UBUSHINJACYAHA v HABYARIMANA

UBUSHINJACYAHA v HABYARIMANA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2017-04-28 - Case/document no.: RPA GEN 00002/2016/HCCI - Collection: High Court

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v HABYARIMANA [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU – RPA GEN 00002/2016/HCCI– (Muhima, J. P., Mukamurenzi na Ndagijimana, J.) 28 Mata 2017] Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso n’itangwa ryabyo – Ibimenyetso mu manza nshinjabyaha – Ibimenyetso bishingiye ku buhamya – Agaciro k’ubuhamya – Nubwo hari ibyo abatangabuhamya batavuga kimwe cyangwa bibeshyaho bishobora guterwa n’igihe cyari gishize ibintu bibaye, ntibigira ingaruka ku kwizerwa kwabo no ku ireme ry’ubuhamya bwabo. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside – Ni ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu barenze umwe, bugamije gukora icyaha cya jenoside, bikozwe n’umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi muri bo. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Habyarimana wari Perezida w’ishyaka rya MRND muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali, akaba n’umwe mu bari bagize Biro politiki y’iryo shyaka ku rwego rw’Igihugu, mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge ibyaha bitandukanya bigize icyaha cya jenoside, maze nyuma y’iburanishwa, urukiko rwemeza ko ahamwa n’ibikorwa byo gushishikariza, kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi no kuyobora za bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi hagamijwe gukora icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu, runemeza ko inzitizi irebana no gufungwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko itahabwa agaciro kuko yayitanze mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu

cy’umwihariko. Iki cyemezo yakijuririye muri uru Rukiko avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwirengagije ko yafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, rumuburanisha atunganiwe, runaburanisha urubanza mu mizi rutabanje gusuzuma inzitizi yatanze. Yajuriye kandi avuga ko yahamijwe ibyaha aregwa hashingiwe ku buhamya budafatika ndetse Ubushinjacyaha bukaba bwaranze kugaragaza inyandiko zimurenganura. Bityo akaba asaba uru Rukiko kugirwa umwere kuri ibyo byaha aregwa ndetse no kwemeza ko yafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko agahita afungurwa. Ubushinjacyaha bwo buvuga ko izo mpamvu z’ubujurire Uregwa atanga nta shingiro zigomba guhabwa. Busobanura ko ibyo urega avuga ko yafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko ataribyo kuko iyo biba byo yari afite uburenganzira bwo kubitangira ikirego cyihariye ndetse kuba iyo nzitizi yarasuzumiwe hamwe n’urubanza mu mizi bikaba bitabujijwe mu rwego rw’amategeko. Bukomeza busobanura ko kubera ko yari umuyobozi w’ishyaka rya MRND yagize uruhare mu gushinga umutwe w’interahamwe nk’uko abishinjwa n’abatangabuhamya banyuranye. Ibyo Urega avuga ko ubuhamya bwatanzwe budafatika nta shingiro bigomba guhabwa kuko atigeze atanga ibimenyetso bivuguruza ubwo buhamya. Ikindi ni uko ubuhamya bwashingiweho bwatanzwe nabo bakoranye muri iryo shyaka aho bagaragaje ko yagize uruhare mu gutegura jenoside, kwitabira inama zitandukanye zateguriwemo jenoside, mu

gushakisha abasore bajya mu nterahamwe bagatozwa igisirikare, mu kubaha intwaro n’amabwiriza, ko abo basore aribo bifashishijwe mu gutsemba Abatutsi, ndetse no kugira uruhare mw’ishyirwaho rya za bariyeri no kuzigenzura. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Nubwo hari ibyo abatangabuhamya batavuga kimwe cyangwa bibeshyaho bishobora guterwa n’igihe cyari gishize ibintu bibaye, ntibigira ingaruka ku kwizerwa kwabo no ku ireme ry’ubuhamya bwabo.

2. Icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside ni ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu barenze umwe, bugamije gukora icyaha cya jenoside, bikozwe n’umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi muri bo. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe.

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Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 25, 84, 98, 114, 115, 120, 132, 134 n’iya 681. Itegeko-Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18/08/1977 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 281. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya jenoside, ingingo ya 2 n’iya 3. Itegeko Itegeko No30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 4, 86, 90, 91, 92, 105 n’iya 189. Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 168. Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 65 n’iya 119. Imanza zifashishijwe: ICTR-98-44-T The Prosecutor v. Edouard Karemera and Mathieu Ngirumpatse, para 631. Case No ICTR - 00 - 55A-T of 11 February 2010, The Prosecutor v. Tharcisse Muvunyi, para.56, 58, 91-94. The Prosecutor v. Bikindi Simon, Case No ICTR-2001-72-T of 2nd December 2008, para.32. ICTR-96-13-T affaire Musema Alfred du 27/01/2000. ICTR-98-44A-T The Prosecutor vs Juvenal Kajelijeli, 1 December 2008, para.

850. ICTR-96-4-T, The Prosecutor vs Jean Paul Akayesu. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Larguier J.& al., Droit Pénal spécial, 13e éd., Paris, 2005, p.

366. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Mu rubanza haregwamo Habyarimana Jean wari perezida w’ishyaka rya MRND (Mouvement Révolutionaire National pour le Développement) muri perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali, akaba n’umwe mu bari bagize biro politiki y’iryo shyaka ku rwego rw’igihugu. Aregwa ko ubwo yari mu nzego z’ubuyobozi bw’ishyaka rya MRND ku rwego rwa perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali yakoze ibyaha bigamije gucura umugambi, gutegura, gushishikariza abandi, kugenzura no kuyobora jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, akaregwa by‟umwihariko kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi atoranya urubyiruko rwo guha imyitozo ya gisirikare, akanaruha ibikoresho byicishijwe abatutsi, kujya mu nama zitegura jenoside, kugenzura za bariyeri ziva Nyabugogo ku isoko kugeza ku Muhima ku ishuli rya APACOPE. [2] Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwemeje ko Habyarimana Jean ahamwa n’ibikorwa byo gushishikariza, kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi no kuyobora za bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi hagamijwe gukora icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu, runemeza ko inzitizi irebana no gufungwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko itahabwa agaciro kuko yayitanze mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu cy‟umwihariko. [3] Habyarimana Jean yajuriye avuga ko urukiko rwisumbuye rwirengagije ko yafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, rumuburanisha atunganiwe, runaburanisha urubanza mu mizi rutabanje gusuzuma inzitizi yatanze. Avuga kandi ko yajuriye kuko urukiko rwisumbuye rwirengagije ko atari gukurikiranwaho icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi kubera ko cyashaje no kuba yarahamijwe ibyaha hashingiwe ku buhamya budafatika, bwashatswe hagamijwe

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kumuhamya ibyaha no kuba ababutanze batarahamagawe mu rukiko. Yajuriye avuga kandi ko urukiko rwisumbuye rwanze ko ubushinjacyaha buzana zimwe mu nyandiko zimurenganura zirimo inyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ku ifunga n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo n’iperereza ryakozwe n‟ubushinjacyaha mu murenge wa Muhima. [4] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko impamvu z’ubujurire za Habyarimana Jean nta shingiro zifite kuko hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko yari mu bashyizeho umutwe w’interahamwe zatojwe igisirikare, bawuha ibikoresho byicishijwe abatutsi, bagenzura ibikorerwa kuri bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi, banakoresha inama zitegura jenoside. [5] Mu iburanisha ry‟urubanza Habyarimana Jean yaretse impamvu y’ubujurire yerekeranye no kuba ku rwego rwa mbere yarabunishijwe atunganiwe. Mu gihe cy’iburanisha kandi hari ababajijwe bagaragaje ko bakeneye kubazwa barindiwe umutekano ku mpamvu zinyuranye, urukiko rurabibemerera, bahabwa andi mazina (pseudonymes). II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO 1. Ibyerekeranye no kuba Habyarimana Jean yarafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko no kuba iyo nzitizi itarabanje gusuzumwa mbere y’iburanisha ry’urubanza mu mizi [6] Habyarimana Jean avuga ko ibyo umucamanza yavuze ko yari afite dosiye y’iperereza yuzuye irimo n’urwandiko rw‟umushinjacyaha rumufunga by‟agateganyo (MAP), atari byo kuko yamaze igihe kirekire muri gereza nta cyemezo kimufunga by‟agateganyo, ko

rero kuba nta dosiye ye yari muri gereza imufunga kuva 1997 bigaragaza ko yari afunze mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko. Akomeza avuga ko ikindi kigaragaza ko yari afunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko ari uko muri Nyakanga 1997 yaburanye ku ifungwa n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo ubushinjacyaha bubura icyo bumurega n’inyandikomvugo y’iryo buranisha ntibwayigaragaza na nyuma bumukura ku rutonde rw’abakekwagaho jenoside bo mu rwego rwa mbere rwasohotse mu igazeti ya Leta mu 1998 ariko dosiye ye ntiyashyingurwa ngo afungurwe. Avuga ko uko gufungwa mu gihe cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) nta mpamvu asanga ari iyicarubozo ryo mu bwonko rigamije ko yirega ibyo atigeze akora cyangwa ngo agire abo ashinja. [7] Anavuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa umucamanza nawe yemeye ko yafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuva mu 1997 kugera mu 2015 ariko mu rubanza akabyoroshya avuga ko atabiregeye nyamara yaramugaragarije ibaruwa yandikiye Perezida wa Repubulika n’amabaruwa yandikiye Prokireri ariko gereza ntiyayatanga. Yanavuze kandi ko kuba umucamanza yaritwaje ko hari impamvu zikomeye zituma akekwaho gukora icyaha cya jenoside binyuranyije n’ihame ry’uko igifungo cy’agateganyo kirenze umwaka gikuraho impamvu zituma ukekwaho icyaha akomeza gufungwa. [8] Habyarimana Jean avuga nanone ko ibyo urukiko rwavuze ko yemeye ko ubushinjacyaha busobanura ikirego mbere y’uko asobanura iyo inzitizi yo kuba

yarafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, atari byo kuko we yatanze imyanzuro kuri iyo nzitizi mbere, ubushinjacyaha busaba igihe cyo kuyitegura, mu iburanisha rikurikiye, amaze kwemera kuburana atunganiwe, urukiko ruhita ruha ijambo ubushinjacyaha kugira ngo busobanure ikirego rutamuretse ngo abanze asobanure ibijyanye n’iyo nzitizi, ko uko kumuburanisha huti huti, byamuvukije uburenganzira bwo kuba yarashoboraga kurekurwa akaburana ari hanze. [9] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko yafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko nta shingiro bifite, kuko iyo biba byo yari kubitangira ikirego cyihariye nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 90, 91 na 92 z’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza

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z’inshinjabyaha. Bukavuga ko atari nabwo bufite inshingano zo kumushakira inyandiko avuga ko zibura muri dosiye zigaragaza ko yafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. [10] Bunavuga ko ibyo avuga ko urukiko rwaburanishije urubanza mu mizi mbere yo gufata icyemezo ku nzitizi yari yatanze yerekeranye n’ifungwa rinyuranyije n’amategeko, nta shingiro bifite kuko mu rwego rw’amategeko bitabujijwe gusuzumira hamwe inzitizi n’urubanza mu mizi.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [11] Urukiko rusanga koko umucamanza yaragombaga kubanza gusuzuma ibijyanye n’inzitizi irebana no kuba Habyarimana Jean yarafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko harebwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 105 y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshijabyaha igika cya gatatu ivuga ko iyo umucamanza uburanisha urubanza mu mizi yarwo ashyikirijwe inzitizi ku byerekeranye n’ifungurwa ry’agateganyo ategetswe kubanza gukemura icyo kibazo. [12] Urukiko rusanga ariko n’ubwo Urukiko Rwisumbuye rutabanje gukemura icyo kibazo mbere y’uko ruburanisha urubanza mu mizi, ibyerekeranye no gufungwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko bitasuzumwa kuri uru rwego kuko urubanza mu mizi rwamaze gucibwa, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rugategeka ko Habyarimana Jean ahamwa n’ibyaha akurikiranyweho, ndetse rukanamuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko. Bityo icyasuzumwa akaba ari impamvu z’ubujurire bw’urubanza mu mizi kuko kugaruka kuri iyo nzitizi nta cyo byahindura ku rubanza rwarangijwe gucibwa mu mizi.

2. Ibyerekeranye no kuba hari ibirego bishya ubushinjacyaha bwazanye mu rwego rw’ubujurire [13] Habyarimana Jean avuga ko ashingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 189 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha asanga ibimenyetso byashatswe n’ubushinjacyaha nyuma y’ipfundikirwa ry’urubanza biri hanze y’imbibi y’icyo yajuririye, agasaba ko bitakirwa kuko urukiko rwajuririwe ruburanisha gusa mu mbibi z’icyajuririwe. Asobanura ko ibitari mu mbibi z’ibyo yajuririye ari inama aregwa ko yakoranye na Renzaho Tharcisse mu rwego rwo gutegura genocide, uruhare rw’ishyaka rya MRND mu gutegura jenoside, kuba mu bashinze radiyo RTLM no kuyobora ibitero hirya no hino mu gihugu uretse ku Muhima bitagombye gusuzumwa kuri uru rwego. Avuga kandi ko yajuririye ibijyanye n‟inama zabereye ku Muhima, imikorere n’imikorere y’interahamwe n’uko yakoranaga nazo n’ibikorwa byabereye kuri za bariyeri abatutsi biciweho. [14] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nta birego bishya bwatanze ku rwego rw’ubujurire, ko inyandikomvugo bwashyikirije urukiko ari ibimenyetso bishimangira ibyo baburanyeho ku rwego rwa mbere bigaragaza inama zitandukanye zo gutegura jenoside Habyarimana Jean yagiye ajyamo, uruhare rwe nka perezida w’ishyaka rya MRND muri perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali mu gutoranya urubyiruko rw’interahamwe, mu kurutoza ibya gisirikare no kuruha ibikoresho byakoreshejwe muri jenoside.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [15] Urukiko rusanga Habyarimana Jean yararezwe ibikorwa by’ubufatanyacyaha byo gucura umugambi, gutegura, gushishikariza abandi, kugenzura no kuyobora jenoside no kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi hashingiwe ku kuba nk’umuyobozi mu nzego z’ishyaka rya MRND yaragiye mu nama ahantu hatandukanye harimo ku Muhima, ku Kimisagara n’ahandi, kugira uruhare mu bitero byagabwe n’insoresore za MRND, inama zo gutoranya urubyiruko rujya gutozwa igisirikare,

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gutanga intwaro no kuyobora bariyeri. Rusanga yarahamijwe ibikorwa byo gushishikariza, kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi no kuyobora za bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi hagamijwe gukora jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. [16] Urukiko rugasanga rero harebwe ubujurire Habyarimana Jean yatanze n’uburyo abusobanura bigaragaza ko yajuririye urubanza rwose haba ku birebana n’inama urukiko rwemeje ko yitabiriye, haba ibyerekeranye no gushakisha urubyiruko rwatojwe igisirikare, gutanga ibikoresho no kuyobora bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi. Bityo ibyo avuga ko ibimenyetso bishya byatanzwe n’ubushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’ubujurire bitasuzumwa ashingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 189 y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko urukiko rwajuririwe ruburanisha gusa mu mbibi z’icyajuririwe, bikaba nta shingiro bifite kuko ibikubiye muri ibyo bimenyetso biri mu mbibi z’ubujurire bwe kuko birebana n’uruhare rwe nk’umwe mu bayobozi b’ishyaka rya MRND mu kwitabira inama zitegura jenoside, gutoranya urubyiruko, kuruha imyitozo n’ibikoresho, bikaba atari ibirego bishya uretse uruhare rwe mu ishingwa rya radiyo RTLM rutagomba gusuzumwa kuko atarurezwe ku rwego rwa mbere. [17] Urukiko rusanga kandi uretse kuba ibikubiye muri ibyo bimenyetso biri mu mbibi z’ubujurire bwa Habyarimana Jean, kuba byatangwa ku rwego rw‟ubujurire bikaba bitabujijwe

harebwe ibiteganywa n”ingingo ya 168 z”Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi by’uko mu rwego rw’ubujurire bitabujijwe gutanga ingingo nshya zo kuburana cyangwa ibimenyetso bishya bitaburanishijwe mu rwego rwa mbere, kandi iryo tegeko rivuzwe akaba ari na ryo rigenga imiburanishirize y’izindi manza mu gihe nta yandi mategeko yihariye ayigenga nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya mbere y’iryo tegeko.

