho mu guhamya ko uyu ari wo mushahara yari kuzahora yinjiza kugeza igihe yari kuzapfira iyo aticirwa mu gitero cya FLN,

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ahubwo ni ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera yari umuntu ufite icyo yinjiza mu muryango cyiwutunga ndetse kigaragaza n’urwego yabarizwagamo ku buryo ibi byafasha mu kuyobora ubushishozi bw’Urukiko mu kugena indishyi zikwiye. Uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga indishyi mbonezamusaruro zikwiye ari miliyoni cumi n’eshanu n’ibihumbi magana atandatu mirongo irindwi n’umunani (15.678.000 Frw) zibariwe ku mushahara wa 130.650 Frw nyakwigendera yafataga mu ntoki buri kwezi no ku gihe kigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko cy’imyaka icumi (10), kuko indishyi mbumbe zingana na 70.000.000 Frw zasabwe zikabije kuba nyinshi kandi zikaba zitagaragarizwa aho zihuriye n’umushahara watangiwe ikimenyetso. [672] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi nta handi rwashingira ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw Urukiko rubanza rwagennye mu bushishozi bwarwo, kuko INGABIRE Marie Chantal atagaragaza icyo anenga ubwo bushishozi, uretse gusa kuvuga ko nawe mu bushishozi bwe abona ari nkeya. Rurasanga rero muri rusange, INGABIRE Marie Chantal nta zindi ndishyi yagenerwa muri ubu bujurire, uretse indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 15.678.000 Frw zasobanuwe haruguru, ziyongera ku zagenwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa, zose hamwe zikaba amafaranga miliyoni makumyabiri n’eshanu n’ibihumbi magana atandatu na mirongo irindwi n’umunani (25.678.000 Frw). [673] kuri MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, we n’abavoka bamuhagarariye banenga ko Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro gusa, naho ku ndishyi mbonezamusaruro ntirwagira icyo rumuha kuko nta kimenyetso yari yatanze kigaragaza umushahara nyakwigendera yahembwaga, uretse kubivuga gusa. Bavuga ko banenga kandi

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kuba izi ndishyi z’akababaro yahawe ari nkeya, naho ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro bakavuga ko nyuma baje kubona ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera yahembwaga 100.000 Frw ku kwezi, bakaba baragishyize ku mugereka wa 112 muri dosiye, ubu bakaba basaba uru Rukiko ko rwazaha agaciro iki kimenyetso, maze rukamuha indishyi z’akababaro n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro yari yaregeye, zose hamwe zingana na 100.000.000 Frw. [674] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw, MUKASHYAKA Joséphine yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo, ntaho rwahera ruzihindura kuko MUKASHYAKA Joséphine n’abamuhagarariye, nta kimenyetso batanze kigaragaza icyo baba banenga ubushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza, uretse gusa kuba nabo mu bushishozi bwabo basanga ngo ari nkeya. [675] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro zijyanye n’ibyo MUNYANEZA Fidèle yashoboraga kuzinjiriza umuryango iyo aba atarishwe, Urukiko rubanza rutagennye kuko nta kimenyetso rwari rwagaragarijwe cy’ingano y’amafaranga yari asanzwe yinjiza mu muryango we, rukwiye gushingira ku kimenyetso gishya cy’icyemezo cy’umushahara yahembwaga cyagaragajwe mu bujurire, maze rukagenera izo ndishyi MUKASHYAKA Joséphine. Rurasanga icyemezo cy’umushahara kigaragaza ko umushahara nyakwigendera MUNYANEZA Fidèle yafataga mu ntoki yari amafaranga 86.222 Frw, kikaba mu by’ukuri kitashingirwaho mu guhamya ko uyu ari wo mushahara yari kuzahora yinjiza kugeza igihe yari kuzapfira iyo aticirwa mu gitero cya FLN, ahubwo ni ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko hari icyo nyakwigendera yinjiza mu muryango, cyiwutunga ndetse n’urwego yabarizwagamo ku

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buryo byafasha mu kuyobora ubushishozi bw’uru Rukiko mu kugena indishyi zikwiye. Mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rukaba rusanga indishyi mbonezamusaruro zikwiye ari amafaranga miliyoni icumi n’ibihumbi magana atatu na mirongo ine na bitandatu na magana atandatu mirongo ine (10.346.640 Frw) zibariwe ku mushahara wa 86.222 Frw nyakwigendera yafataga mu ntoki buri kwezi no mku gihe kigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko cy’imyaka icumi (10). [676] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero MUKASHYAKA Joséphine nta zindi ndishyi yagenerwa mu bujurire, uretse indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 10.346.640 Frw zasobanuwe haruguru, kandi ziyongera ku zagenwe ku rwego rwa mbere, zose hamwe zikaba amafaranga miliyoni makumyabiri n’ibihumbi magana atatu na mirongo ine na bitandatu na magana atandatu na mirongo ine (20.346.640 Frw). [677] Kuri NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu bika bya 579-583 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasobanuye impamvu rwamugeneye indishyi zose hamwe zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni makumyabiri n’imwe n’ibihumbi magana atanu (21.500.000 Frw), zigizwe na 15.000.000 Frw y’agaciro k’imodoka yatwitswe, aho kuba 25.000.000 Frw yasabaga, 6.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro kubera kuraswa agakomeretswa, akanavutswa kwiyambaza imodoka ye kuko yatwitswe, aho kuba 20.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’impozamarira na 21.600.000 Frw y’indishyi zihwanye n’ubukode bw’imodoka yiyambaje mu buzima bwa buri munsi isimbura iyatwitswe yasabaga, na 500.000 Frw y’ikurikirarubanza, aho kuba 540.000 Frw yasabaga. Rurasanga kandi muri ibyo bika by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasobanuye ko

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NSENGIYUMVA Vincent atagenewe indishyi zingana na 30.000.000 Frw z’ibikoresho bye byo mu nzu byatwitswe, izingana na 1.500.000 Frw yishyuye mu kwivuza n’izingana na 4.000.000 Frw yakoreshejwe mu kumutunga kwa muganga ku mpamvu y’uko atazigaragarije ibimenyetso, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. [678] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga NSENGIYUMVA Vincent n’abavoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko ibimenyetso yashingiyeho arega, ari inyandiko zitandukanye zigaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aregera, mu bujurire anongeraho imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bamutabaye akimara guterwa. Rurasanga izi mvugo zigaragariza uru Rukiko ko hari ibimenyetso bitashoboraga kuboneka kubera imiterere y’ibitero, ndetse n’ihungabana ku mubiri no mu mutwe byasigiye ababigabweho. Rurasanga kandi banenga Urukiko rubanza kuba rwarasesenguye ibimenyetso rugasanga bigaragaza ko yakomerekejwe n’icyo gitero, binagaragaza ko yivuje mu bitaro byitiriwe Umwami Faisal, aho yoherejwe n’ibitaro bya Kaminuza bya Butare, ariko rwemeza ko atagenerwa amafaranga asaba angana na 5.500.000 Frw avuga ko yakoresheje yivuza n’ayamutunze mu gihe yari mu bitaro kubera ko nta bimenyetso yabitangiye, hakaba nta n’ikigaragaza ko yabaye mu bitaro n’igihe yaba yarahamaze. Bakavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rukaba rwivuguruje kuko rwagaragaje ko rwahawe kandi rukanyurwa n’ibimenyetso ku gaciro k’imodoka, ariko rukamugenera indishyi mu bushishozi bwarwo aho gushingira ku bimenyetso rwahawe. [679] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bavuga ko 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye ari make

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ukurikije ingendo yakoreye i Nyanza iburanisha ritarimurirwa i Kigali, ndetse n’ayo yakoresheje nyuma y’uko ryimurwa, ko ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’ibyo yatanze ku ngendo kubera kuvutswa imodoka yari asanzwe yiyambaza, rwazimugeneye mu bushishozi bwarwo habayeho ukugenekereza, mu gihe NSENGIYUMVA Vincent yari yagaragaje ko akenera imodoka mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi, kandi ko ku munsi iyo ukodesheje imodoka yo kugendamo, bifata hagati ya 15.000 Frw na 20.000 Frw, ko ari nabyo yari yagendeyeho abara ayo yari yasabye. Naho, ku birebana n’indishyi z’ibikoresho bye byo mu nzu byatwitswe, uru Rukiko rurasanga bavuga ko Urukiko mu kuvuga ko bitigeze bigaragazwa kuri raporo yatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyabimata, rutumvise ibintu neza, kuko ibikoresho bye byatwitswe, bitasahuwe kandi iyo raporo nayo ikaba ivuga ko hari ibikoresho byatwitswe. Rurasanga na none muri rusange, basaba ko aho Urukiko rwategetse ko NSENGIYUMVA Vincent yishyurwa indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni makumyabiri n’imwe n’ibihumbi magana atanu (21.500.000 Frw), byasubirwamo hagashingirwa ku bimenyetso byari byatanzwe n’ibindi byatangiwe mu bujurire, birimo n’abatangabuhamya, maze agahabwa indishyi zose yaregeye. [680] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi zingana na 30.000.000 Frw zihwanye n’agaciro k’ibikoresho bye byo mu nzu byatwitswe, Urukiko rubanza rutazimugeneye kuko nta kimenyetso yabigaragarije, no muri ubu bujurire ntazo agomba kugenerwa kuko naho atabashije kubitangira ibimenyetso. [681] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi zingana na 1.500.000 Frw NSENGIYUMVA Vincent avuga

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yakoresheje mu kwivuza, ariko ataherewe indishyi ku rwego rwa mbere kubera kutabitangira ibimenyetso, ibimenyetso yatanze ari ibigaragazwa na facture ya 2.000 Frw iri ku mugereka wa 077, facture ya 77.242 Frw iri ku mugereka wa 078 na facture ya 11.378 Frw iri ku mugereka wa 079, bikaba bigaragaza ko yakoresheje yose hamwe 90.620 Frw mu kwivuza , akaba ari nazo akwiye kugenerwa, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 154 y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kuko izo asaba zingana na 1.500.000 Frw atazitangira ibimenyetso no mu bujurire. Rurasanga indishyi zingana na 4.000.000 Frw z’ibyamutunze kwa muganaga, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent asaba, ntaho rwahera ruzimugenera kuko no mu bujurire atigeze abasha kuzitangira ibimenyetso. [682] Ku birebana n’indishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka yatwitswe zagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga NSENGIYUMVA Vincent atahabwa izo yaregeye ku rwego rwa mbere kuko atazishingira ku mafaranga nyayo yayiguriyeho, ndetse atanagaragaza ko indishyi abisabira zingana n’amafaranga yasabwa uyu munsi ku isoko ry’imodoka mu gihe yaba agiye kugura imodoka imeze nk’iye yatwitswe, kandi imaze igihe ikozwe kingana n’icyo iye yatwitswe yari imaze, bityo rukaba rusanga nta kimenyetso NSENGIYUMVA Vincent agaragaza cy’inenge yaba iri mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza kugira ngo rube rwabona aho rushingira ruhindura indishyi zingana na 15.000.000 Frw zagenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza. [683] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi zingana na 6.000.000 Frw zagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza rwarasobanuye ko ari indishyi z’akababaro kubera kuraswa agakomeretswa akanavutswa kwiyambaza imodoka ye kuko

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yatwitswe, mu gihe nyamara NSENGIYUMVA Vincent we mu kuregera indishyi yari yazitandukanyije agasaba indishyi z’impozamarira zingana na 20.000.000 Frw n’indishyi zihwanye n’ubukode bw’imodoka yiyambajwe mu buzima bwa buri munsi, isimbura iyatwitswe zingana na 21.600.000 Frw, zibariwe kuri 20.000 Frw buri munsi, uhereye ku munsi imodoka yatwikiweho (tariki 19/06/2018) kugeza ku munsi w’isomwa ry’urubanza. [684] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero Urukiko rubanza rwaribeshye mu gukomatanyiriza hamwe indishyi z’akababaro n’indishyi zo kuba NSENGIYUMVA Vincent yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye mu buzima bwa buri munsi, kuko izi ndishyi zidahuje kamere, kandi zikaba zitabarwa kimwe. Rurasanga mu gihe indishyi z’akababaro (indishyi mpozamarira) zitangwa mu buryo bw’ubushishozi kuko akenshi biba bigoye ko haboneka ibipimo bifatika zishingiraho kuko zishyura ibifitanye isano n’amarangamutima, indishyi z’ivutswamahirwe (mbangamirabukungu) zo zigira ibipimo zishingiraho n’iyo byaba bigenekereje kuko uwavukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ikinyabiziga cye, ashaka ukundi abigenza kugira ngo abeho uko bisanzwe, ibyo akaba aribyo bihabwa agaciro mu mafaranga. [685] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko rwabigenje ku bandi rwageneye indishyi z’akababaro kuko bagizweho ingaruka n’ibi bitero by’iterabwoba, rubikoze mu bushishozi bwarwo, rukabagenera 300.000 Frw, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent nawe yaragombaga kugenerwa indishyi z’akababaro zihariye hanitawe cyane cyane ku mwihariko we wo kuba yarababajwe bikomeye ku mubiri, akarokoka amasasu yarashwe hagambiriwe kumuhitana. Rurasanga mu bushishozi bwarwo NSENGIYUMVA Vincent agomba kubiherwa indishyi

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z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw). Naho, ku bijyanye n’indishyi zo kuba yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye mu buzima bwa buri munsi, rurasanga rutakwirengagiza ko kugira ngo NSENGIYUMVA Vincent abashe gukomeza imirimo ye ya buri munsi, hari ikiguzi cy’ingendo yakoresheje, ariko kuba nta kimenyetso gishyigikira indishyi asaba, zingana na 21.600.000 Frw, zibariwe kuri 20.000 Frw ku munsi, mu bushishozi bwarwo rukaba rumugeneye 5.000 Frw ku munsi, uhereye igihe imodoka yatwikiwe ku wa 19/06/2018 kugeza ku wa 04/04/2022, ni ukuvuga iminsi 1369 x 5.000 Frw bihwanye na 6.845.000 Frw. [686] Ku birebana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, Urukiko rubanza rwageneye NSENGIYUMVA Vincent akajurira avuga ko ari make hashingiwe ku gihe cyose yitabiriye iburanisha i Nyanza urubanza rukiberayo n’ayo yitabiriye kuva aho rwimuriwe i Kigali, agasaba ko izi ndishyi zakongerwa zikaba 1.000.000 Frw yari yasabye mbere, uru Rukiko rurasanga ayagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza rwarayagennye kuko nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ingano y’ukuri y’amafaranga NSENGIYUMVA Vincent yakoresheje mu gukurikirana urubanza, kandi n’ubu akaba akomeje gusaba ayo urwo Rukiko rwamwimye, atagaragaza icyo kimenyetso cyangwa se ngo agaragaze icyo anenga ubwo bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba ntacyo rufite rwashingiraho ruhindura iki cyemezo cy’Urukiko rubanza. [687] Muri rusange, indishyi NSENGIYUMVA Vincent agenewe mu rubanza rujuririrwa zikaba zidahindutse ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka (ni 15.000.000 Frw) n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza (ni 500.000 Frw), naho indishyi z’ibyishyuwe mu kwivuza zagaragarijwe ibimenyetso

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zikaba zihindutse 90.620 Frw, indishyi zo kuvutswa uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka zikaba zihindutse 6.845.000 Frw, indishyi z’akababaro zo zigahinduka 5.000.000 Frw, yose hamwe akaba abaye amafaranga miliyoni makumyabiri na zirindwi n’ibihumbi magana ane na mirongo itatu na bitanu na magana atandatu na makumyabiri (27.435.620 Frw).  Ku birebana n’abajuririye ingano y’indishyi zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, mu Murenge wa Kitabi, mu Karere ka Nyamagabe [688] Kuri UWAMBAJE Françoise, Urukiko rurasanga mu gika cya 616 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku cyemezo cya muganga w’ibitaro bya kaminuza ya Butare cyo ku wa 18/12/2018 kigaragaza ko HABYARIMANA Dominique yapfuye ku wa 16/12/2018 no kuri raporo ya muganga igaragaza ko yari afite ibikomere ku mubiri yatewe no kuraswa, rwageneye umugore we UWAMBAJE Françoise indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni icumi (10.000.000 Frw), zigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko kubera akababaro yagize gaturutse ku iyicwa ry’umugabo we wamusigiye abana batatu; ariko rwasobanuye ko atagomba kugenerwa izindi ndishyi asaba z’imbonezamusaruro n’agaciro k’ibyo yatakaje kuko atabigaragarije ibimenyetso. [689] Muri uru rubanza rw’ubujurire, UWAMBAJE Françoise n’abavoka bamwunganiye bavuga ko bashingiye ku ngingo ya 154 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, hari izindi nyandiko zitandukanye z’ibimenyetso bishya bashyikirije uru Rukiko mu bujurire,

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harimo icyemezo kizigaragaza ko umugabo wa UWAMBAJE Françoise yari rwiyemezamirimo wakoranaga n’Akarere, cyatanzwe n’Umurenge wa Gashonga aho nyakwigendera HABYARIMANA Dominique yajyaga akora amasoko kikaba kiri muri dosiye ku mugereka wa 104. Hari kandi amafoto yashyizwe muri dosiye ku migereka ya 106 na 107 agaragaza imiterere y’imva yashyinguwemo, ndetse na facture yakoresheje mu kumushyingura iri ku mugereka wa 103, ariko bakavuga ko hari n’izindi factures atabashije kubona z’ibindi yakoresheje mu gushyingura nk’izijyanye no kuba yaraguriye abantu amazi na transport. Basaba ko mu kugena indishyi ku rwego rw’ubujurire hashingirwa nibura ku minsi nyakwigendera HABYARIMANA Dominique yari asigaje yo gukora, ndetse n’ibyo UWAMBAJE Françoise yatakaje bijyanye no kumushyingura, n’amafaranga yagenze mu gukura ikiriyo. Ariko kubera ko nta bimenyetso bikomeye cyangwa se bifatika afite, bagasaba ko mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko yagenerwa izo ndishyi kuko mu by’ukuri izo dépenses ashingiraho asaba indishyi koko zabayeho. Naho, ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’impozamarira za miliyoni icumi (10.000.000 Frw) yagenewe ariko akaba atazemera kuko ari nkeya, basaba Urukiko ko rwakongera rukabisuzuma, rukamugenera mu bushishozi bwarwo nibura miliyoni mirongo itanu (50.000.000 Frw). [690] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga UWAMBAJE Françoise agaragaza ko yagaye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo, agasaba izingana na 50.000.000 Frw, mu gihe ku rwego rwa mbere yasabaga izingana na miliyoni ijana (100.000.000 Frw) zikomatanyirije hamwe indishyi z’akababaro, iz’imbonezamusaruro n’iz’ibyo yatakaje mu gushyingura. Rurasanga ariko kuba atagaragaza icyo anenga ku bushishozi

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bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kumugenera indishyi z’akababaro, uretse kuvuga gusa ko abona ari nkeya, ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere, ari nayo mpamvu izingana na 10.000.000 Frw yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza arizo zigomba kwemezwa ko zigumyeho. [691] Ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro asaba kubera ko nyakwigendera HABYARIMANA Dominique yari afite imirimo akora igira ibyo yinjiza mu muryango we, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga uretse no kuba UWAMBAJE Françoise n’abamwuganira batagaragaza uko zingana mu ndishyi mbumbe zingana na 100.000.000 Frw baregeye, icyemezo cyo ku wa 15/02/2021 cyanditswe n’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Gashonga, batanze bashimangira ingano y’amafaranga basaba, cyemeza ahubwo ko "HABYARIMANA Dominique, wari rwiyemezamirimo ugemura ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi bw’ibyumba by’amashuri, yarangije imirimo ye neza, kandi yakoranye n’Umurenge wa Gashonga neza ku bwubatsi bw’amashuri kuri site ya EP. Buhokoro, GS Murehe, GS Gashonga Catholique kuva 2017 kugeza 2018’’. Bityo, indishyi mbonezamusaruro/mbangamirabukungu UWAMBAJE Françoise asaba, akaba ntazo yagenerwa, kuko ikimenyetso azitangira kitagaragaza ingano yashingirwaho zibarwa. [692] Ku birebana n’indishyi z’ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura nyakwigendera HABYARIMANA Dominique, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku ngingo ya 154 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru yemererera umuburanyi gutanga bwa mbere ku rwego rw’ubujurire ibimenyetso bishya, rurasanga UWAMBAJE Françoise agomba kugenerwa indishyi zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana abiri na mirongo itanu (250.000 Frw) yaguzwe isanduku yo

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gushyingura, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ikimenyetso cy’inyemezabwishyu no 264 n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) yishyuwe imodoka yatwaye umurambo nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ikimenyetso cy’inyemezabwishyu no 265, naho amafoto abiri y’imva ishyinguwemo nyakwigendera agaragara nk’ibimenyetso uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho rwahera ruyashingiraho mu kugira indishyi rugena. Bityo, kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire, indishyi Urukiko rugeneye UWAMBAJE Françoise zikaba zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana ane na mirongo itanu (450.000 Frw) kuko ari zo yabashije gutangira ibimenyetso, zikiyongera kuri 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro yari yagenewe n’Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa. [693] Kuri NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 611 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ubumuga yagize ku buryo rwamugenera amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itandatu n’esheshatu n’ibihumbi magana atandatu (66.600.000 Frw), yaregeye avuga ko atagishoboye gukora, ko nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ko ubuvuzi akeneye busaba amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itanu (50.000.000 Frw) yasabye. Urukiko rubanza rukaba rwarasanze ibimenyetso yatanze bigaragaza gusa ko yivuje igikomere ku kaguru k’ibumoso yatewe no gukomeretswa na gerenade. Bityo, kubera ububabare ibyo byamuteye no kuba yararaye agenda mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe nyuma yo gutwika imodoka yari atwaye, Urukiko rumugenera mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, yose hamwe aba amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atanu (2.500.000 Frw).

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[694] Ku rwego rw’ubujurire, NGIRABABYEYI Désiré n’abavoka bamwunganiye bavuga ko hashingiwe kuri raporo ya muganga wo mu Bitaro bya Kibagabaga yashyizwe muri dosiye, igaragaza ko NGIRABABYEYI Désiré agifite ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 22%, ko uru Rukiko rwamugenera indishyi mbangamirabukungu(dommages économiques), rugahuza ibivugwa muri iyo raporo n’umushahara wa 250.000 Frw yahembwaga ku kwezi, rukamugenera n’indishyi z’impozamarira mu bushishozi bwarwo, naho indishyi z’uburibwe yari yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere zingana na 2.000.000 Frw kuko ari nkeya, nazo rukazongera mu bushishozi bwarwo. Bagaragaza ko icyo banenga imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa ari ukuba indishyi NGIRABABYEYI Désiré yagenewe ari izijyanye gusa n’uburibwe, mu gihe iyo barebye itegeko rishingirwaho habarwa indishyi ku mpanuka zatewe n’imodoka, basanga iyo umuntu yakomerekeye mu mpanuka hari ibindi bice bitandukanye bagenda babarira indishyi. [695] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga NGIRABABYEYI Désiré ntacyo agaragaza anenga ku mafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza angana n’ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza, ko ahubwo agaya indishyi yagenewe mu bushishozi bwarwo zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) rwise iz’akababaro muri rusange ariko we akazita izigendanye n’uburibwe bwatewe n’igikomere yagize ku kaguru. Agasaba ko uru Rukiko narwo rwashishoza rukongera izo ndishyi, ndetse akanagenerwa indishyi mbangamirabukungu n’ubwo atagaragaza ingano y’izo asaba uretse kuvuga gusa ko Urukiko rwazigena mu bushishozi bwarwo, rushingiye ku mushahara we ku kwezi wa 250.000 Frw nawo akaba atawugaragariza ibimenyetso. Avuga kandi ko Urukiko rwashingira no ku bumuga bwa 22% buvugwa muri

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raporo ya muganga yatanzeho ikimenyetso gishya yagaragaje haruguru. [696] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga indishyi zingana na 2.000.000 Frw Urukiko rubanza rwageneye NGIRABABYEYI Désiré rwarasobanuye, mu gika cya 611 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ko ari iz’akababaro kubera ibikomere yatewe no kuba yararaye agenda ijoro mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ibyo avuga rero ko ari iz’uburibwe gusa bikaba nta shingiro bifite. Naho, ku birebana n’izindi ndishyi asaba kubera ko atagikora kandi yarahembwaga 250.000 Frw ku kwezi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba raporo ya muganga yatanzeho ikimenyetso ivuga ko ubumuga bw’ikirenge cye cy’ibumoso buri ku kigero cya 22%, ariko ko ari ubw’agateganyo kuko acyivuza, ntaho rwahera rumugenera indishyi asaba, atagaragaza aho zihuriye n’ikigero cy’ubwo bumuga bw’agateganyo, ndetse n’umushahara avuga yahembwaga atagaragariza ibimenyetso, ngo anagaragaze ko uyu munsi atashobora kugira akazi akora gahemberwa. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga nta handi rwashingira ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 2.000.000 Frw na 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza NGIRABABYEYI Désiré yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza. [697] Kuri RUDAHUNGA Ladislas hamwe n’abana be RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius na UMULIZA Adéline, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 608 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze rushingiye ku bimenyetso RUDAHUNGA Ladislas yatanze, yagenerwa indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw), naho abavandimwe ba MUTESI Jacqueline buri wese akagenerwa amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) zibazwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko kuko

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ayo basabye ari ikirenga. Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rubanza rwarasobanuye ko RUDAHUNGA Ladislas agomba gusubizwa amafaranga angana na miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi ijana na mirongo cyenda na magana abiri (2.190.200 Frw) yakoreshejwe mu gushyingura no kugura ibyangombwa nk’uko agaragazwa n’inyemezabwishyu yatanze, akanahabwa amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza. [698] Mu bujurire, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas hamwe n’abana be RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius na UMULIZA Adéline n’aba Avoka babahagarariye basaba ko uru Rukiko rwakongera rugasuzuma indishyi zavuzwe haruguru bari basabye, kuko amafaranga yazo bagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza bayanenga kuba ari makeya, maze Urukiko rukayongera kuko ayo bari basabye yari agereranyije ku buryo atari amafaranga menshi cyane. [699] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga RUDAHUNGA Ladislas hamwe n’abana be RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius na UMULIZA Adéline bagaragaza ko bagaye indishyi z’akababaro bagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo, bagasaba izingana n’izo n’ubundi basabaga ku rwego rwa mbere, ariko bakaba batagaragaza icyo banenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzibagenera. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro bagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. [700] Kuri MBONIGABA Richard, MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWARI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis,

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RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valérie na SEMIGABO Déo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 617 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo ya muganga wo mu bitaro bya Kigeme yo ku wa 16/12/2018, igaragaza ko MUKABAHIZI Hilarie yitabye Imana bitewe no kuraswa, rwemeje ko abana be nk’uko bagaragazwa ku rutonde rw’abatishoboye rwakozwe n’Umurenge wa Giheke ku wa 21/06/2021 aribo MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Lilliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, bahagarariwe na MBONIGABA Richard, bagomba kugenerwa indishyi z’akababaro kubera umubyeyi wabo wapfuye arashwe n’igitero cyagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, buri wese akagenerwa indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw). Naho, abavandimwe be ari bo MBONIGABA Richard, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWALI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valérie, SEMIGABO Déo buri wese akagenerwa amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw). Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko batagomba kugenerwa indishyi z’ibyo bavuga ko bakoresheje n’indishyi z’amafaranga angana na miliyoni (1.000.000 Frw), nyakwigendera yari kuzinjiza kuko nta bimenyetso byatangiwe. [701] Ku rwego rw’Ubujurire, MBONIGABA Richard, MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWARI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valérie na SEMIGABO Déo n’aba Avoka babahagarariye basaba ko uru

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Rukiko rwakongera gusuzuma mu bushishozi bwarwo, rukareba ko indishyi bari basabye bazikwiye rukazibagenera. [702] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga MBONIGABA Richard, MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWARI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valérie na SEMIGABO Déo bagaragaza ko bagaye indishyi z’akababaro bagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo, bagasaba izingana n’izo n’ubundi basabaga ku rwego rwa mbere, ariko kuba batagaragaza icyo banenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzibagenera, rukaba rusanga ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro bagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. [703] Kuri NYIRANDIBWAMI Marianne, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 615 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze agomba kugenerwa indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw) zigenwe mu bushishozi bwarwo kubera ko umwana we NIYOBUHUNGIRO Jeanine yishwe mu gitero cyagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe nk’uko bigaragazwa na raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 16/12/2018, ruvuga ariko ko atagomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibyo avuga ko yatakaje kubera urwo rupfu rw’umwana we kuko atasobanuye ibyo ari byo, akaba nta n’ibimenyetso yabitangiye. [704] Ku rwego rw’Ubujurire, NYIRANDIBWAMI Marianne n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye basaba Urukiko ko rwakongera kuzisuzuma mu bushishozi bwarwo, kuko nta tegeko rihari rigena uburyo izo ndishyi zabarwa.

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[705] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga NYIRANDIBWAMI Marianne agaragaza ko yagaye indishyi z’akababaro yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza mu bushishozi bwarwo, agasaba izingana n’izo n’ubundi yasabaga ku rwego rwa mbere, ariko kuba atagaragaza icyo anenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzibagenera, rukaba rusanga ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. [706] Kuri NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 610 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku bimenyetso yatanze birimo icyemezo cyo gushyingirwa n’icyemezo cya muganga cyo ku wa 16/12/2018 kigaragaza ko umugabo we NTEZIRYAYO Samuel yishwe n’igitero cyagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, mu bushishozi bwarwo rwamugeneye indishyi z’abakabaro zihwanye n’amafaranga miliyoni icumi (10.000.000 Frw) kubera kubura uwo bashakanye no kuba yarasigaranye abana bakiri bato, n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza angana n’ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw). Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko kuba nta bimenyetso rwashyikirijwe byerekana umusaruro NTEZIRYAYO Samuel yinjizaga, adakwiye kugenerwa indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni icumi (10.000.000 Frw) z’imbonezamusaruro, kimwe n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri na magana atanu (2.500.000 Frw) NYIRAYUMVE Eliane avuga ko yakoresheje mu gushyingura, kuko nayo nta kimenyetso yayatangiye. [707] Mu bujurire, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane n’abavoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko bashingiye ku ngingo ya 154 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, hari ibimenyetso bishya bashyikirije uru Rukiko bijyanye n’ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura umugabo we, ko nk’uko yari

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yaziregeye mu Rukiko rubanza, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane asaba indishyi zingana na 23.500.000 Frw, zikubiyemo indishyi z’akababaro za 10.000.000 Frw kubera ko yasigaye ari umupfakazi, 10.000.000 Frw z’imbonezamusaruro, 2.500.000 Frw zo gushyingura na 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza bagasaba Urukiko kuzongera rukazisuzuma mu bushishozi bwarwo. Ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’imbonezamusaruro, bavuga ko kuko nyakwigendera atakoraga imirimo ihemberwa ku buryo yagaragaza impapuro z’ibyo yakoraga, kandi nta tegeko rihari ryashingirwaho mu kubara izo ndishyi, ko ariyo mpamvu basaba Urukiko kuzashingira ku bushishozi bwarwo, nazo akaba yazihabwa, kuko amategeko ashingirwaho mu kuzibara ari areba abantu baguye mu mpanuka z’ibinyabiziga, aho umuntu udafite umushahara ahembwa uzwi, Urukiko rumugenera indishyi hashingiwe ku mushahara muto umuntu akorera ( SMIG). [708] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba NYIRAYUMVE Eliane asaba guhabwa 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro yari yasabye ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi ko arizo yaragenewe, ibyo asaba nta shingiro byahabwa. Rurasanga kandi 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza asaba, atayahabwa kuko ntacyo anenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye 500.000 Frw. [709] Ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw zisabwa kubera ko nyakwigendera NTEZIRYAYO Samuel yari afite imirimo akora igira ibyo yinjiza mu muryango we, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba atazitangira ikimenyetso, ntacyo rwashingiraho ruhindura icyemezo cy’Urukiko rubanza. [710] Naho, ku birebana n’indishyi z’ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura nyakwigendera NTEZIRYAYO Samuel, uru Rukiko rurasanga ikimenyetso cyatanzwe na NYIRAYUMVE

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Eliane kizishimangira kitahabwa agaciro kuko n’ubwo uwagitanze yacyise « facture yo gushyingura » mu by’ukuri si inyemezabwishyu y’ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura, kuko ari inyandiko NYIRAYUMVE Eliane ubwe yandikishije intoki ku wa 24/01/2022, agaragaza ko ayisabisha indishyi zingana na 2.777.800 Frw zikubiyemo 1.299.800 Frw yishyuwe ku bintu binyuranye byakoreshejwe mu gushyingura, 278.000 Frw y’agaciro k’ibikoresho binyuranye umugabo we yishwe afite avuye kubigura, na 1.200.000 Frw nayo yari afite amaze kuyishyurwa ku mbaho yagurishije. Rurasanga rero kuba iyi nyandiko iturutse ku muburanyi ubwe, ari ntaho itandukaniye n’imvugo ye, itafatwaho ikimenyetso ku biyivugirwamo, zi ndishyi nazo NYIRAYUMVE Eliane asaba, ntazo agomba kugenerwa kuko atabasha kuzigaragariza ibimenyetso. [711] Kuri KAREGESA Phénias, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 609 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku bimenyetso byatanzwe na KAREGESA Phénias, birimo raporo ya muganga wo ku bitaro bya Kigeme yo ku wa 16/12/2018 igaragaza ko umurambo w’umwana we NIWENSHUTI Isaac wasuzumwe, bikagaragara ko yishwe n’ubushye; rumugenera indishyi z’akababaro yatewe n’urwo rupfu rw’umwana we zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw), runamugenera amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, abazwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, yose hamwe akaba miliyoni eshanu n’ibihumbi magana atanu (5.500.000 Frw). Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rubanza rwarasobanuye ko KAREGESA Phénias atahabwa amafaranga avuga ko yakoresheje mu gushyingura no gukura ikiriyo kubera ko nta kimenyetso yayatangiye.

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[712] Mu bujurire, KAREGESA Phénias n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye basaba uru Rukiko ko mu bushishozi bwarwo rwongera gusuzuma ikirego cye cy’indishyi, zose hamwe zingana na 67.000.000 Frw, zikubiyemo 63.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, 3.000.000 Frw zo gushyingura na 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza nk’uko yari yazisabye ku rwego rwa mbere, ariko bakaba batagaragaza icyo banenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzimugenera uretse kuvuga gusa ko izagenwe mbere ari nkeya. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro KAREGESA Phénias yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere. [713] Kuri HABIMANA Zerothe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 612 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze ibimenyetso yatanze bitagaragaza ubumuga yagize butuma atabasha gukora akazi nk’uko byari bisanzwe ku buryo Urukiko rwamugenera amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itandatu n’umunani n’ibihumbi magana ane (68.400.000 Frw) abisabira, bikaba bitanagaragaza ko akeneye ubundi buvuzi busumbye ubwo yahawe ku buryo Urukiko rwamugenera amafaranga miliyoni mirongo itanu (50.000.000 Frw) asaba. Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rubanza rwaravuze ariko ko kubera ikimenyetso yatanze kigaragaza ko yivuje ibikomere yatewe no gukomeretswa na gerenade, rumugenera mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) kuko ayo asaba ari menshi, kubera gukubitwa, kwikorezwa imizigo n’abarwanyi, bakamujyana mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ku gahato, Rurasanga na none Urukiko rwabanje rwaramugeneye amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, yose hamwe akaba amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atanu (2.500.000 Frw).

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[714] Mu bujurire, HABIMANA Zerothe n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye basaba uru Rukiko kongera gusuzuma indishyi zari zasabwe ku rwego rubanza, rukamugenera izindi kuko izo Urukiko rwabanje rwamugeneye ari nkeya. [715] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga HABIMANA Zerothe agaragaza ko yagaye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 2.000.000 Frw na 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza yagenewe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, agasaba izingana n’izo n’ubundi yasabaga ku rwego rwa mbere. Rurasanga ariko kuba atagaragaza icyo anenga ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza bwakoreshejwe mu kuzimugenera, ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere, cyane cyane ko nta bumuga buhoraho buvugwa n’ababuranira HABIMANA Zerothe, bugaragara mu raporo ya muganga, batanze nk’ikimenyetso. [716] Kuri NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 613 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku cyemezo cya muganga kigaragaza ko ku wa 16/12/2018 yasuzumwe n’umuganga wo ku bitaro bya Kigeme muri Nyamagabe, nyuma y’uko bisabwe n’Umugenzajyaha kuri iyo tariki ko afite igisebe ku rutugu rw’iburyo, rwasobanuye ko kuba yarakomerekejwe n’abarwanyi ba FLN mu gitero cyagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ku wa 15/12/2018, akwiye amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro, aho kuba 5.500.000 Frw, akubiyemo 5.000.000 Frw z’indishyi z’akababaro na 500.000 Frw z’ubumuga, yasabaga. Rurasanga kandi Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko atagenerwa indishyi zijyanye n’ubumuga kuko raporo ya muganga itagaragazaga ko hari ubumuga yatewe no gukomeretswa n’icyo gitero.

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[717] Mu bujurire, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 5.500.000 Frw, ariko ko hari raporo ya muganga bashyize muri système igaragaza ko agifite ubumuga cyane cyane bushingiye ku buranga, bakaba basaba Urukiko kongera rukabisuzuma kuko indishyi yahawe ari nkeya [718] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ikimenyetso gishya cya raporo ya muganga kigaragara muri dosiye ntacyo cyahindura ku byemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza ko NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle nta ndishyi yahabwa zijyanye n’ubumuga yaba yaratewe no gukomeretswa n’igitero, kuko uretse no kuba abamuhagarariye batagaraza uko icyo kimenyetso gisobanura ingano y’indishyi za 500.000 Frw bagisabisha, iyo raporo inagaragaza ko ubumuga buhoraho bukomoka kuri uko gukomereka ari ntabwo (0%). Uru Rukiko rurasanga rero ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 2.000.000 Frw, Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye. [719] Kuri KAYITESI Alice, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 614 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarashingiye ku bimenyetso biri muri dosiye, birimo icyemezo cya mugaga kigaragaza ko ku wa 16/12/2018, KAYITESI Alice yasuzumwe n’umuganga wo ku bitaro bya Kigeme muri Nyamagabe, kikanagaragaza ko afite igisebe ku kuguru kw’iburyo, rwemeza ko kuba yarakomerekejwe n’abarwanyi ba FLN mu gitero cyagwabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ku wa 15/12/2018, agomba kugenerwa indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw). Rurasanga urwo Rukiko rwaremeje ariko ko atagenerwa indishyi zijyanye no gutakaza uburanga kuko nta kimenyetso yatanze kigaragaza ikigero cy’uburanga yatakaje n’amafaranga yo kwivuza

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yakoresheje kuko atayatangiye ibimenyetso, kimwe n’indishyi z’ibintu yavuze ko yatwawe n’icyo gitero kuko nabyo nta kimenyetso yabitangiye. [720] Mu bujurire, KAYITESI Alice n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko hari raporo ya muganga bashyize muri dosiye igaragaza ko uyu munsi agifite ubumuga bungana na 20%, bityo ko aho yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 50.000.000 Frw, ariko Urukiko rukamugenera 2.000.000 Frw, uru Rukiko rwakongera rukabisuzuma, akaba yagenerwa indishyi zijyanye n’ubumuga yatewe n’igitero cyo muri Nyungwe. [721] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ikimenyetso gishya cya raporo ya muganga cyatanzwe kuri uru rwego, ntacyo cyahindura ku byemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza ko KAYITESI Alice nta ndishyi yahabwa zijyanye n’ubumuga yaba yaratewe no gukomeretswa n’igitero, kuko iyo raporo igaragaza igipimo cy’ubumuga bw’agateganyo bwa 20% (temporary disability), kitagaragaza ubumuga bwa burundu, kuko umuganga wayikoze anatanga inama yo gutegereza hakazapimwa uko ubumuga bwa burundu buzaba buhagaze nyuma yo gusoza imirimo y’ubuvuzi agomba gukorerwa. Rurasanga kandi abamuhagarariye mu rubanza, bataranasobanuye aho bahera basabisha icyo kimenyetso ingano y’indishyi babaregera, rukaba rusanga ntaho rubona rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 2.000.000 Frw, Urukiko rubanza rwageneye KAYITESI Alice. [722] Kuri YAMBABARIYE Védaste, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 618 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo y’Akagari ka Ngugu yo ku wa 06/11/2020 igaragaza ko YAMBABARIYE Védaste yarasiwe mu gitero cyagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe ku wa 15/12/2018, kuva icyo gihe akaba acyivuza ibikomere,

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rwamugeneye mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) kuko izindi asaba atagaragaza icyo azishingiraho. [723] Ku rwego rw’ubujurire, YAMBABARIYE Védaste n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yari yasabye indishyi zingana na 20.000.000 Frw kubera ubumuga yatewe no kurasirwa mu gitero, ubu bakaba barongeye muri dosiye ikimenyetso cya raporo ya muganga. Bavuga kandi ko ibya YAMBABARIYE Védaste, Urukiko rubanza rutabisobanuye neza kuko nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 618 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo rukiko rwabonye kandi runashima ibimenyetso yatanze, bituma rumugenera indishyi zingana na 2.000.000 Frw, ariko mu cyemezo cyarwo mu gika cya 711, rukaba rwaramushyize mu cyiciro cy’abataragenewe indishyi. Basoza basaba uru Rukiko ko rwakosora iryo kosa kandi rugasuzuma ishingiro ry’amafaranga 20.000.000 yasabaga ku rwego rwa mbere, rukayamugenera, kuko 2.000.000 Frw yagenewe ari makeya. [724] Ku birebana no kuba Urukiko rubanza rwarasobanuye ko YAMBABARIYE Védaste akwiye kugenerwa indishyi zingana na 2.000.000 Frw, ariko ntibigaragare mu icyemezo nyirizina, ahubwo agashyirwa mu cyiciro cy’abataragenewe indishyi, uru Rukiko rurasanga rushingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 141 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru77, iri ari ikosa ryo kwibeshya mu myandikire y’icyemezo rishobora gukosorwa mu

77 Iyi ngingo iteganya ibikurikira: “Uwifuza ko urubanza rukosorwa cyangwa rusobanurwa kandi rwarajuririwe, abigaragaza mu mwanzuro, Urukiko rwajuririwe rukabisuzumira hamwe n’izindi ngingo z’ubujurire. Muri icyo gihe Urukiko rwo hasi ntiruba rugifite ububasha bwo gukosora ayo makosa”.

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bujurire. Bityo, rukaba rusanga akwiye indishyi zingana na 2.000.000 Frw yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza. [725] Ku birebana no kuba YAMBABARIYE Védaste n’abamuhagarariye basaba ko uru Rukiko rwashingira ku kimenyetso gishya cya raporo ya muganga, rukongera indishyi yagenewe zikaba 20.000.000 Frw yari yaregeye ku rwego rwa mbere, uru Rukiko rurasanga iki kimenyetso cyatanzwe na muganga wo mu bitaro bya Kigeme, ku wa 13/01/2022, yise "Attestation de maladie chronique’’, ntacyo cyahindura ku byemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza ; rwemeje ko YAMBABARIYE Védaste atahabwa indishyi zose asaba nk’izikomoka ku bumuga yagize, kuko akiri kwivuza, ahubwo rumugenera indishyi z’ububabare yatewe no gukomeretswa n’igitero, kuko uretse no kuba abamuhagarariye batagaraza uko icyo kimenyetso gisobanura ingano y’indishyi za 20.000.000 Frw bagisabisha nta n’ubwo kigaragaza ubumuga buhoraho bukomoka kuri uko gukomereka, ahubwo gishimangira ibyemejwe n’Urukiko rubanza ko YAMBABARIYE Védaste agifite uburwayi, akomeje kwivuza. Rurasanga rero ntaho rwahera ruhindura indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 2.000.000 Frw Urukiko rubanza rwageneye YAMBABARIYE Védaste. [726] Kuri NDUTIYE Yussuf, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu bika bya 599-600 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze atagomba kugenerwa 8.000.000 Frw yasabye y’agaciro k’imodoka ye yatwitswe ku wa 15/12/2018, hashingiwe gusa kuri facture proforma yakozwe ku wa 24/01/2020 nyuma y’uko itwikwa, kuko iyo facture itagaragaza agaciro yari ifite ayigura n’igihe yari ayimaranye. Ahubwo mu bushishozi bwarwo rukaba rwaramugeneye amafaranga angana na miliyoni enye (4.000.000 Frw).

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[727] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi muri ibyo bika by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze ku birebana n’izindi ndishyi NDUTIYE Yussuf yasabye, kuba yaratwikiwe imodoka, agaterwa ubwoba n’igitero no kuba yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye mu buzima bwa buri munsi, yabiherwa indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atanu (2.500.000 Frw) zigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, kubera ko rwasanze indishyi yabisabiye ari nyinshi, kandi akaba ataranagaragaje icyo ashingiraho asaba ko imodoka ye ibarirwa ibihumbi makumyabiri (20.000 Frw) ku munsi. Rurasanga na none Urukiko rubanza rwaramugeneye amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, amafaranga yose hamwe yagenewe akaba miliyoni zirindwi (7.000.000 Frw). [728] Mu bujurire, NDUTIYE Yussuf n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko banenga kuba indishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka zingana na 4.000.000 Frw zagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza, ntacyo rugendeyeho kuko aya mafaranga nta modoka yagura, bagasaba ko yagenerwa 8.000.000 Frw yari yasabye cyangwa Urukiko rugahamagaza abahanga mu kugena agaciro k’ibinyabiziga hagendewe ku myaka biba bimaze bikora n’igihe biba byarakorewe. Bavuga ko banenga kandi kuba NDUTIYE Yussuf yaratwikiwe imodoka, agaterwa ubwoba n’igitero no kuba yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye mu buzima bwa buri munsi, ariko akabiherwa indishyi mbumbe z’akababaro zingana na 2.500.000 Frw zigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko. Basaba uru Rukiko ko imodoka ibarirwa amafaranga ibihumbi makumyabiri (20.000 Frw) ku munsi kubera ko ariyo modoka yakoreshaga mu mirimo ye ya buri munsi, ku buryo mu gihe cyose atakiyifite byamusabye gukodesha indi yifashisha iyisimbura. Banavuga ko amafaranga

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ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye nayo ari make, hashingiwe ku gihe cyose NDUTIYE Yussuf yitabiriye iburanisha i Nyanza urubanza rukiberayo, nayo yakoresheje arwitabira kuva aho rwimuriwe i Kigali, bagasaba ko izi ndishyi zakongera zigasuzumwa akagenerwa izingana na 1.000.000 Frw yari yasabye mbere. [729] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka ya NDUTIYE Yussuf yatwitswe, uretse ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko rubanza ku byagaragajwe haruguru, akamaro ka facture proforma atari ukugaragaza agaciro imodoka yari ifite igurwa cyangwa se itwikwa, ahubwo akamaro kayo ni ukugaragaza igiciro uwajya kugura imodoka nk’iyo yayibonaho, umunsi iyo facture proforma ikoreweho (ikiguzi cy’imodoka y’ubwoko bumwe nayo kandi byakorewe rimwe). Uru Rukiko rurasanga na none akamaro ko kwaka indishyi z’agaciro k’icyangijwe ari ukugira ngo uzihawe abashe gusimbuza icye cyangiritse kibashe kumufasha nk’uko icyangijwe cyamufashaga (réparation intégrale), akishyurwa hakurikijwe agaciro kari ku isoko mu gihe nta bundi buryo buhari bwo kumenya agaciro kayo nyakuri. [730] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero rushingiye ku kuba NDUTIYE Yussuf yaragaragarije uru Rukiko ibimenyetso ko koko yatunze iyo modoka, birimo icy’uko yajyaga ayifatira ubwishingizi muri SONARWA, akaba kandi yaragaragaje igiciro kiri ku isoko cy’imodoka yo mu bwoko bumwe nayo kandi zakorewe rimwe. Mu baregwa ntihagire ukivuguruza ngo agaragaze ko hari aho imodoka nk’iyo NDUTIYE Yussuf yahoranye yaboneka ku giciro gito, Urukiko rubanza rwaragombaga gushingira kuri iyo facture proforma mu gihe nta

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kindi kiyivuguruza kigaragaza uko imodoka nk’iyo yayibona, aramutse agiye kuyigura uyu munsi. [731] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi zingana na 2.500.000 Frw zagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza, rwarasobanuye ko ari indishyi z’akababaro zikomatanyirije hamwe izikomoka ku kuba NDUTIYE Yussuf yaratwikiwe imodoka, agaterwa ubwoba n’igitero no ku kuba yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye mu buzima bwa buri munsi, mu gihe nyamara NDUTIYE Yussuf we mu kuregera indishyi yari yatandukanyije indishyi z’akababaro yasabaga zingana na 2.000.000 Frw naho izirebana n’ibyo yatakaje ashaka ubundi buryo yabona indi modoka imufasha mu ngendo ze za buri munsi nyuma yo gutwikirwa imodoka, agasaba ko zibarirwa kuri 20.000 Frw buri munsi, uhereye ku munsi imodoka yatwikiweho (tariki yo ku wa 15/12/2018) kugeza ku munsi w’isomwa ry’urubanza. [732] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero Urukiko rubanza rwaribeshye mu gukomatanyiriza hamwe indishyi z’akababaro n’indishyi zo kuba yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye mu buzima bwa buri munsi, kuko izi ndishyi zidahuje kamere kandi zikaba zitabarwa kimwe. Rurasanga mu gihe indishyi z’akababaro (indishyi mpozamarira) zitangwa mu buryo bw’ubushishozi kuko akenshi biba bigoye ko haboneka ibipimo bifatika zishingiraho kuko zishyura ibifitanye isano n’amarangamutima, indishyi z’ivutswamahirwe (mbangamirabukungu) zo zigira ibipimo zishingiraho n’iyo byaba bigenekereje kuko uwavukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ikinyabiziga cye, ashaka ukundi abigenza kugira ngo abeho uko bisanzwe, ibyo akaba aribyo bihabwa agaciro mu mafaranga.

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[733] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko rwabigenje ku bandi rwageneye indishyi z’akababaro kuko bagizweho ingaruka n’ibi bitero by’iterabwoba, rubikoze mu bushishozi bwarwo, rukabagenera 300.000 Frw, NDUTIYE Yussuf nawe yaragombaga kugenerwa indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye n’ibihumbi 300.000 Frw. Naho ku bijyanye n’indishyi zo kuba yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka ye mu buzima bwa buri munsi, rukaba rusanga rutakwirengagiza ko kugira ngo abashe gukomeza imirimo ye ya buri munsi, hari ikiguzi cy’ingendo yakoresheje. [734] Muri urwo rwego, uru Rukiko rurasanga nta kimenyetso gishyigikira amafaranga ibihumbi (20.000 Frw) asaba ku munsi ku buryo rwayashingiraho. Bityo, mu bushishozi bwarwo, rukaba rumugeneye 5.000 Frw ku munsi, uhereye igihe imodoka yangirikiye ku wa 15/12/2018 kugeza ku wa 04/04/2022, ni ukuvuga iminsi 1.190x5.000Frw bihwanye na 5.950.000 Frw. [735] Ku birebana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza Urukiko rubanza rwageneye NDUTIYE Yussuf anenga kuba ari make, hashingiwe ku gihe cyose yitabiriye iburanisha i Nyanza urubanza rukiberayo n’ayo yitabiriye kuva aho rwimuriwe i Kigali, agasaba ko izi ndishyi zakongerwa zikaba 1.000.000 Frw yari yasabye mbere, uru Rukiko rurasanga ayagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza rwarayagennye kuko nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ingano y’ukuri y’amafaranga NDUTIYE Yussuf yakoresheje mu gukurikirana urubanza, kandi n’ubu akaba akomeje gusaba ayo urwo Rukiko rwamwimye, atagaragaza ikimenyetso zashingiraho cyangwa se ngo agaragaze icyo anenga ubwo bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza. Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba ntaho rwashingira ruhindura icyemezo cy’Urukiko rubanza. Muri rusange, indishyi NDUTIYE Yussuf

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yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere zikaba zihindutse ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka (zibaye 8.000.000 Frw) n’indishyi zo kuvutswa uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imodoka zibaye 5.950.000 Frw, iz’akababaro zibaye 300.000 Frw, akongeraho 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza yari yahawe ku rwego rubanza, yose hamwe akaba abaye 14.750.000 Frw. [736] Kuri OMEGA Express Ltd, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu bika bya 601-603 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze hari imodoka zayo ebyiri (2) za Coaster zitwara abagenzi zatwikiwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe n’abarwanyi ba MRCD-FLN, kandi ko icyo gihombo bagize kubera icyo gitero kigomba gutangirwa indishyi zirimo iz’igaciro k’imodoka n’iz’igihombo OMEGA Express Ltd yagize bitewe no kutazikoresha n’amafaranga yatakaje kubera gukurikirana urubanza. [737] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’agaciro k’imodoka zatwitswe, Urukiko rubanza, mu bika byavuzwe haruguru by’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwarasanze imodoka isabirwa kwishyurwa agaciro kangana na 51.809.000 Frw yari imaze imyaka itanu (5) ikora, maze mu bushishozi bwarwo rugena ko yakwishyurwa amafaranga miliyoni mirongo ine (40.000.000 Frw) naho kuba indi modoka isabirwa kwishyurwa 52.079.986 Frw yari imaze umwaka umwe ikora, mu bushishozi bwarwo rukaba rwaragennye indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo ine n’eshanu (45.000.000 Frw). [738] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro z’igihombo OMEGA Express Ltd yagize bitewe n’igihe imaze idakoresha imodoka zayo kuko zatwitswe, Urukiko rubanza rwarasobanuye ko OMEGA Express Ltd itarugaragarije ku buryo bwumvikana icyo ishingiraho isaba izo

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ndishyi mbonezamusaruro, ko gushingira ku gihe cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) ivuga ko buri modoka yatwitswe yari kuzamara ikora no ku mafaranga zinjizaga ku munsi, bidahagije kugira ngo izo ndishyi zisabwa zigenwe. Rurasanga mu bushishozi bwarwo, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku kuba imodoka itwara abagenzi idashobora gukora buri munsi itaruhutse, kuba OMEGA Express Ltd nayo isaba indishyi yaragennye mu buryo bwo kugenekereza amafaranga ikorera ku munsi no ku kuba OMEGA Express Ltd yaragenewe izindi ndishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka, ruyigenera gusa indishyi mbonezamusaruro z’amezi mirongo itatu n’atatu (33), abazwe kuva ku wa 15/12/2018 igihe imodoka yatwikiwe kugeza urubanza ruciwe, kandi zibariwe ku minsi 24 ku kwezi, ku mafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000 Frw) kuri buri munsi. Bityo, ku modoka zombi rugena indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni mirongo irindwi n’icyenda n’ibihumbi magana abiri (79.200.000 Frw). Urukiko rukaba rwaragennye n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza. [739] Ku rwego rw’Ubujurire, uburanira OMEGA Express Ltd avuga ko Urukiko rubanza ntaho rwahera ruvuga ko bus ikora iminsi 24 mu kwezi, kuko n’iyo umushoferi yaruhutse imodoka yo bitayibuza gukomeza gukora, ko Urukiko ntacyo rwavuze ku kuba ibyabaye byaratumye OMEGA Express Ltd itakarizwa icyizere ku bayigana, kandi ibi bikaba bikomeje kuyihombya, ko asaba Urukiko kugena indishyi mbonezamusaruro zibariwe kuri 50.000 Frw ku munsi kugeza igihe urubanza ruzasomerwa, kandi ko izo ndishyi zigomba kubarirwa ku minsi 30 y’ukwezi kuko imodoka zikora buri munsi nk’uko umutangabuhamya RURANGWA wari umushoferi yabisobanuye. Avuga kandi ko amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza asaba ari 1.240.000 Frw,

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akubiyemo 20.000 Frwna 1.220.000 Frw abazwe mu buryo bw’imbumbe (forfait) kuko ibyo babaga bakoresheje mu gukurikirana urubanza batabisabiraga fagitiri. [740] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi zijyanye n’agaciro k’imodoka ebyiri zatwitswe, uburanira OMEGA Express Ltd anenga kuba izagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza, ziri munsi y’agaciro kagaragazwa n’ibimenyetso bya fagitiri zaguriweho, hashize imyaka itanu kuri imwe n’umwaka umwe ku yindi, aho yumvikanisha ko agaciro kazo kakabaye kariyongereye mu buryo bw’amafaranga, ukurikije uko imodoka nk’izo zagurwa ubu ku isoko, naho Urukiko rubanza rwo rukaba rwarafashe ibintu mu murongo w’uko imodoka igenda igabanuka agaciro uko igenda nayo imara igihe. [741] Kuri iyi ngingo irebana n’indishyi zijyanye n’agaciro k’imodoka ebyiri zatwitswe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bishoboka koko ko agaciro mu mafaranga k’imodoka kiyongera uko imyaka igenda yicuma aho kugabanuka, ariko ko ibi iyo bibaye, biba bidasanzwe kuko ibisanzwe ari uko mu gihe uburanira OMEGA Express Ltd asanga imodoka zayo zarashaje ziyongera agaciro aho kugata, ari nawe wari kugira inshingano zo gutanga ibimenyetso bibihamya, nyamara kugeza ubu atigeze atanga kuko ibyo yatanze ari inyemezabwishyu izo modoka zaguriweho mu myaka itanu kuri imwe no ku mwaka umwe ku yindi, uhereye igihe zaguriweho. Rurasanga rero Urukiko rubanza nta kundi rwari gukemura iki kibazo rutiyambaje ubushishozi bwarwo no kugenekereza agaciro k’izo modoka rugendeye ku kureba amafaranga zaguzwe, igihe zimaze ziguzwe kandi rwitaye ku buryo busanzwe bwo kuba igikoresho cyose kigenda gitakaza agaciro uko kigenda gisaza (amortissement/dépréciation). Ku bw’ibyo, rukaba rusanga ntaho

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rwashingira ruhindura uyu murongo wakurikijwe n’Urukiko rubanza mu kugena indishyi zirebana n’agaciro k’imodoka za OMEGA Express Ltd zatwitswe mu gitero cy’umutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN. [742] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro z’amafaranga imodoka ebyiri zatwitswe zari kwinjiza iyo zidatwikwa, kuba ibyo uburanira OMEGA Express Ltd avuga ko zigomba kubarirwa ku minsi 30 y’ukwezi, abishingiye ku buhamya bw’umushoferi wa bene izo modoka, icyari kumara impaka mu buryo bwizewe na bose ni uko aba yaragaragaje ingengabihe umunsi ku wundi w’imikoreshereze y’izo modoka zatwitswe kuva zatangira gutungwa na OMEGA Express Ltd kugira ngo bigaragazwe ko koko zikoreshwa buri munsi ubutaruhuka. Naho ubundi, uburyo bwo kugena iminsi y’akazi k’imodoka mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko ni yo nzira yonyine yashoboka mu kugena izi ndishyi, kandi ko nta gukabya cyangwa se gupfobya akazi k’izi modoka mu kugena ko zakabaye zarakoraga iminsi 24 mu kwezi mu bw’impuzandengo. Bityo indishyi mbonezamusaruro zagenwe muri ubu buryo n’Urukiko rubanza zikaba zigomba kuba ari zo zigumaho. [743] Ku birebana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, Urukiko rubanza rwageneye OMEGA Express Ltd ikajurira ivuga ko ari make, igasaba ayo n’ubundi yari yaregeye ku rwego rwa mbere angana na 1.240.000 Frw, akubiyemo 20.000 Frw na 1.220.000 Frw, abazwe mu buryo bw’imbumbe (forfait) kuko ibyo babaga bakoresheje mu gukurikirana urubanza batabisabiraga fagitiri, uru Rukiko rurasanga nabyo nta shingiro byahabwa kuko n’uburanira OMEGA Express Ltd yivugira ubwe ko amafaranga asaba gusubizwa, adafite inyemezabwishyu yasohokeyeho.

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Rurasanga ariko nk’uko Urukiko rubanza rwabigenje, rushingiye ku kuba muri rusange nta rubanza rubaho rutagira icyo rutwara nyirarwo mu kurukurikirana, rukaba rwariyambaje ubushishozi bwarwo rukagena izingana na 500.000 Frw kuko nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ingano nyakuri y’izisabwa byigeze bigaragazwa, bityo rukaba rusanga nta gihinduka ku ndishyi zose OMEGA Express Ltd yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza. [744] Kuri ALPHA Express Company Ltd, Urukiko rurasanga mu bika bya 604-605 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasanze hari imodoka yayo ya Coaster itwara abagenzi yatwikiwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe mu gitero cyo ku wa 15/12/2018, kandi ko kubera iyo mpamvu igomba kugenerwa indishyi kubera igihombo yagize kijyanye no kubura imodoka yayo n’amafaranga yari kuzakorera iyo idatwikwa, ikanagenerwa amafaranga yatakaje kubera gushorwa mu manza. Rurasanga Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku kuba iyo modoka yari imaze imyaka ine (4) ikora, ALPHA Express Company Ltd itaragenewe agaciro yaguzwe nk’uko ALPHA Express Company Ltd yabisabye, ahubwo mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rugena amafaranga miliyoni mirongo ine (40.000.000 Frw). [745] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku kuba imodoka itwara abagenzi idashobora gukora buri munsi itaruhutse no ku kuba ALPHA Express Company Ltd yaragenewe izindi ndishyi z’agaciro k’imodoka, rwarayigeneye gusa indishyi mbonezamusaruro z’amezi mirongo itatu n’atatu (33), zingana na 39.600.000 Frw, abazwe kuva ku wa 15/12/2018, igihe imodoka yatwikiwe kugeza urubanza ruciwe, kandi zibariwe ku minsi 24 ku kwezi, ku mafaranga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000 Frw) kuri buri munsi. Rurasanga kandi

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Urukiko rubanza rwarayigeneye amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza. [746] Ku rwego rw’Ubujurire, uhagarariye ALPHA Express Company Ltd anenga uburyo Urukiko rubanza rwagennye agaciro k’imodoka n’uko rwabaze indishyi mbonezamusaruro, bavuga ko imodoka nk’iyi ya Coaster, agaciro kayo katagenda kagabanuka kubera igihe imaze ikora, ko ahubwo kiyongera binatewe n’itagaciro ry’ifaranga (inflation), ibi Urukiko rubanza nirwabyitabyitayeho mu kugena indishyi z’agaciro k’iyi modoka, rugendera ku gihe yari imaze ikora, aho gushingira ku gaciro k’imodoka nk’iyi ku washaka kuyigura uyu munsi. Avuga ko indishyi mbonezamusaruro zigomba kubarirwa ku minsi 30 y’ukwezi kuko imodoka zikora buri munsi. Avuga kandi ko ALPHA Express Company Ltd isaba 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kuko kuva urubanza rutangiye i Nyanza kugeza ubu, nta kuntu yari kuba yaratakaje 500.000 Frw gusa, Urukiko rwayigeneye. [747] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi zijyanye n’agaciro k’imodoka yatwitswe, icyo uburanira ALPHA Express Company Ltd anenga ku zagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza, ari ukuba ziri munsi y’agaciro kagaragazwa n’ibimenyetso bya fagitiri yaguriwehomu myaka ine (4) yari ishize, aho yumvikanisha ko agaciro kayo kakabaye kariyongereye mu buryo bw’amafaranga ukurikije uko imodoka nk’iyo yagurwa ubu ku isoko, naho Urukiko rubanza rwo rukaba rwarafashe ibintu mu murongo w’uko imodoka igenda igabanuka agaciro uko igenda nayo imara igihe. Rurasanga nk’uko bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru ku birebana n’imodoka za OMEGA Express Ltd nazo zatwitswe, bishoboka koko ko agaciro mu mafaranga k’imodoka kiyongera uko imyaka igenda yicuma, aho

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kugabanuka, ariko ko ibi iyo bibaye, biba bidasanzwe kuko ibisanzwe ari uko buri kintu uko gisaza ari nako kigenda kigabanya agaciro kacyo. Rurasanga ariko mu gihe uburanira ALPHA Express Company Ltd asanga imodoka yayo yarashaje yiyongera agaciro aho kugata, ari nawe wari kugira inshingano zo gutanga ibimenyetso bibihamya, nyamara kugeza ubu atigeze atanga kuko ibyo yatanze ari inyemezabwishyu iyo modoka yaguriweho mu myaka ine (4) ishize. Rurasanga rero Urukiko rubanza nta kundi rwari gukemura iki kibazo rutiyambaje ubushishozi bwarwo no kugenekereza agaciro k’iyo modoka, rugendeye ku kureba amafaranga yaguzwe, igihe imaze iguzwe, kandi rwitaye ku buryo busanzwe bwo kuba igikoresho cyose kigenda gitakaza agaciro uko kigenda gisaza (amortissement/dépréciation). Bityo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho rwashingira ruhindura uyu murongo wakurikijwe n’Urukiko rubanza mu kugena indishyi zirebana n’agaciro k’imodoka ya ALPHA Express Company Ltd yatwitswe mu gitero cy’umutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN. [748] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro z’amafaranga imodoka yatwitswe yari kwinjiza iyo idatwikwa, icyo uburanira ALPHA Express Company Ltd anenga ku cyemezo cy’Urukiko rubanza, ni ukuba amafaranga yakabaye yarinjije guhera igihe yatwikiwe kugeza igihe urubanza rwasomeweho yabariwe ku minsi 24 y’ukwezi, aho kubariwa ku minzi 30 yose y’ukwezi. Ibyo, uburanira ALPHA Express Company Ltd akabishingira ku buhamya bw’umushoferi wa bene izo modoka. Naho ibyo Urukiko rubanza rwo rwemeje, rukaba rwarabishingiye ku kuba, mu buryo busanzwe imodoka yose iba igomba kugira igihe isiba gukora kugira ngo nayo ibashe kwitabwaho. Icyari kumara impaka mu buryo bwizewe na bose, ni uko uburanira ALPHA Express

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Company Ltd aba yaragaragaje ingengabihe umunsi ku wundi y’imikoreshereze y’iyo modoka yatwitswe, kuva yatangira gutungwa na ALPHA Express Company Ltd, kugira ngo bigaragazwe ko koko ikoreshwa buri munsi ubutaruhuka. Rurasanga rero ubundi uburyo bwo kugena iminsi y’akazi k’imodoka mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, ari yo nzira yonyine yashoboka mu kugena izi ndishyi kandi ko nta gukabya cyangwa se gupfobya akazi k’iyi modoka mu kugena ko yakabaye yarakoraga iminsi 24 mu kwezi mu buryo bw’impuzandengo. Bityo, indishyi mbonezamusaruro zagenwe muri ubu buryo n’Urukiko rubanza zikaba zigomba kuba ari zo zigumaho. [749] Ku birebana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza Urukiko rubanza rwageneye ALPHA Express Company Ltd, ikavuga ko ari make, hashingiwe ku gihe cyose yitabiriye iburanisha i Nyanza urubanza rukiberayo, na nyuma aho rwimuriwe i Kigali, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ayagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza rwarayagennye kuko nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ingano y’ukuri y’amafaranga ALPHA Express Company Ltd yakoresheje mu gukurikirana urubanza, kandi n’ubu ikaba ikomeje gusaba ayo urwo Rukiko rwayimye itagaragaza icyo kimenyetso cyangwa se ngo igaragaze icyo inenga ubwo bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza. Bityo, rukaba rusanga ntaho rwashingira ruyigenera 1.000.000 Frw isaba. Muri rusange indishyi zose ALPHA Express Company Ltd yagenewe mu rubanza rujuririrwa zikaba ntacyo zigomba guhindukaho muri ubu bujurire.

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 Ku birebana n’abajuririye ingano y’indishyi zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Kamembe n’uwa Nyakarenzo mu Karere ka Rusizi [750] Kuri NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, mu gika cya 620 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 07/10/2020, igaragaza ko afite ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 6% n’ubusembwa bwo ku kigero cya 2/6 no kuri raporo y’Umurenge wa Kamembe yo ku wa 22/10/2020, igaragaza ko ari mu bakomerekejwe na gerenade, rwemeje ko agomba kugenerwa 3.000.000 Frw y’indishyi kubera akababaro yagize ko gukomeretswa, agasigarana ubumuga n’ubusembwa, zigenwe ku bushishozi bw’Urukiko. [751] Ku rwego rw’Ubujurire, NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko yajuririye izo ndishyi kuko ari nkeya, bagasaba uru Rukiko ko rwakongera rukazisuzuma, maze rukazongera. [752] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga indishyi NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène asaba ko rwongera mu bujurire rukazigena mu bushishozi bwarwo, mu gihe n’izo atishimiye zari zaragenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza, ntaho rwashingira rusimbuza ubushishozi bwarwo ubw’Urukiko rubanza mu gihe nta na kimwe NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko banenga ubwo bushishozi bwa mbere, ngo banagitangire ibimenyetso. Bityo, rukaba rusanga indishyi zose NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza, zikaba ntacyo zigomba guhindukaho.

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[753] Kuri RUTAYISIRE Félix, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 622 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 06/10/2020, igaragaza ko yagize ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 24% n’ubusembwa bwo ku kigero cya 2/6 no kuri raporo y’Umurenge wa Kamembe yo ku wa 22/10/2020, rwemeje ko agomba kugenerwa indishyi kubera akababaro yagize n’ubwo bumuga yatewe no gukomeretswa na gerenade zigana n’amafaranga miliyoni enye (4.000.000 Frw), zigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, ariko akaba atagomba kugenerwa indishyi z’ubusembwa kuko nta kimenyetso yabutangiye. [754] Mu bujurire, RUTAYISIRE Félix n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko izi ndishyi ari nkeya, bakaba basaba uru Rukiko ko rwakongera rukazisuzuma, maze rukamuha indishyi yari yasabye zingana na 5.000.000 Frw. [755] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga indishyi RUTAYISIRE Félix asaba ko rwongera mu bujurire rukazigena mu bushishozi bwarwo, mu gihe n’izo atishimiye akazijurira zari zaragenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza, ntaho rwashingira rusimbuza ubushishozi bwarwo ubw’Urukiko rubanza mu gihe nta na kimwe RUTAYISIRE Félix n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko banenga ubwo bushishozi bwa mbere, ngo banagitangire ibimenyetso. Bityo rukaba rusanga indishyi zose RUTAYISIRE Félix yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza ntacyo zigomba guhindukaho. [756] Kuri NSABIMANA Joseph, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 621 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 06/10/2020, igaragaza ko yagize ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 8% no kuri raporo y’Umurenge wa Kamembe yo ku wa

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22/10/2020, mu bushishozi bwarwo, rwaramugeneye indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni eshatu (3.000.000 Frw) kubera akababaro yagize n’ubwo bumuga yatewe no gukomeretswa na gerenade. [757] Ku rwego rw’Ubujurire, NSABIMANA Joseph n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko izi ndishyi ari nkeya, bakaba basaba uru Rukiko ko rwakongera gusuzuma indishyi yari yasabye mbere zigizwe n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 9.000.000 Frw n’indishyi zingana na 6.000.000 Frw kubera ubumuga yagize bungana na 8% n’ubundi yari yasabye ku rwego rwa mbere. [758] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga indishyi NSABIMANA Joseph asaba ko rwongera mu bujurire rukazigena mu bushishozi bwarwo mu gihe n’izo atishimiye akazijurira zari zaragenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza, ntaho rwashingira rusimbuza ubushishozi bwarwo ubw’Urukiko rubanza, mu gihe nta na kimwe NSABIMANA Joseph n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko banenga ubwo bushishozi bwa mbere ngo banagitangire ibimenyetso. Bityo, rukaba rusanga indishyi zose NSABIMANA Joseph yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza ntacyo zigomba guhindukaho. [759] Kuri NZEYIMANA Paulin, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 624 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye ku raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 19/10/2019, igaragaza ko NZEYIMANA Paulin yakomerekejwe na gerenade n’uko yoherejwe ku muganga w’inzobere mu kubaga kugira ngo bamukurikirane, rwamugeneye indishyi z’akababaro zigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko kuko izo asaba ari ikirenga, zingana na miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw), ariko rusobanura ko atagomba guhabwa amafaranga y’agaciro k’ibirahure

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by’imodoka ye avuga ko byamenetse n’ayo yishyuye uwabisubijemo kubera ko nta bimenyetso yabitangiye. [760] Mu bujurire, NZEYIMANA Paulin n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko indishyi yagenewe ari nkeya, bagasaba uru Rukiko ko rushingiye kuri raporo ya muganga yari yatanze n’ubwo igaragaza gusa ko yakomeretse, rwakongera rukabisuzuma, rukamugenera indishyi yari yasabye mbere zingana na 5.000.000 Frw. [761] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga indishyi NZEYIMANA Paulin asaba ko rwongera mu bujurire rukazigena mu bushishozi bwarwo, mu gihe n’izo atishimiye akazijurira zari zaragenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rubanza, ntaho rwashingira rusimbuza ubushishozi bwarwo ubw’Urukiko rubanza, mu gihe nta na kimwe NZEYIMANA Paulin n’aba Avoka bamuhagarariye bavuga ko banenga ubwo bushishozi bwa mbere ngo banagitangire ibimenyetso. Bityo, rukaba rusanga indishyi zose NZEYIMANA Paulin yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza, ntacyo zigomba guhindukaho. [762] Kuri MAHORO Jean Damascène, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 623 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rushingiye kuri raporo y’Akagari ka Karangiro, mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo yo ku wa 21/10/2020, igaragaza ko mu ijoro ryo ku wa 08/07/2019, imodoka ye y’ikamyoneti Dyna yatwitswe n’igitero cyagabwe ku ruganda rw’ifu mu Karangiro aho yari ihagaze, rwemeje ko agomba kugenerwa indishyi kubera ko bigaragara ko yari atunze iyo modoka ariko kuba ataragaragaje ikimenyetso cy’agaciro kayo akagenerwa indishyi mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko zihwanye n’amafaranga miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw), akanagenerwa indishyi z’akababaro yatewe n’uko yatwikiwe imodoka zingana n’ibihumbi magana

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atanu (500.000 Frw), ariko akaba atagenerwa indishyi z’igihombo kubera ko atagaragaje aho agishingira. [763] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga MAHORO Jean Damascène n’aba Avoka bamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwamugeneye indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 5.500.000 Frw, ariko ko babona zidakwiriye kubera ko imodoka ubwayo yari yayiguze 11.000.000 Frw, ikaba yarajyaga ikora akazi ko gutwara ifu yerekeza mu gihugu cya Congo, igakora inshuro 2 ku munsi, ikorera 60.000 Frw kuko inshuro imwe yishyurwaga 30.000 Frw, ndetse ko amafaranga yari yarayiguze yayagujije muri banki, ko ibyo byose byamuteje ubukene n’uyu mwanya adashobora kwivanamo. Basaba uru Rukiko ko rwarebana ubushishozi izo ndishyi, rukamugenera izo yari yasabye zingana na 11.000.000 Frw z’agaciro k’imodoka ye, 29.000.000 Frw z’umusaruro yakabaye yinjiza kuko yari imodoka y’ubucuruzi, akaba yari yayizanye kuri urwo ruganda kugira ngo izajye ijyana ifu muri Congo n’ahandi hatandukanye, ndetse n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw. Rurasanga banavuga kandi ko kuba batarabashije kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’uko imodoka yakoraga kandi yinjizaga n’amafaranga byatewe n’uko ibyangombwa byayo byose byahiriye muri iyo modoka. [764] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga uregwa MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas wemera kuba yaragize uruhare mu bitero byabereye muri Rusizi, harimo n’ibyabereye mu Karangiro, mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo aho MAHORO Jean Damascène avuga ko imodoka ye yatwikiwe, yiregura ku bivugwa na MAHORO Jean Damascène, yemeza ko amuzi neza kuko baturanye, akaba azi neza n’imodoka ye avuga ko yatwitswe kuko avuga ko azi n’aho yayiguze, igihe yayiguriye, ndetse n’amafaranga yayiguze,

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ariko ko mu gitero yemera ko cyagabwe ku ruganda mu Karangiro, iyo modoka ya MAHORO Jean Damascène itatwitswe ngo ikongoke ku buryo yahagarara burundu kongera gusubira mu muhanda no gukora. Rurasanga avuga ko ahubwo ngo yatwitswe ku gice cy’imbere (cabine), ikaba ubu iri mu muhanda ikomeje gukora nyuma y’uko isanwe. Rurasanga kandi avuga ko MAHORO Jean Damascène atakabaye asaba indishyi zihwanye n’agaciro kayo kandi ikiriho inakora, kandi akanenga kuba we ataratanze ibimenyetso by’amafoto agaragaza ko imodoka ye yatwitswe nk’uko n’abandi baregeye indishyi muri uru rubanza kuko batwikiwe imodoka babitangiye ibimenyetso by’amafoto. [765] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuri iyi myiregurire ya MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, MAHORO Jean Damascène n’aba Avoka bamwunganira nta kindi bagaragaje kimunyomoza, uretse gusa kongera kuvuga ko imodoka yatwitse, bakavuga ko ibyo avuga ari ugushinyagurira ba nyir’imitungo kuko bamwe mubo bafatanyije kuyangiza, barimo BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude bo babyemera. [766] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ikibazo ku bijyanye n’indishyi zishyuzwa kubera itwikwa ry’imodoka ya MAHORO Jean Damascène atari icyo kumenya niba yaratwitswe cyangwa se itaratwitswe, ahubwo ikibazo kikaba ari ukumenya ikigero yatwitsweho (niba yaratwitswe yose ku buryo itasanwa cyangwa se niba yaratwitswe igice ku buryo yasanwa, igakomeza gukora) kugira ngo uru Rukiko rubashe kumenya ikigero rugeneraho indishyi zikomoka kuri iryo twikwa. [767] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gihe MAHORO Jean Damascène avuga ko imodoka ye asabira indishyi yatwitswe yose ikaba itabasha kongera gusubira mu muhanda, naho

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MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas uri mu baregwa izo ndishyi akavuga ko imodoka itatwitswe kuri urwo rwego, ko yatwitsweho igice igasanwa igasubira mu kazi, hagomba gukurikizwa ibyo Itegeko n˚ 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo , aho ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru78 iteganya ibihura n’ihame rusange mu mategeko rivuga ko urega ari we ufite inshingano zo kubanza kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo avuga, noneho mu kwiregura uregwa akagira inshingano zo gutanga ibimenyetso binyomoza ibyabanje kugaragazwa n’urega, ihame rikunze kuvugwa mu magambo akurikira y’ururimi w’ikilatini: “Actori incumbit probatio, reus in excipiendo fit actor”. [768] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa aha hejuru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba haba ku rwego rubanza ndetse no kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire MAHORO Jean Damascène nta kimenyetso yigeze abasha gutanga mu Rukiko kigaragaza ko imodoka ye asabira indishyi zingana n’agaciro kayo kose, yaba koko yaratwitswe ku buryo itongeye kubasha gukora ngo isubire mu muhanda, indishyi zibariwe ku gaciro kayo zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw) yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza zikaba nta shingiro zifite zigomba kuvanwaho. Rurasanga bitakiri na ngombwa gusuzuma ishingiro ry’indishyi mbonezamusaruro zijyanye n’ibyo iyo modoka yari kuba yarinjirije nyirayo iyo itaza gutwikwa kuko nyine, nta

78 Iyi ngingo iragira iti: “Urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera. Iyo abibuze, uwarezwe aratsinda. Naho uvuga ko atagitegetswe gukora icyo yategekwaga gukora cyagaragajwe n’ibimenyetso agomba kugaragaza impamvu zakimukuyeho. Iyo abiburiye ibimenyetso, uwo baburana aramutsinda”

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kigaragaza ko iryo twikwa ryayibuza kongera gukoreshwa ryabayeho. [769] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) MAHORO Jean Damascène yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza kubera gutwikirwa imodoka zigomba kugumaho, kuko ababuranyi bombi bahuriza ku kwemeza ko hari itwikwa ry’iyo modoka ryabayeho, gusa bagatandukanira ku kigero bavuga ko yatwitsweho. [770] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero indishyi MAHORO Jean Damascène yagenewe n’Urukiko rubanza zihinduka gusa ku kuba zigomba kuvanwamo izingana na 5.000.000 Frw yari yagenewe nk’agaciro k’imodoka ye yose yatwitswe yose hamwe akaba abaye amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw). b) Ku birebana n’abaregera indishyi bajuririye ko nta ndishyi bagenewe na gato [771] Ku birebana n’impamvu y’ubujurire ishingiye ku kuba abaregeye indishyi bataragenewe indishyi na gato kandi bari barazigaragarije ibimenyetso, bakaba bifuza ko izo bari baregeye ku rwego rwa mbere zongera gusuzumwa ku rwego rw’ubujurire, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasuzuma niba hari ibimenyetso byari byatanzwe ku buryo bazihabwa kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire. N’ubwo abaregera indishyi bavuga ko mu Rukiko rubanza bari batanze ibimenyetso bihagije by’indishyi baregeye kandi bakaba banazitangiye ibindi bimenyetso muri uru Rukiko rujuririrwa bashingiye ku ngingo ya 154, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza

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z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi79, basanga nta kundi uru Rukiko rwabagenera indishyi, uretse kubikora mu bushishozi bwarwo. [772] Mu gusuzuma ikibazo kimaze kuvugwa haruguru cy’uko hari ibimenyetso byari byagaragarijwe Urukiko rubanza, uru Rukiko rugomba kuzirikana ko, nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 594 (abatarahawe indishyi na nkeya kubera ibitero byo mu Murenge wa Nyabimata), igika cya 595- 596 (abatarahawe indishyi na nkeya kubera ibitero byo mu Murenge wa Ruheru), igika cya 597- 598 (abatarahawe indishyi na nkeya kubera ibitero byo mu Murenge wa Kivu) igika cya 619 (abatarahawe indishyi na nkeya kubera ibitero byo mu Murenge wa Kitabi-Nyungwe) n’igika cya 625 (utarahawe indishyi na nkeya kubera ibitero byo mu Murenge wa Nyakarenzo) by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwari rwashingiye ku kuba nta bimenyetso abaregera indishyi batanze bigaragaza ko, bakubiswe, hari imitungo yabo yasahuwe, bashimuswe bikabaviramo igihe kinini cyo kudakora, hari n’abantu babo bashimuswe bataragaruka kugeza na n’ubu. Bikaba bikwiye kumvikana ko mu gihe ibyo bimenyetso byaba byari bihari koko ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi bifite ishingiro ariko Urukiko rubanza ntirugene indishyi ziregerwa cyangwa se niba bitari bihari kuri urwo rwego ariko noneho ubu bikaba byarabonetse kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire, izo ndishyi zigomba gutangwa. Ariko na none mu gihe ibimenyetso byaba bikomeje

79 Ingingo ya 154, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira : « Ntibibujijwe ariko mu rwego rw’ubujurire gutanga ibisobanuro bishya cyangwa ibimenyetso bishya bigamije kumvikanisha kurushaho ibyari byaraburanishijwe mu rwego rwa mbere”.

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kutaboneka izo ndishyi zikaba zitagomba gutangwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi ivuga ko urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera n’ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko n˚ 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo ivuga ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana, yabibura agatsindwa.  Ku birebana n’abajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya bagenewe zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Nyabimata [773] Kuri HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marcelline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, MUNYENTWARI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, SEBAGEMA Simon, BARAYANDEMA Viateur, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille, HABYARIMANA Damascène na KARERANGABO Antoine, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 594 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze ntaho rwahera rubagenera indishyi basaba zijyanye n’imitungo yabo yasahuwe, n’uko bakubiswe, bashimuswe bikorezwa ibyasahuwe kugera mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, bigatuma bamara igihe badakora nk’uko babivuga, kubera ko nta bimenyetso bagaragaje ndetse na raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa batanze nk’ikimenyetso,

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Urukiko rubanza rwashingiyeho, itabagaragaza mu bakorewe ibyo bikorwa kandi itanavuga na ba nyir’imitungo yasahuwe. [774] Ku rwego rw’Ubujurire, uretse KARERANGABO Antoine, SEBAGEMA Simon na BARAYANDEMA Viateur, abandi 20 bose basigaye bamaze kuvugwa haruguru ko bajuririye kuba nta ndishyi na nkeya bagenewe, nta n’umwe wagaragarije kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire ikimenyetso gishya cyaba kigamije kumuhesha indishyi yimwe n’Urukiko rubanza ku mpamvu imaze gusobanurwa mu gika kibanziriza iki. Bongera gusa kugaruka kuri raporo y’Umurenge wa Nyabimata itagira na hamwe ivuga amazina yabo nk’abagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero, bakayishingiraho nk’ikimenyetso cyabahesha indishyi basaba kubera gusa ko mu biyikubiyemo, harimo no kuvuga ko hari imitungo y’abaturage yangiritse. Banashingira ku kuvuga ko mu byaha abaregwa muri uru rubanza bakurikiranyweho, harimo icyaha cyo kwiba hakoreshejwe intwaro nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Bityo, basaba uru Rukiko mu bujurire kubagenera indishyi zingana kuri buri wese muri bo n’izo n’ubundi bari basabye ku rwego rwa mbere. Abavoka babahagarariye basaba ko mu rwego rw’amategeko, uru Rukiko rwazahuza ibi bisobanuro n’ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 104 y’Itegeko n˚15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ivuga ko umucamanza ashobora gushingira ku kintu kizwi kugira ngo amenye ikintu kitazwi, ko muri uru rubanza ikizwi ari uko aba baregera indishyi, ariko batazigenewe ku rwego rwa mbere, ari abaturage bo muri Nyabimata, kandi hakaba harabaye ibikorwa byo kwiba no gusahura mu gihe cy’ibitero byahagabwe na MRCD-FLN. [775] Muri uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, basobanura ko iyi ngingo ya 104 y’Itegeko n˚ 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryavuzwe

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haruguru, rirebana n’ibimenyetso bicukumbuwe ifasha ku bintu bigoye kubonera ibimenyetso. Bavuga ko basaba uru Rukiko ko mu gusesengura, n’ubwo raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyabimata itagaragaza umubare (ingano) w’ibyibwe n’ubwoko bwabyo, rwabifata nka présomption aho rushobora guhera ku kintu kizwi kugira ngo rumenye ikitazwi, ikitazwi kikaba arizo détails z’ingano za buri kintu zagaragajwe na ba nyirubwite bibwe, zigashyigikirwa n’ibimenyetso bavuze ko byafatwa nka commencement de prevue par écrit cyangwa se intangiriro y’ibimenyetso bigaragaza ukuri kw’ibintu. Bakomeza bavuga ko hari ibintu byabaye byo kwibwa ibintu bitandukanye, aribyo iyo raporo y’Umurenge wa Nyabimata yagaragaje, imvugo z’abatangabuhamya, video zeretswe Urukiko zigaragaza ko iyo bateraga abaturage babibaga amafaranga, imyaka, n’imvugo za NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, aho asobanura ibibazo bya logistics bari bafite byatumaga abo barwanyi babo badashobora kubaho, ku buryo aho bageraga bateye ibyo bitero bashoboraga kwirwanaho bakiba imyaka batagambiriye kuyigurisha ahubwo kugira ngo ibatunge mu mashyamba aho babaga; hakaba n’abaregwa bahamijwe ibyaha ku rwego rwa mbere birimo n’icyo no kwiba hakoreshejwe intwaro nk’igikorwa cy’iterabwoba. Bityo, bakaba bumva ingingo ya 104 yavuzwe haruguru ari présomption naho ibyo bimenyetso bindi bivuzwe bigafatwa ko ari commencement de preuve par écrit yashingirwaho n’Urukiko kugira ngo aba baregera indishyi bazihabwe. [776] Kuri SEBAGEMA Simon, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga we n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba by’umwihariko ko uru Rukiko runashingira ku nyandiko y’Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe imisoro n’amahôro yashyize muri système ku rwego rw’ubujurire, igaragaza ko muri ibyo bihe, yatangaga umusoro

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wa 20.000 Frw uri mu cyiciro cy’ ubucuruzi bwe buciriritse n’ubwo uyu musoro utagaragaza ingano y’ibyibwe n’ubwoko bw’ibintu byasorerwaga. [777] Kuri BARAYANDEMA Viateur, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga we n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba by’umwihariko ko uru Rukiko runashingira ku nyandiko y’Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe imisoro n’amahôro yashyize muri système mu bujurire, igaragaza ko BARAYANDEMA Viateur yari umucuruzi wishyuraga umusoro, maze rukazamugenera indishyi yari yasabye ku rwego rwa mbere. [778] By’umwihariko na none kuri KARERANGABO Antoine, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Me MUNDERERE Léopold na Me HAKIZIMANA Joseph basaba ko uru Rukiko rumugenera indishyi zingana na 1.500.000 Frw n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka angana na 1.500.000 Frw, kandi izi ndishyi zigatangwa n’abaregwa bose bafatanyije. Banenga ko Urukiko rubanza rwavuze ko nta ndishyi yahabwa kubera ko nta kimenyetso yagaragaje cy’uko yakubiswe akajyanwa mu bitaro, nyamara mu gika cya 47 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwaravuze ko yakubiswe n’abaregwa, akajyanwa mu bitaro bya Nyabimata, babona arembye, bakamujyana mu bitaro bya Munini, nk’uko bigaragazwa na raporo ya muganga Dr. BYAMUNGU Jean de Dieu wamuvuye mu mutwe aho yari yakubiswe n’umutangabuhamya witwa MUHIRWA Médard wamuvuze mu bantu bakomerekeye muri icyo gitero. Bavuga ko kuba KARERANGABO Antoine atavugwa muri raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyabimata igaragaza abagizweho n’ingaruka z’ibitero byahabereye, nta gitangaza kirimo kuko ari raporo ngufi igizwe n’imirongo mikeya,

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kutayigaragaramo kwe bikaba bishobora kuba byaretewe no kumwibagirwa. [779] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, uretse kuri KARENGABO Antoine, muri rusange, HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marcelline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, MUNYENTWARI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille na HABYARIMANA Damascène, SEBAGEMA Simon na BARAYANDEMA Viateur, nta kimenyetso gishya bashyikirije uru Rukiko mu bujurire cyatuma rukuraho icyemezo bajuririye cy’Urukiko rubanza cyo kutabagenera indishyi ku mitungo bakomeje kuvuga ko bibwe cyangwa se bangiririjwe, kuko nta bimenyetso bari babitangiye. Ibi kandi uru Rukiko ruranabishingira ku kuba aba bajuriye nabo ubwabo bivugira ko ibimenyetso bagaragaza bitabavuga amazina mu buryo bweruye nk’abagizweho ingaruka n’iki gitero cyangwa ingano z’ibyabo byangijwe. Bityo, ku birebana n’izo ndishyi zerekeye iby’imitungo bakaba bakomeje gutsindwa no kutabasha kuzitangira ibimenyetso no kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire. [780] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko n’ubwo abajuriye bamaze kuvugwa haruguru, batarabashije gutanga ibimenyetso by’imitungo bibwe cyangwa se bangirijwe, ingano yabyo kimwe n’agaciro kabyo ku buryo byafasha Urukiko kugena indishyi mu bushishozi bwarwo, mu bisobanuro bagiye batanga, harimo

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ibidashidikanywaho byo kuba ari abaturage bo mu Murenge wa Nyabimata kandi bagizweho muri rusange ingaruka n’ibitero by’umutwe w’iterabwoba wa MRCD-FLN, hakurikijwe ibisobanuro byatanzwe by’imiterere y’ibyo bitero n’imikorere y’abarwanyi b’uwo mutwe ku buryo indishyi z’akababaro basaba zo bakwiye kuzihabwa, ariko zikagenwa mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko. [781] Muri urwo rwego, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru ku birebana n’indishyi z’akababaro zagenewe abandi nka HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, indishyi z’akababaro HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marcelline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, MUNYENTWARI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille na HABYARIMANA Damascène, SEBAGEMA Simon na BARAYANDEMA Viateur basaba nabo, barazikwiye kubera ingaruka bagizweho n’icyaha cyahamye abaregwa cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba byahungabanyije ituze n’umudendezo byabo. Bityo, mu bushishozi bwarwo, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga indishyi z’akababaro aba bajuririye indishyi bagomba guhabwa n’abaregwa bahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba zikaba zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) kuri buri wese.

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[782] By’umwihariko, kuri KARERANGABO Antoine, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ikimenyetso cya raporo ya muganga Dr. BYAMUNGU Jean de Dieu, igaragaza ko yivurije mu bitaro bya Munini kubera gukubitwa mu mutwe, ndetse n’ubuhamya bwo ku wa 20/07/2018 bwa MUHIRWA Médard bigaragaza urwego rusumba urw’abandi bamaze kuvugwa haruguru yagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero bya FLN, aho bigaragara ko KARERANGABO Antoine ari mu bakomeretse, akajyanwa kwa muganga. Ibi bikaba bikwiye gushingirwaho mu kumugenera indishyi yasabye, bityo, mu bushishozi bwarwo, rukaba rumugeneye indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 1.000.000 Frw na 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza.  Ku birebana n’abajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya bagenewe zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe muri Nyungwe mu Murenge wa Kitabi [783] Kuri NYAMINANI Daniel, MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, BWIMBA Vianney na NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 619 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze ntaho rwahera rubagenera indishyi basaba zijyanye no kuba barakomerekejwe n’igitero cyagabwe mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, kuba hari ibintu byabo byatwawe cyangwa byangirikiye muri icyo gitero kubera ko nta kimenyetso na kimwe babigaragarije. [784] Muri uri rwego, NYAMINANI Daniel, MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, BWIMBA Vianney na NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel n’abavoka babahagarariye basaba ko, uru Rukiko mu bushishozi bwarwo rubagenera indishyi rushingiye ku bimenyetso bishya bagaragaje bigizwe na za raporo zo kwa muganga. Kuri NYAMINANI Daniel, basaba

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indishyi zingana na 45.000.000 Frw, zikubiyemo indishyi z’uburibwe n’iz’ibyo yatakaje nk’uko bigaragazwa na raporo ya muganga iri muri système, aho ivuga ko uyu munsi NYAMINANI Daniel afite ubumuga buri ku kigero cya 50% n’ubumuga ndangamiraburanga bungana na 4/6. Kuri MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, indishyi zingana na 50.000.000 Frw, kubera ubumuga afite bugera kuri 25%, bikaba bigaragazwa na raporo ya muganga bashyize muri système. Kuri BWIMBA Vianney, indishyi zingana na 209.500.000 Frw kubera ubumuga afite bwa 65%, nk’uko bigaragazwa na raporo ya muganga iri muri système. Naho kuri NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, indishyi zingana na 50.000.000 Frw kubera ubumuga bwa 25% afite, bigashimangirwa na raporo ya muganga iri muri système. [785] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga aba bose bagaragaza raporo zo kwa muganga z’uko bagizweho ingaruka n’iki gitero cyabereye mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe, kuko cyabasigiye ubumuga butandukanye kuri buri wese. Bityo, bakaba bagomba kubihererwa indishyi zibazwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko zingana na 2.000.000 Frw kuri NYAMINANI Daniel, 1.000.000 Frw kuri MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, izingana na 1.500.000 Frw kuri BWIMBA Vianney na 1.000.000 Frw kuri NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel.  Ku birebana n’uwajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya yagenewe zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge Nyakarenzo mu Karere ka Rusizi [786] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gika cya 625 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze GAKWAYA Gérard atagenerwa indishyi asaba kuko raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 07/10/2020, igaragaza ko afite ibibazo byo

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mu mutwe bihoraho, bitatewe n’ingaruka z’icyo gitero nk’uko abivuga, ndetse no kuba raporo y’Akagari ka Karangiro yo ku wa 21/10/2020, itamuvuga mu bagiriye ibibazo mu bitero byahagabwe. [787] Mu bujurire, GAKWAYA Gérard n’abavoka bamuhagarariye basaba ko uru Rukiko, mu bushishozi bwarwo, rumugenera indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 11.000.000 Frw kubera gukomereka mu mugongo n’ihungabana yagize bitewe n’igitero cyateye ku ruganda rwa MAHORO Jean Damascène yari abereye umuzamu, cyanatwitse imodoka ye. [788] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire narwo rurasanga mu gusesengura iyi raporo ya muganga yo ku wa 07/10/2020, igaragaza neza ko GAKWAYA Gérard afite ibibazo byo mu mutwe bihoraho, nk’uko rwabivuze muri aya magambo y’igifaransa “après l’examen psychologique de son état mental, nous concluons qu’il a des problèmes psychologiques chroniques compliqués d’une affection mentale nécessitant une prise en charge psychosomatique pendant plus de six mois”, iyi raporo ikaba ntaho igaragaza ko byaba byaratewe n’ingaruka z’igitero cyateye ku ruganda yari abereye umuzamu, nk’uko abivuga, ku buryo yabihererwa indishyi. Bityo, izi ndishyi nazo zikaba nta shingiro zifite kuko ikimenyetso GAKWAYA Gérard azitangira gishidikanywaho, ubujurire bwe bukaba nta shingiro bufite. [789] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko nk’uko byasobanuwe ku bandi ku byerekeranye n’indishyi z’akababaro, nawe azikwiye kubera ingaruka yagizweho n’icyaha cyahamye abaregwa cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wakorewemo ibikorwa byo kumuhungabanya. Bityo, mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko indishyi z’akababaro agomba guhabwa n’abaregwa

## Page 416

390 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

bahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, zikaba zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw).  Ku birebana n’abajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya bagenewe zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Kivu [790] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuri NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, DUSENGIMANA Solange, KANYANDEKWE Venant, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, SANGIYEZE Emmanuel na NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, mu gika cya 597 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwarasanze rushingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi n’iya 3 y’Itegeko n˚ 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ziteganya ko umuburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana, nta ndishyi bagomba kugenerwa kubera ko nta bimenyetso bigaragaza ko bari batunze ibintu baregera ndetse n’agaciro kabyo, rukaba nta n’aho rwashingira rugena indishyi z’akababaro kubera abantu bavuga ko baburiwe irengero kubera ko nta kigaragaza ko bari mu bashimuswe. [791] Mu bujurire, muri rusange aba bose n’abavoka babahagarariye banenga Urukiko rubanza ko mu gika cya 149 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwakomoje ku bitero byabereye mu Murenge wa Kivu ariko ntirwaha indishyi abagizweho ingaruka n’ibyo bitero kubera ko nta bimenyetso bagaragaje. Bavuga ko muri uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire bazanye noneho ikimenyetso gishya kigizwe na raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Kivu, igaragara muri système. Basobanura ko iyi raporo ivuga iby’igitero cyabaye tariki 12 Kanama 2018, naho mu gitero cyo

## Page 417

391 UBUSHINJACYAHA v NSABIMANA N’ABANDI

ku itariki ya 14/8/2018, hakaba ariho hagaragara ibisobanuro birambuye kuri buri muntu n’ibyo bagiye bamutwara, aho igaragaza amazina ya bamwe muri aba barindwi baregera indishyi, ndetse n’ibyabo byangiritse. Basobanura ko abo iyo raporo ivuga ari NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, ugaragara kuri liste y’abasahuwe imitungo yabo ku itariki 14 Kanama, ko batwaye ibishyimbo ibiro 10, bamurira n’ibiryo bitetse, HAGENIMANA Patrice batwaye ibishyimbo mironko 6, amashaza mironko 4, imyenda amapantalo 4 n’amakoti 3, ndetse nawe baramutwara, bagenda bamwikoreje ibyibwe, bamurekura bucyeye bwaho, hari kandi na NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine batwaye ibishyimbo ibilo 5, amashaza 4 Kg, ibigori 6 Kg, bamurira n’ibiryo bitetse na SANGIYEZE Emmanuel batwaye ibishyimbo 10 Kg, ibigori 7 Kg, imyenda harimo ikoti n’ipantalo, bahita banamushimuta. [792] Muri uru Rukiko, basaba kandi ko rwashingira kuri iyo raporo nshya y’Ubuyobzi bw’Umurenge wa Kivu rukabagenera indishyi mu buryo bukurikira: kuri NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, indishyi zingana na 6.000.000 Frw z’agahinda yatewe no kubura umwana we washimuswe, kugeza n’uyu munsi akaba ataraboneka ; kuri DUSENGIMANA Solange indishyi zingana na 21.200.000 Frw, zigizwe n’indishyi za 11.200.000 Frw z’ibyo bari kuba barinjije kuva umugabo we yashimutwa na 10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro zo kuba yarabuze umugabo we, ndetse n’abana babyaranye bakaba barabuze se ubabyara; kuri KANYANDEKWE Venant, indishyi za 1.000.000 Frw, zikubiyemo indishyi za 500.000 Frw z’ibye byangijwe na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro; kuri NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, indishyi zingana na 530.000 Frw, zikubiyemo 30.000 Frw y’ indishyi z’ibye byibwe na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro ; kuri HAGENIMANA Patrice,

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392 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

33.000 Frw y’indishyi z’ibye bibye na 1.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro; kuri NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel, 120.000 Frw y’indishyi z’ibye byibwe na 600.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, naho kuri NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, 47.500 Frw y’indishyi z’ibye yibwe na 500.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro. [793] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi raporo y’Umurenge wa Kivu itagaragaramo amazina yose y’abaregera indishyi bavuga ko bagizweho ingaruka n’iki gitero, uretse abitwa NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine na SANGIYEZE Emmanuel, igaragariza ingano y’ibyabo byibwe, ariko nabwo ntigaragaze agaciro kabyo. Rurasanga abandi barimo NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, DUSENGIMANA Solange na KANYANDEKWE Venant bo ntibayivugwamo, nta n’ubwo havugwamo ibyabo byibwe cyangwa ababo bashimuswe. Rurasanga rero kuba batayivugwamo mu bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero, nta ndishyi bagenerwa kuko batabigaragariza ibimenyetso uretse kubivuga mu magambo gusa. Rurasanga na none n’ubwo NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine na SANGIYEZE Emmanuel bagaragaza ingano y’ibyabo byibwe, ntaho rwahera rubaha amafaranga y’indishyi zibyo basaba mu gihe batagaragaza aho bazishingira. Bityo, ubujurire bwabo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. [794] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko, nk’uko byasobanuwe ku bandi ku byerekeranye n’indishyi z’akababaro, nabo bazikwiye kubera ingaruka bagizweho n’icyaha cyahamye abaregwa cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba, bakaba bakwiye, mu bushishozi bw’uru Rukiko, indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) kuri buri wese.

## Page 419

393 UBUSHINJACYAHA v NSABIMANA N’ABANDI

 Ku birebana n’abajuririye kutagira indishyi na nkeya bagenewe zifitanye isano n’ibitero byagabwe mu Murenge wa Ruheru mu Karere ka Nyaruguru [795] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuri MANIRIHO Théogene, GASHONGORE Samuel, NZABIRINDA Viateur, NIYOMUGABA, NDAYISENGA Edouard, BIGIRIMANA Samuel, BARAGAMBA, RUTIHUNZA Enos, BARIRWANDA Innocent, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, HABIMANA Innocent, HARERIMANA Emmanuel, NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, SEBARINDA Emmanuel, NKUNDIZERA Damascène na HABAKURAMA Gratien, Urukiko rubanza mu gika cya 595 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa rushingiye nanone ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru n’iya 3 y’Itegeko n˚ 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru, rwemeje ko nta ndishyi bagenerwa kuko uretse kuvuga ko icyo gitero cyabagizeho ingaruka, ariko nta n’umwe mu baregeye indishyi bo mu murenge wa Ruheru watanze ikimenyetso kigaragaza ibye byangijwe n’icyo gitero, nta na raporo y’inzego z’ibanze iri muri dosiye, igaragaza ibintu cyangije na ba nyir’imitungo yangijwe. [796] Mu bujurire, abo baregera indishyi bavuga ko bashingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 154 y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, yemerera umuburanyi kuba yazana ibimenyetso bishya no mu bujurire, bashyize muri système raporo y’Umurenge wa Ruheru yo ku wa 13/01/2001, ishimangira ko bagize ibibazo mu gitero cyabereye muri uwo Murenge wa Ruheru. Bavuga kandi ko iki kimenyetso cyiyongera ku bindi bimenyetso bari baratanze, birimo abatangabuhamya batandukanye bagiye babazwa, raporo zindi zisanzwe zagiye

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394 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

zikorwa, inyandiko z’abantu batandukanye babajijwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, bagaragara mu kirego cyabwo, bagiye basobanura uko ibyo bitero byagiye biba, ndetse n’imyiregurire ya NSENGIMANA Herman igaragara mu gika cya 596 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, aho yigambye ko icyo gitero cyabereye mu Murenge wa Ruheru. Basoza basaba uru Rukiko gusuzuma ibyo bimenyetso, rukabagenera indishyi zavuzwe haruguru, zingana n’izo n’ubundi bari baregeye ku rwego rwa mbere. [797] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga abaregera indishyi bo muri iki cyiciro batanga raporo y’Umurenge wa Ruheru yo ku wa 13/01/2021, igaragaza urutonde rw’amazina ya bamwe muri bo bagera kuri barindwi (7) bagizweho ingaruka n’ibitero by’abacengezi bateye muri uwo Murenge wa Ruheru, aribo SEBARINDA Emmanuel, NIYOMUGABA, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, RUTIHUNZA Enosi, NDAYISENGA Edouard, BARAGAMBA, BARIRWANDA Innocent na HARERIMANA Emmanuel, ikanagaragaza ibyabo byangijwe nk’amategura y’inzu, inka yaramburuye, amabati y’inzu, inkuta z’inzu, n’urugo rw’inzu, ariko itagaragaza amazina y’abandi basigaye nabo baregera indishyi muri iki kiciro. [798] Mu gusesengura iyi raporo kubo yagaragarije amazina n’ibyabo byangijwe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga itagaragaza ingano y’ibyabo n’agaciro kabyo, uretse ba nyir’ubwite babyivugira gusa. Bityo, ikaba itashingirwaho ngo bagenerwe indishyi na cyane ko n’ibimenyetso bavuga ko bayishyigikiza, nabyo bidatanga amakuru arambuye ku bagizweho ingaruka n’iki gitero. Ku bandi basigaye batavugwa muri iyi raporo, uru Rukiko rurasanga nabo batagomba kugira icyo bahabwa nk’indishyi kubera ibyabo byangijwe, kuko nta bimenyetso babitangira. Bityo, Urukiko rukaba rusanga ntaho

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395 UBUSHINJACYAHA v NSABIMANA N’ABANDI

rwahera ruzibagenera, ubujurire bwabo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. [799] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko nk’uko byasobanuwe ku bandi ku byerekeranye n’indishyi z’akababaro, nabo bazikwiye kubera ingaruka bagizweho n’icyaha cyahamye abaregwa cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba wakorewemo ibikorwa byo kubahungabanya. Bityo, mu bushishozi bw’uru Rukiko bakaba bakwiye indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) kuri buri wese, bagomba guhabwa n’abaregwa bahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba mu mutwe w’iterabwoba. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [800] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [801] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwuririye ku bw’Ubushinjacyaha bwatanzwe na KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène na NIKUZWE Siméon butakiriwe. [802] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara bufite ishingiro. [803] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [804] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSENGIMANA Herman, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent,

## Page 422

396 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, SHABANI Emmanuel, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase, nta shingiro bufite. [805] Rwemeje ko NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul na NIZEYIMANA Marc bahamwa no gukora ibikorwa by’iterabwoba byabaye intandaro y’ibitero by’iterabwoba byakozwe n’abarwanyi b’umutwe wa MRCD- FLN mu Turere dutandukanye twa Rusizi, Nyamashake, Nyaruguru na Nyamagabe, aho kuba kugira uruhare mu bikorwa by’iterabwoba byakozwe n’abo barwanyi. [806] Rwemeje ko RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase na HAKIZIMANA Théogène badahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’ingabo bitemewe. [807] Rwemeje ko RUSESABAGINA Paul adahamwa n’icyaha cyo gutera inkunga iterabwoba giteganywa n’Itegeko nº 69/2018 ryo ku wa 31/8/2018 rikumira kandi rihana iyezandonke no gutera inkunga iterabwoba. [808] Rwemeje ko NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard adahamwa n’icyaha cyo kugambana n’icyo gushishikariza abandi gukora igikorwa cy’iterabwoba.

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[809] Rwemeje ko NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara ahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), aho kuba igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) yakatiwe ku rwego rwa mbere. [810] Rwemeje ko NSENGIMANA Herman ahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka irindwi (7), aho kuba igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere. [811] Rwemeje ko MUKANDUTIYE Angelina ahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20), aho kuba igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5) yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere. [812] Rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku bihano RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, NIKUZWE Siméon, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase. [813] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa ALPHA Express Company Ltd, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, HABIMANA Zerothe, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, HAKIZIMANA Denis, KAREGESA Phénias, KAYITESI Alice, KIRENGA Darius, MBONIGABA Richard, MUKANKUNDIYE Alphonsine, MUKESHIMANA Diane, MURENGERANTWALI Donat, RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, NDIKUMANA Isaac, NGENDAKUMANA David,

## Page 424

398 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, NSABIMANA Anastase , NSABIMANA Joseph , NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane, NYIRANGABIRE Valérie, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, NZEYIMANA Paulin, OMEGA Express Ltd, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, RUTAYISIRE Félix , RWAMIHIGO Alexis, SEMIGABO Déo, SHUMBUSHA Damascène, SHUMBUSHO David, SIBORUREMA Vénuste, RUGERINYANGE Dominique, NTABARESHYA Dative, UMURIZA Adéline, UZAYISENGA Liliane na VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, nta shingiro bufite, ko ku bibareba hagumyeho imikirize y’urubanza rwa mbere. [814] Rwemeje ko Ubujurire bwa MAHORO Jean Damascène nta shingiro bufite, ko indishyi yari yahawe mu rubanza rujuririrwa zihindutse, akaba agomba guhabwa ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw) aho kuba 5.000.000 Frw yari yagenewe ku rwego rubanza. [815] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, INGABIRE Marie Chantal, MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, NDUTIYE Yussuf, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, UWAMBAJE Françoise , BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, BARAGAMBA, BARAYANDEMA Viateur, BARIRWANDA Innocent, BENINKA Marceline, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, BWIMBA Vianney, DUSENGIMANA Solange, GAKWAYA Gérard, GASHONGORE Samuel, HABAKURAMA Gratien, HABIMANA Innocent, HABIMANA Viateur, HABYARIMANA Damascène, HAGENIMANA Patrice, HARERIMANA Emmanuel, KANGABE Christine, KANYANDEKWE Vénant, MANARIYO Théogène,

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399 UBUSHINJACYAHA v NSABIMANA N’ABANDI

MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, MUYENTWALI Cassien, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NDAYISENGA Edouard, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, NIYOMUGABA, NKUNDIZERA Damascène, NSABIMANA Straton, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, NSAGUYE Jean, NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel, NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, NYAMINANI Daniel, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAHORA Godelive, NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NZABIRINDA Viateur, NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, RUTIHUNZA Enos, SEBAGEMA Simon, SEBARINDA Emmanuel, YAMBABARIYE Védaste, KARERANGABO Antoine, bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [816] Rutegetse abaregwa bose uretse NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien na MUNYANEZA Anastase gufatanya kwishyura indishyi zigenewe abaregera indishyi bavugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, zisimbura izatanzwe ku rwego rwa mbere, ku buryo bukurikira:

BAPFAKURERA Vénuste HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney INGABIRE Marie Chantal MUKASHYAKA Joséphine NDUTIYE Yussuf NSENGIYUMVA Vincent

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400 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

UWAMBAJE Françoise BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney BARAGAMBA BARAYANDEMA Viateur BARIRWANDA Innocent BENINKA Marceline BIGIRIMANA Fanuel BWIMBA Vianney DUSENGIMANA Solange GAKWAYA Gérard GASHONGORE Samuel HABAKURAMA Gratien HABIMANA Innocent HABIMANA Viateur HABYARIMANA Damascène HAGENIMANA Patrice HARERIMANA Emmanuel KANGABE Christine KANYANDEKWE Vénant MANARIYO Théogène MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves MUYENTWALI Cassien

## Page 427

401 UBUSHINJACYAHA v NSABIMANA N’ABANDI

NANGWAHAFI Callixte NDAYISENGA Edouard NDIKUMANA Callixte NDIKUMANA Viateur NGAYABERURA Emmanuel NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste NIYOMUGABA NKUNDIZERA Damascène NSABIMANA Straton NSABIYAREMYE Pascal NSAGUYE Jean NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel NYAMINANI Daniel NYIRAGEMA Joséphine NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine NYIRAHORA Godelive NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine NYIRAMANA Bellancille NYIRAMINANI Mélanie NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila

## Page 428

402 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

NYIRAZIBERA Dative NZABIRINDA Viateur NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu RUHIGISHA Emmanuel RUTIHUNZA Enos SEBAGEMA Simon SEBARINDA Emmanuel YAMBABARIYE Védaste [817] Ruvuze ko amagarama y’urubanza ahwanye n’ibyakozwe muri uru rubanza.

## Page 429

RWANDA LAW REPORTS ENGLISH VERSION

## Page 431

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TEAM OF EDITORS ................................................................ iii I. LAW REPORTING TEAM ............................................. iii II. MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL COMMITTEE ..................... v PREFACE ................................................................................. ix SCOPE OF THE REPORTS ..................................................... xi CITATION ................................................................................ xi LIST OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS CONSIDERED ........................................................................ xiii LIST OF CASES CONSIDERED ............................................ xv SUBJECT INDEX .................................................................. xvii Re MHAYIMANA ..................................................................... 1 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO ET AL. ........................ 13 PROSECUTION v. NSABIMANA ET AL ............................. 35

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iii

TEAM OF EDITORS

I. LAW REPORTING TEAM

KAGABO U. Stephanie

KAVUTSE M. Claude

KUBWIMANA Jean Claude

MUJABI K. Naphtal

UWINKINDI Angelique

UWIMANA Jean Marie Vianney

## Page 435

v

II. MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. NGAGI M. Alphonse : President of the Committee, Judge of the Court of Appeal

Dr. MUHIRE G. Yves : Vice President of the Committee, Lecturer in the School of Law/UR

BWIZA N. Blanche : Secretary of the Committee, Inspector of Courts

RUKUNDAKUVUGA F. Regis : President of Court of Appeal

Dr. KARIMUNDA M. Aimé : Judge at Supreme Court

NDAHAYO Xavier : President of High Court

RUTAZANA Angeline : Inspector General of Courts

KALIWABO Charles : Judge of the Court of Appeal

Dr. SEZIRAHIGA Yves :

BURAYOBERA UMUZAYIRE : Bibiane

Rector of ILPD

Vice-Chairman of Rwanda Law

Reform Commission NSENGIYUMVA Jean Claude : Inspector of Courts

KIBUKA Jean Luc : Judge at Commercial

## Page 436

vi RWANDA LAW REPORTS

High Court

HABARUREMA Jean Pierre : Prosecutor at National Level

BUNYOYE Grace : Prosecutor at National Level

KABIBI Specioza : State Attorney

MUREREREHE Saouda : Judge at High Court

Lt. Col. MADUDU A. Charles : Judge at Military Court

Dr. NSHIMIYIMANA Didace : Peresident of Intermediate Court GIRANEZA Clémentine :

Dr MBONIGABA Callixte :

Judge of the Intermediate Court

Lecturer at INES- Ruhengeri BAGABO Faustin :

Dr ZIKAMWABAHARI Jean de Dieu :

Dr. SHEMA Pierre :

KARAKE Canisius : Advocate at Rwanda Bar Association

Lecturer at the University of Kigali Lecturer at ULK

Lecturer at UNILAK

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HABIMANA Pie :

UMUTESI Vestine :

YANKURIJE Dorothée :

Advocate at Rwanda Bar Association Judge of Commercial Court

Judge of Primary Court

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PREFACE Dear Readers, We are pleased to present to you the Law Reports Volume 4 [2023]. As usual, we select cases that solve some of the legal issues you encounter, either in your career or in your daily life. This volume contains three (3) cases, which includes; one (1) civil case, one (1) penal case and one (1) procedural case. These cases can be accessed on the website of the judiciary: http://decisia.lexum.com/rlr/en/nav.do. Dr NTEZILYAYO Faustin President of the Supreme Court and President of the High Council of Judiciary

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SCOPE OF THE REPORTS These reports cover cases decided by the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal.

CITATION The Reports in this volume are cited as: [2023] 4 RLR

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LIST OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS CONSIDERED

a. Current laws Law no 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 relating to criminal procedure, articles 11, 12, 16, 116, 154, 181 and 183………………………..47 Law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing, article 2…………...47 Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general as amended to date, articles 28, 33, 47, 49, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60 and 64…………………………………………………………47 Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism as amended and complmented to date, articles 2, 18, 19 and 38……………..47 Law n°30/2018 of 02/06/2018 determining the jurisdiction of courts, articles 65 and 73…………………………………………..47 Law N0 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, articles 10,106, and 103……………………………………2 articles 12 and 111…………………………………………17 Law Nº 15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production, article 2……………………………………………………...17 Presidential Order Nº 31/01 of 25/08/2003 on compensation for personal injury due accidents caused by motor vehicles……….17 Instructions no 001/2021 of 15/03/2021 of the President of the Supreme Court regulating the publication of the case laws in the law report, article 9(2 and 3)………………………………………48

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b. Repealed laws Organic Law no 01/2012/0L of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code (repealed), articles 77, 85, 459 and 503……………………48 Decree-Law no 21/77 of 18/08/1977 instituting the penal code (repealed), articles 97 and 163…………………………………….48 Civil Code Book III, articles 258 and 260………………………178

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LIST OF CASES CONSIDERED Case of Uwera Sharon RS/RECUS/COM 0001/17/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 14/06/2019………………………………2 Prosecution v. Ingabire Umuhoza et al., RPA 0255/12/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 13/12/2013………………….48 Prosecution v. Habyarimana, RPA 0224/12/CS, rendered by the Supreme Court on 13/01/2017…………………………………….48 Prosecutor v. Kambanda, n˚ ICTR-97-23-S, rendered by International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) on 4/09/1998……………………………………………………………48 Prosecution v. Mpiranya, RPA 0343/10/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 27/02/2015…………………………………….48 Prosecution v. Musangamfura, RPAA 00381/2020/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 18/3/2022……………………………...48 Prosecution v. Mushayidi, RPA 0298/10/CS, rendered by the Supreme Court on 24/02/2012…………………………………….48 Prosecution v. Ndererimana, RPA 0249/13/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 16/09/2016…………………………………….48 Prosecution v. Nzafashwanimana, RPAA 00032/2019/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 28/02/2022…………………48 Re GLIHD, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00004/2019/SC, rendered by the Supreme Court on 04/12/2019……………………………...…48 RS/INJUST/RCOM 00005/2020/SC rendered on 27/11/2020 about BPR ATLAS MARA PLC VS NKUSI Evariste, paragraph 18……………………………………………………………………..18

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RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0023/16/CS rendered on 27/09/2019, in Rutabayiru et al vs Mukamabano Charlotte, paragraph 28………………...……………………………………………………18 Vojislav Šešelj, IT-03-67-R77.2-A, rendered by ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber) on 19/ 05/2010………………………………..48

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SUBJECT INDEX 1. Civil procedure – Disqualification of a judge – The admissibility of judge’s disqualification – Merely quoting a legal provision in the application for judge’s disqualification is not enough, the applicant must produce the underpinning elements of evidence on which the Court shall rely to determine the merits of the claim Re MHAYIMANA…………………………………….1 2. Contract – Damages related to occupational hazards – When the victim of a hazard is already insured as an employee (social security) and the hazard is caused by another person other than his employer or his employer’s employee, the hazard victim or his or her descendants, have the right to claim damages from the victim under ordinary laws, in the event where such damages are not provided for by labor laws HABAKUBAHO vs SORWATRACO ET AL……….13 3. Criminal law – Terrorism – Any person offering any kind of sponsoring of terrorism commits an act of terrorism – A person commanding, inciting, encouraging, sponsoring, organizing or procuring of any persons with the intent to commit terrorism, is not liable for such acts committed by others, he/she is rather held liable for having committed prior acts that facilitated the execution of subsequent acts of terrorism – Law nº69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing, article 2 – Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism, article 2. PROSECUTION v. NSABIMANA ET AL…………...35

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4. Criminal procedure – Guilty plea – A guilty plea is deemed valid if it leads to a reduction in penalties, provided that it is declared before the conclusion of the initial hearing, is unambiguous, demonstrates the accused's understanding of the seriousness of the acts and their consequences, includes expressions of remorse and apology, and shows the accused's willingness to make amends for the damage caused as expected. PROSECUTION v. NSABIMANA ET AL…………...35 Petition seeking to declare a law or a legal provision unconstitutional – Amicus curia – An applicant for being an amicus curia should not only be reiterating the parties’ statements, rather, he or she is required to have a remarkable experience on the matter and has been conducting a research on issues relating to the subject matter in the case PROSECUTION v. NSABIMANA ET AL…………...35 Appeal – Cross – appeal – Cross-appeal is not permitted in criminal cases – Any appeal related to a criminal action must be filed as the main appeal within the specified time limit PROSECUTION v. NSABIMANA ET AL…………...35 5. Insurance – The difference between an occupational hazard, a traffic accident and an accident caused by something else due to the negligence of its owner – In the event where the accident is not caused by a motor vehicle on the road, the ordinary laws or other special rules related to reparation of damages are applicable – an accident that occurs in the course of loading and unloading is differentiated from road accidents and occupational hazards, the victim only indicates the person responsible for the damages, that

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he/she is the owner of the property that occasioned the accident and that such property contributed to his/her claim for damages HABAKUBAHO vs SORWATRACO ET AL……….13 Insurance contract – Delay in notifying the accident itself does not remove the obligations contained in the insurance contract. HABAKUBAHO vs SORWATRACO ET AL……….13

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PROCEDURAL CASE

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1

Re MHAYIMANA [Rwanda SUPREME COURT-RS/RECUS/RDA 00001/2022/SC-( Mukamulisa, P.J, Nyirinkwaya and Hitiyaremye, J.) 30 November 2022] Administrative procedure -Disqualification of a judge – The admissibility of judge’s disqualification- Merely quoting a legal provision in the application for judge’s disqualification is not enough, the applicant must produce the underpinning elements of evidence on which the Court shall rely to determine the merits of the claim. Facts: Mhayimana applied for disqualification of a judge in the case RS/INJUST/RAD/ 00002/2022/SC that opposed him to Rwanda Bar Association; he argues that he notes that the Judge for whom he seeks disqualification who is member of the bench has deep hatred against him resulting from the enmity he manifested following his petition to His Excellency the President of the Republic of Rwanda entitled: Submission of the case of injustice suffered in the judgment RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal in which I was opposed to KHASS Ltd, Company of a Pakistani and request for pointing out the hidden cause of such injustice deliberately inflicted by disregarding the truth and laws. He further states that in the letter he addressed to His Excellency the President of the Republic, he indicated that the very Judge conspired with the Pakistani, and held that the ruling of the judgment RCOMA 00503/2019/HCC that he had already won before the Commercial High Court, was vitiated by injustice, while such claim would not be admitted. He concludes by stating

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that if the Judge remains member of the bench, he might not expect justice, since the Judge might get an opportunity to revenge on him. Held: Merely quoting a legal provision in the application for judge’s disqualification is not enough, the applicant must produce the underpinning elements of evidence on which the Court shall rely to determine the merits of the claim. Therefore, since Mhayimana Isaïe does not produce any element of evidence that proves the enmity the concerned Judge has against him, his claim for judge’s disqualification is not admitted. The claim for judge’s disqualification is not admitted. Statutes referred to: Law N0 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, articles 103,106, and 107. Cases referred to: Case of Uwera Sharon RS/RECUS/COM 0001/17/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 14/06/2019. Judgment Background of the case

In the judgment RS/INJUST/RAD 00002/2022/SC opposing him against Rwanda Bar Association, Mhayimana Isaïe applied for the disqualification of the Judge Karimunda

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Muyoboke Aimé, the disqualification was publicly made in the hearing of 21/11/2022. To that effect, the hearing was suspended, the applicant for disqualification was reminded to materialize his claim in a letter explaining it with supporting legal provisions.

On 22/11/2022, through IECMS used for lodging the claims in the courts, Mhayimana Isaïe explained in writing that the reason for the judge’s disqualification is the enmity of Judge Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé against him.

The issue was examined in the judges’s meeting of 28/11/2022 on basis of the applicant’s submissions for the disqualification of the judge as per the provisions of article 107, paragraph 5 of the Law N0 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure which stipulates that “The examination of and decision on the admissibility of the application for disqualification is done based on documents submitted to the court without summoning parties”.

In the course of this case, the Court had to firstly examine whether the claim filed by Mhayimana Isaïe for judge’s disqualification can be admitted under the provisions of the article 103, sub-paragraph 3 of the above mentioned Law as it provides for the reasons on which he relied his claim.

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II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUE  Whether the claim filed by Mhayimana Isaïe for the disqualification of a judge should be admitted

In the document loaded in the IECMS, Mhayimana Isaïe states that the reason for which he applied for the disqualification of the Judge Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé who is the member of the bench hearing the judgment RS/INJUST/RAD 00002/2022/SC, is that he notes that the Judge has deep hatred against him resulting from the enmity he got following his petition to His Excellency the President of the Republic of Rwanda entitled: Submission of the case of injustice suffered in the judgment RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 25/06/2021 in which I was opposed to KHASS Ltd, Company of a Pakistani named Amjat Ali Merchant and request for pointing out the hidden cause of such injustice deliberately inflicted by disregarding the truth and laws

He submits that the above letter came following another one of 15/07/2020 that he had addressed to the President of the Court of Appeal who was then Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé, he requested for urgent examination of the second appeal filed by KHAAS Ltd which rented his buildings as he remarked that it should not be admitted, rather it was only meant for delaying the case; many letters were addressed to him and sent through IECMS, but the Judge did not act upon it, rather he decided that the judgment RCOMA 00503/2019/HCC should be reviewed on grounds of injustice.

Mhayimana Isaïe further states that in the letter he addressed to His Excellency the President of the Republic, he

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indicated that the Judge Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé who was the President of the Court of Appeal blatantly plotted with the Pakistani Amjat Ali Merchant, the Managing Director and shareholder of KHAAS Ltd, and held that the judgment RCOMA 00503/2019/HCC won by Mhayimana Isaïe was vitiated by injustice; while such claim would not be admitted. To prejudice Mhayimana Isaïe from proceeding with the judgment execution, the Judge Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé dissented to the decision about the appeal of KHAAS Ltd as regards its registration and adjudication or declaring it inadmissible, rather he instantly proceeded with the examination of the application of KHAAS Ltd on grounds of injustice and other proceedings aiming at allowing KHAAS Ltd to win the case on basis of injustice indicated in the letter of Mhayimana Isaïe.

He also submits that due to the fact that he addressed a letter to his Excellency the President of the Republic, with copy to the President of the Supreme Court and to the Minister of Justice, indicating the defects within that judgment, Kalimunda Muyoboke Aimé manifested enmity against him.

He concludes by submitting that considering all the explanations he has provided, he notes that if the Judge Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé remains member of the bench, he might not expect justice, since the Judge might get an opportunity to revenge on him. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

With regard to the disqualification of a judge, the article 103, sub-paragraph 3 of the Law N0 N° 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative

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procedure, provides that “Any judge may be disqualified if one of the parties demonstrates the existence of enmity between him/her and the judge”.

The article 106 of the above mentioned Law provides that “A party applying for the disqualification of a judge during the hearing must address a letter to the president of the court explaining the reasons for such a disqualification” The paragraph one of the article 107 of the same Law stipulates that “The court to which the disqualified judge belongs immediately examines the admissibility of the application for such a disqualification”.

Articles 106 and 107 above mentioned denote that the claimant would not merely quote the legal provision, he would produce elements of evidence underpinning his allegations, for providing to the Court the basis for determination of the merits of the claim.

The Court finds that, in consideration of the explanations provided by Mhayimana Isaïe to the Court through IECMS requesting for the disqualification of the Judge Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé, he does not produce any evidence proving that the concerned Judge has really the enmity against him, for examining the merits of the applicant’s allegations in accordance with the article 103, sub-paragraph 3 of the above mentioned Law N0 22/2018; apart from stating only that the enmity emanates from a letter that he once addressed to His Excellency the President of the Republic.

With regard to the fact that an applicant for the judge’s disqualification must provide proof for his/her allegations, this Court has thereof set the position in the judgment rendered on 14/06/2019, whereby this Court declined to admit the application

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for disqualification filed by the legal counsel to Uwera Sharon, who as well claimed that the judge manifested enmity against her client, but he failed to provide supporting elements of evidence1.

Therefore, basing on the article 106, sub-paragraph 3 and the article 107, paragraph one of the above mentioned Law N0 22/2018 of 29/04/2018, the Court finds that the application by Mhayimana Isaïe for the disqualification of the Judge Karimunda Muyoboke Aimé cannot be admitted and examined because he did not produce elements of evidence supporting his application for the judge’s disqualification on grounds of alleged enmity against him. III. DECISION OF THE COURT

Holds that the application filed by Mhayimana Isaïe for the disqualification of a judge is not admitted.

1 Judgment RS/RECUS/COM 0001/17/CS, paragraph 12.

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CASES IN MERIT

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CIVIL CASE

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HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO ET AL. Rwanda COURT OF APPEAL – RCAA 00003/2020/CA (Nyirandabaruta, P.J,.) 04 December 2020] Contracts – Damages related to occupational hazards – When the victim of a hazard is already insured as an employee (social security) and the hazard is caused by another person other than his employer or his employer’s employee, the hazard victim or his or her descendants, have the right to claim damages from the victim under ordinary laws, in the event where such damages are not provided for by labor laws. Insurance – The difference between an occupational hazard, a traffic accident and an accident caused by something else due to the negligence of its owner – In the event where the accident is not caused by a motor vehicle on the road, the ordinary laws or other special rules related to reparation of damages are applicable – an accident that occurs in the course of loading and unloading is differentiated from road accidents and occupational hazards, the victim only indicates the person responsible for the damages, that he/she is the owner of the property that occasioned the accident and that such property contributed to his/her claim for damages. Insurance – Insurance contract – Delay in notifying the accident itself does not remove the obligations contained in the insurance contract. Facts: The case began before Gicumbi Intermediate Court, with Habakubaho claiming for damages related to the accident caused

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by a car door which broke his back, he is accordingly sueing Sorwatraco the owner of the vehicle; during the hearing, Sorwatraco sought for the intervention of Bralirwa- Habakubaho's employer and Sanlam Sorwatraco’s Insurer at the time. The court ruled that his claim was well-founded and accordingly ordered Sanlam, Sorwatraco's insurer to pay Habakubaho damages resulting from such accident. Sanlam was not satisfied with that ruling and thus appealed before the High court on grounds that it was ordered to pay damages which are not under the obligations of an insurer disregarding that the owner of the vehicle had not notified the accident, the High Court ruled that the appeal was well-founded; that Habakubaho’s accident which was caused by a motor vehicle is not a traffic accident accordingly Sanlam cannot pay dameges resulting from such accident on ground that Habakubaho was injured by the door of the car which was not on the road, thecourt found that what occurred was an occupational hazard, and the liability thereof should be covered by his former employer at the time of the accident, or the National Social Security Board . Habakubaho was not contented with the ruling, and accordingly appealed to the Court of Appeal, claiming that he was not awaded damages occasioned by the accident on the grounds that Sorwatraco's contract with Sanlam does not cover them, it is accordingly his stance that in the event where Sorwatraco fails to indemnify him, Sanlam Ltd should do so given that he cannot be the victim of the vehicle owner’s failure to notify the accident. Whereas Sorwatraco and Sanlam contend that Habakubaho should not receive compensation for the accident because he did not have a road accident to warrant the awarding of such damages, and that there was no reason for the notification of that accident because he had an accupational hazard.

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Held: 1. When a victim of an occupational hazard is insured under (social security) as an employee and the hazard is occasioned by another person other than his employer or his employer’s employee, the hazard victim or his or her descendants, have the right to claim damages from the party responsible for the accident under ordinary law in case the damages are not provided for under labor laws, accordingly Bralirwa as Habakuba’s employer should not be held liable for damages on ground that the accident was caused by Sorwatraco. 2. In the event where the accident is not caused by a motor vehicle on the road, ordinary laws or other special rules related to reparation of damages are applicable - an accident that occurs in the course of loading and unloading is differentiated from road accidents and occupational hazards, the victim only indicates the party responsible for the damages; that he/she is the owner of the property that occasioned the accident and that such property contributed to his/her claim for damages. Accordingly, Sorwatraco shall be liable for moral damages sought by Habakubaho on grounds neglecting the property it is supposed to protect. The lodged appeal has merit; Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law No 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, articles 12 and 111; Law Nº 15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production, article 2; Presidential Order Nº 31/01 of 25/08/2003 on compensation for personal injury due accidents caused by motor vehicles;

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Civil Code Book III, articles 258 and 260. Cases referred to: RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0015/14/CS, Ntahonkiriye et al vs Icyitegetse Léa rendered on 31/07/2015 RS/INJUST/RCOM 00005/2020/SC rendered on 27/11/2020 about BPR ATLAS MARA PLC VS NKUSI Evariste, paragraph 18; RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0023/16/CS rendered on 27/09/2019, in Rutabayiru et al vs Mukamabano Charlotte, paragraph 28. Authors cited: Yvonne Lambert- Faive et Laurent Leveneur, Droit des assurances, 12 ed. Paris, Dalloz, 2005, pp. 576, 579, 109 Yvonne Lambert- Faive et Stephanie Parchy- Simon, Droit du dommage corporel, systeme d’indemnization, 8 ed. Paris, Dalloz, 2016, p.451 Raymond Guillien na Jean Vincent; Lexique des termes juridiques, Dalloz, Paris 1988 p 4 Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE

On 09/03/2017, when Sorwatraco Ltd vehicle, plate No RAB 856Q carrying Bralirwa drinks was parked, its rear door opened and slammed into the back of Habakubaho Samson, causing him rendering himpermanently incapacitated.

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Habakubaho Samson sued Sorwatraco Ltd before Gicumbi Intermediate Court, requesting compensation for the foregoing accident, the former in turn requested for the intervention in the case of both Bralirwa, the alleged Habakubaho Samson’s employer, and Sanlam AG Ltd (formerly Soras AG Ltd) the insurer of the car said to have caused the accident.

Gicumbi Intermediate Court pronounced itself on case No RC 00073/2018 /TGI/GIC on 16/5/2019, and held that Habakubaho Samson's claim was well-founded, and accordingly ordered Soras AG Ltd the Sorwatraco Ltd's insurer to pay him economic damages amounting to 86,400,000 Frw, damages related to incapacity amounting to 1,080,000 Frw, but it did not grant him medical expenses as he could not justfy them

Sanlam AG Ltd appealed against the case before the the High Court on grounds that it had been charged damages that are not covered by the insurer and that the owner of the vehicle had not notified the accident, the High Court pronounced its on case case No RCA 00242/2019/HC/KIG on 8/5/2020, and held that the appeal of Sanlam AG Ltd has merit; that Habakubaho Samson’s accident caused by the vehicle with plate NoRAB 856 Q was not a road accident, thus such accident could not be covered by Sanlam AG Ltd because Habakubaho Samson was injured by the door of the car which was not on the road, cutting his back as he was unloading it, it is rather in the finding of the court that what actually ccured was an occupational hazard, the liability of which must be borne by the former employer at the time of the accident, or by Rwanda Social Security Board.

Habakubaho Samson was not satisfied with the High Court decision, he accordingly lodged an appealbefore the Court of Appeal, on grounds that he was not compensated for the

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accident on the grounds that Sorwatraco Ltd's contract with Sanlam AG Ltd had not provided for it, he is therefore of the stance that he should be compensated by SORAS AG Ltd that has now become Sanlam AG Ltd in case Sorwatraco Ltd fails to do it, on the ground that he cannot be a victim of the vehicle owner’s failure to notify the accident.

The Representative of Sorwatraco Ltd and Sanlam AG Ltd contend that Habakubaho Samson does not deserve compensation for the accident because he did not have a road accident to warrant compensated, and there was no reason for the notification of that accident because he had an occupational hazard.

The case was heard in public on 21/10/2020, wherein Habakubaho Samson represented by learned Counsel Mutabaruka Jean, Sorwatraco Ltd represented by learned Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre and Sanlam AG Ltd represented by learned Counsel Mukandori Brigitte. II. LEGAL ISSUES AND THEIR ANALYSIS  To determine whether the absence of accident notification removes the obligation to honour the contract Sanlam AG Ltd signed with Sorwatraco Ltd

Mutabaruka Jean argues that the fact that no accident notification was made does not invalidate the contract that Soras AG Ltd which became Sanlam AG Ltd signed with Sorwatraco Ltd seeing that Sanlam AG Ltd was supposed to compensate

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Habakubaho Samson and then ask Sorwatraco Ltd to refund it as there is no indication of what the driver of Sorwatraco Ltd and turn boy (boy chauffeur/ turn boy) did when they saw that their car had an accident.

Learned Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre, avers that there was no need for Sorwatraco Ltd to make accident notification in the event where no accident ocuured that was covered by the insurer, but in the event the court finds otherwise the compensation should be sought from Sanlam AG Ltd, although in principle it is their stance that it was not necessary for them to appear before the court, but they were requestes to intervene in the case in order to prevent the increase of cases.

Learned Counsel Mukandoli Brigitte alleges that learned Counsel Mutabaruka Jean states that they have requested compensation because the car door hit Habakubaho Samson, but did not specify what the law provides for in view of such accident, as no accident file was made to notify the insurer, which is why Sanlam AG Ltd should not award any compensation. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 9 of the agreement between Soras which became Sanlam AG Ltd and Sorwatraco Ltd dated 09/07/2013 stipulates that the insured undertakes to notify the isurer of any accident involving a third party and in accordance with Article 2 & 1 of Decree-Law No. 32/75 of 7 August 1975 relating to the compulsory insurance of civil liability in respect of motor vehicles, to do everything in his power to notfy the ensurer of the road accident etablished by the traffic police and to provide the report of the accident, failure to do so would lead to a deduction

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of 10% of the ensured damageas a penalty , or else to the the insurance will loose validity depending on the circumstances of the accident (l’assuré s’engage pout tout accident impliquant un tiers et ce conformement a l’article 2 & 1 de décret-loi No 32/75 du 7 Aout 1975 relatif à l’assurance obligatoire de la responsabilité civile en matière des véhicules automoteurs à tout mettre en œuvre en vue de faire constater l’accident par la police de roulage et en fournir le procès-verbal.Tout manquement a cette obligation entraine automatiquement l’application d’une pénalité égale à 10% qui sera déduite de la valeur du sunitre ou à la déchéance de garantie selon les circonstances de l’accident).

The Court finds, as elucidated above that, the agreement between Sanlam AG Ltd's and Sorwatraco Ltd provides that an insured person who fails to disclose the accident,shall charged a certian amount of money by the insurer due to such negligence, though the agreement does not stipulate that in the event where an accident is proven, the insurer cannot compensate the injured party, which means that the delay in notifying the accident itself does not remove the obligations contained in the insurance contract Soras AG Ltd, which became Sanlam AG Ltd, with Sorwatraco Ltd got the insurance.  Whether Habakubaho Samson can be awarded the damages he is seeking by the party which might be held liable between Sorwatraco Ltd and sanlam AG Ltd

Learned counsel Jean Mutabaruka submits that the judge motivated in paragraph 13 of the judgment under appeal that the damages claimed by Habakubaho Samson would not be paid by the insurer in accordance with the provisions of Article 8 of the general terms of the insurance agreement between Sanlam AG

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Ltd and Sorwatraco Ltd ( general conditions), and accordingly moved the court to rectfy that on grounds the first paragraph of the agreement Sorwatraco Ltd entered into with Soras AG Ltd,currently Sanlam AG Ltd, which insured the liability of vehicles belonging to Sorwatraco Ltd including the car involved in the accident, and that the agreement does not state whether the vehicle is moving or not, but rather it states in 4, that insurance is effective from the moment the vehicle moves, during loading and offloading , and this is inconsistent with Article 8 upon which the the High Court based its ruling as it relates to the compensantion of the vehicle on fire, stolen vehicle, [...], which has nothing to do with the accident Habakubaho Samson had, in lieu ,the Court would have relied on Article 4 and 9 of the contract and award Samson the compensation he is seeking..

Learned Counsel Jean Mutabaruka adds that they sued Sorwatraco Ltd on grounds that door of its vehicle opened itself and hit Habakubaho Samson, and it is on such backdrop that theyseek damages in accordance with Article 258 of the of Civil Code Book III, applicable at the time of the accident, and Sorwatraco Ltd argued that it has an insurer and demanded that he intervene in the case, and there was an issue of traffic accident which they later turned into an occupational hazard yet Habakubaho Samson was a daily wage earner paid for the crates he packs or unloads,and has nothing to do with the vehicle, but the driver and his assistant (Boy Chauffeur/turn boy) left it and went away, they should accordingly be held liable of their lack of precaution , that the reason Bralirwa did not pay compensation was that it was not the owner of the car or its insurer.

Learned Counsel Mukandori Brigitte argues that the agreement between Soras AG Ltd and Sorwatraco Ltd should not

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be based on for awarding compensation on ground that no road accident occured, instead Habakubaho Samson had an accident when the car was parked and the engine turned off, that if the door fell on him it was due to the manipulations and his messing around such accidents are insured, only those that occur on the road when the engine is turned on are ensured, which is why she finds the damages sought by Habakubaho Samson unfounded, especially that even the Police was not immediately called in to investigate the matter, on the contrary, the investigations were carried out four years after the accident, after Habakubaho Samson had lost in labor lawsuits.

Learned Counsel Mukandori Brigitte goes on to submit that the statement of learned counsel Mutabaruka Jean’s averments to the effect that that the court should base itself on Article 4 of the is not true, because the clause would apply only if the vehicle was moving, but if person hits himself on it while parked, that would be his/her fault, accordingly there was no traffic fault made by the vehicle under its insurance, on the contrary what actually happened to Habakubaho Samson was an occupational hazard that should have been insured by his employer the « Intwali »Cooperative whereas Article 9 he alluded to is not related to the accident in question, while Article 8 adumburates the exclusions in the general contracts (exclusions). She submits that all the grounds raised by learned Counsel Mutabaruka Jean can be valid only in the event where the car is moving, which is why Sanlam AG Ltd would not have been requested damages when it was notified of the accident as provided for under article 19 of Decree-Law No. 32/75 of 7/08/1975 on Motor Vehicles.

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23 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO ET AL.

Learned Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre, submits that Habakubaho Samson's accident is not covered by insurance, that it was an occupational hazard because he immediately sued Bralirwa fully aware that what occurred to him was an occupational hazard, it is thus in his stance that if he was not satisfied with the court ruling in the labor cases, he would have resorted to the application for review due to injustice. With regard to learned Counsel Mutabaruka’s averments to the effect that the fact that the door of Sorwatraco Ltd's oppened itself, it does not preclude it from being called an accident covered by the insurer because their contract does not spacify whether the car is moving or not, he further submits that HABAKUBAHO Samson signed a contract with "Intwali" Cooperative which also signed a contract with Bralirwa to supply workers to unloadwhich service Habakubaho Samson was was offering at the time. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 2 of the Law Nº 15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production stipulates that “Evidence is the demonstration of the truth of fact”. And Article 3 of the said law provides that “Each party has the burden of proving the facts it alleges”.

Article 12 of the Law No 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that “The claimant must prove a claim, failing which the respondent wins the case”.

Article 260 of the Law of 30 July 1888 establishing Civil Code Book III relating to duties and responsibilities or contracts, into force at the time of the accident of Habakubaho Samson

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provides that: «One is responsible not only for the damage caused by one's own act, but also for that which is caused by the act of persons for whom one is responsible, or of under one's care».

The contract between Sorwatraco Ltd's and Soras AG Ltd which became Sanlam AG Ltd on 09/07/2013 provides,in its first paragraph, page one that in the general provisions of the contract on insurance police model 2501 issue 10/84 and in these special articles Soras Assurances Generales Ltd, PO BOX 924 Kigali, undertakes to ensure the civil liability of the motor vehicles of Sorwatraco Ltd KIGALI from 12/07/2013 until 11/07/2014 (couvre la responsabilité civile des véhicules automoteurs de Sorwatraco Ltd KIGALI à partir du 12/07/2013 jusqu’au 11/07/2014).

Article 4 of that contract provides that the person insured admits that his ensured vehicles covered shall used either for tourism activities, transport or delivery of different goods, excluding any transport of goods and persons for consideration (L’assuré déclare que les véhicules couverts sont utilisés soit pour la promenade et les affaires, soit pour le transport ou la livraison des biens divers, à l’exclusion de tout transport de biens ou de personnes à titre onéreux).

Article 8 of the aforementioned contract, provides that: “Damages caused by the sole fact of the transported goods or by the manipulations necessary for the transport and not resulting from the use of the vehicle are excluded from the insurance” (Sont exclus de l’assurance les dommages causés par le seul fait des choses transportées ou par les manipulations nécessitées par le transport et ne résultent pas de l’usage du vehicule).

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25 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO ET AL.

The case file shows that on 25/01/2018 the Gicumbi Police Station conducted an investigation into the case of Habakubaho Samson, and confirmed that Habakubaho Samson was an employee of Bralirwa from 2004 to 2014 in charge of unloading vehicles that had supplied the beverages but he had no written contract, he was paid on a daily basis (daily wage) because he was a member of the Intwali Cooperative, and on 9/3/2014 when he was at work with his colleagues Gahamanyi Jean born in 1981 and Rukundo Jean d'Amour born in 1971, confirmed that as they unloaded the vehicle with plate NoRAB 856 Q belonging to Kayombya Robert that was carrying Bralirwa drinks as usual, its back door broke up and hit Habakubaho Samson and broke his back, as indicated by Habakubaho Samson's medical records.

The investigation also revealed that Sorwatraco Ltd (Societe Rwandaise de transport et Commerce au Rwanda)’s vehicle with plate No RAB 856 Q was being driven by Ruhumuriza Bralirwa Ltd employee as established by witnesses who worked for Bralirwa Ltd, Gicumbi branch in their statements.

The case file shows the a medical report dated 8/2/2015 made by Dr. A.E Nkusi who works at King Faisal Hospital, confirming that Habakubaho Samson sustained an 80% permanent disability/incapacity.

With regard to the compensation Habakubaho Samson had claimed in connection with the accident that caused him 80% disability, the High Court ruled that no compensation should be awarded because the accident was an occupational hazard, instead of a road accident for which Sorwatraco Ltd got insured for by Soras AG Ltd which has now become Sanlam AG Ltd.

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In order to better understand whether Habakubaho Samson’s accident was an occupational hazard or a road accident covered by the insurer, it is important to point out the difference between an occupational hazard and a road accident.

With regard to occupational hazards, legal experts Raymond Guillien and Jean Vincent, state that an occupational hazard is an accident, regardless of the cause, to any person employed or working in any capacity or at any place whatsoever for one or more employers.

With regard to road accident, legal experts Yvonne Lambert- Faive and Laurent Leveneur in their legal analysis explained that a road accident includes any use of the vehicle within a private property or on a public road. It should be noted that a vehicle intended for scrap and abandoned on a public road may be the cause of a traffic accident and its owner must therefore be insured.

With regard to Habakubaho Samson's accident, the Court finds that although he was at work offloading Bralirwa Ltd's drinks from Sorwatrako Ltd's vehicle, the accident was not caused by what he was unloading to qualify it as an occupational hazard (fait du travail), rather it arose from a problem that the vehicle itself had (mechanical problems) of its door that was not firmly fix fixed on the hinges causing it tohit him, and such a hazard was notwhich is not amonf the risks insured under the contract Sorwatraco Ltd signed with Sanlam AG Ltd, in consideration of of what is provided inder article 8 mentioned herein above , which means that Sanlam AG Ltd cannot be held liable for damages resulting from the accident suffered by Habakubaho Samson.

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27 HABAKUBAHO v SORWATRACO ET AL.

The court also finds that the Habakubaho Samson’s employer cannot not be held liable for such accident on ground thst as elucidated hereinabove the accident in question does not qualify to be an occupational hazard as it had nothing to do with the work he was doing. it is however in the finding of the court that the accident was ocassioned by someone else's vehicle (Sorwatraco Ltd's vehicle), accordingly, pursuant to the provisions of Article 260 of Civil Code Book III mentioned above, which was applicable at the time Habakubaho Samson had the accident, Sorwatraco Ltd is found liable for such damages.

The aforementioned legal experts state that When a victim of an occupational hazard is insured under (social security) as an employee and the hazard is occasioned by another person other than his employer or his employer’s employee, the hazard victim or his or her descendants, have the right to claim damages from the party responsible for the accident under ordinary law in case the damages are not provided for under labor laws, accordingly Bralirwa as Habakuba’s employer should not be held liable for damages on ground that the accident was caused by Sorwatraco.

As indicated in the preceding paragraphs, experts Yvonne Lambert- Faive and Stephanie Parchy- Simon demonstrated that in the event where the accident is not related to traffic, common law of civil liability or another specific compensation scheme shall be applicable, they also point out that accidents occurring during loading and unloading are differentiated between traffic accidents and occupational risks. They indicate that the party responsible for the damages ; that he/she is the owner of the property that occasioned the accident and that such property contributed to his/her ground in claim for damages

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Based on all the the foregoing elucidations in the present case, regarding the party to be held liable for awarding the compensation related to accident in in the event where its not insured, the court finds Sorwatraco Ltd is the liable party to pay Habakubaho Samson the moral damages he claimed on ground of negligence in this matter, as it appears that it failed to find out early on the problem it’s the rear door of his vehicle hawhich was not properly locked, until it broke and hit him.  To determine the compensation that should be awarded to Habakubaho Samson

Learned Counsel Mutabaruka Jean requests that his client be compensated for the incapacity he sustained in accordance to the Presidential order No 31/01 of 25/08/2003 on compensation for personal injury due accidents caused by motor vehicles, amounting to 92,147,015 Frw, and 1,500,000 Frw for procedural fee and 2,000,000 Frw for Counsel fee.

Learned Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre states that following all the motivations evidences and thelegal provisions upon which they base themselves, he finds that Habakubaho Samson is not entitled to compensation in this case on ground that he sustained no damage from Sorwatraco Ltd, on the contrary it should be the other way round, seeing that in the case under appealpar 2 of the court ruling the judge eroneously ordered that Sorwatraco Ltd and Habakubaho to collectively pay compensation amounting to one million francs (1,000,000 Frw, given that Sorwatraco Ltd made no mistake in this case to warrant compensation. He finds that all the damages claimed in this case should be paid by Habakubaho Samson, and given that Sorwatraco Ltd hired a Counsel since the beginning of the case,

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he accordingly requests for damages amounting to 3,000,000 Frw in this regard.

Learned Counsel Mukandori Brigitte, a representative of Sanlam AG Ltd, contends that Habakubaho Samoson should not be entitled to compensation because he flivolously lodged this case instead he would be fined 8,000,000 Frw at this level of hearing in addition to damages awarded to Sanlam AGA Ltd by the High Court because he wantonly lodged the claim. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT  With regard to compensation related to accident

Article 258 of the Law of 30 July 1888 establishing Civil Code Book III relating to duties and responsibilities or contracts, into force at the time of the accident of Habakubaho Samson provides that: “Any act of man which causes damage to another, obliges the one through whose fault it was done to repair it”.

The Court of Appeal finds that the damages amounting to 92,147,015 Frw Habakubaho Samson is claiming are based on the Presidential order no 31/01 of 25/08/2003 on compensation for personal injury due accidents caused by motor vehicles, as he was of the stance that the accident he had was provided by such order, but as motivated, the accident was due to the negligence of the owner of the vehicle who did not detect the issue in time the vehi rear door issue and as a result crushed his back and incapacitated him. The court finds therefore that the damages to be awarded are provided for under Article 258 combined with article 260 of the aforementioned Law of 30 July 1888 establishing Civil Code Book III, which was in force at the time

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of the accident, in relation to any action that damages a person because of negligence on the part of the person in charge, but because the law does not provide for the the modality of calculating such compensation, they be determined in the discretion of the judge, in consideration of the disability caused by the accident and its consequences.

The court finds that, as it is indicated in this case, Habakubaho Samson's accident dealt him with a permanent disability of 80%, seeing thathe uses a wheel chair to move and he is unable to carry out any activity since his accident, accordingly, though there is no standard for determining the compensation, it is in the finding of the court that considering the permanent disability he has sustained hitherto, , considering his age and thegravity of his pain, he should be awarded 10,000,000 Frw in compensation for moral damages, instead of 92,147,015 he requested in a ccordance to the Presidential order No 31/01 of 25/08/2003 on compensation for personal injury due accidents caused by motor vehicles.  With regard to other damages requested in this case

Article 111 of the Law No-22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that: "[…] the claim for legal costs is adjudicated at the same time with the principal claim. It can also be admitted and adjudicated even if the principal claim has not been admitted”.

The court finds that the fact that Sorwatraco Ltd is the party that caused the accident and as a result Habakubaho Samson hired lawyer and pursue his case up to this stage, he should be

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compensated for the losses incurred in the case to wit: he should be granted 2,000,000 Frw as counsel fee as requested as they are not exobitant considering that the proceedings started from the Intermediate Court up to the Court of Appeal, and is also to be awarded 1,000,000 Frw for procedural fee for all these levels.

The court finds that Habakubaho Samson and Sorwatraco Ltd should not pay 1,000,000 Frw they were ordered to award Sanlam AG Ltd, as it appears that his allegations were well- founded, whereas the amount that Sorwatraco Ltd had to pay Sanlam AG Ltd is sustained because it was the one that requested for the intervention of Sanlam AG Ltd in the case yet it concurs that there no traffic accident occurred. III. DECISION OF THE COURT

Declares that the appeal lodged by Habakubaho Samson has merit in part ;

Holdsthat the judgement N° RCA 00242/2019/HC/KIG rendered by the High Court on 8/5/2020 is reversed ;

Orders Sorwatraco Ltd to pay Habakubaho Samson 10,000,000 frw for moral damages, 2,000,000 Frw for Counsel fee and 1,000,000 Frw for procedural fee ;

Orders also Sorwatraco Ltd to pay Sanlam AG Ltd 500,000 Frw in which was granted in the judgment under appeal ;

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Orders that the court fees be transferred to public funds for Habakubaho Samson has a certificate proving that he is an indigent person (a needy person).

## Page 485

CRIMINAL CASE

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35

PROSECUTION v. NSABIMANA ET AL [Rwanda COURT OF APPEAL – RPA 00060/2021/CA (Rukundakuvuga, P.J., Gakwaya and Kamere J.) April 04, 2022] Criminal law – Terrorism – Any person offering any kind of sponsoring of terrorism commits an act of terrorism – A person commanding, inciting, encouraging, sponsoring, organizing or procuring of any persons with the intent to commit terrorism, is not liable for such acts committed by others, he/she is rather held liable for having committed prior acts that facilitated the execution of subsequent acts of terrorism – Law nº69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing, article 2 – Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism, article 2. Criminal procedure – Guilty plea – A guilty plea is deemed valid if it leads to a reduction in penalties, provided that it is declared before the conclusion of the initial hearing, is unambiguous, demonstrates the accused's understanding of the seriousness of the acts and their consequences, includes expressions of remorse and apology, and shows the accused's willingness to make amends for the damage caused as expected. Criminal procedure – Sentencing – It is the duty of every judge to take into account the circumstances surrounding the accused before, during, and after the commission of the crime, and to weigh them against the nature of the offense, its severity, and its impact on society – This discretion is exercised by the judge regardless of whether the offense in question is classified as a

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felony or a misdemeanor – Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, articles 49 and 58. Criminal procedure – Appeal – Cross-appeal – Cross-appeal is not permitted in criminal cases – Any appeal related to a criminal action must be filed as the main appeal within the specified time limit. Facts: On September 20, 2021, the High Court, Chamber of International and Transborder Crimes, conducted the trial of case RP 00031/2019/HC/HCCIC at the first instance level. The accused individuals, namely Rusesabagina Paul, who held the position of president of MRCD-FLN, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, who served as the 2nd vice-president and spokesperson, along with other individuals in command and troops within MRCD-FLN, were found guilty of various crimes. These crimes included committing and participating in acts of terrorism related to the attacks launched on Rwandan territory. These attacks resulted in the loss of human lives, destruction, looting of properties, and the deliberate burning of motor vehicles, including passenger buses. The Court also ordered them to jointly compensate for the damages caused. Among the convicted individuals in this case are also the military senior officers in FDLR, namely Nsanzubukire Félicien and Munyaneza Anastase. The Prosecution, the accused, and the civil parties were dissatisfied with the ruling of the case and lodged an appeal to the Court of Appeal. The case before the Court of Appeal was heard in the absence of Rusesabagina Paul, as he voluntarily refused to appear despite being duly summoned. Based on the submissions made by the parties to the court, both the parties and the Court reached an agreement regarding the main issues to be addressed during the hearing and the sequence

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in which they would be addressed. The Court conducted the hearing and held debates on various issues, ultimately reaching decisions on each of them. The main issues discussed during the hearing are as follows: i. Should Rusesabagina Paul, Nsabimana Callixte, and Nizeyimana Marc, as leaders in the MRCD-FLN organization, be punished for their role in the acts committed by the combatants of such organization, which included attacks launched on Rwandan territory as determined by the previous court? Alternatively, should they be punished for personally committing acts of terrorism? The prosecution argues that regarding this issue, the acts of terrorism mentioned in Article 19, paragraph one of Law No. 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter-terrorism, namely the act of terrorism, attempted commission, participation in, or support of terrorist acts, share the common term "acts of terrorism" as defined in Article 2, subparagraphs 4(a) and (b). They argue that this is why Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, Rusesabagina Paul, and Nizeyimana Marc, as part of the command of MRCD-FLN, are implicated in the acts committed by those combatants, as they provided financial support, authorized the carrying out of various attacks on Rwandan territory, and incited others to commit them. For this reason, the prosecution argues that they should be found guilty of committing acts of terrorism rather than being found guilty of participating in terrorism acts committed by those combatants, as held by the previous court. While addressing this issue, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara stated to the Court that the previous court did not make an error in holding the accused liable based on article 19 of Law no. 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter-terrorism. The reason he puts

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forward is that the said article belongs to the section that specifically addresses offenses and penalties related to acts of terrorism. Therefore, according to him, when classifying the offenses with which the accused are charged, they should be considered under this section, rather than under the general provisions on definitions, the section of which article 2 that the prosecution relied on belongs. In that context, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara stated that as a spokesperson, he should not be held accountable for military operations in which he had no involvement. He argued that there were individuals responsible for such operations who had been reintegrated into civilian life. ii. Another issue examined by the Court pertains to whether the previous Court made an error in finding Rusesabagina Paul, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, and Nizeyimana Marc not guilty of the offense of forming an irregular armed group. The debates regarding this issue were centered around determining whether the accused in this case, in addition to the offense of joining the terrorism organization for which they were found guilty, should also be declared guilty of forming an irregular armed group as stipulated in Article 459 of the Organic Law No. 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code. The Prosecution disagrees with the previous court's ruling that the offense of forming an irregular armed group requires the intention to conquer Rwanda by foreign states and the use of mercenaries at the time of its commission. According to the Prosecution, when considering Article 459 of the Organic Law No. 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code, the legislator did not provide for both instances as constitutive elements of the offense of forming an irregular armed group that the High Court considered for their acquital.

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Kwitonda André argues that the Prosecution's ground of appeal should not be given merit as it solely cites the use of precedents and fails to acknowledge that the High Court's decision to acquit the accused was not solely based on precedents. According to Kwitonda André, the High Court took into account the motive of the accused individuals in addition to precedents. While responding to this ground, the Court of Appeal addressed other related debates and provided the following answers: a. What happens when there are two different case laws that establish different positions on a similar issue? Would the subsequent ruling be considered as having overturned the existing position, even if it did not mention anything about the previous case? b. Is it necessary for the offense of formation of an irregular armed group to involve foreign troops or the intention to hand over the Rwandan territory to foreign countries? iii. Another question is to determine whether Rusesabagina Paul is guilty of the offense of sponsoring terrorism as provided by Law No. 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on the prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing. The objective of the debates on this issue is to determine whether Rusesabagina Paul, after being found guilty of the offenses of committing and participating in acts of terrorism, should also have been found guilty of the offense of sponsoring terrorism as argued by the prosecution at the appeal level. Another issue examined by the Court of Appeal is to determine whether Rusesabagina Paul, Nizeyimana Marc, Nsanzubukire Félicien, Munyaneza Anastase, Nsengimana Herman, Kwitonda André, Nshimiyimana Emmanuel, Ndagijimana Jean Chrétien,

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Hakizimana Théogène, and Mukandutiye Angelina admitted to the charges to the extent of benefiting from the penalty reduction. The Court of Appeal examined the characteristics of a valid guilty plea that may benefit the accused with a penalty reduction, as provided for by Article 59, subparagraph (1o) of Law no. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, determining offenses and penalties in general. iv. Another question is to determine whether the first instance court was allowed to reduce the penalty below the minimum provided by the law for Rusesabagina Paul, Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, Nizeyimana Marc, Nikuzwe Siméon, Ntabanganyimana Joseph, Niyirora Marcel, Iyamuremye Emmanuel, Nsengimana Herman, Kwitonda André, Nshimiyimana Emmanuel, Ndagijimana Jean Chrétien, Hakizimana Théogène, and Mukandutiye Angelina on the grounds of mitigating circumstances. Concerning this ground, the Prosecution argues that the previous court misinterpreted Article 60 of Law No. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general, while reducing the penalties for the accused. The Prosecution points out that Articles 47 and 48 of the same law prohibit the judge from deciding the case contrary to the law and state that no penalty reduction can be granted outside the circumstances and modalities provided by the law. Consequently, the prosecution finds that the previous court, without considering the provisions of the law regarding penalty reduction, reduced the penalty below the minimum based on previous cases decided by the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal. However, according to Article 95 of the Constitution, which establishes the hierarchy of the law, the prosecution believes that court decisions do not take precedence over legislation. Accordingly, if the law exists and is clear, it should

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be followed unless there is a Supreme Court decision declaring that the law is inconsistent with the Constitution. Furthermore, even in the absence of such a decision, a position contrary to the law should not be adopted. All the accused concerned by this ground of appeal appeared before the court with their legal counsel and stated that the previous Court had found that the mitigating circumstances were present. They argued that denying the benefit of penalty reduction below the minimum penalty is contradictory to the principle of fair justice provided by Article 29 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda. They argue that in delivering fair justice, a judge should not only rely on the provisions of the law, but also consider court decisions. They refer to the position set by the Supreme Court in the judgment RS/INCOST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC rendered on 4/12/2019 in the case between Kabasinga Florida and the Government of Rwanda, the judgment RPA 00031/2021/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 28/2/2020 in the case between the Prosecution and Nsafashwanayo Jean de Dieu, and the judgment RPA 00031/2021/CA rendered on 28/10/2021. These judgments establish that preventing the judge from granting penalty reduction amounts to a violation of the principle of fair justice. v. The Court of Appeal re-examined whether the previous Court erred in granting a reduced penalty to Rusesabagina Paul, Munyaneza Anastase, and Mukandutiye Angelina on the basis that they were first-time offenders, despite the fact that the charges against them are felonies. Debates on this ground are based on determining whether the gravity of the offense should serve as a barrier to granting a

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penalty reduction in favor of the accused, particularly when they are first-time offenders. vi. It also examined the admissibility of cross-appeals in criminal cases. Debates regarding this ground relate to the cross-appeal filed by the defendants, who raised the fact that the Law relating to criminal procedure is silent on the matter of cross-appeals. They argued that the law states that in cases where matters are not explicitly mentioned, reference should be made to the law relating to civil, commercial, labor, and administrative procedure, which do provide for this type of remedy. vii. Determining whether the civil actions, for which court fees or proof of exemption were submitted after the commencement of the hearing, may be admitted. Debates regarding this ground were raised by the appellants, who criticized the appealed judgment for admitting the claims for damages filed by the civil parties and commencing the hearing before the payment of court fees. They argue that the fees were paid by the civil parties only after the defendants raised the issue. viii. Determining whether the convicts of terrorism offenses, who were not present at the crime scene where the offenses were committed by the terrorism organization of which they are members, should be held liable for damages caused by the combatants of such organization. Debates regarding this ground were initiated by the suspects who argue that they should only be held liable for damages resulting from the attacks in which they personally participated. ix. Concerning the issue of overturning a decision made at the first instance level in the form of the court's discretion.

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In the context of criminal actions, debates regarding this ground centered around determining whether the Court would grant a penalty reduction at the appeal level when the defendants do not hold any blame toward the previous Court, apart from alleging that the penalty was not sufficiently reduced. x. Regarding the suspension of the penalty requested by some of the defendants. The Court of Appeal analyzed the provisions of Article 64, paragraph one of Law No. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general. It observed that the text raises doubts, especially considering that the Kinyarwanda version does not express the same thing as the other versions. Additionally, the expression "irangizarubanza ku gihano itegeko riteganyiriza igifungo" used in the provision is not clear, as it refers to the offense for which the penalty is specified rather than the actual penalty for which the punishment is provided. The Court clarified that the suspension of the penalty should be understood to depend on the imprisonment penalty of a period less than five (5) years determined by the Court, rather than depending on the offense for which the law provides an imprisonment penalty of over five (5) years. Held: 1. A person who commands, incites, encourages, sponsors, organizes, or procures others to commit criminal acts with the intention of facilitating the commission of terrorism is not punished for the acts committed by those other individuals. Instead, they are punished for their own acts that preceded and facilitated the execution of acts of terrorism. Therefore, Rusesabagina, Nsabimana, and Nizeyimana, as leaders in the MRCD-FLN organization forum, are found guilty of acts of

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terrorism rather than participating in the acts committed by the combatants under their command. 2. Although the act of overruling should ideally be done explicitly, it can also be done implicitly. A position lastly adopted with regard to a given legal issue prevails over the previous position on the same particular issue. 3. The admission of guilt becomes valid to the extent of benefiting the accused with the penalty reduction if it is declared before the closure of the hearing at first instance, is unequivocal, the accused understands the gravity of the acts and their consequences, expresses regret, apologizes, and is ready to restore the damage caused as expected from him/her. 4. Every judge should, at the time of sentencing, consider the well-being status of the accused before, during, and after the commission of the crime, and correlate it with the circumstances of its commission, its gravity, and the impact it had on society. The judge exercises such discretion even if the offense of which the suspect is accused consists of a felony or a misdemeanor. 5. Due to the nature of criminal cases, which does not allow for cross appeals, any appeal related to a criminal action should be filed as the main appeal within the prescribed time limit. 6. A party claiming damages in a criminal case is allowed to file a civil action at any time, as long as they fulfill the requirements for filing such an action before the closing of the hearing at the first instance stage. 7. The suspension of a penalty involves the modality of executing the imprisonment penalty imposed by a judge. The judge may grant the suspension even if the convict did not request it, taking into consideration the pronounced penalty, personal circumstances, and gravity of the committed offense.

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Consequently, there is nothing that prevents the convict at the first instance from requesting the suspension of the penalty for the first time at the appeal level. Appeal lodged by the prosecution partially granted; Cross appeal filed by Kwitonda, Ndagijimana, Hakizimana and Nikuzwe dismissed; Appeal lodged by Nsabimana with merit; Appeal lodged by Nsabimana with merit in part; Appeals lodged by Nizeyimana, Nsengimana, Nshimiyimana, Matakamba, Ntibiramira, Byukusenge, Shabani, Bizimana, Niyirora, Iyamuremye, Mukandutiye, Nsanzubukire and Munyaneza lack merit. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law no 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 relating to criminal procedure, articles 11, 12, 16, 116, 154, 181 and 183. Law nº69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing, article 2. Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism as amended and complmented to date, articles 2, 18, 19 and 38. Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general as amended to date, articles 28, 33, 47, 49, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60 and 64. Law n°30/2018 of 02/06/2018 determining the jurisdiction of courts, articles 65 and 73. Law nᵒ 15/2004 of 12/6/2004 relating to evidence and its production, articles 3 and 104.

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Instructions no 001/2021 of 15/03/2021 of the President of the Supreme Court regulating the publication of the caselaws in the law report, article 9(2 and 3); Organic Law no 01/2012/0L of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code (repealed), articles 77, 85, 459 and 503; Decree-Law no 21/77 of 18/08/1977 instituting the penal code (repealed), articles 97 and 163. Cases referred to: Re GLIHD, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00004/2019/SC, rendered by the Supreme Court on 04/12/2019. Prosecution v. Ingabire Umuhoza et al., RPA 0255/12/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 13/12/2013. Prosecution v. Habyarimana, RPA 0224/12/CS, rendered by the Supreme Court on 13/01/2017. Prosecution v. Ndererimana, RPA 0249/13/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 16/09/2016. Prosecution v. Mpiranya, RPA 0343/10/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 27/02/2015. Prosecution v. Mushayidi, RPA 0298/10/CS, rendered by the Supreme Court on 24/02/2012. Peosecution v. Musangamfura, RPAA 00381/2020/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 18/3/2022. Prosecution v. Nzafashwanimana, RPAA 00032/2019/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 28/02/2022. Vojislav Šešelj, IT-03-67-R77.2-A, rendered by ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber) on 19/ 05/2010. Prosecutor v. Kambanda, n˚ ICTR-97-23-S, rendered by International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) on 4/09/1998.

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Authors cited : Antoine Rubbens, L’instruction criminelle et la procédure pénale, Tome III, Larcier, Bruxelles, 1965, p. 265, n˚ 259. Bernard Bouloc, Droit pénal général, 26e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2019, p. 591, n˚ 791 Christiane Hennau et Jacques Verhaegen, Droit pénal général, 3e édition, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2003. Harald Renoult, Droit pénal général, 19e édition, Bruylant- Paradigme, Bruxelles, 2020, p. 291. Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2e édition, Larcier, Bruxelles, 2006. Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Droit pénal général zaïrois, DES, Kinshasa, 1989, p. 340. Judgment I. BACKGROUND OF THE CASE

The prosecution accused: NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NSENGIMANA Herman, RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard before the High Court, Chamber of

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International and transborder Crimes. Each individual is charged with various offenses;

The charges include: Formation of or joining an irregular armed group, membership to a terrorist group, terrorism for political purposes, sponsoring terrorism. They also include terrorist acts causing death, abduction as an act of terrorism, armed robbery as an act of terrorism, deliberate arson against another person’s house, transport means or properties as an act of terrorism, intentional assault or battery as an act of terrorism, attempt to murder as an act of terrorism. In addition, they include donating, receiving, or inciting to receive proceeds from terrorism, conspiracy, and incitement to commit terrorism. And finally, they include spreading false information or harmful propaganda with the intent to cause a hostile international opinion against the Rwandan Government, denial of genocide, minimization of genocide, maintaining relations with a foreign government with intent to wage war, and fraudulent acquisition or production and the use of forged documents and papers issued by a competent authority.

The case was assigned the docket number RP 00031/2019/HC/HCCIC, and 98 people who were affected by some of the acts for which the accused are prosecuted filed for damages within the criminal proceedings. In the course of the hearing, one of the suspects, namely RUSESABAGINA Paul, withdrew from the case and refused to appear. The case was heard in his absence, and the verdict was pronounced on 20/9/2021.

In the analysis conducted by the previous Court, it was determined that in relation to the offense of forming or joining an irregular armed group, the accused individuals were found not guilty. This decision was based on the understanding that the acts

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they were accused of did not constitute offenses against state security or other countries, and that their actions were not carried out with the intent to support an armed attack by irregular armed forces. It was also determined that in relation to the offense of sponsoring terrorism, for which RUSESABAGINA Paul was charged, the constituent acts were punishable under two different legal instruments1. On one hand, they were punishable as a separate offense of sponsoring terrorism, and on the other hand, sponsoring terrorism was considered one of the acts of terrorism. After analyzing these laws, the previous Court concluded that the acts for which he was charged should be punished as acts of terrorism, rather than being treated as a separate offense of sponsoring terrorism.

In its decision, the High Court, Chamber of International and transborder Crimes held that: NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara has been found guilty of the offense of membership in a terrorist group, as well as the offenses of committing and participating in acts of terrorism, denial of genocide, minimization of genocide, and fraudulent acquisition or production and the use of forged documents and papers issued by competent authority. He is not guilty of the offenses of formation of an irregular armed group, maintaining relations with a foreign government with intent to wage war, donating, receiving or inciting to receive proceeds from terrorism, terrorism for political purposes, conspiracy and incitement to commit terrorism, and

1 The Law nº69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing as well as the Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism as amended to date consider it as an act of terrorism.

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spreading false information or harmful propaganda with intent to cause a hostile international opinion against the Rwandan government. He was sentenced to a penalty of twenty (20) years of imprisonment, and the court ordered the seizure of the passport and telephone that were in his possession at the time of his apprehension. RUSESABAGINA Paul is guilty of the offences of membership in a terrorist group and participation in acts of terrorism, but he is not guilty of the offence of formation of an irregular armed group. He has been sentenced to twenty-five (25) years of imprisonment. NIZEYIMANA Marc is guilty of the offence of membership in a terrorist group and the offence of committing and participating in acts of terrorism. However, he is not guilty of the offence of formation of an irregular armed group and maintaining relations with a foreign Government with intent to wage a war. He has been sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment. BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy is guilty of the offences of membership in a terrorist group, committing and participating in acts of terrorism, illegal use of explosives or any noxious substance in a public place, conspiracy, and incitement to commit terrorism. However, he is not guilty of the offences of formation of or joining an irregular armed group. Therefore, he has been sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude, and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène are guilty of the offences of membership in a terrorist group,

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committing and participating in acts of terrorism, illegal use of explosives or any noxious substance in a public place, and conspiracy and incitement to commit terrorism. Therefore, they have been sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment. NIKUZWE Siméon has been found guilty of the offence of membership in a terrorist group and has been sentenced to ten (10) years of imprisonment. NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, and HAKIZIMANA Théogène have been found guilty of the offence of membership in a terrorist group. However, they have been acquitted of the charge of formation of an irregular armed group. Consequently, they have been sentenced to five (5) years of imprisonment. NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina have been found guilty of the offence of membership in a terrorist group, but not guilty of the offence of formation of an irregular armed group. Consequently, NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina have been sentenced to five (5) years of imprisonment each.

NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, and NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien have been sentenced to three (3) years of imprisonment each.

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Concerning the claim for damages, the previous Court held that all the defendants, except NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase, should be jointly liable for paying the civil parties in the following manner: NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, damages amounting to 21,500,000Frw, HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, 600,000 Frw, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, 600,000 Frw, RUGERINYANGE Dominique and NTABARESHYA Dative, 5,000,000 Frw each, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, 300,000Frw, INGABIRE Marie Chantal, 10,000,000Frw, SHUMBUSHA Damascène, 300,000Frw, NSABIMANA Anastase, 300,000Frw MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, 10,000,000Frw SIBORUREMA Vénuste, 300,000Frw, NGENDAKUMANA David, 300,000Frw, NDUTIYE Yussuf, 7,000,000Frw, OMEGA Express Ltd, 164,700,000Frw, ALPHA Express Company Ltd, 80,100,000Frw, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 7,690,200Frw, KIRENGA Darius, UMURIZA Adéline, SHUMBUSHO David and RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné under guardianship by RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 2,000,000 Frw each of them,

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KAREGESA Phénias, 5,500,000 Frw, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, 10,500,000 Frw, NGIRABABYEYI Désiré 2,500,000 Frw, HABIMANA Zerothe, 2,500,000 Frw, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, 2,000,000 Frw, KAYITESI Alice, 2,000,000 Frw, NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane, 5,000,000 Frw, UWAMBAJE Françoise, 10,000,00 Frw, Five children of MUKABAHIZI Hilarie under guardianship by MBONIGABA Richard namely MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANKUNDIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane and HABAKUBAHO Adéline, 5,000,000Frw for each of them, Seven siblings of MUKABAHIZI Hilarie namely MBONIGABA Richard, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWALI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alexis, NYIRANGABIRE Valérie and SEMIGABO Déo, 2,000,000Frw for each of them. NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, 3,000,000 Frw, NSABIMANA Joseph, 3,000,000 Frw, RUTAYISIRE Félix, 4,000,000 Frw, MAHORO Jean Damascène, 5,000,000 Frw, NZEYIMANA Paulin, 2,000,000 Frw.

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It was held that no damages are awarded to the following civil parties in relation to the attacks launched in Nyungwe forest, in Kitabi Sector: YAMBABARIYE Védaste, NYAMINANI Daniel, MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, BWIMBA Vianney and NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel.

It also held that no damages are awarded to the following civil parties from Nyabimata Sector: HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marceline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, MUYENTWALI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, SEBAGEMA Simon, BARAYANDEMA Viateur, KARERANGABO Antoine, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille and HABYARIMANA Damascène.

It was decided that the following people from Ruheru Sector are not awarded damages: MANARIYO Théogène, GASHONGORE Samuel, NZABIRINDA Viateur, NIYOMUGABA, NDAYISENGA Edouard, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, BARAGAMBA, RUTIHUNZA Enos, BARIRWANDA Innocent, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, HABIMANA Innocent, SEBARINDA Emmanuel, NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, NKUNDIZERA Damascène, HABAKURAMA Gratien and HARERIMANA Emmanuel.

And that people from Kivu Sector namely: NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, DUSENGIMANA Solange, KANYANDEKWE Vénant, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana,

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HAGENIMANA Patrice, NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel and NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, are not awarded damages, the same case as GAKWAYA Gérard from Nyakarenzo Sector.

The prosecution, certain accused individuals, and several civil parties were dissatisfied with certain aspects of the ruling and filed an appeal with the Court of Appeal. The prosecution expressed its dissatisfaction with several aspects of the ruling. Firstly, it disagreed with the definition provided by the previous Court regarding the offence of formation of an irregular armed group. Secondly, it was not satisfied with the decision to declare RUSESABAGINA Paul not guilty of sponsoring the terrorist group. Additionally, the prosecution contested the act of reclassifying specific offences, such as murder, abduction, unlawful detention of a person, armed robbery, deliberate arson against another person's house or transport means, attempt to murder, and intentional assault or battery, as acts of terrorism. Lastly, the prosecution claimed that the penalties imposed were in contradiction with the law.

Regarding NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, he filed an appeal based on the ground that he was not granted a satisfactory reduction in his penalty, despite his clear admission of guilt. He requests another reduction in the penalty. NSENGIMANA Herman filed an appeal, stating that he was dissatisfied with the denial of the penalty reduction, despite his clear admission of guilt. He also expressed discontent with the order to pay damages, considering that he did not play a direct role in the acts that caused harm to the civil parties.

Nizeyimana Marc filed an appeal, arguing that he was wrongly found guilty of offenses in which he did not participate. He also contested the order to pay damages, emphasizing that he

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had no involvement in the committed offenses. BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, filed an appeal on the grounds that his penalty was not adequately reduced and was not suspended. Matakamba Jean Berchmas, on his part, has appealed on the grounds that the previous court did not analyze the reasons that led him to commit the crime and did not consider them in their decision. He also claims that he was wrongly punished for the attack launched in Karangiro as he did not participate in it. Additionally, he expresses dissatisfaction with the penalty imposed on him.

NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard and SHABANI Emmanuel have also lodged appeals because the previous court disregarded the mitigating circumstances they pointed out and ordered them to pay damages in relation to attacks that occurred in Rusizi District. He, in particular, blames the previous court for declaring him guilty of the offence of conspiracy and inciting others to commit acts of terrorism, even though he was not accused of those specific charges.

NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude also lodged an appeal, blaming the High Court, Specialized Chamber for International and Transnational Crimes for disregarding the mitigating circumstances they presented. They also criticize the court for not indicating the time of their arrest, which should be considered as the reference for calculating the duration of their imprisonment.

NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase also lodged an appeal, stating that the previous court failed to determine the time of their arrest, which should be considered for calculating the duration of their incarceration. They also argue that they were not granted a penalty reduction of

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one year, despite pleading guilty. IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, and NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel expressed their disagreement with the previous court's decision regarding their prosecution and punishment. They argue that they should have been demobilized, as was the case for others. They also contend that the suspension of their penalty was not considered, as their demobilization was not taken into account. Furthermore, they dispute the damages they were held liable for, as they deny any involvement in the acts in question.

KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and NIKUZWE Siméon filed a cross- appeal in response to the prosecution's appeal, citing various grounds.

On the other hand, the civil parties including HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, RUGERINYANGE Dominique, NTABARESHYA Dative, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, INGABIRE Marie Chantal, SHUMBUSHA Damascène, NSABIMANA Anastase, MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, SIBORUREMA Vénuste, NGENDAKUMANA David, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, KIRENGA Darius, UMURIZA Adéline, SHUMBUSHO David and RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné represented by RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, KAREGESA Phénias, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, HABIMANA Zerothe, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, KAYITESI Alice, NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane, UWAMBAJE Françoise, five children of MUKABAHIZI Hilarie represented by MBONIGABA Richard, namely MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANKUNDIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane and HABAKUBAHO Adéline;

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MUKABAHIZI Hilarie, MBONIGABA Richard, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWALI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alexis, NYIRANGABIRE Valérie and SEMIGABO Déo, NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, NSABIMANA Joseph, RUTAYISIRE Félix, MAHORO Jean Damascène, NZEYIMANA Paulin, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, NDUTIYE Yussuf, OMEGA Express Ltd, ALPHA Express Company Ltd, filed an appeal, criticizing the previous Court for awarding them insufficient damages based on its own discretion, despite having substantiated their claims with evidence.

The civil parties including YAMBABARIYE Védaste, NYAMINANI Daniel, MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, BWIMBA Vianney, NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marceline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, MUNYENTWALI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, SEBAGEMA Simon, BARAYANDEMA Viateur, KARERANGABO Antoine, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille, HABYARIMANA Damascène, MANARIYO Théogène, GASHONGORE Samuel, NZABIRINDA Viateur, NIYOMUGABA, NDAYISENGA Edouard, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, BARAGAMBA, RUTIHUNZA Enos, BARIRWANDA Innocent, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, HABIMANA Innocent, SEBARINDA Emmanuel, NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, NKUNDIZERA Damascène, HABAKURAMA Gratien,

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HARERIMANA Emmanuel, NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, DUSENGIMANA Solange, KANYANDEKWE Vénant, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel, NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine and GAKWAYA Gérard lodged an appeal, criticizing the previous Court for not awarding them damages. They argue that they did substantiate their claims with evidence, including declarations from individuals who were aware of what happened and statements from the suspects who admitted to and revealed the crimes they committed against them. They assert that the previous Court disregarded the consequences they endured as a result of these crimes.

All their appeal claims were assigned different docket numbers and were joined. The hearing was scheduled for 17/01/2022, and on this day, all the parties appeared except RUSESABAGINA Paul. Such incident raised a debate on whether he was regularly summoned, and the Court withdrew for deliberation. On 18/01/2022, it decided that RUSESABAGINA Paul was summoned in accordance with the law and ordered the hearing of the case in his absence, in compliance with article 128 of the Law No. 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 relating to criminal procedure. The hearing was fixed on 20/01/2022.

On that day, after the parties were provided with an explanation of the main grounds of their appeal, they reached an agreement with the Court to have them summarized into issues to be examined in five different categories: a. Issues concerning the classification of the offenses for which the previous Court found the suspects guilty; b. Issues regarding the offenses for which the accused persons were found not guilty;

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c. Issues regarding the offenses for which the accused persons were found guilty by the Court; d. Issues regarding the penalties imposed on them; e. Issues regarding damages. They also agreed upon the hearing schedule.

In the course of the hearing, it was realized that NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel had appealed against the offense of formation of an irregular armed group, even though the court did not find him guilty of it. As a result, he, along with the prosecution and the present Court, agreed that this crime should be dropped from the charges.

In that hearing as well, the prosecution informed the Court about the changes it made to the first issue regarding the classification of offenses. Therefore, as of now, this issue pertains to RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, and NIZEYIMANA Marc, specifically regarding the classification of the offenses they should be charged with in relation to the acts committed by the MRCD-FLN combatants. II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES 1. GROUNDS OF APPEAL BASED ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES OF WHICH THE COURT DECLARED THE SUSPECTS GUILTY - Determination of the classification of the offence for which RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc and NSABIMANA

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Callixte alias Sankara should be charged in relation to criminal acts committed by the MRCD-FLN combatants

Regarding this ground of appeal, the prosecution states that it concurs with the High Court, Chamber for International and Transborder Crimes, on the analysis it made regarding some points. However, the prosecution also raises criticism regarding other points. They state that they do not accept the analysis that the previous court made in paragraphs 162, 164, and 236 of the appealed judgment. In these paragraphs, the court held that NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul, and NIZEYIMANA Marc should not be personally prosecuted for the acts of terrorism. Instead, they should be prosecuted for their involvement in the acts of terrorism committed by the MRCD-FLN combatants.2 The prosecution argues that it is incorrect to consider individuals in leadership roles within a terrorist organization as merely playing a role in the acts of terrorism committed by the members under their command. Instead, they should be considered as personally committing such acts, as the law categorizes the actions of commanders of a terrorist organization who plan, sponsor, and incite others to

2 In paragraph 164 of the appealed judgment, the High Court, Chamber for International and Transborder crimes states it in the following words: "...the Court therefore concludes that the acts committed by MRCD-FLN combatants in the attacks, for which the prosecution holds NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara and RUSESABAGINA Paul personally responsible for murder, assault and battery, abduction, deliberate arson against another person's house, transportation means, and armed robbery, are classified as acts of terrorism. However, the Court determined that they should not be personally charged with these acts. Instead, it found that their involvement constituted playing a role in the aforementioned acts of terrorism, which falls under the offense of committing and participating in acts of terrorism."

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commit such acts as acts of terrorism. They base their argument on the provisions of the law, specifically referring to Article 2, Subparagraphs 4(a) and (b) of Law No. 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counterterrorism, as amended to date, stating that: “terrorist act: a) any deliberate act which is a violation of the criminal laws and which may endanger the life, physical integrity or freedoms of, or cause serious injury or death to, any person, any number or group of persons or causes or may cause damage to public or private property, natural resources, environmental or cultural heritage and is calculated or intended to: i. intimidate, put in fear, force, coerce or induce any government, body, institution, the general public or any segment thereof, to do or abstain from doing any act or to adopt or abandon a particular standpoint or to act according to certain principles; ii. disrupt any public service, the delivery of any essential service to the public or to create a public emergency; iii. create general insurrection in a State; b) any promotion, sponsoring, contribution to, command, aid, incitement, teaching, training, attempt, encouragement, threat, conspiracy, organizing or procurement of any person, with the intent to commit any act referred to in point a).”

The prosecution argues that the acts of terrorism specified in Article 19, paragraph one of the Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counterterrorism, namely committing an act of terrorism,

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attempting to commit a terrorism act, participating in acts of terrorism, and supporting acts of terrorism, all share the common definition of "Act of terrorism" as defined in Article 2, subparagraphs (4)(a) and (b). They argue that this is the reason why the suspects NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul, and NIZEYIMANA Marc, who hold leadership positions in the MRCD-FLN organization, are connected to the acts committed by those combatants. They assert that these individuals financially sponsored and instructed the launch of various attacks on Rwandan territory and incited others to commit them. For this reason, the prosecution argues that they should be declared guilty of committing acts of terrorism instead of being guilty of participating in terrorism acts committed by those combatants, as decided by the previous court.

Counsel Rugeyo Jean, who is assisting NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, replied to this ground by stating to the appellate court that, according to him, the previous court did not make any mistakes in sentencing the suspects, including his client, based on Article 19 of Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter-terrorism. He provides the reasons that this article belongs to the chapter on acts of terrorism and penalties. It is understood that it is within this chapter that the classification of offenses with which the suspects are charged should be determined, rather than consulting the section on general provisions, where Article 2 of that law, on which the prosecution emphasizes, is located. In that context, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara argued that as a spokesperson, he should not be held responsible for military operations in which he had no involvement, especially when there were individuals in charge of such operations, including Colonel GATABAZI Joseph (military operations), who were demobilized.

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Following the submission of the explanations for the rectification of the appeal submissions regarding this ground, the other suspects who were concerned by this ground remained silent.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Court of Appeal finds that the debates concerning this issue revolve around determining the command responsibility of commanders of a terrorist organization for crimes committed by combatants under their orders that affected people living at the crime scene.

The prosecution requests the instant court to decide that RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte, and NIZEYIMANA Marc committed the offense of terrorism, rather than the offense of participating in acts of terrorism as decided by the trial court in paragraphs 162, 164, and 236 of the appealed judgment. In a nutshell, the prosecution's concern is not whether they should be held personally responsible or as accomplices for the acts of terrorism committed by MRCD-FLN combatants3.

3 These arguments are supported by the statements made by the trial court in paragraph 162 of the appealed judgment. In that paragraph, the court stated, "Considering the text of articles 18 and 19 mentioned above, a person who does not commit an act of terrorism that is likely to harm life, cause serious injury, death, or damage to property as stated in article 2, subparagraph 4(a), but who engages in acts of promotion, sponsorship, contribution, command, aid, incitement, and other acts as stated in the same article, subparagraph 4(b), should be considered as participating in acts of terrorism and held responsible for the offense of committing and participating in terrorist acts as provided by article 19 mentioned above.".

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Rather, their argument is that they should be charged with the offense specified in article 19 of the Law on counter-terrorism. Participation, as stated in that article, should not be confused with being an accomplice as defined in article 2 of Law n˚68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general.

In reality, the act of playing a role as stated in article 19 of the Law on Counter Terrorism constitutes an offense, whereas being an accomplice as stated in article 2 of the Law determining offenses and penalties in general is a mode of participation in the commission of the offense.

Article 83, paragraph one and 2 of the Law n˚68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provides that “Criminal liability is incurred by the offender, his/her co-offender or accomplice. Only a person who intentionally commits an offence is punishable. However, (….)”.

As provided by article 2 of the of the Law n˚68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, the offender is “a person who commits an act punishable by law or omits to perform an act required by law”. The same article specifies the person who should be regarded as co-offender as well as accomplice.

A Co-offender is “a person who directly cooperates with the offender in the commission of an offence” while an accomplice is “a person having aided the offender in the means of preparing the offence through any of the following acts: a. a person who, by means of remuneration, promise, threat, abuse of authority or power has caused an

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offence or given instructions for the commission thereof; b. a person who knowingly aids or abets the offender in the means of preparing, facilitating or committing the offence or incites the offender; c. a person who causes another to commit an offence by uttering speeches, inciting cries or threats in a place where more than two (2) persons gather, or by means of writings, books or other printed texts that are purchased or distributed free of charge or displayed in public places, posters or notices visible to the public; d. a person who harbours an offender or a co- offender or an accomplice to make it impossible to find or arrest him/her, helps him/her hide or escape or provides him/her with a hiding place or facilitates him/her to conceal objects used or intended for use in the commission of an offence; e. a person, who knowingly, conceals an object or other equipment used or intended for use in the commission of an offence; f. a person who steals, conceals or deliberately destroys in any way objects that may be used in offence investigation, discovery of evidence or punishment of offenders;

The main provisions of International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution on 15/12/1997 as ratified by Presidential Order n° 40/01 of 14/04/2002, provide that any

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person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person unlawfully and intentionally delivers, places, discharges or detonates an explosive or other lethal device in, into or against a place of public use, a State or government facility, a public transportation system or an infrastructure facility with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury or to cause extensive destruction of such a place, facility or system, where such destruction results in or is likely to result in major economic loss, if that person attempts to commit the foregoing offences, or participates as an accomplice in such an offence, or organizes or directs others to commit it or any other way contributes to the commission of such offence by a group of persons4.

Article 2, subparagraph (4˚), b) of the Law no 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism suggests that any person who provides any promotion, sponsoring, contribution to, command, aid, incitement, teaching, training, attempt, encouragement, threat, conspiracy, organizing or procurement of any person, with the intent to commit terrorism, commits acts of terrorism punished under article 19 and subsequent provisions of the same law.

4 “Commet une infraction au sens de la Convention quiconque illicitement et intentionnellement livre, pose, ou fait exploser ou détonner un engin explosif ou autre engin meurtrier dans ou contre un lieu public, une installation gouvernementale ou une autre installation publique, un système de transport public ou une infrastructure, dans l’intention de provoquer la mort ou des dommages corporels graves, ou des destructions massives entraînant ou risquant d’entraîner des pertes économiques considérables. Commet également une infraction au sens de la Convention quiconque tente de commettre une des infractions ci-dessus ou se rend complice d’une telle infraction, ou en organise la commission ou donne l’ordre à d’autres personnes de la commettre ou contribue de toute autre manière à sa commission par un groupe de personnes agissant de concert’’.

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It is evident across the world that the persons held responsible for terrorism crimes are the ones who execute such offences, while it is difficult to hold the top leaders responsible for acts committed by their subordinates5 despite the fact that they plan the plot and order them to execute it. In addition, even when they are prosecuted, they do not incur same penalties than the subordinates since they are sometimes considered as accomplices albeit being the mastermind of terrorist groups and incitigators of others to commit terrorism.6.

5 “Les infractions pénales traditionnelles et les sanctions qui leur sont applicables ont été principalement conçues pour punir les exécuteurs matériels d’un acte illicite. Elles ne sont cependant pas forcément efficaces pour réprimer les groupes très hiérarchisés dans lesquels les tâches, tels que l’exécution matérielle des attentats à la bombe, les meurtres ou les détournements d’aéronefs, sont séparées de celles qui portent sur la préparation, la planification et le soutien logistiques. La répression efficace du terrorisme passe par l’inculpation pénale des personnes qui ont planifié, organisé et commandité des opérations terrorists”. Office des Nations-Unies contre la drogue et les crimes, Recueil de cas sur les affaires de terrorisme, New-York, 2010. 6 For example in the case of KATANGA Germain, though he was under prosecution for acts of terrorism, the International Criminal Tribunal, Appelate Chamber decided that he should be punished as an accomplice in the acts committed by people under his command. See the case ICC-01/04-01/17 rendered on 07/03/2014. p.709 Contrariwise, the trial court had held him personally liable for the same offences. In other cases such as that of Nicolas Rodrigues Bautista from Colombia and co-accused persons with whom they headed the organisation of Ejertico de Liberacion Nacional that layed the bomb into oil pipeline of which affected the population of area of Machuca; the Supreme Court, Criminal Appeals division declared such superiors of ELN group who ordered the placing of the said bomb personally liable despite that they did not reach the crime scene (mens rea).

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In order to uphold the principle that criminal liability is personal and and to effectively combat the commission of crimes by organised group with the intent to commit acts of terrorism, the rwandan legislator has decided that any person who commands, incites, encourages, sponsors, organizes, or procures equipment with the intention to instill fear, force, or coerce the government or the general public to perform or refrain from any act, adopt or abandon a particular standpoint, or act according to certain principles, disrupts any public service or the delivery of essential services to the public, or creates a general insurrection in a state, shall be deemed to have committed acts of terrorism.7

The similar ruling intervened in the case of Abmeil Guzman and other heads of Sentier Lumunieux group in Peru. They were also declared personally liable despite that they never reached the places of the offences. See Corte Suprema, Judgment of 13 oct. 2006 (Abimael Guzmán). Cited by Werle, G. & Burghardt, B. (2012). Les formes de participation en droit international pénal. Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé, 1, 47- 67. https://doi.org/10.3917/rsc.1201.0047 no muri Recueil de cas sur les affaires de terrorisme. NATIONS UNIES. New York, 2010 iboneka kuri https://www.unodc.org/documents/terrorism/Publications/Digest_of_Terroris t_Cases/French.pdf . This stance of declaring people with leadership role guilty of the offences committed by organised and structured groups on the basis of the power they have over the acts by such groups under their command, was also adopted in caselaws in Germany in which members of National Defense Council of RDA and members of political bureau of SED for the killings that occured at germany boarder were prosecuted. See Federal Court of Justice, Decision of 26 Jul. 1994, BGHSt 40, 218 (p. 237 s.); Federal Court of Justice, Decision of 4 March 1996, BGHSt 42 (p. 65, 68) ; Federal Court of Justice, Decision of 8 Nov. 2002, BGHSt 45, 270 (p. 296)

7 Such stance is not the particularity of Rwanda. There are other countries that adopted such position too. The instance appears in the Terrorism act, 2000 in United Kingdom where in article 56 providing for a particular offence with respect to any person who directs at any level the acts of terrorism by an

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Acts of terrorism stated above constitute a particular offence of committing terrorism. It implies that a person who commands, incites, encourages, sponsors, organizes, or procures equipment for others with the intent to commit offenses determined by the penal code, specifically acts of terrorism, is not punished for the acts committed by others. Instead, they are punished for committing acts that precede and facilitate the perpetration of subsequent acts of terrorism.

Consequently, the Court of Appeal finds that considering the acts committed by NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara and RUSESABAGINA Paul, which involved sponsoring, organizing, commanding, inciting, and procuring equipment that enabled the combatants of MRCD-FLN to execute the plan of the group to launch attacks in different districts, and later boasting about these acts on radio stations and social media, they should be declared guilty of committing terrorism instead of participating in acts committed by their subordinates.

Regarding NIZEYIMANA Marc, although he did not physically participate in the attacks in Rwanda, it is evident that he held the responsibility of organizing combatants and selecting

organisation group having having to do with terrorism. (Terrorism Act 2000, 56. — (1) A person commits an offence if he directs, at any level, the organisation. Activities of an organisation, which is concerned in the commission of acts of terrorism.) The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, (Amendment (III), Paragraph 1 of Article 120 “Whoever forms, leads or actively participates in a terrorist organization shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no less than ten years or life imprisonment; the active participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no less than three years but no more than ten years; other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance, or be deprived of political rights.”

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the most suitable individuals for participating in the attacks. Additionally, he provided assistance to them in crossing the border and maintained close collaboration with soldiers who organized and commanded the attacks. Therefore, he should also be found guilty of committing acts of terrorism that facilitated the commission of offenses during the attacks, rather than participating in the crimes committed by the combatants.

For the foregoing reasons, the Court of Appeal concludes that the previous Court made an error in determining that NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul, and NIZEYIMANA Marc participated in the offenses committed by the combatants of MRCD-FLN. Instead, in accordance with article 19 of Law No.46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counterterrorism, they are guilty of committing acts of terrorism that facilitated the commission of offenses by the combatants during the attacks carried out for terrorist purposes. 2. APPEAL GROUNDS IN RELATION TO OFFENCES OF WHICH THE SUSPECTS WERE ACQUITTED a. Regarding the formation of an irregular armed group

The prosecution states that the High Court, Specialised Chamber for international and transborder crimes misinterpreted article 4598 of the Organic Law n° 01/2012/OL of 2/05/2012

8 Article 459 of the Organic Law n°01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code, provides that: Any person who carries out recruitments or incites or makes an agreement with the armed group other than the regular forces of the State, by gifts, remuneration, threats, abuse of authority or power for the

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instituting the penal code, and acquitted RUSESABAGINA Paul and NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara who were accused of formation of an irregular armed group, as well as NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase and HAKIZIMANA Théogène who were accused of joining such armed group.

They contend that they do not agree with the statements made by the previous Court that, for the offense of formation of an irregular armed group to occur, there must be an intention to annex Rwanda by foreign states and the involvement of mercenaries during its commission. The prosecution argues that if we consider Article 459 of Organic Law No. 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code, nowhere did the legislator provide for the two grounds on which the High Court relied to acquit them as constitutive elements of formation of an irregular armed group.

The prosecution persues that it criticizes the High Court for relying on two precedents of the High Court, which were upheld by the Supreme Court, namely the case of MUSHAYIDI Déogratias and the case of INGABIRE Umuhoza Victoire. They argue that in such cases, the provisions regarding the offence of formation of an irregular armed group were misinterpreted because the court relied on the explanatory note of Decree Law No. 21/77 of 18/08/1977, which established the penal code, specifically in the section concerning the involvement of

purpose of waging attack (….) Any person who, willingly, engages or is recruited in an army other than the regular force of the State (….)”.

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mercenaries. The Court erroneously considered them as constitutive elements of the offence of formation of an irregular armed group. When the 12th sheet of such explanatory note is examined, it is realized that this term was not used with the intent to point out the constitutive elements of the offence of formation of an irregular armed group. Instead, it explained the offences that are prosecuted with the authorization of the Government. They also state that a thorough observation indicates that the High Court held that such crime should intend for Rwanda to be under the domination of foreign countries, which is also false. This is because Article 459, as stated above, clearly indicates that such offence is committed with the intent to support armed attacks by combatants other than regular armed forces.

The prosecution states that after such court decisions, upon which the trial court relied, there have been other cases decided afterward that adopted a different position. They include the judgment no RPA 0249/13/CS by the Supreme Court on 16/09/2016, which was the appeal against the case no RP 0108/12/HC/KIG rendered by the High Court on 29/10/2013 in the prosecution's case against NDERERIMANA Norbert alias Gaheza and co-accused. Additionally, they mention the case no RPA 0224/12/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 13/1/2017 against the accused HABYARIMANA Emmanuel. Both judgments indicated that the offence of formation of an irregular armed group is committed with the intent to launch a military attack, without necessarily requiring the support of foreign armed forces.

The prosecution concludes this ground by stating that four accused individuals, namely RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, and

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BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, should be found guilty of the offence of formation of an irregular armed group. On the other hand, the remaining nine individuals, namely NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, and HAKIZIMANA Théogène, are guilty of joining an irregular armed group.

Counsel Rugeyo Jean, assisting Nsabimana Callixte alias Sankara, states that although the prosecution advances the argument that the position set in the Mushayidi Déogratias case and the Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire case, on which the trial court relied for their acquittal, was subsequently reversed by subsequent judgments, it does not provide a basis for this claim. Nowhere in those cases is it held that such a position was reversed. Thus, he states that the fact that the Court did not rely on such a position does not imply that it was reversed in any way.

Counsel URAMIJE James, assisting Iyamuremye Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, and NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, states that his clients were charged with joining an irregular armed group, and they agree with the prosecution regarding these charges. However, they disagree on the manner in which they joined the group, as they were not aware that it was an irregular armed group, and they joined under coercion. Therefore, they argue that they should not be held responsible for this crime.

Counsel MUGABO Sharifu Yussuf, assisting Kwitonda André, states that such ground of appeal by the prosecution should not be considered since they only explain it by focusing on referring to precedents while disregarding that for their

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acquittal, the High Court did not only base on precedents, it also relied on the motive of the accused. He states that the Court clarified that the accused committed acts for which they are charged, with the intent to commit terrorism, which aligns with the definition of acts of terrorism. Consequently, the trial court did not make any mistakes because the accused were indeed found guilty of the offense of membership in a terrorist group.

Except for the accused assisted by Counsel Mugabo Sharifu Yussuf, Counsel Uramije James, and Counsel Rugeyo Jean, the remaining defendants remained silent regarding the prosecution's ground of appeal. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Court of Appeal primarily finds that the debates concerning this ground of appeal are centered around determining whether the accused are guilty of the offense as stipulated in Article 459 of the Organic Law No. 01/2012/0L of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code. As stated by the prosecution, there are case laws tried by the Supreme Court related to the offense provided in that article, which indicate two stances adopted by the court. These stances pertain to criminal acts and the intent to commit them. Thus, the issue at hand consists of determining which stance should be referred to in the present case between the two positions.

The issue concerning the position set by courts to be adopted in the adjudication of cases was addressed in the judgment no RS/INCONST/SPEC 00004/2019/SC rendered on 04/12/2019 between GLIHD (Great Lakes Initiative for Human Rights Development) and the Government of Rwanda. In

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paragraph 33 of the judgment, the Supreme Court indicated that in the functioning of courts that refer to the principle of stare decisis, every court is obliged to respect its own rulings on a given case and the position adopted by a superior court depending on their hierarchy. (the higher up a court is in the hierarchy, the more authoritative its decisions: decisions of the higher courts will bind lower courts to apply the same decided principle).

This has been supported in Instructions no 001/2021 of 15 March 2021 of the President of the Supreme Court governing the publication of law reports, in its article 9, paragraphs 2 and 3, stating that: “Every judge is required to adopt the existing position set by the similar court in rank or the superior court, depending on the hierarchy of courts. However, a judge would not refer to the existing position when he/she manages to demonstrate that issues in the case at hand are different from issues in the existing position (distinguishing) or in the event he is able to demonstate that such position violates the interest of justice (overruling).”

In summary, a judge is bound to apply the position adopted by superior courts, similar court or that set in cases she/he tried on similar issues to the matter at hand.9 As explained, overruling such a position may only be done by a court that is superior to the trial court or by the same court. Despite such

9 Walker Jr, J. M. (2016). The role of precedent in the United States: How do precedents lose their binding effect. Stanford Law School China Guiding Cases Project.S Available at: https://cgc.law.stanford.edu/commentaries/15- john- walker/#:~:text=How%20Do%20Precedents%20Lose%20Their%20Binding %20Effect%3F,- In%201932%2C%20Justice&text=In%20the%20federal%20system%2C%20 the,en%20banc%E2%80%9D%20in%20plenary%20session.

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circumstances, the Rwandan lawmaker provided a solution in the event that a litigant does not agree with the existing position set by the latest trial for a similar issue. In that event, as specified in articles 65 and 73 of the Law determining jurisdiction of courts10, he/she files to the Supreme Court in order to reverse it. It is not required for the position in question, for which overruling is sought, to have been set by the Supreme Court. It is sufficient that, in relation to a similar issue as the one at hand, it is the same position established by a final judgment.

Overruling the position may be explicit or implicit. When it is explicitly decided, the Court compares the subject matter and its rulings on similar issues. After establishing the similarity, it examines the existing position and provides reasons why it should no longer be binding. It may argue that the position was erroneous at the time of its adoption, that it has become obsolete, or cite any other relevant motive. The Court then concludes by declaring that the position is reversed. However, there are instances where the Court may decide and try an issue without analyzing whether it has been previously determined in a final judgment. In such cases, the Court may establish a position that is different from or contradictory to the existing position. Such a situation may arise due to a lack of information, negligence, or a brief analysis. In any event, if such a situation were to occur, the latest position would prevail. In other words, the latest position is the one that deserves to be applied by such Court as well as lower courts.11. It is understood that if such a case were to be tried

10Law n°30/2018 of 02/06/2018 determining jurisdiction of courts 11 “When the Supreme Court does overrule precedent, it often does so expressly. In that situation, lower courts are obliged to follow the overruling decision. But the Supreme Court sometimes overrules prior holdings only by implication. As the Court stated more than a century ago : “Even if it were

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by the Supreme Court, being the country's highest court, any later position adopted by the Supreme Court on a given issue would become binding not only with regard to that case but also to all other courts across the country. It is not necessary for the prior position to have been explicitly overruled.

In the instant case, the accused are prosecuted for offences provided by article 459 of the Organic Law no 01/2012/0L of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code that was into force at the time of the commission of the offences, reading that: “Any person who carries out recruitments or incites or makes an agreement with the armed group other than the regular forces of the State, by gifts, remuneration, threats, abuse of authority or power shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of ten (10) years to fifteen (15) years. Any person who, willingly, engages or is recruited in an army other than the regular force of the State, shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of seven (7) years to ten (10) years. Legal action against offences under Paragraphs One and 2 of this Article shall be instituted only upon complaint or authorisation of the Prosecutor General or the Military Prosecutor General depending on the case.”

Such provision replaced another one which was article 163 of the Decree-law no 21/77 of 18/08/1977 that instituted the

true that the decision referred to was not in harmony with some of the previous decisions, we had supposed that a later decision in conflict with prior ones had the effect to overrule them, whether mentioned and commented on or not.” See in Shannon, B. S. (2009). Overruled by implication. Seattle UL Rev., 33, 151. Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1972&c ontext=sulr

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penal code, which used to specify that: “Shall be sentenced to imprisonment of five to ten years and a fine of up to two hundred thousand francs, anyone who, through gifts, remuneration, promises, threats, abuse of authority or power, has recruited men or will have incited or collected commitments of men for the benefit of an armed force other than the regular state armies. Shall be sentenced to imprisonment of one to five years and a fine of up to one hundred thousand francs, anyone who has agreed to be engaged or recruited for the benefit of an armed force other than the regular State armies. The offenses referred to in this article will be prosecuted only on complaint or on authorization of the government of the Republic.

The prosecution argues that the High Court, the specialized chamber for international and cross-border crimes, interpreted the provision based on prior judgments that acquitted suspects of the offense of formation of an irregular armed group. However, they disregarded the existence of subsequent judgments where individuals accused of the same offense were found guilty. For resolving the dissension, the instant Court shall examine whether those cases examined same issues but adopted differing positions.

In the judgment no. RPA 0255/12/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 13/12/2013, INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire and her co-accused were charged with the formation of an armed group named Coalition des Forces Démocratiques (CFD) under the political organization FDU-Inkingi umbrella. The charges were based on the intent to cause insecurity in the country with the purpose of compelling the government of Rwanda to participate in negotiations. Basing on such acts, the prosecution charged them of offence of formation of irregular

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armed group with intent to wage armed attack that was provided by article 163 stated above.12

In that case, the Supreme Court found that the criminal acts associated with the offence of formation of an irregular armed group, with the intent to cause insecurity in the country, do not constitute offences against internal State and foreign government security. Instead, these acts are intended to attack the established Government with the purpose of seizing power by force or compelling it to participate in peace talks. This interpretation is based on the understanding that Article 163 belongs to Section One, which pertains to offences against state security. Such section includes offences against external State security and foreing government security whereas the offences of which the accused were charged belongs to section two about the offences against internal state security.13

Again, in that case, the Supreme Court indicated that it is the first time to examine such issue because in the judgment no RPA 0298/10/CS rendered on 24/02/2012 in which the accused was MUSHAYIDI Déogratias, the Supreme Court did not examine it since none of the parties raised it at appellate level.14 It is also for the same reason that even the judgment No RPA 0249/13/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 16/09/2016, opposing the prosecution to NDERERIMANA Norbert alias Gaheza and co-accused that was submitted by the prosecution will not also be relied on in the instant case for the reason that it has not examined matters concerning the formation of irregular

12 See paragraphs 396 and 397 of the judgment no RPA 0255/12/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 13/12/2013 13 Idem, paragraphs 409-410 14 See paragraph 407 of the stated case of INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire

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armed group for such issue was not subject of appeal and examination by the Supreme Court. The appeal concerned only the sentence. Consequently, the judgment of INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire and co-accused is the one that should be compared to the judgment no RPA 0224/12/CS of HABYARIMANA Emmanuel vs Prosecution, which was tried by the Supreme Court on 13/01/2017. This is because it is the latest case that deals with the same legal issue.

In the case of HABYARIMANA Emmanuel, he was charged with membership in the political organization of King KIGELI, known as Rwandese Protocol for the Return of the Kingdom (RPRK), in collaboration with KAYUMBA NYAMWASA, with the objective of repatriating KIGELI. HABYARIMANA was specifically responsible for recruiting youth to participate in military training with the intention of waging war against Rwanda. While analyzing the criminal acts, the Supreme Court did not examine whether the formation of an irregular armed group associated with RPRK, with the intent to wage war, aimed to annex or surrender part of Rwanda to foreign countries or whether such group consisted of mercenaries. Instead, as evident in that judgment, the Court determined that the recruitment of individuals into an irregular armed group with the objective of causing insecurity is sufficient for the offense of formation of an irregular armed group to be established. This stance is evident in the fact that the Supreme Court found HABYARIMANA Emmanuel guilty of the offense of formation of an irregular armed group based on the fact that he admitted to assigning SEBATEMBA with the task of recruiting young individuals to join the armed group organized by KAYUMBA NYAMWASA in collaboration with KIGELI. SEBATEMBA also accused HABYARIMANA Emmanuel of this, and it is

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particularly noteworthy that these young individuals were apprehended in Kayonza while they were preparing to travel to Uganda.15

The Court of Appeal finds that the aforementioned judgments, namely the case of INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire and the latest case of HABYARIMANA Emmanuel, share the commonality that the accused individuals were Rwandans who were charged with the formation of irregular armed groups. These groups were formed with the intention of launching military attacks to create insecurity, ultimately with the objective of overthrowing the existing government. Indeed, among all these armed groups, none of them consists of foreigners or mercenaries, as the members or recruits of these groups are Rwandans. This indicates that the criminal acts prosecuted in both cases are similar. Therefore, the fact that the judgment of HABYARIMANA Emmanuel, which is the latest, did not demonstrate that in order for this offense to occur, it is necessary for the irregular armed group to have the objective of surrendering part of Rwanda to foreign countries or for the group to be made up of mercenaries implies that the implicit position set in the INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire case was overruled.

The instant Court, however, finds that while that caselaw settled debates on one side concerning potential suspects of the said offense, it did not clearly explain the criminal acts for the offense of formation of an irregular armed group. Considering the fact that this offense belongs to the section relating to offenses against state external security, the instant Court, based on the position adopted in the latest caselaw by the Supreme Court, finds it noteworthy that the suspects causing state insecurity

15 paragraphs 17 and 23 of that judgment no RPA 0224/12/CS

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collaborate with armed groups formed abroad with the intent to cause state insecurity from outside, even when they collaborate with some domestic groups. In that instance, all group members are charged with such offense, provided that they fall under article 459, which implies the formation of an irregular armed group, inciting its formation, (committing acts leading to its formation), concluding agreements with them, supporting the armed attack by donations, remuneration, threats, or abuse.

In the instant case, the suspects of formation of irregular armed group are also accused of membership to terrorist group, and some of them are even charged with committing and participation in acts of terrorism. The difference between both offences consists of the objective of the commission of the crime. While for the offence of formation of irregular armed group stated in article 459, the objective consists of supporting the armed attack, the terrorist group has the objective of committing acts of terrorism16.

The accused in the instant case about this crime fall under 2 categories: there are some who are members of FDLR-FOCA and CNRD-FLN who never joined MRCD-FLN, who are NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase. And others who participated in MRCD-FLN after its merging with CNRD-FLN and other political organisations. Those who pledged allegiance to FDLR-FOCA were part of the terrorist group, as it was included on the United Nations' list of terrorist

16 See article 2, subpragraph 11 of the Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism as amended to date defining the terrorist group: structured group persons acting in concert and with intent to commit terrorist acts;

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groups.17 Consequently, the Court finds that they should not be declared guilty of forming an irregular armed group, as they were members of a group listed as a terrorist organization. This indicates that their objective was to commit acts of terrorism as specified by the law. Those who pledged allegiance to MRCD- FLN, as stated in this category, were charged with membership in a terrorist group, as well as committing and participating in acts of terrorism. They were declared guilty at the trial level, and some of them lodged appeals while others did not. Concerning NIZEYIMANA Marc, although he lodged an appeal arguing that the acts he committed do not amount to the offense of membership in a terrorist group, the current Court found him guilty of committing and participating in acts of terrorism, as indicated in paragraph 41 of the current case. For NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, he was also found guilty by the instant Court, as stated in paragraph 89 of the current case. In general, the former members of MRCD-FLN who were found guilty of such offense without lodging an appeal are RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, and HAKIZIMANA Théogène. This implies that they admit to having been members of a terrorist group.

The instant Court finds therefore that the FLN group that the accused formed18 to which others paid allegiance, is not an

17 The FDLR was listed on 31 Dec. 2012 pursuant to the criteria set out in paragraph 4 of resolution 2078 (2012) 18 Regarding the formation of such group, as indicated by the interrogation report of RUSESABAGINA Paul carried out on 31/08/2020, on sheet 4 and 5, he admitted having, along with other members of MRCD, decided to form an armed wing, which they named FLN. Although he advances that he did not play the role in the formation of FLN since it used to be the CNRD wing, but

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irregular armed group because it was not intended to launch armed attack as specified in article 459, instead, following its criminal acts of attacks launched on Rwandan territory in Rusizi, Nyamasheke, Nyamagabe and Nyaruguru districts, such group intended terrorist acts within the context of articles 2, 18 and 19 of the Law no 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism as amended to date. For these reasons, the instant court finds that the appeal by the prosecution, requesting that the suspects be declared guilty of the offense of formation of an irregular armed group, lacks merit. b. Regarding the offence of sponsoring terrorism

The prosecution blames the trial court for not declaring RUSESABAGINA Paul guilty of sponsoring terrorism as an isolated offense. Instead, the court considered the criminal acts of this offense and other acts related to membership in a terrorist group comprehensively. The prosecution bases their assertion on the fact that the acts committed corroborate the provisions of article 3 (1°) (a) of the Law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing.

Thus, the prosecution states that the trial court should not have relied on the Law no 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism while deciding that his acts amounted to the offence of membership to terrorist group because in case of existence of two legal instruments that repress the same offence, the one which is special is applicable. They further argue that since both laws

at the same time they were forming MRCD, they also decided to give it an armed wing which they named FLN, and besides, it included other militiamen from RRM of NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara.

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criminalize the sponsorship of terrorism, the law that should have been relied upon is Law No. 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on the prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing. According to this law, the offense of terrorism financing is provided as a separate offense rather than being considered one of the acts constituting the offense of committing acts of terrorism.

The prosecution further argues that the Court's finding that the offense of sponsoring terrorism should be attributed only to individuals or legal entities who sponsor without being founders or playing a leadership role, with knowledge that the sponsorship will be used for acts of terrorism, is a misinterpretation. According to the prosecution, the lawmaker did not provide any exemption in such cases, and therefore, individuals or entities meeting the constitutive elements of the offense should still be declared guilty of sponsoring terrorism. They argue that the trial court should have instead recognized that both offenses were committed in an ideal concurrence of offenses.

The prosecution further argues that RUSESABAGINA Paul personally committed various acts of sponsoring terrorism, including providing pecuniary support and ammunition, as stated by the trial court in paragraphs 113-132 of the appealed judgment. These acts align with the provisions of Article 3(1°) (a) of the aforementioned Law No. 69/2018 of 31/08/2018. Therefore, there was nothing to prevent him from being convicted of sponsoring terrorism. Additionally, he should not be exempted from being declared guilty of membership in the terrorist group MRCD-FLN, as both offenses coexist and were committed with

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the same intent of terrorism, constituting an ideal concurrence of offenses.

RUSESABAGINA Paul chose not to comment or provide any response regarding this issue. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Court of Appeal considers that the sponsorship of terrorist acts by RUSESABAGINA Paul, in which he holds a leadership role as clarified in paragraph 139 of the appealed judgment, is not subject to debate. Instead, it finds that the debate revolves around determining whether the acts of sponsoring terrorism committed by him should be prosecuted under the Law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing, or the Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter-terrorism, or both.

Article 2 of the Law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing outlines the individuals subject to this law as follows: “This Law applies to any individual or legal person that, in the framework of his/her or its profession, conducts, controls or advises on transactions involving deposits, exchanges, investments, conversions or any other movement of capital or any other property.”

Article 2 of the aforementioned Law nº 69/2018 of 31/8/2018 indicates that for a person to be prosecuted and repressed under the present law, there should be established that he/she is one of the persons falling within the scope of it.

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Meaning being an individual or legal entity that, in the context of his/her or its profession: - conducts, - controls or - advises on transactions involving deposits, exchanges, investments, conversions or any other movement of capital or any other property. This was not the case in the Law n°47/2008 of 09/09/2008 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing, as it did not formulate any exceptions regarding the persons concerned. This implies that the legislator intended for the Law nº 69/2018 of 31/8/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing to exclusively address the persons stated in article 219.

Article 2 of the Law nº 46/2018 of 13/08/2018 on counter terrorism defines acts of terrorism. Its paragraph 4o, (b) provides that terrorist act consists of any promotion, sponsoring, contribution to, command, aid, incitement, teaching, training, attempt, encouragement, threat, conspiracy, organizing or procurement of any person, with the intent to commit any act referred to in point a). Article 19 of the this Law provides that “A person who commits, attempts to commit, participates in or supports terrorist acts commits an offence.”

19 Article 2 of the law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing. Scope of this Law : “This Law applies to any individual or legal person that, in the framework of his/her or its profession, conducts, controls or advises on transactions involving deposits, exchanges, investments, conversions or any other movement of capital or any other property”.

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The simultaneous interpretation of these articles leads to the conclusion that a person who provides any form of sponsorship to terrorism is committing an act of terrorism. This law does not formulate any exceptions regarding the persons who should be prosecuted for such acts, as it aims to hold any responsible person accountable. In contrast, as substantiated above, in order to be prosecuted under the Law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing, the suspect should fall within the category established by the law. The foregoing leads to the understanding that both legal instruments do not apply to the same persons. Therefore, it is not up for debate regarding the applicable law in each situation, as each legal instrument has its own scope of application. Therefore, in this context, the Law on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing cannot be applied to the acts of sponsoring terrorism for which RUSESABAGINA Paul is charged without first establishing whether he falls within the category of suspects to whom it applies.

The Court found Rusesabagina Paul guilty of the offence of sponsoring terrorist acts under the Law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing. However, it did not determine whether he falls within the category of persons subject to such law. Instead, the Court held that the offence of sponsoring terrorism should be charged to another individual or legal person sponsoring a terrorist group without taking part in its formation or playing a role in its leadership, and without knowledge that such sponsoring shall be used for terrorism acts20.

20 See paragraph 138 of the appealed judgment

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The Court of Appeal finds that the issue at hand does not revolve around whether the suspect is a pioneer or leader of a terrorist group and is sponsoring terrorism, as determined by the trial court. Rather, the crucial matter to be determined is whether RUSESABAGINA Paul falls within the categories of individual’s subject to the law criminalizing the acts of sponsoring terrorism, as specified in the law on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing.

The Court of Appeal finds that neither at the trial nor at the appeal level were there any discussions regarding whether RUSESABAGINA Paul, in the context of his work, is engaged in, leading, supervising, or providing advice on deposit, foreign exchange, finance, exchange, or any other form of money remittance that would subject him to this law. Consequently, the Court has no basis to hold him liable for the offense specified by Law nº 69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing. 3. REGARDING THE OFFENCES AGAINST WHICH THE SUSPECTS LODGED APPEAL A. Regarding the offence of membership to terrorist group and participation in acts of terrorism

The suspects who lodged appeal with respect to these offences are NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel and NIZEYIMANA Marc.  NSHIMIMANA Emmanuel

NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel and his legal counsel do not admit the charges of which he was found guilty by the trial court, which consist of membership to FLN. He only admits to

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have been a member of FDLR and CNRD. He states that he joined these groups under coercion by their soldiers, who forced him to drop out of school at the age of 17. He further claims that he was not in a position to desert the group, as any attempt to do so resulted in severe punishment, including being beaten 300 whips. He asserts that individuals who tried to escape were subjected to serious punishments, including death. He states that the trial court disregarded his personal situation and the fact that MRCD-FLN is different from CNRD. This distinction was clarified by Colonel NIYONZIMA Arthémon, who served as the treasurer general of CNRD-Ubwiyunge, during his interrogations in the investigation. He further states that the fact that he has never been a member of MRCD-FLN is supported by the witness statements of Gen. MBERABAHIZI David. He concludes his plea by asserting that he was coerced into committing the offense, and therefore no liability should be imposed on him.

The prosecution argues that the arguments presented by NSHIMIYAMANA Emmanuel at the appellate level are identical to the arguments he had raised during the trial. These arguments were thoroughly examined, and based on that examination, he was found guilty. The prosecution argues that when challenging the appealed judgment, it is the responsibility of the party to demonstrate the error made by the trial court. However, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel has failed to point out any such mistake, particularly considering that the High Court, after analyzing the presented evidence and the arguments put forth by both parties, found him guilty of the offense. Moreover, he has not presented any additional evidence to substantiate his claim of a court error.

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The prosecution further argues that the trial court found NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel guilty of the offense of membership in the terrorist group MRCD-FLN based on various pieces of evidence, including his confession during the interrogation conducted by the Investigation organ. This is supported by the report dated 15 July 2020, which contains question and answer number 4, where he admitted to being a member of FDLR-FOCA from 2012 to 2016 and a member of MRCD-FLN until his arrest on 22 February 2020. He admitted the same before the prosecution on 14 August 2020 and on 24 September 2020. It further argues that NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel's claim that he has never been a member of a terrorist group based on the declarations of Gen. Mberabahizi David is unfounded. This is because during the interrogation of Gen. Mberabahizi David before the investigation bureau on 02 February 2020, he did not mention that NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel had never been a member of a terrorist group. Regarding the fact that he was still a minor at the time he joined those groups, the prosecution argues that this is not a valid reason to exempt him from criminal liability, as being a minor does not absolve him of responsibility. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Court of Appeal finds that the arguments presented in the appeal by NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel revolve around the question of whether the trial court made an error in determining his membership to MRCD-FLN and in neglecting his personal situation, specifically the coercion he faced as a child and his inability to desert the group.

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Regarding the claim that NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel was never a member of the MRCD-FLN militia, the Court of Appeal determines that this argument lacks merit. The trial court, as explained in paragraph 445, established that NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel joined the FDLR militia and subsequently joined the CNRD, as he himself admitted. The Court of Appeal further finds that another undisputed fact is that the CNRD and its militia members merged with other militias in 2018, becoming part of the MRCD-FLN. Thus, at the time of NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel's arrest on 22/02/2020, the CNRD no longer had its own militia, as its members had become part of the FLN, which was allied with the MRCD. For these reasons, the Court of Appeal finds that the trial Court did not unjustly judge him, as at the time of his arrest, the CNRD militia had already transformed into the MRCD-FLN, of which he was a member and subsequently apprehended.

Regarding the Trial Court's alleged disregard of his personal situation, claiming that he was coerced into joining the group as a child and unable to desert, the Court of Appeal finds such arguments groundless. As NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel himself admits, he joined the FDLR militia at the age of 17, therefore he was not a minor for whom no criminal liability can be invoked. It instead finds that, as determined by the High Court, his age was taken into consideration for the purpose of reducing the penalty. Instead of sentencing him to 15 years of imprisonment, he was sentenced to three years of imprisonment21.

21 Paragraph 687 of the appealed judgment

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The Court of Appeal further finds that he joined the CNRD at a mature age, as he was already 23 years old22. The foregoing also indicates that the defense based on coercion and minority would no longer remain valid since he chose to stay with the group even after the CNRD militia became MRCD-FLN.

Regarding the fact that he was not in a position to desert, the Court of Appeal finds that besides his statements claiming that he tried to escape and was punished for it, and that even members who wished to desert were subjected to cruel punishments, he fails to provide any substantiating evidence. Additionally, the statements of HAKIZIMANA Uzziel and GATABAZI Joseph do not support his claim. The Court of Appeal finds, however, that the statements made by NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel and the interrogation statements should not be considered as reliable. This is because the individuals who made these statements did not voluntarily desert from the militia, and therefore their impartiality could be called into question. For all these reasons, the Court finds him guilty of the offence of membership to terrorist group. Thus, his appeal on this ground lacks merit.  NIZEYIMANA Marc

NIZEYIMANA Marc states that he pleads not guilty to the charges of membership in a terrorist group and committing and participating in acts of terrorism, for which he was declared guilty by the trial court. He only admits to having joined an irregular armed group. He explains that at the time of his apprehension, he held the rank of colonel in the FLN militia and served as the deputy commander of the second sector. He further

22 At the time of FDLR break up, where one group nicknamed itself CNRD.

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explains that in the year 2002, he joined the FDLR-FOCA and gradually rose through the military ranks until he became the commander responsible for the protection of the sector in Masisi. He states that in 2016, he decided to leave FDLR due to a disagreement regarding the census of refugees. The members who supported the idea of the census, including himself, left FDLR and formed the CNRD. With the soldiers under his command, he joined the CNRD and continued his usual activities. He states that in the year 2018, Gen. IRATEGEKA Wilson informed him that a coalition of MRCD had been formed as a political organization, but he didn't pay much attention to it because he didn't engage in conversations with politicians as he was primarily focused on being in the battlefield. As a result, he was unaware of the meeting locations and therefore has no connection to the offenses for which he was found guilty. He argues that the prosecution failed to provide substantial evidence to support their claims, relying solely on allegations.

