UBUSHINJACYAHA v NKUNDIMANA

UBUSHINJACYAHA v NKUNDIMANA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-11-28 - Case/document no.: RPAA 01194/2024/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v NKUNDIMANA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA 01194/2024/CA (Gakwaya, P.J.) 28 Ugushyingo 2025] Amategeko mpanabyaha – ibihano – impamvu nyoroshyacyaha – mu gihe bitagaragara ko ubwo yakoraga icyaha, uregwa yari yasinze bitamuturutseho cyangwa yari yasinze bidaturutse ku bushake bwe, ntibyamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha , yashingirwaho agabanyirizwa igihano yakatiwe. Amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza Nshinjabyaha – Kujurira – Ingingo z’ubujurire – Uwajuriye ntashobora kugaruka (gusubiramo) gusa ku ngingo ze yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi zitarahawe ishingiro, atagaragaza amakosa Urukiko rwabanje rwaba rwarakoze ruzitesha agaciro n’uko ayo makosa agomba gukosorwa Amategeko mpanabyaha – ibihano – impamvu nyoroshyacyaha – Urukiko ntirutegetswe kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha igihe cyose zigaragajwe, ngo rugabanyirize uregwa igihano, ahubwo ruzemeza mu bushishozi bwarwo, kandi rukaba rushobora kwanga kuzemeza nk’impamvu ngabanya gihano, rurebye imikorere y’icyaha uregwa akurikiranweho cyangwa uburyo cyakozwemo. Amategeko mpanabyaha – ibihano – impamvu nyoroshyacyaha – Ubujurire – Iyo uregwa nta kindi anenga urubanza yajuririye, uretse kuvuga gusa ko atagabanyirijwe igihano bihagije, buri mucamanza ku rwego urwo arirwo rwose, yemerewe gutanga igihano mu bushishozi bwe kijyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha n’ingaruka zacyo (……), cyakora mu bujurire

Umucamanza agomba kuzirikana ko yemerewe gusa guhindura igihano cyatanzwe n’Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rubanza ari uko amaze kugaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwaba rwarakoresheje nabi Itegeko cyangwa ubushishozi bwarwo mu gutanga igihano. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiye Ubushinjacyaha burega Nkundimana na Niyoyandinze icyaha cy’ubwicanyi mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi buvuga ko bishe nyina Nyirangaruye. Busaba Urukiko kubahamya icyaha baregwa no guhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 kuri Niyoyandinze kuko yakoze icyaha akiri umwana n’igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu kuri Nkundimana. Nkundimana na Niyoyandinze baburanye bemera icyaha bagisabira imbabazi, bavuga ko bacuze uwo mugambi wo kwica nyina bamuhora amakimbirane ashingiye ku masambu bari bafitanye no kuba ntacyo yari abamariye, babisabira imbabazi. Urukiko mu rubanza RP/Min 00058/2023/TGI/RSZ rushingiye ku mvugo z’abaregwa bemera icyaha no ku z’abatangabuhamya, rwemeje ko bahamwa n’icyaha, ruhanisha Niyoyandinze igifungo cy’imyaka 10, naho Nkundimana ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 25. Nkundimana na Niyoyandinze bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, bavuga ko bicuza icyaha bakoze cyo kwica nyina ubabyara bagisabira imbabazi, basaba kugabanyirizwa igihano. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite. Urukiko mu rubanza RPA000227/2023/HC/RSZ rushingiye ku mirongo yatanzwe

n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, nko mu rubanza RPAA0006/2023/CA, rwemeje ko ibihano Niyoyandinze na Nkundimana bahanishijwe ku rwego rwa mbere bigabanyije kandi ko bikwiranye n’icyaha bakoze. rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa. Nkundimana yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire anenga urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, avuga ko rutamugabanyirije igihano kandi atarigeze arugora, kuko kuva mu ntangiriro yemeye icyaha agisabira imbabazi, asaba Urukiko rw’ubujurire kumugabanyiriza igihano kubera ko yemera icyaha, ko ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha, kandi nta mugambi wo kugikora yari afite, ahubwo ko yabitewe n’ubusinzi. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko igihano Nkundimana yahanishijwe kidakwiye kongera kugabanywa kuko cyagabanyijwe ku buryo buhagije, harebwe uburemere bw’icyaha akurikiranyweho. Busaba Urukiko kwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite.

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Urukiko mu rubanza RPAA01194/2024/CA rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Nkundimana nta shingiro bufite kuko atagaragaza icyo anenga ibyo Urukiko rwashingiyo rumuha igihano asaba ko cyongera kugabanywa usibye kuvuga gusa ko yakongera akagabanyirizwa igihano. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. mu gihe bitagaragara ko ubwo yakoraga icyaha, uregwa yari yasinze bitamuturutseho cyangwa yari yasinze bidaturutse ku bushake bwe, ntibyamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, yashingirwaho agabanyirizwa igihano yakatiwe.

2. Uwajuriye ntashobora kugaruka (gusubiramo) gusa ku ngingo ze yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi zitarahawe ishingiro, atagaragaza amakosa Urukiko rwabanje rwaba rwarakoze ruzitesha agaciro n’uko ayo makosa agomba gukosorwa 3. Urukiko ntirutegetswe kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha igihe cyose zigaragajwe, ngo rugabanyirize uregwa igihano, ahubwo ruzemeza mu bushishozi bwarwo, kandi rukaba rushobora kwanga kuzemeza nk’impamvu ngabanya gihano, rurebye imikorere y’icyaha uregwa akurikiranweho cyangwa uburyo cyakozwemo.

4. Iyo uregwa nta kindi anenga urubanza yajuririye, uretse kuvuga gusa ko atagabanyirijwe igihano bihagije, buri mucamanza ku rwego urwo arirwo rwose, yemerewe gutanga igihano mu bushishozi bwe kijyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha n’ingaruka zacyo (……), cyakora mu bujurire Umucamanza akaba agomba kuzirikana ko yemerewe gusa guhindura igihano cyatanzwe n’Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rubanza ari uko amaze kugaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwaba rwarakoresheje nabi Itegeko cyangwa ubushishozi bwarwo mu gutanga igihano. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko No 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 107 Imanza zifashishijwe: Urubanza RPAA0021/14/CS- RPA 0022/14/CS haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Uzabakiriho rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/10/2017, mu cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’Inkiko (2018} 4 RLR Urubanza RPAA 00312/2021/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbonabucya Donatien rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/7/2022, mu gika cyarwo cya 20. Urubanza RPA00060/2021/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nsabimana Callixte bakunze kwita Sankara na bagenzi be rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 4/4/2022, mu gika cya 252 na 254 Inyandiko z’abahanga: Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Droit pénal général zaïrois, Editions droit et société, Kinshasa, 1987, P.244. Urubanza.

I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 5/11/2023 saa yine z’ijoro (22h00), Nkundimana Joël, Niyoyandinze Eric na murumuna wabo Iratuzi Jean-Marie w’imyaka cumi n’itatu (13) y’amavuko bishe nyina Nyirangaruye Daphrose bamunigishije umugozi, bukeye babwira abaturanyi ko nyina yapfuye, ariko uwo murumuna wabo aza kuvuga ko nyina yishwe na bakuru be, batangira gukurikiranwa. [2] Iperereza rirangiye, Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Nkundimana Joël na Niyoyandinze Eric icyaha cy’ubwicanyi busaba ko cyabahama, bagahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 kuri Niyoyandinze Eric kuko yakoze icyaha akiri umwana afite imyaka 17 y’amavuko n’igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu

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kuri Nkundimana Joël, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 107 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. [3] Nkundimana Joël na Niyoyandinze Eric baburanye bemera icyaha bagisabira imbabazi, bavuga ko bacuze uwo mugambi wo kwica nyina bamuhora amakimbirane ashingiye ku masambu bari bafitanye no kuba ntacyo yari abamariye, babisabira imbabazi. [4] Mu rubanza RP/Min 00058/2023/TGI/RSZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi ku wa 30/10/2024, rushingiye ku mvugo z’abaregwa bemera icyaha no ku z’abatangabuhamya, rwemeje ko bahamwa n’icyaha, ruhanisha Niyoyandinze Eric igifungo cy’imyaka 10 kuko yakoze icyaha akiri umwana kandi acyemera, naho Nkundimana Joël ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 25. [5] Nkundimana Joël na Niyoyandinze Eric bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, bavuga ko bicuza icyaha bakoze cyo kwica nyina ubabyara bagisabira imbabazi, basaba kugabanyirizwa igihano. [6] Mu rubanza RPA000227/2023/HC/RSZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi ku wa 30/10/2024, rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza RPAA0006/2023/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, rwasobanuye ko Umucamanza agomba kuzirikana ko yemerewe gusa guhindura igihano cyatanzwe n’Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rubanza, ari uko amaze kugaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwaba rwarakoresheje nabi Itegeko mu itangwa ry’ibihano, ko kandi rusanga ibihano Niyoyandinze Eric na Nkundimana Joël

bahanishijwe ku rwego rwa mbere bigabanyije, ndetse bikwiranye n’icyaha bakoze, harebwe uburemere bwacyo, ko umuntu utinyuka kwica nyina umubyara, nta kindi kibi yatinya gukora, rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza RP/Min 00058/2023/TGI/RSZ bajuririye. [7] Ku wa 11/11/2024, Nkundimana Joël yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire anenga urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi avuga ko rutamugabanyirije igihano kandi atarigeze arugora, kuko kuva mu ntangiriro yemeye icyaha agisabira imbabazi, asaba uru Rukiko guca inkoni izamba rukamugabanyiriza igihano kubera ko yemera icyaha, ko ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha, ndetse nta mugambi wo kugikora yari afite, ahubwo ko yabitewe n’ubusinzi. [8] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko igihano Nkundimana Joël yahanishijwe kidakwiye kongera kugabanywa kuko cyagabanyijwe ku buryo buhagije, harebwe uburemere bw’icyaha n’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo n’ingaruka cyateje, ko busaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, kandi ko nta gihindutse ku rubanza yajuririye. [9] Urubanza rwahawe RPAA01194/2024/CA, ruburanishwa ku wa 11/11/2025, Nkundimana Joël yunganiwe na Me Ndwaniye Pierre Claver, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Bunyoye Grâce, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu. [10] Hashingiwe ku myanzuro n’imiburanire y’ababuranyi, ikibazo kizasuzumwa ni ukumenya niba Nkundimana Joël yagabanyirizwa igihano hashingiwe ku mpamvu

nyoroshyacyaha agaragaza. II. ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIRI MU RUBANZA kumenya niba Nkundimana Joël yagabanyirizwa igihano hashingiwe ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha agaragaza [11] Nkundimana Joël avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rutamugabanyirije igihano kandi atarigeze arugora, ko mu kumufatira icyemezo rwamuhanishije igihano nk’icy’umuntu utemera icyaha, kandi kuva yafatwa yaraburanye acyemera ku buryo budashidikanywaho, akicuza agisabira imbabazi, anarugaragariza ko yagikoze kubera ubusinzi, kandi ko amaze kumva ingaruka mbi zacyo. Asoza asaba uru Rukiko guca inkoni izamba rukamugabanyiriza igihano kubera ko yemera icyaha, akaba

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ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha, ndetse nta mugambi wo kugikora yari afite, ahubwo ko yabitewe n’ubusinzi, asaba kandi guhanwa hashingiwe ku Itegeko No 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu n’Itegeko No 59/2023 ryo ku wa 4/12/2023. [12] Me Ndwaniye Pierre Claver, wunganira Nkundimana Joël, asaba uru Rukiko gushingira ku ngingo ya 49 y’Itegeko No 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, rukamugabanyiriza igihano kuko akomeje gutakamba asaba imbabazi. [13] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko impamvu y’ubujurire ya Nkundimana Joël yo gusaba kugabanyirizwa igihano ari nayo yaburanishije mu Rukiko Rukuru, ko ariko rwasanze rutagomba kumugabanyiriza kubera uburemere bw’icyaha yahamijwe, ko ndetse ariwe wazanye igitekerezo kibi cyo kwica umubyeyi we, maze agishyira mu bikorwa afatanyije na bavandimwe be, aba ariwe ujya kugura ikiziriko cyo kumwica kandi ibyo byose biba mu bihe bitandukanye, ko rero harebwe uburyo yateguye icyaha akanagitoza abandi byakoranywe ubugomwe bukabije, ariyo mpamvu busaba ko hategekwa ko nta gihindutse ku rubanza yajuririye.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [14] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarakoze amakosa yo kutongera kugabanyiriza Nkundimana Joël igihano, nyamara yararugaragarije ko yemera icyaha, kandi ko yagikoze abitewe n’ubusinzi, ku buryo ubu izo mpamvu zakwemerwa zikanashingirwaho nk’impamvu ngabanyagihano. [15] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza RPA/Gén00001/2022/CA rwaciwe ku wa 14/2/2025, uwajuriye ntashobora kugaruka (gusubiramo) gusa ku ngingo ze yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi zitarahawe ishingiro, atagaragaza amakosa Urukiko rwabanje rwaba rwarakoze ruzitesha agaciro n’uko ayo makosa agomba gukosorwa. [16] Mu rubanza RPA00002/2019/CA rwaciwe ku wa 21/6/2019, hemejwe ko mu gihe bitagaragara ko ubwo yakoraga icyaha, uregwa yari yasinze bitamuturutseho cyangwa yari yasinze bidaturutse ku bushake bwe, bitamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha1, yashingirwaho agabanyirizwa igihano yakatiwe. [17] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza RPAA0021/14/CS-RPAA 0022/14/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/10/2017, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Uzabakiriho2, Urukiko ntirutegetswe kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha igihe cyose zigaragajwe, ngo rugabanyirize uregwa igihano, ahubwo ruzemeza mu bushishozi bwarwo, kandi rukaba rushobora kwanga kuzemeza nk’impamvu ngabanya gihano, rurebye imikorere y’icyaha uregwa akurikiranweho cyangwa uburyo cyakozwemo, uyu murongo ukaba waranagendeweho n’Urukiko

rw’Ubujurire ruca izindi manza zitandukanye nk’urubanza RPAA00312/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 29/7/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbonabucya Donatien3. [18] Nk’uko kandi byemejwe mu rubanza RPA00060/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 4/4/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nsabimana Callixte bakunze kwita Sankara na bagenzi be4 , iyo uregwa nta kindi anenga urubanza yajuririye, uretse kuvuga gusa ko atagabanyirijwe igihano bihagije,

1 ‘’ En cas d’ivresse involontaire, mais non complète, il y a lieu de retenir des circonstances atténuantes. ‘’…..que l’ivresse fautive ne profite pas au prévenu et que les infractions, même intentionnelles, puissent être retenues’’, NYABIRUNGU mwene SONGA, Droit pénal général zaïrois, Editions droit et société, Kinshasa, 1987, P.244. 2 Reba urubanza RPAA0021/14/CS- RPAA0022/14/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 13/10/2017, mu cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’Inkiko (2018} 4 RLR). 3 Reba urubanza nº RPAA 00312/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/7/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na MBONABUCYA Donatien, mu gika cyarwo cya 20. 4 Reba urubanza nº RPA 00060/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 4/4/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NSABIMANA Callixte na bagenzi be, mu gika cya 252 na 254.

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buri mucamanza ku rwego urwo arirwo rwose, yemerewe gutanga igihano mu bushishozi bwe kijyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha n’ingaruka zacyo (……), cyakora mu bujurire Umucamanza akaba agomba kuzirikana ko yemerewe gusa guhindura igihano cyatanzwe n’Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rubanza ari uko amaze kugaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwaba rwarakoresheje nabi Itegeko cyangwa ubushishozi bwarwo mu gutanga igihano. [19] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka cumi na kamwe (11) na ka cumi na kabiri (12) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwasobanuye ko ku rwego rwa mbere Nkundimana Joël yahawe igihano kigabanyije cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 25, aho guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu nk’uko giteganywa n’ingingo ya 107 y’Itegeko No 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ku cyaha cy’ubwicanyi yahamijwe, ko kandi icyo gihano yahawe gikwiranye n’icyo cyaha, ko ndetse nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza RPAA0006/2023/CA5, Umucamanza agomba kuzirikana ko yemerewe gusa guhindura igihano cyatanzwe n’Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rubanza, ari uko amaze kugaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwaba rwarakoresheje nabi Itegeko mu itangwa ry’ibihano, ko rero harebwe uburemere bw’icyaha yahamijwe igihano cyatanzwe gikwiriye, kuko umuntu utinyuka kwica nyina umubyara, nta kindi kibi yatinya gukora, rwemeza ko atagomba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano. [20] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko

bigaragara mu rubanza rujuririrwa, Nkundimana Joël yaburanaga nabwo asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano ashingiye ku kuba yaraburanye yemera icyaha kuva mu ntangiriro, Urukiko rukaba rwarasuzumye iyo mpamvu rwemeza ko adakwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano kubera ibisobanuro byagaragajwe mu gace kabanziriza aka. [21] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire bwa kabiri Nkundimana Joël agaruka ku miburanire yo gusaba kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko yemera icyaha, ariko ntacyo anenga ku bisobanuro n’igisubizo yahawe mbere, kandi itarahawe ishingiro, igihe hemezwaga ko adakwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano, ibyo kandi birebewe hamwe n’umurongo wagaragajwe haruguru, kuba atagaragaza amakosa Urukiko rwabanje rwaba rwarakoze rutesha agaciro iyo mpamvu ye n’uko ayo makosa agomba gukosorwa, byumvikanisha ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite. [22] Haseguriwe ibivuzwe haruguru kuba na none Nkundimana Joël aburanisha ko yishe umubyeyi we abitewe n’uko yari yasinze, n’ubwo ajurira bwa mbere bitigeze bigarukwaho, ariko birebewe hamwe n’uko icyaha cyagenze, ndetse n’umurongo wagarutsweho haruguru, kuba mbere yo gukora icyaha yaba yaritesheje ubwenge akanywa ibituma asinda, hakarebwa ibikorwa n’imyitwarire yagize mbere yo kugikora, agitegura, akajya kugura umugozi azicisha nyina, abishishikariza abavandimwe be kugeza bafatanyije kumwica nk’uko Ubushinjacyaha bwabyibukije mu miburanire yabwo,

byumvikanisha ko iyo mpamvu nta gaciro ikwiye guhabwa kandi idakwiye kumubera nyoroshyacyaha n’ituma agabanyirizwa igihano. [23] Hashingiwe rero ku zindi manza uru Rukiko rwaciye zatanze umurongo ku bijyanye no kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha no kuba zashingirwaho uregwa agabanyirizwa igihano, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta makosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwakoze mu gufata icyemezo cyo kutagabanyiriza Nkundimana Joël igihano kubera impamvu rwasobanuye, bityo ubujurire yatanze nta shingiro bufite, bivuze ko nta gihindutse ku rubanza yajuririye. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [24] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Nkundimana Joël nta shingiro bufite;

5 Reba urubanza RPA00060/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 4/4/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha, Nsabimana Callixte bakunze kwita Sankara na bagenzi be.

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[25] Rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza RPA00227/2023/HC/RSZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi ku wa 30/10/2024; [26] Rwemeje ko igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25) yahanishijwe kigumyeho; [27] Rutegetse ko amagarama y'urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta.