MAXWELL LTD N’UNDI vs. RWANDA PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AUTHORITY(RPPA) N’ABANDI

# MAXWELL LTD N’UNDI vs. RWANDA PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AUTHORITY(RPPA) N’ABANDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-10-11 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RCOM 00004/2023/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

## Text

## Page 1

MAXWELL LTD N’UNDI vs. RWANDA PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AUTHORITY(RPPA) N’ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INJUST/RCOM 00004/2023/SC (Mukamulisa, P.J., Muhumuza na Hitiyaremye, J.) 11 Ukwakira 2024] Amategeko agenga amasoko ya Leta – Amasoko ya Leta – Icyemezo giheza rwiyemezamirimo gupiganira amasoko ya Leta – Rwiyemezamirimo ntiyahezwa gupiganirwa mu ma soko ya Leta hashingiwe ku nyandiko ziswe mpimbano yatanze mu gihe mu gitabo cyerekana uburyo ipiganwa rikorwa (Dossier d’appel d’offre) izo nyandiko zitari mu byasabwe kugirango abone iryo soko. Indishyi – Indishyi z’igihombo – Usaba indishyi zishingiye ku nyungu avuga yari kuzabona iyo atavutwa amahirwe, azihabwa iyo ashoboye kugaragaza ko hari amahirwe afatika yari ahari yo kuzibona cyangwa akagaragaza uburyo zibarika. Incamake y’ikibazo: Sosiyete Maxwell Ltd n’Umuyobozi wayo Mpagazehe Robert bareze Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi bavuga ko twarashingiye ku cyemezo cya RPPA kibaheza mu gupiganira amasoko ya Leta mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi (7) bakoresheje inyandiko zitavugisha ukuri bapiganira amasoko, maze tusesa amasezerano bari bafitanye mu buryo budakurikije amategeko. RPPA na yo yarezwe muri urwo rubanza. Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert, mu kirego cyabo bagaragaje ko batakambiye RPPA bayisaba gukuraho icyemezo kimaze kuvugwa ntiyabikora, bituma baregera Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi kugira ngo rugiteshe agaciro ndetse bahabwe n’indishyi z’igihombo yabateje. Banasabaga Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo kubaha indishyi z’akababaro, iz’imbonezamusaruro, izo gushorwa mu manza, iz’ikurikiranarubanza n’iz’igihembo cya Avoka kubera gusesa amasezerano mu buryo budakurikije amategeko. Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza maze rwemeza ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert nta shingiro gifite, rwemeza ko icyemezo cyafashwe na RPPA cyo kubaheza mu masoko ya Leta kigumyeho, rwemeza kandi ko Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo tutasheshe amasezerano mu buryo budakurikije amategeko. Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi bavuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko RPPA yagombaga kubahana kandi atari byo, kuko nta mugambi wacuzwe wo kubeshya kugira ngo babone isoko batashoboraga guhabwa. Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza maze rwemeza ko Ubujurire bwatanzwe na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert nta shingiro bufite, ruvuga ko imikirize y’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi idahindutse. Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bajuririye nanone mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, maze rwemeza ko ikirego cyabo kitakiriwe kuko batsinzwe kabiri ku mpamvu zimwe, bituma bandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire bamusaba ko urubanza RCOMA 00899/2020/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane basaba ko icyemezo cya RPPA cyashingiweho mu gusesa amasezerano y’amasoko bari batsindiye cyateshwa agaciro.

## Page 2

Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert basaba kandi ko mu gihe urukiko rwasanga barakoze amakosa, mu kubahana hatakoreshwa Itegeko nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta riteganya ibihano biremereye, kandi hagati aho harasohotse Itegeko nº 031/2022 ryo ku wa 21/11/2022 rigenga amasoko ya Leta riteganya ibihano byoroheje. Abahagarariye Uturere twa Gakenke na Gatsibo n’uhagarariye RPPA bavuga ko Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert nta karengane bagiriwe kuko na bo ubwabo bemera ko amakashe n’imikono bya noteri byashyizwe ku nyandiko bakoresheje bapiganira amasoko batsindiye byari ibihimbano, bityo akaba nta mategeko yishwe mu gusesa amasezerano avugwa muri uru rubanza, ko rero n’icyemezo cyashingiweho mu kuyasesa cyagumana agaciro kacyo. Ku birebana n’itegeko rigomba gukoreshwa, bavuga ko kuri iyo ngingo nta karengane kabaye mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi kubera ko itegeko riteganya ibihano bito Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert basaba ko ryakoreshwa ryasohotse urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo rwaraciwe ndetse rwarabaye itegeko kuko ryasohotse ku itariki ya 21/11/2022 urubanza rwaraciwe ku ya 31/03/2022. Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert biregura bavuga ko icyo basaba Urukiko nuko rwazasuzuma éléments substentiels zari ngombwa mu masezerano impande zombi zakoranye, izo éléments akaba ari diplomes na certificates of good completion, bivuze ko umukono na kashe bya Noteri bitari élément substentiel ku buryo byari gushingirwaho hafatwa icyemezo cyo gusesa amasezerano, kandi ko kuba baratanze inyandiko ziriho imikono ya Noteri ihimbye itanabizi, itari ikwiriye kubihanirwa. RPPA ivuga ko Maxwell Ltd yatanze inyandiko ziriho umukono wa Noteri utari wo, kandi ibyo bikaba ari ikosa rihura neza n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 176 y’Itegeko N° 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta ryakurikizwaga ubwo abarega bahanwaga, bityo ko isanga nta kosa ryakozwe mu guhana Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert. Maxwell n’umuyobozi wayo bavuga kandi ko mbere yo gusesa amasezerano y’isoko impande zombi zakoranye, Uturere twa Gakenke na Gatsibo twagombaga kubanza kureba niba koko hari inyandiko zahimbwe hagamijwe kubona amasoko kuko ari two twari tuzi ibyo twasabaga mu nyandiko z’ipigana, kuba rero ibyo bitarakozwe, utwo Turere tugomba kwirengera ingaruka z’uko gusesa amasezerano, Maxwell n’umuyobozi wayo bavuga kandi ko kuba imikono na kashe bya Noteri byarashingiweho mu gusesa amasezerano kandi bitari mu byasabwaga mu gupiganira isoko, bikwiye gutuma Urukiko rwemeza ko ayo masezerano yasheshwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amateko, bityo ko bogomba guhabwa na RPPA indishyi zitandukanye hamwe n’inyungu bavukijwe bari kuba barabonye imyaka yose sosiyete yari ihagaze idakora. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Rwiyemezamirimo ntiyahezwa gupiganirwa mu ma soko ya Leta hashingiwe ku nyandiko ziswe mpimbano yatanze mu gihe mu gitabo cyerekana uburyo ipiganwa rikorwa (Dossier d’appel d’offre) izo nyandiko zitari mu byasabwe kugirango abone iryo soko. 2. Usaba indishyi zishingiye ku nyungu avuga yari kuzabona iyo atavutwa amahirwe, azihabwa iyo ashoboye kugaragaza ko hari amahirwe afatika yari ahari yo kuzibona cyangwa akagaragaza uburyo zibarika.

## Page 3

3. Uwaseshe amasezerano mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko abitangira indishyi iyo bigaragaye ko haricyo byangirije. Ikirego gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane gifite ishingiro.

Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta ryakurikizwaga ubwo amasoko avugwa muri uru rubanza yatangwaga, ingingo ya 42, iya 55 niya 176 Imanza zifashishijwe: Urubanza RS/INJUST/RP 00008/2018/SC, Ubushinjacyaha na Beza Kévin n’undi, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 28/02/2020.

Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, Maxwell Ltd n’Umuyobozi wayo Mpagazehe Robert barega Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo, kuba twarashingiye ku cyemezo cya RPPA gifite n° 527/2020/BD/D kibaheza mu gupiganira amasoko ya Leta mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi (7) ivuga ko bakoresheje inyandiko zitavugisha ukuri bapiganira amasoko, tugasesa amasezerano bari bafitanye mu buryo abarega bavuga ko budakurikije amategeko. RPPA na yo yarezwe muri urwo rubanza. [2] Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert, mu kirego cyabo bagaragaje ko batakambiye RPPA bayisaba gukuraho icyemezo kimaze kuvugwa ntiyabikora, bituma baregera Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi kugira ngo rugiteshe agaciro ndetse bahabwe n’indishyi z’igihombo yabateje. Banasabaga Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo kubaha indishyi z’akababaro, iz’imbonezamusaruro, izo gushorwa mu manza, iz’ikurikiranarubanza n’iz’igihembo cya Avoka kubera gusesa amasezerano mu buryo budakurikije amategeko. [3] Mu kwiregura, RPPA yavuze ko icyemezo cyafatiwe Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert cyari gikurikije amategeko, kuko nyuma y’isuzuma yakoze yasanze amasoko yo mu Karere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo yaratanzwe hakoreshejwe inyandiko zitavugisha ukuri mu kuyapiganira isaba utwo turere gusesa amasezerano y’amasoko twari dufitanye na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert. RPPA yatanze ikirego kiregera kwiregura isaba Urukiko gutegeka abarega kuyiha indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza n’iz’ikurikiranarubanza. [4] Akarere ka Gakenke kireguye kavuga ko Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert batari gukomeza gukora isoko bari bafite mu Karere mu gihe urwego rubifitiye ububasha (RPPA) rwari rumaze kugaragaza ko hari impamvu zituma amasezerano bagiranye aseswa. Ako Karere katanze ikirego kiregera kwiregura gasaba Urukiko gutegeka abarega kugaha indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. [5] Akarere ka Gatsibo kireguye kavuga ko nyuma yo kubona ko kashyikirijwe inyandiko zitujuje ibyasabwaga, kafashe icyemezo cyo gusesa amasezerano kari gafitanye na Maxwell Ltd

## Page 4

ihagarariwe na Mpagazehe Robert nk’uko kabisabwe na RPPA. Ako Karere na ko katanze ikirego kiregera kwiregura gasaba Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert kugaha indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. [6] Ku itariki ya 26/11/2020, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza RCOM 00596/2020/TC CBM RCOM 00880/2020/TC rwemeza ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert nta shingiro gifite, rwemeza ko icyemezo Nº 527/2020/BD/D cyo ku itariki ya 25/02/2020 cyafashwe na RPPA kigumyeho, rwemeza ko Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo tutasheshe amasezerano mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, rutegeka Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert kwishyura RPPA 600.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza no gushorwa mu manza, bakanishyura Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo 600.000Frw akubiyemo ay’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza. [7] Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi bavuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko RPPA yagombaga kubahana kandi atari byo, kuko nta mugambi wacuzwe wo kubeshya kugira ngo babone isoko batashoboraga guhabwa, ko umukono na kashe bya noteri baregwa biri ku nyandiko zakoreshejwe mu ipiganwa bitari na ngombwa ku bapiganira isoko ryatanzwe n’Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo. [8] Ku itariki ya 31/03/2022, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza RCOMA 00899/2020/HCC rwemeza ko Ubujurire bwatanzwe na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert nta shingiro bufite, ruvuga ko imikirize y’urubanza RCOM 00596/2020/TC CBM RCOM 00880/2020/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi idahindutse, rutegeka Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert gufatanya kwishyura RPPA, Akarere ka Gakenke n’Akarere ka Gatsibo buri wese indishyi z’igihembo cya Avoka mu bujurire zingana na 500.000 Frw. [9] Mu gufata icyo cyemezo, Urukiko rwashingiye ku mpamvu zikurikira: Kuba Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert batarashoboye kuvuguruza ibyashingiweho na RPPA ifata icyemezo cyo kubaheza nyuma yo kubona ko batanze amakuru atavugisha ukuri ku bijyanye na sosiyete; Kuba iby’umukono na kashe bya noteri ku nyandiko zakoreshejwe mu ipiganwa bitari ngombwa ku bapiganira amasoko avugwa muri uru rubanza, ubwabyo ntibikuraho ko mu nyandiko zatanzwe na Maxwell Ltd apiganira ayo masoko, yakoze ikosa ryo gutanga amakuru atari yo ku bijyanye na sosiyete; Kuba Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert batarashoboye kuvuguruza ko umukono na kashe byashyizwe ku nyandiko zakoreshejwe mu gupiganira isoko atari ukuri; Kuba nta kosa Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo twakoze dusesa amasezerano twagiranye na Maxwell Ltd kuko twashingiye ku biteganywa n’amategeko cyane cyane ingingo ya 93, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta. [10] Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, ku itariki ya 25/11/2022, urwo Rukiko ruca urubanza RCOMAA 00061/2022/CA, rwemeza ko ikirego cyabo kitakiriwe kuko batsinzwe kabiri ku mpamvu zimwe, bituma bandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire bamusaba ko urubanza RCOMA 00899/2020/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko

## Page 5

Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire amaze gusuzuma ubusabe bwabo, yoherereje Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga raporo yarukozweho asaba ko rwasubirwamo, na we yemeza ko rwongera kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ruhabwa RS/INJUST/RCOM 00004/2023/SC. [11] Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bavuga ko batagombaga guhanirwa amakashe n’umukono bya Noteri byatewe ku nyandiko zakoreshejwe mu gupiganirwa amasoko kandi n’ubundi bitarasabwaga, ko rero kuba nta nyungu bagombaga kubivanamo bitari gutuma amasezerano y’amasoko batsindiye aseswa, basaba ko icyemezo cya RPPA cyashingiweho mu gusesa amasezerano y’amasoko bari batsindiye cyateshwa agaciro. Basabye kandi ko mu gihe urukiko rwasanga barakoze amakosa, mu kubahana hatakoreshwa Itegeko nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta riteganya ibihano biremereye, kandi hagati aho harasohotse Itegeko nº 031/2022 ryo ku wa 21/11/2022 rigenga amasoko ya Leta riteganya ibihano byoroheje. [12] Abahagarariye Uturere twa Gakenke na Gatsibo n’uhagarariye RPPA bavuga ko Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert nta karengane bagiriwe kuko na bo ubwabo bemera ko amakashe n’imikono bya noteri byashyizwe ku nyandiko bakoresheje bapiganira amasoko batsindiye byari ibihimbano, bityo akaba nta mategeko yishwe mu gusesa amasezerano avugwa muri uru rubanza, ko rero n’icyemezo cyashingiweho mu kuyasesa cyagumana agaciro kacyo. [13] Ku birebana n’itegeko rigomba gukoreshwa, bavuga ko kuri iyo ngingo nta karengane kabaye mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi kubera ko itegeko riteganya ibihano bito Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert basaba ko ryakoreshwa ryasohotse urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo rwaraciwe ndetse rwarabaye itegeko kuko ryasohotse ku itariki ya 21/11/2022 urubanza rwaraciwe ku ya 31/03/2022. Bakavuga ko iyo ngingo batayirenganyijweho kuko itaburanyweho. [14] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku itariki ya 02/07/2024, Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bahagarariwe na Me Bagabo Faustin afatanyije na Me Buzayire Angèle hamwe na Me Bandora Alfred, RPPA ihagarariwe na Me Kayitesi Pétronille, Akarere ka Gakenke gahagarariwe na Me Habumuremyi Prosper, naho Akarere ka Gatsibo gahagarariwe na Me Ndahimana Jean Bosco. Ababuranyi bagiye impaka ku bibazo bikurikira: i. Kumenya niba icyemezo n° 527/2020/BD/D cyo ku itariki ya 25/02/2020 cyafashwe na RPPA cyo guheza Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert mu gupiganira amasoko ya Leta mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi (7) cyateshwa agaciro; ii. Kumenya itegeko rigomba gukoreshwa muri uru rubanza hagati y‘Itegeko nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta n’Itegeko nº 031/2022 ryo ku wa 21/11/2022 ryarisimbuye; iii. Kumenya niba Akarere ka Gatsibo n’Akarere ka Gakenke twarasheshe amasezerano y’amasoko twari dufitanye na Maxwell Ltd mu buryo budakurikije amategeko; iv. Indishyi zisabwa muri uru rubanza. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO.