The prosecution argues that the appealed judgment based its findings on the personal statements of NIZEYIMANA Marc given during his interrogations with the Investigation and Prosecution organs, as well as during the hearings for provisional detention and the substantive trial. Additionally, the prosecution relied on statements from NIZEYIMANA Marc's comrades in terrorist groups, such as BIZIMANA Cassien, alias Passy, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, KWITONDA André, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, and NSABIMANA Callixte, alias Sankara.

The Prosecution states that article 107, pragraph 3 of the Law n° 027/2019 of 19/09/2019 relating to criminal procedure provides that where evidence to support the offence is presented,

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the accused or his or her legal counsel may present all the defences available to him or her, raise a plea of inadmissibility or show that the allegations against him or her do not constitute an offence or he or she is innocent and present all the facts challenging the veracity of incriminating evidence. Nonetheless, in his appeal, NIZEYIMANA Marc and his legal counsel do not indicate anywhere that the trial court likely made a mistake by relying on such elements of evidence, and they never raised any facts challenging the incriminating evidence produced by the prosecution to that court.

The prosecution argues that the Court considered the position he held in the FLN militia and the modalities of military decision-making, and that he did not provide any better explanations than what he had previously presented before the trial court. Thus, as decided in the judgment no RPAA 0024/10/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 14/03/2014 between the prosecution and NSENGIYUMVA and others23, as long as he does not provide facts challenging the reasons considered by the trial court, the instant Court should declare his appeal without merit. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Court of Appeal finds that the debates regarding this ground of appeal by NIZEYIMANA Marc are based on his rejection of the idea that joining the FLN militia constitutes the

23 The appeal is dismissed as long as the appellant did not produce evidence challenging the evidence considered by the trial court. The court expressed it as follow: The Court finds therefore that Banque Populaire failed to produce disapproving evidence to the ones considered by the High Court to acquit Nyaguhirwa, thus, its appeal lacks merit […]”

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offense of membership to a terrorist group and the offense of committing and participating in acts of terrorism.

Article 2 of Law nº 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counter- terrorism defines acts of terrorism in the following two categories: The first category includes actual acts affecting lives and properties of people as indicated in its subparagraph 4 a), committed with intent to: i. intimidate, put in fear, force, coerce or induce any government, body, institution, the general public or any segment thereof, to do or abstain from doing any act or to adopt or abandon a particular standpoint or to act according to certain principles; ii. disrupt any public service, the delivery of any essential service to the public or to create a public emergency; iii. create general insurrection in a State; The second category includes acts contributing to the possibility of occurrence of actual act or its organization or commandment according to the provision of such subparagraph.

In addition, paragraph 11 of that article defines a terrorist group as “structured group persons acting in concert and with intent to commit terrorist acts”. Membership to a terrorist group is repressed by article 18 reading that: “A person who is member of a terrorist group or accepts to join a terrorist group or who deliberately participates in the acts of a terrorist group or a group which contributes to the capacity-building of another terrorist group, commits an offence (…). As for Article 19, it criminalizes

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the commission and participation in acts of terrorism, stating that: A person who commits, attempts to commit, participates in or supports terrorist acts commits an offence (…).

The concurrent reading of such provisions leads to the understanding that membership in, and the commission and participation in acts of terrorism are manifested in acts including membership in a structured group with the intent to commit acts that endanger life or cause damage to people's property. These acts are calculated to intimidate, spread fear, force, coerce, or induce the government, body, institution, the general public, or any segment thereof, to perform or refrain from performing any act or to adopt or abandon a particular standpoint or to act according to certain principles.

The Court of Appeal is of the view that the statements of NIZEYIMANA Marc that he ignored the terrorism agenda of the terrorist groups he paid allegiance, are groundless because he joined FDLR-FOCA with knowledge that it was a terrorist group as held by the High Court24, and remained a member until its disunity and where in the year 2016, he joined the CNRD group that later, allied itself to other parties to form MRCD-FLN.

The Court of Appeal finds that NIZEYIMANA Marc himself provided explanations before the High Court, where he admitted that the agenda of the group was to overthrow the Rwandan government. He also acknowledged assisting military

24 In paragraph 229, the High Court held that FDLR, having launched terrorist attacks at different occasions on Rwandan territory that killed people, destroyed infrastructures, damaged private or public properties, is a terrorist group as held in different rulings of the Supreme Court such the case of MANIRAGUHA Rwego Gilbert and others and the stated cases of NSHIMIYIMA and SHEMA Jimmy as well as the United Nations Security Council that, on 31/12/2012, listed it among terrorist groups.

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personnel in crossing the border to the Nyamasheke area. His acts constitute acts of terrorism specified by article 2, paragraph 4 of the aforementioned Law no 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counter terrorism, as explained in paragraph 95 of the instant case. In contrast to his statements that he did not set foot on Rwandan territory where the offenses occurred, the instant Court also finds that they are unlikely to absolve him of the offense of committing and participating in acts of terrorism. This is because, as clarified in paragraph 38 of the current case, being a commander of the armed forces that committed acts of terrorism does not exempt him from liability for the acts committed by others. Instead, he is held liable for having committed prior acts that facilitated the execution of subsequent acts. For these reasons, the Court of Appeal finds that the appeal of NIZEYIMANA Marc on this ground is without merit. B. Regarding the offence of Conspiracy and incitement to commit a terrorist act NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard lodged an appeal for the offences of conspiracy and incitement to commit acts of terrorism advancing that the trial court erred in declaring him guilty of such offences while they were not brought against him because it made a mistake to include him in the same group with MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas and co-accused who incited others to commit such crimes. The prosecution argues that it agrees with NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, regarding the fact that he has never been charged or subjected to a sentence requisition for

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conspiracy and incitement to commit acts of terrorism. Therefore, he should not be declared guilty. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT The Court of Appeal finds that it is evident from paragraph 697 of the appealed judgment that the High Court, specifically the specialized chamber for international and transborder crimes, declared NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, guilty of the offenses of conspiracy and incitement to commit acts of terrorism. However, as stated in paragraph 679, it was already established that he was not among the convicted accused. Consequently, the Court of Appeal finds that based on the statements of NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, in which he concurs with the prosecution, the High Court wrongly convicted him. Based on the foregoing, he is not guilty of the aforementioned offense. 4. GROUNDS OF APPEAL WITH RESPECT TO PENALTIES The prosecution expressed dissatisfaction with certain sentences issued by the trial court, just as some of the defendants were also dissatisfied with their respective sentences. In the present case, the appeal by the prosecution should be examined in the first section of this title, followed by the examination of the grounds of appeal by the defendants in the second section. A. GROUNDS OF APPEAL FORMULATED BY THE PROSECUTION

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The prosecution criticized the decision of the High Court to accept the sincere guilty pleas of some of the defendants and subsequently reduce their penalties. They were also dissatisfied with the fact that the court reduced the penalties for some of the defendants based on their status as first offenders. In addition, they criticize the High Court for reducing the penalties for the defendants to an extent that fell below the statutory minimum penalty. In this section, the present case will determine whether the guilty plea made by the defendants is sincere enough to warrant a reduction in their penalties. In the second section, the court will examine whether it was the first time the defendants committed a crime and whether this should be considered as a ground for reducing their penalties. Finally, the court will examine whether the High Court erred in reducing the penalty below the minimum provided by the law. a. Whether the guilty plea made by the defendants is sincere enough to warrant a reduction in their penalties Regarding this ground, the prosecution criticizes the decision of the High Court, Specialized Chamber for International and Transborder Crimes, for reducing the penalties for defendants such as RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina. The prosecution argues that the court based its decision on guilty pleas that were not made sincerely by the defendants.  With respect to RUSESABAGINA Paul

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The prosecution argues that it objects to the decision of the trial court to rely on the confessions made by the defendant before the investigation bureau, the prosecution, and during the hearing on provisional detention. The prosecution believes that the court unjustly reduced the defendant's penalty based on these confessions, without taking into account the fact that the defendant changed his stance from the time of the hearing on the extension of his detention until the start of the trial. The defendant began challenging the jurisdiction of the court and eventually withdrew from the case without presenting a defense against the charges brought against him. The prosecution further argues that according to the provisions of article 59 of Law nº 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, the person who benefits from a penalty reduction should be the one who sincerely pleaded guilty from the initial step. However, the prosecution contends that this is not the case for RUSESABAGINA Paul, especially considering the behavior he exhibited, which should not be regarded as a mitigating circumstance to warrant a penalty reduction for the offenses charged against him, including membership in a terrorist group and participation in acts of terrorism. For these reasons, the prosecution concludes that RUSESABAGINA Paul should not have been granted a penalty reduction since he did not sincerely admit to the charges before the court. RUSESABAGINA Paul remained silent regarding the prosecution's ground of appeal, as he did not submit any submissions or participate in the hearings since he did not appear.  With regard to NIZEYIMANA Marc

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The prosecution advances their blame on the appealed judgment for the fact that when the Court found NIZEYIMANA Marc guilty of the offence of membership in a terrorist group and participating in acts of terrorism resulting in death, for which the normal penalty is life imprisonment, it sentenced him to a reduced penalty of only 20 years of imprisonment. This reduction was solely based on his guilty plea made during interrogation, the hearing on provisional detention, and the hearing on the merits. Nonetheless, as evidenced in his court submissions and defense during the hearings of 29/4/2019 and 6/5/2021, he denied almost all of the charges. Out of the nine (9) offenses, he admitted only one, which was membership in an irregular armed group, and the trial court acquitted him of that charge. He rejects the other offenses that he should have admitted and expresses apologies for them. The prosecution further states that the trial court held that NIZEYIMANA Marc admitted some charges during the investigation stage, but later rejected them during the hearing stage, with the purpose of denying the offense. Thus, they request the Court of Appeal to reconcile the defense by NIZEYIMANA Marc with Article 59 of the Law nº 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, determining offenses and penalties in general. This article states that a guilty plea that may serve as the basis for the reduction of the accused's penalty should be expressed at the outset of the trial and accompanied by a sincere confession. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the guilty plea by NIZEYIMANA Marc has never been expressed in a manner that would constitute a mitigating circumstance for him. NIZEYIMANA Marc states that he sincerely pleaded guilty to the offense of membership in an irregular armed group

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and expressed his apologies. However, he does not admit to the other charges brought against him by the prosecution, as he claims he did not commit them. Thus, it is unfounded to allege that he contradicted himself by denying the offenses of which he had confessed during the investigation. It should be noted that the statements they claim he made during his interrogation were not accurately recorded, as he himself has stated. This is why he rejected those statements during his interrogation by the prosecution and also during the hearing. Counsel MUREKATETE Henriette, who is assisting NIZEYIMANA Marc, states that her client does not plead guilty to the offenses for which he was declared guilty. However, she also argues that the trial court did not make any mistakes in reducing his penalty, as he had provided an explanation of the circumstances of the crime from the beginning of the proceedings. This is evidenced by paragraphs 376 and 377 of the appealed judgment.  Regarding NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase The prosecution argues that the trial court declared the defendants guilty of the offense of membership to the FDLR- FOCA terrorist group and reduced their penalty based on the confessions they made during the investigation stage, the trial on provisional detention, and the hearing on the merits of the case. The prosecution, however, notes that the Court acquitted them of the offense of joining an irregular armed group, to which they had pleaded guilty. In addition, based on their submissions and defense raised during the hearing, they asserted that they do not plead guilty to the offense of membership in a terrorist group. They stated that at the time of their arrest, they had already

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transitioned from FDLR-FOCA to CNRD-Ubwiyunge. Furthermore, they have never returned to Rwanda since fleeing the country in 1994. They assert that they have never participated in any attacks by FDLR-FOCA within Rwanda, and they did not make any decisions during the period they were involved with such groups as they were not commanders. The prosecution argues that such defense presented by NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase indicates that they did not plead guilty in a manner that would warrant the application of the mitigating circumstance. NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien asserts that from the very beginning of the proceedings, he sincerely pleaded guilty to the offense of belonging to FDLR-FOCA, which was subsequently classified as a terrorist group. However, he maintains that during his membership in the group, he did not personally commit any criminal acts, and the prosecution has not presented any evidence to the contrary. Consequently, he believes that the trial court did not err in considering his guilty plea and reducing his sentence, as it is legally permissible for the court to do so. MUNYANEZA Anastase affirms that he admitted his membership in FDLR-FOCA and acknowledges that the trial court properly considered mitigating factors and reduced his sentence accordingly. He does not believe there were any irregularities in this regard. Counsel TWAJAMAHORO Herman, representing NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase, asserts that his clients offered comprehensive explanations to the trial court regarding the acts they confessed to committing. These explanations align with the classification of the offense for which they were found guilty, and the court recognized that their

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admission of facts constitutes a mitigating circumstance that warrants a reduction in their sentence.  Regarding NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien and HAKIZIMANA Théogène The prosecution argues that the trial court reduced their penalties based on the guilty plea. However, according to their submissions and the hearing minutes, they did not admit the charges. The prosecution argues that they were charged with two crimes, but they only admit to membership in an irregular armed group. They refute the claim that this group was a terrorist group, as indicated in paragraph 434 of the appealed judgment. For these reasons, the prosecution contends that the trial court's belief that their statements amounted to a sincere admission of guilt, warranting a reduction in their penalties, is a mistake. The prosecution concludes its submissions regarding KWITONDA André, noting that he himself acknowledges the charges in his submissions. However, he also adds that he did not commit them intentionally, which, in the prosecution's view, indicates that he did not genuinely plead guilty. Therefore, the prosecution argues that the Court should not have considered this as a mitigating factor for reducing his penalty. NSENGIMANA Herman asserts that during the trial, he defended himself against two charges: membership in an irregular armed group and membership in a terrorist group. He admits to being part of these groups, which the trial court deemed as terrorist groups. Therefore, he argues that by acknowledging

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his involvement in these acts, it implies that he admitted the charges from the very beginning of the proceedings. Counsel RUGEYO Jean, representing NSENGIMANA Herman, argues that the trial court did not commit any errors by considering his client's admission of charges. He asserts that the court thoroughly analyzed these admissions and determined that they constituted the offense of membership in a terrorist group. Regarding NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, he admits to being a member of FLN but claims that he was unaware that it was a terrorist group. He explains that he joined the group because his father was one of its commanders. He therefore asserts that he has admitted to certain acts, and the rest is up to the Court to decide. KWITONDA André states that from the beginning of the trial, he admitted to having participated in a terrorist group. However, he also provided explanations regarding the reasons he joined the group, including coercion and intimidation from its commanders who threatened him with punishment if he refused. Therefore, he believes that the trial court did not make any mistake by reducing his penalty. HAKIZIMANA Théogène states that the prosecution's allegation, that he should not benefit from a penalty reduction because he did not sincerely plead guilty, is groundless. He admited to having joined MRCD-FLN during all interrogations, and the trial court classified such groups as terrorists, which he does not refute. Consequently, the fact that the court relied on the facts he admitted to in order to reduce his penalty does not amount to a mistake.

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Counsel MUGABO Sharif Yussuf, assisting NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien and HAKIZIMANA Théogène, alleges that based on the submissions of the prosecution, it is endorsed that KWITONDA André pleaded guilty. Therefore, considering article 59, paragraph (3˚), of the Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, he personally finds that neither the prosecution nor the accused are in a position to criticize his guilty plea. He consequently declares that if the judge considered the sincere admission by KWITONDA André to have joined MRCD-FLN and applied it according to the law, and realized that he deserves to benefit from the penalty reduction, the trial court did not make any mistake. The same applies to NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien and HAKIZIMANA Théogène, as he believes that they sincerely pleaded guilty to the acts they committed. Regarding NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, he states that he never denied having joined the groups he is accused of since the interrogation phase by the investigation bureau, and that he provided explanations on the circumstances of his forced membership. He concurs with the arguments put forth by his legal counsel, URAMIJE James.  Regarding MUKANDUTIYE Angelina The prosecution states that MUKANDUTIYE Angelina was found guilty of one offence, specifically membership in a terrorist group. Her penalty was reduced based on her guilty plea during the investigation and trial stages. However, before the trial court, she declared that she had incited girls to join FLN prior to the merger between CNRD and PDR-Ihumure, which formed MRCD. She raised these arguments with the intention of avoiding the charge of belonging to the MRCD-FLN terrorist

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group. Nonetheless, various witnesses, including those whom she encouraged to join the group, confirmed that she motivated them to join FLN after the merger of CNRD with PDR-Ihumure to form MRCD. Therefore, her guilty plea was not in accordance with Article 59 of Law No. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general. MUKANDUTIYE Angelina submits that she initially admitted to having joined MRCD and CNRD-Ubwiyunge, where she held the position of commissioner in charge of women empowerment. However, after they faced attacks by Maï-Maï, she motivated girls to join the military of these groups to defend themselves. She further states that had she known they would attack Rwanda, she would not have taken such action. She admits and apologizes for these acts. Counsel MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, assisting MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, states that she finds the ground of appeal by the prosecution, which argues that her client should not have received a penalty reduction because she did not sincerely plead guilty, to be unfounded. She argues that her client admitted the charges sincerely, without withholding any information from the investigative authorities throughout the trial process. She further submits that MUKANDUTIYE Angelina explained to the trial court that, as a commissioner in charge of women's empowerment, her responsibilities were limited to motivating young girls to join the military, compiling a list of those willing to join, and submitting it to the military commander named IRATEGEKA Wilson, alias Antoine JEVA. She asserts that she had no knowledge of the subsequent activities, such as participating in trainings and launching attacks, as she was a civilian.

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Counsel MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal further submits that MUKANDUTIYE Angelina confessed to the court that she held the position of a commissioner in CNRD-Ubwiyunge, which merged with other groups to form MRCD-FLN, a designated terrorist group. This confession establishes her membership in a terrorist group, for which she was found guilty and resulted in a reduction of her penalty. She further states that the court did not make any mistake in admitting the guilty plea of MUKANDUTIYE Angelina. The court examined the plea and found it to be sincere, serving as a mitigating circumstance. This decision is in line with Article 58 of the Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, as amended to date, which grants the judge the authority to assess the admissibility of mitigating circumstances. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT The Court of Appeal finds that debates on this issue are based on determination whether the suspects stated in this part did not sincerely plead guilty of the charges in the sense that it should not have served them as a mitigating circumstance. Such issue is addressed by article 59, subparagraph one (1o) of the Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 stated above that specifies the characteristics of the guilty plea likely to entice the penalty reduction of the accused as well as its subparagraph three (3˚) indicating the time within the limit of which such guilty plea should be raised in order for the suspect to benefit it. Such article provides in its first (1˚) subparagraph that: “The judge may reduce penalties, especially when the accused, before the commencement of prosecution, pleads guilty and sincerely seek forgiveness from the victim and the Rwandan society and

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expresses remorse and repairs the damage caused as much as would be expected from him/her”; The subparagraph three (3˚) states that: “The judge may reduce penalties, especially when, at the outset of the trial in the first instance, the accused pleads guilty by a sincere confession”. This article replaced article 77 of the Organic Law n° 01/2012/OL of 02/5/2012 instituting the penal code stating that “The judge may among others reduce penalties when: 1° the accused, before the commencement of prosecution, pleads guilty and sincerely seek forgiveness from the victim and the Rwandan society and expresses remorse and repairs the damage caused as much as expected; 3° at the outset of the trial in the first instance, the accused pleads guilty by a sincere confession; While elucidating the concept of a guilty plea, the Supreme Court adopted a position in the case RPA 0343/10/CS rendered on 27/02/2015, which opposed the prosecution to MPIRANYA Boniface. In that case, the court held that for a guilty plea to have the potential to reduce the penalty that the suspect would otherwise face, it must be made sincerely, without any concealment or alteration of information intended for the court.25. The Court of Appeal, in judgment no RPAA 00381/2020/CA rendered on 18/3/2022, in the case between the Prosecution and MUSANGAMFURA Damien, also held that his guilty plea was characterized by the downplay of the gravity of the offense, rendering it invalid.26

25 See the case n° RPA 0343/10/CS, Prosecution vs MPIRANYA Boniface, rendered by the Supreme Court on 27/02/2015, paragraph 13. 26 See paragraphs 21 and 26 of the case n˚ RPAA 00381/2020/CA rendered on 18/03/2022, Prosecution vs MUSANGAMFURA Damien.

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According to the aforementioned provision and decided cases, the guilty plea that may lead to a reduction in the penalty for the accused should meet the following requirements: - Being sincere means not altering or concealing information about the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense, from the planning stage to the execution. This includes revealing the identities of individuals who played a role in the offense and disclosing the extent of the accused's involvement, as well as providing details about the methods employed to carry out the punishable act, - The accused must demonstrate an understanding of the gravity of their punishable acts and the associated consequences, - He/she must express remorse, indicating that they regret what has happened, acknowledge that it should not have occurred, and assure that it will never happen again. - he/she seek forgiveness’ - And he/she is ready to repair the damage caused as much as would be expected from him/her. Such proceedings should take place no later than the trial hearing level, at the very least. Based on the aforementioned, the present Court shall assess whether the trial court made an error in considering the guilty pleas of RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André,

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NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina as constituting a mitigating circumstance in their favor.  Regarding RUSESABAGINA Paul In paragraph 675 of the appealed judgment, the Specialized Chamber for International and Transborder Crimes provided an explanation stating that RUSESABAGINA Paul's admission of certain charges before the investigation organ and during the hearing, where he clarified the circumstances of their commission and expressed remorse, justifies his eligibility for a penalty reduction. As evidenced in paragraphs 12, 13, and 68 of the appealed judgment, RUSESABAGINA Paul raised two objections concerning the lack of jurisdiction of the High Court's Specialized Chamber for International and Transborder Crimes to try him and the dismissal of his motion to quash the decision on his provisional detention. However, the High Court dismissed these objections. Subsequently, RUSESABAGINA Paul withdrew from the case and refused to defend himself during the trial on the merits. Following the aforementioned explanations, the Court of Appeal finds that in order to consider the guilty plea by the accused, it should be unequivocally made either during the investigation stage or throughout the trial. The grounds enunciated in the preceding paragraph imply that the accused should reiterate the statements they made during the investigation stage, wherein they admitted the charges, before the trial judge by clearly indicating their intention to plead guilty

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and providing detailed explanations regarding the circumstances of the crime. However, such a stance does not prevent the judge from considering the guilty plea, even if the accused retracts their plea and pleads not guilty during the trial stage27. The criticism made by the prosecution is that the trial court reduced his penalty based on his guilty plea at the investigation stage, despite the fact that he did not appear in court and reiterate his guilty plea during the trial. The Court of Appeal finds that such a situation does not, in itself, amount to a mistake because a judge is permitted to assess the confession made during the pre-trial investigation based on its consistency, as explained above28. It rather finds that the problem lies in the fact that the trial court, based on the statements made by RUSESABAGINA Paul in paragraphs 112-118, where he mainly explained the formation of MRCD-FLN, the assigned duties, the distribution of responsibilities, and his admission of transferring money, concluded that he pleaded guilty and subsequently reduced his penalty. However, RUSESABAGINA Paul refutes the notion that FLN committed acts of terrorism. He alludes that if any acts of terrorism were committed by the FLN group, he expresses

27 ‘‘ Le juge du fond apprécie souverainement la sincérité d’un aveu fait par le prévenu au cours de l’instruction préparatoire, même quand cet aveu a été ultérieurement rétracté devant le tribunal’’ Cass. 29 octobre 1956, 31 octobre 1961, 19 mars 1962, Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2e édition, Larcier, Bruxelles, 2006, P.1042. ‘‘Cette règle vaut tant pour l’aveu judiciaire que pour l’aveu extrajudiciaire’’, Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, idem. 28 “Tout en consacrant le principe de l’individualisation de la peine par le mécanisme des circonstances atténuantes dont il précise le régime, le législateur a abandonné au juge le soin de rechercher ce qui, dans le cas d’espèce, pourrait à ses yeux constituer une circonstance atténuante”, Christiane Hennau et Jacques Verhaegen, Droit pénal général, 3e édition, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 2003, P. 455, n˚ 510.

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regret and seeks forgiveness as a leader. The instant Court deems such statements as scapegoat because, although he expresses regret and is sorry for what happened, he neither admits his own role nor the role of FLN. For all these reasons, the Court of Appeal deems that his guilty plea should not have been considered for the reduction of his penalty.  Regarding NIZEYIMANA Marc The ruling of the appealed judgment, as indicated in paragraph 678, states that the High Court, specialized Chamber for international and transborder crimes, held that considering the circumstances of the commission of the offenses for which NIZEYIMANA Marc was declared guilty, and his guilty plea on some charges during the trial, investigation, and the hearing on provisional detention, he deserves to benefit from the reduction of his penalty as well. In paragraph 676 of the appealed judgment, the Court held that after analyzing the acts for which NIZEYIMANA Marc is charged, he is found guilty of membership in a terrorist organization and participation in acts of terrorism. However, the Court concluded that he is not guilty of the offenses of formation of an irregular armed group and maintaining relations with a foreign government with the intent to wage war. The ruling of the appealed judgment, in paragraphs 216 and 218, indicates that NIZEYIMANA Marc pleaded guilty to the offense of membership in irregular armed groups, specifically FDLR-FOCA and FLN, before the trial court. It is stated that he held the rank of colonel at the time of his apprehension and served as the deputy commander of the second sector. He also alluded that he did not commit any acts of terrorism on Rwandan territory

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because he never returned to the country since he fled. He further advances that he did not join the MRCD-FLN terrorist group and did not give orders to commit acts of terrorism. He adds that the prosecution failed to demonstrate that the founding political agenda of such groups included the launch of terrorist attacks, thereby failing to prove that he joined them with full knowledge and support. He also argues that he became aware of the acts of terrorism committed by the FLN group during his interrogation before the investigation bureau. In paragraphs 225, 226, and 227 of the appealed judgment, the trial court found that during provisional detention, the trial in merit, and the hearings on provisional detention, as well as during interrogation by the investigation bureau and before the prosecution, NIZEYIMANA Marc admitted to having joined the FDLR-FOCA and FLN armed groups. However, the court concluded that these groups are not terrorist groups because their agenda was to topple the government, not to engage in terrorism. The paragraph 641 of the ruling of the appealed judgment reveals that while responding to the prosecution's requisitions regarding the penalties, NIZEYIMANA Marc stated that he requests the Court to acquit him of eight (8) charges because the prosecution failed to present incriminating evidence against him. Regarding the offence of membership in an irregular armed group, he states that he pleads guilty and expresses regret. Therefore, he argues that he should be eligible for a penalty reduction and suggests a one (1) year punishment. Additionally, if his statements are found to be valid, he requests that the sentence be suspended since it is his first time being prosecuted. As evident from NIZEYIMANA Marc's defense submission at the appeal level, he continues to deny his

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membership in a terrorist group. This aligns with his statements during the hearing where he clarified that he does not plead guilty to the offense of membership in a terrorist organization or participation in acts of terrorism. Based on the foregoing, the Court of Appeal holds the view that despite being acquitted of the offense of formation of an irregular armed group by the trial court, NIZEYIMANA Marc pleaded guilty to this offense both before the trial court and before the instant Court. As a matter of fact, as indicated in paragraph 228 of the appealed judgment, the trial court ruled that the acts committed by NIZEYIMANA Marc in relation to his membership in FDLR-FOCA and FLN do not constitute the offense of formation of an irregular armed group. The court reasoned that these acts do not fall under offenses against state security or other countries, and that they were not committed with the intention of supporting an armed attack by irregular forces. The Court of Appeal, therefore, finds that since a guilty plea entails the admission of the essential elements of the crime in an unequivocal manner, as stipulated in Article 59 of the aforementioned law determining offenses and penalties in general, the trial court erred in reducing Nizeyimana Marc's penalty based on his admission of certain charges during the trial, provisional detention, or investigation, as he openly denied the charges for which he was declared guilty. For all the foregoing reasons, the Court of Appeal finds that the ground of appeal put forth by the prosecution is valid and well-founded.

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 Regarding NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase The ruling of the appealed judgment, specifically in paragraphs 684, indicates that the High Court, Specialized Chamber for international and transborder crimes, determined that NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase should receive a penalty reduction based on various factors. These factors include considering the circumstances of the crimes for which they were found guilty, their admission of some charges during the trial, both in the merit stage and during provisional detention, as well as during the investigation stage. Additionally, their status as first-time offenders was also taken into account in determining their eligibility for a penalty reduction. As evidenced by paragraph 683 of the appealed judgment, the trial court clarified that according to article 503 of the Organic Law n˚ 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 constituting the penal code in force at the time NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase committed the crimes they were charged with, they were found guilty of the offence of membership in a terrorist group. However, the trial court determined that they were not guilty of the offence of formation of an irregular armed group, as defined under article 459 of the same law. According to the defense submissions by NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, as stated in paragraphs 339, 400, and 401 of the appealed judgment, he admitted his guilt regarding the offence of joining an irregular armed group. He explained that he unintentionally joined FDLR in the year 2002. However, on May 31, 2016, he deserted from FDLR and joined CNRD, where

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he remained until his arrest by FARDC on February 9, 2017. He was then imprisoned before the formation of FLN. He also refuted the charge of membership in a terrorist organization, arguing that he was apprehended after he had already left FDLR and joined CNRD of his own volition. Therefore, he should not be held accountable under Article 503 of the aforementioned Organic Law n˚ 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012, which penalizes individuals who are members of or willingly associate with a terrorist organization. Furthermore, he asserted that he did not participate in any attacks launched on Rwandan territory. As evidenced by paragraphs 402, 403, 404, and 405 of the appealed judgment, MUNYANEZA Anastase presented his defense before the trial court, admitting the charges related to his involvement in the irregular armed group. He acknowledged that he joined FDLR in 2002 and remained a member until 2016. Additionally, he stated that he joined CNDR-Ubwiyunge and remained with them until he was apprehended by the Congolese armed forces on 10/2/2017. He once again denied being part of a terrorist organization, as he was unaware of the American department listing FDLR as a terrorist group. He stated that he joined them under duress, engaged in combat activities, but was not an official member nor involved in their decision-making processes. Additionally, he emphasized that he was not listed among the members of any terrorist group identified by the UN. Taking into consideration paragraphs 432 and 433 of the appealed judgment and the defense assessment by NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase, the trial court concluded that despite their admission of joining FDLR from 2002 until their desertion in 2026, they should still be found guilty of the offense of membership in a terrorist organization. The court dismissed their argument that they should

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not be held accountable for the offense since they were no longer associated with FDLR at the time of their apprehension. According to article 503 of the Organic Law n˚ 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 mentioned earlier, the law not only penalizes the act of joining or being a member of a terrorist organization but also encompasses individuals who were members when the membership was still considered a criminal act. The Court of Appeal notices NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien's plea, where he admits to joining FDLR in 2002 unintentionally, but claims to have deserted the group and joined CNRD in 2016. Therefore, he argues that he should not be held accountable for the offense of membership in a terrorist organization since his apprehension took place after he had already deserted the group. Regarding MUNYANEZA Anastase, he asserts that he is not pleading guilty to the offense of membership in a terrorist organization. He states that while he remained with FDLR, he was unaware of the group's classification as a terrorist organization. He claims that he had no choice when he joined and participated in combat activities, but he emphasizes that he was never an official member of the group and was never involved in any decision-making processes. From the foregoing, while NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase admit their involvement with FDRL- FOCA, they vehemently deny being aware of their affiliation with a terrorist organization. Consequently, they clearly demonstrate their refusal to accept the seriousness and consequences of the charges leveled against them, and in essence, they show no remorse whatsoever. Considering the explanations provided in the previous paragraph, the Court of Appeal determines that the guilty plea by

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NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase does not comply with the law29 to the extent of constituting one of the mitigating circumstances for a reduction in penalty. Thus, such ground of appeal by the prosecution is founded.  Regarding NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel and HAKIZIMANA Théogène The High Court, Chamber of International and Transborder Crimes, in paragraph 684 of the appealed judgment, explained that taking into account the circumstances under which the crime for which HAKIZIMANA Théogène was found guilty was committed, his admission of certain charges during the trial, investigation, and hearings on provisional detention, as well as his status as a first-time offender, he is deemed deserving of a penalty reduction. In paragraph 658 of the appealed judgment, the trial court explained that the fact that NSENGIMANA Herman and KWITONDA André admitted their membership in a terrorist group, for which they were found guilty, should warrant a reduction in their penalties. In paragraph 687 of the appealed judgment, the Court explained that considering NSENGIMANA Herman and KWITONDA André's admission of their membership in a terrorist group, they should be granted a reduction in their penalties.

29 Article 59 of the Law nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general

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In paragraph 199 of the appealed judgment, the trial court stated that NSENGIMANA Herman, as he declared before the investigation bureau, the prosecution, and the court that heard the case regarding provisional detention, pleaded guilty during the hearing on the merits of the case. He admitted to being a member of FLN, influenced by NSABIMANA Callixte, also known as Sankara. However, he claimed that he was unaware that FLN was an irregular armed group or a terrorist organization. According to NSENGIMANA, their objective was to fight until they could negotiate with the government of Rwanda. It also indicated that NSENGIMANA Herman explained that he is not guilty of the offense of membership in the terrorist group of MRCD-FLN since he is neither a member of MRCD nor one of its founding members. He further argued that the prosecution is prosecuting him solely for his involvement in FLN, which is a distinct military wing separate from MRCD, which is a political organization. In paragraph 437 of the appealed judgment, the trial court established that NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel admitted to joining FDLR-FOCA. He stated that this was due to coercion by its soldiers, who took him from school when he was 17 years old. He also acknowledged joining FLN, which he clarified during his interrogation and the hearing on provisional detention. However, he emphasized that he did not join MRCD-FLN because it was distinct from CNRD. Regarding paragraph 438 of the judgment, the trial court determined that during KWITONDA André's plea on the merits, he admitted to joining FDLR-FOCA, CNRD, and FLN. However, he claimed that he was unaware of these organizations being classified as terrorist organizations. He made this declaration during his interrogation by the investigation

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bureau, the prosecution, as well as during the hearing on provisional detention. In paragraph 440 of the appealed judgment, the trial court explained that HAKIZIMANA Théogène admitted during the hearing on the merits of the case, as he had previously stated before the investigation bureau and the prosecution, to having joined FDLR-FOCA and CNRD-Ubwiyunge. However, he asserted that he was unaware that these were classified as terrorist organizations. He further stated that he continued to stay with them under duress and fear of severe punishments, including executions of those who wished to desert, as well as propaganda aimed at inciting disloyalty towards the Government of Rwanda. It was clarified that HAKIZIMANA Théogène was never a member of MRCD-FLN. As indicated in paragraph 449 of the appealed judgment, the trial court ruled that NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien pleaded guilty during the hearing on the merits, as he had done during the investigation, prosecution, and trial on provisional detention stages. He admitted to joining the FLN military wing, but claimed that it was not voluntary. He stated that he remained with the group out of fear of severe penalties and due to the propaganda they were exposed to. Therefore, he argued that he should not be held responsible for the offenses he committed under coercion. Based on the foregoing, the Court of Appeal determines that while NSENGIMANA Herman pleaded guilty before the trial court to joining the FLN group, he did not admit that it was a terrorist group. He stated that it was a separate military group from MRCD, which is a political organization. Furthermore, the prosecution did not provide any evidence establishing his membership or founding status within MRCD-FLN.

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Accordingly, the trial court should not have reduced his penalty based on his guilty plea regarding the offense of membership in a terrorist group, as he did not do so sincerely. This is especially evident from his statements, which indicate that he does not fully grasp the severity of the consequences of his criminal actions. This lack of understanding implies a lack of remorse on his part. Regarding KWITONDA André, the Court of Appeal determines that although he admitted to joining FDLR-FOCA and MRCD-FLN groups, he asserts that he was unaware of their classification as terrorist groups. He further argues that he remained involved with them due to coercion and fear. The foregoing did not prevent the trial court from finding him guilty of the offence of membership in terrorist groups. Thus, since the court declared him guilty, it should not have reduced his penalty based on his guilty plea. Considering his plea, it is evident that he never truly grasped the illegality of his actions, showed remorse, or sought forgiveness. For all these reasons, the appeal by the prosecution in relation to this ground is justified. Regarding NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel and NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, the Court of Appeal acknowledges that, similar to the aforementioned accused individuals, they admitted to joining the FDLR-FOCA and the FLN. However, they deny doing so willingly and assert that they were unaware of these groups being classified as terrorist organizations. They claim that the FLN is separate from the MRCD. Therefore, the trial court considers these arguments as a strategy aimed at invalidating the credibility of their guilty pleas and undermining the possibility of receiving a reduction in their penalties. Consequently, the prosecution's ground of appeal regarding this matter is justified.

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Regarding HAKIZIMANA Théogène, the Court of Appeal notes that he admitted to joining FLN. However, he asserts that he did so under coercion and fear of reprisals, and he was unaware that it was a terrorist group. He claims that the commanders never informed them of the group's terrorist nature, and he himself never engaged in any acts of terrorism. The current Court therefore concludes that his assertion of being unaware that FLN was a terrorist group implies that he does not accept the unlawfulness of his actions. This demonstrates a lack of understanding of their seriousness and consequences, which diminishes the significance of his guilty plea. For that reason, his guilty plea should not have been one of the grounds considered for reducing his penalty.  Regarding MUKANDUTIYE Angelina In paragraph 685 of the appealed judgment, the High Court, Chamber of International and Transborder Crimes, provided an explanation that taking into account the plea of guilt by MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, her cooperation with justice authorities, and her status as a first-time offender, she should be eligible for a reduction in penalty. As noted in paragraph 455 of the appealed judgment, the trial court, after evaluating the defense presented by MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, concluded that during the plea in merit, she admitted to holding the position of commissioner in charge of family and the promotion of girls and women in MRCD-FLN. She also acknowledged her role in encouraging girls to join the military. However, she claimed to be unaware that it was a terrorist group, which she even admitted during her interrogation by the investigation bureau, the prosecution, and in court during the hearing on provisional detention.

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According to paragraph 424 of the appealed judgment, it is noted that MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, during the hearing before the trial court, stated that she conducted the sensitization activities while they were still affiliated with CNRD, prior to forming a coalition with other political organizations. She clarified that her involvement stemmed from her commitment to showcasing the capabilities of girls as well. The Court of Appeal finds that MUKANDUTIYE Angelina was convicted of the offense of membership in a terrorist group. As mentioned in paragraph 424 of the appealed judgment, she acknowledged in the trial court that she initially joined FDLR and later became a member of CNRD in 2016, which had a military wing called FLN. She was appointed Commissioner in charge of family and the promotion of girls and women. In paragraph 426 of the judgment, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina concluded her defense by admitting that she was a member of MRCD-FLN, but she claimed that she was unaware of its designation as a terrorist organization. The Court of Appeal also notes that as documented on page 6 of the hearing minutes dated 22/7/2021 before the trial court, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina admitted to actively encouraging girls to join the military wing of MRCD-FLN. Furthermore, there were two girls who were interrogated and provided statements regarding this matter. Considering the aforementioned points, the Court of Appeal concludes that, similar to the other defendants, the argument put forth by MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, claiming unawareness of MRCD-FLN's status as a terrorist group, is indicative of her failure to acknowledge the illegality of her actions. It appears to be a mere subterfuge aimed at evading

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responsibility for the charges against her. For this reason, the instant Court deems the ground of appeal by the prosecution with respect to her to have merit. b. Whether the trial court erred by reducing the penalty with respect to some of the suspects on the basis that they were the first-time offenders The ground of appeal by the prosecution concerns the accused, including RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina.  Regarding RUSESABAGINA Paul Regarding the fact that RUSESABAGINA Paul benefited from a penalty reduction based on being a first-time offender, the prosecution declares that it does not consider it a mitigating circumstance in itself. Specifically, the trial court disregarded the provision of Article 49 of the 30 Law determining offenses and penalties in general, as well as the gravity of the offenses he committed, which resulted in loss of life, injuries, and property damage for numerous individuals. They further argue that the rejection of the penalty reduction based on the gravity of the offense aligns with the position adopted in the judgment RPA 0298/10/CS 31 rendered by the Supreme Court on 24/2/2012, in

30 Article 49 of the said law provides that: “A judge determines a penalty according to the gravity, consequences of, and the motive for committing the offence, the offender’s prior record and personal situation and the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence.” 31The Court held that: ‘‘Among the charges of MUSHAYIDI Déogratias, include the offence of conspiracy against his country with the intent overturn the established government, by sowing distrust and unrest within the

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the case between MUSHAYIDI Déogratias and the Prosecution, specifically in paragraph 40. Therefore, the prosecution requests that RUSESABAGINA Paul be sentenced to life imprisonment as well. RUSESABAGINA Paul remained silent about this ground, both in the form of court submissions and during the hearing before the court, as he never appeared.  Regarding NIZEYIMANA Marc Regarding the fact that NIZEYIMANA Marc is a first- time offender, which was also one of the bases for his penalty reduction by the court, the prosecution argues that it disregarded the gravity of the offenses he committed, which affected various individuals and their properties. As they established in relation to RUSESABAGINA Paul, the refusal to reduce the penalties based on the gravity of the offense, despite the suspect being a first-time offender, aligns with the position adopted in the judgment n° RPA 0298/10/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 24/2/2012 in the case between the Prosecution and MUSHAYIDI Déogratias. NIZEYIMANA Marc remained silent about this ground of appeal by the prosecution.

population through his writings. The Court finds therefore that whoever a person is, the sole act of conspiracy against one’s country by waging the war without considering the number of people likely to die, the damages and destruction of the country, amounts to a cruel crime to the extent that the Court deems that MUSHAYIDI Déogratias does not deserve forgiveness due to the severity of the crimes of which he is charged.”

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 Regarding NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase Regarding the fact that the trial court reduced their penalty based on them being first-time offenders and the argument that the committed offense did not result in consequences since they never launched terrorist attacks in Rwanda, the prosecution argues that NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase, being senior officers of FDLR- FOCA - the groups that launched attacks in Rwanda on different occasions - spent fourteen (14) years in a terrorist organization, as stated in paragraph 432 of the appealed judgment (they remained in FDLR-FOCA from 2002 until 2016). The prosecution further emphasizes that during this period, they had ample time to change their minds, yet they chose not to leave such groups voluntarily until their apprehension. It also states that alleging to be first-time offenders is not true because NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien appears on the UN's list as one of the decision-makers in those terrorist groups. Thus, the fact that the trial court relied on them to reduce their penalty constitutes a mistake. NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase remained silent about such ground raised by the prosecution.  Regarding MUKANDUTIYE Angelina Regarding the fact that the trial court reduced the penalty of MUKANDUTIYE Angelina based on being a first-time offender, the prosecution deems it inaccurate because she has already been sentenced to life imprisonment by the Gacaca Court.

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MUKANDUTIYE Angelina states that she was notified of her conviction in the year 2006, but she has not replied anything about it until now. Consequently, the prosecution should not rely on such arguments and should not advance that she does not deserve a penalty reduction with respect to other charges. Counsel MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, assisting MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, declares that the prosecution's appeal ground, which argues that MUKANDUTIYE Angelina should not have received a penalty reduction based on being a first-time offender due to her previous sentencing by Gacaca courts, should not be given merit. This is particularly because it is not the sole reason the trial court relied upon to reduce her penalty. Instead, all the reasons provided by the trial court in paragraph 685 of the appealed judgment should be considered. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT Debates in relation to this ground revolve around whether the gravity of the offense she is charged with constitutes a barrier to penalty reduction, despite it being her first time being prosecuted. There are statutory mitigating circumstances that, when present, warrant the application of penalty reduction by the judge. They are provided in articles 54 (minority) and 55 (Provocation) of the Law n˚68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general. However, the law provides that a judge may consider other mitigating circumstances, including those specified in Article 59. However, it is evident that these circumstances are not the only grounds upon which the judge is

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obligated to rely, as the provision mentions them as examples of mitigating circumstances. It implies that he/she may even rely on other reasons, including the fact that the accused is a first-time offender. He/she is allowed such possibility by articles 49 and 58 of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general. Article 49, paragraph one, provides that “A judge determines a penalty according to the gravity, consequences of, and the motive for committing the offence, the offender’s prior record and personal situation and the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence.” Regarding article 59, it reads that “The judge assesses whether mitigating circumstances decided by a judge are admissible. The reasons for acceptance of mitigating circumstances must be stated in the judgment.” Both legal provisions support the principle that a judge may consider the accused's prior, present, and future personal situations in relation to the commission of the offense during the sentencing phase. The judge can evaluate these factors in light of the circumstances surrounding the offense, its gravity, and its consequences to society. Both provisions further imply that a judge has the right to grant the benefit of mitigating circumstances to the accused, regardless of whether the charge consists of a felony or a misdemeanor, as the law does not place any exceptions to any offense. Considering the foregoing, the application of mitigating circumstances does not undo the consequences of the offense. This means that the reduction of the penalty for the convict does not negate the gravity of the offense he/she committed32. It

32 “Un constat de circonstances atténuantes se réfère à l’évaluation de la sentence et n’ôte rien à la gravité de l’infraction. Il atténue la peine et non le

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entails that the gravity and aggravating circumstances of the offense do not prevent the judge from considering the available mitigating circumstances in the interest of the accused. The objective is to provide a discretionary sentence based on the circumstances of the offense and the personal situation of the accused. This is the reason why the legislator stated in Law No. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, mentioned above, that the judge must consider both aggravating and mitigating circumstances in determining the penalty. 33 In subsequent paragraphs, it will be determined whether the Court made a mistake by reducing the penalties for the suspects RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina based on the ground of being first- time offenders.  Regarding RUSESABAGINA Paul and NIZEYIMANA Marc With respect to RUSESABAGINA Paul and NIZEYIMANA Marc, as indicated above, among the mitigating circumstances considered by the trial court, the fact that they are first-time offenders was also taken into account34.

crime. On n’observera toutefois que l’atténuation de la peine ne réduit en aucune façon le degré de gravité du crime, la question relève davantage du pardon que du moyen justificatif’’, affaire n˚ ICTR-97-23-S, Procureur contre Jean KAMBANDA, Jugement portant condamnation, p.27, n˚56. Article 49, paragraph 2 of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general. 34 Paragraph 675 and 678 of the appealed judgment.

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Based on the provisions and legal principles stated above, the Court of Appeal finds that the prosecution's arguments, stating that the fact that RUSESABAGINA Paul and NIZEYIMANA Marc are first-time offenders, according to Article 49 of the aforementioned Law No. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, is not in itself a mitigating circumstance because the offenses they committed are serious crimes, should not be given merit. This is because the mentioned article grants the judge the right to rely on various factors, including the gravity of the offense, its consequences, the motive behind its commission, the personal conduct of the suspect, their personal situation, and the circumstances of the offense. The judge can also refer to Article 58 of the Law No. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 mentioned above to determine an appropriate penalty. Regarding the prosecution's arguments citing the Supreme Court's judgment No. RPA 0298/10/CS in the case of MUSHAYIDI Déogratias, where it was held that due to the cruel nature of the offense, he should not be pardoned based on the gravity of the charges, they intended to imply that the same should have applied to RUSESABAGINA Paul and NIZEYIMANA Marc in the instant case. With respect to the instant case, the Court of Appeal finds that the prosecution's arguments reflect a misapprehension of the interpretation of articles 49 and 58 of the Law No. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 mentioned above. These provisions grant the judge the discretion to consider the specific situation and circumstances of the offense, as well as the personnality of the offender, based on the unique aspects of each case. Such position is indeed stressed by the fact that in the judgment n˚ RPA 0255/12/CS of INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire and co-accused rendered on 13/12/2013, the latter who was also prosecuted for conspiracy as it was the

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case for MUSHAYIDI Déogratias, which case was even most recent,35 the Supreme Court reduced her penalty on the basis that she was the first offender. For those reasons, the Court of Appeal finds such appeal ground advanced by the prosecution without merit.  Regarding NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase According to paragraph 684 of the appealed judgment, the trial court held that the fact that they are the first offenders, constitutes one of the mitigating circumstances likely to occasion the reduction of the penalty for the offence of membership to terrorist group committed by NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase. Based on the legal provisions and principles raised above, the Court of Appeal finds that the prosecution's arguments regarding NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase are not meritorious. The prosecution contends that their involvement as senior officers in FDLR-FOCA, their extended period of engagement in the terrorist group (14 years), and the gravity of the offense they were found guilty of, along with the consequences of the attacks launched by FDLR-FOCA on Rwandan territory, should have precluded them from benefiting from a penalty reduction based solely on being first-time offenders or the argument that the offense did not have consequences since they did not personally launch the attacks.However, as explained earlier, the gravity of the offense

35Mushaidi Déogratias case was tried on 24/02/2012 while that of Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire was tried on 13/12/2013

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or the presence of aggravating circumstances does not prevent the judge from considering the existence of mitigating circumstances in favor of the convict. The judge has the discretion to reduce the statutory penalty and impose an appropriate penalty based on the specific circumstances of the offense and the personal situation of the convict. For all these reasons, the Court of Appeal finds that the prosecution's ground of appeal lacks merit.  Regarding MUKANDUTIYE Angelina As indicated above, one of the mitigating circumstances considered by the trial court that led to the reduction of the statutory penalty for the offense MUKANDUTIYE Angelina was found guilty of is the fact that she is a first-time offender.36. The analysis of the appealed judgment reveals that during the trial court proceedings, the prosecution did not raise the issue of MUKANDUTIYE Angelina being convicted by Gacaca Courts. Instead, it was Mukandutiye Angelina herself who, according to the minutes of the hearing on 22/7/2021, informed the court about her previous conviction by the Gacaca Courts, where she was sentenced to life imprisonment with solitary confinement. The Court of Appeal finds that the prosecution did not present any evidence before the trial court to substantiate the statements made by MUKANDUTIYE Angelina. It is worth noting that the trial itself did not mention anything about it.

36Paragraph 685 of the appealed judgment.

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The Court of Appeal finds that the prosecution cannot criticize the appealed judgment on the basis that the trial court considered MUKANDUTIYE Angelina as a first offender, especially since the prosecution did not raise this issue or present relevant supporting evidence after MUKANDUTIYE Angelina disclosed before the court her conviction by the Gacaca Court. The Court of Appeal, however, finds that during the appeal proceedings, the prosecution submitted a copy of the judgment established by the National Service for Gacaca Courts, which pertains to the offense of the second category. The submitted document indicates that the Gacaca Court of Nyarugenge Sector in Nyarugenge District had sentenced MUKANDUTIYE Angelina to life imprisonment with seclusion on 23/11/2008. This document was presented by the prosecution on 21/2/2022. Based on the foregoing, the Court of Appeal finds that if the trial court had been aware of the decision of the Gacaca Court of Nyarugenge Sector, it would not have concluded that MUKANDUTIYE Angelina was a first offender. Therefore, the current court should rectify this error. Consequently, the ground that she is a first offender should not be considered as a basis for reducing her penalty. c. Whether the trial court erred by reducing the penalties for the defendants below minimum statutory penalty The prosecution criticizes the trial court to have reduced the penalty of the defendants including RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph,

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NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, below the statutory minimum penalty for the offences they are accused of. They further argue that the trial court misapplied article 60 of Law nº 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, which determines offenses and penalties in general, in reducing the penalties of the defendants. They contend that the court improperly applied the provisions regarding the reduction of penalties in cases of mitigating circumstances, specifically where the penalty of life imprisonment would be reduced but not to a duration below twenty-five years (25). A fixed-term imprisonment or a fine can be reduced, but it should not be lowered below the minimum penalty prescribed for the committed offense. The prosecution also argues that the trial court disregarded articles 47 and 48 of the aforementioned Law, which prohibit the judge from handling the case in violation of the provisions of the law and restrict any reduction of the penalty for a specific offense beyond the scope and manner determined by the law. Thus, it concludes that by reducing the penalty below the minimum statutory requirement, the trial court disregarded the law. The prosecution also criticizes the trial court for relying on previous decisions of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal to reduce the penalties. They argue that according to Article 95 of the Constitution, which establishes the hierarchy of laws, court decisions are not superior to the law itself. Therefore, given that the law was both existent and clear, it should have been

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applied unless there was a Supreme Court decision declaring it unconstitutional. Even in such a circumstance, adopting a position that violates the law should not be justified. The prosecution further argues that the precedents relied upon by the trial court were misinterpreted, as the Supreme Court decision regarding the application of article 60 was mistakenly expounded, and this article has never been declared repealed by the same Court. RUSESABAGINA Paul remained silent regarding this ground of appeal, neither making any court submissions nor appearing during the court hearing. NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NSENGIMANA Herman and their legal Counsel RUGEYO Jean, advance that the trial court noted that the mitigating circumstances with regard to them were valid and deemed that the objection to grant the penalty below the statutory minimum penalty would amount to violation of fair justice consecrated by article 29 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda. Regarding NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara specifically, while the prosecution presented their requisitions, they requested the reduction of penalties due to his guilty plea. As for NSENGIMANA Herman, the trial court, based on mitigating circumstances, sentenced him to five (5) years of imprisonment. For him, the court did not make any mistake in imposing a reduced penalty in their case. Counsel MUREKATETE Henriette, assisting NIZEYIMANA Marc, argues that the trial court's decision to impose a penalty below the statutory minimum was done in pursuit of fair justice, as outlined in Article 29 of the Constitution

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of the Republic of Rwanda. Therefore, she asserts that the trial court did not make any mistakes in its judgment. Counsel TWAJAMAHORO Herman, assisting NIKUZWE Siméon, asserts that he sees no issue with the trial court's decision to find his client guilty of the offense of membership in a terrorist organization and impose a ten-year imprisonment term, which is below the statutory minimum penalty. He asserts that, as adopted by the Supreme Court in its judgment regarding the judge's discretion in assessing mitigating circumstances and imposing sentences, the role of the penalty should not be perceived solely based on the gravity of the committed offense. The interests of the accused should also be taken into consideration. He therefore contends that if he correlates that with the provisions of Article 151 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, which guarantees the independence and freedom of judges to make decisions, he concludes that the trial court did not err in reducing the penalties imposed on NIKUZWE Siméon below the statutory minimum penalty. Counsel NGAMIJE KIRABO Guido, assisting NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, argues that in order to deliver fair justice, a judge cannot solely rely on statutes, but must also consider relevant court decisions. He refers to the position adopted by the Supreme Court in the case RS/INCOST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC of 4/12/2019 between KABASINGA Florida and the Government of Rwanda, the case RPAA 00032/2019/CA of the Court of Appeal of 28/2/2020 between the Prosecution and NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu, and the case n˚ RPA 00031/2021/CA rendered on 28/10/2021. These cases establish that preventing a judge from

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reducing a penalty would violate the principle of fair justice. Therefore, in his view, the trial court did not make any mistake in reducing the penalties of his clients. Counsel URAMIJE James, assisting IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, and NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, argues that article 60 of Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining general offenses and penalties, should not prevent a judge from delivering fair justice independently. The judge should have the freedom to consider relevant reasons and factors when pronouncing penalties. In his opinion, he finds it justified that the court has reduced the penalties for his clients. Counsel MUGABO Sharif Yussuf, assisting KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, and HAKIZIMANA Théogène, states that, on one hand, Article 60 of Law nº 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general, does not seem to pose any problems. That is why, when the Supreme Court tried judgment nº RS/INCONST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC, it did not repeal it immediately. However, on the other hand, this provision becomes problematic if the judge deems it necessary to reduce the penalty below the statutory minimum. He declares that if confronted with the provisions of Article 152, subparagraph 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda, which guarantees the independence of judges, such an article would limit his/her freedom while he/she has to uphold the principles of fair justice as stated in Article 29 of the Constitution. He further advances that the statements in the previous paragraph led the trial court to refer to article 49 of the Law nº 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general in such judgment, providing for sentencing factors, and

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article 9 of the Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, stating that In the absence of such rules, the judge could rely on precedents, and thus, it did it in the context of finding a solution to that issue that arose from article 60 mentioned above. He states that the Court referred to two cases in support of their argument. The first case is RS/INCOST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC, rendered by the Supreme Court on 4/12/2019, involving KABASINGA Florida against the Government of Rwanda. The second case is RPAA 00032/2019/CA, rendered by the Court of Appeal on 28/2/2020, involving the prosecution against NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu. These cases were cited to illustrate that the independence of the judge is not restricted by the imposition of the statutory minimum penalty. Instead, this independence should encompass the right to impose penalties below the statutory minimum. He further argues that even the Court of Appeal faced such issue in the trial of the judgment nº RPAA 00025/2019/CA in paragraph 1237 where it relied on such positions stated above to reach the decision. So, according to him, even in the current case, where his clients' penalties were reduced below the statutory minimum, the Court did not commit any mistake. Counsel MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, assisting MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, declares that the trial court's decision to reduce her penalty below the statutory minimum penalty was not an error. According to her, mandatory sentencing is generally contrary to the principle of fair justice and violates the independence of the judge. She further argues that the trial court's adoption of the position set by the Supreme Court in the

37 “Any person who joins or accepts to be member in a terrorist organization shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of fifteen (15) years to twenty (20) years”.

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case RS/INCONST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC, which states that failure to reduce the penalty below the statutory minimum penalty constitutes a violation of judicial independence, was also not a mistake. This is because the lower court's decision does not contradict the ruling of the higher court. She states that the independence of the judge to impose a sentence below the statutory minimum penalty is supported by the ruling of judgment n˚ RPAA 00031/2021/CA rendered on 28/10/2021, in the case of prosecution vs BAHATI Françoise, specifically in paragraph 4338. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT Debates regarding this issue revolve around the question of whether the trial court made an error by adopting the position set by the Court of Appeal, which involves reducing the penalty below the statutory minimum penalty despite the existence of a law prohibiting it. According to the principles of stare decisis, the judge's role is to establish a connection between the law and the issues under consideration and subsequently adopt a position on them. In the event that the established position interprets the law, it may offer either a broad or a narrow interpretation of the existing law, taking into account the specific issue at hand as well as all other

38 In that paragraph, the court declared that “the Court of Appeal finds that the text of article 60, paragraph one (1) of the Law n° 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 stated above, that prevents the judge to reduce the life imprisonment penalty below the imprisonment penalty of twenty five (25) years in case of mitigating circumstances, should not be referred to because it contradicts the principles of fair justice, freedom and independence of the judge.”

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similar issues. As explained in paragraph 54 of the current case, if someone is dissatisfied with a particular position established by any court under these principles, instead of attempting to prevent the court from relying on it, they should instead challenge it before the Supreme Court to have it overturned in accordance with articles 65 and 73 of the Law determining jurisdiction of courts. In different paragraphs of appealed judgment, the trial court based on the judgment RPAA 00032/2019/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 28/2/2020, and reduced the penalties of RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina below the statutory minimum penalties. In that judgment, the trial court reduced the penalties until the statutory minimum penalty on the basis of the judgment rendered by the Court of Appeal39, which also relied on the

39 See the paragraph 19 of the judgment RPAA 00032/2019/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal, between the prosecutor vs NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu. The Court of Appeal reduced the penalty of NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu who was accused of child defilement in that case and sentenced him to the penalty below the statutory minimum penalty. Whereas the minimum penalty with which he would be punished was an imprisonment of twenty-five (25) years as provided for by article 78, paragraph one, subparagraph 2 of Organic Law n˚ 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code that was into force at the time of the commission of the offence, the Court sentenced him to ten years of imprisonment (10).

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analysis it did of the judgment RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/SC rendered on 4/12/201940. Based on the principle outlined in paragraph 216 of the current case, this court concludes that the judgment of NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu expanded the scope of Article 60 of Law nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018, determining offenses and penalties in general41. As a result, it provided the Court of

In that case, the Supreme Court held that the judge should consider aggravating and mitigating circumstances either associated with the defendant or associated with the offence, and held that the law forbiding the court to consider such circumstances in order to decide the merit of penalty reduction, should be regarded as inconsistent with article 29 of the Constitution reading that everyone has the right to due process of law, and it violates the independence of the judge because it does not allow him the exercise of discretion, and deprives him/her of the right to pronounce a sentence corresponding to the committed offence, on the basis of the circumstances of its commission, the conduct of the author and how it affected the victim and society in general. It decided that it would not be said that the judge is independent to pronounce the sentence while he/she should pronounce a mandatory sentence that does not correlate the gravity of the offence, the circumstances surrounding its commission, and even in the event there are valid mitigating circumstances that would justify the reduction of the penalty of the defendant. See paragraph 17 of the judgment no RPAA 00032/2019/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal between the prosecution and NZAFASHWANIMANA Jean de Dieu. The Supreme Court found that the refusal to reduce the statutory minimum penalty would be founded only if the threshold between the minimum penalty and maximum penalty is considerable, while in case such threshold is small, that prevents itself the judge to link the sentence and committed offence, interests of the victim, the public and those of the accused. Such article provides that: If there are mitigating circumstances, penalties may be reduced as follows: 1º subject to the provisions of Article 107 life imprisonment may be reduced but it cannot be less than twenty-five (25) years; 2º a fixed-term imprisonment or a fine may be reduced but it cannot be less than the minimum sentence provided for the offence committed.

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Appeal and lower courts with the possibility to reduce the penalty below the statutory minimum penalty based on factors such as the nature of the offense, the circumstances surrounding its commission, and the personal situation of the perpetrator. Furthermore, the prosecution's argument that the Court of Appeal disregarded the law prohibiting the reduction of the penalty below the statutory minimum sentence, as stated in Article 60 of the aforementioned Law, lacks merit. If such a position existed, nothing would have prevented the trial court from referring to it. For all these reasons, the instant court finds that the trial court did not error by reducing the penalty of RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSENGIMANA Herman, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, below the statutory minimum penalty. Consequently, the appeal of the prosecution in relation to this issue lacks merit. B. GROUNDS OF APPEAL BY THE DEFENDANTS Some of the suspects filed an appeal within the prescribed time, while others submitted a cross-appeal as an accessory to the appeal filed by the prosecution. In this part, the Court will first assess the admissibility of the cross-appeal, and subsequently address the appeals filed by the accused within the specified time frame.

a. Regarding the admissibility of the cross- appeal in criminal cases

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Regarding the cross-appeal filed by some of the accused, the prosecutor raised an objection of inadmissibility. The objection claimed that, based on the submissions made to the court, the cross-appeal only pertains to the defense against the appeal lodged by the prosecution. They argue that according to Article 1 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labor, and administrative procedure, the same law applies to procedures in cases where no other specific laws govern them. However, they believe that the Court should determine the validity of a cross-appeal in criminal cases to ascertain whether the appeal of KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and NIKUZWE Siméon would be admissible. The prosecution concludes its submission by stating that the procedure of filing a cross-appeal as an accessory to the appeal lodged by the prosecution amounts to taking advantage of the civil procedure. They argue that they will rely on the criminal procedure, adhering to the prescribed time limits and the established process for their appeal. They believe that the accused resorted to such procedure after realizing that the deadline for filing their appeal had already expired. The prosecution argues that there is no reason to seek ways to file appeals against criminal cases using the civil procedure when the appropriate remedy is already provided by the relevant law. Counsel MUGABO Shariff Yussuf, assisting KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, declares that they filed a cross- appeal and made certain requests to the court based on Article 264 of Law nº 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 relating to criminal procedure. This article stipulates that procedural matters not

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covered by the criminal procedure law are governed by the civil procedure. They further base their requests on Article 152 of the same law. Counsel TWAJAMAHORO Herman, assisting NIKUZWE Siméon, states that his appeal is supported by article 26442 of the law nº 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 relating to criminal procedure, and that though he was part of the suspects who were content with the penalties they were imposed by the trial court but were subsequently appealed by the prosecution. However, he emphasizes that he would not miss the opportunity to appeal, as allowed by the law. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT The Court of Appeal considers that the debates surrounding this issue revolve around the determination of whether a cross-appeal is possible in criminal cases, similar to the practice in civil procedure. Article 181 of the Law n˚ 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 relating to criminal procedure provides that “An appeal must be filed within a period of thirty (30) days from the pronouncement of the judgment with respect to a party that was present or represented at the pronouncement of the judgment. Such time limits also apply to a party duly notified of the date of judgment but fails to appear or to send a representative.” Article 181 stated above leads to the perception that as of the criminal cases, the convict and the prosecution, in case they

42“All matters that are not provided for under this Law regarding procedure are handled in accordance with civil procedure rules (…)”

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are not satisfied with the verdict of the trial court, should in any circumstance lodge an appeal within thirty days from the date of the pronouncement of the judgment with respect to a party that was present or represented. This implies that the appeal lodged beyond thirty days or filing a cross-appeal after the expiry of thirty days within which the main appeal was lodged by another party, it leads to its inadmissibility43, because every appeal in relation to a criminal action should be in the form of main appeal. Furthermore, regarding the arguments put forth by some parties that the principles of civil procedure are applied in cases not covered by the criminal procedure, the current court concludes that, in the context of appeals in criminal cases, the legislator intended for the criminal procedure to be the sole applicable procedure. This is evident from the fact that in cases such as trials involving damages, where the legislator intended for the civil procedure to apply, it was explicitly stated.44. That means that in relation to the cross-appeal in criminal cases, the legislator remained silent because they were aware of the existing legal principle that appeals in criminal cases are only exercised through a main claim, as explained earlier. Based on these explanations, the respondent at the appellate level is only permitted to respond within the scope of the subject matter of the appeal. Other claims that he/she submits

43 ‘‘L’appel intéressant l’action publique ne peut être qu’un appel principal. L’appel portant sur l’action civile peut se faire en forme d’appel principal ou incident’’, Antoine Rubbens, L’instruction criminelle et la procédure pénale, Tome III, Larcier, Bruxelles, 1965, P. 265, n˚ 259. 44 See article 113 of the Law nº 027/2019 of 19/09/2019 relating to criminal procedure “When a civil action is instituted before a criminal court, the court hears such action in accordance with Laws governing civil procedure for cases heard on the merits.”

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to the court beyond such scope are not admissible if they are made beyond the prescribed time for appeal. NIKUZWE Siméon submitted his defense against the prosecution's appeal on November 28, 2021. In that submission, after responding to the grounds of appeal raised by the prosecution, he filed a cross-appeal regarding the unfulfilled constitutive elements of the crime concerning him and the grounds for non-criminal liability. Kwitonda André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien submitted their defense against the prosecution's appeal on November 29, 2021. Through these submissions, after responding to the grounds of appeal put forward by the prosecution, they filed a cross-appeal concerning the penalties imposed on them for the offense of which they were found guilty by the trial court, as well as the grounds for exemption from criminal liability. Additionally, they raised a cross-appeal against the appeal made by the civil parties. The Court of Appeal finds that the appealed judgment was rendered on September 20, 2021, and notes that NIKUZWE Siméon filed a cross-appeal on November 28, 2021, while KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien filed their cross-appeal on November 29, 2021. Since these cross-appeals were filed after the thirty-day time limit from the date of the pronouncement of the appealed judgment, their appeal claims cannot be admitted as they are not the primary appeal, and the concept of cross-appeal does not exist in criminal cases pertaining to criminal liability.

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b. Appellants for second reduction of the penalties NSABIMANA Callixte, also known as Sankara, NSENGIMANA Herman, and MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, who initially benefited from a reduction in their penalties at the first instance, have lodged an appeal and requested a further reduction of the penalties.  NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara In the submissions submitted to the Court of Appeal by NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, he argues that the trial court's decision to sentence him to twenty (20) years has deprived him of the opportunity to reintegrate into Rwandan society. He asserts that the extended prison term will hinder his ability to take care of himself and lead a productive life upon his release. He requests the Court to consider his personal circumstances, including his medical conditions of gastric disorders and hypertension. He also highlights that he is an orphan as a result of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi, and he survived alongside a disabled sibling. Additionally, he emphasizes that they have no permanent accommodation. He requests that the Court consider the cases of former FDLR leaders, such as Dr. Ignace MURWANASHYAKA and MUSONI Straton, who were given reduced penalties. He also mentions the militiamen of FLN admitted to Mutobo, as well as other perpetrators of the genocide against the Tutsi who pleaded guilty and received reduced penalties, including community works (TIG). He further states that he requests the Court to consider the fact that he publicly dissociated himself from his political party, RRM, FLN, as well as MRCD-FLN. He also publicly denounced governments that supported FLN, including Burundi, Uganda, as

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well as former president Edgar LUNGU. He claims that as a result, all of them became his enemies and would repress him. Consequently, he believes that he has no other choice but to serve the government of Rwanda, as it is the only entity that can guarantee his security. He therefore requests the Court of Appeal to consider all these submissions and grant him a reduction of his penalty by five (5) years. He also maintains his request for forgiveness for what has happened. Concerning the prosecution's reference to the position set by the Supreme Court in the judgment No. RPA 283/10/CS rendered on 19/12/2014, between the prosecution and GAHONGAYIRE Jeanne regarding the refusal to reduce the penalty for the accused who benefited from it at the trial court, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara argues that such a precedent is different from his case. This is because in the referenced case, the accused was sentenced to ten (10) years of imprisonment by the High Court, whereas in his case, he was sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment. Counsel RUGEYO Jean, representing NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, argues that their criticism of the judgment of the trial court is based on the failure to reduce the penalty by five years of imprisonment. They contend that despite their client pleading guilty and providing significant and valuable information to the prosecution, the trial court failed to take into account his cooperation. Instead, they claim that the court excessively focused on the seriousness of the charges against him, neglecting to consider his personal situation. He prays the Court of Appeal to consider personal interest of his client and the justice interests in general, and base on the position adopted in the judgment n˚ RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/SC rendered

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by the Supreme Court, paragraph 4545, and the judgment n˚ RPAA 00031/2021/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 28/10/2021, to reduce his penalty again. The prosecution counters the appellant's argument by stating that his appeal grounds should not be considered valid. They point out that his request for a reduction in penalty was already granted by the High Court. Furthermore, they claim that the High Court's decision did not violate Article 60 of the Law determining offenses and penalties in general. According to the prosecution, the Appeal judgment, specifically in paragraphs 665 to 667, reduced the sentence from life imprisonment to twenty years, which is within the range specified by Article 60. They argue that the appellant's deserved penalty could not be lower than twenty-five years, unless mitigating circumstances were present, as outlined in the provisions of the mentioned article. They argue that NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara should present before the Court of Appeal the specific grounds on which he criticizes the appealed judgment, as required by Article 88 of the aforementioned law.

45In this paragraph, the supreme Court stated that “Given the fact that the legislator decided that if there is a mitigating circumstance, the penalties may be reduced but shall not be less than the minimum penalty provided for the offence committed. It is the opinion of this Court that it would be reasonable if the range between the minimum and the maximum penalty is large, putting more emphasis on reducing the minimum penalty. This would enable the provisions of article 49 par.1 of the Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 which provides that a judge determines a penalty according to the gravity, consequences of, and the motive for committing the offence, the offender’s prior record and personal situation and the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence to be correctly applied. Basing on the mitigating circumstances and impose minimum penalty provided for an offense which itself is heavy, does not benefit the defendant nor does it serve justice in general.”

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Regarding the new grounds he advances to seek a second reduction of the penalty, the prosecution argues that they are baseless. They assert that the fact that he was affected by the genocide does not exempt him from taking responsibility for the consequences of the war. Furthermore, regarding the fact that there are FLN militiamen who have committed crimes but have not yet been prosecuted and were admitted to the Mutobo demobilization center, he should not raise it as a reason to request a reduction of his penalty. He cannot establish a direct link between their actions and his personal acts, and there is no indication that they will not be prosecuted in the future. Moreover, regarding the cases of Dr.

Ignace MURWANASHYAKA and MUSONI Straton, who were tried in Germany and received reduced penalties due to mitigating circumstances, the prosecution argues that the assessment of mitigating circumstances in that country is based on their own criteria and standards. In view of the foregoing, the prosecution requests the Court of Appeal to consider the position adopted in the judgment n˚ RPAA 66/08/SC rendered by the Supreme Court on 6/2/2009, between the Prosecution and KABAHIZI Jean, which dealt with the appellant's request for penalty reduction after already benefiting from it, as well as the judgment n˚ RPA 283/10/CS rendered on 19/12/2014, between the prosecution and GAHONGAYIRE Jeanne, particularly paragraph eleven (11) of that judgment. The prosecution argues that based on these precedents, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara's ground of appeal lacks merit.

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 NSENGIMANA Herman NSENGIMANA Herman and his legal counsel, RUGEYO Jean, argue that there is an important aspect regarding the offense of membership in a terrorist group, which the trial court overlooked in the case of NSENGIMANA Herman's guilt declaration. They argue that despite NSENGIMANA Herman pleading guilty, the trial court did not appropriately reduce his penalty. Therefore, they request the Court of Appeal to reconsider his plea for a reduced penalty. They request that his penalty of five years of imprisonment be reduced to two years of imprisonment, especially since the Court of Appeal has the authority to do so. They rest their submissions that the prosecution is not permitted to request an increase in the penalty. The prosecution argues that NSENGIMANA Herman's request for a further reduction of his penalty from five (5) years to two (2) years should not be granted merit. They state that his request was already considered by the trial court, and the court is not obligated to reduce the penalty to the extent desired by the defendant. They state that basing on the provisions of article 18 of the Law n˚ 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counter terrorism, he should have been sentenced to the penalty not below fifteen (15) years but not beyond twenty (20) years, that instead, considering the provisions of the law46, the High Court pronounced a penalty below the penalty provided for such offence.

46See the reading of article 60 of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general.

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 MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas states that his criticism of the High Court lies in its failure to consider his guilty plea. He argues that despite not being present at the location of the offense in Karangiro, as he was hospitalized due to an accident at that time, he was still found guilty. He points out that other offenders who pleaded guilty received lesser penalties, whereas he was given severe penalties based on his actions in Rusizi. He emphasizes that he assisted in providing relevant information to the justice system. Therefore, he requests the Court of Appeal to carefully consider his arguments, analyze the circumstances that led him to commit the offenses, and subsequently reduce his penalties once again. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas asserts that he is generally a law-abiding citizen of good character. He emphasizes that he actively provided information about various FDLR militiamen, which ultimately led to the apprehension of some of them. However, he states that he unintentionally found himself involved in the offense. He explains that in 2017, he reported information about BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, and Mongali who came under false pretenses of applying for a job in order to engage in illegal activities. He promptly informed the local administration, leading to the arrest of Mongali, while BIZIMANA Cassien managed to escape to Congo. He explains that this incident had a profound impact on him as members of FDLR sought revenge against his sibling. Later, he encountered BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, and BUGINGO Justin in Bukavu, Congo, where he was involved in the production of a beverage called Sadiki Soft Drink. They intimidated him, warning that if he refused to cooperate with them, they would

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harm him. Fearing for his life, he reluctantly agreed to cooperate as a means of self-preservation. Counsel MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, assisting MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, argues that in accordance with Article 49 of Law nº 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general and outlines the factors to be considered by a judge when determining a penalty, the trial court failed to take into account his circumstances prior to the commission of the crime as well as his guilty plea since his arrest. She argues that, instead, the trial court focused on aggravating circumstances. It acknowledged his guilty plea but, considering the gravity of the offenses committed, such as smuggling arms into Rwanda and his collaboration with terrorist groups, as well as the adverse consequences they had on the population, the court sentenced him based on the most serious offense. She requests the Court of Appeal to consider both mitigating and aggravating circumstances simultaneously and grant him another reduction in his penalty. The Prosecution states that it finds all the arguments of MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, which claim that the court disregarded his defense, to lack merit. This is because he pleaded guilty to the offenses of conspiracy and inciting people to commit terrorism. He explained that he, along with NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, accepted the conspiracy proposed by BUGINGO Justin and BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, with the intention of participating in acts of terrorism. They state that although he claimed that he did not have the intention to commit such a crime and that he fell into the trap set by BIZIMANA Cassien, alias Passy, and BUGINGO Justin, who incited him to do so, the trial court explained that

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MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, in association with the conspirators, committed their acts with intent. The court concluded that he played a role in the attacks carried out in different sectors, including the attack in Karangiro. The ammunition used in these attacks, such as shotguns, bullets, and grenades, originated from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and some of them were stored at Matakamba Jean Berchmas' home after reaching Rwanda. Therefore, based on these factors, the trial court determined his involvement in acts of terrorism. Regarding his request for a reduction in his penalty based on his sincere admission of the charges, the prosecution finds it unfounded. This is because during his various interrogations and his plea, he consistently admitted his role in the terrorist attacks carried out in Rusizi. However, he contradicted himself by claiming that there were individuals who incited him to commit these acts. He states that he personally did not have the intent to commit those acts, but he also admits that he never made an effort to distance himself from them. The prosecution states that such contradiction on his part does not constitute a mitigating circumstance. This is because his guilty plea is doubtful, and the offenses he committed are serious, as they caused harm to individuals and damage to their properties. They base their argument on the fact that the rejection of the penalty reduction was determined in the judgment No. RPA 0298/10/CS, delivered by the Supreme Court on 24/02/2012, in the case of MUSHAYIDI Déogratias against the prosecution. This is mentioned in paragraph 40 of the aforementioned judgment.

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DETERMINATION OF THE COURT The Court of Appeal finds that, regarding this issue, it needs to be determined whether, in addition to merely alleging that they did not receive the appropriate reduction, the court has the authority to reduce the penalty if the defendants have no valid grounds to blame the trial court in relation to this matter. Article 49 of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, provides that “A judge determines a penalty according to the gravity, consequences of, and the motive for committing the offence, the offender’s prior record and personal situation and the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence.” Article 58, paragraph one, of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 stated above, reads that: “The judge assesses whether mitigating circumstances decided by a judge are admissible.” Paragraph two of the same article provides that “The reasons for acceptance of mitigating circumstances must be stated in the judgment.” The analysis of article 58 and 49 of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 stated above implies that the judge assesses in his/her own discretion the judicial mitigating circumstances, motivates them and decides that they mitigate the gravity of the offence and that they should be adopted. After deciding that they can be adopted, the judge pronounces the sentence corresponding to the gravity of the offence as well as its effects. Such discretion is exercised by every judge trying the case they were submitted including the appellate judge. However, the appellate judge should bear in mind that he is allowed to reduce the penalty

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pronounced by the trial court after demonstrating the mistakes made by such judge in the process of sentencing47. It means that the appellate judge has the duty to verify whether the trial judge abide by the sentencing process appropriately in accordance with articles 49 and 58 stated above. On a similar issue, the Appellate Division of International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia in the case VOjISLA vs SESELJ, has also held that the trial judge is vested with broad discretion to determine the appropriate sentence, and that the appellate judge is not permitted to modify such sentence unless they demonstrate that the trial court abused its discretion or misinterpreted the law.48 Overseeing the discretion applied in the trial judgment was supported in the judgment nº RPAA 00406/2020/CA rendered on 22/10/2021 between the prosecution and NAHAYO Ignace, in which the Court held that though he has benefited the penalty reduction on ground of guilty plea, nothing could prevent him to pray for the penalty reduction again at appeal level once he deems the penalty he was given severe considering the crime

47 It is the reason why the law relating to criminal procedure provides, in its article 183, subparagraph 6, that the appellant should indicate explanations for each default or issue showing the mistakes made and how they should be rectified in accordance with laws, evidence and court recommendation. 48 See the Case no. IT-03-67-R77.2-A, 19 May 2010, VOJISLAV V SESELJ par 37: “The Appeals Chamber recalls that Trial Chambers are vested with broad discretion in determining an appropriate sentence. In general, the Appeals Chamber will not revise a sentence unless the appellant demonstrates that the Trial Chamber has committed a discernible error in exercising its discretion or has failed to follow the applicable law”. Available at: file:///C:/Users/l.ucyeye/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Con tent.Outlook/PPHD5LL8/VOjISLA%20V%20SESELJ%20%20in%20ICTR %20APPELATE%20CHAMBER.pdf

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he was found guilty of, and the court exercises its discretion and determine whether his prayers are admissible and lawful.49 Basing on these explanations, the instant court shall examine in the subsequent paragraphs, and for every party at appellate level, whether there has occured apparent mistake, or misapplication of discretion or law in determining the sentence with respect to the appealed judgment.  Regarding NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara In his appeal, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara does not criticize the trial court to have misapplied the law in determining his sentence, since he only alleges that considering the mitigating circumstances he raised, he did not benefit the penalty reduction satisfactorily; therefore, he requests the Court of Appeal to reduced it once more. According to paragraphs 664, 665 and 671 of the appealed judgment, the trial court explained that though NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara committed acts that resulted into death, he admitted the charges from the investigation until the trial in merit, and cooperated with justice by providing information that helped in investigation and the fact that he is the first offender; he therefore should benefit the penalty reduction and be sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment in lieu of life imprisonment on the basis of article 60, paragraph one, subparagraph one (1˚) of the aforementioned Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 as well as the holdings set in the judgments n˚

49 However, after reexamination, the Court realised that the penalty he was given matched up with the gravity of the crime he was declared guilty and did not reduce his penalty for another time.

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RS/INCONST/SPEC/00003/2019/SC rendered by the Supreme Court and n˚ RPAA 00032/2019/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal. NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara prays further reduction of the penalty because the imprisonment penalty of twenty (20) years he was given deprives him of the opportunity to reintegrate into Rwandan society despite that he expressed remorse of all the offences he committed and asked for forgiveness because they affected the Rwandan society in general. He declares that he cooperated with the justice organ by whistling information about him and accomplices. He states that he dissociated himself with RRM, MRCD and FLN groups, that he publicly denounced countries that supported the FLN, that he is infected with an incurable ailment and for these reasons, he prays the instant court to reduce his penalty once more and be sentenced to five (5) years of imprisonement50. He states that, in the course of sentencing, the trial court would not have considered the gravity of the crime he was found guilty only as it would have considered his interests and the interests of justice. The prosecution argues that the fact that NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara benefited the penalty reduction by the trial court, and that basing on the precedent set by the Supreme Court

NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara alleges that the Court in Germany sentenced senior leaders of FDLR, Dr. Ignace MURWANASHYAKA, who was the president of FDLR and MUSONI Straton who was the vice president, to thirteen (13) years of imprisonment and eight (8) years of imprisonment respectively, that the senior officers of FLN, namely Colonel GATABAZI Joseph, who was operations commander, Lieutenant Colonel HAKIZIMANA who was the intelligence advisor to General Wilson and Brigadier general MBERABAHIZI David, colonel NAMUHANGA Anthère who were admitted for rehabilitation at Mutobo.

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in different cases including the judgments n˚ RPA 0066/08/CS of 6/2/2009, n˚ RPA 0085/09/CS of 17/6/201151 and n˚ RPA 0283/10/CS of 19/1/201452, he should not benefit it once more. As it was held above, the judge should, at the time of determination of the sentence, consider the situation of the accused before, at the time of and after the commission of the crime, and correlates them with the circumstances of its commission, its gravity, and the impact it had on the society. This means that they pronounce the sentence which is propotional to the committed crime (principle of proportionality of the sentence to the offense) which they do to protect the society, to really reprimand the convict while maintaining the interest of rehabilitation of the latter and prevent new criminality53. As demonstrated above, the Court of Appeal finds that the trial court abode by them because it sentenced NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara on the basis of the gravity and the

51 The prosecution states that in the two first judgments, the Supreme Court indicated that there is no reason to reduce the penalties of the defendants (Kabahizi Jean and HAVUGIMANA Innocent) on the basis of the fact that they benefited the penalty reduction in appealed judgments in accordance with the law. 52 The prosecution states that in the third judgment, the Supreme Court explained that the prayers of GAHONGAYIRE Jeanne were already granted because the crime she committed is normally punished with the sentence of life imprisonment whereas she was sentenced to ten (10) years of imprisonment; therefore, she should not benefit another round of penalty reduction considering the gravity of the offence she committed. 53 ‘‘ Le choix de la peine par le juge doit donc obéir à cinq considérations: la protection de la société, la punition du condamné, la prise en compte des intérêts de la victime, la réinsertion du condamné et la lutte contre la récidive.’’, Harald Renoult, Droit pénal général, 19e édition, Bruylant- Paradigme, Bruxelles, 2020, p. 291.

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consequences of the offences he was declared guilty and in consideration of his situation preceding the commission of such crimes, his admission of the charges from investigation level to the merit of the case as well as his cooperation with justice by revealing information relating to the charges. It therefore sentenced him to twenty (20) years of imprisonment. It finds furthermore that the trial Court would not have based on other factors of his personal situation in the event they were not submitted to the case file or were not subject to adversarial hearing54. The Court of Appeal found that the mitigating circumstances raised by NSABIMANA Callixte, alias Sankara, before the instant court - such as his claims of being a genocide survivor or an orphan, having a fiancée, being 39 years old, alleging that he had dissociated from RRM, MRCD and FLN, being hypertensive and suffering from a stomach ailment, and the fact that some superior FLN military members were admitted to Mutobo for their rehabilitation - did not constitute mitigating circumstances likely to lead to a further reduction of his penalty, considering the seriousness of the penalty and the consequences of the offences for which he was found guilty. However, the Court of Appeal found that the trial court did not appropriately consider the proportionality of the penalty and the gravity of the offence in relation to the mitigating factors presented, such as being a first-time offender, making a sincere admission of guilt since his arrest, seeking forgiveness from the

54 ‘‘Le juge prononce la ou les peines qu’il considère être adaptées au condamné et prend en compte pour cela tous les éléments le concernant figurant à la procédure et soumis aux débats contradictoires’’, Harald Renoult, op.cit, P. 285.

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victims and Rwandan society, cooperating with justice by revealing relevant information regarding the terrorist groups and their financing, pleading guilty during the hearing, which provided justice organs with sufficient information regarding the modus operandi of the MRCD-FLN terrorist group, and taking appropriate measures to prevent and repress offences committed by the group. For all these reasons, the instant court deems his request for further reduction of his penalty with merit. Furthermore, with regard to the prosecution's argument that, based on three Supreme Court precedents, NSABIMANA Callixte, alias Sankara, should not receive a further reduction in his penalty since such precedents held that there is no reason to reduce the penalties of the accused once they have already received a reduction at the trial court, the Court of Appeal found that it should not be given merit. According to the law, the Supreme Court explained instead that the accused would not benefit from a penalty reduction on the grounds that the penalty was already sufficiently reduced by the trial court.55 With regards to the case law of GAHONGAYIRE Jeanne, the Supreme Court clarified that she did not deserve a further reduction in her penalty due to the seriousness of the offence she committed56.  Regarding NSENGIMANA Herman The Court of Appeal, in referring to paragraph 164 of the instant case, noted that it had previously determined that the admission made by NSENGIMANA Herman was not sincere, despite it being relied on to reduce his penalty. Therefore, the

55 See the third sheet, paragraph 7 of the judgment of KABAHIZI Jean and the sheet two, paragraph 6 of the judgment of HAVUGIMANA Innocent. 56 See paragraph 12 of the appealed judgment.

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admission should not have been used as a basis for reducing his penalty. Therefore, in this part, there is going to be analyzed grounds that NSENGIMANA Herman advances to request the penalty reduction while maintaining the principle stated above that the penalty may only be modified at appeal level when the trial court erred manifestly in exercising discretion or in applying the law for the determination of the penalty. In the instant case, the appeal of NSENGIMANA Herman is not based on the fact that the trial court misapplied the law. Rather, it is based on the fact that the trial court did not reduce his penalty sufficiently upon its discretion, which is why he is requesting another penalty reduction. In paragraph 685 of the appealed judgment, the trial court reduced the penalty of NSENGIMANA Herman because he pleaded guilty of the offence of membership to a terrorist group, of which he was declared guilty, the fact that he cooperated with justice organs and the fact that he is a first offender, and for this reason, instead of being sentenced to fifteen (15) years of imprisonment, he was sentenced to five years (5). As NSENGIMANA Herman sincerely pleaded guilty, the Court of Appeal deems that his requests should not be granted as he has already received significant leniency from the trial court. The trial court reduced his penalty to five years, considering his sincere guilty plea as a mitigating factor, despite NSENGIMANA Herman's assertion that FLN is not a terrorist organization but rather a military group. This implies that he does not admit to being a member of a terrorist group, as held by the trial court. Given the above, the Court of Appeal has determined that NSENGIMANA Herman does not warrant further leniency in

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relation to the trial court's penalty. Consequently, his ground of appeal is unfounded.  Regarding MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas Paragraph 679 of the appealed judgment clearly states that the trial court found MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas guilty of several offenses, including membership in a terrorist organization, committing and participating in acts of terrorism, illegal use of explosives or other noxious substances in a public place, and conspiracy and incitement to commit terrorism. Paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment states that the trial court found MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas and his co-accused guilty of the charges against them, but considering the circumstances surrounding the attacks they launched in Rusizi district, how they transported and concealed ammunition into Rwanda, and their collaboration with FLN commanders, as well as the consequences of their actions, including injuries to individuals and destruction of property, the court determined that they deserved severe punishment. Consequently, the court sentenced them to twenty (20) years' imprisonment, which is the penalty provided for severe offense. Paragraphs 637 and 643 of the appealed judgement reveal that the prosecution sought a heavier penalty of twenty-five years (25) for MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, arguing that he should not receive a penalty reduction due to the severity of the charged offenses and his insincere guilty plea. However, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas acknowledged his role in the offenses and the severity of the penalty imposed on him, but he also requested that the court exercise caution in determining the reasons behind his actions. Additionally, he asked for the suspension of the penalty due to a mental health issue stemming from an accident.

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In his appeal submissions, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas requested that the court review his sincere guilty plea and reduce his penalty, as he believed the trial court had overlooked this factor. Instead, the trial court had taken into account aggravating circumstances that were not provided for by the law and had rejected his request for a penalty reduction, despite the statutory provisions of article 59 of Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, which recognizes aggravating circumstances. During the court hearing before the instant court, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas appeals for a further reduction in the penalty that was handed down to him by the trial court. He argues that prior to being found guilty of the offences in question, he had a reputation as a person of integrity who used to collaborate with security officers. The prosecution argues that the trial court did not disregard Matakamba Jean Berchmas' guilty plea because it acknowledged that he pleaded guilty. However, the prosecution contends that the trial court refused to grant him a penalty reduction based on the circumstances surrounding the attacks he and his co-accused launched in various parts of Rusizi district, citing articles 47 and 49 of Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 as the basis for its decision. They also advance that had the court considered his guilty plea as a mitigating factor, the penalty would not go below twenty years of imprisonment that he was given by the trial court on the basis of article 60, subparagraph two (2˚) of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 stated above. As explained above, the court is not compelled to adopt any mitigating circumstances raised to reduce the penalty of the accused. Instead, it has discretion to consider them, and may refuse to do so based on the circumstances of the offense charged

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to the accused, which was the approach taken by the trial court. Regarding MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, although he admitted to the charges, the court refused to reduce his penalty below twenty (20) years of imprisonment - the minimum statutory penalty for the severe offense he was found guilty of - based on the explanations provided in paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment. This means that the court, while not disregarding the defendant's guilty plea, exercised discretion and determined that his admission would not constitute mitigating circumstances, given the offenses for which he was found guilty. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas argued that the trial court denied a reduction in his penalty due to non-specified aggravating circumstances. However, the Court of Appeal rejected this argument, stating that the alleged aggravating circumstances were actually just the underlying criminal acts for which he was found guilty, and were already specified by the criminal law. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas claims that the trial court ignored a mitigating factor related to his prior integrity before committing the offenses for which he was found guilty. The Court of Appeal rejected MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas's argument because he did not provide evidence to support it before the trial court. The Court of Appeal determined that MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas failed to produce supporting evidence for his argument, even at the appellate level. Although MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas claimed that he did not receive a reduced penalty, the Court of Appeal found that the trial court actually sentenced him to the minimum statutory penalty of twenty (20) years imprisonment for the severe offense, rather than the maximum statutory penalty of twenty-five (25) years imprisonment. The foregoing suggests

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that he may have received a reduced penalty, as he was not given the maximum statutory penalty. It determined further that the trial court imposed an appropriate and sufficient penalty on MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, as he was unable to identify any mistakes in the determination of his sentence that would warrant a further reduction. c. Whether the trial court ignored any mitigating circumstances that were raised by some of the accused NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, Shabani Emmanuel, and Bizimana Cassien alias Passy filed an appeal accusing the trial court of ignoring mitigating circumstances they had raised in order to receive a reduction in their penalty. NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent criticized the trial court for disregarding information he had revealed during the initial interrogation where he admitted to the charges and continued to do so sincerely throughout the court proceedings, but his statements were not taken into account. He argues that he did not receive a reduced penalty, as he was ultimately sentenced to twenty years (20) of imprisonment. Counsel NGAMIJE KIRABO Guido, his legal counsel, states that the previous Court based the sentence given to NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent on the most severe offence, which led to the penalty being reduced appropriately, and he therefore requests the Court of Appeal to adopt the position set in the judgements n˚ RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 4/12/2019, paragraph 49, and n˚ RPAA 00031/2021/CA rendered by the Court of Appeal on 28/11/2021,

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all relating to the independence of the judge to consider mitigating circumstances. BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude states that he is critical of the trial court for ignoring his guilty plea, which he made from the time of his arrest until the court proceedings. Despite this plea, the court did not reduce his penalty for the offence of participating in acts of terrorism, which he was declared guilty of. This offence is provided for and punished by article 19 of the Law on Counterterrorism, which prescribes a penalty of twenty (20) years of imprisonment. Byukusenge received the same penalty. Consequently, he finds that no penalty reduction ever occured, the reason why he requests the Court of Appeal to reduce his penalty. SHABANI Emmanuel states that the trial court ignored his guilty plea from the time of investigation by the relevant authorities to the court proceedings. He was charged with committing and participating in acts of terrorism, incitement to commit a terrorist act, illegal use of explosives or any noxious substance in a public place, and membership to a terrorist group. He also states that he admitted to some offenses committed under the incitement of Justin BUGINGO. However, the trial court included him in the group accused of other crimes, such as attempted murder, for which he was punished even though he did not commit it. Counsel UWIMANA Channy, who is assisting Emmanuel SHABANI, argues that during the sentencing process, the trial court disregarded Article 49 of Law no. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining which outlines the factors to be considered by judges in determining sentences. The trial court also included Shabani in a group of suspects charged with

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offenses he never committed, which prevented him from receiving a reduced penalty despite having mitigating circumstances. SHABANI Emmanuel argues that the trial court remained silent and did not provide explicit reasons for his sentence as required by Article 58, subparagraph 2 of Law no. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018. Instead, the court only sentenced him to twenty years of imprisonment without substantiating the decision with relevant grounds. Counsel UWIMANA Channy declares that she believes that SHABANI Emmanuel did not benefit from the reduction of the penalty, which is why they request the Court of Appeal to reduce it. Regarding the reduction of the penalty on the ground of mitigating factors, she prays the court to refer to the caselaw n˚ ICTR 05-86-S of 17/12/2019 between the prosecution and Michel BAGARAGAZA, whereby the court decided that he pleaded guilty and was the first offender, and subsequently sentenced him to seven years (7) of imprisonment instead of life imprisonment. Nsabimana Jean Damascène states that he is appealing for the reduction of his penalty on the grounds that he admitted to the charges against him from the initial stage, asked for forgiveness, and handed back the ammunition in his custody. However, the trial court ignored these mitigating circumstances and sentenced him to twenty years (20) of imprisonment. Therefore, he requests the instant Court to reduce his penalty. Counsel UWIMANA Channy, who is assisting NSABlMANA Jean Damascène, argues that he filed an appeal because the court did not take into consideration his guilty plea, the information he provided about the location of the ammunition prior to his arrest, and the fact that he is a first-time offender.

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Instead, he was categorized with many other criminals, which resulted in him being sentenced to twenty years of imprisonment for the offense of conspiracy and incitement to commit a terrorist act, which he was not accused of and did not have the opportunity to defend himself against. She states that the reason for requesting the instant court to reduce the penalty of NSABlMANA Jean Damascène is based on Article 38 57 of Law no. 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counterterrorism. She believes that he did not benefit from it because he was subject to the severe penalty provided for the offense of membership in a terrorist group, of which he was found guilty. This offense is normally punished with twenty years of imprisonment, which is the same penalty he was sentenced to. BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy asserts that since his arrest, he has demonstrated a change in his behavior, admitted to the charges, expressed remorse and apologized, and returned all the equipment in his possession. Therefore, he requests that the court of appeal reduce his sentence. Counsel MUREKATETE Henriette assisting BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy advances that the trial court ignored article 59, subparagraph one (1o) of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general. She claims that the court did not provide any explanations for the mitigating circumstances regarding her client. She alleges that

57 “Without prejudice to the provisions of other legal instruments, the penalties established for the crimes listed in this law may be reduced if the accused discloses information that would not have been discovered otherwise. This can help prevent or alleviate the consequences of the crime, identify or prosecute the suspect, gather evidence, or prevent acts of terrorism as defined in this law”.

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the failure to consider the mitigating circumstances resulted in the court denying Cassien Bizimana, also known as Passy, a reduced sentence, despite his sincere plea of guilt. Therefore, they request that the instant court reduce his penalty based on Paragraph 39 of the RPAA 00064/2019/CA58 judgment issued by the Court of Appeal on 30/7/2021 in the case of HABIMANA Pascal and the prosecution. The prosecution states that among the accused include NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, SHABANI Emmanuel, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène and BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy whose criminal connection is the attacks they launched in Rusizi. They argue that the trial court, in paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment, noted that they

The Court of Appeal recognizes that article 60, subparagraph 2 of the Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 states that a fixed-term imprisonment or fine may be reduced if there are mitigating circumstances, but cannot be less than the minimum sentence provided for the offense committed. However, considering the position taken by the Supreme Court in the judgment RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/SC of 4/12/2019, the judge has the duty to impose an appropriate sentence based on the gravity of the offense, its consequences, the intent for its commission, the behavior of the suspect prior to its commission, his/her personal situation and the circumstances surrounding the crime, according to article 49 of the Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018. Proscribing the judge from reducing the statutory penalty despite the existence of mitigating circumstances or allowing it to him/her if such facts exist, without going below the statutory minimum penalty provided for the committed offense, would result in depriving him/her of the freedom and discretion to pronounce a sentence corresponding to the committed offense, and this would obstruct serving the accused of fair justice. The court of appeal also notes that such a restriction on the judge's discretion would be contradictory to articles 29 and 151 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003, revised in 2015. The Supreme Court rulings were meant to show that nothing should prevent a judge from appropriately reducing the statutory penalty of a convict on the basis of article 49 of Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018.”

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should incur the most severe penalty considering the impact of the attacks on the victims. Thus, the request for a reduction in their penalties is unfounded since the reduction of penalties is not mandatory even in the presence of mitigating factors. They argue that the trial court gave them a reduced penalty of twenty years of imprisonment, which is lower than the statutory penalty. The defendant in this group often asserts that the trial court considered aggravating circumstances, but the prosecution denies this and argues that such factors are statutory. Article 19, paragraph 3 of Law n˚ 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counter-terrorism provides for one aggravating factor for the offense of participating in terrorism acts as a group leader, and article 34 of the same law provides for an aggravating circumstance if such acts resulted in death. However, the trial court did not rely on any of these factors in relation to the accused. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT  Regarding NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude are appealing on the grounds that the trial court disregarded their guilty plea to reduce their penalties. To address this issue, the court will refer to articles 49 and 58 of Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general. Article 49 of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general reads: “A judge determines a penalty according to the gravity, consequences of, and the motive for committing the offence, the offender’s prior

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record and personal situation and the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence.” Furthermore article 58, paragraph one of the same law states: “The judge assesses whether mitigating circumstances decided by a judge are admissible.” The second paragraph ofthe same article provides that “the reasons for acceptance of mitigating circumstances must be stated in the judgment.” Both legal provisions support the principle that a judge may consider the accused's prior, present, and future personal situations in relation to the commission of the offense during the sentencing phase. The judge can evaluate these factors in light of the circumstances surrounding the offense, its gravity, and its consequences to society, and determine whether there are mitigating circumstances that may warrant a reduction in the penalty. In paragraph 679 of the appealed judgment, the trial court found NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude guilty of several offenses. These included membership in a terrorist group, participation in terrorist acts, and illegal use of explosives or any noxious substance in a public place. In addition, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent was also found guilty of conspiring to and inciting the commission of a terrorist act. In paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment, the Trial Court found that although NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude had admitted to the charges, they deserved a severe punishment provided for most serious offence. The court considered several factors, including the circumstances surrounding the attacks they launched in Rusizi district, how they transported and concealed ammunition into Rwanda, their collaboration with FLN commanders, as well as the

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consequences of their actions, such as injuries to individuals and destruction of property. The court ultimately sentenced them to twenty (20) years' imprisonment. In their joint appeal, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude argue that the trial court denied them a reduction in their penalties despite their guilty plea. The prosecution argues that the trial court did not disregard the plea of guilty by NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude. The court recognized that they admitted to the charges, but it determined that they did not deserve a reduction in their sentence due to the circumstances surrounding the attacks they launched in Rusizi district. They add that if the court had considered their guilty plea as a mitigating factor, the penalty would not have been reduced below the twenty (20) years' imprisonment they were sentenced to by the trial court based on article 60, subparagraph (2) of the Law no. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 mentioned earlier. The instant court finds that, as explained above, the court is not obligated to consider mitigating factors raised by the accused in order to reduce their penalty. Instead, it considers them discretionary and can reject them based on the circumstances of the offense committed by the accused, which is what the trial court did.

Regarding NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, the trial court refused to reduce their penalty below twenty (20) years, the statutory minimum penalty provided for the most serious offence, of which they were declared guilty, considering the grounds held in paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment. That means the court did not disregard their guilty plea, but instead used its discretion to find that their

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plea would not constitute mitigating circumstances, considering the gravity of the offenses for which they were declared guilty. Despite that NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude allege that they did not benefit the penalty reduction at trial court, the Court of Appeal notes that it sentenced them to twenty (20) years’ imprisonment, which is the minimum statutory penalty provided for the most serious offence among the offences of which they were declared guilty, instead of sentencing them to twenty-five (25) years’ imprisonment, the maximum statutory penalty provided for that offence. This leads to the fact that as long as they were not given a higher penalty, they received the reduced penalty. The instant court notes further that the trial court sentenced them to the proper and sufficient penalty considering the offences they have committed personally. For the foregoing reasons, the Court of Appeal deems that NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude should not benefit another reduction of their sentences by the trial court. Consequently, their ground of appeal lacks merit.  Regarding SHABANI Emmanuel and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard Shabani Emmanuel and Nsabimana Jean Damascène, also known as Motard, allege that the trial court disregarded their plea of guilty and the fact that they were first-time offenders, which should have been considered as mitigating factors. Despite being accused of a felony, they argue that there was nothing that should have prevented them from receiving a reduced sentence. They further allege that they did not receive a penalty reduction because they were sentenced to the maximum statutory penalty of twenty (20) years' imprisonment for the offenses they were

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found guilty of. In addition, they place blame on the trial court for failing to provide an explanation for the twenty (20) year sentence they received. Indeed, Nsabimana Jean Damascène, alias Motard, argues that his disclosure to the administration of the location where he kept the ammunition before his arrest, in order to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands, should be considered a mitigating factor under Article 38 of the Law No. 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counterterrorism. The prosecution argues that under Article 47 of the Law no. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, as previously mentioned, it should not be assumed that the trial court rejected the guilty plea of SHABANI Emmanuel and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard. According to Paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment, the court decided that they should not receive a penalty reduction despite admitting to the charges due to the circumstances surrounding the attacks they launched in different parts of Rusizi district. The prosecution further alleges that under Article 60, Subparagraph (2˚) of the aforementioned Law No. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, even if the court had considered their guilty plea as a mitigating circumstance, the penalty they would have received could not have been less than the twenty-year sentence imposed by the trial court. This is because the most serious crime they were charged with is illegal use of explosives or any noxious substance in a public place, which carries a minimum sentence of twenty years and a maximum sentence of twenty-five (25) years' imprisonment. The trial court explained in Paragraph 679 of the appealed judgment that SHABANI Emmanuel and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, also known as Motard, were found guilty of

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membership in a terrorist group, committing and participating in terrorist acts, and illegal use of explosives or any noxious substance in a public place. SHABANI Emmanuel is also guilty of conspiracy and incitement to commit a terrorist act. In Paragraph 681, the trial court ruled that despite SHABANI Emmanuel and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, also known as Motard, admitting to the charges, they would be sentenced to the penalty provided for the most serious crime they were convicted of. They received a sentence of twenty (20) years' imprisonment due to the circumstances of the attacks they carried out in different parts of Rusizi district. Although it is not mandatory for the court to adopt mitigating circumstances and reduce the penalties of the accused, the Court of Appeal finds that they should be considered discretionary. This means that the court may choose not to consider them depending on the circumstances of the crime committed by the accused. In this case, the trial court declined to consider mitigating circumstances for SHABANI Emmanuel and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard. Based on the rulings in the previous paragraph, the Court of Appeal observes that the legal principle regarding mitigating factors is that the cruelty of the crime does not preclude the consideration of mitigating circumstances or the reduction of the sentence. However, it is within the court's discretion to decline to reduce the sentence of the accused even in the presence of such circumstances, if it deems that the gravity and cruelty of the crime outweigh the mitigating factors in their favor. The Court of Appeal observes that the trial court did not provide a clear reason for declining to reduce the penalties of SHABANI Emmanuel and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias

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Motard, despite the cruelty of their offenses. Instead, in paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment, the same court explained that the defendants admitted to the charges but did not deserve much leniency due to the circumstances of their attacks in different locations of Rusizi district. As a result, the Court sentenced them to twenty (20) years' imprisonment, which is the minimum statutory penalty for the most serious offense they were convicted of, instead of imposing the maximum statutory penalty of twenty- five (25) years' imprisonment. Therefore, the Court of Appeal does not find merit in the arguments put forward by SHABANI Emmanuel and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, who claimed that their penalty was not reduced and that no clear explanation was provided for their twenty-year sentence. Concerning NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard’s arguments that he deserves a reduced sentence based on Article 38 of the Law n˚ 46/2018 on counter-terrorism since he disclosed, through his wife while he was in Congo59, the location of hidden ammunition to the authorities before his arrest, in order to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands; the Court of Appeal found these statements to be groundless.The court noted that his wife disclosed the information about the hiding place of a handgun and grenade that would not be accessed otherwise, but that it did not help to subdue, mitigate the effects of the crime, or suppress acts of terrorism under Article 38. Furthermore, the court determines that even if the information had been consistent with the text of such article, the court would not be obligated to reduce the sentence of the accused in any way.

59 See paragraph 321 of the appealed judgment where he declared about that.

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For all the foregoing reasons, the Court of Appeal deems this ground of appeal of SHABANI Emmanuel and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard without merit.  Regarding BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy BIZIMANA Cassien, also known as Passy, cricizes the trial court for sentencing him to twenty years in prison despite being a first-time offender, sincerely admitting to the charges, cooperating with investigation agencies, and providing information that helped to arrest his accomplices. Therefore, he is requesting the instant court to reduce the sentence because the trial court disregarded the provisions of article 59, subparagraph one of the aforementioned Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018. He clarifies that he did not receive a penalty reduction because the trial court sentenced him to a penalty that falls within the threshold of the punishments provided for the most serious crime among the offenses he was found guilty of, without providing any justification for that sentence. He argues further that he has shown a change in behavior since his arrest by handing over the ammunition that was under his custody, expressing remorse, and seeking forgiveness. In paragraph 679 of the appealed judgment, the trial court found BIZIMANA Cassien, alias Passy, guilty of membership in a terrorist group, committing and participating in terrorist acts, illegal use of explosives or any noxious substance in a public place, as well as conspiracy and incitement to commit a terrorist act. In paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment, the trial court held that although BIZIMANA Cassien, alias Passy, and his co- accused admitted to the charges, considering the circumstances of the attacks they launched in different parts of the Rusizi district, they should be sentenced to the penalty provided for the

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most serious offense they are guilty of. Therefore, they were sentenced to twenty years of imprisonment. The Court of Appeal analyzed the reasons presented by the trial court in paragraph 681 of the appealed judgment and concluded that despite BIZIMANA Cassien admitting to the charges, he was not eligible for a reduction in his sentence due to the severity of the attacks carried out in various areas of the Rusizi district. Therefore, the court sentenced him and his accomplices to twenty years of imprisonment, which is the minimum penalty provided for the most serious offense they were found guilty of. The court did not impose the maximum penalty of twenty-five years of imprisonment for the same offense. The Court of Appeal noted that although the accused admitted to the charges since his arrest, was a first-time offender, and cooperated with the agencies involved in the case, the court is not obligated to consider those mitigating factors to the extent that he wished. The court has the discretion to consider such factors based on the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offense and the situation of the suspect in general. The Court finds that the irregularity raised by BIZIMANA Cassien, alias Passy, that the trial court disregarded the provisions of article 59, paragraph one of the aforementioned Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, should not be given any merit. The Court of Appeal notes that as indicated above, the trial court provided justifications for the reasons that led to the sentence of BIZIMANA Cassien to twenty years of imprisonment (20). The trial court considered the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offenses he was guilty of and his admission of the charges. Consequently, his statements are not credible.

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For all these reasons, the Court of Appeal finds this ground of appeal by BIZIMANA Cassien, alias Passy, without merit. d. Whether the prayers of some of the accused for the suspension of the penalty should be granted The accused who requested the suspension of the penalty are NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard and SHABANI Emmanuel.  NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel declares that he prayed for the suspension of the penalty previously before the trial court citing article 8560 of the Organic Law n° 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code. However, his request was not granted. He argues that if the court does not grant him the opportunity to be reintegrated into society, he should be sentenced to a suspended penalty. This would allow him to reunite with his family and care for his life, as he suffers from hypertension. The prosecution retorts that Nshimiyimana Emmanuel's request to be granted the suspension of the penalty lacks merit. They argue that he was never forced to join terrorist groups, as he alleges, and that he was not a minor when he joined them.

60 Article 85 of the Organic Law n° 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instuting the penal code reads : the suspension of penalty is a judge’s decision to order the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years if the convict has not been previously sentenced to imprisonment or to community service as an alternative penalty to imprisonment of more than six (6) months as a result of a final judgment.”

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 IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel Iyamuremye Emmanuel argues that he agrees with the prosecution on the facts that the charges were based on the Organic Law n˚ 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code. Therefore, he requests the instant court to rely on Article 85 of that organic law, which provides for the suspension of the penalty, and suspend his penalty of five (5) years imposed by the trial court. Regarding his request for the suspension of his five-year penalty based on Article 85 of Organic Law no. 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code, the prosecution argues that he has not provided any reasons why he should benefit from such suspension, especially in the case of a serious offense such as membership in a terrorist group. Furthermore, the provision of the law invoked in relation to such an offense is not relevant because it is a continuous offense that is repressed under the law in force at the time the last criminal act ceases. They further argue that he was a member of the FDLR-FOCA terrorist group until May 2016, after which he joined the MRCD-FLN terrorist group and remained a member until his arrest in 2019. As such, the act he committed falls under Article 18 of Law no 46/2018 of 13/8/2018, on counter terrorism, which provides for imprisonment for a term of not less than fifteen (15) years but not more than twenty (20) years. This penalty cannot be suspended, considering the provisions of Article 6461 of Law no. 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general, as amended to date.

61 “Suspension of sentence is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years. Suspension of a penalty isordered on the basis of the gravity of the offence.”

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 Kuri NIYIRORA Marcel Niyirora Marcel argues that, based on his admission of the charges as a mitigating factor, he requests the court to consider Article 3862 of Law no 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counterterrorism, which provides for the possibility of reducing the penalties provided by such law, as well as Article 85 of Organic Law no 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code and providing for the suspension of the penalty. He seeks a penalty reduction to find his family since he did not know their whereabouts when he was arrested. Counsel URAMIJE James, who is assisting NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, and NIYIRORA Marcel, states that the trial court reduced their penalties to five (5) years of imprisonment on the basis of their guilty plea. Therefore, he requests that they be reintegrated into society, but if the court deems otherwise, he requests that they benefit from the suspension of the penalty based on the penalty they were given. The prosecution argues that the suspension of the penalty by Niyirora Marcel is without merit because the offense he was declared guilty of is a felony subject to a term of imprisonment that is more than five (5) years. Therefore, they find that his request is inconsistent with Article 64 of Law nº 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general, and

62 Article 38 of the Law nº 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counter terrorism reads: “Subject to the provisions of other laws, penalties provided for offences referred to in this Law may be reduced if the accused provides information which would have been inaccessible by other means and that help to prevent or reduce the effects of the offence, to identify or take the offender to courts, to obtain evidence or to prevent terrorist acts provided for under this Law.”

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reads as follows: “Suspension of sentence is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years.”  NSABIMANA Jean Damascène and SHABANI Emmanuel NSABIMANA Jean Damascène states that the trial court rejected the suspension of his penalty on the ground that his residence is unknown, despite the fact that his identification is contained in the dossier. This has scared him as he is concerned about the potential consequences. Furtheremore, SHABANI Emmanuel seeks forgiveness because he admitted to the charges and requests for the reduction and suspension of penalty requisitioned against him. Counsel UWIMANA Channy, who is assisting NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, states that the trial court explained that the suspension of the penalty was not granted because his identification was unknown. However, the appealed judgement has indicated several times that he had applied to be transferred to Rusizi Correctional Service where his sister lives, and that his identification, residence, and spouse are all mentioned in the file. Therefore, he requests the suspension of his penalty, based on the five (5) years he was sentenced to, in order to single him out of the same category established by the trial court, which led to him being unfairly punished for an offence he did not commit and sentenced to twenty (20) years’ imprisonment. The prosecution rebuts that the rejection of the suspension of the penalty for NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, on the grounds of unknown identification, is not the only reason.

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As evidenced in paragraph 688 of the appealed judgment, the reasons for rejecting the suspension for him and his accomplices include the circumstances and gravity of the offenses for which they were found guilty. Therefore, they argue that since the penalties for the felonies he was charged with are more than five (5) years, the suspension he is applying for is impossible under article 64 of Law nº 68/2018. This law states that the suspension of a sentence is granted for a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years, and based on the gravity of the offense. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT Article 64, paragraph one of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provides as follow: “Suspension of sentence is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years. Suspension of a penalty is ordered on the basis of the gravity of the offence.” There appears to be a mistake in the Kinyarwanda version of paragraph one of Article 64. It states that suspension is possible in relation to the penalty for which the law provides for five years' imprisonment, but in fact, the penalty itself is not subject to imprisonment - rather, it is the offense that may result in imprisonment. This mistake may cause confusion when trying to determine the legislator's rationale. It's unclear whether the suspension applies to the penalty provided for the offense subject to a sentence not exceeding five years' imprisonment or to the offense for which a sentence of not more than five years' imprisonment was pronounced.

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Article 85 of the Organic Law n°01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code defines the suspension of the penalty as follow: “Suspension of sentence is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years, (…)”. Similar definition is provided by the current law in its english63 and french versions64. As a result, the court has observed that the Rwandan legislator made a mistake in formulating this provision in the Kinyarwanda version. Instead of stating that the penalty suspension is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty for which the law provides for the punishment not exceeding five (5) years' imprisonment, they should have stated that penalty suspension is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years’ imprisonment. It ensues that the suspension of the penalty applies to the imprisonment penalty of not more than five years, which is pronounced by the court, and not to the offense for which the law provides a penalty of not more than five years' imprisonment. This corroborates the legal principle in criminal law that allows for the suspension of the penalty for all crimes, provided that the penalty pronounced for the offense makes it possible65 while also taking into account the gravity of the offense, as

63 The english version of Article 64, paragraph states that: “Suspension of sentence is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years. Suspension of a penalty is ordered on the basis of the gravity of the offence” 64 It states in French that: “Le sursis est la décision judiciaire ordonnant de surseoir à l’exécution d’une peine d’emprisonnement n’excédant pas cinq (5) ans. Le sursis est ordonné en considération de la gravité de l’infraction’’. 65 ‘‘Le sursis simple peut être accordé quelle que soit l’infraction commise, du moment que la peine choisie est susceptible de sursis’’, Bernard Bouloc, Droit pénal général, 26e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2019, P. 591, n˚ 791.

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outlined in Article 64 of the Law Determining Offenses and Penalties in General. Therefore, the court finds that, notwithstanding the text of Article 33366 of Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 mentioned above, the suspension of the penalty should be ordered based on the sentence not exceeding five (5) years that the judge pronounced against the accused, and should be granted with regard to all offenses in accordance with the meaning of Article 64 of the English and French versions. This reasoning was similarly recapitulated in different penal codes that were applicable before, such as Article 9767 of Penal Code no 21/1977 of 18/8/1977, which deals with penalty suspension, and Article 8568 of Organic Law No 01/2012/OL of 2/5/2012 instituting the penal code. The Court of Appeal finds that, taking into account its sense, the suspension of the penalty consists of the modality of executing the imprisonment sentence pronounced by the judge69.

66 Article 333 of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provides that: “This Law was drafted, considered and adopted in Ikinyarwanda.” 67 ‘‘ If the convicted person has not been previously sentenced to imprisonment for more than two months, the courts may, by the same judgment and with reasoned decision, order that the execution of all or part of the principal or accessory sentences they pronounce be suspended, provided that the main imprisonment sentence does not exceed five years. 68 “The suspension of penalty is a judge’s decision to order the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years if the convict has not been previously sentenced to imprisonment or to community service as an alternative penalty to imprisonment of more than six (6) months as a result of a final judgment.” 69 ‘‘Le juge a la possibilité, grâce aux sursis, de conditionner l’exécution d’une ou de plusieurs peines qu’il prononce au comportement ultérieur du condamné. S’il prononce une peine, le juge ne décide pas seulement de sa

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The judge can order it even if the convict did not request it, which means that he or she exercises discretion70 based on the penalty pronounced against the accused, their personal situation, and the gravity of the offense committed. Therefore, it finds that since the suspension of the penalty is granted at the judge's discretion, and taking into account its nature, there should be nothing preventing the convict from requesting it for the first time at the appeal level.  Regarding NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel During the hearing held on January 31st, 2022, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel stated that if the court finds him responsible for the offense committed, he requests a suspension of the three (3) year imprisonment penalty that was given to him by the trial court. The prosecution argues that since NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel is requesting the suspension of the penalty for the first time at the appeal level, this application should not be entertained. They explained that he should have indicated that he had

nature et de son taux mais est également habilité à préciser, dans certaines limites, ses modalités d’exécution (…….)’’, Harald Renout, op.cit., P. 321. 70 ‘‘Lorsque toutes les conditions légales sont remplies, il n’est jamais tenu de faire bénéficier le condamné du sursis simple. Le sursis n’est jamais un droit, ce n’est même pas une mesure naturelle lorsque l’indulgence paraît s’imposer. Le juge apprécie s’il ya lieu d’ordonner le sursis en fonction de la personnalité du délinquant et de son milieu social ; (…..), Bernard Bouloc, op.cit. P. 592, n˚ 792. ‘‘La condamnation conditionnelle est facultative. Elle est une faveur que le juge accorde discrétionnairement au condamné. Donc, même lorsque les conditions légales sont réalisées, le juge peut refuser d’accorder le sursis, (…). Par contre, si la condamnation conditionnelle est accordée, elle doit être motivée’’, Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Droit pénal général zaïrois, DES, Kinshasa, 1989, P. 340.

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introduced such a request at the trial court without success, and then point out the mistakes that would have been made in order to rectify them. They declared that even if the instant court entertains it, it is impossible for suspension to be granted because the offense of membership in a terrorist group, for which he was declared guilty, carries a penalty of twenty (20) years' imprisonment, whereas the suspension of penalty is allowed only for imprisonment penalties of five (5) years or less. They also argue that it is not understandable for him to request the suspension of the penalty while at the same time alleging that he did not commit any offense. The ruling of the appealed judgment indicates that, regarding the penalty requested by the prosecution at the trial court, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel replied that he should not be held liable for the charges because he participated under coercion. Therefore, instead of being repressed, he should be instructed on the country's history, as is the case for his colleagues with whom he lived together in Congo's forests, who are being educated for reintegration purposes. The Court of Appeal notes that NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel does not really refute his membership in terrorist groups. He rather admits to having joined under coercion while still a minor, for which he should not be held liable. However, at the appellate level, he adds that if the court deems that he should be held liable for the offense he was found guilty of, he should be granted a suspension of the penalty of three (3) years that he was given by the trial court. Based on the foregoing explanations regarding Article 64, which state that penalty suspension is an execution modality of the verdict issued by the judge and that it is ordered at the judge's

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discretion, the Court of Appeal finds that there is nothing to prevent NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel from applying for the suspension of his sentence for the first time at the appeal level. This implies that the prosecution's argument against the suspension of the penalty at the first time at the appeal level by NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel with regard to the penalty of imprisonment not less than fifteen (15) years but not exceeding twenty (20) years for the offence of membership in a terrorist group that he was found guilty of, should not be given merit. The Court of Appeal finds that, as indicated by the trial court, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel joined the terrorist groups while still a minor, completed his secondary education, admitted to the charges against him, and provided valuable information to justice organs. In addition, although he is a first-time offender, it should be noted that he remained in FDLR and FLN until his apprehension on February 22, 2020. He confessed that he joined CNRD on May 31, 2016, because it had the ideology that interrested him, and he enrolled in secondary school and Military Academy (ESM) in September 2017, where he completed his studies on March 25, 2018 with second lieutenant rank. This proves his intention to stay engaged in the terrorist groups. Therefore, he should not be granted the suspension of the three (3) year penalty imposed on him, as such penalty is commensurate with the gravity of the offence he was charged with. For all the foregoing reasons, the Court of Appeal finds this ground of appeal raised by NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel without merit.

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 Regarding NIYIRORA Marcel Regarding the prosecution's request for a 15-year imprisonment penalty at first instance, NIYIRORA Marcel rebutted that he should not be subjected to such a penalty. Instead, he argued that he should be reintegrated into society and provided with education on national history. The trial court had imposed a sentence of five (5) years' imprisonment against him before. At the appeal level, NIYIRORA Marcel is requesting the instant court to suspend the penalty that was imposed on him by the trial court. The prosecution opposes NIYIRORA Marcel's request for the suspension of his penalty by arguing that the offense he was charged with is subject to a maximum penalty of five (5) years' imprisonment according to Article 64 of Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general. As explained above, the Court of Appeal has found that the prosecution's argument, which states that the suspension of the penalty is impossible because the offense of membership in terrorist groups that NIYIRORA Marcel was charged with is subject to a penalty of imprisonment ranging from fifteen (15) to twenty (20) years, which exceeds the five (5) year sentence he received, should not be considered. This is because, when examining the suspension of the penalty, the penalty provided for the offense of which the suspect is charged is not taken into account; rather, the penalty pronounced by the judge is considered. The Court of Appeal has determined that, despite the fact that NIYIRORA Marcel was sentenced to five years'

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imprisonment, the suspension of his sentence should not be granted due to the circumstances surrounding the offense he committed. It is evident that he joined FDLR-FOCA in 2003 and remained a member until 2016. Subsequently, he joined CNRD with the rank of captain and later MRCD-FLN until his arrest on July 16, 2020, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He led FDLR-FOCA combatants in Northern Kivu, in Rusizi, and other areas of the Congo (DRC) while serving in the high command of CNRD. Therefore, for all of the aforementioned reasons, the Court of Appeal finds that the appeal by NIYIRORA Marcel is without merit.  Regarding IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel was sentenced to five (5) years of imprisonment by the trial court. He is now requesting the instant court to suspend the execution of such penalty, as he did before the trial court. The prosecution rebuts that IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel joined and remained in the FDLR-FOCA terrorist group until May 2016, and subsequently moved to the MRCD-FLN terrorist group, where he continued until his arrest in 2019. He was found guilty of the offense of membership in a terrorist group, which carries a penalty ranging from fifteen (15) to twenty (20) years. Therefore, according to Article 64 of Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018, which is mentioned above, this sentence is not eligible for suspension. The Court of Appeal has determined that the arguments presented by the prosecution, which state that the suspension of

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the penalty demanded by IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel is impossible due to the offense of membership in a terrorist group carrying a penalty ranging from fifteen (15) to twenty years, and thus exceeding the five (5) year sentence he was given, should not be given merit. This is because Article 64, as stated above, provides that only offenses subject to imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years can be considered for suspension of penalties. It is important to note that while examining the request for penalty suspension, the penalty provided for the offense charged to the accused is not considered, but rather the sentence imposed by the judge. The Court of Appeal has found, however, that IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel was a member of FDLR from the year 2000 until 2016 when he left to join CNRD until 2019 when he was arrested. As part of the combatants of FDLR and FLN, he participated in acts of FDLR-FOCA and MRCD-FLN terrorist groups, where he held the position of platoon chief in FDLR- FOCA and company commander until 2016. Considering his rank of Colonel at the time of his apprehension, he is viewed to have played an important role in the groups' operations. Therefore, he should not be granted the suspension of his penalty. For these reasons, the Court of Appeal finds his ground of appeal without merit.  Regarding NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard and SHABANI Emmanuel The trial court, in paragraph 688 of the appealed judgment, held that penalty suspension should not be granted to NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, and SHABANI Emmanuel. The court based this decision on the circumstances

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surrounding the commission of the offenses, the fact that the defendants have no known residence, and the gravity of the terrorism charges for which they were found guilty. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, and SHABANI Emmanuel argue that the trial court wrongly rejected their request for a penalty suspension due to a lack of a known residence. However, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, claims that the prosecution's indictment includes his full identification, including his domicile and residence. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, further clarifies that the law does not make the suspension of the sentence in favor of the defendant dependent on a known residence, even if he does have one. He further states that he requested the trial court to transfer him to Rusizi prison to serve his sentence if they could not grant him the penalty suspension, as it is closer to his family's area of residence. However, the court did not make a ruling on this request. The prosecution rebuts that while they agree with NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, on his known domicile, the trial court did not solely base the rejection of his penalty suspension request on this ground. The court also relied on other reasons, including the circumstances and gravity of the offenses for which he was found guilty, as stated in paragraph 688 of the appealed judgment. They further argue that despite this, the suspension of the penalty is impossible for the offenses for which he was found guilty under Article 64 of Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018. The Court of Appeal finds that even though the lack of known residence was not the sole reason for rejecting the request for penalty suspension by NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias

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Motard, and SHABANI Emmanuel, the trial court erred in deciding that they lacked a known residence, as their residences are mentioned in the case file. The Court of Appeal has found that, based on the explanations provided above regarding Article 64 of Law n˚68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, the penalty of imprisonment for twenty (20) years given by the trial court for the offenses for which they were found guilty, does not allow for suspension of the sentence. This is because suspension is only granted when the convict is sentenced to imprisonment for a period of five (5) years. Therefore, for all the aforementioned reasons, the Court of Appeal finds that the grounds of appeal brought forward by NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, alias Motard, and SHABANI Emmanuel, relating to the suspension of their penalty, which was not granted at the trial level, are unfounded. With regards to the request made by NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, also known as Motard, to serve his penalty in Rusizi prison, closer to his family, the Court of Appeal finds that the decision on the place of execution of the sentence does not fall under the jurisdiction of the courts.  e. Whether the requests made by the accused to be admitted into the center for reintegration program of former combatants can be considered The request to be admitted to a demobilization and reintegration center was submitted by NSANZUBUKIRE

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Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, and NIYIRORA Marcel. NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase stated that during the trial court, they requested not to be indicted and to be admitted to the Mutobo rehabilitation center for reintegration into society, as was the case for their colleagues. This request was made based on the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement of 10/7/1999, the Joint Communiqué of 9/11/2007 signed between Rwanda and DRC in Nairobi/Kenya, and Ministerial Order n° 066 of 13/9/2002. They declared that the High Court disregarded the principle of Rwanda to always resolve problems through dialogue and consensus, as provided for in the guiding principles in Article 10, paragraphs ten and eleven of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda. This is the reason why they lodged an appeal against it and requested the Court of Appeal to consider this. NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase, along with Counsel TWAJAMAHORO Herman who is assisting them, argue that in paragraph 463 of the appealed judgment, the trial court held that they could not be admitted for reintegration because the provisions of the convention did not prevent the prosecution of the suspect for other offences, without specifying what those offences were. However, the appellants were only convicted of membership in a terrorist group, which they do not dispute. Therefore, they request the court to consider their case and allow them to be reintegrated into society, as they believe it is their right under the convention. They claim to have met all the necessary requirements and to have distanced themselves from terrorist groups.

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NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel argues that the trial court misinterpreted Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement of 10/7/1999, which states that combatants from those terrorist groups in Congo are allowed to undergo social reintegration through the Mutobo rehabilitation center, except for those who have been prosecuted for crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. He argues that the prosecution ignored the fact that he has not been charged with any of the offences mentioned above. He therefore requests to be admitted for social reintegration, as others in similar situations have been. Marcel NIYIRORA stated during his trial that he had requested to be admitted for social rehabilitation, citing that others who had distanced themselves from terrorist groups and were apprehended after him were treated similarly and transferred to the Mutobo rehabilitation center. He now requests that the current court consider this and transfer him to the center for civic education, based on Article 15 of the Constitution, which stipulates that all persons are equal before the law. He also points out that the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement and Nairobi Declaration call for the disbandment, disarmament, and demobilization of combatants, which the prosecution allegedly knew but ignored, resulting in his prosecution. As such, he requests the court to examine and consider this information. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT Article 183, subpargraph 6° of the Law n˚ 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 relating to criminal procedure provides that “An appeal is filed in the form of a written submission instituting a claim indicating explanations for each default or issue showing

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the mistakes made and how they should be rectified in accordance with laws, evidence and court recommendation.” This provision implies that if the appellant fails to provide explanations for each irregularity translating the mistake made in the appealed decision, as well as how they should be remedied according to the law, then the appeal would become groundless. As evident in paragraphs 463 and 464 of the appealed judgment regarding the issue of demobilization and reintegration, the trial court explained that neither the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement of 10/7/1999, nor the Joint Communique between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda issued in Nairobi on 9/11/2007, nor the Ministerial Order no 066 of 13/9/2002 determining eligibility criteria for demobilization of members of ex-armed groups, provides that suspects of other crimes who are members of such groups would not face prosecution for their actions. What is recalled is that those prosecuted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity should be judged, and this is the position that the Supreme Court adopted in judgment No. RPA 0255/12/CS of INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire and co-accused, rendered on 13/12/2013. The accused mentioned above allege that they blame the trial court for not accepting their demand to be demobilized instead of being prosecuted, based on the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement of 10/7/1999, Joint Communique between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda issued in Nairobi/Kenya on 9/11/2007, and Ministerial Order No. 066 of 13/9/2002 determining eligibility criteria for demobilization of members of ex-armed groups. They argue that since they have been charged with membership in a terrorist group, but not with genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity, they should

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not be prosecuted but rather demobilized. However, the court held that although they are not charged with those three offenses, such documents do not prevent their prosecution for other unspecified crimes. This is the reason why they request that the court consider admitting them to a rehabilitation retreat in Mutobo Center, instead of being prosecuted, as it was the case for others in the same situation. The prosecution rebuts the accused's ground of appeal, stating that it is unfounded because the accused did not indicate what they blame on the holdings provided by the trial court that led to the rejection of their request to be admitted to a demobilization and rehabilitation center. The Court of Appeal finds the accused's ground of appeal unfounded because although they alleged that the trial court ignored the provisions of the Lusaka ceasefire agreement, they did not criticize the explanations provided by the trial court to support its decision that offenders of crimes other than genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes could still face prosecution for general offenses such as terrorism. However, the Court of Appeal finds that the trial court's decision is supported by the position adopted by the Supreme Court in the case of INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire, and the provisions of subparagraph twenty-two (22) of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement of 10/7/1999. This provision specifies that except for fugitives of genocide, the countries of origin of the members of armed groups would take all necessary measures to facilitate their voluntary repatriation, including granting

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amnesty71 (retroactively) with regard to other crimes committed72, such as general offences. However, that is not what the Government of Rwanda opted to do. Therefore, even though the accused did not commit the three crimes mentioned above, they could still be prosecuted and found guilty for the crimes they are accused of in this case. The Court of Appeal finds no merit in the arguments made by the accused regarding others who were arrested with them and subsequently demobilized, as it is the duty of the prosecution to determine whether or not prosecution is necessary. For all these reasons, the Court of Appeal finds this ground of appeal by NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel and NIYIRORA Marcel without merit. f. Determining the beginning of the computation of penalty execution NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude have requested the court to determine the reference time for the

71 Amnistie : Acte du législateur qui efface rétroactivement le caractère punissable des faits auxquels il s’applique. Selon le cas, l’amnistie empêche ou éteint l’action publique, annule la condamnation déjà prononcée ou met un terme à l’exécution de la peine. 72 ‘‘ (…….). Les pays d’origine des membres des groupes armés s’engagent à prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour faciliter leur rapatriement. Ces mesures pourraient inclure l’amnistie, au cas où certains pays jugeraient cette mesure avantageuse. Toutefois, cette mesure ne s’appliquera pas dans le cas des suspects du crime de génocide. (…..)’’.

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calculation of the time of imprisonment penalty that was imposed on them. NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase allege that the trial court did examine the issue they presented, which was to determine that the imprisonment penalty they were sentenced to should be calculated from the day of their apprehension in Congo. They explain that they were incarcerated in Goma in February 2017 (9/2/2017), then transferred to Makala prison in Kinshasa. After six months, they were repatriated to Rwanda. However, at the time of their arrest and repatriation, they were never issued any documents that could be used to calculate the duration of their imprisonment. Therefore, they plead with the court to correct the mistake made by the trial court. NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude also state that they requested the trial court to consider the date on which they were arrested in Congo for the calculation of the duration of their imprisonment penalty. However, the trial court did not examine this request, despite the fact that they provided evidence that NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent was arrested on 31/7/2019, while BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude was arrested on 24/10/2019. NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent alleges that the evidence to support his claim is that on 26/10/2019, he was paraded before the press and the population in the Kamembe sector of the Rusizi district to recount his alleged crimes. On his side, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude declares that the evidence to support his claim is that on 26/10/2019, he was also paraded in Rusizi before the population to recount his alleged crimes. Thus, he requests that the nine months (9) he spent in prison be included in the sentence that was imposed on him.

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The prosecution argues that they did not provide evidence of the alleged date of the defendant's arrest in Congo. As a result, they contend that the defendant's appeal should not be granted because the duration of the defendant's incarceration should be determined based on the time spent in custody as determined by competent authorities. They claim that the evidence determining the duration of their incarceration, as decided by competent authorities, consists of arrest warrant documents established by RIB. Therefore, since they have not presented any evidence to the contrary of such documents that they personally signed, their arguments regarding the dates of their arrest lack merit before the court. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA Article 28, paragraphs one and two of the Law n˚ 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provides that “The term of imprisonment runs from the day on which the judgment of conviction becomes final. The length of the period of detention by legally competent organs is deducted from the term of imprisonment imposed by the court.” Furthermore, article 16, paragraphs two and three of the Law n˚ 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 relating to criminal procedure provides that “When conducting investigation, an investigator can move to the arrest or detention of a suspect in accordance with procedures under this Law. An investigator writes a statement of arrest and detention and reserves a copy to the suspect.” Article 3, paragraph one of the Law nᵒ 15/2004 of 12/6/2004 relating to evidence and its production provides that “Each party has the burden of proving the facts it alleges.”

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Since the legislator has explicitly stated that the statement mentioned in article 16, paragraph three of the aferementioned Law n˚ 027/2019 of 19/9/2019 is reliable, binding, and can only be challenged through prosecution for falsification or forgery, its content should be considered true until proven otherwise. The Court of Appeal notes that the evidence regarding the date of the suspect's provisional detention in the pre-trial process consists of an arrest warrant issued by the competent investigator or a provisional arrest warrant issued by a prosecutor. The file clearly shows that it includes an arrest warrants for Major General NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, alias IRAKIZA Fred, and Major General MUNYANEZA Anastase, alias RUKUNDO Job Kuramba, established on 15/7/2020 by the Investigation (RIB). It also includes the arrest warrants for NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, established on 16/7/2020. The Court of Appeal has found that, despite alleging that they were apprehended and detained in Congo on account of the offences charged against them in this case, they have not produced any written evidence or written preliminary proof to support their claims. Therefore, it can be concluded that they were arrested on the dates mentioned in their arrest warrants, which are on 15/7/2020 and 16/7/2020. Furthermore, the Court of Appeal finds that these arrest warrants constitute evidence of the date of their detention because they were signed voluntarily and without any coercion or constraint.

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Based on the aforementioned findings, the Court of Appeal determines that the period of imprisonment for NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase shall commence from 15/7/2020, while the period of imprisonment for NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude shall commence from 16/7/2020. Although the Court did not examine the statements of the other accused regarding this issue, as they raised it for the first time during the appeal hearing, this ruling should apply to all defendants, based on the content of the arrest warrants issued by the Investigation organ. Based on the aforementioned reasons, the Court of Appeal concludes that the argument presented by NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude lacks merit. C. REGARDING THE REQUISITIONS OF THE PROSECUTION AGAINST THE ACCUSED AT APPEAL LEVEL The prosecution requests the court of appeal to decide, without prejudice to the offenses of which the accused were found guilty and based on the grounds of appeal stated above, that: 1. RUSESABAGINA Paul is sentenced to life imprisonment; 2. NIZEYIMANA Marc is sentenced to life imprisonment, 3. NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara is sentenced to twenty-five (25) years of imprisonment,

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4. NSENGIMANA Herman is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 5. IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 6. KWITONDA André is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 7. NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 8. HAKIZIMANA Théogène is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 9. NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 10. NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 11. MUNYANEZA Anastase is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 12. NIKUZWE Siméon is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 13. NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 14. MUKANDUTIYE Angelina is sentenced to twenty (20) years of imprisonment, 15. NIYIRORA Marcel is sentenced to fifteen (15) years of imprisonment. The prosecution further requests this court to uphold the sentences pronounced against:

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1. BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, 2. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, 3. SHABANI Emmanuel, 4. NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, 5. BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude and 6. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard. NSABIMANA Callixte, alias Sankara, demands the court to reject the prosecution's requisition. He argues that, considering the fact that he distanced himself from MRCD and cooperated with justice, his repeated prayers for forgiveness to Rwandans affected by the attacks carried out by FLN (of which he was a spokesperson), the penalty requisitioned against him is not commensurate with his behavior in the face of justice since his arrest. He concludes his plea by requesting the court to reduce his penalty once again, stating that he is ready to become a law- abiding citizen of Rwanda, and that the role of the penalty should not be solely perceived in relation to the gravity of the offense. NIZEYIMANA Marc states that he requests to be declared not guilty of the crimes of membership in a terrorist group and participation in acts of terrorism. Herman NSENGIMANA states that the penalty of twenty (20) years that has been requested against him is unjust, as he has pleaded guilty since his hearing. This was the reason why, at first instance, the trial court reduced his penalty to five (5) years. Therefore, he demands that the court consider his guilty plea, reduce his penalty once again, and allow him to reintegrate into society as has been the case for others.

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IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel declares that the prosecution's request to find him guilty of the offense of forming an irregular armed group should be dismissed because it was not included in the charges. He requests the Court to consider his pleadings and decide his demobilization through rehabilitation center. KWITONDA André states that he requests the court not to find him guilty of the offense of forming an irregular armed group because he was not accused of it. He was instead declared guilty of the offense of membership in a terrorist group, which he joined under duress. He requests the court to hold that he should not be held liable for such offense. NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel states that he requests the court to invalidate the penalty that was imposed on him because the prosecution failed to contradict the evidence he produced, which supports that he was coerced to join and stay in terrorist groups. Additionally, he requests to be transferred to a rehabilitation center. If this is not possible, he requests to benefit from the suspension of the penalty. HAKIZIMANA Théogène states that he joined a terrorist group under duress and coercion, and was obliged to remain a member because of his disability, which made it impossible for him to do anything about it. He requests the court to consider these grounds and deliver justice to him. NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien states that he was taken into the forest while he was still a minor. He requests not to be held liable for the crime he was found guilty of and to be demobilized in order to inspire other youths who are still with guerrilla groups to distance themselves from these groups.

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NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien states that he is not guilty of the offense of forming an irregular armed group because it was not charged against him before the trial court. Therefore, he requests the court to order his admission to the national program for demobilization and reintegration. However, if the court finds otherwise, he requests to serve the five-year imprisonment sentence pronounced by the trial court, which should run from 9/2/2017. MUNYANEZA Anastase states that he is not guilty of the offense of forming an irregular armed group because it was not included in the charges he faced in the trial court. Thus, he requests the court to provide him with the opportunity to be demobilized and participate with others in the development of the country. However, if the court finds otherwise, he requests to uphold the decision of the trial court with respect to the five-year penalty he was sentenced to, and that the sentence should run from 10/2/2017. NIKUZWE Siméon states that the prosecution has requisitioned a higher penalty than the one he was sentenced to without indicating the acts falling under article 18 of Law n˚46/2018 of 13/8/2018 that he would have committed. Therefore, he requests to be declared innocent of that crime. NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph requests the Court to decided that he is innocent with regard to the offence he was found guilt of because he has never been a member in terrorist group. Angelina MUKANDUTIYE states that she seeks forgiveness and wishes to participate with others in the development of the country.

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Niyirora Marcel argues that the prosecution did not present any evidence of the new crime he is being accused of, which is the formation of an irregular armed group, during the appeal stage. Therefore, he is requesting to be demobilized, similarly to those who have distanced themselves from armed groups. If that is not possible, he is seeking a reduction in the penalty he was initially sentenced to by the lower court. BIZIMANA Cassien, also known as Passy, argues that he has never been charged with the offense of formation of an irregular armed group. He is requesting the court to reduce his penalty because he admitted to the charges during the investigation and court hearing. He also claims that the information he disclosed would not have been known if he had not cooperated with justice organs. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas argues that he cooperated with justice organs to arrest other suspects. He is seeking forgiveness from the court and requesting to be demobilized for being sick and in quarantine. SHABANI Emmanuel is requesting the court to impose the minimum possible penalty on him and apply a suspension so that he can participate with others in the development of the country. NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent is requesting the Court to consider the forgiveness he is seeking, reduce his sentence, and decide that the sentence shall commence from 24/10/2019. BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude requests the court toconsider the forgiveness he is seeking, reduce his sentence, and decide that the sentence shall commence from 24/10/2019.

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NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, also known as Motard, states that he reiterates his plea to the court to reduce his penalty for having repented well. He claims that if he is reintegrated into Rwandan society, he will sensitize others to avoid falling into the same trap and to participate in the reconstruction of the country. If the court finds otherwise, he requests that he be incarcerated at Rusizi prison, closer to his family, because he has a stomach ailment that requires proper medical care. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT  Regarding Rusesabagina Paul This court has determined that the trial court's holdings, which suggested that Paul Rusesabagina's admission of guilt was sincere and thus entitled him to a mitigating circumstance, are without merit. However, this court acknowledges that the trial court's determination that Rusesabagina is a first-time offender is a valid consideration. Nevertheless, there is no justification for this court to increase his sentence, as the imposed penalty of twenty-five (25) years' imprisonment falls within the range appropriate for the gravity of the offense committed, and thus it is upheld.  Regarding NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara As explained above, the Court of Appeal finds that NSABIMANA Callixte, alias Sankara, was a first-time offender who sincerely pleaded guilty since his arrest and sought forgiveness from the victims and Rwandan society as a whole. He also cooperated with justice organs by disclosing relevant information regarding the terrorist groups, their members, and the

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modalities of their funding by individuals and countries. Furthermore, he maintained his guilty plea even during the hearing on the merits. These factors constitute valid reasons for mitigating his sentence, as admitted by the trial court in its discretion, and no appeal was lodged against that decision. For all these reasons, this court finds that the trial court did not appropriately reduce the defendant's penalty, given his attitude and the part he played in revealing the truth about the circumstances surrounding the offense of which he was accused. Therefore, in its discretion, the defendant deserves to receive an additional reduction in his sentence from twenty (20) years to fifteen (15) years' imprisonment.  Regarding NIZEYIMANA Marc Based on the grounds provided above, the Court of Appeal finds that NIZEYIMANA Marc, by refuting all the charges of which he was declared guilty, did not deserve to have his penalty reduced merely on the basis that he admitted to some of the charges during the hearing on the merits of the case. However, considering the circumstances of the offenses he committed and the fact that he is a first-time offender, this court, in its discretion, deems that the sentence of twenty (20) years' imprisonment imposed by the trial court is proportionate to the gravity of those offenses. Therefore, the penalty imposed by the trial court should be upheld.  Regarding NSENGIMANA Herman As explained above, NSENGIMANA Herman denied before the trial court that he was a member of the terrorist group and requested the court to declare him innocent of such a crime. However, he admitted to being a member of an irregular armed

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group and, despite that, he received a reduction in his sentence based on three mitigating factors, including his admission of being a member of a terrorist group, which resulted in a reduction of his penalty to five (5) years' imprisonment. The Court of Appeal has noted that although the trial court determined that the explanations presented by the defendant constituted the offense for which he was found guilty, the court does not consider this to be an admission of guilt on his part. This is because he maintains that the acts he committed were not intended for terrorism. Therefore, the court has noted that he received a significant reduction in the statutory penalty, which ranges between fifteen (15) and twenty (20) years of imprisonment. However, the court determines that this reduction should be rectified. In its discretion, the court has sentences him to seven (7) years of imprisonment instead of the five (5) years he was originally given by the trial court.  Regarding IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel As explained above, the Court of Appeal has noted that IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel received a reduction in penalty in accordance with the law due to being a first-time offender. Therefore, the court determines that the penalty of five (5) years' imprisonment given by the trial court should be upheld, as it is commensurate with both the circumstances of the offense committed and his personal situation.  Regarding KWITONDA André As indicated above, the Court of Appeal found that KWITONDA André received a reduction in his sentence, in accordance with the law, due to being a first-time offender. Therefore, the Court of Appeal considers the five (5) years of

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imprisonment he was sentenced to by the trial court should be upheld because it is commensurate with the circumstances of the crime he committed and his personal situation.  Regarding NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel The Court of Appeal notes that as indicated above, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel received a reduction in his sentence, in accordance with the law, due to his minority age at the time he joined the terrorist group, and the fact that he was a first-time offender. Thus, the Court of Appeal considers that the sentence of three years' imprisonment given by the trial court should be maintained because it is commensurate with the circumstances of the offense and his personal situation.  Regarding HAKIZIMANA Théogène As indicated above, HAKIZIMANA Théogène received a reduction in his sentence, in accordance with the law, due to his admission to some charges during the hearing on the merits of the case, during interrogation and in the course of trial on provisional detention, as well as being a first-time offender. The Court of Appeal finds that the five-year imprisonment penalty he was sentenced to for the offense of membership in a terrorist organization is commensurate with the circumstances of the crime, his personal situation, and his conduct since his arrest. Therefore, the penalty he was imposed should be maintained.  Regarding NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien The Court of Appeal notes, as indicated above, that NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien received a reduction in his sentence, in accordance with the law, due to the way he joined the terrorist group at a minority age, stayed there because his

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father was one of the commanders of MRCD-FLN, admitted to being a member of such groups, disclosed relevant information to justice organs, and being a first-time offender. For these reasons, it finds that the three-year (3) penalty imposed by the trial court should be maintained because it is commensurate with the circumstances of the offense of which he was declared guilty, his personal situation, and his conduct since his arrest.  Regarding NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien As explained above, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien received a reduction in his sentence in accordance with the law. This reduction was based on the fact that he admitted to some charges during the hearing of the merits of the case, during interrogation, and during the hearing on provisional detention, as well as the fact that he is a first-time offender. The Court of Appeal finds that the five-year sentence he was given for the offense of membership in a terrorist group is commensurate with the circumstances of the crime he committed, his personal situation, and his attitude since his arrest. For this reason, such sentence should be maintained.  Regarding MUNYANEZA Anastase As mentioned previously, the Court of Appeal determined that MUNYANEZA Anastase received a reduction in his sentence in accordance with the law, on the grounds of being a first-time offender. Therefore, the court finds that the five-year sentence he was given for the offense of membership in a terrorist group is appropriate given the circumstances of the offense, his personal situation, and his conduct since his arrest. Thus, that penalty should be maintained.  Regarding NIKUZWE Siméon

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As mentioned previously, the Court of Appeal determined that NIKUZWE Siméon received a reduction in his sentence in accordance with the law. This reduction was based on the circumstances of the offense of which he was declared guilty, namely that his acts did not result in severe consequences because he did not participate in attacks and that the grenade he had hidden was seized before being used. Additionally, he is a first- time offender. Thus, it is concluded that the ten-year sentence handed down by the trial court for the offense of membership in a terrorist group should be upheld because it is proportional to the acts committed, his conduct, and personal situation overall.  Regarding NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph The Court of Appeal finds that, as explained above, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph received a sentence reduction in accordance with the law, considering the fact that his role was limited to seeking the boat and port without participating in attacks, and the inexistence of prior offenses. Therefore, the three-year sentence he received for the offense of membership in a terrorist group should be upheld because it is proportional to the circumstances surrounding the offense, his conduct, and his personal situation overall.  Regarding MUKANDUTIYE Angelina As explained above, one of the mitigating factors considered by the trial court resulted in a reduction of the statutory penalty for the offense of which MUKANDUTIYE Angelina was found guilty, due to her status as a first-time offender. In contrast, the Gacaca Court of Rugenge sector, Nyarugenge District, had previously sentenced

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MUKANDUTIYE Angelina to life imprisonment with reclusion on 23/11/2008. The Court of Appeal has determined that, in accordance with Article 52, Paragraphs 1 and 373 of Law no 68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina should be sentenced to the maximum statutory penalty for the offense of which she was found guilty due to her recidivism, which means a penalty of twenty years’ imprisonment.  Regarding NIYIRORA Marcel As previously stated, the Court of Appeal determined that NIYIRORA Marcel received a sentence reduction in accordance with the law, based on his status as a first-time offender. Therefore, this court concludes that the five-year sentence imposed on him by the trial court should be upheld because it is proportional to the circumstances of the offense he committed, his conduct since his arrest, and his personal situation.  Regarding BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard The Court of Appeal has found that, as explained above, there are no grounds for BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy,

73 The first paragraph of article 52 stated above provides that “For felonies, recidivism occurs at any time when a person reoffends after conviction in a final judgment.” Its paragraph 3 states that “Every recidivist receives the maximum penalty provided by law and such penalty may be doubled.”

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MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène to be given a further reduction in the penalty they were given by the trial court. Therefore, the sentence of twenty years' imprisonment to which they were sentenced should be maintained since it is proportionate to the severity of the offense they committed, their conduct since their arrest, and their personal situation. 5. GROUNDS OF APPEAL IN RELATION TO DAMAGES Some of the accused were dissatisfied with the decision of the High Court chamber for international and transborder crimes because they felt that the court had not respected the rules for the payment of court fees. They claimed that some of the parties who claimed for damages paid a common court fee, while others paid it beyond the specified time or submitted the certificate of indigence late (A). Some of the accused criticize the fact that they were ordered to pay damages in the appealed judgment, even though they did not play any role in the acts that caused harm to the claimants (B). There are also civil parties who lodged an appeal to express their dissatisfaction with the small amount of damages they were awarded (C) or the fact that they were not awarded any damages at all (D). All the accused presented their defense at the same time regarding the appeal lodged by the civil parties who expressed dissatisfaction with the small amount of damages they were awarded or the fact that they were not awarded any damages at all (E). A. Regarding the admissibility of the claims for damages, for which a single court fee was paid or

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for which the certificate of indigence was issued after the specified time In regards to this issue, the accused, including NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, and SHABANI Emmanuel, as well as their legal counsel, have indicated that they do not agree with the decision of the trial court to admit the claim for damages, despite the fact that the civil parties did not pay the court fee before its registration. They allege that the claims for damages by the civil parties represented by Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise and Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René were initially introduced on the basis of a single court fee recorded in the name of HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney. Then, an objection was raised regarding the admissibility of their claim because they did not indicate the reason for paying a single court fee despite not having a common interest. As a result, they filed certificates of indigence in the file. They argue that the trial court disregarded this fact and admitted the claim on the basis that a claim for damages may be entertained at any time before the closure of the proceedings. The legal counsel for the accused argue that the claim of the these civil parties should not have been admitted because it is inconsistent with the law. Counsel RUGEYO Jean, who is assisting NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, states that it is a principle that regarding claims for damages in criminal proceedings, civil procedure is applicable. Therefore, in order for the claim for damages to be admitted, there are requirements that must be met prior to its

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registration in the cases docket, including the payment of the court fee or submission of the certificate for indigence. He states that the civil parties' action of bringing certificates of indigence while the trial was underway was aimed at complementing what they did not do well during the filing of the claim, especially since the claim had already been submitted. Counsel MUREKATETE Henriette, who is assisting NIZEYIMANA Marc and BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, argues that when the claim was initially admitted, it did not meet the necessary requirements. This is because the payment of court fees or the provision of a certificate of indigence is a prerequisite for the claimant to have the right to address the court, as per Article 7, Subparagraph 1 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour, and administrative procedures. They further argue that the payment of court fees was intended to enable the civil parties to assert their interest, but later, the court realized that they did not share such interest. He adds that this argument does not apply to the claims that paid court fees at the time of initiating their claims for damages because, as far as they are concerned, they met the conditions set forth by the law. NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, and BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, who are assisted by Counsel NGAMIJE KIRABO Guido, argue that, as per Article 7 (1°) of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labor, and administrative procedures, the claimant is obligated to pay court fees. They further argue that as per Article 21, Subparagraph (1°) of the same law, the court registrar cannot register a claim if the claimant does not pay court fees, unless the claimant is granted an exemption. They also assert that at the

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beginning of the hearing for case no. RP 00031/2019/HC/HCCIC, they requested that the claims of civil parties who did not pay court fees should not be admitted. Counsel NGAMIJE KIRABO Guido argues that some of the claimants for damages who were heard during the case hearing initiated their claims without paying court fees. After hearing the critique, they filed certificates of indigence in the IECMS system. However, according to the provisions of Articles 7 and 21 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 regarding the payment of court fees, they would have been given the opportunity to speak only if they met the required conditions. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène and SHABANI Emmanuel who are assisted bu Counsel UWIMANA Channy as well as their co-accused stated above, allege that based on article 7 subparagraph one (1°) of the Law n°22/2018 of 29/04/2018 stated above, the claimant has the obligation to pay court fees, and that based on article 21, subpargraph one (1°) of the same law, the court registrar cannot register a claim if the claimant does not pay court fees, unless the claimant is granted an exemption. Counsel MUGABO Sharif Yussuf, who is assisting KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, argues that with regards to the issue of admissibility of the claims for damages, the law does not provide a time limit for the payment of court fees. When he compares this to the time limit for initiating the claim for damages, he realizes that court fees can be paid at any time during the period of the criminal proceedings. Therefore, he believes that the solution should not be sought in the law. Therefore, regarding his clients, he leaves it to the discretion of the court to examine

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the matter, taking into consideration the decision taken by the trial court. The civil parties argue that regarding the issue that some of them paid the court fees lately to the extent that the trial court would not have entertained their claims, article 116 of the Law n° 027/2019 of 19/09/2019 relating to criminal procedure, indicates that the civil party may file a civil action to a competent court from the time when the court is seized with the criminal action to the time when the proceedings are closed at first instance. They explain that the provisions of this article imply that a person intending to file for damages can initiate their claim at any time before the closure of the criminal proceedings. This is what occurred in the course of the appealed judgment, where victims who had not paid court fees initially submitted a certificate of indigence later. As a result, the court admitted their claims. Therefore, they conclude that the defense and grounds of the appellants regarding the inadmissibility of the claim should not be given merit. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT The Court of Appeal is of the view that the issue for determination here does not consist of the fact that there is a victim who filed for damages in the appealed case no RP 00031/2019/HC/HCCIC without paying court fees or submitting a certificate of indigence that exempts him/her from such obligation. It finds, rather, that the issue that the present court should examine, and that was examined and decided by the trial court, concerns the effects on the admissibility of the claims that may arise from the time of payment of court fees or the filing of the certificate of indigence during the course of the appealed

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judgment. On this point, the defendants allege that their evidence should have been submitted concurrently with the court submissions for damages, whereas the civil parties argue that no issue relating to the admissibility of the claim for damages arises as long as the court fees or the certificate of indigence are filed in the dossier before the closure of proceedings. The trial court gave merit to these arguments presented by the civil parties. Regarding the time period in which a person intending to file for damages within criminal proceedings is allowed to do so, Article 116 of Law no. 027/2019 of 19/09/2019 relating to criminal procedure states that: “A victim of an offence may file a civil action to a competent court in order to be indemnified, from the time when the court is seized with the criminal action to the time when the proceedings are closed at first instance. The court informs the concerned parties thereof”. The wording of this article is clear and unambiguous to the fact that no victim is permitted to file for damages within criminal proceedings until the prosecution has filed the criminal action, and once the trial court has concluded the proceedings, victims are no longer permitted to file for damages. This implies that the victim who intends to file for damages must fulfill all the necessary requirements for their claim to be admitted before the proceedings on the merits of the case are concluded by the court. This also implies that a victim who intends to file for damages within this process may meet the necessary requirements at an unspecified time, provided that they fulfill the admissibility conditions for a civil action before the time limit for the conclusion of the trial court proceedings expires. Furthermore, it implies that when determining whether an action for damages initiated within criminal proceedings meets the legal

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requirements for admissibility, the examining judge should consider the actions that have already been taken in relation to it up to the conclusion of the hearing by the trial court. A party who raises an objection of inadmissibility of this type of claim for damages, alleging that some requirements of admissibility were not complied with within the specified time, has the burden of indicating when the civil party fulfilled the requirements and when the hearing of the case at the trial level was concluded. Had the civil party fulfilled the requirements before the conclusion of the hearing, their claim for damages should be admitted on the basis that it was initiated in accordance with the law. In this case, as agreed by the parties and as stated in paragraph 469 of the appealed judgment, the civil parties involved in this issue began submitting their claims for damages on February 15th, 2021. However, in regards to claims where court fees were unpaid or no certificates of indigence were provided, they were submitted on July 14th, 2021, prior to the conclusion of the hearing at the trial level of said judgment. As also stated in the minutes of the last hearing of the appealed judgment, the hearing was concluded on July 20th, 2021, during which the court scheduled the pronouncement of the decision for August 20th, 2021. After considering the background information provided and the relevant provisions of the law, the present court agrees with the High Court's Specialized Chamber for International and Transborder Crimes, as stated in paragraph 474 of the appealed judgment. The court notes that although the civil parties did not initially submit evidence of the payment of court fees or certificates of indigence, they later submitted certificates issued by a competent authority indicating that they were exempt from

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paying court fees due to their indigent status. As a result, their claims should have been admitted based on their filing for damages through private prosecution under Article 116 of Law No. 027/2019 of 19/09/2019 relating to criminal procedure, as previously mentioned. Therefore, the arguments put forward by some of the accused that certain claims of the victims should have been rejected, should not be given merit. B. Regarding the critique made by the accused that in the appealed judgment, they were ordered to pay damages despite not playing any role in acts that prejudiced the applicants NIZEYIMANA Marc, assisted by Counsel MUREKATETE Henriette, states that none of the claims for damages against him are valid. He argues that he never committed any of the acts that caused harm to the claimants, nor did he play any role in them. Additionally, he notes that criminal liability is personal. NSENGIMANA Herman, with the assistance of Counsel RUGEYO Jean, argues that his mere membership in the FLN does not establish a close enough link to the acts committed by the group's combatants, and he did not personally play any role in those acts to hold him liable for damages. Thus, Counsel RUGEYO Jean requests that the court decide that NSENGIMANA Herman did not play a direct role in the attacks that caused damages to the claimants. NSENGIMANA Herman states that though he is accused of being a member of a terrorist group, he did not participate in any terrorist acts, nor did he command anyone to commit such damaging acts.

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NSENGIMANA Herman further states that the claimants' argument that any person who participated in FLN should be held responsible for the entire prejudice caused by MRCD-FLN amounts to injustice, especially for him. He crossed into the country with over four hundred (400) combatants, and he wonders if he was singled out from among others as a sample. With regards to the issue of Article 33 of Law n˚68/2018 of 30/8/2018 which states that all persons convicted of the same offense are jointly responsible for damages, NSENGIMANA Herman argues that at the time of their entry into the country from Congo, all of them were members of a terrorist group and therefore should be held responsible for paying damages without distinction. He believes that holding everyone accountable would ultimately allow the victims to receive the necessary reparations. Counsel RUGEYO Jean who assists NSENGIMANA Herman argues that the trial court misinterpreted article 11 of the Law no 027/2019 of 19/09/2019 relating to criminal procedure which the claimants have relied on to allege that a civil action can be instituted against the principal offender, co-offender, accomplice and any other person with civil liability. He explains that the text of that article supports two theories regarding the payment of damages, namely the proximate cause theory and the adequate causation theory, which the trial court did not refer to. He alleges that the court chose to apply the but-for causation theory, which considers any cause, whether direct or indirect, as sufficient for liability, despite the fact that such theory is not provided for by Rwandan law for the purpose of claiming damages in this case, as it would include everything. He argues that the proximate cause theory should have been applied, as it considers the direct cause that resulted in the damage for which

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compensation is being sought. He further states that this theory is already provided for in Articles 258, 260, and 261 of Book III of the Civil Code. Therefore, applying the theory of equivalence of conditions would entail holding all individuals who played any role in the acts that caused harm to the claimants, including the owners of the factories that produced the guns and grenades used in the attacks, responsible for paying damages. Counsel MUGABO Sharif Yussuf and his clients, namely KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, and NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, state that the three should not participate with others in paying damages. They argue that they were coerced and under duress beyond their control when they allegedly committed the acts that caused harm to the claimants. Furthermore, they deny playing any role in the acts that prejudiced the claimants. They argue that the senior leaders of the groups of whihc they are accused, along with those who played a direct role in the acts that caused damage to the claimants, should be responsible for paying such damages. They further argue that, as evidenced on page 230 of the appealed judgment, the trial court applied the but-for causation theory when ordering the accused to pay damages, after discussing the available theories that could be used74. They explain that the accused were not ordered to pay damages jointly for being co-offenders; instead, the Trial Court ordered them to pay damages by applying the but-for causation theory. This is because, had the terrorist group not existed, the terrorist attacks that caused damage to the claimant would not have occurred. However, he alleges that the court failed to consider that this

74 That are théorie de l’équivalence de conditions, théorie de la proximité de cause na théorie de la causalité adéquate.

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theory has its own scope, which distinguishes it from the theory that legal scholars have titled "théorie de causalité de l’univers." In other words, this means that every event has its own causal link. According to the but-for causation theory, emphasis is placed on distinguishing the essential events that played a role in the prejudice. On the other hand, according to the "théorie de causalité de l’univers," the sequence of all events that resulted in the damage is considered. Therefore, the present court's failure to distinguish the events disregarded the scope of this theory, and he finds it to be the first irregularity. Counsel MUGABO Sharif Yussuf stated that regarding his clients who are accused of being members of terrorist groups, the Court should consider that they joined and stayed in the groups under threat and coercion, and that the trial court disregarded this fact. Additionally, according to Article 33 of Law n˚68/2018 of 30/8/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, individuals held jointly liable to pay are those who were declared guilty of the same crime. Therefore, he believes that the High Court should have applied the theory of adequate causation to determine liability, as it values all events, but where a link between every act and the harm it caused must be established. For these reasons, he finds it unfair for the court to include all different crimes that each accused committed in different ways at the same level. Instead, the trial court should have considered the impact of each act on the harm caused. IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, and NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, who are assisted by Counsel URAMIJE James, state that they did not commit any act, be it killing or looting, as indicated throughout the entire trial. Therefore, individuals who should be held personally liable are

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those who committed acts that caused harm to others. Consequently, they request the Court to rule that those personally responsible for damages are the ones who participated in the attacks or committed acts that caused damages to others. In particular, NIYIRORA Marcel states that the trial court determined he was no longer a member of the terrorist group, and therefore, he believes he should not have been held liable for damages associated with its acts. Furthermore, Counsel URAMIJE James, who is assisting NIYIRORA Marcel, states that the prosecution confirmed that NIYIRORA Marcel did not participate in the attacks. Therefore, he should not be held liable for any damage resulting from any act of which he did not participate. NIYIRORA Marcel disputes the representatives' claims that he played a role in selecting the combatants who went to Nyamasheke, as nowhere has it been demonstrated that he had a direct or indirect role in selecting combatants who participated in any of the attacks. Consequently, applying the but-for causation theory would imply that it becomes an original sin, whereas criminal liability is personal. IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel states that criminal liability is personal, and therefore, an individual should be responsible for their own deeds. He explains that he did not send anyone to participate in the attacks and that he never set foot in the crime scene. Therefore, he requests that the court, at the time of withdrawal for deliberation, decides that he should not be held liable for damages as criminal liability is personal. NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel and Counsel URAMIJE James, who is assisting him, state that he should not be held liable

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for damages because he was forced to join FLN while he was still a student. Furthermore, concerning their legal critique on the but- for causation theory on which the trial court relied to order some of the accused to pay damages, Counsel URAMIJE James explained that they criticize the fact that over twenty (20) accused are involved in the dossier but indicted for different criminal acts, and especially his clients have never set foot on the place where the damaging acts occurred, neither in Nyungwe nor Nyaruguru, and despite that, they were ordered to pay damages. Thus, the role of his clients has not been demonstrated for any specific act on which the claimants could rely to request damages. This is what they are asking the court to examine. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène and SHABANI Emmanuel, who are assisted by Counsel UWIMANA Channy, state that they should not be held liable merely for their membership in MRCD-FLN. They argue that even in the event that they were not there as members of the terrorist group, nothing would have prevented the group from committing the acts that affected the claimants. Therefore, it is the leaders of the group who should be held responsible for paying the damages. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène accepts responsibility for damages that resulted from acts that occurred in the Rusizi district. However, he argues that he should not be held liable for acts that occurred in Nyungwe, for which the group should be responsible. Shabani Emmanuel argues that he should not be held responsible for the acts that took place in 2018 before he was affiliated with FLN, and for the acts that occurred in Rusizi, as criminal liability is a personal matter. On the contrary, while acknowledging that his involvement with FLN was deemed an

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offense, he maintains that the individuals responsible for its formation should be held accountable for the aforementioned acts. Counsel UWIMANA Channy, who is assisting NSABIMANA Jean Damascène and SHABANI Emmanuel, alleges that the court applied the but-for causation theory. However, had the court applied the theory of adequate causality, which it also discussed, these two accused would have been held liable for acts they were involved in and admitted. Thus, he believes that the court should hold individuals responsible only for their respective roles, based on their level of involvement. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, assisted by Counsel MUKARUZAGIRIZA Chantal, argues that he should not be held liable for damages resulting from the acts that occurred in Nyaruguru District and Nyamagabe within Nyungwe forest, as he was not present there. Similarly, he should not be held liable for acts that took place before his enrollment in the MRCD-FLN terrorist group. Instead, he admits liability for damages with regard to the victims of terrorist attacks carried out in Rusizi District, provided that there is supporting evidence. Bizimana Cassien alias Passy, and his legal Counsel MUREKATETE Henriette, argue that liability for damages should only be established for the attacks in which he admits to have participated in Rusizi District. They deny any involvement in the attacks carried out in Nyabimata, Nyamagabe sectors, and other locations. Ninety-three civil parties, represented by Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, argue in their defense that the accused's claims that they

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should not be ordered to pay damages because they did not participate in the acts that caused harm to the civil parties, are contradicted by Article 2, Subparagraph 5 of Law No. 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general. The article clearly indicates that holding the accused liable for their acts is not limited to the sole author of the damaging act, but also to any person who abets them in any way. Additionally, Article 33 of the same law emphasizes that all persons convicted of the same offense are held jointly responsible for restitution, damages, and court fees. They argue that before the High Court, Specialized Chamber for International and Transborder Crimes, they presented three theories for determining damages. The first theory is the but-for causation theory, which considers any cause related to the act. The second theory is the theory of adequate causation, which relates to the closest cause of the damage. The third theory is the theory of proximate cause, which relates to the extent of the cause of the harm. They explained that they requested the Court to apply the but-for causation theory, which identifies the wrongful acts committed in the sequence of events and holds the authors responsible. They argue that the accused, who were members of the CNRD-FLN group, can be grouped into different categories, including high-ranking officials such as RUSESABAGINA Paul, who was the chairman, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, who was the spokesperson of FLN, as well as ordinary cadres such as commissioners and military personnel. Some of them provided equipment while others participated in the attacks. therefore, all of them should be held responsible for the damages they caused, and they cannot escape this liability.

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They argue that, for instance, NSENGIMANA Herman, who was the spokesperson of the terrorist group, was aware of the attacks carried out in Ruheru sector, as evidenced in paragraph 195 of the appealed judgment, where he announced what had happened. On the other hand, with regard to NIZEYIMANA Marc, who was a colonel in the FLN, paragraph 221 of the appealed judgment states that he admitted to having selected the military personnel who participated in the attacks. Regarding NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, they argue that despite being a student, he was a member of MRCD-FLN and participated in attacks while NIYIRORA Marcel prepared the attackers. They declare that others admitted to the acts that occurred in Rusizi without disclosing the time of formation of the terrorist group, but at the time the attacks were launched, all of them were members of the group. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise go on to explain that they correlate this but-for causation theory with Article 2 of Law No. 46/2018 of 13/8/2018 on counter-terrorism, where the lawmaker clarified that a terrorist group is a structured group of persons acting in concert. They thus align this theory with the organization of the group. During the interrogation of the accused, in their defense meant to indicate the presence of the FLN, they disclosed the status of their plan. They dispatched tasks, with some of them being in Rusizi, and others in Nyabimata and the vicinity of the Nyungwe forest. They further clarified that during the pleading by the defendants, especially NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, he reiterated that at the time of the publication of the events, they usually possessed photographs. For instance, when the attack was launched in Rusizi, they had evidence of the events, deaths, lootings, and damages in photographs. These

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photographs demonstrate that such a terrorist group operated in an organized manner. They allege that Sankara, as a spokesperson, would not operate in isolation. There must have been someone in Rusizi who took those photographs and sent them to him so that he could publish them to show that the FLN was present in Rwanda and had taken control of Nyungwe or Nyabimata. Therefore, they deem that this corroborates the spirit of the law, which states that such a terrorist group operates in an organized manner and dispatches tasks with specific modalities among its members. They go on to state that in paragraph 391 of the appealed judgment, NIYIRORA Marcel alias Bama, who was a colonel, declares that he had various important responsibilities, including welcoming new recruits. So, if this is correlated with various declarations of NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, who clarified the way they used to recruit people from Uganda to Congo, which implies that NIYIRORA, as a soldier, used to welcome them, give them military training, and inform them of all the plans. For this reason, he should not come before the court to deny his responsibility regarding the events resulting from the attacks that killed, injured, and caused permanent disability to various people. He should also not insist on requesting his demobilization and suspension of the penalty. Thus, Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise request the court, during its withdrawal for deliberation, to consider the admission of the charges by the accused, as well as their prayer to reduce the penalties and compare them to their pleadings about claims for damages. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that they do not deny that

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criminal liability is personal, but they argue that the accused's statements claiming that they should not be personally prosecuted are groundless. This is because the charges for which they were found guilty have not been dropped and they have not yet indicated their innocence. Consequently, they are still facing prosecution for their own criminal acts. On the other hand, while they admit to being members of the MRCD-FLN terrorist group and acknowledge that it caused harm to individuals, claiming that they did not play a significant role in the group's formation to the point of not warranting prosecution is unfounded. They should understand that, according to the law, they are still responsible for their involvement. With regard to the issue of the accused denying the application of the but-for causation theory to the case against them on the grounds that there are many others who should also face prosecution, Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise argue that their defense is based on the principle that the person responsible for causing damage to another person should be liable to pay damages. Therefore, claiming that there are other culprits does not excuse their own responsibility. Consequently, the individuals being sued for damages are those brought before the court, especially since they have admitted their participation in MRCD-FLN. For all these reasons, based on the principle that accused individuals who have been concurrently declared guilty for the same offense should be held equally responsible, the accused in this judgment should be held accountable for entire damages requested by the civil parties. With regards to the arguments made by NSENGIMANA Herman that responsibility for damages should be attributed to each accused based on their individual role in causing prejudice,

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Counsel MUNYAMAHORO Réné and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise refute this claim as untrue. According to legal principle, convicts of the same crime are jointly held responsible for damages, and the civil party may even seek the full damages from just one of them as permitted by law. Thus, if the accused express their wish in writing to pay for the damages, it would be acceptable as their desire is that all victims who lost loved ones and those who lost properties damaged during the attacks receive fair compensation. In response to the argument raised by some of the accused that their role in the acts causing prejudice to the civil parties is small or non-existent, Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise contend that damages are not determined by the degree of fault as stipulated in the principle of comparative fault. Rather, liability is assigned to any person who committed the fault, and in addition, the defendant with more means than others may be ordered to pay the total damages, as permitted by law. Counsel MURANGWA Faustin, who represents four (4) civil parties, agrees with the arguments put forth by his colleagues, Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, on the present issue. He notes that the defendants, against whom damages are sought, did not appeal the crimes for which they were charged as members of MRCD- FLN. Furthermore, at the time of adjudication, the Court adhered to article 11 of Law no. 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general. This provision holds responsible for damages any person among the accused, including offenders, accomplices, and co-offenders, who is a

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member of FLN, a terrorist group responsible for acts that harmed the civil parties. Counsel Murangwa Faustin explains that with regard to issue that the but-for causation theory should not apply in this case with many defendants while there may be other suspects of whom it is impossible to bring them to court at the same time, he states that Counsel RUGEYO Jean who assists some of the accused, disregards that there are some offences of which all the accused were declared guilty including membership in terrorist group against which they did not lodge an appeal before the instant court, and that it is the same crime of membership in MRCD-FLN terrorist group that affected the civil parties. As a result, there is a causal connection that makes it impossible for the accused to avoid joint liability for the harm they caused. Furthermore, with regard to the modalities of payment of damages, he argues that this matter falls under the execution of the judgment and not the modality of determination of damages. He also argues that the civil parties do not intend to be involved in the determination of individual liability of every accused, whether as an offender, co-offender, or accomplice in this group or in these attacks, of which they were found guilty to have been members by the court, and the decision against which they did not lodge an appeal. Therefore, he concludes that the accused's argument that they should not be held liable for the requested damages amounts to a self-contradiction. KARERANGABO Antoine, who is also a civil party, states that the statements of some of the civil parties who argue that they should not be ordered to pay damages because they did not participate in the attacks should not be given merit. He points out that he was among the victims who were hospitalized in

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Munini Hospital for two days due to beatings inflicted by the suspects or their subordinates. Counsel HAKIZIMANA Joseph, who is assisting him, notes that, in the context of supporting the arguments of his fellow legal counsels for other civil parties, none of the accused lodged an appeal with the purpose of proving their innocence. Thus, with regard to his client KARERANGABO Antoine, who was not awarded damages, he concludes his argument by citing article 33 of Law no 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general. This article states that all persons convicted of the same offense are jointly responsible for restitution, damages, and court fees. He argues that, according to this provision, all 21 accused individuals belong to the same terrorist group that has committed acts of insecurity and terrorism, including killing. Therefore, he contends that the Court should hold all of them jointly liable for the requested damages and award them accordingly. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT As far as the issues for determination are concerned, the Court of Appeal notes that, in general, except for RUSESABAGINA Paul, who neither lodged an appeal nor appeared in the hearing, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase, who were not found guilty of membership in the MRCD-FLN terrorist group, all other accused individuals argue that they should not be held liable for damages because they did not participate in the attacks that harmed the civil parties. They maintain that being a member of FLN is not a sufficient reason to hold them liable for the damages, as the civil parties should seek compensation from FLN as a group, its senior

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leaders, or the combatants who participated in the attacks that harmed them. On the other hand, the civil parties in general argue that all accused individuals should be jointly held liable for all damages because they all played a role in the attacks launched by the MRCD-FLN terrorist group, which affected them in different ways, including the murder of their siblings, causing injuries to them, and damaging their properties. They claim that the accused should be ordered to pay for the damages simply for belonging to the same terrorist group, committing or participating in terrorist acts, despite the fact that they never set foot at the sites of the attacks that caused the prejudice for which they seized the court. Regarding the person that can face the civil action for damages, article 11 of the Law Nº 027/2019 of 19/09/2019 relating to criminal procedure provides that: “A civil action can be instituted against the principal offender, co-offender, accomplice and any other person with civil liability. A civil action can also be instituted against the offender’s heirs.” This position is also supported by the general principle that “any individual whose actions result in damages is responsible and liable for the compensation.” Regarding the civil joint liability of the guilty, Article 33 of Law No. 68/2018 of 30/08/2018, which determines offenses and penalties in general, stipulates that: “All persons convicted of the same offence are held jointly responsible for restitutions, damages and court fees.” This implies that whenever an offense results in any prejudice, and which is determined by the court; all guilty persons should pay compensation, moral damages, and court fees jointly and severally. In contrast, when the offense is committed by a single offender, it is sufficient to determine the damages to be awarded

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to the victim based on the general principle explained above. Article 33 of the Law nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general, as recalled above, adds that in the event of several offenders, they should be jointly held liable to pay for damages without prior distribution of payment among the accused on the basis of individual role in the commission of the offense to determine those with little, average, or heavy roles. In other words, there is no longer a need to seek the fault of the responsible person as the basis because the lawmaker indicated in this Article 33 that the culprit is the responsible person, and if there are multiple culprits, they are jointly held liable for the damages in the manner explained above. As far as the instant case is concerned, the determination of whether the accused should pay damages to the civil parties should no longer consist of leaning on the fault or specific acts committed by each accused against the victim. Instead, the issue lies in determining whether the damages for which compensation is sought resulted from the commission of the offense of forming the terrorist group MRCD-FLN, in addition to the commission of the offense of committing and participating in acts of terrorism by some of them. It also needs to be determined whether the accused have already been declared guilty of such offenses. The High Court, Specialized Chamber for International and Transborder Crimes, stated in paragraph 632 of the appealed judgment that any cause of the damaging act should be taken into account when determining compensation. It noted that the attacks launched on Rwandan territory were carried out as part of the plan of MRCD-FLN to commit terrorism, and that without such a group, those acts that affected the civil parties would not have been possible, and those who committed them were fulfilling the

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plan of MRCD-FLN. Therefore, those who were found guilty of membership in that group and committing and participating in acts of terrorism should be jointly held liable to pay damages. In this instant appeal case, some of the accused allege that they should not be held liable for damages because, although they admit being members of the MRCD-FLN group, they did not participate in the attacks that caused prejudice to the civil parties. While the accused admit having participated in attacks that occurred in the Rusizi district, they only accept responsibility for damages caused by acts that occurred in that district. They claim they were not involved in attacks carried out elsewhere, and at the time of those attacks, they had not yet started cooperating with the FLN. The civil parties are all requesting that the decision of the trial court, which ordered the accused to jointly pay damages, be upheld. The present Court finds that although the trial court emphasized certain analyses of legal scholars' writings regarding different grounds used to determine the person responsible for compensation75, the analysis of which even the legal counsel for the accused used to engage in lengthy debates at this instance court with the civil parties, it was unnecessary to spend time on such writings. This is because Article 33 of the Law nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offenses and penalties in general, as previously mentioned, provides clarification on how such debates

75 See the sheet number 230-231, in paragraph 631 of the appealed judgment, especially in holdings no 54, 55,56 and 57 at the end of the page, whereby the Court explained the "theory of the equivalence of conditions", "proximate cause theory", "theory of adequate causation" and "theory of the continued imprint of harm".

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can be resolved without the need to first delve into legal scholars' writings for alternative opinions. The instant court finds, therefore, that since NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, Nsengimana Herman, RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean Claude, NIKUZWE Siméon, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, KWITONDA André, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, and NSABIMANA Jean Damascène were again found guilty of offenses closely related to the terrorist acts committed by MRCD-FLN combatants that caused harm to the civil parties in this case, they should jointly pay damages as decided by the trial court. Consequently, The appeal of the accused on this ground lacks merit. C. Regarding the civil parties who filed an appeal to express their dissatisfaction with the awarded amount The following 46 civil parties state that they claimed damages, but the trial court did not award them the full amount requested. Instead, it awarded them a discretionary amount. Those are: 1. HAVUGIMANA Jean Marie Vianney, 2. BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, 3. RUGERINYANGE Dominique, 4. NTABARESHYA Dative,

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5. HABYARIMANA Jean Marie Vianney, 6. INGABIRE Marie Chantal, 7. SHUMBUSHA Damascène, 8. NSABIMANA Anastase, 9. MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, 10. SIBORUREMA Vénuste, 11. NGENDAKUMANA David, 12. RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 13. KIRENGA Darius, represented by RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 14. UMURIZA Adéline, represented by RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 15. SHUMBUSHO David, represented by RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 16. RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné represented by RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, 17. KAREGESA Phénias, 18. NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, 19. NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, 20. HABIMANA Zerothe, 21. NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, 22. KAYITESI Alice, 23. YAMBABARIYE Vedaste 24. NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane,

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25. UWAMBAJE Françoise, five children of MUKABAHIZI Hilarie represented by MBONIGABA Richard namely: 26. MUKESHIMANA Diane, 27. NDIKUMANA Isaac, 28. MUKANKUNDIYE Alphonsine, 29. UZAYISENGA Liliane and 30. HABAKUBAHO Adéline, 31. MBONIGABA Richard, 32. VUGABAGABO Jean Marie Vianey, 33. MURENGERANTWALI Donat, 34. HAKIZIMANA Denis, 35. RWAMIHIGO Alexis, 36. NYIRANGABIRE Valérie, 37. SEMIGABO Déo, 38. NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, 39. NSABIMANA Joseph, 40. RUTAYISIRE Félix, 41. MAHORO Jean Damascène, 42. NZEYIMANA Paulin, 43. NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, 44. NDUTIYE Yussuf 45. OMEGA Express Ltd,

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46. ALPHA Express Company Ltd The civil parties in this category are those who allege that they suffered damages as a result of MRCD-FLN attacks carried out in (a) Nyabimata sector in Nyaruguru district, (b) Nyungwe in Kitabi sector in Nyamagabe district, and (c) Kamembe and Nyakarenzo sectors in Rusizi district. a) Regarding the appellants who expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of damages awarded in relation to the attacks launched in Nyabimata Sector, Nyaruguru district Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise argue that the clients they represent, as well as those they assist, were affected by the attacks launched in Nyabimata but were dissatisfied with the awarded damages. Those are: HAVUGIMANA Jean Marie Vianney and BAPFAKURERA Venuste, whose motorcycles were damaged; HABYARIMANA Jean Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Anastase, SIBORUREMA Venuste, NGENDAKUMANA David, and SHUMBUSHA Damascène, whose various properties were looted and who were ordered to carry the looted properties; RUGERINYANGE Dominique and NTABARESHYA Dative, whose child was murdered; as well as INGABIRE Marie Chantal and MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, whose husbands were killed. In addition to these victims, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, represented by Counsel MURANGWA Faustin, is also included.  Regarding HAVUGIMANA Jean Marie Vianney and BAPFAKURERA Venuste

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Counsel MUNYAMAHARO René and Counsel MUKASEHAMA Marie Louise, who represent these two victims, both of whom had their motorcycles burned down, argue that Havugimana Jean Marie Vianney was awarded only six hundred thousand (600,000Frw) in compensation for his burnt motorcycle by the court, despite having suffered other losses. These losses include an amount of 360,000Frw that he had already paid for the motorcycle prior to its registration in his name since the payment was meant to be done in installments, 120,000Frw in expenses he incurred to follow up on the problem with this motorcycle since the person in whose name it was registered engaged him in administrative proceedings, and moral damages amounting to 500,000Frw. Thus, he requests the Court to award him the total amount of 1,100,000Frw in damages instead of the 1,500,000Frw mentioned in the court submission. They further adduce that his motorcycle was set on fire by MRCD-FLN combatants in the attack launched in the Nyabimata sector of the Nyaruguru district. He was supposed to pay it in installments within a period of one and a half years for 1,400,000 Frw, but only three (3) months of that period had elapsed. The motorcycle was not yet registered in his name as the owner because he had not yet completed the full payment required to transfer ownership from the previous owner to himself. Regarding BAPFAKURERA Venuste, they declare that he was awarded damages by the court amounting to 600,000 Frw, which was the value of the damaged motorcycle. This was despite the fact that he had submitted a report from the administration clearly indicating the circumstances of the crime and the moral impact it had on all individuals involved. He is therefore

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requesting that the court award him damages amounting to 5,044,500 Frw, including both moral damages and compensation for his damaged property. They allege that the reason for their criticism of the trial court is that it determined damages related to the motorcycle only collectively, by awarding everybody 600,000 Frw. Since Rwandan legislation is silent on the modalities of computing damages in certain instances, they had filed documents in the system, as far as the instant appeal is concerned, indicating how other jurisdictions have attempted to address this issue. They argue that, for instance, in the case of Germain KATANGA, advocates for the civil parties presented to the court the defense that damages should not only cover the value of the damaged property, but also shortfalls, including the negative impact on their lives as a result of the loss. Consequently, they request that the court exercise its discretion and take all these grounds into consideration. They further allege that, although these civil parties did not provide undisputed proof to the court of the amount of their daily earnings, according to their market survey, the motorcycle would earn between 5,000 Frw and 8,000 Frw per day. HABYARIMANA Jean Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Anastase, SIBORUREMA Venutse, NGENDAKUMANA David and SHUMBUSHA Damascene are also represented by Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise. All five (5) of them have in common the fact that, in addition to having their belongings looted, they were also abducted and forced to carry the stolen items. They adduce that, based on the report from the Nyabimata sector administration listing them as abductees, the trial court awarded each of them a discretionary

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amount of only three hundred thousand (300,000 Frw), the decision against which they lodged appeal. However, each appellant has their own particular claims.  Regarding HABYARIMANA Jean Marie Vianney He alleges that the Court awarded him moral damages amounting to 300,000 Frw for being forced to carry the loads. However, the court held that he did not present evidence of his other looted and damaged belongings. He argues that this disregards the fact that the offenders were stealing people's belongings and other items. At this instance, he requests damages amounting to 1,560,000 Frw, which is the same amount he requested at the trial court level. This includes 560,000 Frw, representing the value of his various belongings (telephone, trousers, shirt, beans, and African print fabric), and 100,000 Frw as moral damages.  Regarding NSABIMANA Anastase He argues that although he requested a total amount of damages of one million two hundred thirteen thousand (1,213,000 Frw), the trial court only awarded him moral damages amounting to 300,000 Frw and disregarded all the other damages he had requested. He is on this occasion requesting damages in the same amount of 1,213,000 Frw, which he had requested at the trial court level. This amount includes 150,000 Frw for the bribe he paid to the attackers from the price of the cow he sold to spare his wife, 63,000 Frw for the value of his looted belongings (provisions, telephone, and clothes), and 1,000,000 Frw for moral damages due to the fact that the attackers forced him to carry the

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looted items, abducted him, and released him early in the morning.  Regarding SIBORUREMA Venuste He argues that he had requested damages totaling 570,500 Frw, including moral damages and compensation for his stolen belongings, but the court only awarded him moral damages of 300,000 Frw for being abducted. The court disregarded his claim for compensation for his stolen belongings. He is now requesting damages in the same amount of 570,500 Frw that he had requested at the trial court level. This includes 70,500 Frw for the value of his various belongings that were looted (provisions, milk, telephone, and clothes) and 500,000 Frw for moral damages.  Regarding NGENDAKUMANA David He alleges that he had requested damages amounting to 528,400 Frw for being abducted and for the loss of his belongings, but the trial court only awarded him moral damages amounting to 300,000 Frw for being abducted, without compensating him for his lost belongings. He is now requesting damages in the same amount of 528,400 Frw, which he had requested at the trial court level. This amount includes 28,400 Frw for the value of his looted belongings (provisions, telephone, and clothes) and 500,000 Frw for moral damages for being forced to carry the stolen belongings until they reached Nyungwe forest.  Regarding SHUMBUSHA Damascène He claims that he requested damages of six hundred fifty- four thousand (654,000 Frw), but the trial court only awarded him 300,000 Frw in moral damages and did not compensate him for

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his stolen belongings. He is now requesting damages in the same amount of 654,000 Frw, which he had requested at the trial court level. This amount includes 600,000 Frw for the value of his looted belongings, namely provisions, telephone, clothes, and the four thousand rwandan francs (4,000 Frw) they took from him. Regarding all of them, Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise criticized the ruling of the court for holding that there was no evidence to prove their claims of losses. They are therefore requesting the instant court to consider their claims at its discretion based on the report of the administration indicating that these people were abducted and the declarations of various witnesses that appeared in the video submitted to the court during the hearing. They argue that it is difficult to obtain supporting evidence, especially for invoices of clothes, telephone, and other stolen belongings, and request to be awarded damages accordingly. Regarding the moral damages they have requested, they explain that these are based on the suffering they endured during their abduction at night, which caused them trauma and stress, in addition to the toxic words that were said to them. For these reasons, they request the court to consider their claims and award them the damages they had requested at the trial court level. There is also a group of appellants who lost their siblings as a result of the attack launched in Nyabimata sector, and they are also assisted by Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise. They were awarded compensation by the trial court, but they were not satisfied with the amount and thus lodged an appeal. Those are RUGERINYANGE Dominique and NTABARESHYA Dative,

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whose child was killed, and INGABIRE Marie Chantal and MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, whose husbands were murdered.  Regarding RUGERINYANGE Dominique and NTABARESHYA Dative They allege that the court awarded 5,000,000Frw each of moral damages for the murder of their child, HABARUREMA Joseph, despite the fact that the report of the administration on which the court relied clearly indicated that he owned a boutique that was also looted. They request compensation amounting to 17,000,000 Frw, including 10,000,000 Frw for moral damages and 7,000,000 Frw for compensation for their damaged belongings. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise clarify that the reason for their appeal is that the court awarded them 5,000,000Frw of moral damages for the loss of their child, but failed to take into account his properties, including a telephone valued at 19,000Frw, a boutique that was operating in the form of a bar where one of the motorcycles mentioned above was set on fire, and a flat-screen television valued at 200,000Frw. To express their dissatisfaction with the court's ruling, they assert that the awarded moral damages of 5,000,000Frw fell far short of the requested 45,000,000Frw. They argue that their child had been a primary source of support for them, and his loss has caused immeasurable grief due to the pivotal role he played in their lives.  Regarding INGABIRE Marie Chantal Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who are assisting her, state that she had requested 30,000,000Frw in moral damages,

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70,000,000Frw in pecuniary damages, and 50,000,000Frw in damages for the fact that her children were orphaned, for killing her husband MANIRAHO Anatole, who was a deputy head teacher for studies at the Nyabimata complex school, and for raising the orphans herself. She blames the fact that the court awarded her only 10,000,000Frw in moral damages, while dismissing her other requested damages on the grounds of lack of evidence. They explained that at the trial court level, he had requested various damages as stated above. Regarding pecuniary damages, they had indicated to the court the amount of money that this family was earning but without presenting supporting evidence of the deceased's salary. However, she has now managed to find the element of evidence attached to annex 111 in the electronic filing system. This proves that the gross salary of the deceased was 207,335 Frw, with the net salary being 130,650 Frw. They further adduce that while the court awarded him 10,000,000 Frw in moral damages only, it disregarded the funeral expenses. The court did not grant damages for funeral expenses on the grounds that she did not provide evidence to support the claim. They argue that this category of civil parties who lost their siblings in the attacks carried out in Nyabimata sector share a common challenge of lacking invoices to prove the funeral expenses. Burial services involve costs such as catering for people and hearse transportation, but due to the hardship they were facing after losing their relatives, they were unable to find the invoices and request them during that period. Therefore, they combined such damages into moral damages. Regarding INGABIRE Marie Chantal, among the pecuniary damages she is

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requesting, it includes the money she possessed that she would have used to care for her family. However, all of that money was spent on funeral services, which has affected her. They further explain that they did not request compensation for funeral expenses in detail during the trial court. Instead, they requested such compensation cumulatively with moral damages at the appeal level. Consequently, they request that, as they have pointed out, the court should consider other grounds for raising the damages awarded by the trial court, including the suffering they endured during the funeral services and related expenses. They do not wish for the loss of their siblings to go uncompensated.  Regarding MUKASHYAKA Joséphine Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that Munyaneza Fidèle, the husband of MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, was killed, and that she had requested moral and pecuniary damages amounting to 100,000,000 Frw for becoming a widow and having to care for herself and her two young children. Her husband used to earn 100,000 Frw and was responsible for caring for both his family and his parents. They criticize the court for only awarding her 10,000,000 Frw in moral damages and not awarding any pecuniary damages, on the basis that she failed to provide any evidence of the deceased's salary beyond mere words. They claim that they criticize the court for awarding only a small amount in moral damages, and for not awarding any pecuniary damages. Despite that, they later discovered an evidence indicating that the deceased used to earn 100,000Frw a month, as shown in annex 112 of the filing system. Therefore,

## Page 707

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they request the court to consider the document they have found, and award both moral and pecuniary damages she had claimed, which amount to 100,000,000Frw, based on her husband's remuneration.  Regarding NSENGIYUMVA Vincent NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, represented by Counsel MURANGWA Faustin, states that on 19/06/2018, the FLN armed group launched an attack on his home, setting his RAV4 model car with license plate RAD 802 K on fire. The car had a value of 25,000,000Frw. In addition, household items worth 30,000,000Frw were destroyed. He also suffered serious head injuries and spent 1,500,000Frw on healthcare and 4,000,000Frw on feeding. He claims that he requested all these amounts in damages, in addition to 21,600,000Frw, calculated on 20,000Frw per day from the time his car was set on fire until the trial of the case, for depriving him of the right to use his car in his daily activities. He also requested 20,000,000Frw in moral damages and 540,000 Frw for judicial expenses. He argues that he has relied on various documents to support the reliability of his claims. However, regarding this appeal claim, he also relies on various witness declarations from people who intervened to rescue him during the attack. Such declarations are intended to help the appellate court understand that some evidence may not have been available due to the situation of the attacks, as well as the physical and mental trauma the victim experienced. He states that the criticism he makes of the appealed judgment is that the court analyzed the evidence proving that he was assaulted during the attacks and sought medical care from King Faisal Hospital, where he was transferred from Butare University Teaching Hospital. However, the court held that he

## Page 708

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should not be awarded the requested amount of 5,500,000Frw for medical expenses and feeding during the time of his hospital admission, on the grounds that he did not substantiate it with evidence and lacked evidence of the duration of his hospital stay. He clarifies that the court made a contradiction because it recognized having been given evidence of the transfer of NSENGIYUMVA Vincent from University Teaching Hospital of Butare to King Faisal Hospital but finally held that there is no basis to assert his admission to that hospital. Consequently, he requests the same damages as he had already requested at the trial court level at the appellate level. He alleges that with regard to the value of his car that was set on fire, the court held that since he provided sufficient evidence to prove his ownership, he is awarded fifteen million (15,000,000Frw) instead of the twenty-five million (25,000,000Frw) he had requested. He criticizes the court for contradicting itself by acknowledging the reliability of the evidence he presented on the value of the car but still awarding discretionary damages. According to him, the amount awarded is arbitrary because the court did not rely on any evidence to justify it. He states that regarding the household equipment, the court ruled that every party should prove their claim. Thus, since NSENGIYUMVA Vincent failed to prove that he owned household equipment worth thirty million (30,000,000Frw), he should not be awarded the requested compensation. This is especially so since even the report established by Nyabimata sector does not mention the plundered equipment. He believes that the court has quoted him mistakenly because the report actually states that they were attacked by arson, not that their

## Page 709

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belongings were plundered. He requests to rely on the declarations of witnesses, such as Antoine's, to support his claim and to not to be deprived of his rights. Regarding compensation for the expenses he incurred for transportation due to being deprived of the car he used, the Court awarded him a discretionary amount of six million (6,000,000Frw) in moral damages. He argues that this is an arbitrary amount because he had indicated that he uses a car for his daily life and that a daily car rental ranges from 15,000Frw to 20,000Frw, which he relied on to calculate the requested amount. Therefore, he does not understand the basis of the court's decision to award him only 6,000,000Frw. He argues that the court awarded him only 500,000Frw for judicial expenses, which is a smaller amount compared to the trips he made to Nyanza before the trial was transferred to Kigali and the expenses he incurred afterward. He prays, in general, that the Court's award of twenty-one million five hundred thousand (21,500,000Frw) in paragraph 708 be reviewed based on the elements of evidence that were produced at the trial level as well as those produced at the appeal level, including witness statements. Counsel MURANGWA Faustin, representing NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, states that invoices for medical expenses incurred during his client's hospital stay were produced, as well as other expenses. He also states that the identification card of the burned motor vehicle indicates that it was purchased in 2016, and as a civil servant, the vehicle should not have exceeded 40,000km and should have had valid insurance. He asserts that he purchased it for 25,000,000Frw, and that awarding him 15,000,000Frw of compensation only after two years is

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unjustified given that it would not have depreciated to the extent of losing half its original value. He goes on to state that regarding the compensation sought for household equipment, the witness called Callixte, who used to live with NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, explained how the attackers burned the vehicle, damaged and set fire to the house and equipment inside. Therefore, it is difficult to find invoices for the damaged equipment. In contrast, regarding moral damages, he demanded 20,000,000Frw, considering how they affected him and that he still bears wounds that prevent him from working well and providing for his family. However, the court only awarded him 6,000,000Frw, even though he believes the requested amount was not excessive. b) Regarding the appellants who expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of damages awarded in relation to the attacks launched in Nyungwe forest, Kitabi sector, in Nyamagabe district Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that the attacks launched in Nyungwe forest affected 26 victims, who were awarded damages that they found insufficient. They are the following: 1. UWAMBAJE Françoise and 2. NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, 3. DAHUNGA Ladislas, 4. RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, 5. SHUMBUSHO David,

## Page 711

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6. KIRENGA Darius, 7. MARIZA Adéline, 8. MBONIGABA Richard, 9. MUKESHIMANA Diane, 10. NDIKUMANA Isaac, 11. MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, 12. UZAYISENGA Liliane, 13. HABAKUBAHO Adéline, 14. VUGABAGABO Jean Marie Vianney, 15. MURENGERANTWARI Donat, 16. HAKIZIMANA Denys, 17. RWAMIHIGO Alexis, 18. NYIRANGABIRE Valérie, 19. SEMIGABO Déo, 20. NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, 21. NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane, 22. KAREGESA Phénias, 23. HABIMANA Zerothe, 24. NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, 25. KAYITESI Alice and 26. YAMBABARIYE Védaste.  Regarding UWAMBAJE Françoise

## Page 712

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UWAMBAJE Françoise, assisted by Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, states that her husband HABYARIMANA Dominique was killed in the attack launched in Nyungwe. This had a profound impact on her, causing her serious grief. Additionally, she is now solely responsible for raising their children, which requires her to work hard to provide for the household. However, this is proving to be impossible to achieve without her husband's help. Furthermore, she also had to spend money on funeral services. She argues that her husband was an entrepreneur who used to win many bids and used two cars to work with the administration of the District, schools, and reserve force in the building of settlements, among others. She asserts that during the good times, her husband used to earn four million (4,000,000Frw) per month, excluding expenses. She further states that considering the remaining time until his retirement, she had requested 100,000,000Frw in damages, including moral and pecuniary damages, as well as the shortfall in income. She believes that this amount would enable her to start developing her household. She adds that she provided evidence for her husband's income, such as bank account statements indicating his operations, to the Court of Appeal. She requests the court to consider them when awarding damages. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who are assisting UWAMBAJE Françoise, declare that concerning the requested damages, it is good that the court held that the damages it awarded are moral damages. If the provisions of the law and the fact that damages should be subdivided in different categories are considered,

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UWAMBAJE Françoise was dissatisfied with the awarded damages because she has children under her responsibility. Therefore, the court should have considered awarding damages taking into account all the individuals under her care. Furthermore, regarding pecuniary damages, they state that even though UWAMBAJE Françoise could not prove her husband's monthly earnings for this occasion, there is no applicable law for computing damages in cases where people died as a result of various causes except for cases of motor vehicle accidents and cases of victims of animal attacks from parks or reserved zoos. They allege that in Rwanda, an individual's annual or monthly earnings are taken into account when determining damages, and if the individual has no earnings, a minimum wage is considered. Therefore, they criticize the appealed judgment where the court only held that damages were groundless because UWAMBAJE's husband was not working. As a living individual, the court should have at least held that he failed to prove his employment but would consider the guaranteed minimum wage and award an average amount of damages. They argue that the court denied the requested funeral expenses, even though they were included in the requested hundred million. They further explain that it is currently difficult to provide evidence for all the expenses incurred, as previously mentioned. On the day of the attacks, there were serious incidents, dangerous accidents, and people died or were traumatized to the extent that they did not believe justice would be served. As a result, some elements of evidence were not available during the filing of the claim, including those related to the funeral expenses of her husband.

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However, they state that, based on Article 154 of the Law relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, they submitted various documents as evidence indicating the different activities of her husband. These documents are available in the filing system on Annex 104. Additionally, photographs of her husband's grave were filed on Annex 106 and 107, along with the invoice of funeral expenses on Annex 103. However, there were some invoices, such as those for mineral water and transportation, that she was not able to find. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise explain that the court only awarded her ten million (10,000,000 Frw) in moral damages, whereas there are also pecuniary damages to be considered, as it was clarified that her husband was working. Therefore, the remaining working period should be taken into account to award damages and compensation for other losses, as explained above. The trial court should have awarded these damages, which it did not do, alleging that she did not provide reliable evidence. They request the court to exercise its discretion and award her these damages. Furthermore, with regard to the moral damages amounting to ten million (10,000,000Frw) awarded to their client, but of which she is dissatisfied for being insufficient, they request the court to reexamine the request and exercise its discretion to award her at least fifty million (50,000,000Frw) in moral damages.  Regarding NGIRABABYEYI Désiré They declare that he had requested a total of 137,600,000Frw in damages, including 50,000,000Frw for disability, 20,000,000Frw for moral damages, 66,600,000Frw for pecuniary damages, and 1,000,000Frw for judicial expenses.

## Page 715

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However, the High Court only awarded him 2,000,000Frw for moral damages and judicial expenses. They explain that NGIRABABYEYI Désiré was a driver of a motor vehicle owned by ALPHA Express Company Ltd, and on 15/12/2018, he was carrying passengers from Rusizi. When they reached Nyungwe forest, they encountered an ambush set up by FLN combatants. The combatants killed some of the passengers and injured others, including Ngirababeyi. He states that during the attack, he was shot in the tibia and sole of his foot, which has caused him permanent disability. As a result, he is no longer able to make the round trip from Kigali to Rusizi, which he used to do as a driver. Such disability was diagnosed by a medical doctor at Kigabagaba Hospital and was determined to be 22%, and he was advised that an operation was not possible. For now, he is no longer able to work as a driver and can only do manual labor. He also states that he never presented such a report to the High Court, as he found it when the case was already at the appellate level. He has now uploaded it to the filing system as annex 093. He further states that while he was still working as a driver, his monthly income amounted to 250,000Frw, but he has not presented any evidence to support this claim. Therefore, he requests that the court award him the requested damages of 137,600,000Frw based on his medical report, previous monthly income, and remaining work period, as he is now disabled and unable to continue working as a driver. He asks the court to exercise its discretion in making this award. His legal counsel added that regarding the damages for the suffering he endured, the amount he was awarded, which was 2,000,000Frw, should also be reconsidered by the instant court as it was insufficient.

## Page 716

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 Regarding RUDAHUNGA Ladislas and his children RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius and UMULIZA Adéline Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, representing RUDAHUNGA Ladislas and his children RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius, and UMULIZA Adéline, allege that all of them filed requests for various damages amounting to a total of 33,620,000Frw. However, the court only awarded moral damages of 5,000,000Frw plus funeral expenses of 2,190,200Frw to RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, the father of the child who was killed, named MUTESI Jacqueline. For each of the deceased's siblings, namely RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius, and UMULIZA Adéline, the court awarded 2,000,000Frw. They argue that since the damages were awarded at the court's discretion, they demand that the instant court reconsider them, as they believe the amount awarded to be insufficient.  Regarding MBONIGABA Richard, MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, VUGABAGABO Jean Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWARI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valerie and SEMIGABO Déo Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent them, state that all

## Page 717

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of them filed for damages as a result of the death of MUKABAHIZI Hilarie. In their claim, they had requested moral damages of 10,000,000Frw for her children and 5,000,000Frw for her siblings, but the court awarded only 2,000,000Frw for the siblings and 5,000,000Frw for the children. They are requesting that the instant court exercises discretion, re-examines their claim, and awards them the full amount they had claimed.  Regarding NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane ounsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that she filed a claim for damages following the death of her child, NIYOBUHUNGIRO Jeanine, aged 23, who was coming from school in Butare toward Rusizi. She had requested damages totaling 20,000,000Frw, including 15,000,000Frw for moral damages and 5,000,000Frw for shortfalls. However, the Court awarded her a discretionary amount of only 5,000,000Frw. They argue that the amount awarded is insufficient and are requesting that the instant court exercise discretion and re-examine the claim.  Regarding NYIRAYUMVE Eliane Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, state that she lost her husband NTEZIRYAYO Samuel as a result of the attack that occurred in Nyungwe. She had therefore requested the trial court to award her 23,500,000Frw, but she was awarded a cumulative amount of 10,500,000Frw in moral damages only, without differentiating between moral and pecuniary damages. The court stated that 10,000,000Frw was for moral damages and 500,000Frw was for judicial expenses. She alleges that she was not awarded compensation for funeral expenses. They argue that

## Page 718

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with respect to this appeal, they have submitted evidence of the funeral expenses of her husband in annex 071. Thus, they reiterate their request for the same amount of damages, which they request the instant court to award at its discretion. Regarding pecuniary damages, as the deceased did not have any known remunerated work, they are requesting the court to calculate them based on the guaranteed minimum wage.  Regarding KAREGESA Phenias Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, argue that due to the death of his child NIYONSHUTI Isaac, who was a third-year secondary school student, he had requested a total of 67,000,000Frw in damages, including 63,000,000Frw in moral damages, 3,000,000Frw in funeral expenses, and 1,000,000Frw in judicial expenses. However, the court only awarded him 5,500,000Frw. They thus request to reconsider them at its discretion. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise also state that besides NGIRABABYEYI Désiré whom they assisted and mentioned above, they also represent others who were injured as a result of the attack that occurred in Nyungwe and who also request damages namely: HABIMANA Zerothe, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, KAYITESI Alice and YAMBABARIYE Védatse.  Regarding HABIMANA Zerothe Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that he had requested damages amounting to 139,400,000Frw, but he was awarded only 2,500,000Frw at the court's discretion. This amount is insufficient compared to the requested amount because

## Page 719

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there is a significant difference. They declare that they have uploaded a medical report from Kigeme Hospital on Annex 090 into the system, which indicates that HABIMANA Zerothe has a permanent disability and requires medical care. They therefore request the instant court to reconsider the amount he was given since it is insufficient, and increase it accordingly.  Regarding NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, state that she had requested damages amounting to 5,500,000Frw, but the court only awarded her 2,000,000Frw in moral damages. This was because the court held that she could not be awarded damages for her disability as the medical report did not indicate that it was a result of the attack. They argue that there is a medical report on annex 094, which they uploaded to the system, indicating that he still suffers from a disability, particularly with regard to aesthetics. They, therefore, request the court to reconsider the damages awarded because the amount of 2,000,000Frw is insufficient.  Regarding KAYITESI Alice Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, state that they uploaded a medical report in the system indicating that she still has a 20% degree of disability. She had requested damages amounting to 50,000,000 Frw, but the court only awarded her 2,000,000Frw. They, therefore, request the court to reconsider it.  Regarding YAMBABARIYE Vedaste

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Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that he had requested 20,000,000Frw due to the disability he suffered as indicated by the medical report uploaded in the filing system on annex 099. However, the Court did not clarify his request well, because if one clearly observes the statements in paragraph 618 of the appealed judgment, the Court indicated that it had seen his evidence, considered it, and deemed that he should be awarded 2,000,000Frw. However, according to paragraph 711, he was listed among the plaintiffs who were not given damages. They request the court to rectify this mistake and increase the damages he was awarded because the 2,000,000 Frw he received were insufficient compared to the 20,000,000 Frw he had requested before.  Regarding NDUTIYE Yussuf, OMEGA Express Ltd and ALPHA Express Company Ltd These appellants, who are represented by Counsel MURANGWA Faustin, also allege that they were dissatisfied with the damages awarded by the trial court, which they deemed insufficient. Regarding NDUTIYE Yussuf, Counsel MURANGWA Faustin states that, as indicated by paragraph 533 of the appealed judgment, while he was travelling in his car from Rusizi, he encountered armed men in Nyungwe forest. They stopped him and he disembarked from his Golf VW model car with the plate number RAC 547 A and hid in the forest. When he returned, he discovered that they had set fire to his car, and he later learned that it was done by FLN combatants. As a result, he filed a claim requesting the defendants to jointly compensate him with an

## Page 721

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amount of eight million francs (8,000,000Frw), the value of the car, moral damages amounting to two million (2,000,000Frw), and judicial expenses of one million (1,000,000Frw). He also requested to be awarded twenty thousand francs (20,000Frw) from the day of the car arson until the day of the trial. He states that the evidence on which he relied to request such damages is indicated in paragraph 534 of the appealed judgment. It includes a proforma invoice established by KAMECAR Motors Ltd on 24/01/2020, showing that the car's value was 8,000,000Frw, an insurance policy established on 23/12/2019, photographs of the vehicle before its arson and of the burnt car, as well as a report established by the local administration stating that on 15/12/2018, within that Nyungwe forest, armed combatants burned several motor vehicles. He explains that the court evaluated the submitted evidence and acknowledged that he was the owner of the Golf VW model car with the plate number RAC 547A, manufactured in 2001, for which he requested compensation after it was set on fire in Nyungwe forest. However, the court held that the proforma invoice, which was established on 24/01/2020, after the arson of his car, was insufficient in proving the value of the car at the time of purchase and did not reflect the value when it comes to the period of ownership. Therefore, he should not be awarded the requested compensation based solely on the proforma invoice. Instead, he should be awarded a discretionary amount of 4,000,000Frw. He argues that the awarded compensation of 4,000,000Frw is baseless because it is insufficient to buy any replacement motor vehicle. Consequently, he requests that the court either award him the compensation amount he had initially requested or appoint new valuers to determine the residual value

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since the previous valuers had used the same mode of calculation.

He declares that with regard to the other damages he requested, the trial court determined that the fact that his car was burned, he was terrorized by the attack and deprived of his right to use his car in his daily activities; he should be awarded 2,500,000Frw in moral damages at the court's discretion, as the amount he originally requested was deemed excessive, and he failed to provide evidence for the daily rent of 20,000Frw. On this point, he argues that the trial court failed to consider his need for another car to use in his daily activities and the cost of renting such a car, which he claims ranges from 15,000Frw to 20,000Frw per day, depending on the model (crossover or sedan). He argues that the five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) of judicial expenses he was awarded by the trial court is insufficient, considering the number of times he appeared in hearings in Nyanza before the transfer of the case to Kigali and afterward, as well as the loss of income from his work as an entrepreneur. Therefore, he requests a reconsideration of these damages and seeks to be awarded 1,000,000Frw based on the evidence filed, as well as others that were presented to the court as part of the appeal, including witness statements. Regarding OMEGA EXPRESS Ltd, Counsel MURANGWA Faustin states that as indicated in paragraph 535 of the appealed judgment, OMEGA EXPRESS Ltd, which operates in passenger transport, requested compensation for its two Coaster model buses with the plate numbers RAC 357 J and RAD 201 N that were set on fire in Nyungwe forest.

## Page 723

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He explains that the evidence submitted to support his claim for damages includes the vehicle papers and invoices issued by the seller "Akagera Business Group," which prove that the Coaster model motor vehicle with chassis number JTFGFB 51820-1053253 and plate number RAC 357 J was purchased for 51,809,000Frw and was set on fire after being used for five years. Moreover, the motor vehicle with chassis number GFB518901981521 and plate number RAD 201 N was purchased for 52,079,986Frw and was set on fire after being used for five years. Compensation was sought for these motor vehicles as well as pecuniary damages amounting to 662,000,000Frw for both of them on the basis of the profits they used to generate and the shortfalls they suffered because passenger buses typically last for twenty years. He also argues that they had requested judicial expenses and court fees amounting to 1,240,000Frw, as well as damages amounting to 20,000,000Frw because OMEGA Express Ltd lost the trust that people had in it, resulting in financial losses. The total amount of damages it is requesting is 737,128,986Frw. He goes on to state that in clarifying its decision, the court indicated that it relied on the pieces of evidence furnished by OMEGA Express Ltd. The court realized that there were two (2) Coaster passenger buses that were set on fire in Nyungwe forest by MRCD-FLN combatants, and such loss should be compensated by paying the value of the vehicles, the loss incurred by OMEGA Express Ltd for not being able to use them, as well as the judicial expenses. In paragraph 602 of the appealed judgment, the trial court held that since the motor vehicle for which compensation was sought, amounting to 51,809,000Frw, was in use for five (5) years, it deemed that, at its discretion, an

## Page 724

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amount of forty million francs (40,000,000Frw) should be paid. Similarly, the one for which compensation was sought, amounting to 52,079,986Frw, and which was in use for one year, should be paid forty-five million francs (45,000,000Frw). Counsel MURANGWA Faustin argues that the trial court deemed that OMEGA Express Ltd did not clearly demonstrate the basis for pecuniary damages. The court held that relying solely on the period of twenty (20) years of use and the daily income generated by the buses was not sufficient to award such damages. In paragraph 603 of the appealed judgment, the court held that since buses do not run every day and OMEGA Express Ltd provided an estimate of their income, it should only be awarded pecuniary damages for a period of 33 months, computed from 15/12/2018, the time the motor vehicles were set on fire until the trial of the case. This is because the motor vehicles were used for 24 days per month with a return of fifty thousand francs (50,000Frw) per day. Counsel MURANGWA Faustin argues that there is no way the court could have held that the bus runs for only 24 days a month, because even if the driver takes break, the bus can still be used. He adds that the court did not consider the fact that the events resulted in the loss of trust of customers in OMEGA EXPRESS Ltd, which has still caused losses for the company. The Court has decided to award damages to OMEGA Express Ltd amounting to seventy-nine million two hundred thousand francs (79,200,000Frw) for its two motor vehicles that were set on fire, five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) for judicial expenses and court fees, making the total amount one hundred sixty-four million seven hundred thousand francs (164,700,000Frw).

## Page 725

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He states that his clients were dissatisfied with the decision of the court in paragraphs 600 and 603 of the appealed judgment because they believed that pecuniary damages should have been awarded based on the daily rate of fifty thousand (50,000Frw) until the pronouncement of the decision, and for the full 30 days of the month, as motor vehicles work every day, as clarified by witness RURANGWA. He further explains that the judicial expenses demanded amount to one million two hundred forty thousand francs (1,240,000Frw), including twenty thousand (20,000Frw) for court fees and one million two hundred twenty thousand francs (1,220,000Frw) estimated because they did not request invoices for the payments they made for case follow-up. Regarding ALPHA Express Company Ltd, Counsel MURANGWA Faustin, who represents it, states that according to paragraph 536 of the appealed judgment, ALPHA Express Company Ltd, as a passenger transport company, has requested compensation for its motor vehicle, a TOYOTA Coaster model with plate number RAC 341U, which was set on fire in Nyungwe forest. The amount requested is 341,000,000Frw, including 52,000,000Frw as its purchase price, 288,000,000Frw as pecuniary damages, and 1,000,000Frw as judicial expenses. He argues that evidence supporting such damages was presented, including vehicle papers, the purchase invoice of the vehicle dated 09/01/2015, and a report from the local administration indicating the burnt passenger vehicles in Nyungwe forest. He also states that based on the pieces of evidence presented by ALPHA Express Company Ltd, the trial court decided that its passenger vehicle, a Coaster model, was set on fire in the attack that occurred on 15/12/2018 in Nyungwe forest. Therefore, it should be awarded damages for the loss incurred

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relating to the loss of its motor vehicle and the money it would have earned if it had not been set on fire, as well as for the judicial expenses it incurred by being dragged into lawsuits. However, considering that the said vehicle was in use for 4 years, the court deemed that it should not be compensated for its value at its purchase period. Instead, at its discretion, the court awarded forty million francs (40,000,000Frw). He further states that concerning the pecuniary damages requested by ALPHA Express Ltd, the trial court explained that considering the remaining 16 years of the period of use of the motor vehicle and the alleged daily income of fifty thousand (50,000Frw), it deemed that they should not be awarded such damages because compensation had already been awarded for the value of the motor vehicle. Instead, they should be awarded pecuniary damages for 33 months computed from 15/12/2018, the day the motor vehicle was set on fire until the trial of the case. Therefore, based on the fact that the court noted that the passenger motor vehicle is used for 24 days per month with an income of fifty thousand (50,000Frw) per day, they should be awarded 39,600,000Frw for compensation and five hundred thousand (500,000Frw) for judicial expenses, making the total amount awarded to be eighty million one hundred thousand francs (80,100,000Frw) For these reasons, Counsel MURANGWA Faustin argues that they disagree with the method used by the High Court to calculate such damages, because the value of a motor vehicle, such as the coaster model, does not depreciate as a result of usage, but rather increases as a result of inflation. The trial court ignored this fact when determining the compensation for the value of the motor vehicle, as it considered the period of usage instead of

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taking into account the market value. For illustration, he cited the instance where OMEGA Express Ltd company purchased a motor vehicle three years ago for 51,000,000Frw, but when they went to buy another one, they realized that the market value of the same motor vehicle had increased to 57,000,000Frw. Regarding pecuniary damages, he requests the instant court to compute them on the basis of 30 days per month because motor vehicles are used every day, and he demands 1,000,000Frw for judicial expenses because since the beginning of the case in Nyanza until now, ALPHA Express Company Ltd could not have incurred only 500,000Frw as awarded by the court. Regarding the question that was asked by the court about the steps taken by the companies he represents to get compensation from insurance companies, Counsel MURANGWA Faustin clarified that they attempted this process but did not achieve a positive result. They were told that indemnification was impossible based on the principle of predictability. They even tried to seek compensation from the insurance guarantee fund, but their request was also rejected. c) Regarding the appellants who expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of damages awarded in relation to the attacks launched in Kamembe and Nyakarenzo Sectors in Rusizi district Counsels MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise allege that there were attacks launched in two different locations in Rusizi District, namely Kamembe Sector at Stella Bar and in Nyakarenzo Sector at the factory, where a car was also set on fire. They argue that four (4) of their clients have

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lodged an appeal for being awarded insufficient damages with respect to the attacks carried out in Kamembe sector, namely: 1. NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène 2. RUTAYISIRE Félix, 3. NSABIMANA Joseph and 4. NZEYIMANA Paulin, Another one of them, namely MAHORO Jean Damascène, lodged an appeal against the awarded damages in respect to the attack on the factory in Nyakarenzo sector.  Regarding NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, argue that MAHORO Jean Damascène had requested damages of 30,000,000Frw for the disability he suffered as a result of the attack. He proved this by submitting a medical report dated 22/10/2020 that indicated his disability degree of 6%. He also sought medical treatment. However, the trial court awarded him a discretionary amount of only 3,000,000Frw. He lodged an appeal against the awarded damages as he considered them to be insufficient, and therefore, they request the court to review the claim and increase the damages awarded.  Regarding RUTAYISIRE Félix Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, adduce that their client had requested 5,000,000Frw in damages for the disability resulting from the attack launched in Kamembe sector.

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However, the trial court awarded him a discretionary amount of 4,000,000Frw, which they argue is insufficient, and therefore, they request the appellate court to re-examine the claim and increase the damages by awarding him the requested amount of 5,000,000Frw.  Regarding NSABIMANA Joseph Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise adduce that NSABIMANA Joseph was injured as a result of that attack and had requested moral damages amounting to 9,000,000Frw and damages of 6,000,000Frw for an 8% degree of disability, for which he presented pieces of evidence. However, the court awarded him a discretionary amount of 3,000,000Frw only for both claims. Since he was awarded an insufficient amount of damages, they request the appellate court to re-examine the claims and award him the damages he had originally requested.  Regarding NZEYIMANA Paulin Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, adduce that he was injured as a result of that attack when grenade fragments hit different parts of his body. He had requested damages amounting to 5,000,000Frw, but the court awarded him a discretionary amount of 2,000,000Frw which they argue is insufficient. Therefore, they request the appellate court to reexamine the claim considering the medical report that he previousely submitted, although only indicated that he was injured, and increase the damages awarded to the amount of 5,000,000Frw he had requested before.

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 Regarding MAHORO Jean Damascène MAHORO Jean Damascène, through his legal counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, states that he is the owner of the Daihatsu Dyna motor vehicle with plate number RAC 943 B that was set on fire during the night of 18/07/2019 at the factory located in Karangiro, Nyakarenzo sector. He argues that the Court awarded him 5,500,000Frw, which he deems insufficient because he had purchased the motor vehicle for 11,000,000Frw. He used it to transport flour to Congo twice a day for sixty thousand (60,000Frw) francs because one trip was 30,000Frw. He had taken a loan to purchase it, which had plunged him into poverty that he cannot come out of at present. Therefore, he requests the appellate court to meticulously examine whether the awarded damages are sufficient. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise argue that, in addition to the compensation for the value of his motor vehicle, MAHORO Jean Damascène had also requested 29,000,000Frw for the loss of earnings it would have generated as a business vehicle. He used the vehicle to transport flour to Congo and other areas from the factory, and had also requested moral damages of 10,000,000Frw. However, the trial court awarded him a discretionary cumulative damages of only 5,000,000Frw for the value of the motor vehicle, which they deem insufficient. They further state that the trial court held that it could not award him damages related to the loss of earnings because he did not produce supporting evidence. They allege that their client's failure to produce evidence that his motor vehicle was used for business was due to the fact that all its papers were burnt along with it. However, they argue that he has witnesses

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who can attest that he owned such a vehicle, namely Damascène who accompanied him when he purchased it, the driver, and the seller. They further state that if necessary, the court can subpoena these witnesses to be heard. They further argue that the administration that rescued him is aware that he owned the motor vehicle, and the Prosecution authority reported the arson of the motor vehicle as a result of the attack carried out in Nyakarenzo. They also assert that since it was a Dyna light truck model, it could only be used for business purposes. He bought it in a used condition and used it for a year. Considering the market price and the daily income of 60,000 Frw, it should have generated 29,000,000 Frw. They rest their statements by requesting the appellate court to exercise its discretion and reconsider all these grounds, and award him the same damages he had requested at the first instance level. D. Regarding appellants who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all There are 51 claimants of damages who were not awarded any compensation by the trial court. They state that they presented evidence of the damages they suffered, including reports issued by administrative organs, medical reports, witness statements, suspects' declarations, and various pieces of evidence present in the prosecution file. Despite this, the trial court decided that they did not deserve compensation due to lack of evidence. Their names are: 1. HABIMANA Viateur, 2. NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, 3. BENINKA Marceline,

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4. NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, 5. NYIRAHORA Godelive, 6. RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, 7. MUNYENTWALI Cassien, 8. BANGAYANDUSHA Jean Marie Vianney, 9. NSABIMANA Straton, 10. SEBAGEMA Simon, 11. BARAYANDEMA Viateur, 12. KARERANGABO Antoine, 13. NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, 14. NSAGUYE Jean, 15. NYIRAZIBERA Dative, 16. NDIKUMANA Viateur, 17. NDIKUMANA Callixte, 18. NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, 19. KANGABE Christine, 20. NANGWAHAFI Callixte, 21. NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, 22. NYIRAMANA Bellancille, 23. HABYARIMANA Damascène, 24. NYAMINANI Daniel, 25. MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, 26. BWIMBA Vianney,

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27. NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, 28. MANARIYO Théogène, 29. GASHONGORE Samuel, 30. NZABIRINDA Viateur, 31. NIYOMUGABA 32. NDAYISENGA Edouard, 33. BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, 34. BARAGAMBA, 35. RUTIHUNZA Enos, 36. BARIRWANDA Innocent, 37. NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, 38. HABIMANA Innocent, 39. SEBARINDA Emmanuel, 40. NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, 41. NKUNDIZERA Damascène, 42. HABAKURAMA Gratien and 43. HARERIMANA Emmanuel, 44. NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, 45. DUSENGIMANA Solange, 46. KANYANDEKWE Vénant, 47. NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, 48. HAGENIMANA Patrice, 49. NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel,

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50. NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine and 51. GAKWAYA Gérard. The civil parties in this category are among those who allege that they were affected by attacks launched by MRCD- FLN in (a) Nyabimata sector, (b) Nyungwe in Kitabi sector, and in Rusizi district in Kamembe and Nyakarenzo Sectors (c), as well as those alleging to have been affected by attacks launched in Kivu (d) and Ruheru (e) sectors. a) Regarding appellants who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all with respect to attacks launched in Nyabimata sector Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise argue that their clients, were affected by attacks carried out in Nyabimata without being awarded any compensation. The number of their clients is twenty-two (22), namely: 1. HABIMANA Viateur, 2. NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, 3. BENINKA Marcelline, 4. NYIRAMINANI Melanie, 5. NYIRAHORA Godelive, 6. RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, 7. MUNYENTWARI Cassien, 8. BANGAYANDUSHA Jean Marie Vianney, 9. NSABIMANA Straton,

## Page 735

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10. SEBAGEMA Simon, 11. BARAYANDEMA Viateur, 12. NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, 13. NSAGUYE Jean, 14. NYIRAZIBERA Dative, 15. NDIKUMANA Viateur, 16. NDIKUMANA Callixte, 17. NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, 18. KANGABE Christine, 19. NANGWAHAFI Callixte, 20. NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, 21. NYIRAMANA Bellancille and 22. HABYARIMANA Damascène. They allege that, in general, all of them have in common the fact that the trial court decided not to award them any compensation due to a lack of evidence, and that they are not mentioned anywhere in the report established by the administration of Nyabimata sector. They have therefore appealed, blaming the decision of the court and requesting the current appellate court to examine the report established by the administration of Nyabimata sector. The report shows that belongings of the population, including foodstuffs and others, were damaged, and that various witnesses have reiterated that their belongings were plundered. They also state that upon observing paragraph 47 of the appealed judgment, it is noted that the trial court reexamined the statements of some of the civil

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parties, such as HABYARIMANA Damascène, who is also among those not awarded compensation. They recount the facts, including the destruction or plundering of the civil parties' properties, but despite this, they were not awarded damages.  Regarding HABIMANA Viateur Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, representing him, assert that HABIMANA Viateur is one of the persons who were present in the bar belonging to HABARUREMA Joseph, who was killed. The combatants who launched the attack assaulted him, but it did not result in any visible injury that could be expressed in a medical report. Therefore, he requested moral damages of 5,000,000 Frw. They also state that his clothes were torn apart, and he lost his shoes, for which he requested compensation amounting to 30,000 Frw. They further state that these acts traumatized him, as they proved to the trial court that he was unable to work for a long period of two (2) months, and as a result, he requested damages amounting to 180,000Frw. The total amount requested is 5,210,000Frw. However, despite their efforts, the trial court held that they did not produce any evidence to support their claims. They argue that since HABIMANA Viateur could not find evidence to prove how he was assaulted or his belongings were plundered, they request the appellate court to reconsider this issue by taking into account the report established by Nyabimata sector, even though it does not provide the details of the events on 3/06/2018, 19/06/2018, and 01/07/2018. They also request the court to consider various witness statements, which are mentioned in paragraph 47 of the appealed judgment, and the fact that HABIMANA Viateur is one of the witnesses who testified

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about the death of HABARUREMA Joseph, who was killed in the said bar after being beaten during those attacks. They argue that the events occurred in plain sight of everyone, and therefore HABIMANA Viateur should be awarded damages as requested at the previous instance.  Regarding NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste Counsel Munyamahoro René and Me MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, allege that Ngiruwonsanga Venuste is one of the victims of the attack that took place on 01/07/2018 while he was at home. They claim that his various belongings, including provisions, were looted by the attackers. Furthermore, they assert that he was forcibly made to carry the looted belongings all the way to Nyungwe Forest. They state that he had requested to be given compensation for various items. These include 70 kg of wheat, valued at 28,000Frw at a rate of 400Frw per kilogram. Additionally, he requested compensation for beans equivalent to 35,000Frw for 50 kg, calculated as 700Frw per kilogram (50 kg x 700 Frw = 35,000Frw). He also sought compensation for maize equivalent to 16,000Frw for 40 kg, where the rate was 400Frw per kilogram (40 kg x 400 Frw = 16,000Frw). Furthermore, he claimed compensation for clothes, including sweaters valued at 60,000Frw, as well as boot-type shoes valued at 5,000Frw. He also requested compensation for the looted belongings, amounting to 140,000Frw, and moral damages totaling 1,856,000Frw for being abducted and forced to carry the looted belongings to Nyungwe Forest. The total amount claimed was 2,140,000Frw. However, the trial court did not award him any damages based on the report established by the Nyabimata sector administration. The court's decision was influenced by the fact that he was not mentioned among the individuals whose belongings were stolen in that report.

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They further state that they urge the instant court to consider the report established by the administration of Nyabimata Sector, which states that there are individuals whose provisions were plundered, without specifying their names or the quantity of provisions. Additionally, they request the court to consider the video containing witness declarations recounting the attacks by the assailants, the looting of provisions belonging to the population, as well as the statements made by some of the accused individuals admitting to the act of plundering provisions. The court should also take into account the statements in the report, which demonstrate that people were abducted and forced to carry the looted belongings. These statements can be corroborated with the text of article 104 of Law No. 15/2004 of 12/6/2004, relating to evidence and its production, which provides that a court may use a known fact to ascertain an unknown fact. It is known that the gardens of the civil parties were plundered, and this assertion is supported by witnesses. They also express their concern that, regarding NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, he was unable to gather evidence to support his claim of having 70 kilograms of wheat. Consequently, the Court is requested to exercise discretion and rely on Article 104 of Law No. 15/2004 of 12/6/2004 relating to evidence and its production. The witness declarations regarding the plundering of provisions should be considered as a presumption supported by the report established by the administration of Nyabimata, serving as initial written evidence to prove the fact.  Regarding BENINKA Marceline Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, allege that she had her

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telephone stolen and experienced trauma as the assailants forced her to walk throughout the entire night. She requests damages totaling two million fifty-four thousand francs (2,054,000Frw), which include moral damages and compensation for the stolen telephone.  Regarding NYIRAMINANI Mélanie Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, allege that during the attack launched in Nyabimata sector, her husband, who was on patrol, was abducted and forcibly made to carry the plundered belongings. He returned after a period of two weeks, having experienced significant trauma. As a result, he is requesting moral damages totaling five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw). Furthermore, they argue that she was not awarded damages by the trial court due to the lack of evidence proving her husband's abduction and the loss of her belongings.  Regarding NYIRAHORA Godelive Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, allege that NYIRAHORA Godelive is a 60-year-old mother. They further assert that during the attack, she was at home and heard individuals forcefully breaking into the house where she was sleeping. The intruders proceeded to steal her clothes and the provisions she had recently harvested. They argue that she filed for damages for her lost belongings, which are calculated as follows: An african print fabric consisting of three parts valued at 9,000Frw, a sweater valued at 3,500Frw, a machete valued at 1,200Frw, bean seeds valued at 3,000Frw (5kg x 600Frw), and moral damages amounting to 483,300Frw, totaling 500,000Frw,

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were claimed as damages. However, the trial court did not award her any damages for not having presented evidence.  Regarding RUHIGISHA Emmanuel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, allege that RUHIGISHA Emmanuel was a farmer involved in seed supply with RAB (Rwanda Agriculture Board). They further state that he had seed stocks consisting of five houses. They state that in the morning, people came to inform him that armed people had looted his stored provisions. They explain that he had requested the trial court to award him damages for his stolen belongings, as well as moral damages. These damages were calculated as follows: Potato seeds of 5,000kg x 400Frw = 2,000,000Frw, bean seeds of 350kg x 700Frw = 245,000Frw, pea seeds of 250kg x 800Frw = 200,000Frw, 5 improved chicken breeds x 5,000Frw = 25,000Frw, maize of 500kg x 300Frw = 150,000Frw, clothes valued at 40,000Frw, and moral damages of 5,000,000Frw, making a total of 7,690,000Frw. However, the court decided that he does not deserve to be awarded damages on the grounds that he failed to provide evidence of the looted belongings and the report established by the executive secretary of the sector did not prove that he is among the individuals affected by the acts for which damages are being sought. For all these reasons, they request that the court consider the report of the administration filed in annex no. 114 in the filing system and award him the damages he requested at the trial court level.  Regarding MUNYENTWARI Cassien Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, allege that the

## Page 741

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assailants attacked at around 9:00 pm in the evening. They forcibly broke the door of his house, extorted 10,000Frw from him, and proceeded to loot household equipment. They then demanded that he leave the house and forced him to carry the stolen belongings. They further allege that MUNYENTWARI Cassien had requested compensation for his stolen belongings and money, calculated as follows: compensation for stolen items consisting of a sweater valued at 5,000Frw, 2 African print fabrics valued at 18,000Frw, twenty (20) kilograms of peas valued at 30,000Frw, as one kilogram costs 1,500Frw (20kg x 1,500Frw = 30,000Frw), thirty (30) kilograms of beans valued at 18,000Frw, as one kilogram costs six hundred (30 x 600 Frw = 18,000Frw), and moral damages of 500,000Frw. The total damages amount to 571,000Frw. They state that the trial court did not award him any damages on the grounds that he failed to present evidence in support of his claims. Additionally, they mention that the report from the executive secretary of the sector did not include him among the individuals affected by the acts for which damages are being sought. Therefore, they argue that the facts were disregarded despite being reiterated by the witnesses. Consequently, they request the court to reexamine the facts.  Regarding BANGAYANDUSHA Jean Marie Vianney Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that he was on a night patrol as a member of DASSO. Around 9:00 in the evening, armed individuals approached him. They tied him up and demanded to know the residence of the sector executive secretary and SACCO accountant. They also confiscated his

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DASSO uniform jacket and two Tecno model phones. Subsequently, they compelled him to carry the looted items and continued to insult him upon discovering that he was the head of the patrol within the sector. They walked with him throughout the night and released him at daybreak, around 4:00 in the morning. They argue that for all these reasons, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean Marie Vianney had requested the trial court to award him moral damages and compensation for his stolen items as follow: Two Tecno model phones valued at 113,000Frw, 28,000Frw extorted from him, and moral damages amounting to 500,000Frw, the total being 641,000Frw. They allege that the trial court did not award him damages on the grounds that he did not present evidence of the plundered items and the acts that caused his suffering. Additionally, the report of the executive secretary did not mention him among the persons affected by the acts for which damages are being requested.  Regarding NSABIMANA Straton Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that NSABIMANA Straton owned a bar and resided at the same place. When the assailants attacked, they drank his beers and took others with them. They argue that he managed to escape, but he left his wife and 2-year-old child in the house. The assailants shot at the wall of the house to terrify him, hoping that he would return to rescue them. Fortunately, they were not harmed. He thus alleges that they remained in hiding throughout the night. For these reasons, he has requested damages calculated as follows: 5 crates of Mutsig x 11,000Frw = 55,000Frw, 2 crates of Primus x 8,300Frw = 16,600Frw, 1 crate of Turbo x 11,000Frw = 11,000Frw, 5 empty crates x 10,000Frw = 50,000Frw, Tecno

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telephone model valued at 50,000Frw, moral damages of 1,000,000Frw, the total being 1,182,600Frw. However, the Court held that no damages would be awarded to him on the grounds that he did not present any evidence, while disregarding the fact that apart from having his belongings looted, he also suffered trauma due to what he endured.  Regarding SEBAGEMA Simon Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, argue that SEBAGEMA Simon was a trader with a TIN number 10466687. During the armed attack, his commodities and the money he had cashed that day were stolen. This caused him significant losses as he had borrowed money from SACCO, which he had invested in his trade. As a result, he was forced to sell all his properties in order to repay the loan. They further state that SEBAGEMA Simon filed a claim for damages in the trial court, which were calculated as follows: The stolen amount of money of 110,000Frw, 100 kg of wheat valued at 80,000Frw, where a kilogram is 800Frw (100kg x 800Frw); 1 box of Pakmaya baking yeast with 12 pieces valued at 21,600Frw (12 pieces x 1,800Frw); 50 kg of sugar valued at 45,000Frw (50kg x 900Frw); 50 kg of rice valued at 35,000Frw, where a kilogram is 700Frw (50kg x 700Frw); Cooked donuts, 150 pieces valued at 15,000Frw (150x 100Frw); Sweaters, 12 pieces valued at 18,000Frw (12 x 1,500Frw); 1 box of biscuits valued at 7,200Frw; 12 pieces of underwear valued at 9,600Frw (12 x 800Frw); 100 kg of corn flour valued at 60,000Frw (100kg x 600Frw) and a telephone valued at 12,000Frw. They state that as a result, SEBAGEMA Simon was forced to sell his plot of land to repay the loan he received from

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the SACCO, which amounted to 300,000Frw. Additionally, he incurred expenses of 45,000Frw for transportation while following up on these matters. Due to these circumstances, he requested the trial court to award him damages totaling 3,500,000Frw. However, the Court held that he should not be awarded damages on the grounds that he did not present any evidence to prove the items that were stolen from him, and the report prepared by the executive secretary of the sector does not include him as a victim of the mentioned acts. They argue that the trial court disregarded the fact that the events caused him to suffer a loss.  Regarding BARAYANDEMA Viateur Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that BARAYANDEMA Viateur is a trader who operated a business in a house located in a trading center. They argue that on 19/06/2018, when assailants launched an attack at night, BARAYANDEMA Viateur received a call informing him that the motor vehicle belonging to the executive secretary of the sector had been burned. He went outside his house to assess the situation and check if anything was stolen from him. It was at that moment that he encountered the assailants, and he hid when he heard gunshots as they attempted to break into other people's houses. They argue that after the assailants left the area, they went to assess the situation, and BARAYANDEMA Viateur discovered that his boutique had also been plundered. He had requested compensation in the following manner: Stolen money amounting to 15,000Frw; donuts valued at 6,000Frw, as each donut costs 100Frw; 300 kg of sugar valued at 300,000Frw, as each kilogram costs 1,000Frw; 500 kg of rice valued at 450,000Frw, as each kilogram costs 900Frw (500kg x 900Frw =

## Page 745

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450,000Frw); 475 kg of wheat flour valued at 380,000Frw, as each kilogram costs 800Frw (475kg x 800Frw = 380,000Frw); 50 kg of small fish valued at 100,000Frw, as each kilogram costs 2,000Frw (50kg x 2,000Frw = 100,000Frw); 100 kg of groundnuts valued at 150,000Frw, as each kilogram costs 1,500Frw (100kg x 1,500Frw = 150,000Frw); 30 pairs of boot shoes valued at 150,000Frw, as each pair costs 5,000Frw (30 x 5,000Frw = 150,000Frw); 42 liters of milk valued at 42,000Frw, as each liter costs 1,000Frw (42L x 1,000Frw = 42,000Frw); 20 trousers valued at 200,000Frw, as each costs 10,000Frw (20 x 10,000 Frw = 200,000 Frw); 12 shirts valued at 72,000Frw, as each costs 6,000 Frw (12 x 6,000Frw = 72,000 Frw); 60 African print fabrics valued at 540,000Frw, as each costs 9,000Frw (60 x 9,000Frw = 540,000Frw); 25 shirts for kids valued at 75,000Frw, as each costs 3,000Frw (25 x 3,000Frw = 75,000Frw); 180 men underwear valued at 180,000Frw, as each costs 1,000Frw (180 x 1,000Frw = 180,000Frw); a metal door valued at 70,000Frw, a metric ton of potatoes in the plot of land where they set their position to fight, valued at 350,000Frw. The total requested compensation amounts to 1,500,000Frw. They allege that during the deliberation, the trial court decided that he does not deserve to be awarded damages due to a lack of evidence to prove the looted belongings and the fact that the sector executive secretary's report did not mention him among the victims of such acts. They therefore request the instant court to award him the damages he had requested based on the tax collection document since the trial court disregarded the events and the loss he incurred as a result of such attacks.

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 Regarding NYIRAGEMA Joséphine Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, state that on the night of 01/07/2018, armed individuals broke into her home. They forcefully entered the house by breaking the door and proceeded to physically assault them. They extorted 5,200Frw from her, stole clothes valued at 22,000Frw, took 10 kg of maize valued at 9,500Frw, and caused damage to her door estimated at 25,000Frw. They state that she requested compensation for the damagedbelongings amounting to 61,700Frw, in addition to moral damages, bringing the total amount to 2,000,000Frw. However, the court held that she does not deserve to be awarded damages due to a lack of evidence to prove her damaged assets, as well as the fact that the report of the executive secretary of the sector did not mention her among the victims of such acts. They therefore allege that the trial court disregarded the fact that what happened in Nyabimata sector affected the population in this sector, and that the perpetrators themselves openly admitted to committing those acts. Consequently, they request the instant court to rectify the situation.  Regarding NSAGUYE Jean Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that the assailants arrived at his neighbor's house during the night. Upon noticing them, he mistook them for thieves and went out to help. They argue that he encountered them and mistook them for soldiers. They immediately forced him to sit down and began beating him. While they were beating him, a man named NYANGEZI arrived on a motorcycle. They stopped him, but he refused to comply. They chased after him, but he managed to run

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away and escape. What he endured during that night traumatized him, and he requested moral damages amounting to 1,000,000Frw. However, the court decided not to award him damages because he failed to produce evidence, and even the report of the executive secretary of the sector does not mention him among the individuals affected by the acts of the assailants. They, therefore, argue that the court disregarded the impact of the events in Nyabimata sector, which affected the population of the sector. They also point out that the perpetrators themselves openly admitted to committing those acts.  Regarding NYIRAZIBERA Dative Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, state that in July 2018, armed individuals approached NYIRAZIBERA Dative and demanded money. They proceeded to loot her provisions, which included five (5) kilograms of beans and clothes, including a sweater she had recently purchased for 4,000Frw. They allege that she requested compensation for that before the trial court, amounting to 1,000,000Frw. However, during the deliberation, the Court decided not to award her damages, citing the lack of evidence. They further assert that the Court disregarded the impact of the events in Nyabimata on the population in this sector and the fact that the perpetrators openly admitted to committing those acts.  Regarding NDIKUMANA Viateur Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that during the night, at around 7 pm, NDIKUMANA Viateur and others heard multiple gunshots and decided to take cover. In the

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morning, soldiers from the Rwanda Defense Forces arrived at his home along with his son MUNYENTWARI, who was traumatized after witnessing the killing of his younger brother, Nyandwi Vital, by the assailants. They explain that due to the suffering he endured, he filed a claim in the trial court requesting damages amounting to 50,000,000Frw. However, the court decided not to award him damages, citing the lack of evidence and the fact that the report established by the executive secretary of the sector does not mention him among the victims of the assailants' acts.  Regarding NDIKUMANA Callixte Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that the armed individuals arrived at his home, tied him and his wife, and proceeded to take their belongings. They then forced him to carry the belongings to Nyungwe forest. He, therefore, requested compensation for his belongings valued at five hundred eighty- one thousand francs (581,000Frw). However, the court dismissed his request, citing the lack of evidence to support his claim.  Regarding NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, state that armed individuals attacked the home of NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila. They broke the door and entered the house, where they abducted her husband and subjected him to physical assault, resulting in his disability. Théophila had filed a claim requesting moral damages, pecuniary damages, and compensation for medical expenses, totaling seven hundred seventy-eight thousand one hundred francs (778,100Frw). However, the court dismissed

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her claim, citing the lack of evidence to support her allegations. Consequently, she requests the present court to rectify the situation.  Regarding KANGABE Christine Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, argue that armed individuals forcefully entered the home of KANGABE Christine, waking her and her children. They proceeded to take various belongings from her. She had requested compensation for her lost belongings and claimed moral damages, totaling five hundred forty thousand five hundred francs (540,500Frw), before the trial court. However, the court dismissed her claim, stating a lack of evidence to support her allegations.  Regarding NANGWAHAFI Callixte Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, argue that armed assailants attacked NANGWAHAFI Callixte at his home. They forcibly broke the door and window, looted various belongings, and even compelled him to carry the stolen items. He had sought compensation for his stolen belongings and claimed moral damages, amounting to six hundred fifty thousand francs (650,000Frw). However, the trial court declined to award him damages, citing a lack of evidence to substantiate his claim.  Regarding NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, claim that armed assailants targeted NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine and unlawfully took several of her belongings. She had sought

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damages totaling five hundred thirty-four thousand francs (534,000Frw) before the trial court. However, the Court denied her claim for damages, citing a lack of evidence to substantiate her allegations.  Regarding NYIRAMANA Bellancilla Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent her, assert that NYIRAMANA Bellancilla was targeted by armed assailants who unlawfully looted her diverse possessions. She had sought compensation for her belongings and moral damages totaling five hundred thirty-six thousand four hundred francs (536,400Frw). However, the Court rejected her claim for damages, citing a lack of evidence to substantiate her allegations.  Regarding HABYARIMANA Damascène Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, assert that armed assailants forcibly entered the residence of HABYARIMANA Damascène during the night. They subjected him to physical assault and coerced him to take them to the residence of the Nyabimata SACCO accountant, a request he adamantly refused. The assailants seized his mobile phone and compelled him to transport the looted belongings until they reached Nyungwe forest. The following morning, they released him from captivity. They further allege that he submitted a claim for damages to the trial court, seeking compensation for his stolen telephone and moral damages totaling five hundred twenty-two thousand francs (520,000Frw). However, the Court refused to grant him damages, citing a lack of evidence to substantiate his claim.

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 Regarding KARERANGABO Antoine Counsel MUNDERERE Léopold and Counsel HAKIZIMANA Joseph, who represent KARERANGABO Antoine, allege that on the night of 19/06/2018, KARERANGABO Antoine sustained injuries during the attack carried out by the accused. He was subsequently taken to Nyabimata Health Centre and later transferred to Munini District Hospital, as evidenced by the document provided to him. They further state that, in accordance with articles 10 and 11 of Law n° 027/2019 of 19/09/2019 relating to criminal procedure, they respectfully request the court to order the accused to jointly compensate KARERANGABO Antoine. This compensation includes moral damages amounting to 1,500,000Frw, reimbursement of the 11,000Frw he paid for the medical report, reimbursement of the 11,500Frw he paid for the counter- expertise, as well as counsel fees and judicial expenses amounting to 1,500,000Frw. Counsel MUNDERERE Léopold explains that the reason he blames the High Court is that in paragraph 594 of the appealed judgment, it was held that KARERANGABO Antoine failed to prove that he was assaulted, while in paragraph 47, it is clear that he stated that he was beaten by the accused and was taken to Nyabimata Health Centre, which then transferred him to Munini hospital after realizing that he was in critical condition. In addition, he states that MUHIRWA Médard declared in his testimony on 20/07/2018 that KARERANGABO Antoine was among the individuals who were taken to the hospital. He requests the court to consider the evidence submitted by Munini Hospital, which confirms that he was admitted there and received

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treatment for injuries to his head, as further confirmed by Dr. Byamungu Jean de Dieu, who provided medical care to him. Counsel MUNDERERE Léopold further explains that it is not surprising that KARERANGABO Antoine is not listed in the report established by the administration of Nyabimata sector. If one carefully examines the report, it becomes apparent that it is a concise document consisting of only one and a half pages, and the events that occurred in Nyabimata are described in just 13 lines. Therefore, he believes that KARERANGABO Antoine's absence from the report may be attributed to an oversight, but it should not undermine his case because there are witnesses who testified that he was assaulted and admitted to the hospital. Furthermore, KARERANGABO Antoine himself confirmed this fact during the court proceedings through video conference. b) Regarding appellants who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all with respect to attacks launched in Nyungwe forest whithin Kitabi sector Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that among their clients, there are four other victims who were also affected by the attacks that occurred in Nyungwe. They filed claims for damages, but unfortunately, no compensation was awarded to them. These are: 1. NYAMINANI Daniel 2. MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves 3. BWIMBA Vianney 4. NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel\

## Page 753

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 Regarding NYAMINANI Daniel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, state that he had requested damages amounting to 45,000,000Frw, including compensation for his suffering and compensation for his losses. However, the Court ruled against awarding him damages, citing a lack of evidence to support his claim. For that reason, they have filed a new medical report, annex 0100, in the system, which indicates that their client currently has a 50% degree of disability and a 4/6 loss of aesthetics. They now request the Court to exercise its discretion and award him the damages he had previously requested.  Regarding MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, allege that MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves had requested damages amounting to 50,000,000Frw at the trial court, but he was not awarded any compensation. They argue that considering the medical report that is filed in the ssystem, annex 116, it is indicated that he has 25% degree of disability and that he is still suffering of the veines. They therefore request the court of appeal to award him damages since he deserve them, due to the disability he was caused by the attack carried out in Nyungwe forest.  Regarding BWIMBA Vianney Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, representing BWIMBA Vianney, allege that he had requested damages amounting to 209,500,000Frw, but he was not awarded them due to a lack of evidence to support his claim. They state that the medical report

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they filed in the system, annexes 087 and 088, indicates that he has a 65% disability. Therefore, they request the court to reconsider his claim and award him the damages he has claimed.  Regarding NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, representing him, allege that NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel had requested damages amounting to 50,000,000Frw, but he was not awarded them. They argue that considering the medical report found in the filing system, annex 095, which indicates that he has a 25% disability, they request the court of appeal to award him the claimed damages. c) Regarding the appellant who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all with respect to attacks launched in Nyakarenzo sector in Rusizi District Regarding the attack launched in Rusizi district, Nyakarenzo sector, Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that there is one claimant who lodged an appeal as they were dissatisfied with the ruling of the trial court, which did not award any amount of compensation. And this is GAKWAYA Gérard.  Regarding GAKWAYA Gérard Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, representing him, allege that he had requested moral damages amounting to 11,000,000Frw for sustaining back injuries. However, the trial court did not award him damages, citing the fact that the evidence he presented

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indicates a chronic headache, which the court deemed was not caused by the attack carried out in Karangiro, Nyakarenzo sector, as he alleges, based on the medical report it relied on. They further argue that although the medical report indicates that GAKWAYA Gérard has a mental ailment that was not caused by the alleged attack, he asserts that it resulted from the attack while he was working as a security guard at MAHORO Jean Damascène's factory. They request the present court to exercise its discretion and examine the relevance of his statements, and award him the moral damages he requested. d) Regarding the appellant who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all with respect to attacks launched in Kivu sector Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that there are around seven claimants from Kivu sector, to whom the court decided not to award damages, citing a lack of evidence. These are: 1. NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, 2. DUSENGIMANA Solange, 3. KANYANDEKWE Venant, 4. NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, 5. HAGENIMANA Patrice, 6. SANGIYEZE Emmanuel and 7. NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine. They criticize that in paragraph 149 of the appealed judgment, the court recalled the attack that occurred in Kivu sector, but the court did not award damages to the victims of such

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attacks citing their failure to present evidence. They explain that this time, before the court of appeal, they have new evidence in the form of the report established by the administration of Kivu sector, which is available as Annex 11. The report provides a general overview of the attacks that occurred on August 12, 2018. However, it specifically details the attack that took place on August 14, 2018, including information about each victim and the specific belongings that were stolen. The report lists the names of some of the seven claimants who are seeking damages and compensation for their damaged assets.  Regarding NGAYABERURA Emmanuel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise explain that in the case of NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, during the attack in Kivu sector, armed assailants abducted five individuals who were conducting a night patrol, which included his son NSENGIMANA Claude. The assailants proceeded to loot the belongings of the people and released three of the abducted individuals, while holding the remaining two, including his son. They explain that NGAYABERURA Emmanuel had requested damages amounting to 6,000,000Frw for the abduction of his son, who is still missing to this day, although no amount of compensation can truly alleviate the anguish he has endured due to the loss of his child.  Regarding DUSENGIMANA Solange Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise argue that DUSENGIMANA Solange was legally married to BIZUMUREMYI Damien, who was 35 years old at the time. They state that the couple had two

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children together. In the night of 16/8/2018, her husband, BIZUMUREMYI Damien, left home at six in the evening for the night patrol. During the same night, DUSENGIMANA Solange heard multiple gunshots and called her husband, requesting him to come and help take care of their child as she was pregnant. She explains that she was unable to reach her husband on the phone, and the following morning she received the news that her husband was among the individuals who had been abducted by the assailants. They further explain that prior to her husband's abduction, they worked as farmers and generated a monthly income of 400,000Frw by selling their produce. However, since that time, the children have suffered and grown up without knowing their father, as they are still unaware of his fate and whether he is alive or deceased. They conclude their case by stating that DUSENGIMANA Solange had requested damages for the shortfall in income they would have earned since the abduction of her husband, amounting to 11,200,000Frw. Additionally, she claimed moral damages for the loss of her husband and the impact on their children who have lost their father, amounting to 10,000,000Frw. The total amount claimed is 21,200,000Frw.  Regarding KANYANDEKWE Venant Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that on 16/07/2018, around 9:00 in the evening, KANYANDEKWE Venant and his family heard the sound of people breaking into the door of their house while they were sleeping. When he went to check, he found armed assailants inside the living room. They forced him to sit down and proceeded to take a 40kg sack of potatoes and steal all five of his goats from the goat barn. They argue that

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KANYANDEKWE Venant had requested compensation for the entire loss before the trial court, amounting to 500,000Frw, as well as moral damages amounting to 500,000Frw, resulting in a total amount of 1,000,000Frw.  Regarding NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that it was at night when NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana had prepared a meal and was about to eat with her children. Suddenly, they heard a knocking on the door, and . when she opened, she saw approximately 8 individuals standing near the door, who immediately entered the house. They asked her for something to eat, and she provided them with food. After eating, they proceeded to the bedroom where they stole her 4 African print fabrics and 15,000Frw. They explain that before the trial court, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana had requested compensation for all her stolen belongings amounting to 30,000Frw, as well as moral damages amounting to 500,000Frw, totaling 530,000Frw.  Regarding HAGENIMANA Patrice Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that armed assailants attacked HAGENIMANA Patrice in his home during the night of 16/08/2019. They looted his provisions and clothes, valued at thirty-three thousand francs (33,000Frw), and forced him to carry them. He had requested compensation for the value of his stolen belongings and moral damages amounting to one million francs (1,000,000Frw) before the trial court, but the court did not award him any damages.

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 Regarding NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that on 16/08/2019, armed assailants broke into the home of NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel and looted his various belongings, including provisions valued at one hundred twenty thousand four hundred francs (120,400Frw). He requested the trial court to compensate him for the value of his stolen belongings and award him moral damages amounting to six hundred thousand francs (600,000Frw). However, the court did not award him any damages.  Regarding NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that armed assailants attacked NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine at her home and plundered her various belongings, including foodstuffs and clothes valued at forty-seven thousand five hundred francs (47,500Frw). She had requested the trial court to award her compensation for her belongings and moral damages amounting to five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw), but she was not awarded any damages. e) Regarding the appellants who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all with respect to attacks launched in Ruheru sector in Nyaruguru District Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that approximately 16 individuals from Ruheru sector had filed claims for damages, but none of them were awarded any compensation. The trial court justified its decision by pointing out that the claimants failed to

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provide evidence for their stolen belongings, including provisions, livestock, and houses, as stated in their original claim for damages and reiterated in the court submission for appeal. These are the following: 1. MANIRIHO Théogène, 2. GASHONGORE Samuel, 3. NZABIRINDA Viateur, 4. NIYOMUGABA, 5. NDAYISENGA Edouard, 6. BIGIRIMANA Samuel, 7. BARAGAMBA, 8. RUTIHUNZA Enos, 9. BARIRWANDA Innocent, 10. NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, 11. HABIMANA Innocent, 12. HARERIMANA Emmanuel, 13. NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, 14. SEBARINDA Emmanuel, 15. NKUNDIZERA Damascène and 16. HABAKURAMA Gratien. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise state that in this appeal claim, they rely on article 154 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour, and administrative procedure. This

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article permits a party to introduce new evidence at the appeal level. Accordingly, they have submitted, as annex 086, a report from the administration of Ruheru sector dated 13/01/2021. This report explicitly supports the claim that these individuals were affected by the attack that occurred in the sector. They argue that this evidence is additional to the other pieces of evidence they had previously submitted. These include various witness statements, ordinary reports, and the evidence relied upon by the prosecution in filing the case, which involved the interrogation of several individuals regarding the attacks. They explain that in paragraph 596 of the appealed judgment, NSENGIMANA Herman clearly made a formal declaration that the attack was carried out in Ruheru Sector. This supports the claimants' argument that the damages they sought are based on factual evidence, especially considering that even the suspects took pride in their actions. They respectfully pray to the court of appeal to reexamine their claim for damages and kindly request the court to award the damages they had previously requested in accordance with the law. They clarify that the damages they previously sought are specified and explained in detail for each plaintiff in the subsequent paragraphs.  Regarding MANARIYO Théogène Louise, representing him, state that during the night of 17/7/2020, MANARIYO Théogène and his family heard multiple gunshots and became panicked, but they did not leave their house. In the morning, they discovered that bullets had broken through their house, which cause them parmenant fear and distress. They further add that even the roofing tiles of their house were broken, intensifying the terror and fear experienced by both him and his wife due to the alarming sounds they heard during the incident.

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For all of that, he requests compensation for the damage caused and moral damages amounting to 1,500,000 Frw, which were not awarded at the trial court level.  Regarding GASHONGORE Samuel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, who represent him, declare that on 17/7/2020, around midnight, Gashongore Samuel, residing near the military barracks, heard multiple gunshots, causing him fear. He tried to cover inside his house to avoid being hit by bullets. They add that during the exchange of gunfire, GASHONGORE Samuel's trees and roofing tiles were damaged. They further allege that since the trial court declined to award him the requested damages, he requests the present court to award him a total of 1,200,000Frw in damages. This includes compensation for the damaged tiles (40 x 70 Frw = 2,800Frw), damaged trees (150 x 1,000Frw = 150,000Frw), the cost of rehabilitating his house amounting to 47,200Frw, and moral damages of 1,000,000Frw.  Regarding NZABIRINDA Viateur Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and MUKASHEMA Marie Louise, representing him, state that NZABIRINDA Viateur resides within 10km of the military barracks. During the night of 17/7/2020, armed assailants attacked the military barracks, resulting in a fight. As a result of this incident, his house was damaged, and the wheat and peas he had planted in the plot near his home were razed. Additionally, his chickens died as a consequence of the attack. For that reason, they respectfully request the present court to award NZABIRINDA Viateur the compensation that was not granted to him at the previous court

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instance. The requested amount is 1,000,000Frw, which includes the following components: 250,000Frw for 500kg of wheat, calculated at a value of 500Frw per kilogram; 60,000Frw for a hundred kilograms of peas, valued at 600Frw per kilogram; 400,000Frw for forty (40) roofing sheets, with each sheet costing 10,000Frw; 30,000Frw for the rehabilitation of the wall of his house that was damaged by bullets; 35,000Frw for the loss of seven (7) improved breed chickens, valued at 5,000Frw each; and 500,000Frw for moral damages.  Regarding NIYOMUGABA Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing NIYOMUGABA, state that during the night, him and the people with him heard gunshots, causing them fear and decided not to leave the house. In the morning, NIYOMUGABA discovered that his 8-month gestating cow had been killed and his house had been damaged. They argue that based on these facts, NIYOMUGABA appeals to the present court to be awarded the damages he previously requested at the lower court, which were not granted. The total amount of damages sought is 1,290,000Frw, including 50,000Frw for the expenses incurred in treating his cow, 700,000Frw for the estimated value of the calf that died, 40,000Frw for the damaged roofing sheets, and 500,000Frw for moral damages.  Regarding NDAYISENGA Edouard Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, argue that armed assailants launched an attack in the sector where NDAYISENGA Edouard resides. They fired guns and damaged

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several houses. While fleeing the scene, they also demolished his fence, and the tile roofing of his house was damaged. For that reason, NDAYISENGA Edouard requests the present court to award him damages that were not granted by the trial court. These damages include 100,000Frw for the expenses incurred for the reconstruction of his fence, 47,000Frw for the roofing tiles (1,000Frw x 47), and 500,000Frw for moral damages.  Regarding BIGIRIMANA Fanuel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, who represent him, state that the location where BIGIRIMANA Fanuel resides is in close proximity to the cattle enclosure where the local population keeps their herds. They heard gunshots coming from the vicinity of the enclosure and were apprehensive about leaving their houses. His cow, which was 7 months pregnant, broke through the cowshed and fled due to fear. In the morning, they discovered that the cow had aborted its calf. They also add that during the same night, the roofing tiles of his house were also damaged and broken. For that reason, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel requests the present court to award him the compensation that was declined by the trial court, totaling 1,150,000Frw. This amount includes 50,000Frw for the damaged items, 600,000Frw for the shortfall proceeds from the aborted calf, and 500,000Frw for moral damages.  Regarding BARAGAMBA Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, allege that during the night of 17/7/2020 around 1:00 in the evening, BARAGAMBA and his family heard intense gunshots. The gunshots pierced the iron sheets of his house, and they also heard

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the sound of whistling. Despite the fear, they chose to stay inside their house and sought cover beneath the bed. They also assert that on the morning of 18/7/2020, three dead bodies of assailants were discovered near BARAGAMBA's home, which has continued to terrify him until the present. Additionally, he has been unable to repair his house, which still experiences leakage during rainfall. They conclude their argument by stating that in regards to seeking compensation for his damaged property, BARAGAMBA requests the present court to award him the damages that were denied by the trial court, amounting to 2,000,000Frw.  Regarding RUTIHUNZA Enos Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, state that during the night of 17/7/2020, RUTIHUNZA Enos and his family members heard gunshots and experienced fear. Shortly after, they heard someone knocking on the door and demanding to be let in, but they refused to open the door. The individual then fired multiple gunshots at the upper part of the house, causing the tiles on the roof to be pierced multiple times. They go on to state that in the morning, they discovered a deceased armed individual near his home, and they promptly informed the local administration, who subsequently removed the body from the premises. They conclude their case by stating that all of these events have caused significant trauma to RUTIHUNZA Enos, and the roofing tiles of his house were damaged as a result. Therefore, he requests the present court to award him damages that were denied by the trial court, amounting to 1,000,000Frw. This includes 500,000Frw for the damaged property (the value of his aborted cow and the value of the damaged tiles of his house), and 500,000Frw for moral damages.

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 Regarding BARIRWANDA Innocent Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, state that gunshots were heard around 9:00 in the evening, during which some bullets pierced the roofing tiles of BARIRWANDA Innocent's house. In the morning, he discovered that the tiles of his two houses were damaged. For that reason, they conclude that BARIRWANDA Innocent requests compensation from the present court for the damages suffered, which were denied by the trial court, including moral damages amounting to 1,000,000Frw.  Regarding NSABIYAREMYE Pascal Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, argue that on the night of 17/7/2020, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal and his colleagues were on a night patrol when they heard gunshots and realized that it was an armed group attack. When he reached home in the morning, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal realized that the roofing tiles of his house had been pierced, and the corn field had been squashed because they took cover there. They conclude that NSABIYAREMYE Pascal requests damages for the aforementioned incidents before the present court, amounting to 800,000Frw, which he was denied by the trial court.  Regarding HABIMANA Innocent Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, state that on the night of 17/7/2012, HABIMANA Innocent heard multiple gunshots that were falling on the roof of his house, causing serious damage to the house with tile roofing. They add that in order for him to afford a new roof, HABIMANA Innocent had to

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sell his cow. Due to the loss he incurred, he is requesting a cumulative amount of 1,000,000Frw in damages, which he was denied by the trial court.  Regarding HARERIMANA Emmanuel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, state that armed assailants attacked the military barracks located in Wimbogo, resulting in damage to the property of HARERIMANA Emmanuel. As a result, he is requesting compensation of five hundred nineteen thousand five hundred francs (519,500Frw) for his property and moral damages, as he was not awarded them by the previous court.  Regarding NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, argue that on the night of 17/07/2020 in the place where NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu resides, there was armed fighting that resulted in damage to his properties. Therefore, he requests moral damages and compensation for his properties amounting to eight hundred thousand (800,000Frw), as he was not awarded any damages at the first court level.  Regarding SEBARINDA Emmanuel Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, argue that on the night of 17/07/2020, armed assailants attacked the military barracks, resulting in multiple gunshots that damaged his house. For that reason, SEBARINDA Emmanuel filed a claim, but the trial court denied him the requested damages. Therefore, he

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requests the present court to award him compensation for his damaged property, amounting to three hundred thousand five hundred francs (350,500Frw).  Regarding NKUNDIREMA Damascène Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, state that during the night of 17/07/2020, in the vicinity where NKUNDIREMA Damascène resides, armed assailants launched an attack on the military barracks in Ruheru sector. Consequently, there was intense fighting that resulted in damage to his properties. As a result, he requests compensation amounting to one million one hundred thousand francs (1,100,000Frw), covering damages for the destroyed property and moral damages. This request is made because the trial court declined to award them.  Regarding HABAKURAMA Gratien Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise, representing him, state that HABAKURAMA Gratien is a neighbor to the military barracks that were attacked by armed assailants. During the attack, his house sustained damages. He is now requesting compensation amounting to one million sixty-two thousand five hundred francs (1,062,500Frw) since he was not awarded damages at the trial court level. In general, and as a conclusion to the appeal for damages, Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise state that the arguments put forth by the defendants, claiming that criminal liability is personal, denying their involvement in any offenses, and disavowing any responsibility

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for the events leading to the damages, lack merit. They argue that these individuals were members of the FLN terrorist group, which was an organized group with a common intent to carry out various attacks in different locations. As a result, they should be held liable for the damages caused to properties, as demonstrated in the cases of Nyabitama, Nyungwe, and other similar instances where their collective collaboration led to property damage. Therefore, they respectfully request the court to consider the precedent uploaded in the filing system as Annex 150. This precedent is from the trial chamber of ICTR with the reference number ICTR/96/3/T in the case of the prosecutor versus NDIRUBUMWE RUTAGANDA. They specifically draw attention to paragraphs 62 and 72 of the ruling, which clarify the concept of common intent and the joint responsibility of all accused individuals who share that intent to commit acts of terrorism, regardless of the location where such acts are carried out. In that case, the court ordered the accused individuals to jointly bear the responsibility for the damages caused. They further argue that the statements made by BIZIMANA Cassien, alias Passy, claiming to be the commander responsible for the attacks in Rusizi, which he carried out upon orders from the commanders of FLN, provide clear evidence of the common intent among the members of the FLN group. Moreover, regarding those who argue that the civil parties should not be awarded damages due to lack of supporting evidence, they request the court to dismiss such arguments. They argue that, for instance, in paragraph 269 of the appealed judgment, the statements made by BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude provide clear evidence of their involvement in throwing a grenade that injured people and setting a motor vehicle on fire in Rusizi District. These statements not only incriminate the accused themselves but

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also demonstrate their active participation in damaging the properties. They also argue that the statements made by MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, claiming that MAHORO Jean Damascène's motor vehicle is still intact and in circulation, are simply mocking the owners of the damaged properties. This is because some of the accused, including BYUKUSENGE Jean- Claude, have admitted to their involvement in the events. Counsel MUNYAMAHORO René and Counsel MUKASHEMA Marie-Louise further state that there are properties for which they demand compensation but for which they were unable to provide evidence. They argue that, given the nature of these properties, the only possible evidence is the possession by the owner (as possession is nine-tenths of the law). They explain that it is difficult to present evidence regarding the plundering of a certain person's 6 kilograms of beans or millet. They argue that if the civil parties were lying, they would have exaggerated in their claims. Therefore, in relation to such properties, the available pieces of evidence are the statements provided by the owners and the reports prepared by the administration, which clearly indicate the instances of damaged or plundered properties. As a general conclusion, Counsel MURANGWA Faustin further states that the accused individuals who deny their liability for the damages caused by the various attacks in which they were involved, fail to acknowledge the fact that the offense for which they were found guilty, namely membership in a terrorist group, is causally linked to the damages for which they are held responsible. Additionally, they themselves admit to being members of the said group. In contrast, concerning the accused individuals who claim that they should only be held liable for

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damages caused by the specific attacks in which they were directly involved, Counsel MURANGWA Faustin states that such a stance is equally untrue. Instead, they should be held responsible for damages caused by all the attacks perpetrated by the terrorist group to which they belonged as members. Counsel MUNDERERE Léopold concludes by requesting that, during the deliberation, the Court take note of the fact that the intent of the accused individuals was not to benefit the nation and the general population. Therefore, all individuals involved in the acts that resulted in damages should be held jointly liable. Regarding those alleging that holding them liable for damages would amount to punishing them for original sin, he argues that this is not true. He emphasizes that such liability is a result of the common intent shared by members of the same terrorist group that launched attacks causing damage to the civil parties. In general, once again, all the civil parties implore the court to apply the fundamental principle of law stating that "the present and future assets of the debtor constitute the common pledge of its creditors" when examining the allegations made by MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, in which she claims to possess no assets that could contribute to the payment of damages. Therefore, while deliberating, it is not necessary for the court to initially examine whether the party held civilly liable has the capacity to pay damages before deciding to hold them liable.

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THE DEFENSE OF THE CIVILLY LIABLE INDIVIDUALS, IN RESPONSE TO THE APPEAL FILED BY THE CIVIL PARTIES, WHO CRITICIZE THE LACK OF DAMAGES AWARDED OR THE INADEQUATE AMOUNT AWARDED TO THEM In general, the accused individuals allege that the civil parties should not have been awarded damages because they fail to provide supporting evidence. However, particular attention should be given to the statements made by MATAKAMABA Jean Berchmas, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène, and MUKANDUTIYE Angelina. These individuals not only admit their participation in the attacks carried out in Rusizi District but also offer additional clarifications to support their defense. MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas declares that the victims of the attacks that occurred in Rusizi District, who have fulfilled the requirement of paying the court fees as stipulated by the law and have provided evidence for the claimed damages, will be duly compensated. However, he asserts that MAHORO Jean Damascène, who claims that his motor vehicle was set on fire, is mistaken. As a close neighbor, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas affirms that he knows for sure that the motor vehicle is still in use and in circulation to this day. He clarifies that MAHORO Jean Damascène purchased the said motor vehicle from Gitarama for 6,500,000Frw. However, the latter never presented any photographs of the vehicle in the aftermath of the arson, unlike other burnt cars. He explains that only the cab of the vehicle was damaged by the fire, but it was subsequently repaired and is currently being used to transport flour to Congo.

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MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas further states that regarding the grenade that was thrown in Kamembe, he admits to having injured three Muslim women whose names he does not know, and fragments of the grenade hit a motor vehicle. Regarding the Stella Bar where the alleged grenade was thrown, he argues that it would not have been possible because the bar has a high fence of 3 meters and is located 2 meters high from the roadside. He further contends that the court would have noticed this if they had visited the site. He concludes that he should be held liable for the attack carried out in Nyakarenzo, Rusizi, but emphasizes that nothing was damaged there due to their commanders' instructions not to cause any harm. As an example, he cites an instance where they encountered a lorry carrying goods and refrained from taking anything from it. Therefore, the allegations of looting and stealing by the civil parties are untrue. BIZIMANA Cassien, alias Passy, declares that he does not deny his involvement in the attacks that occurred in Rusizi because he was the commanding officer. He states that he was implementing the FLN orders he received in everything he did. Under the orders of his senior commander, Geva, he set fire to a motor vehicle carrying military and police uniforms. During this incident, he broke its windshield, poured fuel on it, and fired a bullet, causing it to catch fire. He concludes that everything he did was in the context of complying with the orders of the leadership and that he should not be held liable for the attacks carried out in other places. NSABIMANA Jean Damascène states that he began collaborating with MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas in September 2019. He admits that regarding the attacks in Rusizi, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas gave him a grenade and

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instructed him to deliver it to Claude, who was aware of its intended destination. This is the same grenade that was subsequently thrown in Kamembe town. He requests the Court to examine the reliability of the evidence provided by the civil parties. He points out that a medical report dated 02/07/2019, which lists individuals injured by the mentioned grenade, is being presented as evidence, despite the fact that the grenade was thrown on 19/10/2019. He concludes that he should not be held liable for anything related to the attacks that occurred in Karangiro, Nyakarenzo sector because he had not yet begun collaborating with MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas at that time. MUKANDUTIYE Angelina states that no one would not be grieved by what happened as a result of the attacks, and all victims should be awarded damages. However, she mentions that all of her properties have already been auctioned, and she does not possess any other property. Therefore, she argues that damages should be paid by the co-accused who are solvent and own properties. DETERMINATION OF THE COURT a) Regarding the civil parties who lodged an appeal due to being awarded an insufficient discretionary amount of damages Regarding the appeal based on the fact that the civil parties were awarded insufficient amounts and desire a reconsideration of the damages at the appellate level, the Court of Appeal shall examine the reliability of the criticisms raised by the civil parties regarding the discretion exercised by the court that rendered the appealed judgment. It will consider whether

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such discretion should be replaced by the discretion of the instant appellate court when determining the damages they are requesting. Although the civil parties allege that they had presented sufficient pieces of evidence regarding the requested damages before the trial court and even produced additional evidence before the appellate court, they argue, based on Article 154, paragraph 3, of Law No. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labor, and administrative procedure76, that the court has no other way to determine the damages except by exercising its own discretion as well. While examining the issue of the substance of the blame placed on the discretion of the trial court, the present court should take into account that, as evidenced by paragraph 578 of the appealed judgment, it was this discretion that the trial court exercised to assess whether the civil parties provided evidence to support their claims of damages. This includes evidence related to fatalities resulting from the attacks, injuries sustained, abductions, property plundered and damaged, and proof of ownership of said properties. Additionally, the court should consider whether the assigned values are commensurate with the sought compensation. The court should also consider the requirements set forth in Article 150 (5o and 6o) of Law No. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018, as mentioned above, which stipulates that claimants must substantiate the grounds they raise against the appealed judgment.

76 Article 154, paragraph 3 of the Law n˚ 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that: “It is not prohibited to submit in appeal new arguments or elements of evidence that were not heard at the first level.”

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It should also be understood that if the evidence truly existed at the trial court level but the claimed damages were not awarded, or if the evidence was not available at that level but is now present at the appellate level, such damages should be awarded. Nonetheless, if the evidence continues to be unavailable, such damages should not be awarded, based on Article 12 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018, which states that the claimant must prove their claim, and Article 3 of Law no. 15/2004 of 12/6/2004 relating to evidence and its production, which states that each party has the burden of proving their allegations, and if they fail to do so, they will lose the case.  Regarding the appellants who expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of damages awarded in relation to the attacks launched in Nyabimata sector, Nyaruguru district Regarding HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, the court notes that in paragraph 584 of the appealed judgment, the trial court determined that there was no basis to award him compensation for the money he claims was extorted from him and for moral damages due to his abduction and being ordered to carry loads, due to a lack of evidence. However, the court did award him compensation for his motorcycle that was set on fire, based on the report of the executive secretary of Nyabimata sector, which attested the burning of the motorcycle. Thus, the court awarded him a discretionary amount of six hundred thousand Rwandan Francs (600,000Frw) in damages because he failed to present any other evidence to establish the actual value of the motorcycle at the time it was burned. In this appeal case, HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney and his legal counsel demand that the court award him damages

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totaling 1,100,000Frw, which includes 500,000 Frw for moral damages and expenses incurred in the process of recovering his motor cycle. The court notes that out of the requested 1,100,000 Rwandan Francs (Frw) in damages by HAVUGIMANA Jean- Marie Vianney before the trial court and this court, he was only awarded 600,000 Frw for the value of the motorcycle that was set on fire. However, he was not granted compensation for any other alleged lost assets due to his failure to provide sufficient evidence. Additionally, the trial court did not address the issue of moral damages. The present court also finds that there is no basis to award him compensation for the money he claims was extorted from him, as well as the expenses incurred during the process of recovering the motorcycle that was set on fire, because he failed to provide supporting evidence. However, concerning the moral damages he claims, the court determines that he deserves to be awarded them due to the impact of the crime for which the accused were found guilty, namely their membership in a terrorist group that set fire to his motorcycle. Therefore, at the court's discretion, the moral damages that should be awarded to HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, based on the conviction of membership in a terrorist group, amount to three hundred thousand Rwandan Francs (300,000Frw), in addition to the amount previously awarded by the trial court in the appealed judgment. Regarding BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, the Court acknowledges that in paragraph 586 of the appealed judgment, the trial court determined that there was no basis to award him compensation for the value of the telephone and the money he claimed was extorted from him, as he failed to provide supporting

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evidence. Furthermore, there is no basis to award him compensation for the expected income from his motorcycle, as he did not present evidence of his daily income prior to the time it was set on fire, nor for the period during which he had already used it. Instead, considering the evidence consisting of the report prepared by the executive secretary of Nyabimata sector and the photographs of the burnt motorcycle, the trial court awarded him discretionary compensation proportional to the value of his motorcycle, as the claimed amount was deemed excessive. Therefore, the court awarded him compensation amounting to six hundred thousand francs (600,000Frw) since he failed to present additional evidence regarding the actual value of the motorcycle on the day it was set on fire. In the appeal, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste and his legal counsel request the court to award him damages amounting to 5,044,500Frw, which he also claimed before the trial court. This amount includes moral damages and compensation for his damaged assets. In their second request, they criticize the trial court for awarding compensation only for his motorcycle, despite submitting a report from the administration accounting for the events that affected the victims. The court finds that in this appeal, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste does not raise any criticism regarding the amount of compensation awarded at the court's discretion for the value of his motorcycle that was set on fire. Instead, his concern is solely that he was not awarded any moral damages. The court finds that BAPFAKURERA Vénuste is deserving of the moral damages he requested due to the consequences he suffered as a result of the offense of membership in a terrorist group, for which the accused were found guilty, resulting in the burning of his motorcycle.

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Therefore, at the discretion of the court, BAPFAKURERA Vénuste should be awarded moral damages amounting to three hundred thousand (300,000Frw) by the convict of membership in a terrorist group, in addition to the compensation he was awarded by the trial court. Regarding HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, the Court of Appeal notes that in paragraph 587 of the appealed judgment, the trial court deemed that he should be awarded moral damages amounting to three hundred thousand (300,000Frw) for being abducted and forced to carry the looted belongings. This decision was based on the report of the executive secretary of Nyabimata sector, which indicated the victims who were abducted and made to carry the plundered belongings in Nyungwe forest. However, he should not be awarded compensation for his alleged stolen belongings as he failed to substantiate it with evidence. At the appellate level, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney and his legal counsel request that the court award him damages amounting to 1,560,000Frw, which he had previously requested at the trial level. This includes 560,000Frw for the value of his various looted belongings (telephone, trousers, shirts, beans, and African print fabric) and 1,000,000Frw for moral damages. They reiterated their request for damages and criticized the trial court for disregarding the fact that criminals had looted the belongings of the population. The instant court finds that HABYARIMANA Jean- Marie Vianney expressed dissatisfaction with the discretionary amount of 300,000Frw in moral damages awarded by the trial court. However, he did not specify the exact criticism he has regarding the trial court's exercise of discretion in determining

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the damages. Moreover, he requests an increase in the amount of moral damages to 1,000,000Frw. Therefore, the present court finds no basis to modify the amount of moral damages awarded to him by the trial court. The court further finds that besides requesting damages amounting to 560,000Frw for the value of his various plundered properties (telephone, trousers, shirts, beans, and African print fabric) as previously stated in the trial court, he has failed to present any new evidence or demonstrate that any evidence presented was overlooked by this trial court. Consequently, these damages are groundless. In light of this, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney should only be granted the previously awarded amount of 300,000Frw in moral damages, as determined by the trial court. Regarding NSABIMANA Anastase, the court acknowledges that paragraph 590 of the appealed judgment states that the trial court recognized NSABIMANA Anastase as one of the individuals who were abducted by the assailants and compelled to transport the looted possessions to Nyungwe forest, as indicated in the report provided by the executive secretary of Nyabimata sector. Therefore, based on the aforementioned report, the trial court awarded NSABIMANA Anastase moral damages in the amount of three hundred thousand (300,000Frw) for the abduction and forced transportation of the looted belongings. However, the court determined that he should not be granted compensation for his alleged stolen belongings, such as provisions, clothes, telephone, and money, due to his failure to provide supporting evidence. NSABIMANA Anastase and his legal counsel request the Court of Appeal to award him damages totaling 1,213,000Frw, which is the same amount he had previously requested before the

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trial court. This amount includes 150,000Frw, which represents the proceeds from his cow. He paid this amount to the assailants in order to spare the life of his wife. Additionally, it includes 63,000Frw, which represents the value of his various looted possessions, such as provisions, telephone, and clothes, and 1,000,000Frw of moral damages for being abducted, forced to carry the looted possessions, and being subsequently released during the early morning hours. The court notes that NSABIMANA Anastase expressed dissatisfaction with the discretionary amount of 300,000Frw in moral damages awarded by the trial court. He requested an amount of 1,000,000Frw, which was the same amount he had requested before the trial court. However, he did not specify the specific criticism he had regarding the trial court's discretion in determining the damages. Based on this, the court finds no grounds to modify the moral damages awarded to him by the trial court. The court also notes that NSABIMANA Anastase has not presented any new evidence to support his other claimed damages before this court, nor has he presented any evidence to the trial court that was overlooked. Therefore, the court finds that these additional damages also lack merit, and thus, the amount of 300,000Frw in moral damages awarded by the trial court should be upheld. Regarding SIBORUREMA Venuste, the court notes that in paragraph 592 of the appealed judgment, the trial court awarded him moral damages amounting to three hundred thousand (300,000Frw) based on the report provided by the executive secretary of Nyabimata sector. The report indicated that SIBORUREMA Venuste was among the individuals who were abducted by assailants and forced to carry the stolen

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belongings to the Nyungwe forest. However, the trial court declined to award him damages for his plundered possessions, including provisions, clothes, and telephone, among others, due to a lack of evidence. At the appeal level, SIBORUREMA Venuste and his legal counsel request the present court to award him damages totaling 570,500Frw, which is the same amount he had previously requested before the trial court. This amount includes 70,500Frw for his various plundered possessions, such as provisions, milk, telephone, and clothes, and 500,000Frw for moral damages, as the trial court had declined to award him damages for his plundered possessions. The Court of Appeal finds that SIBORUREMA Venuste expressed dissatisfaction with the discretionary amount of 300,000Frw in moral damages awarded by the trial court and requests the appellate court to award him 500,000Frw, as he had previously requested. However, he does not specify the specific criticism he has regarding the trial court's exercise of discretion. Therefore, there is no basis to modify the amount awarded by the trial court. The court finds that with regard to his other requests that were not granted by the trial court, SIBORUREMA Venuste has not presented any new evidence to support the claims that were dismissed by the trial court. In view of that, other requested damages lack merit. For the aforementioned reasons, the court upholds the award of moral damages amounting to 300,000Frw to SIBORUREMA Venuste. Regarding NGENDAKUMANA David, the court notes that in paragraph 593 of the appealed judgment, the trial court awarded him three hundred thousand (300,000Frw) in moral damages based on the report established by the executive

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secretary of Nyabimata sector, which indicated his abduction by the assailants and his forced participation in carrying plundered possessions to Nyungwe forest. However, the trial court declined to award NGENDAKUMANA David compensation for his alleged plundered belongings, such as provisions, clothes, telephone, etc., as he failed to provide sufficient evidence to support his claim. At the appellate level, NGENDAKUMANA David and his legal counsel request the court to award him damages totaling 528,400Frw, which is the same amount he had previously requested before the trial court. This includes 28,400Frw, representing the value of his various looted possessions, such as provisions, telephone, and clothes, and 500,000Frw in moral damages for being forced to carry the plundered belongings to Nyungwe forest. They argue that the trial court had declined to award him compensation for the stolen possessions, hence the request for damages. The Court of Appeal notes that NGENDAKUMANA David expressed dissatisfaction with the discretionary amount of 300,000Frw awarded to him by the trial court and instead requests an amount of 500,000Frw as originally requested. However, he does not provide specific reasons or criticisms regarding the trial court's exercise of discretion in determining the damages. Therefore, the Court of Appeal finds that there is no sufficient justification to modify the amount awarded to NGENDAKUMANA David by the trial court. It finds that with regard to the other compensations he claims not to have been awarded, he does not provide any new evidence at this level indicating what the trial court may have overlooked. In view of that, such damages also lack merit. It finds that the moral

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damages of 300,000Frw awarded to NGENDAKUMANA David by the trial court should be upheld. Regarding SHUMBUSHA Damascène, the court of appeal finds that in paragraph 589 of the appealed judgment, based on the report of the executive secretary of Nyabimata sector, it was established that SHUMBUSHA Damascène was among the persons abducted by the assailants and forced to carry the plundered possessions to Nyungwe forest. Consequently, the trial court awarded him moral damages amounting to three hundred thousand (300,000Frw). However, the same court declined to award him compensation for his alleged plundered possessions, including provisions, clothes, telephone, and money, due to lack of evidence. At the current court instance, SHUMBUSHA Damascène and his legal counsel request the court to award him damages totaling 654,000Frw, the same amount he had requested at the trial court level. This includes 600,000Frw of moral damages and 50,000Frw for the compensation of his various plundered possessions, such as provisions, clothes, telephone, and an additional amount of 4,000Frw that was extorted from him. They argue that the trial court had declined to award him compensation for his stolen possessions. The Court of Appeal finds that SHUMBUSHA Damascène, in his request for an increased amount of 600,000Frw in moral damages, fails to specify the specific criticism he has regarding the discretion exercised by the trial court in awarding him the initial amount of 300,000Frw. Therefore, there is no basis to grant him the requested 600,000Frw in moral damages. For these reasons, in relation to compensations for his plundered assets, the lack of new evidence

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provided by SHUMBUSHA Damascène to prove any disregard by the trial court in awarding them renders his claim without merit. For these reasons, the court upholds the award of 300,000Frw in moral damages to SHUMBUSHA Damascène as previously granted by the trial court. Regarding RUGERINYANGE Dominique and NTABARESHYA Dative, the Court of Appeal acknowledges that in paragraph 585 of the appealed judgment, the trial court specifically stated that due to the lack of evidence presented by the aforementioned individuals to support the existence and value of the claimed plundered possessions at their child HABARUREMA Joseph's business premises, there was an inadequate basis to award them the requested damages pertaining to those belongings. It further clarified that despite the existence of a report prepared by the executive secretary of Nyabimata, which indicates that HABARURIMA Joseph was a victim of the attack that took place on 19/06/2018, along with the death certificate dated 06/11/2018 and evidence establishing RUGERINYANYE Dominique and NTABARESHYA Dative as the parents of the deceased, they are entitled to receive moral damages for the loss of their child. However, considering that the amount they requested is deemed excessive, the trial court exercised its discretion and awarded them a discretionary amount of 5,000,000Frw each. At the appeal level, RUGERINYANGE Dominique and NTABARESHYA Dative, along with their legal counsel, request the present court to award them damages totaling 17,000,000Frw, which is the same amount they had requested at the trial court. This includes moral damages amounting to 10,000,000Frw and compensation for damaged belongings totaling 7,000,000Frw.

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They argue that the trial court overlooked the fact that the report prepared by the administration, which served as the basis for awarding them moral damages, specifically mentions the existence of plundered boutiques, including the one owned by their child. The Court of Appeal finds that the moral damages requested by RUGERINYANGE Dominique and NTABARESHYA Dative, totaling 10,000,000Frw, are identical to the amount awarded by the trial court in the appealed judgment. In the trial court, each of them was granted 5,000,000Frw. Consequently, there is no justification to reassess the matter of moral damages. The Court of Appeal also finds that in regard to the compensation for the alleged plundered possessions, they have not presented any new evidence at this appellate level, nor have they pointed out any evidence that was overlooked by the trial court. Consequently, such damages are deemed to lack merit. In view of the above, the Court upholds the amount of 5,000,000Frw in moral damages awarded to each of them by the trial court. Regarding INGABIRE Marie Chantal, the court of appeal notes that in paragraph 588 of the appealed judgment, the trial court held that the report established by the Nyabimata sector executive secretary indicates that MANIRAHO Anatole, who was INGABIRE Marie Chantal's husband, was killed in the attack launched on 19/06/2018. Consequently, the court awarded her a discretionary amount of ten million francs (10,000,000Frw) in moral damages for the loss of her husband, who left behind children in need of care. The court also points out that the same court declined to award pecuniary damages due to a lack of evidence regarding her husband's income.

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In the appeal, INGABIRE Marie Chantal and her legal counsel argue that they had presented evidence to the trial court regarding the annual income of the family of MANIRAHO Anatole, but without providing specific evidence of the deceased's salary. However, INGABIRE Marie Chantal has now managed to find supporting evidence, which is attached as Annex 111 in the filing system. This evidence demonstrates that the gross salary of the deceased was 207,335Frw, while the net salary was 130,650Frw. They also allege that the trial court did not consider the funeral expenses in awarding him moral damages amounting to only 10,000,000Frw. They argue that this omission was due to a lack of evidence and the fact that they did not provide detailed explanations at that time. However, they are currently presenting additional explanations at the appeal level. Therefore, they request the present court to increase the amount of moral damages awarded by the trial court, taking into account the grief they experienced as a result of the obsequies and associated expenses. The court of appeal acknowledges that the damages requested by INGABIRE Marie Chantal, and which she hopes the present court will reexamine, consist of the following: Moral damages totaling 30,000,000Frw, pecuniary damages amounting to 70,000,000Frw, damages for the grief suffered by her children, who became orphans, totaling 50,000,000Frw.These damages are sought due to the killing of her husband, MANIRAHO Anatole, who held the position of being in charge of studies at Nyabimata complex school. The Court of Appeal notes that the legal counsel for INGABIRE Marie Chantal did not distinguish between funeral expenses and moral damages in their arguments. Consequently,

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the present court concludes that even if the trial court did not specifically designate a separate amount for funeral expenses, it should be understood that the cumulative moral damages award of 10,000,000Frw encompasses the grief associated with the funeral expenses. The court further determines that the award of these damages not only represents the grief experienced by INGABIRE Marie Chantal as a widow but also encompasses the grief endured by the children left as orphans. The Court of Appeal also determines that concerning pecuniary damages related to the income that MANIRIHO Anatole would have earned if he had not been killed, the trial court did not award them due to a lack of evidence regarding his previous income. However, the present court should take into consideration the newly presented evidence, which consists of the salary certificate, and proceed to award such damages to INGABIRE Marie Chantal. Based on the provided information, it appears that the evidence demonstrates the gross and net salary of the deceased individual, which was 207,335Frw and 130,650Frw, respectively. However, it is important to note that this evidence alone does not prove that the salary amount would be permanent until the individual's death. The evidence indicates that the deceased used to earn an income to support his family and establish his status. This information can be considered by the court when determining the appropriate amount of equitable damages. The present court finds, therefore, that the appropriate pecuniary damages amount to fifteen million six hundred seventy-eight thousand Frw (15,678,000Frw). This calculation is based on the monthly net salary of the deceased, which was stated as 130,650Frw, and a discretionary timeframe of ten (10) years. The court has reached this decision because the requested gross damages of 70,000,000Frw are deemed highly excessive, and no

## Page 789

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link has been established between this amount and the proven salary. The Court of Appeal has determined that there is no valid reason to modify the moral damages of 10,000,000Frw that were determined by the trial court at its discretion. The appellant, INGABIRE Marie Chantal, has failed to demonstrate any fault or error in the exercise of the trial court's discretion, except for claiming that she personally considers the awarded amount to be insufficient. In general, the Court finds that INGABIRE Marie Chantal should not be awarded any additional damages at the appeal level, except for the pecuniary damages of 15,678,000Frw as clarified above. This amount is to be added to the damages awarded by the trial court, resulting in a total amount of twenty- five million six hundred seventy-eight thousand francs (25,678,000Frw). Regarding MUKASHYAKA Joséphine and her legal counsel's argument, they place blame on the trial court for awarding only 10,000,000Frw in moral damages and declining to award pecuniary damages. They argue that the trial court's decision was based on the fact that Joséphine did not provide sufficient evidence of the deceased's salary beyond mere utterance. They also criticize that the moral damages awarded to Joséphine were insufficient. Furthermore, they allege that they have recently discovered new evidence indicating that the deceased's monthly salary was 100,000Frw, which they have attached as Annex 112 in the case file. They now request the present Court to consider this piece of evidence and award both the moral and pecuniary damages sought by them, totaling 100,000,000Frw.

## Page 790

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The Court of Appeal finds that there is no basis to modify the awarded moral damages of 10,000,000Frw, which MUKASHYAKA Joséphine received from the trial court at its discretion. This decision is made because MUKASHYAKA Joséphine and her legal counsel did not provide any evidence to support their criticism of the trial court's discretion, apart from their mere allegations that the awarded amount is insufficient. The Court of Appeal finds that the trial court did not award pecuniary damages in relation to the potential income that MUNYANEZA Fidèle would have earned had he not been killed. This omission occurred because no evidence of his earnings to support his family was submitted during the trial. The Court of Appeal acknowledges that new evidence, in the form of a salary certificate raised at the appeal level, now exists. Therefore, the Court should consider this new evidence and award pecuniary damages to MUKASHYAKA Joséphine. It is noted that, according to the salary certificate of MUNYANEZA Fidèle, he used to receive a net salary of 86,222Frw. However, this evidence cannot be solely relied upon to assert that this was the permanent salary amount until his death, had he not been killed in the FLN attack. Instead, it serves as evidence of the deceased's earnings to support his family and his socioeconomic status. This information will aid the present court in exercising its discretion to determine fair and equitable damages. At its discretion, the Court deems that equitable pecuniary damages should amount to ten million three hundred forty-six thousand six hundred forty francs (10,346,640Frw). This calculation is based on the net monthly salary of 86,222Frw that the deceased used to receive, and it applies to a period of ten (10) years as determined by the court's discretion.

## Page 791

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The Court of Appeal finds that MUKASHYAKA Joséphine should not be awarded any additional damages at the appeal level, despite being entitled to pecuniary damages amounting to 10,346,640Frw as explained above. This amount is to be added to the damages determined by the trial court, resulting in a total amount of twenty million three hundred forty-six thousand six hundred forty francs (20,346,640Frw). Regarding NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, the Court of Appeal notes that in paragraphs 579-583 of the appealed judgment, the trial court provided reasons for awarding him a cumulative amount of damages totaling twenty-one million five hundred thousand francs (21,500,000Frw). This amount includes 15,000,000Frw as the value of the burnt motor vehicle, which was awarded instead of the requested 25,000,000Frw. Additionally, 6,000,000Frw was awarded as moral damages for the injury he sustained from being shot and being deprived of the use of his burnt car, instead of the requested 20,000,000Frw. Furthermore, 21,600,000Frw was awarded to cover the cost of car rental used for his daily activities as a substitute for the burned vehicle. Lastly, 500,000Frw was awarded as judicial expenses instead of the requested 540,000Frw. It is also noted that in those paragraphs of the appealed judgment, the trial court clarified that NSENGIYUMVA Vincent was not awarded damages of 30,000,000Frw for his burned household equipment, 1,500,000Frw for medical expenses he incurred, and 4,000,000Frw for living expenses while he was hospitalized. The trial court cited the lack of evidence as the basis for denying these claims, in accordance with Article 12 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour, and administrative procedure.

## Page 792

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The Court of Appeal acknowledges that NSENGIYUMVA Vincent and his legal counsel allege that they possess several documents as evidence to substantiate his claim. Furthermore, at the appeal level, they have introduced witness statements from individuals who arrived to assist him shortly after the attack. The Court finds that these statements serve as an indication that there may be additional evidence that was not readily accessible due to the circumstances of the attack, as well as the physical and mental trauma endured by the victims. It further finds that NSENGIYUMVA Vincent and his legal counsel criticize the trial court for noting the pieces of evidence that demonstrate his injury from the attack and his subsequent medical treatment at King Faisal Hospital, following his transfer from the University Teaching Hospital of Butare. However, they express dissatisfaction with the trial court's decision to deny their request for damages amounting to 5,500,000Frw, which encompassed medical and living expenses. The trial court cited the lack of evidence and the absence of proof regarding his hospital admission and the duration of his stay as the reasons for rejecting the claim. Therefore, they argue that the trial court's decision was inconsistent. On one hand, the court acknowledged the evidence regarding the value of the motor vehicle, but on the other hand, it awarded him damages at its discretion, rather than based on the submitted evidence. The Court of Appeal takes note of their dissatisfaction with the judicial expenses awarded to NSENGIYUMVA Vincent by the trial court, totaling 500,000Frw. They raise concerns regarding the expenses he incurred for trips to Nyanza before the transfer of the case hearing to Kigali, as well as the expenses he continued to face after the transfer. They argue that the trial court awarded these expenses at its discretion and based on estimation,

## Page 793

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without fully considering the impact of his inability to use his car as usual. NSENGIYUMVA Vincent had emphasized his reliance on the car for his daily activities and even factored in the daily car rental costs ranging between 15,000Frw and 20,000Frw when calculating the requested amount. Moreover, regarding the compensation for the household equipment that were set on fire, the present court notes their allegation that the trial court misinterpreted the absence of these items in the report prepared by the administration of Nyabimata Sector. They argue that the items were not listed because they were burned, not stolen, and that the same report actually confirms the incidence of burned equipment. It also finds, in general, that they request a reconsideration of the damages awarded to NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, amounting to twenty-one million five hundred thousand francs (21,500,000Frw), in order to take into account, the submitted evidence and the new evidence filed at the appeal level, including witness statements. They are seeking the award of all the damages they have claimed. The Court of Appeal finds that, with regards to the compensation of 30,000,000Frw for his household equipment that was set on fire, the trial court did not award it to him due to a lack of evidence. The Court further determines that, even at the appeal level, he should not be awarded the compensation as he has also failed to substantiate his claim with evidence. The Court of Appeal finds that, regarding the compensation of 1,500,000Frw that NSENGIYUMVA Vincent claims to have spent on medical treatment but was not awarded by the trial court due to a lack of evidence, he has submitted the following pieces of evidence: an invoice for 2,000Frw on annex 077, an invoice for 77,242Frw on annex 078, and an invoice for

## Page 794

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11,378Frw on annex 079. These invoices demonstrate that he has spent a total of 90,620Frw on medical treatment. Based on Article 154 of the Law n˚ 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 mentioned above, he deserves to be awarded this amount, as he has not provided the requested amount of 1,500,000Frw at the appeal level. The Court of Appeal notes that regarding the damages amounting to 4,000,000Frw for living expenses while admitted in the hospital, which NSENGIYUMVA Vincent requests, there is no basis to award them to him as he has also failed to provide evidence at the appeal level. Regarding compensation for the value of the burned motor vehicle, determined at the trial court's discretion, the Court of Appeal finds that Nsengiyumva Vincent should not be awarded the claimed damages at the trial court level. This is because he does not base them on the actual cost of purchase, nor does he demonstrate that the requested amount is equivalent to the market price of the same model and age of his burned vehicle. Consequently, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent does not provide sufficient grounds to challenge the trial court's exercise of discretion, which would justify changing the discretionary amount of 15,000,000Frw determined by the trial court. The Court of Appeal finds that regarding the damages of 6,000,000Frw determined by the trial court, it explained that they include moral damages for being shot, sustaining injuries, and being deprived of the use of his burned car. However, Nsengiyumva Vincent made a distinction between the damages he sought. He claimed 20,000,000Frw for moral damages and 21,600,000Frw for car rental expenses incurred in his daily activities as a replacement for his own car. This calculation was based on a daily rate of 20,000Frw, starting from the day his car

## Page 795

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was set on fire (on 19/06/2018) until the day the judgment was pronounced. Therefore, the Court of Appeal finds that the trial court made an error in combining the moral damages and car rental expenses incurred by Nsengiyumva Vincent. These damages are of different nature, and their calculation methods differ. It finds that while the awarding of moral damages is discretionary, as they are often based on emotions and lack a tangible basis for calculation, the concept of loss of opportunity (pecuniary damages) has a more concrete foundation. Even though estimations may be used, when a person is deprived of the right to use their motor vehicle, they seek alternatives to maintain their normal way of life, and this loss can be quantified in monetary terms. The Court of Appeal finds that, in line with its approach to other victims of these terrorist attacks who were awarded moral damages at its discretion in the amount of 300,000Frw, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent should also have been granted moral damages. His case warrants special consideration, particularly due to the severity of the physical suffering he endured and the fact that he narrowly escaped death from the bullets that were intentionally fired at him. It finds, within its discretion, that NSENGIYUMVA Vincent should be awarded five million francs (5,000,000Frw) in moral damages. In contrast, regarding compensation for being deprived of the right to use his motor vehicle in his daily business, the court finds that it cannot overlook the fact that NSENGIYUMVA Vincent incurred expenses for his movements in order to continue his daily activities. However, since there is no evidence to support the requested damages of 21,600,000Frw, calculated based on a daily

## Page 796

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amount of 20,000Frw, the court awards him a discretionary amount of 5,000Frw per day. This award covers the period from the day his car was set on fire on 19/06/2018 until 04/04/2022, amounting to 1369 days x 5,000Frw, totaling 6,845,000Frw. Regarding the five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) of judicial expenses awarded to NSENGIYUMVA Vincent by the trial court, he filed an appeal claiming that it was insufficient. He argued that the awarded amount did not adequately cover all the times he appeared in the hearings at Nyanza when they were still held there, as well as the subsequent hearings in Kigali. He requested that the damages be increased to one million francs (1,000,000Frw), which was his initial request. The present court finds that the amount determined by the trial court was awarded because there was no evidence indicating the actual amount of judicial expenses incurred by NSENGIYUMVA Vincent. He reiterates his request for the same amount that was declined by the trial court. However, he has not provided any additional evidence or specified the grounds for challenging the trial court's exercise of discretion. Consequently, the present court finds no grounds to modify the decision of the trial court in this regard. In general, the damages awarded to NSENGIYUMVA Vincent in the appealed judgment are upheld for the value of the car (amounting to 15,000,000Frw) and judicial expenses (amounting to 500,000Frw). However, the compensation for medical expenses, which was substantiated with evidence, is modified to 90,620Frw. The damages for the deprivation of the right to use the car are adjusted to 6,845,000Frw, and the moral damages are set at 5,000,000Frw. The total amount awarded is

## Page 797

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twenty-seven million four hundred thirty-five thousand six hundred twenty francs (27,435,620Frw)  Regarding the appellants who expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of damages awarded in relation to the attacks launched in Nyungwe forest, Kitabi sector in Nyamagabe District Regarding UWAMBAJE Françoise, the Court finds that in paragraph 616 of the appealed judgment, the trial court awarded her moral damages amounting to ten million francs (10,000,000Frw) at its discretion. This decision was based on the medical report from University Teaching Hospital of Butare on 18/12/2018, which indicated the death of HABYARIMANA Dominique on 16/12/2018, and another medical report that confirmed his physical injuries resulting from being shot. The awarded damages were meant to compensate UWAMBAJE Françoise for the suffering she endured due to the killing of her husband, who left behind three children. However, the Court held that she should not be awarded any other requested pecuniary damages or the value of the shortfalls because she failed to substantiate her claim with evidence. In this appellate case, UWAMBAJE Françoise and her legal counsel argue that, based on article 154 of Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour, and administrative procedure, they have submitted new evidence to the present appellate court. They claim that these new documents, including the certificate attesting that her husband UWAMBAJE Françoise was an entrepreneur dealing with the District administration, issued by Gashonga sector where the deceased HABYARIMANA Dominique used to participate in bids, are

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attached as annex 104. There are also photographs attached to the file as annexes 106 and 107, indicating the grave of the deceased, as well as the invoice for funeral expenses attached as annex 103. However, they further allege that there are other invoices for funeral expenses incurred, such as those related to the purchase of packaged water and transportation, which they have been unable to locate. They request that when determining damages at the appellate level, the court should take into account the remaining working time of HABYARIMANA Dominique, as well as the expenses incurred by UWAMBAJE Françoise for funeral expenses and the closure of the mourning ceremony. However, since they do not have conclusive evidence, they request the court to exercise its discretion and award her the requested damages, as the expenses they refer to in their claim were indeed incurred in reality. In contrast, regarding the moral damages of ten million francs (10,000,000Frw) that she was awarded and expresses dissatisfaction with, they request the court to reconsider the claim and award her a discretionary amount of at least fifty million francs (50,000,000Frw). The Court of Appeal finds that UWAMBAJE Françoise expressed dissatisfaction with the moral damages of 10,000,000Frw awarded to her by the trial court at its discretion. She requests an amount of 50,000,000Frw instead. At the appellate level, she had initially requested one hundred million francs (100,000,000Frw), which included moral damages, pecuniary damages, and funeral expenses incurred. It finds, however, that since she does not specify any criticism regarding the discretion exercised by the trial court in awarding her moral damages, and merely expresses dissatisfaction, there is no basis for the appellate court to modify the amount of moral damages

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awarded to her. Therefore, the amount of 10,000,000Frw awarded by the trial court should be upheld. Regarding the pecuniary damages requested by UWAMBAJE Françoise, based on the fact that the deceased HABYARIMANA Dominique had business ventures that provided financial support to his family, the Court of Appeal finds that even though UWAMBAJE Françoise and her legal counsel do not specify the specific amount within the total sum of 100,000,000Frw that they requested, the certificate dated 15/02/2021 issued by the executive secretary of Gashonga sector, which they submitted as evidence, indicates instead that HABYARIMANA Dominique, who was an entrepreneur and a supplier of construction materials for school classrooms, successfully completed his projects, including the construction of classrooms in Gashonga sector at the EP Buhokoro site, GS Gashonga Catholique, from 2017 until 2018”. Consequently, the requested pecuniary damages by UWAMBAJE Françoise should not be awarded to her since the supporting evidence she provided does not indicate the specific amount that can be used as a basis for calculating them. Regarding the funeral expenses incurred for the burial of HABYARIMANA Dominique, the Court of Appeal, based on Article 154 of the Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 mentioned above, which allows the submission of new evidence for the first time at the appellate level, finds that UWAMBAJE Françoise should be awarded damages amounting to two hundred fifty-five thousand francs (250,000Frw) for the purchase of the coffin, as evidenced by invoice number 264, and two hundred thousand francs (200,000Frw) for the hire of the hearse, as provided by invoice number 265. However, the two photographs of the grave

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of the deceased presented as evidence do not provide a basis for awarding any compensation. Consequently, at this appellate level, the court awards UWAMBAJE Françoise damages amounting to four hundred fifty thousand francs (450,000Frw) that she was able to prove, in addition to the ten million francs (10,000,000Frw) of moral damages awarded to her by the court in the appealed judgment. Regarding NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, the Court of Appeal finds that in paragraph 611 of the appealed judgment, the trial court concluded that there is no evidence indicating the extent of his disability to justify the requested amount of sixty- six million six hundred thousand francs (66,600,000Frw), nor is there evidence to support the need for medical treatment amounting to fifty million francs (50,000,000Frw) as he claimed. The Trial Court, instead, found that the pieces of evidence he submitted only prove that he received medical care for the injury to his left leg, which he sustained as a result of the grenade. Therefore, considering the suffering inflicted upon him and the fact that he had to walk all night long in Nyungwe forest after his car was set on fire, the court awarded him a discretionary amount of two million francs (2,000,000Frw) as moral damages and five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) as judicial expenses, totaling two million five hundred thousand francs (2,500,000Frw). At the appellate level, NGIRABABYEYI Désiré and his legal counsel allege that based on the medical report filed in the case from Kibagabaga Hospital, which indicates a permanent disability of 22%, the court should award him pecuniary damages taking into account this medical report and his monthly salary of 250,000Frw. They further request the court to award him

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discretionary moral damages, as the damages of 2,000,000Frw awarded by the trial court for his suffering are deemed insufficient and should be increased at the court's discretion. They point out that their criticism of the appealed judgment lies in the fact that the damages awarded to NGIRABABYEYI Désiré only pertain to his suffering. However, upon reading the law governing the compensation of victims of motor vehicle accidents, they realize that there are other aspects that are also compensated. The Court of Appeal notes that NGIRABABYEYI Désiré does not raise any objections regarding the judicial expenses of five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) awarded to him by the trial court. However, he expresses dissatisfaction with the damages awarded to him at the court's discretion, totaling two million francs (2,000,000Frw), which were referred to as moral damages but of which he associated with the suffering resulting from the injury to his leg. He requests the instant court to exercise its discretion and increase the aforementioned damages. Furthermore, he seeks to be awarded pecuniary damages, although he does not specify the amount. He argues that the court should determine the amount based on his monthly salary of 250,000Frw , but he fails to substantiate this claim with evidence. He also states that the court should consider the 22% degree of disability stated in the medical report he submitted as new evidence, as mentioned earlier. The Court of Appeal finds that in relation to the damages of 2,000,000Frw awarded to NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, the trial court explicitly stated in paragraph 611 of the appealed judgment that they are moral damages resulting from the injury he sustained during the night-long walk in Nyungwe forest. Therefore, his

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claims that these damages are solely related to suffering lack merit. In addition, regarding the other damages he requests for his inability to work despite receiving a monthly salary of 250,000Frw, the Court of Appeal finds that the medical report he provided as evidence states that the disability of his leg is currently at a provisional 22% degree, as he is still undergoing medical treatment. However, there is no basis to award him the requested damages as long as he fails to demonstrate the connection between the provisional degree of disability and the damages claimed. Furthermore, he does not provide evidence of the alleged salary he received or the current inability to engage in paid work. Consequently, the present court finds no other basis on which to modify the moral damages of 2,000,000Frw and the judicial expenses of 500,000Frw that were awarded to NGIRABABYEYI Désiré by the trial court. Regarding RUDAHUNGA Ladislas and his children, RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius, and UMULIZA Adéline, the Court of Appeal finds that in paragraph 608 of the appealed judgment, the trial court determined that RUDAHUNGA Ladislas should be awarded moral damages amounting to five million francs (5,000,000Frw). Similarly, it concluded that each of the siblings of MUTESI Jacqueline should be awarded two million francs (2,000,000Frw) at the court's discretion, as the amount they requested was deemed excessive. It also finds that the trial court had explained that RUDAHUNGA Ladislas should be awarded compensation for funeral expenses and fees for various certificates amounting to two million one hundred ninety thousand two hundred francs (2,190,200Frw), as proven by the invoices he submitted. Additionally, he should receive five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) as judicial expenses.

## Page 803

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At the appellate level, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas and his children, RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius, and UMULIZA Adéline, along with their legal counsel, request the instant court to reexamine the damages they had previously requested. They argue that the amount awarded by the trial court is insufficient and therefore seek an increase, as the amount they originally requested falls within a reasonable range and is not excessively high. The Court of Appeal finds that RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, along with his children RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, SHUMBUSHO David, KIRENGA Darius, and UMULIZA Adéline, expressed their dissatisfaction regarding the moral damages awarded to them at the trial court's discretion. They request the same amount as they initially requested at the first instance level. However, they fail to provide any specific criticism of the trial court's exercise of discretion in determining the damages. For that reason, the present court finds that there is no basis to modify the moral damages awarded to them at the first instance level. Regarding MBONIGABA Richard, MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Lilliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWARI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valérie, and SEMIGABO Déo, the Court of Appeal finds that, according to paragraph 617 of the appealed judgment, based on the medical report issued by Kigeme Hospital on 16/12/2018, which indicated that MUKABAHIZI Hilarie succumbed to gunshot wounds, the trial court decided that her children, listed on the indigents list

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established by Giheke sector on 21/06/2021, namely MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Lilliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, represented by MBONIGABA Richard, should be awarded moral damages for the loss of their parent due to the gunshot during the attack in Nyungwe forest. Each of them should be awarded five million francs (5,000,000Frw). Regarding his siblings, MBONIGABA Richard, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWALI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valérie, and SEMIGABO Déo, each of them should be awarded two million francs (2,000,000 Frw) each. It also finds that the trial court explained that they should not be awarded compensation for alleged expenses and a compensation amounting to one million francs (1,000,000 Frw) for the deceased's shortfalls due to lack of evidence. At the appeal level, MBONIGABA Richard, MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, MURENGERANTWARI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valérie, SEMIGABO Déo, along with their legal counsel, request the present court to reconsider and, at its discretion, determine whether they are entitled to the damages they initially requested. The Court of Appeal acknowledges that MBONIGABA Richard, MUKESHIMANA Diane, NDIKUMANA Isaac, MUKANDUTIYE Alphonsine, UZAYISENGA Liliane, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie

## Page 805

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Vianney, MURENGERANTWARI Donat, HAKIZIMANA Denis, RWAMIHIGO Alex, NYIRAGABIRE Valérie, and SEMIGABO Déo have expressed their dissatisfaction with the moral damages awarded to them by the trial court at its discretion. They request to be awarded the same initial amount. However, since they have failed to demonstrate any fault on the part of the court that determined the damages, the Court of Appeal finds no basis to modify the awarded moral damages. Regarding NYIRANDIBWAMI Marianne, the Court of Appeal notes that in paragraph 615 of the appealed judgment, the trial court decided to award her discretionary moral damages of five million francs (5,000,000Frw) due to the death of her child, NIYOBUHUNGIRO Jeanine, in the attack launched in Nyungwe, as proven by the medical report dated 16/12/2018. However, the court also stated that she should not be awarded compensation for the expenses incurred in relation to her child's death because she failed to provide clarification and supporting evidence regarding those expenses. At the appeal level, NYIRANDIBWAMI Marianne and her legal counsel request the court to reconsider the damages awarded to her at its discretion, as the law does not provide clear guidelines for their computation. The Court of Appeal finds that NYIRANDIBWAMI Marianne has expressed dissatisfaction with the discretionary moral damages awarded to her by the trial court. She requests the same amount that she initially requested. However, since she has failed to demonstrate any fault on the part of the trial court in determining the damages, the Court of Appeal finds no basis to modify the awarded moral damages.

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Regarding NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, the Court of Appeal finds, according to paragraph 610 of the appealed judgment, that the trial court awarded her a discretionary amount of ten million francs (10,000,000Frw) in moral damages for the loss of her partner, NTEZIRYAYO Samuel, and the responsibility of raising her young children. This decision was based on her evidence, including the marriage certificate and a medical report dated 16/12/2018, which indicated that her husband was killed in the attack launched in Nyungwe forest. Additionally, the trial court awarded her judicial expenses amounting to five thousand francs (500,000Frw). It further finds that the trial court clarified that due to the lack of evidence regarding the income of NTEZIRYAYO Samuel, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane should not be awarded ten million francs (10,000,000Frw) in pecuniary damages. Additionally, the trial court determined that the alleged expenses of two million five hundred thousand francs (2,500,000Frw) incurred by NYIRAYUMVE Eliane for the burial could not be substantiated with evidence. At the appeal level, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane and her legal counsel argue that based on Article 154 of Law No. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 mentioned above, they have submitted new evidence to the present court to substantiate the funeral expenses incurred for the burial of her husband. They assert that NYIRAYUMVE Eliane initially requested damages totaling 23,500,000Frw, which includes 10,000,000Frw for being left a widow, 10,000,000Frw in pecuniary damages, 2,500,000Frw for funeral expenses, and 1,000,000Frw for judicial expenses. They request the court to reconsider her claim at its discretion. Regarding pecuniary damages, they argue that since the deceased had no paid work and is unable to prove otherwise, and there is no legal basis to calculate such damages, they request the court to exercise

## Page 807

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its discretion and award them. They suggest that the legal basis for computing these damages should be similar to that governing the indemnification of victims of accidents caused by motor vehicles. In such cases, when a person's income is unknown, the court typically awards damages based on the minimum wage. The Court of Appeal finds that since NYIRAYUMVE Eliane is requesting 10,000,000Frw of moral damages, the same amount she initially requested before the trial court, and considering that she has already been awarded a similar amount, her claim lacks merit. It further finds that the requested amount of 1,000,000Frw for judicial expenses should not be awarded to her, as she has not criticized the trial court's discretion in awarding her 500,000Frw for the same purpose. Regarding the requested pecuniary damages of 10,000,000Frw, based on the argument that the deceased NTEZIRYAYO Samuel engaged in profitable activities and used to provide for his family, the Court of Appeal finds no basis to overturn the decision of the trial court. Regarding the expenses for the burial of NTEZIRYAYO Samuel, the Court of Appeal finds that the submitted evidence provided by NYIRAYUMVE Eliane to support these expenses should not be considered valid. The document titled "invoice for funeral expenses" is not a genuine invoice as it was handwritten by NYIRAYUMVE Eliane herself on 24/01/2022. In this document, she claims 2,777,800Frw in moral damages, which includes 1,299,800Frw for various items used for the funeral, 278,000Frw for the value of various items her husband purchased and possessed at the time of his death, and 1,200,000Frw as proceeds from the sale of wood planks. Therefore, the Court deems that the document in question, originating from the litigant

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herself and not distinct from her own statements, cannot be relied upon as evidence. Furthermore, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane should not be awarded the additional damages she requested, as she failed to provide supporting evidence for them. Regarding KAREGESA Phénias, the Court of Appeal finds that, according to paragraph 609 of the appealed judgment, the trial court awarded him moral damages based on the evidence he provided, which included the medical report issued by Kigeme Hospital on 16/12/2018. The medical report confirmed that his child, NIWENSHUTI Isaac, had died of fatal burns. The trial court awarded KAREGESA Phénias five million francs (5,000,000Frw) as moral damages for the grief he experienced due to the death of his child. Additionally, the court awarded him five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) as judicial expenses, determined at the court's discretion, making a total of five million five hundred thousand francs (5,500,000Frw). It also finds that the trial court explained that KAREGESA Phénias should not be awarded alleged funeral expenses due to a lack of evidence. At the appeal level, KAREGESA Phénias and his legal counsel request the present court to reconsider his claim for damages at its discretion. The total amount requested is 67,000,000Frw, consisting of 63,000,000Frw for moral damages, 3,000,000Frw for funeral expenses, and 1,000,000Frw for judicial expenses, as previously requested to the trial court. However, they fail to provide specific criticisms regarding the exercise of discretion by the trial court in awarding the damages, instead only making unsubstantiated claims of insufficiency. Therefore, the present court finds no grounds to modify the moral damages awarded to KAREGESA Phénias by the trial court.

## Page 809

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Regarding HABIMANA Zerothe, the Court of Appeal observes that, as stated in paragraph 612 of the appealed judgment, the trial court determined that the presented evidence does not establish the extent of his disability and its impact on his ability to work, thus not warranting the requested amount of sixty-eight million four hundred thousand francs (68,400,000Frw). Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence demonstrating the necessity of special treatment, which would justify the requested amount of fifty million francs (50,000,000Frw). It further observes that the trial court, on the contrary, determined that the requested amount for HABIMANA Zerothe was excessive, considering the evidence of him receiving medical treatment for the grenade wounds. Instead, the trial court exercised its discretion and awarded him a moral damages amount of two million francs (2,000,000Frw). The moral damages were granted for the incidents of being beaten, forced labor, abduction, and being taken to Nyungwe forest. Additionally, the trial court awarded him five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) for judicial expenses, resulting in a total award of two million five hundred thousand francs (2,500,000Frw). At the appeal level, HABIMANA Zerothe and his legal counsel request the present court to reexamine the previous claim for damages and increase the awarded amount, as they argue that the amount determined by the trial court is insufficient. However, it observes that HABIMANA Zerothe has expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of 2,000,000Frw in moral damages and 500,000Frw in judicial expenses awarded at the discretion of the court. They request the same amount of damages they claimed for in the previous court. However, it finds

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that since he does not challenge the discretion of the trial court in awarding him the damages, there is no basis to modify the moral damages he was granted. Furthermore, the medical report submitted as evidence does not mention the alleged permanent disability raised by HABIMANA Zerothe's legal counsel. Regarding NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, the Court of Appeal observes that, according to paragraph 613 of the appealed judgment, the trial court determined, based on the medical report provided by Kigeme Hospital in Nyamagabe at the request of the investigator, that NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle had a wound on her right shoulder. The trial court concluded that although she was injured by FLN assailants during the attack in Nyungwe forest on 15/12/2018, she is entitled to receive two million francs (2,000,000Frw) in moral damages instead of the requested amount of 5,500,000Frw, which included 5,000,000Frw in moral damages and 500,000Frw in disability compensation. It further finds that the trial court explained that NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle should not be awarded disability compensation because the medical report does not indicate that she suffered any disability as a result of the injuries sustained during the attack. At the appeal level, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle and her legal counsel argue that she had originally requested damages amounting to five million five hundred thousand francs (5,500,000Frw). They further present a medical report, which they have filed in the system, as evidence of her ongoing disability, particularly in relation to her appearance. Therefore, they request the court to reconsider her claim as the awarded amount is deemed insufficient. The Court of Appeal concludes that the newly presented medical report in the case file does not warrant any modification

## Page 811

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to the trial court's decision. Consequently, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle should not be granted any damages regarding the alleged disability she may have sustained from the attack. The court notes that her legal counsel failed to substantiate how the evidence justifies the requested amount of 500,000Frw. Furthermore, the same medical report confirms the absence of any permanent disability (0%) resulting from the injury. Therefore, the present court is of the view that there is no justification for modifying the awarded moral damages of 2,000,000Frw as determined by the trial court. Regarding KAYITESI Alice, the Court of Appeal notes that, as stated in paragraph 614 of the appealed judgment, the trial court based its decision on the evidence available in the case file, including a medical report indicating that KAYITESI Alice was examined by a doctor at Kigeme Hospital in Nyamagabe on 16/12/2018, which confirmed an injury on her right leg. The trial court determined that since she was injured by FLN assailants during the attack in Nyungwe on 15/12/2018, she should be awarded moral damages in the amount of two million francs (2,000,000Frw). It further finds that the trial court, however, decided that she should not be awarded damages for the loss of beauty, citing a lack of evidence to prove the extent of the aesthetic loss, and also denied compensation for medical expenses incurred due to a lack of supporting evidence. Furthermore, the trial court dismissed her claim for compensation for belongings allegedly stolen during the attack, again due to a lack of supporting evidence. At the appeal level, KAYITESI Alice and her legal counsel argue that they have submitted a medical report as evidence, which indicates that she still has a 20% degree of

## Page 812

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disability. They contend that since she initially requested 50,000,000Frw in damages but was only awarded 2,000,000Frw by the trial court, the current court should reconsider her claim and award her damages for the disability resulting from the attack in Nyungwe. The Court of Appeal finds that the new evidence presented, namely the medical report filed at this level, is unlikely to bring about a change to the decision of the trial court regarding the award of damages for the disability suffered by KAYITESI Alice as a result of the attack. This is because the mentioned report only indicates a temporary disability of 20% and not a permanent disability. Furthermore, the doctor who conducted the examination advised that they should wait until the end of the treatment to determine the status of any permanent disability. It further finds that the legal counsel representing KAYITESI Alice did not provide an explanation or justification for the requested amount of damages based on the mentioned evidence. Therefore, the Court of Appeal concludes that there is no basis upon which it can rely to modify the moral damages awarded to KAYITESI Alice by the trial court, which amounted to 2,000,000Frw. Regarding YAMBABARIYE Védaste, the Court of Appeal notes that in paragraph 618 of the appealed judgment, the trial court relied on the report issued by Ngungu Cell on 06/11/2020. The report indicated that YAMBABARIYE Védaste was shot in the attack launched in Nyungwe forest on 15/12/2018 and that he has been undergoing treatment for his injuries since that day. Based on this evidence, the trial court awarded him a discretionary amount of two million francs (2,000,000Frw) in moral damages, as he failed to provide sufficient evidence to substantiate his claim for other damages.

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At the appeal level, YAMBABARIYE Védaste and his legal counsel state that he requested damages amounting to 20,000,000Frw for the disability he sustained as a result of being shot in the attack. They have recently submitted new evidence in the form of a medical report. They also argue that the trial court did not adequately address YAMBABARIYE Védaste's claim as stated in paragraph 618 of the appealed judgment. This court had admitted the evidence presented by YAMBABARIYE Védaste, which justified the award of 2,000,000Frw. However, in its decision in paragraph 711, the trial court listed him among the claimants who were not granted damages. They conclude that the present court should rectify this mistake, reevaluate the merit of the 20,000,000Frw amount claimed by YAMBABARIYE Védaste at the trial court, and award it to him, as the 2,000,000Frw he was previously awarded is insufficient. Regarding the fact that the trial court determined that YAMBABARIYE Védaste should be awarded damages amounting to 2,000,000Frw, but this decision did not appear in the actual ruling where he was instead listed among the claimants who were not awarded damages, the present court finds that 77this is a drafting error in the ruling that can be rectified at the appeal level, in accordance with the provisions of Article 141 of Law no 22/2018 mentioned above. Consequently, it finds that he is entitled to the damages amounting to 2,000,000Frw that were awarded to him by the trial court.

This article reads as follow: “The party seeking the rectification or interpretation of a judgement at the appellate level must do so in his/her submissions, and the appellate court approves it at the same time as the other grounds of appeal. In this case, the lower court is no longer competent to correct these errors.”

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Regarding the fact that YAMBABARIYE Védaste and his legal counsel request the court to consider new evidence in the form of a medical report to increase the awarded damages to 20,000,000Frw, which was awarded by the trial court, the present court finds that this evidence, issued by the medical doctor at Kigeme Hospital on 13/01/2022 and titled "Attestation de maladie chronique," is unlikely to change the ruling of the trial court. The trial court determined that YAMBABARIYE Védaste should not be awarded the full amount of damages requested for the sustained disability, as he is still undergoing treatment. Instead, the trial court awarded him moral damages for the injuries sustained during the attack. Despite the failure of his legal counsel to demonstrate how this evidence supports the requested amount of 20,000,000Frw in damages, it does not prove the existence of a permanent disability resulting from the injuries. In fact, the evidence supports the ruling of the trial court that YAMBABARIYE Védaste is currently ill and receiving treatment. It therefore finds that there is no justification to modify the moral damages awarded by the trial court to YAMBABARIYE Védaste, amounting to 2,000,000Frw. Regarding NDUTIYE Yussuf, the Court of Appeal notes that, according to paragraphs 599-600 of the appealed judgment, the trial court denied his request for compensation amounting to 8,000,000Frw for the value of his car, which was set on fire on 15/12/2018. The trial court based its decision on the fact that the proforma invoice, issued on 24/01/2020 after the incident, failed to establish a clear link between the car's value at the time of purchase and its value at the time of the incident, considering the period of usage. Instead, the trial court awarded him a discretionary amount of four million francs (4,000,000Frw).

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The Court of Appeal also notes that in those paragraphs of the appealed judgment, the trial court found that concerning the other damages claimed by NDUTIYE Yussuf, including the burning of his car, the fear experienced during the attack, and the hindrance to use his car for daily activities, he should be awarded moral damages in the amount of two million five hundred thousand francs (2,500,000Frw), as determined at the court's discretion. The trial court realized that the requested damages were excessive, as NDUTIYE Yussuf did not provide a basis for requesting the court to consider a daily rental amount of 20,000Frw. It further notes that the trial court awarded him five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) for judicial expenses, resulting in a total awarded amount of seven million francs (7,000,000Frw). At the appeal level, NDUTIYE Yussuf and his legal counsel raise criticism regarding the trial court's decision to award him 4,000,000Frw as compensation for the value of the car. They argue that this amount lacks a basis as it does not cover the cost of any car. As a result, they request the court to either award him the originally requested amount of 8,000,000Frw or to summon motor vehicle valuation experts to assess the value, taking into consideration the duration of usage and the manufacturing year. They also argue that there is a valid criticism regarding the fact that NDUTIYE Yussuf's car was set on fire, he experienced fear due to the attack, and he faced hindrances in using his car for daily activities. However, he was only awarded a cumulative amount of 2,500,000Frw as damages, which was determined at the court's discretion. They request the present court to consider awarding twenty thousand francs (20,000Frw) per day, as NDUTIYE Yussuf relied on his car for daily activities. They argue that during the period when he did not have access to

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his car, he had to incur expenses to hire a substitute vehicle. They further allege that the amount of five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) awarded by the trial court as judicial expenses is insufficient. They argue that considering all the instances where NDUTIYE Yussuf appeared in court, both in Nyanza and after the case was transferred to Kigali, the expenses he incurred are higher. Therefore, they request the court to reconsider the amount and award the originally requested sum of 1,000,000Frw. The Court of Appeal finds that, in relation to the compensation for the value of NDUTIYE Yussuf's car that was set on fire, the proforma invoice's purpose is not to establish the value of the car at the time of purchase. Rather, its purpose is to demonstrate the value at which another individual interested in buying the same car model would pay at the time the proforma invoice was issued (the price of a car of the same model manufactured during that period). The present court also finds that the purpose of seeking compensation for the value of the damaged property is to enable the victim to replace the lost item and continue its use (full compensation). Such compensation is awarded based on the market value when there is no other means to determine the actual value. The Court of Appeal finds, therefore, that based on the fact that NDUTIYE Yussuf has provided the instant court with pieces of evidence that he owns such a car, including the fact that he used to subscribe to insurance from SONARWA and has indicated the market price of the same model car manufactured in the same year, none of the accused has provided contrary evidence to show that the same model of the car owned by NDUTIYE Yussuf could be purchased at a lower price. Therefore, the trial court should have considered such a proforma

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invoice since there is no other way the car could currently be found for purchase. The Court of Appeal finds that the damages awarded by the trial court, amounting to 2,500,000Frw, are explained as moral damages. These damages encompass the fact that NDUTIYE Yussuf's car was set on fire, he was terrified by the attack, and he has been deprived of the right to use his car in his daily activities. However, NDUTIYE Yussuf had requested damages separately. He requested 2,000,000Frw for moral damages and also claimed expenses incurred for renting a new car for his daily activities. He requested these expenses to be calculated at 20,000Frw per day from the date the car was set on fire (on 15/12/2018) until the day of the judgment pronouncement. The Court of Appeal finds, therefore, that the trial court erred in encompassing moral damages and compensation for the deprivation of using his car in daily activities. These damages are not of the same nature, and their method of computation is not the same. It is noted that while moral damages are determined at the court's discretion since, most of the time, it is difficult to find a tangible basis as they cover emotional harm. On the other hand, pecuniary damages have a measurable basis, regardless of how approximate it may be. This is because the victim, deprived of the possibility to use his vehicle, seeks an alternative to maintain his usual living conditions, which can be evaluated in monetary terms. The Court of Appeal finds that, in line with its previous decisions, it awarded moral damages at its own discretion for the impact caused by the terrorist attacks. In this regard, it awarded a sum of 300,000Frw as moral damages. Therefore, NDUTIYE

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Yussuf should also be awarded moral damages in the amount of 300,000Frw. Furthermore, regarding compensation for being deprived of the right to use his own car in his daily activities, the Court of Appeal finds that it cannot disregard the fact that NDUTIYE Yussuf incurs traffic expenses in order to pursue his daily occupations. At this stage, the present court notes the lack of evidence substantiating the daily amount of 20,000Frw to the extent that it can rely on it. Therefore, at its own discretion, the court awards him 5,000Frw per day, starting from the day the car was damaged on 15/12/2018 until 04/04/2022. This amounts to 1,190 days multiplied by 5,000Frw, resulting in a total of 5,950,000Frw. Regarding the five hundred thousand (500,000Frw) of judicial expenses awarded to NDUTIYE Yussuf by the trial court, of which he expresses dissatisfaction, considering the number of times he appeared in the hearing in Nyanza and the times he appeared since the case was transferred to Kigali, he demands that such expenses be increased to 1,000,000Frw as he had previously requested. The present court deems that the amount awarded by the trial court was determined due to the lack of evidence regarding the actual amount incurred by NDUTIYE Yussuf for the follow-up of his case. Furthermore, he persists in requesting the declined amount without providing supporting evidence or specifying his criticism of the trial court's discretion. Therefore, the present court lacks grounds to overturn the decision of the trial court. In general, the damages awarded to NDUTIYE Yussuf by the trial court have only been modified in terms of the compensation for the value of the car, which is now 8,000,000Frw, and the compensation for being deprived of the right to use the car, which amounts to 5,950,000Frw. The moral

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damages remain at 300,000Frw, and an additional 500,000Frw is awarded for judicial expenses, as previously determined. The total amount awarded is thus 14,750,000Frw. Regarding OMEGA Express Ltd, the Court of Appeal notes that in paragraphs 601-603 of the appealed judgment, the trial court found that there were two motor vehicles of the coaster model for passengers that were set on fire in Nyungwe forest by MRCD-FLN assailants. The trial court further determined that damages should be awarded for the loss incurred as a result of that attack, including the value of the motor vehicles, the loss incurred by OMEGA Express Ltd for not being able to use them, and the judicial expenses incurred. The Court of Appeal finds that, regarding the value of the burned motor vehicles, the trial court, as stated above in the paragraphs of the appealed judgment, noted that the motor vehicle for which a compensation of 51,809,000Frw was sought had been in use for five (5) years. The trial court exercised its own discretion and decided to award a compensation of forty million francs (40,000,000Frw) for this vehicle. Similarly, for the other motor vehicle for which a compensation of 52,079,986Frw was sought and which had been in use for one year, the trial court awarded a discretionary compensation of forty-five million francs (45,000,000Frw). The Court of Appeal finds that, regarding the pecuniary damages for the loss incurred by OMEGA Express Ltd due to the period of time during which its motor vehicles were unable to be used after being set on fire, the trial court had determined that OMEGA Express Ltd failed to clearly demonstrate the basis for requesting such pecuniary damages. The trial court concluded that the allegations made by OMEGA Express Ltd, including the

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claimed period of twenty (20) years during which each burned motor vehicle would have been in use and their daily income, were insufficient to justify the award of the requested damages. Exercising its own discretion, the Court of Appeal finds that the trial court, considering factors such as the nature of passenger vehicle operations whereby vehicles do not work all days, the reliance on estimated daily income by OMEGA Express Ltd, and the award of compensation for the value of the motor vehicle, decided to award pecuniary damages for a period of thirty-three (33) months. This period is computed from 15/12/2018, the time of the event, until the pronouncement of the judgment. The calculation is based on 24 days per month and a rate of fifty thousand francs (50,000Frw) per day. As a result, it determined that the pecuniary damages for both motor vehicles amount to seventy-nine million two hundred thousand francs (79,200,000Frw). The same court had also awarded five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) for judicial expenses. At the appeal level, the legal counsel for OMEGA Express Ltd argues that the trial court has no basis to declare that the bus is only in use for 24 days per month. They contend that even when the driver takes a day off, there is nothing preventing the motor vehicle from being used. Additionally, they assert that the court failed to address the impact of the events on the trust customers had in OMEGA Express Ltd, which has continued to result in financial losses for the company. Therefore, they request the court to determine pecuniary damages based on 50,000Frw per day until the pronouncement of the judgment. They further argue that such damages should be calculated based on 30 days, as passenger buses operate every day, as confirmed by the witness RURANGWA, who was the driver. He also states that the judicial expenses he is requesting amount to 1,240,000Frw,

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which includes 20,000Frw and 1,220,000Frw determined as a fixed amount. This is because they did not ask for invoices for the expenses incurred during the case follow-up. The Court of Appeal finds that, regarding compensation for the value of the two motor vehicles that were set on fire, the legal counsel for OMEGA Express Ltd criticizes the amount awarded by the trial court, stating that it is lower than the value proved by the evidence of the purchase invoices. They argue that, despite the five-year period of use for one vehicle and one-year period of use for the other, the value should have increased in monetary terms, taking into account the current market price of similar motor vehicle models. They contend that the trial court chose to apply depreciation to the vehicles over time. Regarding the issue of compensation for the value of the two burned motor vehicles, the Court of Appeal acknowledges that it is possible for the value of a vehicle to increase over time instead of depreciating. However, the court notes that such cases are exceptional, and the burden of proof lies with the legal counsel for OMEGA Express Ltd to demonstrate that the vehicles appreciated in value. Until now, the counsel has failed to provide evidence supporting this claim, as they have only presented the purchase invoices from five and one years ago respectively. Therefore, it concludes that the trial court had no other option but to exercise its discretion and estimate the value of the motor vehicles based on their purchase prices and the standard depreciation applied to all equipment. Therefore, it finds no reason to alter the trial court's decision regarding the determination of compensation for the value of the motor vehicles owned by OMEGA Express Ltd that were set on fire during the attack by the MRCD-FLN terrorist group.

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The Court of Appeal finds that in regards to the pecuniary damages for the potential income that both burned motor vehicles could have generated if they had not been set on fire, the argument made by the legal counsel for OMEGA Express Ltd that they should be calculated based on a 30-day month is not conclusive. The counsel's claim, based on the testimony of the driver, would have been more persuasive if they had provided the schedule of the motor vehicles' usage since their acquisition by OMEGA Express Ltd. This would have served as concrete evidence to substantiate the claim that the vehicles are indeed used every day without interruption. On the contrary, the Court of Appeal maintains that the method of determining the working days of the motor vehicles at the court's discretion was the only viable option to calculate such damages. It asserts that there was neither overestimation nor underestimation of the vehicles' work in concluding that they should have been in use for an average of 24 days per month. Therefore, the pecuniary damages determined in this manner should be upheld. Regarding the five hundred thousand (500,000Frw) of judicial expenses awarded to OMEGA Express Ltd by the trial court, the company has lodged an appeal claiming that the amount is insufficient. They have requested the same amount they claimed at the trial court level, which is 1,240,000Frw. This amount includes 20,000Frw and 1,220,000Frw computed at a flat rate, as they did not provide invoices for the expenses incurred during the case follow-up. The instant court finds that these arguments should not be given merit, as even the counsel for OMEGA Express Ltd acknowledges that the requested amount for compensation lacks invoices for expenses. However, the court finds that since the trial court proceeded on the basis that every court case incurs costs for the plaintiff in some way, it

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exercised its discretion and awarded 500,000Frw. This decision was made due to the lack of evidence indicating the actual amount of damages sought by OMEGA Express Ltd. The court deems that there is no reason to change the damages awarded to OMEGA Express Ltd by the trial court. Regarding ALPHA Express Company Ltd, the court notes that according to paragraphs 604-605 of the appealed judgment, the trial court observed that one of its passenger motor vehicles was set on fire during the attack on 15/12/2018 in Nyungwe forest. As a result, the trial court concluded that ALPHA Express Company Ltd should be compensated for the loss it incurred due to the loss of its motor vehicle and the potential income it could have generated if it had not been destroyed. Additionally, it should be awarded judicial expenses for being involved in legal proceedings. It observes that the trial court did not award ALPHA Express Company Ltd the requested purchase value for the motor vehicle, which had been in use for four (4) years. Instead, exercising its discretion, the trial court awarded a sum of forty million francs (40,000,000Frw). The Court of Appeal observes that the trial court, taking into account the limitations of the passenger vehicle's daily use and the fact that ALPHA Express Company Ltd had already received compensation for the value of the motor vehicle, awarded pecuniary damages for a duration of thirty-three (33) months. The awarded amount is 39,600,000Frw, calculated from the date of the motor vehicle's destruction (15/12/2018) until the trial of the case. The calculation was based on 24 days per month, with a rate of fifty thousand francs (50,000Frw) per day. It further observes that the trial court awarded ALPHA Express Company Ltd five hundred thousand (500,000Frw) in judicial expenses.

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At the appeal level, the legal counsel for ALPHA Express Company Ltd criticizes the trial court's method of determining the value of the motor vehicle and calculating pecuniary damages. They allege that the value of the coaster model vehicle does not depreciate over time, but rather appreciates due to inflation. They argue that the trial court did not take these arguments into consideration when determining the value of the vehicle. Instead, it relied on the duration of use rather than considering the market value of the vehicle. He argues that pecuniary damages should be calculated based on a 30-day month since passenger vehicles are used every day. He further argues that ALPHA Express Company Ltd is requesting 1,000,000Frw for judicial expenses because from the start of the case hearing in Nyanza until now, it is unlikely that they have incurred only 500,000Frw as awarded by the court. The Court of Appeal finds that concerning the compensation for the value of the burned vehicle, the criticism made by the counsel for ALPHA Express Company Ltd about the amount determined by the trial court is based on the fact that it is lower than the value indicated in the purchase invoice issued four (4) years ago. They argue that the value of the vehicle should have increased in monetary terms, taking into account the current market price. However, the trial court chose to consider the depreciation of the motor vehicle over time. It finds that, as previously clarified, while it is possible for the value of a motor vehicle to increase over time, it is a rare occurrence. Typically, the normal expectation is that the value of equipment, including motor vehicles, depreciates over time. It finds, however, that the burden of proof lies with the legal counsel for ALPHA Express Company Ltd to demonstrate that the value of their vehicle appreciated over time. Until now, the counsel has failed to

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provide evidence supporting this claim, as they have only presented purchase invoices from four (4) years ago. It finds, therefore, that there is no other way the trial court could have determined such an issue without exercising discretion and estimation. The court considered the purchase price, the duration of usage, and the typical depreciation of equipment to determine the value of the vehicle. Consequently, the instant court deems that there is no basis to change the position adopted by the trial court in determining the compensation for the value of the vehicle belonging to ALPHA Express Company Ltd, which was set on fire during the attack by the MRCD-FLN terrorist group. The Court of Appeal finds that in relation to pecuniary damages for the potential income that the burned vehicle could have generated had it not been set on fire, the counsel for ALPHA Express Company Ltd criticizes the trial court's decision. They argue that the computation of income from the day of the incident until the trial of the case was based on a 24-day month instead of a 30-day month, the argument of which he relies on the testimony given by the driver of such model vehicle. In contrast, the decision of the trial court was based on the fact that, under normal circumstances, every motor vehicle had to have a day off for maintenance purposes. It would have been more persuasive if they had provided the schedule of the motor vehicles' usage since their acquisition by ALPHA Express Company Ltd to substantiate the claim that the vehicles are indeed used every day without interruption. It finds, therefore, that the court's discretion in determining the working days of the motor vehicles was the only viable method to calculate such damages. It asserts that there was neither overestimation nor underestimation of the vehicles' work in concluding that they should have been in use for an

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average of 24 days per month. Therefore, the pecuniary damages awarded through such method should be upheld. Regarding the five hundred thousand (500,000Frw) of judicial expenses awarded to ALPHA Express Company Ltd by the trial court, of which it expressed dissatisfaction, the Court of Appeal observes that the trial court determined the amount based on the lack of actual evidence regarding the expenses incurred for case follow-up. The court further notes that ALPHA Express Company Ltd continues to request the same amount without presenting the necessary evidence or indicating any fault in the trial court's discretion. Therefore, the Court of Appeal finds no basis to award the requested amount of 1,000,000Frw to ALPHA Express Company Ltd. In general, the Court of Appeal finds no reason to modify the damages awarded to ALPHA Express Company Ltd in the appealed judgment.  Regarding the appellants who expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of damages awarded in relation to the attacks launched in Kamembe and Nyakarenzo Sectors in Rusizi district Regarding NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, in paragraph 620 of the appealed judgment, the trial court relied on the medical report dated 07/10/2020. This report indicated that he has a permanent disability of 6% and an loss of beauty level of 2/6. Additionally, the court considered the report established by Kamembe Sector on 22/10/2020, which confirmed that he is one of the victims injured by a grenade. Based on this information, the trial court decided to award him a discretionary amount of 3,000,000Frw as compensation for the suffering he endured due to the injuries that resulted in disability and loss of beauty.

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At the appeal level, NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène and his legal counsel argue that they have appealed against the awarded damages, considering them insufficient. They request the instant court to reconsider the damages and increase the amount accordingly. The Court of Appeal observes that NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène requests an increase in damages, claiming that the trial court's discretion was not exercised properly. However, the Court of Appeal finds no justification to replace the trial court's discretion with its own unless NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène and his legal counsel provide substantive evidence to support their criticism of the initial discretion. Additionally, it should be noted that even the amount which NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène expressed dissatisfaction with was also determined at the trial court's discretion. Therefore, it finds that the total amount of damages awarded to NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène by the trial court should not be modified. Regarding RUTAYISIRE Félix, the Court of Appeal observes that, according to paragraph 622 of the appealed judgment, it was based on the medical report dated 06/10/2020. The report indicated that RUTAYISIRE Félix sustained a 24% degree of disability and a 2/6 level loss of beauty. Additionally, the report established by Kamembe Sector on 22/10/2020 was taken into consideration. As a result, the Court of Appeal decided to award him a discretionary amount of damages amounting to four million francs (4,000,000Frw) for the suffering he endured and the disability he sustained due to the grenade injury. However, damages for loss of beauty were not awarded due to lack of evidence.

## Page 828

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At the appeal level, RUTAYISIRE Félix and his legal counsel argue that the awarded amount of damages is insufficient. They request the Court of Appeal to reconsider and grant him the requested damages of 5,000,000Frw. The Court of Appeal observes that RUTAYISIRE Félix requests an increase in damages, claiming that the trial court's discretion was not exercised properly. However, the Court of Appeal finds no justification to replace the trial court's discretion with its own unless RUTAYISIRE Félix and his legal counsel provide substantive evidence to support their criticism of the initial discretion. Therefore, it finds that the total amount of damages awarded to RUTAYISIRE Félix by the trial court should not be modified. Regarding NSABIMANA Joseph, the Court of Appeal observes that, according to paragraph 621 of the appealed judgment, it was based on the medical report dated 06/10/2020. The report indicated that he sustained an 8% degree of permenant disability. Additionally, the report established by Kamembe Sector on 22/10/2020 was taken into consideration. As a result, the Court of Appeal decided to award him a discretionary amount of damages amounting to three million francs (3,000,000Frw) for the suffering he endured and the disability he sustained due to the grenade injury. At the appeal level, NSABIMANA Joseph and his legal counsel argue that the awarded amount of damages is insufficient. They request the instant Court to reconsider the awarded damages, which include moral damages of 9,000,000Frw and damages of 6,000,000Frw for the 8% disability he sustained. This is the total amount he originally requested before the trial court.

## Page 829

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The Court of Appeal observes that NSABIMANA Joseph requests an increase in damages, claiming that the trial court's discretion was not exercised properly. However, the Court of Appeal finds no justification to replace the trial court's discretion with its own unless NSABIMANA Joseph and his legal counsel provide substantive evidence to support their criticism of the initial discretion. Additionally, it should be noted that even the amount which NSABIMANA Joseph expressed dissatisfaction with was also determined at the trial court's discretion. Therefore, it finds that the total amount of damages awarded to NSABIMANA Joseph by the trial court should not be modified. Regarding NZEYIMANA Paulin, the Court of Appeal observes that, according to paragraph 624 of the appealed judgment, the trial court awarded him moral damages based on the medical report dated 19/10/2019, which indicated that he sustained an injury from a grenade and the subsequent treatment he received from a surgeon. The trial court exercised its own discretion in determining the amount of moral damages, considering the requested amount of two million francs (2,000,000Frw) to be excessive. However, the trial court held that NZEYIMANA Paulin should not be awarded compensation for the value of his car mirrors, which he claimed were broken, and the payment he made to the person who installed new ones, due to the lack of evidence. At the appeal level, NZEYIMANA Paulin and his legal counsel argue that the damages he was awarded are insufficient. They request the instant court to reconsider the issue based on the medical report he submitted, which indicates that he sustained injuries, and to award him damages of 5,000,000Frw as he originally requested.

## Page 830

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The Court of Appeal observes that NZEYIMANA Paulin requests an increase in damages, claiming that the trial court's discretion was not exercised properly. However, the Court of Appeal finds no justification to replace the trial court's discretion with its own unless NZEYIMANA Paulin and his legal counsel provide substantive evidence to support their criticism of the initial discretion. Therefore, it finds that the total amount of damages awarded to NZEYIMANA Paulin by the trial court should not be modified. Regarding MAHORO Jean Damascène, the Court of Appeal observes that, according to paragraph 623 of the appealed judgment, the trial court awarded him moral damages based on the report established by Karangiro cell of Nyakarenzo sector dated 21/10/2020. The report indicated that his Dyna light truck was set on fire during the attack launched in Nyakarenzo flour milling factory where it was parked on the night of 08/07/2019. The trial court decided that he should be awarded damages since he owned the vehicle, but as he failed to provide evidence of its value, he was awarded a discretionary amount of five million francs (5,000,000Frw) as damages. Additionally, he was awarded moral damages of five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) for the fact that his truck was set on fire, but he was not awarded damages for the loss incurred due to lack of basis. The Court of Appeal observes that MAHORO Jean Damascène and his legal counsel argue that the trial court awarded him a cumulative amount of damages totaling 5,500,000Frw. However, they deem this amount insufficient because he purchased the light truck for 11,000,000Frw. It was used to transport flour to Congo twice a day, earning an income of 60,000Frw as one trip was paid 30,000Frw. They further claim

## Page 831

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that the money he spent to purchase the light truck was a loan he borrowed from the bank, which has driven him into poverty that he is still unable to overcome to this day. They request the instant court to exercise discretion and award him the amount he originally requested, which is 11,000,000Frw for the value of his truck, 29,000,000Frw for the income it should have been generating as a business vehicle transporting flour to Congo and other locations, and 10,000,000Frw for moral damages. It also observes that they allege that the failure to provide evidence proving the activities of the light truck and its income generation was due to the fact that all its papers were burned inside the same vehicle. The Court of Appeal notes that the accused MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, who admitted to participating in the attack that occurred in Rusizi, including the events in Karangiro of Nyakarenzo sector where MAHORO Jean Damascène alleged his vehicle was set on fire, asserted during his defense regarding MAHORO Jean Damascène's allegations. He claimed to have knowledge of him and familiarity with his light truck that was burned, even stating that he knows where he bought it and the price he paid. However, he argues that during the attack on the factory in Karangiro, MAHORO Jean Damascène's light truck was not completely burned and rendered useless. It finds that he alleges, instead, that it is the cabin of the truck that was burned, but it has since been repaired and is currently in use. It also finds that MAHORO Jean Damascène should not have requested compensation for the value of his motor vehicle while it is still in use. Furthermore, he criticizes the fact that he did not provide evidence in form of photographs indicating that his motor vehicle was set on fire, unlike other civil

## Page 832

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parties whose motor vehicles were burned and were able to provide such evidence. The Court of Appeal finds that in response to the defense of MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, MAHORO Jean Damascène, and their legal counsel, they did not provide any evidence to contradict him despite only repeating about the fact that the motor vehicle was burned and that his statements were mocking in nature towards the civil parties, whereas some of the members, including BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, who participated in the destruction of the motor vehicle, admitted to the facts. The Court of Appeal finds that the issue concerning the requested compensation for the vehicle belonging to Mahoro Jean Damascène, which was set on fire, does not revolve around whether or not it was set on fire. Rather, the issue at hand is to determine the extent of the destruction. The court needs to establish whether the vehicle was completely burned beyond repair or if it was partially burned but still capable of being repaired and used. This determination is crucial for the court to assess the appropriate amount of damages for the fire-related destruction. The Court of Appeal finds that a discrepancy exists between the claim made by MAHORO Jean Damascène, alleging that his motor vehicle, for which he seeks compensation, was completely burned and rendered unusable, and the statement given by MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, one of the defendants, asserting that the motor vehicle was not burned to such an extent and was actually partially burned and subsequently reused. In this case, the provisions of Law no. 15/2004 of 12/6/2004 relating to evidence and its production should be applied. Article 12 of Law

## Page 833

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no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018, mentioned earlier78, establishes the same general principle of law, stating that the burden of proof rests with the plaintiff, and subsequently the defendant can prove otherwise. This principle is commonly expressed in Latin as follows: “Actori incumbit probatio, reus in excipiendo fit actor”. Based on the foregoing, the Court of Appeal finds that MAHORO Jean Damascène, both at the trial court and at the appeal level, has failed to provide any evidence to substantiate his claim that his motor vehicle, for which he sought damages equivalent to its full value, was indeed burned to the extent that it could not be restored to functioning condition. Consequently, the compensation awarded to him by the trial court, amounting to five million francs (5,000,000Frw), lacks merit and should be overturned. The Court of Appeal deems it unnecessary to further assess the merit of pecuniary damages related to the potential income the motor vehicle could have generated if it had not been set on fire. This is because there is no concrete evidence to substantiate the claim that the arson incident occurred and rendered the vehicle unusable. However, the Court of Appeal maintains the award of moral damages amounting to five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) for MAHORO Jean Damascène, as awarded by the trial court. Both parties agree on the occurrence of arson to the motor vehicle, with the only discrepancy being the extent of the damage caused.

78This provision reads that: “The claimant must prove a claim, failing which the respondent wins the case. Likewise, a party who alleges that he/she has been discharged from an obligation established by evidence must justify the cause as a result of which the obligation has extinguished. Failure to do so, the other party wins the case.”

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The Court of Appeal finds, therefore, that the damages awarded to MAHORO Jean Damascène by the trial court should be modified by excluding the 5,000,000Frw awarded for the compensation of the entire value of his burned motor vehicle. The total amount to be maintained is five hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw). b) Regarding appellants who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all Regarding the grounds of appeal that the civil parties were not awarded any amount of damages despite providing substantial evidence, and thus they request that the damages awarded by the trial court be reconsidered by the appellate court, the Court of Appeal shall examine whether there is any evidence presented to justify the award at this level of court. Although the civil parties allege that they had produced sufficient evidence before the trial court to support their claim for damages, and they have even provided additional evidence at this appellate level in accordance with Article 154, Paragraph 3 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour, and administrative procedure79, they believe that the court has no alternative but to exercise its own discretion in determining their damages. During the examination of the aforementioned issue, where evidence was produced before the trial court, the court should recall that, as evidenced in paragraph 594 (pertaining to

79 Article 154, paragraph 3 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour, and administrative procedure reads: “It is not prohibited to submit in appeal new arguments or elements of evidence that were not heard at the first level”.

## Page 835

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victims who were not awarded any damages in relation to the Nyabimata sector attacks), paragraphs 595-596 (pertaining to victims who were not awarded any damages in relation to the Kivu sector attacks), paragraph 619 (pertaining to victims who were not awarded any damages in relation to the Kitabi-Nyungwe sector attacks), and paragraph 625 (pertaining to a victim who was not awarded any damages in relation to the Nyakarenzo sector attacks); the trial court had considered the lack of evidence on the part of the victims to prove that they were assaulted, their belongings were plundered, they were abducted, and a significant amount of time passed without them being able to work for themselves, and that there are their relatives who were abducted and are still missing to this day. It should be understood that if these pieces of evidence were presented at the first instance level and were deemed relevant, but the trial court failed to award the sought damages, or if they were absent at that level but are now available at this appellate level, then such damages should be awarded. Nonetheless, if the absence of evidence persists, such damages should not be awarded in accordance with article 12 of the Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure stating that the claimant must prove a claim, and article 3 of the Law n˚ 15/2004 of 12/6/2004 relating to evidence and its production reading that each party must prove their claim, and failure to do so results in losing the case.  Regarding appellants who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all with respect to attacks launched in Nyabimata sector Regarding HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marcelline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel,

## Page 836

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MUNYENTWARI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, SEBAGEMA Simon, BARAYANDEMA Viateur, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille, HABYARIMANA Damascène, and KARERANGABO Antoine, the Court of Appeal observes that, according to paragraph 594 of the appealed judgment, the trial court had found no basis to award them the requested damages for their plundered belongings, assault, abduction, and forced carriage of looted belongings to Nyungwe forest. The court had noted that they failed to provide evidence to support their claims, and furthermore, the report from the executive secretary, which they presented as evidence, does not list them among the victims of such acts nor mention the owners of the plundered belongings. At the appellate level, except for Karemangingo Antoine, SEBAGEMA Simon, and BARAYANDEMA Viateur, none of the other 20 individuals listed above who filed an appeal claiming that they were not awarded any damages provided new evidence at this level to substantiate the damages they were not granted by the trial court, as explained in the previous paragraph. They only refer to the report established by Nyabimata sector, which does not mention the names of the victims of the attacks they rely on as evidence for their request for damages. Their sole basis for claiming damages is the existence of damaged properties mentioned in the report. They further argue that one of the charges against the accused in this case is the crime of armed robbery as an act of terrorism. Therefore, they request the instant court to award each of them the same amount of damages they

## Page 837

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had requested at the trial court. Their legal counsel prays that, in the context of the law, the instant court would consider these grounds in conjunction with the text of Article 104 of the Law no. 15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production. This article states that the judge may draw inferences from known facts to establish unknown facts. In this case, the known fact is that these civil parties, who were not awarded damages by the trial court, are residents of Nyabimata Sector, where acts of stealing and plundering occurred during the attacks carried out by MRCD-FLN. Before this appellate court, they clarify that Article 104 of the aforementioned Law no 15/2004 of 12/06/2004, which provides for circumstantial evidence, is applicable in cases where obtaining direct evidence is challenging. They request the court to consider that, during the analysis, even though the report provided by the Nyabimata sector administration does not specify the quantity or nature of the stolen belongings, it should be treated as an inference drawn from a known fact to establish an unknown fact. They argue that the missing details regarding the specific amount of each victim's alleged stolen items, supported by the evidence they have presented, should be considered as the commencement of documentary evidence or the initial step in establishing the truth of the facts. They further argue that the theft of various belongings did occur, as mentioned in the report of the Nyabimata sector, witness statements, and videos submitted to the court. These pieces of evidence indicate that during the attacks, the assailants would steal money and provisions from the victims. Additionally, the statements of NSABIMANA Callixte, also known as Sankara, support this claim. He declares that due to logistical difficulties, they resorted to stealing food for their survival in the forest where they were

## Page 838

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camping, with no intention of selling the stolen items. Moreover, there are the accused individuals who were found guilty by the trial court for crimes including armed robbery as an act of terrorism. Therefore, they believe that the aforementioned Article 104 establishes a presumption, while the other elements of evidence mentioned above should be considered as the initial step of documentary evidence that the court can rely on to award damages to these civil parties. Regarding Sebagema Simon, the court of appeal has observed that both he and his legal counsel are requesting the instant court to base its decision on a document provided by the Rwanda Revenue Authority. This document was filed in the appellate level system and serves as proof that, during the relevant period, Simon paid taxes amounting to 20,000 Frw, which corresponded to the classification of his small business. However, it is important to note that this tax payment does not establish the amount of stolen belongings or the nature of the taxed assets. Regarding Barayandema Viateur, the Court of Appeal observes that both he and his legal counsel specifically request that the instant court rely on a document issued by the Rwanda Revenue Authority filed in the system. This document indicates that Barayandema Viateur was a taxable trader, and as a result, they seek an award of damages as requested in the trial court. Furthermore, regarding Karerangabo Antoine, the Court of Appeal observes that both Counsel Munderere Léopold and Counsel Hakizimana Joseph pray to this court for the award of damages amounting to 1,500,000 Frw, as well as judicial expenses and counsel fees amounting to 1,500,000 Frw. They request that these amounts be paid jointly by all the defendants.

## Page 839

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They criticize that the trial court declined to award damages due to a lack of evidence regarding his assault and admission to the hospital. However, the Court of Appeal notes that in paragraph 47 of the appealed judgment, the trial court itself held that he was indeed assaulted by the defendants and admitted to Munini hospital. This was because his condition was severe, as evidenced by the medical report issued by Dr. Byamungu Jean de Dieu, who treated his head injuries. Additionally, there was a witness named Muhirwa Médard who testified that he saw him among the victims who sustained injuries as a result of that attack. They allege that it is not surprising that Karerangabo Antoine is not listed in the report issued by the administration of Nyabimata sector, which indicates the victims of the attacks that occurred there. They argue that this report is brief, with limited content on just a few lines, and his absence in the report may have been due to an oversight. The Court of Appeal finds that, with the exception of Karerangabo Antoine, others in general and namely HABIMANA Viateur, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, BENINKA Marcelline, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAHORA Godelive, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, MUNYENTWARI Cassien, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, NSABIMANA Straton, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NSAGUYE Jean, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, KANGABE Christine, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille, HABYARIMANA Damascène, Sebagema Simon, and Barayandema Viateur have not presented any new evidence to the appellate court that would warrant overturning the trial court's decision to deny damages for the properties they claimed were

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stolen or destroyed due to a lack of evidence. This court bases its findings on the fact that these appellants themselves acknowledge that the presented evidence does not clearly list the names of the victims of the attack or the extent of damage to their properties. Therefore, regarding the damages related to the properties, the verdict of the case being lost is upheld due to their failure to provide evidence, even at the appellate court level. The Court of Appeal, however, finds that despite the failure of the aforementioned appellants to provide evidence regarding the stolen or damaged properties, including their quantities and values that would enable the court to assess damages, there are pertinent details in the arguments they have raised. For instance, they are residents of Nyabimata sector and were generally affected by the attacks perpetrated by the MRCD- FLN terrorist group. Considering the explanations provided about the modus operandi of the assailants from that group and their attacks, the appellants deserve to be awarded moral damages at the court's discretion. In this context, the Court of Appeal finds that, as clarified above, moral damages awarded to individuals such as Havugimana Jean-Marie Vianney, Habimana Viateur, Ngiruwonsanga Venuste, Beninka Marcelline, Nyiraminani Mélanie, Nyirahora Godelive, Ruhigisha Emmanuel, Munyentwari Cassien, Bangayandusha Jean-Marie Vianney, Nsabimana Straton, Nyiragema Joséphine, Nsaguye Jean, Nyirazibera Dative, Ndukumana Viateur, Ndukumana Callixte, Nyirashyirakera Théophila, Kangabe Christine, Nangwahafi Callixte, Nyirahabimana Vestine, Nyiramana Bellancille, and Habyarimana Damascène, as well as Sebagema Simon and Barayandema Viateur, are justified due to the consequences they

## Page 841

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have suffered as a result of their involvement in the offense of belonging to a terrorist group, for which the accused were found guilty, causing disruption to public order. Therefore, the instant court, exercising its own discretion, determines that each of these appellants should be awarded an amount of three hundred thousand Rwandan francs (300,000 Frw) as moral damages by the convicted individuals involved in the membership of the terrorist group. In particular, regarding KARERANGABO Antoine, the court of appeal finds that the medical records provided by Dr. Byamungu Jean de Dieu confirm that he received treatment at Munini Hospital for injuries sustained from a head assault. Additionally, the testimony dated 20/07/2018 by Muhirwa Médard indicates the severity of the effects of the FLN attacks that he experienced, especially when compared to the other aforementioned victims. It is evident that Karerangabo Antoine is one of the injured victims who was also hospitalized. Based on these findings, it is appropriate to award him the requested damages. Therefore, at its own discretion, he is awarded moral damages of 1,000,000 Frw and counsel fees and judicial expenses amounting to 1,000,000 Frw.  Regarding appellants who claimed to have not been awarded any damages with respect to attacks launched in Nyungwe sector within Kitabi sector Regarding Nyaminani Daniel, Mugisha Gashumba Yves, Bwimba Vianney, and Ntibaziyaremeye Samuel, the Court of Appeal notes that in paragraph 619 of the appealed judgment, the trial court determined that there is insufficient justification to grant them the damages they are seeking in relation to the injuries

## Page 842

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they sustained during the attack in Nyungwe forest, as well as for their stolen or damaged properties due to a lack of evidence. In this regard, NYAMINANI Daniel, MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, BWIMBA Vianney, and NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, along with their legal counsels, request that the instant court exercise its discretion and award them damages based on the new evidence they have submitted, which consists of medical reports. Regarding NYAMINANI Daniel, they request damages amounting to 45,000,000 Frw, which includes compensation for suffering and expenses incurred, as evidenced by the medical report filed in the system. The report states that NYAMINANI Daniel currently suffers from a 50% degree of disability and a 4/6 level of loss of beauty. Regarding MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, damages amounting to 50,000,000 Frw are requested due to a 25% degree of disability, as proven by the medical report filed in the system. Regarding BWIMBA Vianney, damages amounting to 209,500,000Frw are requested due to a 65% degree of disability, as proven by the medical report filed in the system. Furthermore, in the case of NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, damages amounting to 50,000,000 Frw are requested due to a 25% degree of disability, as substantiated by the medical report filed in the system. The Court of Appeal finds that all of them have presented medical reports proving that they were affected by the attack launched in Nyungwe forest, as each of them has sustained a certain degree of disability. Therefore, they deserve to be awarded damages calculated at the court's discretion in the amounts of 2,000,000 Frw for NYAMINANI Daniel, 1,000,000 Frw for MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, 1,500,000 Frw for

## Page 843

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BWIMBA Vianney, and 1,000,000 Frw for NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel.  Regarding the appellant who claimed to have not been awarded any damages with respect to attacks launched in Nyakarenzo sector of Rusizi district The Court of Appeal notes that according to paragraph 625 of the appealed judgment, the trial court ruled that GAKWAYA Gérard should not be entitled to the requested damages. The trial court based its decision on the medical report dated 07/10/2020, which stated that Gérard has a pre-existing mental illness unrelated to the alleged attack. Additionally, the report from Karangiro cell dated 21/10/2020 does not include Gérard's name among the victims of the said attacks. At the appellate level, GAKWAYA Gérard and his legal counsel request that the instant court, at its discretion, award him moral damages of 11,000,000Frw for the back injury and trauma he suffered as a result of the attack on MAHORO Jean Damascène's factory, where Gérard worked as a watchman and his motor vehicle was set on fire. The Court of Appeal also notes that the analysis of the medical report dated 07/10/2020 clearly states that GAKWAYA Gérard has a permanent mental illness, as expressed in the following French terms: "après l'examen psychologique de son état mental, nous concluons qu'il a des problèmes psychologiques chroniques compliqués d'une affection mentale nécessitant une prise en charge psychosomatique pendant plus de six mois." This report does not indicate in any way that the mental illness was a result of the attack on the factory where Gérard worked as a watchman, as he alleges to justify the award of damages to him.

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Therefore, these damages also lack merit because the evidence provided by Gakwaya GAKWAYA Gérard is doubtful, and his appeal lacks merit. The Court of Appeal, however, finds that, as explained in relation to others, he deserves moral damages due to the impact of the crime of membership in a terrorist group, which committed atrocities and for which the accused were found guilty, on him. Therefore, at the court's discretion, the moral damages that should be awarded to him by the accused convicted of membership in a terrorist group amount to three hundred thousand francs (300,000 Frw).  Regarding the appellant who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all with respect to attacks launched in Kivu sector The Court of Appeal finds that, regarding NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, DUSENGIMANA Solange, KANYANDEKWE Venant, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, SANGIYEZE Emmanuel, and NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, the trial court noted in paragraph 597 of the appealed judgment that, according to Article 12 of Law no. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour, and administrative procedure, and Article 3 of Law no. 15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production, stating that each party has the burden of proving the facts it alleges, they should not be awarded damages. This is because they have not presented evidence to establish ownership of the belongings they claim or their value, and there is no basis to determine moral damages for missing persons since nothing proves that they are among the abducted victims.

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At the appeal level, all these appellants and their legal counsel criticize the trial court in general. They argue that in paragraph 149 of the appealed judgment, the trial court mentioned the attacks carried out in Kivu sector but failed to award damages to the victims of these attacks citing a lack of evidence on their part. They state that before the instant Court of Appeal, they present new evidence in the form of a report established by the administration of Kivu sector, which is filed in the system. They explain that this report pertains to the attack launched on June 12, 2018, whereas it is the attack launched on August 14, 2018, where detailed information regarding each person and the plundered belongings are listed. The report includes the names of seven civil parties and their properties that were damaged or stolen. They clarify that the individuals mentioned in that report are NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, who was listed as one of the owners whose belongings were plundered on August 14th. The perpetrators stole 10 kilograms of beans and consumed her meals. HAGENIMANA Patrice had 6 kilograms of beans, 4 kilograms of peas, 4 trousers, and 3 vests stolen from him. He was also abducted and forced to carry the looted belongings. He was released the following day. Additionally, there is NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, whose stolen items included 5 kilograms of beans, 4 kilograms of peas, 6 kilograms of maize, and her cooked meals were consumed. SANGIYEZE Emmanuel had 10 kilograms of beans, 7 kilograms of maize, clothing items including vests and trousers stolen from him. He was subsequently abducted. Before the instant court, they also request that it consider the new report established by the administration of Kivu sector and award them damages as follows: Regarding NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, an amount of 6,000,000Frw is

## Page 846

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requested for the suffering he endured due to the abduction of his still missing child. Regarding DUSENGIMANA Solange, an amount of 21,200,000Frw is requested, consisting of 11,200,000Frw for the income they would have earned since the abduction of her husband, and 10,000,000Frw for moral damages due to the loss of her husband and the impact on her children. Regarding KANYANDEKWE Venant, an amount of 1,000,000Frw is requested, including 500,000Frw for the value of his damaged properties and 500,000Frw for moral damages. Regarding NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, an amount of 530,000Frw is requested, comprising 30,000Frw for her stolen belongings and 500,000Frw for moral damages. Regarding HAGENIMANA Patrice, an amount of 33,000Frw is requested for his stolen belongings and 1,000,000Frw for moral damages. Regarding SANGIYEZE Emmanuel, an amount of 120,000Frw is requested for his stolen belongings and 600,000Frw for moral damages. Regarding NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, an amount of 47,500Frw is requested for her stolen belongings and 500,000Frw for moral damages. The Court of Appeals finds that the report from the administration of the Kivu sector does not list all the names of the civil parties who were allegedly affected by this attack, except for NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, and SANGIYEZE Emmanuel. The report indicates the quantities of the looted belongings but does not provide their values. It finds that NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, DUSENGIMANA Solange, and KANYANDEKWE Venant do not appear in the report, and it does not mention their stolen belongings or abducted siblings. Therefore, it finds that since they are not mentioned among the victims of the attacks, they should not be awarded damages because they do not provide

## Page 847

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supporting evidence beyond mere statements. Additionally, it finds that although NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, HAGENIMANA Patrice, NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, and SANGIYEZE Emmanuel mention the quantities of their stolen belongings, there is no basis to award them the amount of damages they request as long as they do not provide supporting evidence. Therefore, their appeal claims lack merit. The Court of Appeal, however, finds that, as explained above for others regarding moral damages, they also deserve to be awarded them for having been affected by the offense for which the accused were convicted, namely membership in a terrorist group. Therefore, each of them should be awarded a discretionary amount of three hundred thousand francs (300,000 Frw) in moral damages.  Regarding the appellants who claimed to have not been awarded any damage at all with respect to attacks launched in Ruheru sector in Nyaruguru District The Court of Appeal finds that, regarding MANIRIHO Théogene, GASHONGORE Samuel, NZABIRINDA Viateur, NIYOMUGABA, NDAYISENGA Edouard, BIGIRIMANA Samuel, BARAGAMBA, RUTIHUNZA Enos, BARIRWANDA Innocent, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, HABIMANA Innocent, HARERIMANA Emmanuel, NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, SEBARINDA Emmanuel, NKUNDIZERA Damascène, and HABAKURAMA Gratien, the trial court, in paragraph 595 of the appealed judgment, based once again on Article 12 of Law No22/2018 of 29/04/2018 and Article 3 of Law No15/2004 of 12/06/2004 stated above, held that they should not be awarded damages. This is because, despite alleging that the attack affected

## Page 848

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them, none of the civil parties from Ruheru sector provided evidence proving damage to their properties by the attack, and even the report of the local administration listing the belongings damaged by the attack and their owners is not included in the file. In their appeal, those civil parties allege that, based on the provisions of Article 154 of Law No. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 stated above, which allows a party to submit new evidence even at the appeal level, they have filed in the system the report established by Ruheru sector on 13/01/2001. This report supports the fact that they were affected by the attack that occurred in that same sector. They also allege that this evidence supports other evidence they submitted before, including testimony from various witnesses, other official reports that were established, and documents from various individuals interrogated by the prosecution and mentioned in its indictment. These documents clarify how the attacks were carried out. They also refer to the defense of NSENGIMANA Herman, as mentioned in paragraph 596 of the appealed judgment, where he boasted about the attack that occurred in Ruheru sector. They conclude their arguments by requesting the instant court to examine these pieces of evidence and award them the same amount of damages they requested at the previous court instance. The Court of Appeal finds that the civil parties in this category have submitted the report issued by Ruheru sector on 13/01/2021, which proves the list of names of seven (7) individuals affected by the attacks carried out by assailants within the Ruheru sector. The individuals listed are SEBARINDA Emmanuel, NIYOMUGABA, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, RUTIHUNZA Enosi, NDAYISENGA Edouard, BARAGAMBA, BARIRWANDA Innocent, and

## Page 849

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HARERIMANA Emmanuel. The report also indicates the damages they suffered, such as roofing tiles, a cow that miscarried, roofing sheets, house walls, and house fence. However, it does not include the names of the remaining individuals who are also requesting damages in the same category. During the analysis of this report, which listed the names of the victims and their damaged belongings, the Court of Appeal finds that it does not provide specific information regarding the quantity and value of their belongings, apart from what the owners themselves have stated. Therefore, it should not be relied upon to determine the compensations, especially since the evidence they claim to support it also does not provide detailed information about the victims of this attack. With regard to the rest who are not mentioned in this report, the instant court finds that they should also not be awarded any compensation for their alleged damaged properties, as they have failed to provide evidence. Therefore, the Court finds that there is no basis to award them any compensation, and their appeal lacks merit. The Court of Appeal, however, finds that, as explained in relation to others and moral damages, they also deserve to be awarded them due to the consequences they faced as a result of the offense of membership in a terrorist group, for which the accused were convicted, that committed the acts that traumatized them. Therefore, at the discretion of the instant court, they deserve to be awarded moral damages amounting to three hundred thousand francs (300,000Frw) each, to be paid by the convicts of the offense of membership in a terrorist group.

## Page 850

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III. DECISION OF THE COURT Finds the appeal of the prosecution to have merit in certain aspects. Rejects the cross appeals lodged by KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène and NIKUZWE Siméon. Finds the appeal lodged by NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara with merit. Finds the appeal lodged by NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard with merit in parts. Finds the appeal lodged by NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSENGIMANA Herman, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent, BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, SHABANI Emmanuel, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, MUKANDUTIYE Angelina, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase, without merit. Declares NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, RUSESABAGINA Paul, and NIZEYIMANA Marc guilty of committing acts of terrorism that resulted in terrorist attacks carried out by the MRCD-FLN combatants in various districts, namely Rusizi, Nyamasheke, Nyaruguru, and Nyamagabe, rather than participating in acts of terrorism committed by such combatants.

## Page 851

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Declares RUSESABAGINA Paul, NSABIMANA Callixte alias Sankara, NIZEYIMANA Marc, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NSENGIMANA Herman, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NIYIRORA Marcel, KWITONDA André, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, MUNYANEZA Anastase, and HAKIZIMANA Théogène not guilty of the offense of formation of an irregular armed group. Declares RUSESABAGINA Paul not guilty of the offence of terrorism financing provided by Law nº69/2018 of 31/08/2018 on prevention and punishment of money laundering and terrorism financing. Declares NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard not guilty of the offence of conspiracy and incitement to commit a terrorist act. Sentences NSABIMANA Callixte, alias Sankara, to a penalty of fifteen (15) years of imprisonment, instead of the twenty years (20) of imprisonment imposed by the trial court. Sentences NSENGIMANA Herman to a penalty of seven (7) years of imprisonment, instead of five (5) years of imprisonment he was imposed by the trial court. Sentences MUKANDUTIYE Angelina to a penalty of twenty years (20) of imprisonment, instead of the five (5) years of imprisonment imposed by the trial court. Upholds the sentences for RUSESABAGINA Paul, NIZEYIMANA Marc, NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel, MATAKAMBA Jean Berchmas, NTIBIRAMIRA Innocent,

## Page 852

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BYUKUSENGE Jean-Claude, SHABANI Emmanuel, NTABANGANYIMANA Joseph, BIZIMANA Cassien alias Passy, NIYIRORA Marcel, IYAMUREMYE Emmanuel, NSABIMANA Jean Damascène alias Motard, KWITONDA André, NDAGIJIMANA Jean Chrétien, HAKIZIMANA Théogène, NIKUZWE Siméon, NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien, and MUNYANEZA Anastase. Declares the appeals lodged by ALPHA Express Company Ltd, HABAKUBAHO Adéline, HABIMANA Zerothe, HABYARIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, HAKIZIMANA Denis, KAREGESA Phénias, KAYITESI Alice, KIRENGA Darius, MBONIGABA Richard, MUKANKUNDIYE Alphonsine, MUKESHIMANA Diane, MURENGERANTWALI Donat, RUDAHUNGA Dieudonné, RUDAHUNGA Ladislas, NDIKUMANA Isaac, NGENDAKUMANA David, NGIRABABYEYI Désiré, NIYONTEGEREJE Azèle, NKURUNZIZA Jean Népomuscène, NSABIMANA Anastase, NSABIMANA Joseph, NYIRANDIBWAMI Mariane, NYIRANGABIRE Valérie, NYIRAYUMVE Eliane, NZEYIMANA Paulin, OMEGA Express Ltd, RUTAYISIRE Félix, RWAMIHIGO Alexis, SEMIGABO Déo, SHUMBUSHA Damascène, SHUMBUSHO David, SIBORUREMA Vénuste, RUGERINYANGE Dominique, NTABARESHYA Dative, UMURIZA Adéline, UZAYISENGA Liliane, and VUGABAGABO Jean-Marie Vianney, without merit, and upholds the ruling of the previous court regarding them. Declares the appeal lodged by MAHORO Jean Damascène without merit, modifies the damages he was awarded in the appealed judgment, and orders that he should be paid five

## Page 853

401 PROSECUTION v. NSABIMANA ET AL

hundred thousand francs (500,000Frw) instead of the 5,000,000Frw awarded by the trial court. Declares the appeal lodged by BAPFAKURERA Vénuste, HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney, INGABIRE Marie Chantal, MUKASHYAKA Joséphine, NDUTIYE Yussuf, NSENGIYUMVA Vincent, UWAMBAJE Françoise, BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney, BARAGAMBA, BARAYANDEMA Viateur, BARIRWANDA Innocent, BENINKA Marceline, BIGIRIMANA Fanuel, BWIMBA Vianney, DUSENGIMANA Solange, GAKWAYA Gérard, GASHONGORE Samuel, HABAKURAMA Gratien, HABIMANA Innocent, HABIMANA Viateur, HABYARIMANA Damascène, HAGENIMANA Patrice, HARERIMANA Emmanuel, KANGABE Christine, KANYANDEKWE Vénant, MANARIYO Théogène, MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves, MUNYENTWALI Cassien, NANGWAHAFI Callixte, NDAYISENGA Edouard, NDIKUMANA Callixte, NDIKUMANA Viateur, NGAYABERURA Emmanuel, NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste, NIYOMUGABA, NKUNDIZERA Damascène, NSABIMANA Straton, NSABIYAREMYE Pascal, NSAGUYE Jean, NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel, NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel, NYAMINANI Daniel, NYIRAGEMA Joséphine, NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine, NYIRAHORA Godelive, NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine, NYIRAMANA Bellancille, NYIRAMINANI Mélanie, NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana, NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila, NYIRAZIBERA Dative, NZABIRINDA Viateur, NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu, RUHIGISHA Emmanuel, RUTIHUNZA Enos, SEBAGEMA Simon, SEBARINDA Emmanuel, YAMBABARIYE Védaste, KARERANGABO Antoine, with merit in some parts.

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Orders all the defendants, except NSANZUBUKIRE Félicien and MUNYANEZA Anastase, to jointly pay the damages awarded to the civil parties mentioned in the previous paragraph, which replace those awarded by the trial court as follows:

BAPFAKURERA Vénuste HAVUGIMANA Jean-Marie Vianney INGABIRE Marie Chantal MUKASHYAKA Joséphine NDUTIYE Yussuf NSENGIYUMVA Vincent UWAMBAJE Françoise BANGAYANDUSHA Jean-Marie Vianney BARAGAMBA BARAYANDEMA Viateur BARIRWANDA Innocent BENINKA Marceline BIGIRIMANA Fanuel BWIMBA Vianney DUSENGIMANA Solange GAKWAYA Gérard GASHONGORE Samuel HABAKURAMA Gratien

## Page 855

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HABIMANA Innocent HABIMANA Viateur HABYARIMANA Damascène HAGENIMANA Patrice HARERIMANA Emmanuel KANGABE Christine KANYANDEKWE Vénant MANARIYO Théogène MUGISHA GASHUMBA Yves MUNYENTWALI Cassien NANGWAHAFI Callixte NDAYISENGA Edouard NDIKUMANA Callixte NDIKUMANA Viateur NGAYABERURA Emmanuel NGIRUWONSANGA Venuste NIYOMUGABA NKUNDIZERA Damascène NSABIMANA Straton NSABIYAREMYE Pascal NSAGUYE Jean NSANGIYEZE Emmanuel

## Page 856

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NTIBAZIYAREMYE Samuel NYAMINANI Daniel NYIRAGEMA Joséphine NYIRAHABIMANA Vestine NYIRAHORA Godelive NYIRAKOMEZA Claudine NYIRAMANA Bellancille NYIRAMINANI Mélanie NYIRAMYASIRO Verediana NYIRASHYIRAKERA Théophila NYIRAZIBERA Dative NZABIRINDA Viateur NZAJYIBWAMI Yoramu RUHIGISHA Emmanuel RUTIHUNZA Enos SEBAGEMA Simon SEBARINDA Emmanuel YAMBABARIYE Védaste Holds that the court fees correspond to the judicial proceedings undertaken in this case.