3. Ibyerekeranye no kuba Habyarimana Jean yaragize uruhare mu kurema umutwe w’interahamwe no kuwutoza ibya gisirikare [18] Habyarimana Jean avuga ko nta cyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi yakoze kubera ko atari mu bashyizeho interahamwe muri 1991, ko ibyo bamurega ko yazishyizeho mu 1993 nabyo atari byo kuko icyo gihe batari bakinjiza urubyiruko mu nterahamwe. Anavuga ko umutwe w’interahamwe ushyirwaho utari ugamije gukora jenoside, akaba ari nabyo byemejwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza rwa Karemera na Ngirumpatse aho rwavuze ko bashyiraho umutwe w’interahamwe bakawagura, ugahabwa imyitozo n’intwaro mbere ya 08/04/1994 bashakaga kwirwanaho no kurwana ku bambari babo mu gihe baba batewe n’abandi bo mu mashyaka batavugaga rumwe harimo na FPR (Front patriotique rwandais). [19] Akomeza avuga ko atashoboraga gukoresha inama zo gushyiraho umutwe w’interahamwe ku rwego rwa segiteri kuko we yari umuyobozi wo ku rwego rwa perefegitura aha amabwiriza abayobozi ba MRND bo ku nzego zo hasi, ndetse ko na bamwe mu bayobozi barimo Kamatamu Euphrasie, Munyakazi Laurent na Renzaho Tharcisse abatangabuhamya bavuga ko bakoranaga izo nama bari abakozi ba Leta batari bemerewe kujya mu bikorwa by’amashyaka ku mugaragaro. Anavuga ko bamwe bavugwa ko yafatanyije nabo gukora icyo cyaha cyo gushinga umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi bakatiwe n’inkiko zo mu Rwanda,

ndetse n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, ariko ubushinjacyaha bukaba butagaragaza ko avugwa mu manza zabo, cyangwa se ko hari aho yigeze avugwa mu ikusanyamakuru ry’inkiko Gacaca. [20] Habyarimana Jean avuga kandi ko imvugo za Nyiringondo Epaphrodite na Mbarushimana Vincent zitagomba gushingirwaho kuko zivuguruzanya ku habereye inama yo gushyiraho umutwe w’interahamwe. Anavuga ko abo batangabuhamya bashatswe hagamijwe gushaka ibyo bamurega, ntibanahamagazwa n’urukiko, runirengagiza imvugo z’abantu bamushinjura. Avuga nanone ko n’imvugo za Kamatamu Euphrasie zitashingirwaho kuko afatwa nk’uwo bafatanyije gukora icyaha,

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uretse ko n’ibyo yavuze ko uwitwa Habiyaremye Védaste wari warigize Perezida w’interahamwe ku Muhima muri 1994 yamuhaga raporo atari byo kuko nta buryo yari kuyimuha ntaho bahuriye. Avuga kandi ko n‟ibyo na Mukakamanzi Agnès uvuga ko icyo amuzi ho ari uko yari perezida wa MRND muri Kigali, ko urubyiruko rwa MRND rwahindutse interahamwe bitavuze ko yari perezida w’interahamwe naho ibyo Mukandayishimiye we yavuze ko atazi icyo Habyarimana Jean yakoraga ariko ko yari akomeye muri Leta ari perezida w’urubyiruko rwa MRND, bikaba bigaragaza igitugu yashyizweho kugira ngo amushinje ko yari perezida w’interahamwe. [21] Akomeza anavuga ko ibyo HJB, wahawe iryo zina ku mpamvu z’umutekano, avuga ko ari mu bashyizeho urubyiruko rw’interahamwe, urwego rw’ubuyobozi bwazo muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali no kuba ari mu bafashe iya mbere avuga ko abasore bagomba kujya gutozwa ibya gisirikari, nta shingiro bifite kuko atavuga ibyo yahagazeho, atanagaragaza, ahantu n’igihe byabereye, kimwe n’ibyo HJA, wahawe iryo zina ku mpamvu z’umutekano, avuga ko yasabye abaperezida ba MRND mu makomini gushaka abasore bagomba gutozwa igisirikare n’abo bakabisaba abaperezida bayo mu masegiteri no mu maselire kuko ibyo avuga bigaragaza ko atazi imitunganyirize n’imikore y’interahamwe, akanazitiranya na “autodéfense civile” yari irimo urubyiruko rwose hatitawe ku mashyaka ruturukamo yagiyeho mu 1994. Anavuga

ko iby’inama no gutanga intwaro HJA avuga ko yabikoranaga na Perefe Renzaho nta shingiro bifite kuko atagaragaza uko azi izo nama n’igihe zakorerwaga, uko intwaro zatangwaga n’abo zahabwaga. [22] Habyarimana Jean avuga kandi ko ibyo HJC, wahawe iryo zina ku mpamvu z’umutekano, asobanura uko inzego z’ubuyobozi bw’ishyaka rya MRND zagendaga zitegeka inzego zikuriye, byerekana ko atazi imiterere n’imikorere y’interahamwe, ko kandi ubuhamya bwe nta gaciro bwahabwa kuko avuga ko ariwe ayoboraga MRND muri segiteri ya Nyakabanda kandi uwayiyoboraga ahari ari uwitwa HJD, wahawe iryo zina ku mpamvu z’umutekano. Akomeza avuga ko umutangabuhamya HJE, wahawe iryo zina ku mpamvu z’umutekano, nawe atagaragaza uruhare rwe mu gushyiraho umutwe w’interahamwe ahubwo akaba amutwerera ibyo atigeze avuga by’uko mu nama yatumijwe na Perefe Tharcisse Renzaho muri Gicurasi 1992 yasobanuye akamaro k’interahamwe atagaragaza inyandikomvugo yayo n’icyo iyo nama yari igamije, kandi harebwe umwanya w’ubuyobozi HJE yarimo akaba atari kuyoberwa ko hari ho itegeko ribuza amashyaka gushyiraho imitwe cyangwa amashyirahamwe yitwara gisirikare. [23] Habyarimana Jean akomeza avuga ko urukiko rutaha agaciro ibimenyetso byatanzwe n’ubushinjacyaha nyuma y’ipfundikirwa ry’urubanza kuko ababajijwe batagaragaza uko interahamwe zakoraga, uretse kuvuga gusa ko zashyizweho n’abayobozi ba MRND zinakora ubwicanyi, ko asanga

ibyo bavuga babiterwa n’amarangamutima bashyizwemo na poropagande ivuga ko MRND ari yo yateguye jenoside bigatuma bumva ko baba barenganye kuko bafungiye jenoside yateguwe n’iryo shyaka abakuru baryo nawe arimo ari abere, asaba ko hakwitabwa ku mvugo z’abamushinjura bagaragaje ko nta mikoranire yari afitanye n‟interahamwe. [24] Habyarimana Jean avuga ko nka Perezida wa MRND muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali yari ashinzwe abarwanashyaka bose harimo n‟interahamwe, ariko zo zikaba zari zifite Perezida wazo ku rwego rw’Umujyi wa Kigali witwa Turatsinze Jean Pierre Aboubakar, wari unashinzwe ubukangurambaga bw’urubyiruko (mobilisation de la jeunesse), ko iyo habaga za mitingi n’imyigaragambyo yasabaga ubunyamabaganga bwa MRND ku rwego rw’igihugu interahamwe zo kumufasha kwereka andi mashya icyo MRND iyarusha. Anavuga ko yari umwe mu bagize biro politiki ya MRND, aha amabwiriza abaperezida ba MRND mu makomine. Anavuga kandi ko atigeze atoza cyangwa se ngo ahe interahamwe intwaro kuko byari umushinga wa Minisiteri y’ingabo z’igihugu, kandi ko byakorwaga mu ibanga hagati y’iyo Minisiteri na komite ya MRND ku rwego rw’igihugu. Avuga ko ibyo yabimenye nyuma kubera ubuhamya bwagiye butangwa mu zindi manza.

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[25] Habyarimana Jean asoza avuga ko arebye ibikorwa bigize icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi ubushinjacyaha bumurega n’igihe byakorewe asanga atagikurikiranwaho kuko cyashaje. Agasobanura ko icyo cyaha yakirezwe hashize imyaka irenga icumi gikozwe, kandi hakaba nta gikorwa gihagarika ubuzime bw’ikurikiranacyaha cyakozwe, ko byongeye kandi ibyo gushinga umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi aregwa byakozwe mu 1993 bikaba ari icyaha gisanzwe kidafitanye isano na jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994. [26] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibyo Habyarimana avuga ko atashinze umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi, nta shingiro bifite kuko uwo mutwe wari ugizwe n’interahamwe zakoze jenoside zashinzwe n’ishyaka rya MRND yari afitemo ijambo, anaribereye perezida muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali akaba n’umujyanama waryo muri biro politiki ku rwego rw’igihugu, ko rero uwo mutwe w’interahamwe utari gushingwa atabigizemo uruhare nk’uko abishinjwa n’abatangabuhamya banyuranye. [27] Bunavuga ko Habyarimana Jean yakanguriraga interahamwe zo ku Muhima na Kimisagara kujya mu myitozo ya gisirikare cyane cyane imyitozo yabereye muri camp Kigali, abayivuyemo akaba aribo bagiye ku mabariyeri atandukanye aho Habyarimana Jean yagiye agenzura, akanashyikiriza ibikoresho abaziriho. Buvuga nanone ko ikigaragaza ko yakoranaga n’interahamwe ari uko yazitwaraga mu modoka ye nk’uko Kamatamu abimushinja, kandi nawe akaba

yiyemerera ko yahuriraga nazo muri animasiyo, mu myigaragambyo no muri “meeting”. Buvuga ko ikindi kigaragaza ko Habyarimana Jean yari afite ijambo n’ububasha ku nterahamwe, ari uko yatumye Mujyambere wari perezida w’interahamwe za Muhima kujyana kuri “Sainte famille” abantu bari bahungiye iwe, aramwumvira arabikora, ntiyabica. [28] Bunavuga ko ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko Nyiringondo na Mbarushimana Vincent batahamagajwe gutanga ubuhamya mu rukiko, atari inenge kuko yashoboraga no gutanga ibimenyetso bivuguruza imvugo zabo cyangwa se icyo azinenga bitabaye ngombwa ko bahamagazwa mu rukiko. Buvuga nanone ko ibyo avuga ko urukiko rutahaye agaciro imvugo z’abamushinjura nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko iyo busuzumye imvugo zabo busanga nabo hari ibyo bamushinja. [29] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko uretse ibyo bimenyetso byagaragajwe ku rwego rwa mbere, hari n’ibindi birimo imvugo z’abantu bakoranye na Habyarimana Jean mu buyobozi bw’ishyaka rya MRND, bamushinja kuba, nk’umwe mu bayobozi b’ishyaka rya MRND, yaragize uruhare mu gutegura jenoside, kwitabira inama zitandukanye zateguriwemo jenoside, mu gushakisha abasore bajya mu nterahamwe bagatozwa igisirikare, mu kubaha intwaro n’amabwiriza, ko abo basore aribo bifashishijwe mu gutsemba abatutsi mu Bugesera no mu Bigogwe. [30] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko ibyo Habyarimana avuga ko gutoza no guha interahamwe intwaro byari

Umushinga wa Minisiteri y’ingabo z’igihugu ashaka kuwuhuza n’icyiswe kwirindira umutekano kw’abaturage (autodefense civile), nta shingiro bifite kuko umutwe w’interahamwe wari ugizwe n’urubyiriko rwa MRND gusa ukaba utarashyizweho na Minisiteri y’ingabo. [31] Ubushinjacyaha busoza buvuga ko ibyo Habyarimana avuga ko icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi cyashaje, nta shingiro bifite kuko cyubakiye ku cyaha cya jenoside kidasaza, gifite ibikorwa bikigize birimo ubwicanyi, gushishikariza abantu ubwicanyi no kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi ugamiije gutsemba abatutsi, kandi ko kiramutse ari n’icyaha gisanzwe nabwo cyaba kitarasaza kuko kuva dosiye yatangira mu 1997 hari ibyagiye bikorwa mu rwego rw’iperereza byatumye icyaha kidasaza.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [32] Urukiko rusanga Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwarahamije Habyarimana Jean icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi rushingiye ku mvugo z’ababajijwe mu iperereza barimo Gatayija Thaddée, Mukamurara Clotilde, Nyiringondo Epaphrodite, Kamatamu Euphrasie na Mukakamanzi Agnès bavuga ko Habyarimana ariwe waremye umutwe w’interahamwe z’Umujyi wa Kigali, agahamagarira urubyiruko rwaje guhinduka interahamwe gukora imyitozo ya gisirikare, aziha ibikoresho birimo imyenda y’ibitenge, akanahabwa raporo y’ibikorwa byazo mu gihe hakorwaga jenoside no kuba ubwe yemera ko yakoranye n’interahamwe. [33] Urukiko rusesenguye ibyo Kamatamu Euphrasie yavuze abazwa mu iperereza, rusanga ibitaba ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko Habyarimana Jean yatoranyije urubyiruko rujya gutozwa igisirikare kuko icyo avuga gusa ari uko yabonaga Habyarimana Jean akangura, anashyushya interahamwe mu buryo bw’amashyaka, akanazitwara mu modoka ze no kuba yarabonaga Habiyaremye Védaste wari umukuru w’urubyiruko rw’interahamwe za MRND ku Muhima ajya gutanga raporo kwa Habyarimana Jean, ibyo avuga Habyarimana Jean yakoraga rukaba rusanga byari mu rwego rw‟ibikorwa bisanzwe bya politiki by‟ishyaka rya MRND nk’uko Kamatamu Euphrasie abisobanura. [34] Urukiko rusanga n’imvugo za Gatayija Thaddée, Mukakamanzi Agnès na Mukamurara Clotilde urukiko rwisumbuye rwashingiyeho nazo zitagaragaza uruhare rwa

Habyarimana Jean mu gushakisha no kujonjora urubyiruko rw’interahamwe rwahawe imyitozo ya gisirikare kuko kuba Gatayija Thaddée abazwa mu bushinjacyaha yaravuze gusa ko kuba Habyarimana Jean yari perezida wa MRND yumva ari cyo kimwe no kuba yari umukuru w’interahamwe ari imyumvire ye itagaragaza uruhare rwe mu gutoranya urubyiruko. Rusanga n’ibyo Mukamurara Clotilde na Mukakamanzi Agnès bavuze haba mu iperereza, haba no mu buhamya bwabo muri uru rukiko by’uko Habyarimana Jean yari perezida w’ishyaka rya MRND muri perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali bitagaragaza ko yashakishije urubyiruko rujya gutozwa ibya gisirikare. [35] Urukiko rusanga ariko Nyiringondo Eupaphrodite mu iperereza ryakozwe n’uru rukiko ndetse n’iry’ubushinjacyaha yaravuze ko hari ubwo Habyarimana Jean yazanye n’uwayoboraga abajandarme Munyakazi Laurent n’abandi bayobozi barimo Ngirumpatse Mathieu, Rutaganda Georges, Kajuga Robert na Renzaho Tharcisse kuri segiteri ya Muhima aho bajonjoreraga abasore nawe yarimo bajya gutozwa ibya gisirikare bari banditswe na Kamatamu Euphrasie, yanavuze ko babakaga indangamuntu bakavanamo abatutsi naho Mbarushimana Vincent alias Gasongo we akavuga ko muri 1993 yagiye mu nama ku Muhima mu nzu yo kwa Kabuga yo gushakisha urubyiruko yari yatumiwe na konseye Kamatamu Euphrasie, izamo Ngirumpatse Mathieu na Habyarimana Jean waje gutumira urubyiruko rwa Muhima na Kimisagara, aruhuriza

mu kigo cya gisirikare cya Camp Kigali aho rwaherewe imyitozo, yanavuze ko abatutsi babwirwaga gusigara bakazabatumaho. [36] Urukiko rusesenguye imvugo zabo rusanga zashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko Habyarimana Jean yabaye mu batoranyije urubyiruko rwigishijwe ibya gisirikare kuko imvugo zabo zigaragaza ko bavuga ibyo bazi, bahagaze ho kubera ko bavuga ko bari muri urwo rubyiruko rwatoranywaga ariko bo bakaza gusigara kuko bari abatutsi, bagasobanura neza uko icyo gikorwa cyagenze, aho cyabereye, abagikoze n‟abayobozi bari bahari gikorwa. [37] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Nyiringondo Epaphrodite na Mbarushimana Vincent bavuga bishimangirwa n’ubuhamya bwa Nkubito Isaac, wari perezida wa MRND muri komine Kacyiru, uvuga ko Habyarimana Jean nka perezida wa MRND muri perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali atari kubura kumenya ko kuva mu 1992 hari urubyiruko rw‟interahamwe rwagiye gutozwa igisirikare nyuma yo gutoranywa n’abakonseye ba za segiteri ku mabwirizwa ya komite nyobozi ya MRND

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yakoranaga n’abasirikare n’abashinzwe umutekano. Rusanga Nkubito anavuga urwo rubyiruko rwahurizwaga ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND kwa Kabuga hari abayobozi barimo Habyarimana Jean, Nzirorera Joseph na Ngirumpatse bakabwirwa ko umwanzi w‟igihugu ari umututsi, bakahahererwa imbunda, bakanahavurira abakomeretse ko bimwe abizi kuko byakozwe ahari, ibindi akaba yarabibwiwe n‟umukozi wakoreraga ku cyicaro cya MRND. [38] Urukiko rusanga ibyo bavuga bishimangirwa kandi n’imvugo za HJA, wahawe izina ku mpamvu z’umutekano, wabwiye urukiko ko yamenyeye mu ikusanyamakuru ryabereye muri gereza ko urubyiruko rw’interahamwe rwatoranywaga n’abahagarariye MRND mu rwego rwa komini, urwa segiteri n’urwa selire ku mabwiriza y’abayobozi ba MRND barimo Habyarimana Jean, ko muri Nyarugenge batoranywaga n’abakonseye bo mu ishyaka rya MRND barimo Kaboyi Jérémie wa segiteri ya Nyamirambo na Karushara Rose wa Kimisagara, kandi ko urwo rubyiruko rwatojwe ibya gisirikare guhera mu 1991. [39] Urukiko rusanga ibyo kuba Habyarimana Jean yaragize uruhare mu gutoranya urubyiruko rwatojwe igisirikare binavugwa na HJB, wahawe iryo zina kubera impamvu z’umutekano uvuga ko mbere 1994 Habyarimana Jean nk’umuyobozi w’ishyaka atari kubura kumenya ishyirwaho ry’urubyiruko rw’interahamwe mu Mujyi wa Kigali, cyangwa se ngo abure kumenya ko rumaze gutoranywa rwajyanywe kwa Kabuga ku Muhima rutangira kwigishwa ibya

gisirikare mu magambo, nyuma rujyanwa mu Mutara no mu Bigogwe n’ahandi, rwigishwa gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo rwigishijwe. Rusanga anavuga ko urwo rubyiruko rwahawe intwaro zirimo imihoro, udufuni, ubuhiri, imbunda n’amasasu rwakoreshaga mu myitozo no mu bitero, ko hari n’ibyatangwaga Habyarimana Jean ahari, ibindi bakabisanga mu Mutara no mu Bigogwe aho bajyaga gutorezwa, ko ibyo yabimenye kubera ko yari mu ishyaka rimwe na Habyarimana Jean, akora mu biro by’interahamwe ku rwego rw’igihugu, aho yabonaga raporo zigaragaraho amazina ya Habyarimana Jean n’umukono we, nko kuri lisiti y’interahamwe zajonjorwaga mu masegiteri y’Umujyi wa Kigali na raporo ku bijyanye n’ibitero byagabwaga n’interahamwe mu Mujyi wa Kigali. [40] Urukiko rusanga ibyo gutoranya urubyiruko binagarukwaho mu buhamya bwa HJE, wahawe izina ku mpamvu z’umutekano, wari umwe mu ba burugumesitiri b„amakomine ya Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali uvuga ko Habyarimana Jean yagize uruhare mu gushinga umutwe w’interahamwe mu rwego rw’igihugu n’Umujyi wa Kigali kuko yari muri komite santarari, akaba yaranashishikarije abayobozi ku rwego rwa komini na segiteri gushakisha urubyiruko rujya mu interahamwe. Rusanga anavuga ko kuwa 15/05/1992 Perefe Renzaho Tharcisse yakoresheje inama amashyaka ku rwego rwa perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali, Habyarimana Jean ayifatamo ijambo yamamaza interahamwe nk‟umutwe batoranyije kugira ngo

bahangane n’umwanzi. Rusanga umutangabuhamya HJC, wahawe izina ku mpamvu z’umutekano, uvuga ko yari perezida wa MRND muri segiteri Nyakabanda, nawe avuga ko ari Habyarimana Jean na Renzaho Tharcisse babasabaga gushaka urubyiruko. [41] Urukiko rero rurebye ibyavuzwe n’ababajijwe mu rukiko no mu iperereza, rukanareba ko bamwe muri barimo Nkubito, HJE na HJC bagize uruhare mu gikorwa cyo gutoranya urubyiruko rwahawe imyitozo ya gisirikare, ndetse bamwe nka Nyiringondo na Mbarushimana bakaba bari mu rubyiruko rwatoranywaga nyuma bakavanwamo kubera ko bari abatutsi, bakaba banahuriza ku buryo icyo gikorwa cyakorwaga, rusanga rushingiye ku ngingo ya 65 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ibyo bavuga bifite ingingo zikiranuye ku buryo urukiko rwabishingiraho nk’ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko Habyarimana Jean ari mu batoranyije urubyiruko rwo gutoza ibya gisirikare, mu bashishikarije abayobozi b’amakomini n’amasegiteri gushakisha urwo rubyiruko no kuba mu barukoreshaga inama ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND ku Muhima ku nzu ya Kabuga mbere y’uko rwoherezwa mu myitozo.

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[42] Urukiko rusanga ibivugwa na HJD,wahawe izina kubera impamvu z’umutekano, Setiba Joseph na Mucanda Vital, batanzwe na Habyarimana Jean kugira ngo bamushinjure, by’uko nta mikoranire yari hagati y’interahamwe n’ubuyobozi bw’ishyaka rya MRND, ko nta n’umuyobozi w’ishyaka rya MRND wagize uruhare mu gikorwa cyo gutoranya urubyiruko rwatojwe ibya gisirikare, nta shingiro bifite kuko nabo ubwabo bemeza ko hari ibikorwa interahamwe zahuriragamo n’abayobozi ba MRND birimo za “meeting”, kurindira umutekano abarwanashyaka bazirimo, imyigaragambyo no gushishikariza urubyiruko kujya mu ishyaka rya MRND. [43] Rusanga banavuga ko hari abayobozi b’interahamwe barimo Turatsinze Jean Pierre, wari ukuriye interahamwe muri perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali, na Twahirwa Séraphin, wari kuriye interahamwe mu Gatenga, babahaga amabwiriza bakuye mu buyobozi bw’ishyaka, ndetse na Habyarimana Jean ubwe akaba yemeza ko iyo bakeneraga interahamwe bazisabaga mu bunyamabanga bukuru bw’ishyaka. Rugasanga rero ibyo bavuga bitavuguruza ibivugwa n’abandi batangabuhamya bagaragaza uruhare rwa Habyarimana Jean mu bikorwa byo gutoza urubyiruko rw’interahamwe ibya gisirikare, kuko bavuga gusa kubijyanye n‟imikoranire y’interahamwe n’ishyaka rya MRND. [44] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Habyarimana anenga ibivugwa na HJA na HJC bijyanye no kuba batazi imikorere n’imitunganyirize y’interahamwe, nta shingiro bifite kuko

urukiko rwasanze hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza uruhare rwe mu gikorwa cyo gushakisha urubyiruko rwagiye gutozwa igisirikare, kandi ibyo bikaba bidasaba byanze bikunze kumenya imikorere n’imituranganyirize y’urwego rw’interahamwe. Rusanga n’ibyo avuga ko HJA na HJB bavuga ibyo batahagazeho, bitabuza urukiko gushingira kubyo bavuga kuko bishyigikiwe n’iby’abandi batangabuhamya bavuga ibyo bahagazeho, bakanagaragaza aho byabereye n’igihe byabereye nk’uko byasobanuwe. [45] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko abatangabuhamya bitiranya interahamwe n’icyiswe “autodéfense civile”, nta shingiro bifite kuko abatangabuhamya bagaragaza ko ibyo gutoza interahamwe igisirikare byatangiye mu 1992 bikomeza no mu 1993, naho “autodéfense civile” avuga, ikaba yaragiyeho mu 1994 nk’uko nawe abivuga, bikanahura n’ibyagiye bisobanurwa mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nko mu rubanza rwa Karemera Edouard na Ngirumpatse Mathieu1, kandi kuba yarabayeho ikaba idakuraho ibikorwa by’interahamwe Habyarimana Jean yagizemo uruhare mu bijyanye no kuzishakisha no kuziha imyitozo ya gisirikare. [46] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko imvugo za Nyiringondo Epaphrodite na Mbarushimana Vincent zivuguruzanya kuhabereye inama yo gushyiraho umutwe w’interahamwe ku Muhima, nta shingiro bifite kuko nta kigaragaza ko inama bavuga ari imwe kubera ko

Nyiringondo avuga inama yabereye kuri segiteri ya Muhima, Mbarushimana akavuga inama yabereye ku Muhima ku nzu ya Kabuga bakaba bahuriza ku kuba izo nama zari zigamije gutoranya urubyiruko rwo gutoza igisirikare. [47] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo avuga ko Nyiringondo Epaphrodite na Mbarushimana Vincent bashakishijwe mu rwego rwo kumuhimbira ibyaha, ntibanahamagazwa mu rukiko kugira ngo avuguruzanye nabo ku byo bamushinja, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko, nk’uko byasobanuwe, ibyo bavuga bigaragaza uruhare yagize mu gushakisha no gutoranya urubyiruko rw’interahamwe rwatojwe igisirikare kandi zikaba zinuzuzanya n’iz’abandi babajijwe n’uru rukiko ku byerekeranye n’urwo ruhare rwe. Rusanga kandi kuba Nyiringondo Epaphrodite na Mbarushimana Vincent batarahamagajwe n’urukiko rwisumbuye nabyo atari inenge yatuma ibyo bavuze bidashingirwaho

1 ICTR-98-44-T The Prosecutor v. Edouard Karemera and Mathieu Ngirumpatse, para 63: “It is undisputed that Army Chief of Staff Déogratias Nsabimana held a meeting with the préfet and commandant de secteur of Kigali on 29 March 1994 to fine- tune a civilian self-defence plan, as detaild in minutes of the meeting.

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mu gihe mu iburanisha yahawe umwanya wo kugira icyo abivugaho, ibyo bikaba bihura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 86 y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko ibimenyetso bishobora gushingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barabigiyeho impaka. [48] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo avuga ko urukiko rwirengagije imvugo z’abamushinjura, nta shingiro bifite kuko isesengura ryazo haba mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye, haba no muri uru rukiko rigaragaza ko zidakuraho ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko yagize uruhare mu birebana no gutoza urubyiruko rw’interahamwe ibya gisirikare.

4. Ibyerekeranye no kwitabira inama zitegura jenoside [49] Habyarimana Jean avuga ko nta nama zo gutegura jenoside yigeze ayobora cyangwa ajyamo. Agasobanura ko inama y‟urubyiruko ivugwa na Gatayija yo kuzamura ibendera imbere ya hangari ya Karekezi yayitumiwemo, anayifatamo ijambo atibuka, ariko ko niba yaravuze ko abarwanashyaka ba MRND bahaguruka bakarwanya abarwanashyaka ba FPR, nk‟uko ubushinjacyaha bubivuga, byari mu rwego rw‟ihangana ry‟amashyaka ntaho bihuriye no gukora inama yo gutegura jenoside. [50] Akomeza avuga ko mitingi z’ishyaka rya MRND ntaho zihuriye n’inama zo gutegura jenoside nk’uko byanemejwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nko mu rubanza ICTR -98-44-T rwa Ngirumpatse Mathieu, Karemera Edouard na Nzirorera aho rwemeje ko zitari zigamije gukora jenoside ahubwo zari izo gukangurira abantu gushyigikira ishyaka ryabo no kwamagana amashyaka bari bahanganye. [51] Anavuga ko ijambo urukiko rwavuze ko yavugiye muri mitingi yabereye i Nyamirambo rigahita kuri radiyo RTLM, rukarishingiraho rumuhamya icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside, atari ikimenyetso cy’umwimerere kuko hatagaragazwa uwarifashe kuri kasete kugera ku wabishyize ku rubuga (website) rigaragaraho, ndetse n’uwarikuyeho, uretse ko asanga n’iryo jambo rivugwa rituzuye. [52] Avuga kandi ko inama yo ku Muhima ahitwa ku Mushumba mwiza ivugwa na Nyiringondo ko yari iyobowe na

Habyarimana Jean, ahandi akavuga ko yayobowe na Kamatamu, atayigiyemo kuko igihe avuga yabereye we atari ahari kubera ko kuva jenoside itangiye yagumye mu rugo ahava ahungira muri “Hôtel des mille collines” aho yavuye ajya iwabo ku Gisenyi, kandi ibyo bishimangirwa n’imvugo ya Kamatamu wavuze ko atigeze amubona kuva ubwicanyi butangiye, imvugo ya Mukakamanzi Agnès wavuze ko kuva kuwa 9/04/1994 kugeza kuwa 12/04/1994 bari kumwe mu nzu, ko mu minsi ine bamaranye batigeze batandukana, bikanashimangirwa kandi n‟imvugo ya Gatayija wavuze ko nta nama n’imwe yigeze amubonamo. [53] Avuga nanone ko n’ibyo Nyiringondo avuga ko Mbarushimana yabonye Habyarimana yakira interahamwe mu kabari zivuye kwica, atari byo kuko adasobanura igihe byabereye n’aho zari zivuye kwica, ndetse na Mbarushimana abazwa akaba ntabyo yavuze, ko n’inama uyu avuga zaberaga muri ako kabari ntazabayeho n’abo avuga bazijyanagamo barimo Ngirimpatse Mathieu bakaba batarashoboraga kuhajya kubera urwego bariho. [54] Habyarimana Jean avuga kandi ko imvugo z’abantu babajijwe n’ubushinjacyaha nyuma yo gupfundikira iburanisha nta kintu gifatika kirimo ku birebana n‟inama zitegura jenoside zivugwa nk’inama yabereye kuri sitade i Nyamirambo ivugwa na Nkubito Isaac ko yari ayirimo kandi ko Karamira Frodouald yayivugiyemo amagambo ahamagarira abahutu kwishyira hamwe bakarwanya umwanzi, ikanavugwa na HJA na HJE bavuga ko muri iyo nama Habyarimana Jean yahavugiye amagambo arimo kuvuga rumwe, kurwanya umwanzi bitiranya n‟umututsi, gushyigikira ubutegetsi no gushyigikira ko rubanda nyamwinshi igomba gutegeka ariko ko ayo ari amagambo batondekanya (slogans) adafite ikindi kimenyetso cyemeza ko ariwe wayavuze.

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[55] Avuga ko Karamira Frodouald nta nama ya MRND yigeze ajyamo, ko icyabaye nyuma y’urupfu rwa Perezida Ndadaye ari urugendo rw’andi mashyaka batavugaga rumwe rwo kwamagana iryo yicwa, nabo babwira abarwanashyaka babo gukorana n’abandi urwo rugendo rwarangiriye kuri sitade i Nyamirambo ari naho Karamira yafashe iya mbere ageza ijambo ku bari aho, arisoza avuga MDR Power, MRND Power, PSD Power na CDR Power. Anavuga ko iryo jambo rirangiye, yabonye hari abantu barimo kuvuga amagambo asesereza abatutsi, maze nk‟umuyobozi w’ishyaka asaba umukuru w’interahamwe kubwira abarwanashyaka ba MRND kwitarura kugira ngo hataba ubushotoranyi, afata ijambo abibutsa ko kuba bahuriye hamwe ari amashyaka y‟amakeba ari uko bahujwe n’ikintu kimwe kibabaje cyo kwamagana iyicwa rya Perezida Ndadaye kubera ko u Burundi ari igihugu cy’abavandimwe, umwanzi w‟amahoro mu Burundi ari umwanzi w’amahoro y’u Rwanda, ko ariyo mpamvu abanyarwanda bose, abahutu, abatutsi, abatwa n’abandi bagomba kwamagana iryo yicwa, ko avuze ijambo abatutsi hari agatsiko kasakuje bavuga ko ari icyitso ariko babona abarwanashyaka ba MRND batabihaye agaciro baracuba. Anavuga ko ibyo abatangabuhamya bavuga ko yavuze birebana no kwikiza umwanzi, gushyigikira revolisiyo yo muri 1959, kwishyira hamwe kw’abahutu, nta byo yavuze, ko batanavuga uwabivuze ko icyo azi ari uko radiyo na televiziyo Rwanda yari ihari kandi yafashe amagambo

yahavugiwe. [56] Akomeza avuga ko n’inama zivugwa na HJC na HJE yakoranye na perefe Renzaho Tharicisse zatangiwemo intwaro, zemerezwamo gushyiraho za bariyeri n’iyo yavugiyemo ko hashyizweho umutwe w’interahamwe mu rwego rwo kurwanya umwanzi zitari gushoboka kuko perefe atari yemerewe kwivanga mu bibazo by’amashyaka, ko iyo habaga ikibazo cy’umutekano yatumizaga abayobozi b’amashyaka bose. Anavuga ko inama yemerejwemo kwica abatutsi n’ibyitso bya FPR ivugwa na HJB ko yabaye kuwa 06/04/1994 iyobowe na Mpiranya, ntayo azi nta n’iyo yabayemo, uretse ko HJB atanavuga ko abayobozi bose ba MRND muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali bari bayirimo ndetse akavuga ko iby’iyo nama yabibwiwe n’umuntu atibuka izina. [57] Avuga kandi ko ibyo abatangabuhamya bavuga ko ishyaka rya MRND ryateguye jenoside atari byo kuko nta rukiko ruremeza ko MRND yayiteguye, ko n’ibyo Nkubito Isaac avuga ko mu nama yabahaga amabwiriza yo gushishikariza abarwanashyaka kuzica abatutsi nta shingiro bifite kuko atari gukoresha inama irimo abatutsi nk’uko nawe abivuga hanyuma abatutsi bakaguma muri MRND, bakajya banajya no mu nama zishishikariza kubica, kimwe n’ibivugwa na HJA ko mu rwego rwo gutegura jenoside yabahaga amabwiriza aturutse muri biro politiki ya MRND nabo bakayageza kubo bakuriye muri segiteri. Anavuga ko ubuhamya bwa HJC butahabwa agaciro kuko avuga ko yari perezida wa MRND muri segiteri Nyakabanda

ariko ntamenye uwari perezida wayo muri komini kandi ariwe wabatoreshaga. [58] Avuga ko inama HJE avuga ko yabereye muri “Centre culturel franco rwandais” yabaye mu 1992 ihuje ishyaka rya MRND na CDR, ntayo azi, nta n’iyo yagezemo, ko ahubwo biro politiki ya MRND yemeje ishyirwaho ry’ihuriro ry’amashyaka ya PDC, PECO na CDR n’andi atibuka, mbere yo kuyemeza habaho impaka kuri CDR kubera imyitwarire yayo yari iteye impungenge abarwanashyaka babo b‟abatutsi, bisabwe n’ubuyobozi bwa MRND muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali hemezwa ko ishyaka rya CDR rizakorana n’iryo huriro mu rwego rwa politiki ariko ibyerekeye imyigaragambyo (manifestations) na “meetings” muri perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali ritazabyemererwa. [59] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko nta nama zitegura jenoside yakoresheje cyangwa yagiyemo, nta shingiro bifite kuko izo nama azishinjwa n’ababajijwe mu iperereza barimo Kamatamu Euphrasie umushinja gukorana na Habiyaremye Védaste wari umukuru w’urubyiruko rw’interahamwe ku Muhima, Nyiringondo Epaphrodite na MBARUSHIMANA Vincent bamushinja inama zo gutoranya urubyiruko rujya gutozwa ibya gisirikare, ndetse n‟abatangabuhamya babajijwe mu rukiko barimo NKUBITO Isaac, HJA, HJB, HJC na HJE bamushinja inama yitabiriye kuri sitade i Nyamirambo igahamagarira abahutu kwishyira hamwe

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bakarwanya umwanzi, izo yakoranye na perefe Renzaho Tharcisse zahamagariraga gushyiraho bariyeri, zemerezwamo gutanga intwaro kugira ngo bahige umwanzi nibyitso bye byasigaye, inama yitabiriye mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1992 ikemerezwamo ubufatanye bw’ishyaka rya MRND n’ishyaka rya CDR n’inama yo kuwa 06/04/1994 yakoreshejwe na Mpiranya wari ukuriye abasirikare barinda umukuru w’igihugu yarimo abayobozi b‟amashyaka barimo na Habyarimana Jean yemerejwemo kwica abatutsi n’ibyitso bya FPR. [60] Bukomeza bunavuga ko uretse izo nama, hari na mitingi Habyarimana Jean yakoresheje kuri sitade i Nyamirambo abwira interahamwe ko anenga politiki yo kugendera ku magi, ko bagomba kumena ayo magi kugira ngo babone uko barya umureti, ashaka kuvuga ko bica abatutsi kugira ngo bagumane ubutegetsi, ko yanavuze ko umuti FPR yavugutiye abandi ariyo yarimo kuwunywa, kandi yari itaragera muri Kigali, ko abo yavugaga rero bari kunywa uwo muti ari abatutsi bari bari muri Kigali, kandi uko kunywa umuti yavugaga ari ukwica abatutsi bitaga ibyitso by‟inkotanyi. Bunavuga ko kuba Habyarimana Jean yaravugiye ijambo mu nama yo kuzamura ibendera rya MRND kuri hangari yo kwa Karekezi ku Muhima asaba abarwanashyaka ba MRND guhaguruka bakarwanya FPR Inkotanyi ari ukurwanya abatutsi yavugaga kuko bicwaga mu Bugesera, Kibirira, Shyorongi n’ahandi. [61] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko ibyo HJD avuga ko bahabwaga

amabwiriza na Turatsinze wari perezida w’interahamwe ariko ntavuge aho nawe yayakuraga bigaragara ko atavuga ukuri bitewe n’uko bakomoka mu karere kamwe akaba ataranabashije kugaragaza uburyo interahamwe zashyizweho. Bunavuga ko ibyo Setiba Joseph avuga by’uko atumvise ibyavugirwaga muri sitade atari byo kuko yivugira ko yabaga ari hafi aho acunga umutekano, naho ibyo Mucanda Vital avuga by’uko yumvise Habyarimana Jean avuga ko umwanzi w’u Rwanda ariwe mwanzi w’u Burundi bitamushinjura kandi abihuriraho n’abandi bamushinja kandi uwo mwanzi yavugaga akaba ari umututsi, ko n’ibyo Mucanda avuga ko Habyarimana Jean yahosheje imvururu, bitamushinjura ahubwo bigaragaza ko interahamwe zamwumviraga kuko yari akomeye, azifiteho ububasha binyuranye n’ibyo Setiba Joseph na HJD bavuga ko ntaho interahamwe zahuriraga na Habyarimana Jean.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [62] Urukiko rusanga Habyarimana Jean yarahamijwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye kuba yaragize uruhare mu bikorwa byo gutegura jenoside yitabira inama na meeting z’ishyaka rya MRND zinyuranye. - Inama yabereye ku Muhima hazamurwa ibendera rya MRND [63] Urukiko rusanga Gatayija Thaddée abazwa mu iperereza yaravuze ko mu 1992 yabonye Habyarimana Jean akoranya abarwanashyaka ba MRND bazamura ibendera ry’iryo shyaka hafi y’aho atuye, maze abasaba kurwanya FPR na MDR ya Twagiramungu Faustin, ko ibyo byamweretse ko afite ibitekerezo by’ivangura. Yanavuze ko nta yindi nama yigeze abonamo Habyarimana Jean mu gihe cy’ubwicanyi. [64] Urukiko rusesenguye iyi mvugo, rurasanga itagaragaza ku buryo budashidikanywaho ko ubwo hazamurwaga ibendera rya MRND ku Muhima mu 1992 habaye inama yo gutegura jenoside, kuko icyo Gatayija avuga cyakozwe uwo munsi ari abarwanashyaka ba MRND bazamuye ibendera ku Muhima, Habyarimana Jean akahavugira ijambo abahamagarira kurwanya FPR n’ishyaka rya MDR ya Twagiramungu Faustin. Rugasanga ayo magambo yahavugiye agaragaza ihangana risanzwe ry’amashyaka, atagaragaza ko yayavuze mu rwego rwo gutegura jenoside. - Inama yo gushishikariza interahamwe kurwanya umwanzi

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[65] Urukiko rusanga urukiko rwisumbuye rwarashingiye ku nyandukuro y’ikiganiro cyahise kuri radio RTLM2 yakuwe kuri interineti, itanagiweho impaka, ruvuga ko Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwagaragaje ko Habyarimana Jean wari perezida wa MRND muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali yayoboye inama kuri sitade i Nyamirambo agashishikariza interahamwe ku rwanya umwanzi. [66] Urukiko rusanga iyo nyandiko yakuwe kuri interineti, ntigibweho impaka mu rukiko itaragombaga gushingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso gihamya Habyarimana Jean icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside kuko binyuranyije n’ibiteganyijwe n’ingingo ya 119 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo n’iya 86 z’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ziteganya ko ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko, ari ko ababuranyi bagomba kuba barabigiyeho impaka. [67] Urukiko rusanga kandi amagambo agaragara muri iyo nyandiko ko ntawe ushobora gukora umureti atamennye amagi (on ne peut pas faire l’omelette sans casser les oeufs ) ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ari Habyarimana Jean wayavuze ashaka kuvuga kwica abatutsi, atari byo kuko usesenguye iyo nyandiko bigaragara ko ayo magambo yavuzwe n’umunyamakuru wa RTLM atanga inkuru ku ijambo Habyarimana Jean yavugiye muri mitingi yari yabereye kuri

sitade i Nyamirambo y’amagana politiki yo kugendera ku magi, naho ibyo kuba yaba yaravuze ko bombori bombori y’amacenga iri mu mashyaka iterwa n’umuti wavugutiwe MRND n’andi mashyaka Arusha, ko na FPR yarimo kuwusogongeraho yumva ubusharire, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yavugaga kwica abatutsi n’ibyitso by’inkotanyi, nta kigaragaza ko ari cyo yavugaga kuko icyumvikana muri iyo mvugo ari ibyaberaga Arusha icyo gihe. [68] Urukiko rusanga kandi uretse agace k’ijambo kagaragara muri iyo nyandiko katagiweho impaka, nk’uko byasobanuwe, n’ijambo ryose yahavugiye ntiryagaragarijwe urukiko ngo rube rwariheraho rwemeza ko arivuga yashishikarizaga abo yabwiraga kwica abatutsi, ikindi kandi ubushinjacyaha bukaba butarasobanuye inama Habyarimana Jean yavugiyemo iryo jambo. - Inama yabereye kuri sitade i Nyamirambo kuwa 23/10/1993 [69] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Nkubito Isaac avuga ko nyuma y’urupfu rw’uwari perezida w’igihugu cy’u Burundi Ndadaye, kuri sitade i Nyamirambo habaye mitingi Habyarimana Jean yari ahagarariyemo ishyaka rya MRND, ariko ko nta jambo yayifashemo, ko yahavuye Karamira Frodouald amaze kuvuga ko uwitwa umuhutu wese agomba gufatanya na mugenzi we bakikiza umwanzi ari we mututsi na Mugenzi Justin amaze kuvuga ko utazakurikiza guhunda bashyizeho azabona ishyano. Rusanga anavuga ko amabwiriza yo kwikiza umwanzi ariwe mututsi bakurikizaga mu gihe cya jenoside yari

yaraturutse muri iyo nama y’i Nyamirambo, ko banabwirwaga ko utazayakurikiza azicwa. [70] Urukiko rusanga HJA we yemeza ko Habyarimana Jean yayoboye mitingi yabereye kuri sitade i Nyamirambo mu 1993 ahagarariye ishyaka rya MRND, ko yayifashemo ijambo akangurira abari aho ko umwanzi ari umututsi. Yanavuze ko muri iyo mitingi yarimo Karamira Frodouald wavuze amagambo ya MRND Power, MDR power na Mugenzi Justin wari uhagarariye ishyaka rya PL wavuze ko abahutu bagomba kwishyira hamwe bakarwanya umwanzi ariwe mututsi, anavuga ko iby’iyo mitingi yabyumviye ku maradiyo, anabyumvana abaturage babivuga. [71] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya HJE nawe avuga ko hari inama yabereye kuri sitade i Nyamirambo kuwa 23/10/1993, Habyarimana Jean nk’umuyobozi w’ishyaka rya MRND mu Mujyi wa Kigali n’abayobozi b’amashyaka ya CDR na MDR Power bashishikariza abahutu guhaguruka

2 www.rwandafil.com/rtlm/pdf/rtlm0293.pdf „resume de la cassete, RTLM 0293.

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bakirinda, bakarwanya umwanzi kugirango atagarura ingoma ya cyami y‟abatutsi yakandamije abahutu. [72] Urukiko rusanga Habyarimana Jean nawe yamera ko nyuma y’urupfu rw’uwari perezida w’igihugu cy’u Burundi Ndadaye habaye urugendo rwo kwamagana iyicwa rye rurangirira kuri sitade i Nyamirambo aho Frodouald Karamira yafashe ijambo, nyuma yaryo abonye hari abantu barimo kuvuga amagambo asesereza abatutsi, nk’umuyobozi w’ishyaka asaba umukuru w’interahamwe kubwira abarwanashyaka ba MRND kwitarura kugira ngo hataba ubushotoranyi, nawe afata ijambo avuga ko ikibahuje ari ukwamagana iyicwa rya Perezida Ndadaye; kubera ko Uburundi ari igihugu cy’abavandimwe, umwanzi w’amahoro mu Burundi ari umwanzi w’amahoro y’u Rwanda, ko abahutu, abatutsi, abatwa n’abandi bagomba kwamagana iryo yicwa. [73] Urukiko rusesenguye izo mvugo z‟ababajijwe mu rukiko n’iya Habyarimana Jean, rusanga kuwa 23/10/1993 kuri sitade i Nyamirambo harabereye inama yitabirwa n‟amashyaka menshi arimo MRND ihagarariwe na Habyarimana Jean na MDR ihagarariwe na Karamira Frodouald bafatamo n‟ijambo bashishikariza abari muri iyo nama kwishyira hamwe bakarwanya umwanzi. Urukiko rusanga n‟ubwo Habyarimana Jean atemera ko mu ijambo rye yashishikarije abari mu nama kurwanya umwanzi ariko harebwe ko yafashe ijambo muri iyo nama avuga ko umwanzi w’u Burundi ariwe mwanzi w’u Rwanda, ntiyitandukanye n’ibyari bimaze kuvugwa na

Karamira wahamagariye abahutu kwishyira hamwe bakarwanya umwanzi, bigaragaza ko nawe yashyigikiye ibyo Karamira yavugaga kuko yunze mu rye avuga ko umwanzi w’u Burundi ari we mwanzi w’u Rwanda. [74] Urukiko rusanga kuba abari muri iyo nama barashishikarijwe kurwanya umwanzi binemezwa na Nkubito Isaac wavuze ko yahavuye Karamira Frodouald amaze kuvuga ko uwitwa umuhutu wese agomba gufatanya na mugenzi we bakikiza umwanzi ariwe mututsi, na HJE wavuze ko Karamira na Habyarimana bashishikarije abahutu guhaguruka bakirinda, bakarwanya umwanzi kugira ngo atagarura ingoma ya cyami y’abatutsi yakandamije abahutu, ndetse na HJA wavuze ko ibyo byahavugiwe yabyumviye kuri radiyo, anabyumvana abaturage babivuga. Rusanga binashimangirwa na Mucanda Vital uvuga ko Habyarimana Jean yafashe ijambo nyuma ya Karamira agasaba abahutu, abatwa, abatutsi n’abandi kumenya ko umwanzi w’u Burundi ari umwanzi w’u Rwanda. [75] Urukiko rugasanga rero Habyarimana Jean nawe muri iyo nama yarashishikarije kurwanya umwanzi kuko muri icyo gihe ijambo umwanzi ryakoreshwaga nk’imvugo ijimije yasobanuraga umututsi, wafatwaga nk’umwanzi w’igihugu cyangwa icyitso cy’inkotanyi. Ibyo bisobanuro akaba ari nabyo bigaragara muri raporo ya komisiyo mpuzamahanga yakoze iperereza ku ihungabanywa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda kuva ku itariki ya 1/10/1990 yagarutse ku nyandiko yo kuwa 21/09/1992 yakorewe mu buyobozi

bukuru bwa gisirikari (état major) isobanura ko umwanzi w’igihugu ari umututsi uri mu gihugu, hanze yacyo cyangwa umushyigikiye3. [76] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo kuba mu nama yo kuwa 23/10/1990 haravugiwemo amagambo yo kwita umututsi umwanzi cyangwa icyitso cy’umwanzi binashimangirwa n’ibyemejwe mu rubanza rwa Karemera Edouard na Ngirumpatse Mathieu rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda aho rwavuze ko ubushinjacyaha bwagaragaje ibimenyetso bikuraho gushidikanya ku kuba muri meeting yo kuwa 23/10/1993 yabereye kuri sitade i Nyamirambo abafashe ijambo bagaragazaga ko abatutsi ari ibyitso by’umwanzi4.

3 Rapport de la Commission Internationale d’enquête sur les violations des droits de l’homme au Rwanda depuis le 1er Octobre 1990, p. 63. 4 ICTR-98-44-T Le Procureur c/ Karemera Edouard e t Ngirumpatse Mathieu, para 533: “Par conséquent, la Chambre conclut que le Procureur a établit au-delà de tout doute raisonnable que lors du meeting tenu le 23 octobre 1993 au stade de Nyamirambo, des orateurs avaient traité les Tutsis de complices de l’ennemi dans leurs discours”.

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[77] Urukiko rusanga rero ibyo Habyarimana Jean anenga ubuhamya bwatanzwe avuga ko Mugenzi Justin atari muriiyo nama no kuba hari ibyo abatangabuhamya badahurizaho, harebwe igihe gishize cy’imyaka irenga makumyabiri (20) kuba hari ababajijwe bagira ibyo bibagirwa cyangwa bitiranya nko kuvuga ko na Mugenzi Justin wari perezida w’ishyaka rya PL yitabiriye iyo nama ubwabyo bitatesha agaciro ibyo bavuga ku byerekeranye n’iyo nama mu gihe hari ibyo bahurizaho n’abandi bayivuga. Ibi bisobanuro bikaba bihura n’uburyo Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwabibonye mu rubanza rwa Muvunyi Tharcisse aho rwasanze n’ubwo hari ibyo abatangabuhamya batavuga kimwe cyangwa bibeshyaho bishobora guterwa n’igihe cyari gishize ariko ko bitagira ingaruka ku kwizerwa kwabo no ku ireme ry‟ubuhamya bwabo5. - Inama yabaye ku Muhima muri Mata 1994 yasabaga abihishe gusohoka [78] Urukiko rusanga rutakwemeza ko Habyarimana Jean yitabiriye inama yabereye ku Muhima mu kwezi kwa kane mu 1994 isaba abantu bari bihishe gusohoka, kuko n’ubwo Gatayija Thaddée na Nyiringondo Epaphrodite mu mvugo zabo bahuriza ku kuba iyo nama yarabaye iyobowe na Kamatamu Euphrasie, ariko ntibahuriza ku kuba Habyarimana Jean yarayitabiriye, kuko Gatayija Thaddée avuga ko muri icyo gihe cy’ubwicanyi nta nama n’imwe yigeze abonamo Habyarimana Jean naho Nyiringondo we akavuga ko yitabiriye iyo nama ari kumwe na

Kamatamu wari uyiyoboye. Urukiko rugasanga rero imvugo zabo zitera gushidikanya kuko bitari gushoboka ko Gatayija wari muri iyo nama uvuga ibyayivugiwemo n’abayifashemo amagambo we atabona Habyarimana Jean. [79] Urukiko rusanga nanone kuba Habyarimana Jean ataritabiriye iyo nama binashimangirwa na Kamatamu Euphrasie, wari uyoboye iyo nama, wavuze mu ibazwa rye ryo kuwa 18/03/1997 ko mu gihe cy’ubwicanyi atongeye kubona Habyarimana Jean, ndetse na Nyirandayishimiye Espérance wavuze ko kuwa 13/04/1994, ku Muhima imbere yo kwa Harerimana Joseph habereye inama ikicirwamo abantu benshi bari basabye kuva mu bwihisho ariko akaba ataravuze ko yahabonye Habyarimana Jean. - Ku birebana n’inama zaberaga ku Muhima mu kabari ka Edouard Mberabahizi [80] Urukiko rusanga ibyavuzwe na Mbarushimana Vincent mu iperereza ry’ubushinjacyaha ko nk’iminsi itatu (3) nyuma yo ku wa 15/02/1992 yabonye Habyarimana Jean ari kumwe na Kajuga Robert, Ngirumpatse Mathieu, Rutaganda Georges, Dr Muhire na Munyakazi Laurent mu kabari yakoragamo k’uwitwa Mberabahizi Edouard, ababona basa n’abakora inama bavugana ku bijyanye n’iterwa ry’igihugu n’abanzi babarimo, bitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko ari inama itegura jenoside barimo kuko nawe abivuga akekeranya adasobanura neza aho ibyo bavugaga bihuriye no gutegura jenoside. Urukiko rusanga nanone ibyo avuga ko yahabonaga Habyarimana Jean ari kumwe

n’abandi bantu barimo konseye Kamatamu Euphrasie na Karushara Rose, rutabiheraho rwemeza ko icyabaga kibazanye ari inama kubera ko icyo avuga gusa ari uko bakundaga kuhaza inshuro nyinshi, bakaganira, bakanasangira. [81] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo Nyiringondo avuga ko Mbarushimana Vincent yabonaga Habyarimana Jean yakirira interahamwe zivuye kwica mu kabari ka Mberabahizi Edouard, nabyo bitaba ikimenyetso kuko ibyo atabihagazeho ndetse na Mbarushimana abazwa icyo kuba Habyarimana yarakiraga interahamwe zivuye kwica akaba atarakivuze.

5 “Nonetheless, the Chamber notes that fifteen years have passed since the date of the meeting in Gikore in mid to late May 1994 and recalls that discrepancies attributable to the passage of time do not necessarily affect the credibility or reliability of witnesses.The Chamber considers it reasonable that, fifteen years later, the Prosecution witnesses may have mistakenly recalled that Nteziryayo attended the meeting as préfet of Butare given that he was appointed to this position only a few weeks later”, Cfr The Prosecutor v. Tharcisse Muvunyi, Case No. ICTR - 00 - 55A-T of 11 February 2010, para.56, 58,91-94.

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- Inama ivugwa ko yabereye mu kigo cy’abasirikare barinda umukuru w’igihugu kuwa 06/04/1994 iyobowe n’uwitwa Mpiranya [82] Urukiko rusanga umutangamakuru HJB avuga ko mu ijoro ryo kuwa 06/04/1994 habaye inama mu kigo cy’abasirikare barinda umukuru w’igihugu (camp GP) ihuje abayozi bakuru b’ishyaka rya MRND n’ab’Umujyi wa Kigali, abayobozi b’urubyiruko rwa MRND, abayobozi b’ishyaka rya CDR n’urubyiruko rwayo (impuzamugambi), amashyaka yari muri Hutu power n’abayobozi n’urubyiruko rwayo hamwe n’abasilikare bari bakuriwe na Major Ndimbati, akanavuga ko muri iyo nama hemejwe ko abatutsi bose bicwa, ko nyuma yayo abari mu nama bohereje uwitwa Manirareba cyangwa Manirarora wari ukuriye interahamwe muri segiteri Gitega gutanga ayo makuru, abasanga aho yarimo akora kuri radiyo RTLM. [83] Urukiko rusesenguye iyo mvugo ya HJB, rurasanga itashingirwaho yonyine nk’ikimenyetso gihamya ko iyo nama yabayeho, Habyarimana Jean ayijyamo, kubera ko n’ubwo mu manza nshinjabyaha ibimenyetso bishobora gushingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko mu gihe ababuranyi babigiyeho impaka nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 86 y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ariko ibivugwa na HJB, utararahiye nk’umutangabuhamya, bikaba bitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko iyo nama yabayeho na Habyarimana akayijyamo kuko ibyo avuga ari ibyo

yumvise bidashyigikiwe n’ikindi kimenyetso. - Inama yo kuwa 15/05/1994 yatangiwemo amabwiriza yo guhiga abatutsi n’ibyitso byari bisigaye [84] Urukiko rusanga HJC avuga ko kuwa 15/05/1994 hari inama yabereye kuri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali iyobowe na Renzaho Tharcisse yarimo abantu batandukanye barimo colonel Ndahimana wari ukuriye ingabo mu Mujyi wa kigali n’Uburasirazuba, colonel Edouard Hakizimana na Habyarimana Jean, itangirwamo amabwiriza yo guhiga abatutsi n’ibyitso byari bisigaye, ko muri iyo nama Karushara Rose wari konseye wa segiteri Kimisagara yafashe ijambo abwira abayobozi ko ibyo bari kubasaba bitashoboka nta mbunda bafite, ko Habyarimana Jean yavuze ko ibyo avuga ari ukuri ko bakwiriye kubaha izo mbunda. Rusanga anavuga ko nyuma izo mbunda zatanzwe, umukuriye wari burugumesitiri wa komine Nyarugenge amuha eshanu, nawe azigabanya abo bakoranaga asigarana imwe. [85] Urukiko rusesenguye ubuhamya bwatanzwe na HJC, rusanga bufite ishingiro kuko urebye uburyo avuga ibyavugiwe muri iyo nama, abari bayirimo n’abayifashemo ijambo barimo Habyarimana Jean washyigikiye ibyo Karushara yavugaga ko ibyo guhiga ibyitso babasaba bitashoboka nta mbunda bafite, bigaragaza ko Habyarimana Jean yari muri iyo nama yasabaga guhiga abatutsi n’ibyitso byasigaye, ndetse akanasaba ko hatangwa imbunda kugira ngo icyo gikorwa gishoboke, ndetse nyuma y’iyo nama imbunda zikaba

zaratanzwe. [86] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Habyarimana Jean anenga ubwo buhamya avuga ko Perefe Renzaho Tharcisse atari gutumiza inama y‟abarwanashyaka ba MRND kuko nka perefe atari yemerewe kwivanga mu bikorwa by’amashyaka, nta shingiro bifite kubera ko n’ubwo mu iperereza umutangabuhamya yavuze ko inama yari igamije gukangurira abayoboke ba MRND mu nzego zose guhiga ibyitso by’inkotanyi byari bisigaye, mu rukiko akavuga gusa inama yari iyobowe na Renzaho wari perefe w’Umujyi wa Kigali bitatesha agaciro ubuhamya bwe gusa kubera ko mu iperereza yavuze ko yari inama y’abayoboke ba MRND mu gihe agaragaza neza ko iyo nama yabayeho, igihe yabereye, abari bayirimo n’ibyayivugiwemo; ikindi harebwe igihe gishize kuba umutangabuhamya yakwitiranya abarwanashyaka ba MRND n’abandi baturage bari mu nama bikaba bitatesha ireme ubuhamya bwe mu gihe asobanura neza ibyabaye nk’uko byasobanuwe. Rusanga n’ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko ubuhamya bwa HJC butashingirwaho kuko avuga ko atari we wari

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perezida wa MRND muri Nyakabanda ashingiye ku kuba atazi perezida wayo muri komine ubwabyo bitatesha ireme ubuhamya kuko ukurikije uburyo asobanura neza ibyabereye muri iyo nama, bigaragaza ko yari ayirimo. [87] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Habyarimana avuga ko atari kwitabira inama yo kuwa 15/05/1994 kuko icyo gihe yari yarahungiye iwabo ku Gisenyi, nabyo bitashingirwaho hemezwa ko atashoboraga kwitabira iyo nama kubera ko ubwe yiyemerera ko yahungiye ku Gisenyi ariko akajya agaruka i Kigali incuro zirenze eshatu, bikaba binemezwa na Mukakamanzi Agnès uvuga ko Habyarimana Jean yahungishije umuryango we abasigira inzu ye nyuma nko mu kwezi kwa gatanu aza kuhakura umwana wabo w’umuhungu wari warasigaye kwa Habyarimana Jean yihishe mu iparafo, amujyana kuri kiriziya ya “Sainte famille”. - Inama yo kuwa 08/04/1994 yashishikarizaga kurwanya umwanzi no gushyiraho za bariyeri [88] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya HJE avuga ko kuwa 08/04/1994 cyangwa kuwa 09/04/1994, Perefe Renzaho Tharcisse yatumije inama y‟amashyaka ya politiki mu Mujyi wa Kigali ayashishikariza kurwanya umwanzi bashyiraho bariyeri n‟amarondo, akavuga ko nubwo iyo nama atayigiyemo, ariko kubera akazi yakoraga, nyuma yagiye kureba perefe Renzaho amubwira ko yakoresheje inama abayobozi b’amashyaka ya politiki ababwira ko bagomba gushishikariza abayoboke babo kurwanya umwanzi, ko na Habyarimana Jean ubwo bari hamwe muri gereza

ya Nyarugenge yamubwiye ko yari ayirimo. [89] Urukiko rusanga ibivugwa na HJE bitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko Habyarimana Jean yari muri iyo nama kubera ko avuga ko iyo nama atari ayirimo, akanavuga ko ibyayivugiwemo yabibwiwe na Perefe Renzaho Tharcisse adasobanura ko yamubwiye ko na Habyarimana Jean yari ayirimo. Rusanga ibyo avuga ko Habyarimana yamwibwiriye ko yari ayirimo nabyo bitafatwa nk’ikimenyetso kubera ko bidashyigikiwe n’ikindi kimenyetso kandi na Habyarimana Jean akaba ahakana ko batigeze bavugana iby’iyo nama. - Inama yo gushyira ihuriro ry’ishyaka rya MRND n’ishyaka rya CDR [90] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya HJE avuga ko mu nzu ndangamuco w’u Rwanda n’u Bufaransa (Centre culturel franco rwandais) habereye inama yari igamije gushyiraho ihuriro rya MRND na CDR mu rwego rw’igihugu, ko muri iyo nama Habyarimana Jean yafashe ijambo ashima icyo gikorwa cyo kwishyira hamwe kugira ngo barwanye umwanzi w’igihugu. Rusanga anavuga ko abayobozi b’ishyaka rya CDR mbere bavugaga ko umwanzi ari inkotanyi, nyuma baza kuvuga ko ari umututsi kubera ko umututsi ariwe wari wateye igihugu aturutse hanze, bakavuga ko hari n’abari imbere mu gihugu. [91] Urukiko rusesenguye ibivugwa na HJE, rusanga abazwa n’uru rukiko yaravuze ko Habyarimana Jean yitabiriye iyo nama akanayifatamo ijambo ashima igikorwa cyo kwishyira hamwe kwa MRND na CDR kugira ngo barwanye umwanzi

w‟igihugu ariko abazwa n’ubushinjacyaha akaba yari yavuze ko biro politiki y’ishyaka rya MRND yemeje ubufatanye na CDR, bityo ibyo avuga bikaba bitashingirwa nk’ikimenyetso kuko bitera gushidikanya ku birebana n’iyo nama n’ibyo Habyarimana Jean yaba yarayivugiyemo. - Inama yabereye muri hoteli Merdien muri Mata 1994 [92] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Nkubito Isaac avuga ko nyuma y‟urupfu rwa Perezida Habyarimana Juvénal bamubwiye ko hari inama yabereye kuri hoteli Merdien irimo Habyarimana Jean na perezida w’interahamwe witwa Nzabanterura, bitashingirwaho kuko adasobanura iby’iyo nama, icyo yari igamije, abari bayirimo kandi akaba avuga ko ari ibyo yabwiwe bidashyigikiwe n’ikindi kimenyetso.

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- Inama z’inzego z’ubuyobozi bw’ishyaka rya MRND [93] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya Nkubito Isaac avuga ko mu 1993 hari inama z‟ubuyobozi bw’ishyaka rya MRND zategurirwagamo jenoside, zikavugirwamo ko igihugu cyugarijwe n’umwanzi ariwe mututsi no kuba FPR inkotanyi irimo gufatanya n’ibyitso byayo biri mu gihugu, hagatangwa amabwiriza y‟uko bagomba kwikiza umwanzi kubera ko afite gahunda yo kurimbura abahutu abasigaye bagasubira ku buretwa, ko ayo mabwiriza Habyarimana Jean yayagezaga ku bari bahagarariye ishyaka rya MRND mu makomine mu nama zaberaga ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND, nabo bakayageza ku nzego bakuriye. [94] Urukiko rusanga HJB mu makuru yatanze mu rukiko nawe avuga ko hari inama z‟urwego rw‟ubuyobozi rw’ishyaka rya MRND zaberaga ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka zigafata imyanzuro igamije kwica abatutsi no kubarwanya, kandi Habyarimana Jean nk’umuyobozi wa MRND mu Mujyi wa Kigali yabaga azirimo. Akavuga ko ibyazivugirwagamo rimwe na rimwe yabimenyaga kubera ko yakoraga mu biro bya Kajuga Robert wari ukuriye interahamwe ku rwego rw’igihugu. [95] Urukiko rurebye uko NKUBITO Isaac asobanura ibyavugirwaga mu nama z’abaperezida b’ishyaka rya MRND mu makomine ya perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali bakoreshwaga na Habyarimana Jean birebana no kumenya umwanzi uwo ari we n’uburyo bagomba kumwikiza, hakanarebwa ko ibyavaga muri izo nama nabo babigezaga ku nzego bakuriye zo mu

masegiteri, rurasanga ibyo avuga byashingirwaho nk‟ikimenyetso kigaragaza ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside yagiranye n’abo bayobozi yari akuriye kuko asobanura neza ibyaberaga muri izo nama yabaga arimo nka perezida w’ishyaka rya MRND muri komine Kacyiru. Urukiko rusanga ubwo buhamya bwuzuzanya n’amakuru yatanzwe na HJB y’uko ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND haberaga inama z’ubuyobozi bw’ishyaka Habyarimana Jean yabaga arimo zigafatirwamo imyanzuro igamije kwica abatutsi no kubarwanya. [96] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Habyarimana Jean anenga ubuhamya bwa Nkubito Isaac avuga ko bitari gushoboka ko akoresha inama igamije kwica abatutsi kandi nabo bayirimo, ubwabyo bitatesha agaciro ubwo buhamya, kuko mu gihe cya jenoside akenshi hakoreshwaga imvugo ijimije abayikoresha baterura ngo bavuge ko bagomba kwica umututsi, ahubwo bakavuga umwanzi wateye igihugu cyangwa icyitso cy’inkotanyi kandi ibyo bikaba bitari kubura kuvugwa n’ubwo abatutsi bari kuba bazirimo. Ibyo bikaba binahura n’ibyasobanuwe n’abahanga mu rubanza rwa Nyiramasuhuko na bagenzi be rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda6. Rusanga n’ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko amagambo HJB avuga adafite icyo ayashingiraho nabyo, nta shingiro bifite kuko ibyo avuga abihurizaho na Nkubito Isaac. - Ku byerekeranye n’izindi nama zitegura jenoside zivugwa n’abajijwe mu iperereza [97] Urukiko rusanga inama zivugwa na

Nyirandayishimiye Espérance na Mukamurara Clotilde babajijwe mu iperereza, zitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kuko Nyirandayishimiye Espérance yivugira gusa ko muri 1993 mu gihe cy’amashyaka menshi Habyarimana Jean yajyaga ayobora inama n’abandi bantu bakomeye adasobanura aho izo nama zababeraga, abari bazirimo, icyo zari zigamije n’uko yazimenye, naho Mukamurara Clotilde akaba yaravuze ko kwa Habyarimana Jean hazaga abantu benshi n’imodoka nyinshi atagaragaza abo ari bo n‟icyabaga kibazanye, anageze mu rukiko iyo mvugo arayihakana avuga ko ari ibyo bamwandikiye atarabivuze. Bityo izindi nama zitegura jenoside zivugwa hadasobanurwa aho zaberaga n‟ibyazivugiwemo, urukiko rukaba ntaho rwahera rwemeza ko zabayeho.

6 Urubanza No ICTR-98-42-T rwaciwe kuwa 24/06/2011 rwa Nyiramasuhuko na bagenzi be, igika 477. “Reytjens a affirmé que le double langage était employé dans les directives adressées le 27 avril 1994 par le Premier Ministre à tous les préfets, dans lesquelles les termes ennemi et complice avaient été utilisés pour désigner le Tutsi et éventuellement les opposants hutu, alors que le terme inkotanyi était censé viser le Tutsi”.

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5. Ku birebana no kuba Habyarimana Jean yaratanze ibikoresho byifashishijwe mu kwica abatutsi [98] Habyarimana Jean avuga ko ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza uburyo yafatanyije na Kamatamu Euphrasie mu gutanga imbunda zo kwica abatutsi kuko kuba Kamatamu yarazitanze nka konseye bitavuze ko nawe yazitangaga cyangwa ngo bafatanye kuzitanga. Anavuga ko iby‟udushoka n’imihoro Nyiringondo na Mbarushimana bavuga yatanze muri 1993 atari byo kubera ko bavuguruzanya bakananyurana ku hantu byatangiwe, n’abo yabihaye, kandi ku biro bya MRND mu mujyi wa Kigali bavuga ko ariho byatangiwe, bikaba bitari bikiri ku Muhima kwa Kabuga. Avuga nanone ko ibyo HJC avuga ko mu nama yo kuwa 15/05/1994 yashyigikiye igitekerezo cya Karushara Rose cyo gusaba imbunda kugirango babashe guhiga abatutsi n’ibyitso byari bisigaye, nta gaciro byahabwa kuko igihe avuga inama yabereye yari yaravuye i Kigali ahugura ku Gisenyi. [99] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko atatanze ibikoresho atari byo kuko Nyiringondo na Mbarushimana bamushinja guha urubyiruko rwatojwe igisikare ibikoresho birimo imbunda n’intwaro za gakondo, ko hari n’ibyo yatanze kuri bariyeri zari ku muhanda uva Nyabugogo ugera ku Muhima ku ishuli rya APACOPE, ndetse na Mukamurara Clotilde akaba yaravuze ko nyuma y’intambara kwa Habyarimana Jean bahasanze ikibaro cy’imyenda y’interahamwe. Bunavuga ko HJB nawe avuga ko urubyiriko rwajyaga gutozwa ibya gisirikare rwaherwaga ibikoresho birimo ibya gakondo n’ibya kizungu ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND ku Muhima ku nzu ya Kabuga Habyarimana Jean ahari, ko na HJA avuga ko yazitangiraga kuri perefegutura ari kumwe na Renzaho Tharcisse.

UKO RUKIKO RUBIBONA [100] Urukiko rusanga mu guhamya ko Habyarimana Jean yatanze ibikoresho, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwarashingiye ku mvugo za Nyiringondo Epaphrodite wavuze ko Habyarimana Jean ari mu batanze ibikoresho birimo ibitenge n’udushoka, abiha urubyiruko rwaje guhinduka interahamwe, ku kuba Habyarimana Jean yaremeye ko yatunze ibitenge byambarwaga n’interahamwe no ku mvugo za Mbarushimana wavuze ko Habyarimana Jean yakoranaga bya hafi naba konseye Kamatamu Euphrasie na Karushara Rose, anavuga ko yayoboye inama z’urubyiruko rwa Muhima na Kimisagara mu kigo cya gisirikari (camp Kigali), nyuma urwo rubyiruko rutozwa imbunda. [101] Urukiko rurasanga ibyavuzwe na Nyiringondo Epaphrodite mu iperereza ry’ubushinjacyaha byashingiweho n’urukiko rwisumbuye rwemeza ko Habyarimana Jean yatanze ibikoresho byifashishijwe mu kwica abatutsi bitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kuko muri iryo perereza yavuze ko mu mpera za 1993 yabonye ku nzu yo kwa Kabuga Ngirumpatse Matayo, Habyarimana Jean, Kamatamu n’abandi atibuka baha abasore bari bavuye mu myitozo imyenda y’ibitenge n’udushoka, ariko abazwa mu iperereza ryakozwe n’uru rukiko ahindura imvugo avuga ko atabonye Habyarimana Jean atanga ibikoresho, ko abasore bagiye kwitoza ubuterahamwe bagarutse bafite udushoka, imbunda na za gerenade batangira kujya bazibatera. [102] Urukiko rusanga kandi imvugo ya Mbarushimana Vincent nayo yashingiweho

n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwemeza ko Habyarimana Jean yatanze ibikoresho byo kwicisha abatutsi, itera gushidikanya kuko avuga ko mu 1993, ubwo bari mu nama yabereye kwa Kabuga, Ngirumpatse Mathieu yabwiye abari mu nama ko igikoresho bakenera ari Habyarimana uzakibaha, ariko hakaba nta kigaragaza ko hari ibikoresho Habyarimana yatanze, biturutse kuri ayo magambo. Urukiko rusanga nanone n’ibyo avuga ko Habyarimana Jean yatanze ibikoresho birimo imihoro n’udushoka kuri za bariyeri yagenzuraga kuva Nyabugogo ku isoko kugera ku Muhima ku ishuli rya APACOPE, nabyo bitafatwa n’ikimenyetso kidashikanywaho kubera ko adasobanura uburyo yabonye

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Habyarimana Jean atanga ibikoresho kuri izo bariyeri kandi avuga ko icyo gihe bari mu mazu bihishe, bikanavuguruzwa n‟uko muri iryo bazwa rye yemeza ko ubwo bari babasohoye mu mazu bariyeri yabonye Habyarimana Jean agenzura ari iya Ruliba, ariko ntavuge ko hari ibikoresho yabonye ayitangaho. [103] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo kuba Habyarimana Jean ataratanze ibikoresho kuri za bariyeri binashimangirwa n’uko abandi babajijwe n’ubushinjacyaha mu iperereza batavuga ko bamubonye abitanga, kuko Mukamurara Clotilde avuga ko uwo yabonye atanga gerenade kuri bariyeri y’imbere y’iwabo ari Karushara Rose, nk’ibyumweru bitatu (3) nyuma y’urupfu Habyarimana Juvénal wari Perezida, naho Gatayija Thaddée we akavuga ko uwo azi watanze imbunda n’amategeko mu baturage ari Kamatamu Euphrasie. [104] Urukiko rusanga kuba Habyarimana Jean yemera ko yambaraga ishati y’igitenge gisa n’ibyambarwaga n’abarwanshyaka ba MRND ndetse n’interahamwe bitaba ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko yatanze ibikoresho byakoreshejwe jenoside cyangwa se kigaragaza ko yari abitse imyenda y’interahamwe, kuko umutangabuhamya Mukakamanzi Agnès, uvuga ko we n’umuryango we bahungiye kwa Habyarimana Jean kuva kuwa 09/04/1994 kugera muri Gicurasi 1994, yavuze ko mu gihe bari bahari nta myenda y’ibitenge y’abayoboke ba MRND yahabonye, na Mukamurara Clotilde mu iperereza wari waravuze ko nyuma y’intambara hari umuntu wasanze kwa Habyarimana

ikibaro cy’imyenda yambarwaga n’interahamwe, akaba yarageze mu rukiko avuga ko ari byo yumvanye abantu babaga mu nzu ya Habyarimana bamusabye kuzabitangaho amakuru ariko ko atazi niba aribyo cyangwa atari byo. [105] Urukiko rusesenguye ibimenyetso byatanzwe ku rwego rw‟ubujurire, rusanga nubwo Nkubito Isaac adasonura ko imbunda zihabwa urubyiruko rwagiye gutozwa igisirikare Habyarimana Jean yari aho zatangirwaga ku nzu ya Kabuga ku Muhima ariko zikaba zitari guhabwa urubyiruko rw‟ishyaka rya MRND nka perezida waryo muri perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali atabizi, atanabigizemo uruhare kandi, nk’uko byasobanuwe mu bika bibanza, urukiko rwasanze yaragize uruhare mu gushakisha no gutoranya urubyiruko rujya gutozwa ibya gisirikare. Runasanga ibyo kuba yaragize uruhare mu itangwa ry‟ibikoresho binasobanurwa na HJB uvuga ko Habyarimana Jean ari mu bahaye ibikoresho urubyiruko rw’ishyaka rya MRND rwari rwaratojwe igisirikare, aho asobanura ko ibikoresho birimo intwaro zirimo imihoro, udufuni, ubuhiri, imbunda n’amasasu yabonaga bitangirwa ku cyicaro cy’ishyaka rya MRND kwa Kabuga ahari. [106] Urukiko rusanga kandi kuba Habyarimana Jean yaragize uruhare mu gutanga ibikoresho byicishijwe abatutsi binagaragara mu buhamya bwa HJC uvuga ko Habyarimana Jean yari mu nama yo kuwa 15/05/1994 yavugiwemo ibyo guhiga ibyitso byari bisigaye, agashimangira igitekerezo cya konseye Karushara Rose cyo

kuba hatangwa imbunda kugirango icyo gikorwa gishoboke, na nyuma yaho zigatangwa nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru mu bika bibanza. [107] Urukiko rurasanga ariko ibivugwa na HJA ko hari intwaro zatangirwa mu nama zaberaga kuri perefegitura zitanzwe na Habyarimana Jean, Perefe Renzaho Tharcisse na Karera François bitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko Habyarimana Jean yatanze imbunda kuko avuga ko yabyumvaye bagenzi be bafatanyije dosiye babaga bari muri izo nama, ndetse akaba adasobanura ko bamubwiye igihe izo nama zabereye n’igihe izo ntwaro zatangiwe. Rusanga n’ibyavuzwe na Setiba Joseph by’uko ari abasirikare bahaga imyitozo n’imbunda interahamwe, zikanabiherwa aho zatorezwaga nta muyobozi w’ishyaka rya MRND uhari, nabyo bitashingirwaho hemezwa ko nta ruhare Habyarimana Jean yabigizemo kuko nawe yivugira ko habaga hari Turatsinze Jean Pierre wari umukuru w’interahamwe, wakoranaga bya hafi n'ishyaka rya MRND akabahuza n'ubuyobozi bukuru bwaryo ku rwego rw’igihugu.

6. Kugenzura bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi muri jenoside

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[108] Habyarimana Jean avuga ko umucamanza yahaye agaciro ubuhamya bwa Nyiringondo na Mbarushimana bumushinja kandi ibyo bavuga ku byerekeranye no kuba yaragenzuye bariyeri bivuguruzanya kuko Nyirindongo avuga ko Mberabahizi Edouard ariwe watangije ubwicanyi kuwa 13/04/1994 naho Mbarushimana akavuga ko ari Habyarimana Jean wabutangije kuwa 14/04/1994 mu ma saa cyenda ari kumwe n‟interahamwe zarimo umuhungu wa Kamatamu kandi icyo gihe we yari yarahungiye kuri “Hôtel des Mille collines”. [109] Akomeza avuga ko umucamanza atitaye ku mvugo z’abavuga ko nta ruhare yagize mu kugenzura bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi, asobanura ko Kamatamu, Mukakamanzi, Gatayija na Mukamurara berekanye ko atigeze agira uruhare urwo ari rwo rwose mu kugenzura za bariyeri, ko igihe izo bariyeri zagiriyeho we yari yarahungiye kuri “Hôtel des Mille Collines”, ndetse na Mukagatare Suzana wari resiponsabule wa selire abazwa akaba yaremeje ko atamwumvise mu bishe no mu bari bagize “comité de cris”e yarangaga abantu bagomba kwicwa, nanone Mutabaruka Désiré abazwa akaba yaravuze ko Habyarimana Jean yari umuntu utuje utaragiranaga ibibazo n’abantu, wanahishe abatutsi iwe, anahunze abasigira ibiryo n’amamodoka ye. [110] Anavuga ko atigeze ajya kuri za bariyeri cyangwa ngo azigenzure kuko urwego yari ariho rwa Perezida w’ishyaka muri perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali rutatumaga aba mu bashoboraga kuzijyaho, ko ahubwo

icyo yakoze ubwicanyi bumaze gufata intera, mu gihe yari yahungiye muri “Hôtel des mille collines”, ari uko yagiye kureba Perefe Renzaho Tharcisse amusaba ko yatumiza abahagarariye andi mashyaka, arabatumiza bumvikana ko abaha abasirikare bakajya kuri za bariyeri kumvisha abaziriho guhagarika ubwicanyi, ariko ko ibyo bitashobotse kuko nta basirikare babonye. [111] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko ubuhamya bumushinja ibirebana no kugenzura za bariyeri ari ubuhimbano, nta shingiro bifite kuko Nyiringondo na Mbarushimana bamushinja iby’ubwicanyi bwakorewe I Kigali kuri za bariyeri zari ku muhanda uva Nyabugogo ukagera ku ishuri rya APACOPE aho Habyarimana Jean yagendaga atanga ibikoresho byo kwica abatutsi. Buvuga ko aho kugaragaza ko ibyo abo batangabuhamya bamushinja atari byo, yivugira gusa ku batangabuhamya batigeze bagira icyo bavuga ku byerekeranye n’izo bariyeri. Buvuga kandi ko kuba nyuma y‟ihanurwa ry’indege ya Perezida Habyarimana Juvénal, Habyarimana Jean yarahungiye iwabo ku Gisenyi ariko akajya agaruka, nta kindi cyabaga kimugaruye uretse kugenzura za bariyeri, gutanga ibikoreho no kureba aho ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi yari yasize atangije bigeze. [112] Bunavuga ko ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko umwanya yari afite utari gutuma aba mu bashoboraga kujya kuri bariyeri, atari byo kuko nawe avuga ko hari ubwo yagiye gusaba Perefe Renzaho abasirikare bo

kumuherekeza guhagarika ubwicanyi bwazikorerwagaho, bukavuga ko n’ibyo atari byo ahubwo yasabaga abasirikare bo kubafasha kugira ngo hatagira umututsi ubacika. Bukomeza buvuga ko Habyarimana Jean yari afite ubabasha ku nterahamwe bugaragazwa n’uko yivugira ko yagiye ku Gisenyi agenda agaruka inshuro enye (4) kandi aho hose akaba yaracaga kuri za bariyeri interahamwe ntizigire icyo zimutwara, ko ubwo bubasha yari afite atabukoresheje akangurira abari kuri bariyeri zo ku Muhima kureka ubwicanyi, ndetse n’ababajijwe mu iperereza barimo Kamatamu Euphrasie, Mbarushimana Vincent na Mukakamanzi Agnés bemeza ko yari afite ububasha ku nterahamwe. [113] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko ibyo Habyarimana Jean avuga ko atagenzuye bariyeri anenga ubuhamya bwatanzwe na Nyiringondo Epaphrodite na Mbarushimana Vincent nta gaciro byahabwa kuko imvugo zabo zinashimangirwa n’ibyavuzwe n’umutangabuhamya Nkubito Isaac uvuga ko mbere no mu gihe cya jenoside Habyarimana Jean yahaga amabwiriza avuye muri komite nyobozi ya MRND abayobozi bo ku rwego rwa komini na nabo bakayaha abo babaga bakuriye.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [114] Urukiko rusanga Habyarimana Jean yarahamijwe ibijyanye no kugenzura za bariyeri n’ubwicanyi bwazikoreweho n’interahamwe yayoboraga rushingiye ku mvugo za Nyiringondo Epahrodite, iza Mbarushiimana Vincent alias Gasongo n’iza Kamatamu Euphrasie. [115] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Nyiringondo Epaphrodite yavuze mu iperereza ry’ubushinjacyaha kubyerekeranye no kuba Habyarimana Jean yaragenzuye bariyeri zari ku gahanda ka la “Fraicheur” guhera Nyabugogo ku isoko imbere yo kwa Habyarimana Jean kugera ku ishuli rya APACOPE, bitafatwa nk’ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko yagenzuye izo bariyeri, kuko Nyiringondo yitiranya ibyo kugenzura bariyeri no kuzishyirishaho kubera ko abazwa n’uru rukiko mu iperereza, yasobanuye ko icyo yise kugenzura za bariyeri ari uko kuwa 13/04/1994 ubwo Habyarimana Jean yamanukaga ajya iwe bakuyeho bariyeri ngo ahite, agarutse ahamagara uwitwa Mbonyinturo baravugana ashyiraho bariyeri aho bita kuri Ruliba yaguyeho abatutsi benshi n’aho zari zitarajya zijyaho. [116] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo avuga ko Habyarimana Jean amaze kuvugana n’uwitwa Mbonyinturo, hashyizweho bariyeri yo kuri Ruliba n’izindi , nabyo bitashingirwaho hemezwa ko Habyarimana Jean yashyirishijeho bariyeri, mu iperereza ry’urukiko yemeza ko hari ahari bariyeri mu gihe Habyarimana yatambukaga atavuga uwayishyirishijeho, ntanasobanure niba yarumvise Habyarimana Jean

abwira Mbonyinturo gushyiraho bariyeri aho zari zitarajya haba kuri Ruliba n’ahandi, ikindi abazwa n’ubushinjacyaha akaba yari yaravuze ko kuwa 12/04/1994 baraye amarondo bukeye bashyiraho bariyeri adasonuye niba ari Habyarimana Jean wababwiye kuzishyiraho. Bityo imvugo ze zikaba zitaragaza mu buryo budashidikanywaho uruhare rwa Habyarimana mu gushyiraho no kugenzura bariyeri. [117] Urukiko rusanga ibyo Nyiringondo avuga ko hari abatutsi barimo Rutayisire Déo biciwe kuri bariyeri ya gatanu n’abasore bavugaga ko ibyo Habyarimana Jean yavuze ari ukuri, bitafatwa nk’ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abo batutsi kuko Nyiringondo abazwa mu iperereza ry’ubushinjacyaha yavuze ko abatutsi bari kuri iyo bariyeri bishwe n’abasore babiri bazanywe na Mberabahizi Edouard adasobanura niba ari Habyarimana Jean wabatumye kubica. [118] Urukiko rusanga ikindi gituma imvugo ya Nyiringondo itashingirwaho ku birebana n’abantu biciwe kuri iyo bariyeri ari uko abazwa n’ubushinjacyaha yavuze ko atamenye ibyo Habyarimana Jean yavuganye n’abahutu bakomeye barimo Mberabahizi Edouard bari bayiriho ariko abazwa mu iperereza ry‟urukiko avuga ko Habyarimana Jean ageze kuri iyo bariyeri yabajije Bemeriki Jean Baptiste na Mberabahizi impamvu nta mwanda ahabona, bikaba bitumvikana ukuntu mbere yavuze ko atamenye ibyo Habyarimana Jean yavuganye n’abo yasanze kuri bariyeri

ahandi akavuga ko yababajije impamvu atahabona umwanda, we asobanura ko ari abantu bagombaga kuba bahiciwe. [119] Urukiko rusanga nanone ibyo Mbarushimana Vincent alias Gasongo yavuze abazwa n’ubushinjacyaha bijyanye n’uko Habyarimana Jean yagenzuye bariyeri, nabyo bitaba ikimenyetso kidashidanywaho cyemeza ko hagati y’itariki ya 10 na 13/04/1994 Habyarimana Jean yari ashinzwe kugenzura bariyeri zari ku Muhima kuva Nyabugogo ku isoko kugera ku ishuli rya APACOPE, kuko nk‟uko byasobanuwe ku birebana no gutanga intwaro, Mbarushimana Vincent avuga ko muri icyo gihe bari bihishe mu nzu, akaba adasobanura uburyo yamenye ko Habyarimana yagenzuye izo bariyeri, ko n’iyo kuri Ruliba avuga ko yabonye Habyarimana Jean ayigenzura adasobanura uburyo yayigenzuyemo n’icyo yayikozeho. [120] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo Mbarushimana Vincent avuga ko kuwa 14/04/1994, saa cyenda yabonye Habyarimana Jean ari kumwe n’interahamwe zirimo umuhungu wa Kamatamu abaza

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interahamwe yasanze kuri bariyeri niba nta mihoro, amacumu n’impiri bafite maze bahita badukira abatutsi bari aho barabatema, nabyo bitaba ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko kuri iyo tariki Habyarimana Jean yageze aho ba Mbarushimana bari bari akavuga ayo magambo kuko avuga ko uwo munsi yabonye Habyarimana Jean atwaye konseye Kamatamu ashoreranye na Munyakazi Laurent bava mu muhanda la Fraicheur bagana kwa Kabuga, mu gihe Kamatamu abazwa n‟ubushinjacyaha we yavuze ko nyuma y‟urupfu rwa Perezida Habyarimana Juvénal atongeye kubona Habyarimana Jean. [121] Urukiko rusanga imvugo ya Kamatamu Euphrasie y’uko n’ubwo mu gihe cya jenoside Habyarimana Jean atigaragazaga ariko abona akwiye kubazwa iby’ubwicanyi bwabereye mu gihugu kuko ari mu bari bazi icyo bwari bugamije urukiko rwisumbuye rwashingiye rwemeza ko Habyarimana Jean yagenzuye bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi, itafatwa nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko yagenzuye bariyeri koko, anategeka ko zicirwaho abantu kuko Kamatamu abazwa mu iperereza ry’ubushinjacyaha yavuze ko atabonye Habyarimana Jean mu bihe bya jenoside, ikindi iyo mvugo ikaba ari imyumvire ye kubera ko atavuga ibyo yumvise cyangwa yiboneye. [122] Urukiko rusanga kuba hari imvugo za bamwe mu babajijwe zagiye zishingirwaho kuri bimwe, ibindi ntibishingirweho bitanyuranyije n’amategeko kuko hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n‟ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa

12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, urukiko ari rwo rwonyine rupima ko imikirize y’abatangabuhamya ihuye n’ikiburanwa, ifite ingingo zikiranuye kandi ikaba ikwiye kwemerwa cyangwa kutemerwa, kandi ko rutagendera ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya, ko harebwa ubumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye n’uburyo babivuga, uko byagenze ntacyo bihimbira. Kuba hashingirwa ku gice kimwe cy’ubuhamya bikaba binahura n’ibyemejwe mu rubanwa rwa Bikindi Simon rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda aho rwavuze ko igice kimwe cy’ubuhamya gishobora guhabwa agaciro7.

6. Ibyaha bihama Habyarimana Jean n’igihano yahanishwa - Icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi [123] Ingingo ya 281 y’Itegeko-Teka No 21/77 ryo kuwa 18/08/1977 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryakurikizwaga igihe ibikorwa bigize icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi Habyarimana Jean akurikiranweho byakorwaga, ivuga ko: kurema umutwe wose, hatitaweho umubare w’abawugize cyangwa igihe uzamara, ugamije kugirira nabi abantu cyangwa ibyabo, ni icyaha cy’ubugome kigirwa nuko kurema agakungu ubwabyo. [124] Urukiko ubu urusanga icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi giteganywa n’ingingo ya 681 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ivuga ko kurema umutwe, ugamije kugirira nabi abantu cyangwa ibyabo, hatitawe ku mubare w’abawugize cyangwa igihe uzamara ari icyaha cy’ubugome. [125] Urukiko rusanga uretse ibisobanuro bitangwa n’ingingo ya 281 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana n’iya 681 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 zavuzwe ku cyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi, n’abahanga mu mategeko barimo Jean Larguier na bagenzi be basobanura ko kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi ari ukwishyira hamwe cyangwa ubwumvikane bw’abantu barenze umwe hatitawe ku gihe uzamara n’abawugize8.

7 “When deciding not to rely on certain aspects of a witness’s testimony, the Chamber nevertheless sometimes relied on other parts of the testimony deemed to be reliable and credible”, The Prosecutor v. Bikindi Simon, Case No. ICTR- 2001 - 72-T of 2nd December 2008, para.32. 8 “L’association de malfaiteurs est un groupement formé ou d’une entente établie (deux personnes ou plus), quelle qu’en soit la durée, même si les autres membres ne sont pas identifies”, Larguier J.& al., Droit Pénal spécial, 13e éd., Paris, 2005, p. 366.

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[126] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 25 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko gucura umugambi wo gukora icyaha ari ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bugamije gukora icyaha bikozwe n’umwe cyangwa benshi muri bo. [127] Urukiko rusanga hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa iyo abantu barenze umwe bagiranye umugambi wo gukora icyaha cya jenoside, baba bakoze icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside (conspiracy to commit genocide) giteganywa n’ingingo ya 132 4o y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe, ndetse n’ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya jenoside ziteganya. Icyo cyaha kikaba cyaranasobanuwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza rwa Alfred Musema rwavuzwe rwo kuwa 27/01/2000 aho rwavuze ko kumvikana cyangwa guhuza igitekerezo hagati y‟abantu babiri cyangwa barenze, icyumvikanyweho kikaba ari ugukora jenoside9. [128] Urukiko, rushingiye ku bimaze gusobanurwa ku cyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi no ku cyaha cy’ubwumvikane, rusanga iyo ubwumvikane bwo kugirira nabi abantu n’ibyabo bisabwa ku cyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi hiyongereyeho ubushake bwo gukora jenoside (dolus specialis), uwabikoze aba akoze icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside kubera ko ari icyaha cyihariye

(spéciale) ugereranije n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi. Bityo icyo cyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside akaba ari cyo urukiko rugomba kwemeza ko ari cyo gihama Habyarimana Jean aho kuba icyaha gisanzwe cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi. [129] Urukiko rusanga rero ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi ari igikorwa kigize icyaha cya jenoside nta shingiro bifite, kuko hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 114 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe10, ndetse n‟ingingo ya 2 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yavuzwe11, kurema umutwe w‟abagizi ba nabi bidateganyijwe nka kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside. [130] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo Habyarimana Jean nawe avuga ko atari kuregwa icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi kuko cyashaje, nta shingiro bifite kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe icyo cyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi yarezwe, iyo cyiyongereyeho ubushake bwo gukora jenoside, icyo aba yakoze aba ari icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside aho kuba kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi ugamije gukora jenoside. Rusanga kandi icyo cyaha kidasaza harebwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 132 4o y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ivuga ko kujya umugambi wo gukora jenoside kiri mu bikorwa bihanwa kimwe n’icyaha cya jenoside, naho ingingo ya 134 y’iryo Tegeko Ngenga igateganya ko ikurikirana

9 ICTR-96-13-T affaire Musema Alfred du 27/01/2000: “… une résolution d’agir sur laquelle au moins deux personnes se sont accordées envue de commettre un genocide”. 10 Ingingo ya 114 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko icyaha cya jenoside ni kimwe mu bikorwa bikurikira cyakozwe mu buryo bwateguwe kigamije kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by’intambara: 1o kwica abo bantu; 2o kubatera ubumuga bw’umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe; 3o kubashyira, ubigambiriye ,mu mibereho ishobora gutuma barimbuka bose cyangwa harimbuka igice cyabo; 4o gufata ibyemezo bibabuza kubyara; 5o kubambura ku ngufu urubyaro rwabo ukaruha abandi bantu badahuje. 11 Article 2 de la convention sur la prévention et repression du crime de génocide dispose que: “Dans la présente convention le génocide s’entend de l’un quelconque des actes ci-après commis dans l’intention de détruire en tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux comme tel : meurtre de membres du groupe ; atteinte grave à l’intégrité physique ou mental de membres du groupe; soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d’existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique tatale ou partielle; mesure visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe; transfert forcé d’enfant du groupe à un autre groupe”.

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ry’icyaha cya jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyikomuntu n‟ibyaha by’intambara n’ibihano kuri ibyo byaha bidasaza. [131] Urukiko rurebye rero ko Habyarimana Jean yabaye mu batoranyaga urubyiruko rw’interahamwe rwahawe imyitozo ya gisirikare n’ibikoresho ku Muhima ku nzu ya Kabuga, ari hamwe na Ngirumpatse Mathieu, Nzirorera Joseph, Renzaho Tharcisse, Munyakazi Laurent, Kajuga Robert, Rutaganda Georges, Kamatamu Euphrasie n’abandi, rukanareba ko n’ahandi muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali urubyiruko rwatoranywaga rwahawe imyitozo n’ibikoresho byakoreshejwe jenoside, rusanga Habyarimana Jean yaragiranye ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside n’abo bari kumwe ku Muhima n’ahandi batoranya urubyiruko rujya guhabwa imyitozo ya gisirikare. [132] Urukiko runasanga nanone kuba Habyarimana Jean yarakoreshaga inama abayobozi b’ishyaka rya MRND ku rwego rwa komine yari akuriye akabagezaho imyanzuro y’inama zo mu buyobozi bukuru bw’ishyaka yo kumenya umwanzi uwo ari we n’uko bagomba kumurwanya nabo bakajya kubigeza ku bo bari bakuriye ku rwego rwa segiteri nk’uko byasobanuwe, nabyo bigize icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, kuko kuba yarakoranaga inama n’abo bayobozi, ibyo ababwiye bakemera kubigeza ku bandi bigaragaza ko babaga babyumvikanyeho muri iyo nama. [133] Urukiko rusanga kandi kuba Habyarimana Jean yari mu nama yo kuwa 15/05/1994 yari yatumijwe na perefe Renzaho Tharcisse,

yarimo abantu batandukanye barimo colonel Ndahimana, colonel Edouard Hakizimana na konseye Karushara Rose ikavugirwamo ibyo guhiga abatutsi n’ibyitso byari bisigaye, ndetse n’ibyo gutanga imbunda kugira ngo icyo gikorwa gishoboke, nyuma izo mbunda zigatangwa, bigaragaza ko muri iyo nama habereyemo ubwumvikane bwo guhiga abatutsi n’abo bitaga ibyitso. [134] Urukiko rurebye ko Habyarimana Jean nk’umuyobozi w’ishyaka rya MRND ku rwego rwa Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali akaba no muri biro politiki yaryo atari kuyoberwa ko abatutsi barimo bicwa hirya no hino mu gihugu, akaba yarashyigikiye ko hatangwa imbunda zo kujya guhiga abatutsi bari basigaye, anagira uruhare mu gushakisha abasore bajya gutozwa ibya gisirikare nyuma banahabwa intwaro; kuba kandi yarakoreshaga inama abaperezida b’ishyaka rya MRND ku rwego rwa komine ababwira umwanzi uwo ari we n’uburyo bagomba kumurwanya, rusanga bigaragaza ko yari afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo. Bityo akaba ahamwa n’ibyaha by’ubwimvikane bugamije gukora jenoside. - Gushishikariza gukora jenoside [135] Ingingo ya 132 3o y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko gushishikariza abantu gukora icyaha cya jenoside n’ubwo bitashyirwa mu bikorwa, hifashishijwe amagambo, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko ari igikorwa gihanwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside, icyo

cyaha kikaba kinateganywa n’ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga arebana no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside yavuzwe iyo bibaye ku buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame. Urukiko rusanga gushishikariza undi gukora jenoside ari igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose gikozwe mu ruhame kigamije guhamagarira, koshya, gukangurira cyangwa guhatira undi muntu gukora jenoside12. [136] Urukiko rusanga n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwarasobanuye mu manza zinyuranye icyaha cyo gushishikariza abandi gukora jenoside nk’igikorwa gishishikariza abandi gukora icyaha cya jenoside hifashishijwe amagambo, amashusho, inyandiko zikwirakwijwe, ibikangisho cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho bikorewe mu ruhame cyangwa

12 Ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko No84/2013 ryo kuwa 11/09/2013 ryerekeye icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’ibindi byaha bifitanye isano.

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mu nama13. Rusanga kandi nk’uko bisobanurwa n’urwo rukiko mu rubanza rwa Jean Paul Akayesu icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside gihanwa n’iyo gukora jenoside byari bigambiriwe bitagerwaho14. [137] Urukiko rushingiye ku bimaze gusobanurwa, rusanga kuba Habyarimana Jean yari mu nama yo kuwa 23/10/1993 yabereye kuri sitade i Nyamirambo, Karamira Frodouald amaze guhamagarira abahutu kwishyira hamwe bakarwanya umwanzi nawe agafata ijambo avuga ko umwanzi w‟amahoro mu Burundi ariwe we mwanzi w‟amahoro mu Rwanda, no kuba mu gihe yafataga ijambo ataramaganye ibyo Karamira Frodouald yari amaze kuvuga, ahubwo akabishimangira avuga ko bagomba kurwanya umwanzi, bigaragaza ko yashishikarije abari muri iyo nama kurwanya umututsi nk’uko byasobanuwe, kandi kuba yaravuze ayo magambo nk’umuntu wari umuyobozi w’ishyaka utari kuyoberwa ko abatutsi bitaga abanzi bicwaga muri Kigali n’ahandi hirya no hino mu gihugu bigaragaza ko yari azi neza ko arimo gushishikariza abamwumvaga kwica abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo. - Icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside [138] Ingingo ya 98 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko icyitso ari uwafashije uwakoze icyaha mu byagiteguye, mu byoroheje imikorere yacyo cyangwa mu byakinonosoye kandi yarabikoze abizi, cyangwa uwoheje uwakoze icyaha, naho ingingo ya 132 5o igateganya ko gushyigikira umuntu ushaka

gukora icyaha cya jenoside n’ubwo atagishyira mu bikorwa bihanwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside. [139] Urukiko rurebye ko Habyarimana Jean yagize uruhare mu guha urubyiruko rw’interahamwe imyitozo ya gisirikare n’intwaro, hakanarebwa ko muri Gicurasi 1994 ubwo abatutsi barimo bicwa yagiye mu nama agashyigikira ko hatangwa imbunda zo guhiga abatutsi bari basigaye mu maselire, bigaragaza ko agira uruhare muri ibyo bikorwa yatanze inkunga ya ngombwa ku bantu bishe abatutsi kuri za bariyeri, mu ngo n’ahandi babaga bihishe hirya no hino muri Perefegitura y’Umujyi wa Kigali. Runasanga kuba yarakoze ibyo mu gihe abatutsi barimo bicwa muri Kigali no hirya no hino mu gihugu bigaragaza ko yari azi ko arimo gutanga inkunga kuri abo bicaga abatutsi. Bityo akaba ari icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kubera iyo nkunga yatanze. [140] Muri rusange Habyarimana Jean akaba ahamwa n’ibyaha by‟ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside no kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kubera gushishikariza gukora jenoside no guha interahamwe imyitozo ya gisirikare n’intwaro, akaba adahamwa no kuyobora za bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi yari yahamijwe ku rwego rwa mbere. [141] Urukiko rusanga nubwo mu cyemezo cy’urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa hagaragaramo ko Habyarimana Jean yahamijwe ibikorwa bigamije gukora jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu ariko ntaho bigaragara mu rubanza ko urukiko rwasobanuye ibikorwa bigize ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’amategeko rwashingiyeho rubimuhamya. Urukiko rusanga no kuri uru rwego ibikorwa bibigize biteganywa n’ingingo ya 120 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana bitarasobanuwe ngo bitangirwe ibimenyetso

13 ICTR-98-44A-T The Prosecutor vs Juvenal Kajelijeli, 1 December 2008, para. 850 “In the common law jurisdictions, incitement to commit a crime is defined as encouraging or persuading another to commit the crime, including use of threats or other forms of pressure, whether or not the crime is actually committed. Civil law system punishes direct and public incitement assuming the form of provocation which is defined as an act intended directly to provoke another to commit a crime or misdemeanour through speeches, shouting or threats or any other means ov audiovisual communication.” 14 ICTR-96-4-T, The Prosecutor vs Jean Paul Akayesu: “(…). la chambre de première instance a été d’avis que le génocide relève évidemment de cette catégorie de crimes dont la gravité est telle que l’incitation directe et publique à le commettre doit être pénalisée en tant que telle, même dans le cas où l’incitation n’aurait pas atteint le résultat escompté par son auteur”, para 562.

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binagibweho impaka. Bityo, urukiko rukaba rusanga ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu bigomba gufatwa nk’ibyaha Habyarimana Jean atakurikiranyweho muri uru rubanza. - Ku byerekeranye n’ibihano [142] Ingingo ya 115 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko umuntu wese ukoze, haba mu gihe gisanzwe cyangwa mu gihe cy’intambara, icyaha cya jenoside ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu cy‟umwihariko, naho ingingo ya 132 y’iryo Tegeko ngenga igateganya ibikorwa bihanwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside birimo ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, gushishikariza gukora jenoside no kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside. [143] Hashingiwe rero ku biteganywa n‟izo ngingo ndetse no ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 84 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe iteganya ko igihe habaye impurirane y’ibyaha, uwabikoze ahanishwa igihano kiruta ibindi, rusanga Habyarimana Jean uhamwa n’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kubera gushishikariza gukora jenoside no gutanga intwaro zakoreshejwe jenoside, bigize impurirane y’imbonezamugambi kuko byakozwe mu mugambi umwe wo kurimbura abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bityo kubera uburemere bw’ibyaha bimuhama n’ingaruka byagize ku muryango nyarwanda, ighano cya burundu cy’umwihariko yahanishijwe ku rwego rwa mbere kikaba kidakwiye guhinduka. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [144]

Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Habyarimana Jean bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [145] Rwemeje ko Habyarimana Jean ahamwa n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kubera gushishikariza gukora jenoside no gutanga intwaro zakoreshejwe jenoside. [146] Rwemeje ko Habyarimana Jean adahamwa no kuyobora za bariyeri ziciweho abatutsi yahamijwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge. [147] Rwemeje ko igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko Habyarimana Jean yahanishijwe ku rwego rwa mbere kidahindutse. [148] Rutegetse ko asonerwa amagarama y’urubanza kubera ko aburana afunze. [149] Rwibukije ko kujurira bikorwa mu gihe cy’ukwezi kumwe kubarwa uhereye igihe urubanza ruciriweho.