## Page 6

-Kumenya niba icyemezo N° 527/2020/BD/D cyo ku itariki ya 25/02/2020 cyafashwe na RPPA cyo guheza Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert mu gupiganira amasoko ya Leta mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi (7) cyateshwa agaciro [15] Asobanura ko mbere yo gusinya amasezerano, uwatanze isoko yasabaga uwarihawe kugaragaza inyandiko z’umwimerere kugira ngo urwego rutanga isoko rubashe kwizera amakuru rwahawe nk’uko byateganywaga mu ngingo ya 55, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko N° 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta1. Avuga ko Uturere tutigeze dushidikanya kuri izo nyandiko, cyane cyane ko zerekanywe igihe cyose zasabwe, ndetse na RPPA ikaba yarazibonye igihe cy’igenzura (audit), agasanga rero nta mpamvu n’imwe yari gutuma Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bahanirwa ko bashyize umukono na kashe bya noteri kuri izo nyandiko ngo ni uko ari ibihimbano nyamara bitari ngombwa mu gupiganira isoko. [16] Me Bagabo Faustin kandi asobanura ko izo nyandiko zivugwa hari hashize umwaka zisanzwe zihari ziteweho kashe n’umukono bya Noteri ku buryo bitakozwe hagamijwe gutsindira amasoko avugwa muri uru rubanza, ikindi kandi Maxwell Ltd yerekanye inyandiko z’umwimerere igihe cyo gusinya amasezerano, kandi ntawigeze azishidikanyaho. Ashimangira ko izo nyandiko nubundi bitasabaga ko zishyirwaho umukono wa Noteri, ko ibyo bigaragazwa no kuba uturere twaratanze amasoko kamwe gasaba inyandiko ziriho umukono wa Noteri akandi ntikabisabe, bikaba bitashoboka ko utwo turere dusaba ibintu bitandukanye kandi inzego za Leta zigendera ku mategeko amwe. [17] Akomeza avuga ko inyandiko ziriho umukono wa Noteri zigibwaho impaka muri uru rubanza Maxwell Ltd itazikoresheje igamije kubeshya kugira ngo ibone isoko, kuko zashyizweho uwo mukono mbere y’uko ayo masoko atangazwa, ibyo bikaba byarakozwe mu buryo bukurikira: i. Certificate of good performance ya RDRC yashyizweho umukono ku itariki ya 05/12/2018; ii. Certificate of good performance ya REB ishyirwaho umukono ku itariki ya 07/10/2018, iii. Certificate of good performance ya Rwanda Tea Parkers ishyirwaho umukono ku itariki ya 13/09/2018, iv. Diplome ya Nkurunziza David ishyirwaho umukono ku itariki ya 13/09/2018, v. Diplome ya Habimana Emmanuel ishyirwaho umukono ku ya 07/10/2018. [18] Mu gusoza, Me Bagabo Faustin avuga ko ashingiye ku bivugwa mu ngingo ya 176, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018, iteganya ko ”ahezwa mu masoko ya Leta mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi (7), upiganwa wese :1º utanga mu ipiganwa ry’isoko amakuru atari yo arebana n’isosiyete, inyandiko zayo cyangwa ubushobozi bwayo;….” ko asanga icyo Urukiko rwagombaga gusesengura, kwari ukureba niba imikono ya Noteri ari inyandiko zirebana na sosiyete cyangwa zarabeshyaga ku bushobozi bwayo.

1 Mbere yo gushyira umukono ku masezerano, uwatsindiye isoko agomba gushyikiriza urwego rutanga isoko umwimerere w’inyandiko yatanzeho kopi mu nyandiko ye y’ipiganwa hagakorwa inyandiko yemeza ko urwego rutanga isoko ruzibonye kandi ko igihe cyose rwazikenera azazerekana.

## Page 7

[19] Me Buzayire Angèle na we uhagarariye Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert, avuga ko icyo yongera ku bisobanuro byatanzwe na mugenzi we, ari ugusaba Urukiko ko rwazasuzuma éléments substentiels zari ngombwa mu masezerano yagarutsweho, izo éléments akaba ari diplomes na certificates of good completion, bivuze ko umukono na kashe bya Noteri bitari élément substentiel ku buryo byari gushingirwaho hafatwa icyemezo cyo gusesa amasezerano. Avuga ko kuba Maxwell Ltd yaratanze inyandiko ziriho imikono ya Noteri ihimbye itanabizi, itari ikwiriye kubihanirwa. [20] Me Kayitesi Pétronille uhagarariye RPPA avuga ko ingingo ya 176 y'Itegeko n° 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta ryakurikizwaga ubwo abarega bahanwaga, iteganya uburyo sosiyeti yatanze inyandiko itavugisha ukuri ihanwa. Avuga ko Maxwell Ltd yatanze inyandiko ziriho umukono wa Noteri utari wo, kandi ibyo bikaba ari ikosa rihura neza n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo imaze kuvugwa. Avuga ko ingingo ya 178 y’Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa yo iteganya uburyo isosiyeti yatanze inyandiko zitavugisha ukuri ibihanirwa, ku bw’ibyo akaba asanga nta kosa ryakozwe mu guhana Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert. [21] Avuga kandi ko kuba Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bavuga ko imikono na kashe bya Noteri bitavugisha ukuri byashyizwe ku nyandiko Maxwell Ltd yatanze mu ipiganwa bitasabwaga mu gitabo gikubiyemo amabwiriza y’ipiganwa, asanga atari impamvu yatuma ikosa bakoze batarihanirwa kuko mu gihe bari biyemeje gutanga inyandiko ziriho ibyo birango, byagombaga kuba ari iby’ukuri kugira ngo birinde kugwa mu ikosa rivugwa mu ngingo ya 176, agace ka mbere, y'Itegeko N° 62/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru. [22] Akomeza avuga ko asanga ibivugwa na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert ko amakuru batanze atavugisha ukuri atari yo agaragaza ubushobozi bwa Maxwell Ltd nta shingiro bifite, kuko ingingo ya 176, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko Nº 062/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ntaho ivuga ko uwatanze amakuru atari yo ahanwa gusa ari uko ayo makuru arebana n’ubushobozi bw’isosiyete. RPPA ikaba yarahaniye Maxwell Ltd ko yatanze amakuru atari yo ajyanye n’inyandiko zayo kuko yazitanze mu ipiganwa ziriho kashe n’imikono bya Noteri bitavugisha ukuri. [23] Avuga kandi ko ibivugwa na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert ko iyo mikono na kashe byari byarashyizwe kuri izo nyandiko mbere y’uko amasoko atangazwa, RPPA isanga ibyo bidakuraho ko kuzitanga mu nyandiko y’ipiganwa ari ikosa bagombaga guhanirwa, akaba ari bo bakwiye kugaragaza niba gutanga mu ipiganwa ry’amasoko inyandiko ziriho imikono na kashe bya Noteri bitavugisha ukuri atari ikosa rikwiye guhanirwa. [24] Mu gusoza kuri iyi ngingo, Me Kayitesi Pétronille avuga ko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 178, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko rigenga amasoko ya Leta ryavuzwe haruguru, asanga uwapiganiwe isoko rya Leta, atakwitwaza ko amakosa yakozwe n’umukozi cyangwa n’undi muntu uwo ari we wese yakoresheje kugira ngo adahezwa, ko rero ibyo Maxwell Ltd ivuga ko imikono na kashe bitavugisha ukuri byashyizweho n’umukozi yatumye atari impamvu yatuma idahanirwa inyandiko zitavugisha ukuri mu ipiganwa ry’amasoko y’Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo mu gihe ibitahuweho. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

## Page 8

[25] Ababuranyi bose bemeranya ko kashe na sinyatire byashyizwe ku nyandiko zakoreshejwe mu gupiganira amasoko avugwa muri uru rubanza ari ibihimbano, icyo batemeranyaho ni ingaruka zabyo. Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bavuga ko nta ngaruka byagombaga kugira ku masezerano y’amasoko yatsindiye kubera ko, nubundi ku birebana n’isoko ry’Akarere ka Gatsibo bitasabaga ko inyandiko zishyirwaho umukono na kashe bya Noteri, naho ku birebana n’isoko rya Gakenke bakavuga ko nubundi mbere yo gusinya amasezerano habanje kwerekanwa umwimerere w’izo nyandiko. Ku ruhande rwa RPPA bo bavuga ko kuba baratanze inyandiko ziriho umukono na kashe bya Noteri bitari iby’ukuri bihagije kugira ngo izo nyandiko zibe zikosheje, ari yo mpamvu yafatiye Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert icyemezo cyavuzwe haruguru. [26] Ingingo ya 42 y’Itegeko Nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta ryakurikizwaga ubwo amasoko avugwa muri uru rubanza yatangwaga, iteganya ko Akanama gashinzwe gutanga amasoko ya Leta kagomba gusesengura no kugereranya inyandiko z’ipiganwa zujuje ibyasabwe hashingiwe ku ngingo zikubiye mu gitabo cyerekana uburyo ipiganwa rikorwa kandi ntagishobora kwiyongeraho cyangwa ngo kivanwemo. [27] Ingingo ya 55, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rimaze kuvugwa, iteganya ko mbere yo gushyira umukono ku masezerano, uwatsindiye isoko agomba gushyikiriza urwego rutanga isoko umwimerere w’inyandiko yatanzeho kopi mu nyandiko ye y’ipiganwa hagakorwa inyandiko yemeza ko urwego rutanga isoko ruzibonye kandi ko igihe cyose rwazikenera azazerekana. [28] Ingingo ya 176, igika cya mbere, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko ahezwa mu masoko ya Leta mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi (7), upiganwa wese utanga mu ipiganwa ry’isoko amakuru atari yo arebana n’isosiyete, inyandiko zayo cyangwa ubushobozi bwayo. [29] Iyi ngingo yumvikanisha ko upiganira isoko akoresha uburiganya agatanga amakuru atari yo ku birebana na sosiyete, agahimba inyandiko zerekeranye n’iyo sosiyete, ibyo byose akabikora agamije kwerekana ko sosiyete ye ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora isoko apiganira nyamara ntabwo ifite, bityo agatsindira isoko atari kubona iyo atajya gukoresha ubwo buriganya. [30] Abahanga mu mategeko Jacques Ghestin na Gilles Goubeaux, mu gitabo cyabo bise « Traité de droit civil, introduction générale », bifashishije ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’undi muhanga M. Vidal, bavuga ko habaho uburiganya igihe cyose umuntu ashoboye kunyura iruhande rw’ibyo yari ategetswe gukora akoresheje ubwenge, wareba mu rwego rw’amategeko ugasanga ntacyo yishe. Bakomeza bavuga ko ibintu bitatu bigomba kuba byuzuye kugira ngo uburiganya bushoboke: amabwiriza agomba kubahirizwa, ubushake bwo kuyanyura iruhande, gukoresha ubwenge kugira ngo bigerweho. Iyo ibyo bintu bihurijwe hamwe, hakoreshejwe amategeko asanzwe uwakoze ubwo buriganya akaba yahabwa ukuri, nyamara ariko icyo cyemezo kigatanga igisubizo kidashobora kwihanganirwa ndetse kikaba cyateza n’imidugararo. (…. Il y a fraude chaque fois que le sujet de droit parvient à se soustraire à l’exécution d’une règle obligatoire par l’emploi à dessein d’un moyen efficace, qui rend ce résultat inattaquable sur le terrain du droit positif. Il en résulte que trois éléments doivent être réunis : une règle obligatoire, l’intention de l’éluder, l’emploi à cette fin d’un moyen adéquat. De la conjonction de ces éléments il apparait que l’application normale des règles juridiques, en donnant satisfacation à l'auteur de la

## Page 9

manoeuvre, aboutirait à un résultat inadmissible, causant un trouble social et, le plus souvent, contraire à la morale)2. [31] Mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RP 00008/2018/SC3 rwaburanwagamo Ubushinjacyaha, Beza Kévin na Niyitegeka Emmanuel, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze uburiganya mu gukora inyandiko itavugisha ukuri bugaragarira mu gukora inyandiko igamije guhesha umuntu inyungu/uburenganzira atashoboraga kubona mu buryo busanzwe; akaba yabibona gusa ari uko ahimbye iyo nyandiko. Mu yandi magambo, nta mugambi w’uburiganya uba uriho, mu gihe ibyanditswe ku nyandiko yitwa impimbano ntacyo byongerera cyangwa bigabanyiriza nyir’ukuyikora ugereranyije n’uko ubundi iyo nyandiko igomba kwandikwa kugira ngo igire agaciro. [32] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko icyemezo N° 527/2020/BD/D cyafashwe na RPPA ku itariki ya 25/02/2020 giheza Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert mu masoko ya Leta hashingiwe ku mpamvu y’uko iyo sosiyete yatsindiye isoko ryo kugenzura imirimo yo kubaka icyicaro gikuru cy’Akarere ka Gakenke (supervision of construction of Gakenke District Head Office) ikoresheje inyandiko ziriho imikono na kashe bya Noteri bitari ukuri (false notary stamp and signature), izo nyandiko akaba ari izi zikurikira : i. Inyandiko zashyizweho kashe n’umukono bya Noteri ku itariki ya 05/12/2018, zemeza ko Maxwell Ltd yarangije neza imirimo yakoze muri Komisiyo y’Igihugu ishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze mu ngabo z’Igihugu (RDRC) ; ii. Inyandiko zashyizweho kashe n’umukono bya Noteri ku itariki ya 07/10/2018, zemeza ko Maxwell Ltd yarangije neza imirimo yakoze mu Kigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Uburezi (REB) ; iii. Inyandiko zashyizweho kashe n’umukono bya Noteri ku itariki ya 13/09/2018, zemeza ko Maxwell Ltd yarangije neza imirimo yakoze muri Rwanda Tea Packers Ltd ; iv. Impamyabumenyi (diplôme) ya Nkurunziza David yashyizweho kashe n’umukono bya Noteri ku itariki ya 13/09/2018 ; v. Impamyabumenyi (diplôme) ya Habimana Emmanuel yashyizweho kashe n’umukono bya Noteri ku itariki ya 07/10/2018 ; vi. Inyandiko igaragaza ibyaguzwe na Maxwell Ltd yashyizweho kashe n’umukono bya Noteri ku itariki ya 07/10/2018. [33] Dosiye kandi igaragaza ko mu mabwirizira y’ipiganwa y’isoko ry’Akarere ka Gakenke hasabwaga ibi bikurikira : i. Une brève description du bureau d’Etudes et Surveillance, ii. Référence similaires,

2 Jacques Ghestin, Gilles Goubeaux avec le concours de Muriel Fabre-Magnan, Traité de droit civil, introduction générale, 4ème édition, L.G.D.J, 1994, § 816.

3 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RP 00008/2018/SC, Ubushinjacyaha, Beza Kévin na Niyitegeka Emmanuel, para. 25, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 28/02/2020.

## Page 10

iii. Toutes observations ou suggestions éventuelles sur les termes de référence et les données, services et installations devant êtres fournis par le client, iv. La méthodologie et le plan de travail proposés pour accomplir la mission ; v. Les personnels obligatoires à présenter : La liste des personnels proposés ainsi que les tâches qui sont confiées à chacun de ses membres et leur calendrier. Les diplômes notariés, attestation de services rendus, attestations de disponibilitée et les curriculum vitae récemment signés par le personnel spécialisé proposé sont exigés. [34] Ku birebana n’Akarere ka Gatsibo hasabwaga ibi bikurikira: i. Signed bid letter according to the format ; ii. Certified copy of registration in RDB related to the present tender; iii. Certified copy of valid RSSB certificate; iv. Certified copy of valid RRA tax clearances certificate; v. Bid guarantee of the sum indicated on E Procurement system issued by the bank or recognized insurance company in Rwanda; vi. Proof of purchase of tender document; vii. Certified coy of VAT certificate; viii. Site visit certificate; ix. Certified copy or original valid certificate on non-bankrupt from RDB; x. Proof of registration of consultant firm in Institute of Engeineers of Rwanda; xi. Consultant Firm must be categorized in B according to RPPA categorization. [35] Mu rubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Urukiko rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 176, igika cya mbere, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko Nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ku ngingo ya 178, igika cya mbere, y’iryo Tegeko, no ku byashingiweho na RPPA ifata icyemezo cyo guheza Mpagazehe Robert na Maxwell Ltd mu masoko ya Leta, rusanga icyo cyemezo cyarafashwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko bigaragara ko Maxwell Ltd yakoze ikosa ryo gutanga amakuru atavugisha ukuri. [36] Nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 42 y’Itegeko Nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ubwo Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bari bamaze gutanga dosiye yabo yo gupiganwa, Akanama gashinzwe gutanga amasoko ya Leta kasesenguye ibikubiye muri iyo dosiye kagereranya inyandiko z’ipiganwa gasanga zujuje ibyasabwe hashingiwe ku ngingo zikubiye mu gitabo cyerekana uburyo ipiganwa rikorwa, kemeza ko Maxwell Ltd ari yo itsindiye isoko. Ibi birareba amasoko yombi avugwa muri uru rubanza. [37] Hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 55, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko Nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, mbere yo gushyira umukono ku masezerano, uwatsindiye isoko yashyikirije urwego rutanga isoko, ni ukuvuga Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo, umwimerere w’inyandiko yatanzeho kopi mu nyandiko ze z’ipiganwa maze hakorwa inyandiko

## Page 11

yemeza ko izo nzego zizibonye. Akaba ari muri urwo rwego izo nzego zimaze kubona ko izo nyandiko zujuje ubuziranenge, zasinye amasezerano. [38] Mu guhana Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert, RPPA yashingiye ku ngingo ya 176, igika cya mbere, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko Nº 62/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ivuga ko nyuma y’igenzura ryakozwe ku isoko ryatanzwe n’Akarere ka Gakenke, basanze hari inyandiko zariho kashe na sinyatire bya Noteri bihimbye. Izo akaba ari inyandiko zerekana ko Maxwell Ltd yarangije neza imirimo yakoze muri Rwanda Tea Parkers, muri Komisiyo y’Igihugu ishinzwe gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abahoze mu ngabo z’Igihugu (RDRC) no mu Kigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe uburezi (REB), kimwe n’impamyabumenyi za Nkurunziza David na Habimana Emmanuel ndetse n’inyandiko igaragaza ibyaguzwe na Maxwell Ltd (purchase receipts). [39] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, icyo ingingo ya 176 imaze kuvugwa RPPA yashingiyeho ifata icyemezo cyo guhana Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert yumvikanisha, ni uko upiganira isoko aba yakoresheje uburiganya agatanga amakuru atari yo ku birebana na sosiyete, agahimba inyandiko zerekeranye n’iyo sosiyete, ibyo byose akabikora agamije kwerekana ko sosiyete ye ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora isoko apiganira kandi nyamara ntabwo ifite. [40] Nyuma yo kubona icyo gisobanuro ndetse n’ibyo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye mu rubanza rwavuzwe haruguru ku birebana n’uburiganya mu gukora inyandiko itavugisha ukuri, Urukiko rurasanga RPPA iterekana ko Maxwell Ltd yatanze kopi ziriho umukono na kashe bya Noteri bikosheje igamije kwerekana ubushobozi idafite, cyane cyane ko idasobanura ko inyandiko z’umwimerere w’izo kopi ubwazo ari impimbano ku buryo imirimo Maxwell Ltd ivuga ko yakoze yaba ntayo yakoze, ndetse n’impamyabumenyi abakozi bayo berekanye bakaba ntazo bafite. Aha Urukiko ruributsa ko icyo Noteri akora ari ukwemeza ko kopi y’inyandiko ihuye n’iy’umwimerere4, bityo bikaba byumvikana ko mu gihe ukeneye inyandiko afite umwimerere wayo, biba bitakiri ngombwa ko agira na kopi yayo iriho umukono na kashe bya Noteri. [41] By’umwihariko ku birebana n’isoko ryatanzwe n’Akarere ka Gatsibo, Urukiko rurasanga mu gitabo cyerekana uburyo ipiganwa rikorwa (Dossier d’appel d’offre), nta na hamwe uwapiganiraga isoko yagombaga gutanga inyandiko ziriho umukono na kashe bya Noteri, bityo Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bakaba nta nyungu bari gukura mu gutanga inyandiko ziriho ibyo birango bikosheje kandi nubundi n’iyo bitajya kujyaho ntacyo byari kubangiriza, cyane cyane ko bari bazi ko mbere yo gusinya amasezerano bagombaga kwerekana inyandiko z’umwimerere, kandi nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, barazerekanye ziranemerwa. [42] Hashingiwe ku ngingo z’amategeko zavuzwe haruguru no ku bisobanuro byatanzwe, Urukiko rurasanga, nubwo kopi z’inyandiko Maxwell Ltd yatanze ipiganira isoko zariho umukono na kashe bya Noteri bihimbye, nta kigaragaza ko byakozwe mu buriganya igamije kubona isoko itari kubona iyo izo nyandiko zidashyirwaho uwo mukono na kashe bifite inenge. Kubera iyo mpamvu, icyemezo N° 527/2020/BD/D cyafashwe na RPPA ku itariki ya 25/02/2020 kibaheza mu masoko ya Leta kikaba kigomba kuvaho kubera ko cyafashwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko.

4 Ingingo ya 9,4° y’Itegeko n° 13bis/2014 ryo ku wa 21/05/2014 rigenga umurimo w’Ubunoteri

## Page 12

[43] Nyuma yo gusanga icyemezo cyafatiwe Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert cyarafashwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rwasanze bitakiri ngombwa gusuzuma ingingo irebana no kumenya itegeko rigomba gukoreshwa muri uru rubanza hagati y‘Itegeko Nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta n’Itegeko Nº 031/2022 ryo ku wa 21/11/2022 ryarisimbuye. -Kumenya niba Uturere twa Gakenke na Gatsibo twarasheshe amasezerano twari dufitanye na Maxwell Ltd mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko [44] Me Bagabo Faustin avuga ko mu gusesa amasezerano Uturere twa Gakenke na Gatsibo twari dufitanye na Maxwell Ltd twashingiye ku ngingo ya 93, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko n° 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 ryagengara amasoko ya Leta ivuga ko igihe cyose mbere y’uko amasezerano y’isoko atangira cyangwa arimo gushyirwa mu bikorwa, ata agaciro cyangwa agaseswa iyo byemejwe ko uwatsindiye isoko yakoresheje inyandiko zigoretse cyangwa yarazibonye mu nzira z’uburiganya. Avuga ko iyo usesenguye iyo ngingo, icyo urwego rutanga isoko ruba rugomba gushingiraho mu gusesa amasezerano, ari igihe byemejwe ko uwatsindiye isoko yakoresheje inyandiko zivuga ibintu uko bitari hagamijwe kubeshya urwego rutanga isoko kugira ngo upiganwa abone inyungu atashoboraga kubona iyo atazikoresha, ko rero icyagombaga gusuzumwa kwari ukureba niba Maxwell Ltd hari inyandiko yakoresheje bigatuma ihabwa isoko itagombaga kubona. [45] Avuga ko mu mabwiriza y’ipiganwa (tender document) y’isoko ry’Akarere ka Gatsibo, icyo rwiyemezamirimo yasabwaga kwari ukugaragaza muri section of instruction “at least 3 references of supervision study for construction within last five years (to be proven by certificate of good completion accompanied by their contracts and each acceptable reference must be equal or greater than 20,000,000 Frw and must be from government institutions)”; bivuze ko kuri iyi ngingo nta hantu na hamwe, Maxwell Ltd yasabwaga gushyiraho imikono na kashe bya Noteri”. Ku byerekeye abakozi, avuga ko icyasabwaga kwari ukugaragaza diplômes n’icyangombwa cy’urugaga, ko na ho bitari ngombwa gushyiraho umukono wa Noteri kuko n’ubundi Maxwell Ltd yagombaga kugaragaza inyandiko z’umwimerere (original documents) mbere yo gushyira umukono ku masezerano hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 55, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko n° 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kandi byarakozwe. [46] Me Bagabo Faustin avuga ko ashingiye ku ngingo ya 93, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N° 62/2018 ryashingiweho, mbere yo gusesa amasezerano, Uturere twa Gakenke na Gatsibo twagombaga kubanza kureba niba koko hari inyandiko zahimbwe hagamijwe kubona amasoko kuko ari two twari tuzi ibyo twasabaga mu nyandiko z’ipigana, kuba rero ibyo bitarakozwe, utwo Turere tugomba kwirengera ingaruka z’uko gusesa amasezerano. [47] Asoza avuga ko kuba imikono na kashe bya Noteri byarashingiweho mu gusesa amasezerano kandi bitari mu byasabwaga mu gupiganira isoko, bikwiye gutuma Urukiko rwemeza ko ayo masezerano yasheshwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amateko. [48] Me Habumuremyi Prosper uhagarariye Akarere ka Gakenke avuga ko ibivugwa na Maxwell Ltd ko yahaniwe ibitari byasabwe nta gaciro byahabwa, kuko nubwo bitari byasabwe, kuba yarabitanze nuko hari inyungu yabonaga ibifitemo, ikaba yarabikoze ishaka kongera ingufu zayo mu ipiganwa ry’ayo masoko, ariko mu kubizana igakora amakosa ahanwa n’Itegeko rigenga

## Page 13

amasoko ya Leta, ikaba rero itahunga ibihano yitwaje ko amakosa yabaye ku bitari byasabwe mu ipiganwa ry’amasoko yayo yasheshwe. [49] Avuga kandi ko Maxwell Ltd ubwayo yemeye ko habayeho ikosa mu nyandiko yatanze ipiganira amasoko yo mu Turere twa Gakenke na Gatsibo, inemera ko yaje kurikosora aho irimenyeye, ibyo bikaba bisobanura neza impamvu yashingiweho ihanwa. Avuga ko Maxwell Ltd idakwiye kuvuga ko yarenganyijwe ubwo yahanirwaga amakosa yakozwe n’intumwa yayo, kandi iyo ntumwa yarayakoze iri mu gikorwa cy’ubutumwa yahawe hagamijwe inyungu z’uwayitumye (Maxwell Ltd) nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 178, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko n° 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru5. [50] Me Ndahimana Jean Bosco uhagarariye Akarere ka Gatsibo, avuga ko kuba Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bemera ko imikono na kashe byari ku nyandiko zagaragajwe ari impimbano, bakavuga ko byakozwe n’umukozi wabo, batari bakwiye kubihanirwa, birengagiza ko kuba ibyo birango byariho byayigize inyandiko mpimbano, ko kandi ayo makosa yabo RPPA itari ikwiye kuyaha umugisha ngo bifatwe nk’aho nta cyabaye. Asanga Maxwell Ltd itagomba kubyitwaza kuko yari ifite amahitamo yo gutanga izo nyandiko zitariho ibyo birango kuko batari babisabwe, cyangwa se bagatanga iziriho iby’ukuri. [51] Ku bivugwa na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert ko RPPA itari ikwiye gufata icyemezo cyo gusaba Uturere gusesa amasezerano twari twaragiranye na rwiyemezamirimo ngo kuko imikono na kashe bya Noteri byashyizwe ku nyandiko zifashishijwe hapiganirwa amasoko byakozwe mbere y’uko ayo masoko atangazwa, avuga ko asanga ibyo nta shingiro bifite, kuko icyarebwe ari umwimerere w’imikono na kashe bigaragara kuri izo nyandiko, mu igenzura RPPA yakoze ikaba yarasanze izo nyandiko zifashishijwe hapiganirwa ayo masoko ndetse kugeza bayatsindiye ari impimbano, akaba ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru yatumye hafatwa icyemezo cyo kwandikira uturere byarebaga dusabwa gusesa ayo masezerano. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [52] Ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano iteganya ko amasezerano akozwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko aba itegeko ku bayagiranye. Ashobora guseswa ari uko babyumvikanyeho cyangwa ku mpamvu zemewe n'amategeko. Agomba kubahirizwa nta buriganya. [53] Ingingo ya 93, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nº 62/2018 ryo ku wa 25/08/2018 rigenga amasoko ya Leta ryakurikizwaga ubwo amasoko avugwa muri uru rubanza yatangwaga, iteganya ko igihe cyose mbere y’uko amasezerano y’isoko atangira cyangwa arimo gushyirwa mu bikorwa, ata agaciro cyangwa agaseswa iyo byemejwe ko uwatsindiye isoko yakoresheje inyandiko zigoretse cyangwa yarazibonye mu nzira z’uburiganya. [54] Mu gusesa amasezerano Akarere ka Gankenke n’aka Gatsibo twari dufitanye na Maxwell Ltd, utwo Turere twashingiye ku ngingo ya 93, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nº 62/2018 rimaze

5 Uwapiganiye isoko rya Leta, ntiyakwitwaza ko amakosa yakozwe n’umukozi cyangwa umuntu uwo ariwe wese yakoresheje kugira ngo adahezwa.

## Page 14

kuvugwa no ku mabaruwa N° 010/2019/2020-0900/RPPA yo ku itariki ya 06/11/2019 na n° 010/2019/2020-1246/RPPA yo ku itariki ya 05/12/2019, RPPA yandikiye utwo Turere idusaba guhita dusesa amasezerano twari dufitanye na sosiyete Maxwell Ltd. [55] Nk’uko byasesenguwe mu ngingo yabanje, Urukiko rwasanze nta kigaragaraza ko Maxwell Ltd yatanze inyandiko zigoretse igamije kubona amasoko mu Karere ka Gakenke na Gatsibo itari kubona iyo itazitanga, bityo hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 ryavuzwe haruguru no ku ya 93, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nº 62/2018 na ryo ryavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga utwo Turere rwarasheshe amasezerano twari dufitanye na Maxwell Ltd mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. -Kumenya niba indishyi zinyuranye zisabwa muri uru rubanza zatangwa [56] Me Bagabo Faustin mu mwanya wa Maxwell Ltd avuga ko hari raporo ya expertise yashyizwe muri dosiye yerekana uburyo yakoraga, inyungu yabonaga, ko yashoboraga kunguka 50.000.000 Frw ku mwaka kandi ikaba imaze imyaka itatu idakora. Ibyo irabisabira indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 150.000.000 Frw zigomba gutangwa na RPPA. Maxwell Ltd irasaba kandi Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo gufatanya kuyishyura indishyi zingana na 4.380.000 Frw (akubiyemo 1.100.000Frw yahawe Akarere ka Gakenke, 1.800.000 Frw yahawe Akarere ka Gatsibo, 1.100.000 Frw, yahawe RPPA, 300.000 Frw yahawe umuhesha w’inkiko na 80.000 Frw ya evaluation), aya yose akaba yarishyuwe harangizwa urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. [57] Maxwell Ltd irasaba nanone Akarere ka Gakenke kuyiha indishyi zo gusesa amasezerano mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko zingana na 40.000.000Frw yagombaga kunguka mu isoko ryasheshwe; naho Akarere ka Gatsibo kakayiha indishyi zingana na 20.000.000Frw zo kuba karasheshe amasezerano mu buryo budakurikije amategeko. [58] Maxwell Ltd ivuga kandi ko kuba RPPA yarayifatiye ibihano hamwe n’umuyobozi wayo Mpagazehe Robert, Akarere ka Gakenke n’Akarere ka Gatsibo tugasesa amasezerano bari bafitanye bigatuma bitabaza inkiko, basaba abaregwa gufatanya kuyiha 15.000.000Frw z’igihembo cy’Abavoka batatu (3) bayiburaniye ku nzego eshatu baburaniyemo, hakiyongerano n’indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza zingana na 2.000.000 Frw yo gusiragizwa mu nkiko. [59] Me Kayitesi Pétronille uburanira RPPA, avuga ko indishyi zisabwa na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert nta shingiro zikwiye guhabwa kuko kuba Maxwell Ltd imaze imyaka itatu (3) ihejwe mu masoko ya Leta ari inkurikizi z'amakosa yakoze, bityo ikaba ikwiye kuzirengera. Ku birebana na 4.380.000 Frw Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert batanze harangizwa urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane bakaba basaba kuyasubizwa, avuga ko nta shingiro afite kuko urubanza batsinzwe rwagombaga kurangizwa. [60] Arangiza asaba Urukiko gutegeka Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert guha RPPA ahagarariye 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [61] Me Habumuremyi Prosper uhagarariye Akarere ka Gakenke, avuga ko indishyi zingana na 40.000.000 Frw ako Karere gasabwa gutanga nta shingiro ryazo kubera ko amasezerano yasheshwe ku mpamvu no mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. Yongeraho ko uretse n’ibyo, ingano y'indishyi za 40.000.000 Frw nta gisobanuro mu rwego rw'imibare Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe

## Page 15

Robert bagaragaza ku buryo ibyara umubare bavuga, ko nta n’icyemeza ko iyo nyungu yari kubaho koko ku buryo Urukiko rwakwemeza ko agomba gutangwa. Ku birebana n’amafaranga yo kurangiza urubanza, avuga ko ntayo Akarere ka Gakenke kigeze gahabwa na Maxwell Ltd cyangwa Mpagazehe Robert, ko ibyo bavuga nta gaciro byahabwa. [62] Arangiza asaba Urukiko gutegeka Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert guha Akarere ka Gakenke ahagarariye 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [63] Me Ndahimana Jean Bosco uhagarariye Akarere ka Gatsibo, avuga ko indishyi zingana na 20.000.000 Frw zisabwa ako Karere nta shingiro ryazo kuko amasezerano yasheshwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, naho amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza basaba bakaba nta bimenyetso bayagaragariza. Ku birebana n’amafaranga y’Abavoka batatu (3) Maxwell Ltd isaba, avuga ko ari yo igomba kuyirengera. [64] Avuga ko ahubwo Akarere ka Gatsibo ahagarariye karamutse gatsinze urubanza, Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bategekwa kukishyura 2.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kuri uru rwego, izo ndishyi akaba azishingira ku ngingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N°22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, no ku ngingo ya 26 y’amabwiriza n° 01/2014 agenga ibihembo mbonera by’Abavoka. [65] Abahagarariye Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert, bavuga ko izo ndishyi zisabwa na RPPA, Akarere ka Gatsibo n’aka Gakenke batazihabwa kuko ari bo ba nyirabazayazana b’uru rubanza. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA a.Amafaranga y’inyungu Maxwell Ltd yavukijwe [66] Ihame mu rwego rw’amategeko nk’uko bisabanurwa n’abahanga, nuko usaba indishyi mbonezabukungu agomba kuzitangira ibimenyetso kandi akagaragaza isano iri hagati y’ikosa n’icyangijwe. Mu gihe atabashije kwerekana igihombo yatewe n’ikosa yakorewe cyangwa inyungu yabuze yari aziteze, nta ndishyi ahabwa6. [67] Birashoboka ariko ko umuntu yavuga ko ikosa yakorewe ryamubujije amahirwe ku nyungu runaka yari kuzabona mu gihe kiri imbere, akaba yabisabira indishyi, ibi akaba ari na ko abahagarariye Maxwell Ltd babivuga. Kugira ngo izo ndishyi azihabwe ariko, uzisaba agomba kwereka Urukiko ko ayo mahirwe yari ahari mu buryo bufatika. Abahanga mu mategeko, bifashishije igisobanuro cyatanzwe n’Urukiko Rusesa imanza rwo gihugu cy’Ubufaransa, batanze igisobanuro cyo kuvutswa amahirwe nko kubura ikintu wakozagaho imitwe y’intoki kandi

6 « De façon générale, il n’y a de responsabilité que si le fait imputé au défendeur se rattache au dommage par une relation de cause à effet, que l’on appelle lien de causalité. Condition de la responsabilité, l’établissement de ce lien incombe en principe au demandeur qui doit fournir au juge des éléments de nature à en caractériser l’existence. Si ces éléments ne sont pas convaincants et qu’un doute subsiste sur le rapport entre le dommage et le fait reproché au défendeur, le demandeur échouera dans son action. […] » Bertrand Fages, Droit des Obligations, 11ème édition, LDGJ, 2021-2022, § 385.

## Page 16

wagombaga kungukiramo. Bakomeza bavuga ko bitangirwa indishyi iyo bigaragara ko koko ayo mahirwe yari ahari. Babivuze muri aya magambo: La perte d’une chance, c’est la disparition actuelle et certaine d’une éventualité favorable. Elle n’est réparable que si la chance est sérieuse, c’est-à-dire s’il est probable que l’événement heureux aurait pu se réaliser [...].7

[68] Ibisobanuro bimaze gutangwa byerekana ko umuburanyi usaba indishyi avuga ko ari inyungu yari kuzabona iyo adakorerwa ikosa, azihabwa iyo ashoboye kugaragariza Urukiko ko hari amahirwe afatika yari ahari yo kubona inyungu asaba. Ibi ni na byo Urukiko Rusesa imanza rwo mu Bufaransa rwavuze muri aya magambo mu rurimi rw’Igifaransa: seule constitue une perte de chance réparable, la disparition actuelle et certaine d'une éventualité favorable88. [69] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, Maxwell Ltd irasaba RPPA kuyiha indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 150.000.000 Frw ivuga ko ari inyungu yajyaga kubona mu gihe cy’imyaka itatu yamaze idakora kubera guhagarikwa. Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga izo ndishyi ntazo igomba guhabwa, kubera ko itashoboye kurugaragariza uburyo izibara, ndetse ko muri icyo gihe byanze bikunze yari kubona akazi yagombaga gukuramo izo nyungu, cyane cyane ko na raporo ya expertise yerekana uburyo yakoraga bavuga ko yashyizwe muri dosiye ntayirimo. b.Amafaranga yatanzwe harangizwa urubanza [70] Ku birebana n’amafaranga yatanzwe harangizwa urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Urukiko rurasanga Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert barashyize muri dosiye ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko bishyuye amafaranga mu buryo bukurikira: i. 1.400.000 Frw yategetswe n’Urukiko Maxwell Ltd yishyuye Akarere ka Gatsibo ku itariki ya 24/11/2023; ii. 980.000 Frw Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bishyuye Umuhesha w’Inkiko Murenzi Lambert ku itariki ya 30/11/2023; iii. 400.000 Frw Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bishyuye Umuhesha w’Inkiko Murenzi Lambert ku itariki ya 17/10/2023; iv. Inyandikomvugo y’Umuhesha w’Inkiko yemeza ko Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bishyuye RPPA n’Akarere ka Gakenke buri wese 600.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza;

v. Inyandiko mvugo y’Umuhesha w’Inkiko yemeza ko Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bishyuye RPPA, Akarere ka Gakenke n’Akarere ka Gatsibo indishyi z’igihembo cya Avoka zihwanye na 600.000Frw buri wese zategetswe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi hamwe na 500.000 Frw buri wese yategetswe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi mu bujurire; vi. 700.000 Frw yishyuwe Umuhesha w’Inkiko Murenzi Lambert ku itariki ya 19/03/2024 bikozwe n’uwitwa Alexis;

7 Philippe Malaurie et alii, Droit des obligations, 10ème édition, 2018, Paris, LGDJ, § 242, 1°.

8 Cour de Cassation, Chambre civile 1, du 21 novembre 2006, 05-15.674

## Page 17

vii. 300.000 Frw Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bishyuye Umuhesha w’Inkiko Murenzi Lambert ku itariki ya 01/12/2023; viii. 1.200.000 Frw yishyuwe Umuhesha w’Inkiko Murenzi Lambert ku itariki ya 25/09/2023 bikozwe n’uwitwa Uwantege. [71] Urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ari na rwo rwarangizwaga rwategetse ibi bikurikira : i. Rwemeje ko Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bafatanya kwishyura mu buryo bungana RPPA, Akarere ka Gakenke n’Akarere ka Gatsibo buri wese indishyi z’igihembo cya Avoka mu bujurire zingana na 500.000 Frw; ii. Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RCOM 00596/2020/TC –RCOM 00880/2020/TC rwaciwe ku wa 26/11/2020 n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi idahindutse. Urwo Rukiko rwari rwategetse Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert ibi bikurikira : a. Kwishyura RPPA 600.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza no gushorwa mu manza; b. Kwishyura Akarere ka Gakenke 600.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikirarubanza; c. Kwishyura Akarere ka Gatsibo 600.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza. [72] Inyandikomvugo yo kurangiza urubanza yakozwe n’Umuhesha w’Inkiko ku itariki ya 01/12/2023, igaragaza ko izo manza zimaze kuvugwa zarangijwe nk’uko zaciwe. Bisobanuye ko RPPA, Akarere ka Gakenke n’Akarere ka Gatsibo, buri wese Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert bamwishyuye 1.100.000 Frw hinyongereyeho 300.000 Frw yishyuwe umuhesha w’inkiko. [73] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert batanze barangiza urubanza rwasubirishijwemo ku mpamvu z’akarengane bagomba gusubizwa ari agaragara mu nyandikomvugo y’Umuhesha w’Inkiko avugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, andi bishyuye Urukiko rukaba rutarashoboye kubona isano afitanye n’urwo rubanza. c.Indishyi zo gusesa amasezerano [74] Kuba Uturere twa Gakenke na Gatsibo twarasheshe amasezerano twari dufitanye na Maxwell Ltd mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko nk’uko byemejwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga byumvikana ko hari icyo byayangirije, bityo utwo Turere tukaba tugomba kubitangira indishyi, mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko ikaba igenewe 5.000.000 Frw igomba guhabwa na buri Karere kuko ayo isaba ari ikirenga. [75] Ku birebana n’indishyi zingana na 40.000.000 Frw Maxwell Ltd isaba Akarere ka Gakenke ivuga ko ari yo yagombaga kunguka mu isoko ryasheshwe, Urukiko rurasanga ntazo igomba guhabwa kubera ko idasobanura uburyo izibara. d.Amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza [76] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert basaba bakwiye kuzihabwa kubera ko ari bo batsinze urubanza kandi bikaba bigaragara ko bagombye gushaka Abavoka bo kubaburanira bakanakurikirana urubanza. Urukiko rurasanga ariko 17.000.000 Frw basabye akabije kuba menshi kandi baterekana ko ari yo

## Page 18

bakoresheje kuri uru rubanza, bityo mu bushishozi bwarwo bakaba bagenewe 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 300.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kuri buri rwego muri eshatu baburaniyemo nk’uko babisaba. Ni ukuvuga 1.500.000 y’igihembo cya Avoka na 900.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, yose hamwe akaba 2.400.000 Frw bagomba guhabwa na RPPA, Akarere ka Gakenke n’Akarere ka Gatsibo bafatanyije. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [77] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert basaba gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza RCOMA 00899/2020/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku itariki ya 31/03/2022, gifite ishingiro; [78] Rwemeje ko urwo rubanza ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose; [79] Rwemeje ko icyemezo N° 527/2020BD/D cyo ku itariki ya 25/02/2020 cyafashwe na Rwanda Public Procurement Authority giheza Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert gupiganwa mu masoko ya Leta mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi (7) kivanyweho; [80] Rwemeje ko amasezerano Akarere ka Gakenke n’aka Gatsibo twari dufitanye na Maxwell Ltd yasheshwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko; [81] Rutegetse Rwanda Public Procurement Authority gusubiza Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert 1.100.000 Frw yishyuwe harangizwa urubanza rwasabiwe gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane; [82] Rutegetse Akarere ka Gakenke gusubiza Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert 1.100.000 Frw kishyuwe harangizwa urubanza rwasabiwe gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane; [83] Rutegetse Akarere ka Gatsibo gusubiza Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert 1.100.000 Frw kishyuwe harangizwa urubanza rwasabiwe gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane; [84] Rutegetse Rwanda Public Procurement Authority, Akarere ka Gakenke n’Akarere ka Gatsibo gufatanya gusubiza Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert 300.000 Frw bishyuye Umuhesha w’Inkiko; [85] Rutegetse Akarere ka Gakenke guha Maxwell Ltd 5.000.000Frw y’indishyi zo gusesa amasezerano mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko; [86] Rutegetse Akarere ka Gatsibo guha Maxwell Ltd 5.000.000 Frw y’indishyi zo gusesa amasezerano mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko; [87] Rutegetse Rwanda Public Procurement Authority, Akarere ka Gakenke n’Akarere ka Gatsibo gufatanya kwishyura Maxwell Ltd na Mpagazehe Robert 2.400.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza.