UBUSHINJACYAHA v MPOZAYO

UBUSHINJACYAHA v MPOZAYO

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-04-26 - Case/document no.: RP 00004/2022/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MPOZAYO [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU – RP 00004/2022/CA (Tugireyezu, P.J.) 26 Mata 2023] Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Ivuguruzanya ry’imanza – Kugira ngo byitwe ko imanza nshinjabyaha zivuguruzanya ku buryo irangizwa ryazo zidashobora kubangikanywa, ihame ngenderwaho mu kubyemeza rishingira ku kuba hari ivuguruzanya mu byemezo bibiri bitandukanye, byaba byafatiwe umuntu umwe cyangwa babiri, ku birebana no guhamya uregwa icyaha (condamnation) cyangwa mu kumugira umwere (acquittement) akaba ari naho hareberwa niba guhamwa n’icyaha (condamnation) kugaragara mu cyemezo kimwe ari ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko mu kindi cyemezo uregwa muri urwo rubanza ari umwere. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire nyuma yuko Mpozayo atanze ikirego asaba gukemura ivuguruzanya riri hagati y’imanza ebyiri zabaye itegeko: Urubanza RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 aho rwategetse ko Mpozayo arekurwa akanasubizwa ibintu bye byari byafatiriwe birimo laptop, nyuma yo kumugira umwere ku cyaha cyo gutunga intwaro mu buryo budakurikije amategeko no kutakira ikirego ku cyaha cyo gusebanya no gutukana bidakozwe mu ruhame yari akurikiranyweho. Ku rundi ruhande hari urubanza RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 rwategetse ko iyo laptop ye yavuzwe muri rwa rubanza rwa mbere ifatirwa nyuma yo kwemeza ko

Mpozayo ahamwa n’icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda no kumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 10. Ubushinjacyaha bwo buvuga ko nta vuguruzanya riri hagati y’urubanza RPA 1184/13/TB/KCY n’urubanza RPA 00084/2019/CA, kuko ibyo Mpozayo yaregwaga mu rubanza No RP 1184/13/TB/KCY ari icyaha cyo gusebanya no gutukana bidakozwe mu ruhame n’icyaha cyo gutunga intwaro mu buryo budakurikije amategeko akigirwaho umwere ariko mu gufatira laptop ye hagaragaramo ibimenyetso ku kindi cyaha yongera gukurikiranwa ku cyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda ari nacyo yakurikiranwagaho mu rubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA. Incamake y’icyemezo: Kugira ngo byitwe ko imanza nshinjabyaha zivuguruzanya ku buryo irangizwa ryazo zidashobora kubangikanywa ihame ngenderwaho mu kubyemeza rishingira ku kuba hari ivuguruzanya mu byemezo bibiri bitandukanye, byaba byafatiwe umuntu umwe cyangwa babiri, ku birebana no guhamya uregwa icyaha (condamnation) cyangwa mu kumugira umwere (acquittement) akaba ari naho hareberwa niba guhamwa n’icyaha (condamnation) kugaragara mu cyemezo kimwe ari ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko mu kindi cyemezo uregwa muri urwo rubanza ari umwere, bityo kuba Mpozayo atarigeze agaragaza ibimenyetso byerekana ko imanza RPA 1184/13/TB/KCY na RPA 00084/2019/CA zivuguruzanya ku birebana no guhamya icyaha uregwa (condamnation) cyangwa kumugira umwere (acquittement) ahubwo akavuga ko ibyemezo byombi bivuguruzanya gusa ku birebana na laptop yafatiriwe nyamara bitari mu bireberwaho mu gusuzuma niba imanza nshinjabyaha zivuguruzanya kuko ntaho bihurira n’ibirebana no guhamya icyaha uregwa (condamnation) cyangwa kumugira umwere, izo manza ntizujuje ibivugwa kuri iyi ngingo kugira ngo hemezwe ko imanza zombi zivuguruzanya.

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Ikirego nta shingiro gifite; Nta vuguruzanya ryabaye hagati y’urubanza RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2013 n’urubanza RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019.

Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ingingo ya 204. Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 679. Imanza zifashishijwe: Murekatete Immaculee & Naho David v Succession Gasharazi Jennifer, RS/SPEC/0002/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 14/07/2017. MININTCO® Ltd v. DRESOCECO Ltd & UNITEX Rwanda, RCOM 00001/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rw’ubujurire ku wa 03/07/2020. Inyandiko z’abahanga: Loic Cadiet et Emmanuel Jeuland, Droit judiciaire privé, 5e éd., Litec, Paris, 2006, p.543 Serge Guinchard, Droit et pratique de la procedure civile, 8e éd. Dalloz, Paris, 2014,p.1661 Bernard Bouloc, Haritini Matsopoulou, Droit pénal général et procédure pénale, 16e ed. 2006, p.394 Michel Franchimont, Manuel de procédure pénale, 4e ed. 2012, p.1359 Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] MPOZAYO Christophe yarezwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru aregwa icyaha cyo gutukana no gusebanya bidakorewe mu ruhame n’icyo gutunga intwaro bidakurikije amategeko, maze ku wa 31/03/2013, mu rubanza n° RP 1184/13/TB/KCY, Urukiko rwemeza ko agizwe umwere ku cyaha cyo gutunga imbunda binyuranyije n’amategeko, ko kandi icyo gutukana no gusebanya bidakorewe mu ruhame kitakiriwe, rutegeko ko ahita arekurwa urubanza rukimara gusomwa, rwemeza ko kandi asubizwa ibintu bye byari

byafatiriwe. [2] Ubushinjacyaha bwongeye kurega MPOZAYO Christophe mu Rukiko Rukuru buvuga ko MPOZAYO Christophe ari mu Murenge wa Kimironko, Akarere ka Gasabo, Umujyi wa Kigali, muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda na Arusha muri Tanzaniya, ari gatozi, tariki ya 24/09/2013, saa moya n’iminota makumyabiri n’itandatu (19h26) na tariki ya 2/11/2013, MPOZAYO Christophe yandikiranye na MUNYAMPETA Jean Damascène ku rubuga nkoranyambaga rwa Skype amagambo agamije guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda, ashaka kubyutsa

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imidugararo muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda, buvuga ko ibyo bikorwa bigize icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda. [3] Muri urwo rubanza, MPOZAYO Christophe yatanze inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha, avuga ko ibikorwa akurikiranyweho yabiburanishijweho mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru, ko adakwiye kubikurikiranwaho kabiri, Urukiko Rukuru ruca urubanza rubanziriza urundi ku wa 18/2/2015, rwemeza ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite, ko urubanza ruzakomeza kuburanishwa mu mizi. [4] Mu rubanza nᵒ RP 0017/14/HC/KIG rwaciwe ku wa 08/04/2015, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko MPOZAYO Christophe ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwamamaza nkana ibihuha bigamije kwangisha rubanda ubutegetsi buriho no kugerageza guteza intugunda muri rubanda, ashaka kubyutsa imidugararo, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka icumi (10), runategeka ko mudasobwa ye yafatiriwe inyagwa. [5] MPOZAYO Christophe yajuririye imikirize y’urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ‘’Chrimp70’’ ari MPOZAYO Christophe, runemeza ko ubutumwa buri mu kiganiro aregwa, ari ukuri nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kibonetse, kandi ahubwo buteye ugushidikanya gukomeye ku buryo butagirirwa icyizere. Yavuze ko Urukiko rwemeje ko ikiganiro cya ‘’Chrimp70’’ cyakorewe kuri ‘’Skype’’ cyashyizwe mu maso ya rubanda nyamara atari ko byagenze, ko rwanemeje ko igenzura ryakorewe kuri ‘’Skype’’ ryakurikije

amategeko kandi rwari rwavuze ko nta ruhushya abakurikiranye ubwo butumwa bari bafite bwo gukurikirana ‘’Skype’’. [6] Mu bujurire bwe kandi, MPOZAYO Christophe yavugaga na none ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaremeje ko amagambo avugwa mu kiganiro hagati ya ‘’Chrimp70’’ na MUNYAMPETA Jean Damascène ahuye n’ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 463 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, atari ko bimeze kuko nta kigaragaza ko yabwiwe abantu benshi, ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ubuhamya bwa RWANYONGA SUDI bugaragaza ko ikiganiro cyabaye kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko laptop ya MPOZAYO Christophe ariyo yakoreshejwe icyaha ntaho rubishingiye. [7] Nyuma y’ivugururwa ry’urwego rw’Ubucamanza, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 105 y’Itegeko n° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 2/6/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ubujurire bwa MPOZAYO Christophe bwoherejwe mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire maze urubanza ruhabwa n° RPA 00084/2018/CA. [8] Mu rubanza n° RPA 00084/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019, Urukiko rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa MPOZAYO Christophe nta shingiro bufite, rwemeza ko icyaha kimuhama ari icyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda, rwemeza kandi ko urubanza nᵒ RP 0017/14/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 8/4/2015, rujuririrwa, rudahindutse ku birebana n’igihano yakatiwe n’Urukiko Rukuru. [9] Ku wa 10/05/2022, MPOZAYO Christophe yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire arusaba gukemura ivuguruzanya riri hagati y’imanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019.

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[10] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko nta vuguruzanya riri hagati y’urubanza no RPA 1184/13/TB/KCY na no RPA 00084/2019/CA, kuko ibyo MPOZAYO Christophe yaregwaga mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY ari icyaha cyo gusebanya no gutukana bidakozwe mu ruhame n’icyaha cyo gutunga intwaro mu buryo budakurikije amategeko akigirwaho umwere ariko mu gufatira laptop ye hagaragaramo ibimenyetso ku kindi cyaha yongera gukurikiranwa ku cyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda ari nacyo yakurikiranwagaho mu rubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA. [11] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 06/04/2023 MPOZAYO Christophe, ahagarariwe na Me BIRARO Fischer naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na UWANZIGA Lydia, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu. Ababuranyi bamenyeshwa ko urubanza ruzacibwa ku wa 21/04/2023, ariko uwo munsi ugeze urubanza ntirwasomwa kuko wahuye n’umunsi w’ikiruhuko, ababuranyi bamenyeshwa ko ruzasomwa ku wa 26/04/2023. II. IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYACYO  Kumenya niba hari ukuvuguruzanya hagati y’imanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 n’ingaruka byagira. A. Imiburanire ya MPOZAYO Christophe [12] MPOZAYO Christophe avuga ko urubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA

00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 zivuguruzanya. MPOZAYO Christophe asobanura ko urubanza n° RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2013 rwemeje ko agizwe umwere ku cyaha cyo gutunga imbunda binyuranyije n’amategeko, ko kandi icyo gutukana no gusebanya bidakorewe mu ruhame kitakiriwe, rutegeko ko ahita arekurwa urubanza rukimara gusomwa, rwemeza ko kandi asubizwa ibintu bye byari byafatiriwe birimo Laptop probook 4535S n’impapuro z’inzira ariko ko icyo cyemezo kitajuririwe cyangwa ngo cyubahirizwe ahubwo ko nyuma yaho Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze ikindi kirego ari nayo nkomoko y’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 aho rwamuhanishije igifungo cy’imyaka 10 runategeka ko Laptop yafatiriwe inyagwa, ko rero byumvikana ko kuba Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwarategetse ko asubizwa Laptop yafatiriwe urubanza rukimara gusomwa naho Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rugategeka ko iyo Laptop ifatirwa bigaragaza ko izi manza zivuguruzanya kubera ko zafashe ibyemezo bitandukanye kandi zose zabaye itegeko ndetse zitajuririwe. [13] MPOZAYO Christophe avuga kandi ko inyagwa ry’iyo Laptop ritakurikije amategeko kuko n’ubwo ryategetswe mu rubanza nᵒ RP 0017/14/HC/KIG rwaciwe ku wa 08/04/2015 ariko ko atari bwo yafatiriwe ahubwo yari yarafatiriwe mu rubanza n° RP 1184/13/TB/KCY na cyane ko no mu nyandiko n° RONPJ 1331/14/HC/KGL/ML/MEN itanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru igaragaza ko nta cyafatiriwe. [14] Asaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko izo manza zombi zivuguruzanya rugategeka urugomba kurangizwa muri zombi, ariko akaba yifuza ko hagumaho urubanza n° RP 1184/13/TB/KCY

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rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2013 naho urubanza n° RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019, rugakurwaho. [15] Me BIRARO Fischer umwunganira avuga ko hashingiwe ku byemejwe mu rubanza n° RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014, aho rwemeje ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kitakiriwe runemeza ko ibyari byafatiriwe bya MPOZAYO Christophe byose abisubizwa kandi rukaba rwari rwabaye itegeko, ariko ibyo bikaba bitarakozwe kuko MPOZAYO Christophe, agisohoka aho yari afungiwe yahise afatwa hakoreshejwe Mandat d’amener yakozwe na Procureur en chef au niveau de grande instance de Gasabo akurikiranyweho icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda, bigaragaza ko habaye ivuguruzanya hagati y’urubanza n° RP1184/13/TB/KCY na n° RP 0017/14/HC/KIG- RPA00084/2018/CA, bityo ko ibyakozwe binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 107 y’Itegeko no 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, asaba ko izo mpaka zakemurwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire hashingiwe ku rubanza n° RC 00008/2017/SC. [16] Mu gusoza, Me BIRARO Fischer asaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko urubanza n° RPA 00084/2018/CA rwategetse inyagwa rya Laptop ya MPOZAYO Christophe mu rwego rwa nyuma rukurwaho kuko rwavuguruje mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko urubanza n° RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwo rwategetse ko iyo Laptop isubizwa MPOZAYO

Christophe urubanza rukimara gusomwa. B. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [17] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko nta vuguruzanya riri hagati y’urubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY na no RPA 00084/2019/CA, kuko ibyo MPOZAYO Christophe yaregwaga mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY ari icyaha cyo gusebanya no gutukana bidakozwe mu ruhame n’icyaha cyo gutunga intwaro mu buryo budakurikije amategeko akigirwaho umwere ariko mu gufatira Laptop ye hagaragaramo ibimenyetso ku kindi cyaha yongera gukurikiranwa ku cyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda ari nacyo yakurikiranwagaho mu rubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA. Akomeza asobanura ko kuri icyo cyaha Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhanishije igihano cy’imyaka 10 y’igifungo rutegeka ko Laptop inyangwa kubera ko yifashishijwe mu gukora icyaha yahamijwe. Ajuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwemeza ko icyaha n’igihano bidahindutse, ndetse ko Laptop ikomeza kunyagwa. [18] Asobanura kandi ko hashingiwe kuri Principe ya Norm of Hierarchy, Inkiko zikuriye (HC na CA) Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru kuba zafata icyemezo gishingiye ku cyaha kitari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ibanze ndetse hagashingirwa no ku nkurikizi (CONSEQUENCES DUES A LA PEINE ENCOURUE) zijyanye n’uburemere n’ubugome bw’icyaha yahamijwe, nta kuvuguruzanya kurimo.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [19] Urukiko rurasanga n’ubwo amategeko y’u Rwanda adasobanura imiterere y’imanza zivuguruzanya, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, mu rubanza no RS/SPEC/0002/13/CS rwaciwe ku wa 14/07/2017, rwarasobanuye ko habaho ivuguruzanya ry’imanza, iyo ibyemezo byazifashwemo

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bidasubirwaho kandi bidashobora kubangikana1. Uyu murongo kandi niwo wemezwa n’abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko imanza zivuguruzanya ari imanza zitagishoboye gukurwaho cyangwa guhindurwa hakoreshejwe inzira zisanzwe z’ubujurire2 kandi ibyemezo byafashwe bikaba bidashobora kurangizwa icyarimwe hatabayeho urubanza rukemura ikibazo cy’uko kuvuguruzanya (décisions inconciliables)3. [20] Ikibazo cy’ivuguruzanya ry’imanza, cyatanzweho kandi umurongo mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire mu rubanza no RCOM 00001/2016/CA rwaciwe ku wa 03/07/20204, aho rwasobanuye ko ikirego kigamije gusaba gukemura ivuguruzanya hagati y’imanza, ku munsi cyaregewe, kigomba kuba cyujuje icyarimwe ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi aribyo: a) Kuba imanza bivugwa ko zivuguruzanya zarabaye ndakuka kabone n’ubwo zaba zitaraciwe n’Urukiko rumwe cyangwa n’inkiko ziri ku rwego rumwe5; b) Kuba izo manza zaraciwe ku kiburanwa gifite kamere imwe cyangwa ku kibazo kimwe cy’ibyabaye cyangwa icy’amategeko (même question de fait ou de droit); c) Kuba umwanzuro wafashwe mu rubanza rumwe uhabanye n’uwafashwe mu rundi rubanza ku buryo bigaragarira buri wese ko ibyemezo byombi bidashobora kurangizwa hatabayeho gukemura iryo vuguruzanya riri hagati yabyo (décisions inconciliables)6. [21] Abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko, ku birebana n’imanza nshinjabyaha, bivugwa ko ibyemezo by’inkiko bivuguruzanya mu manza ebyiri ku buryo zidashobora kubangikanywa

mu irangizwa ryabyo (décisions inconciliables)7 iyo uregwa yahamijwe icyaha gikomeye cyangwa icy’ubugome nyuma hakaza kuboneka urundi rubanza ruregwamo undi wahamijwe icyo cyaha hashingiwe ku byabaye bimwe (même faits) nyamara harebwe ibyo byemezo byafashwe bikagaragaza ko iryo vuguruzanya ari ikimenyetso cyemeza ko umwe muri abo baregwa ari umwere8. Batanga urugero rw’aho abantu babiri bahamijwe icyaha kidashobora gukorwa n’abantu

1 Reba Urubanza RS/SPEC/0002/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 14/07/2017 hagati ya MUREKATETE Immaculee na NAHO David n’abazungura ba GASHARAZI Jennifer, igika cya 22. 2 La contrariété de jugements peut etre invoquée lorsque deux décisions sont inconciliables sans qu’aucune d’elles ne soit susceptible d’un recours ordinaire qui permettrait de résoudre la contradiction. Loic Cadiet et Emmanuel Jeuland, Droit judiciaire privé, 5e éd., Litec,Paris, 2006, p.543 3 Pour invoquer la contrariété de deux jugements, il faut et il suffit que que deux décisions soient inconciliables entre elles, c’est –à-dire que l’éxécution simultanée de ces deux décisions soit impossible et qu’aucune d’elles ne soit susceptible d’un recours ordinaire. Serge Guinchard, Droit et pratique de la procedure civile, 8e éd.Dalloz, Paris, 2014,p.1661 4 Urubanza n° RCOM 00001/2019/CA haburana MININTCO® Ltd na DRESOCECO Ltd na UNITEX Rwanda Ltd rwaciwe ku wa 03/07/2020. 5 Loic Cadiet et Emmanuel Jeuland, Idem. 6 Serge Guinchard, Idem. 7 Contrariété de jugements: par exemple, deux personnes ayant été condamnées pour la même infraction qui n’a cependant pu être commise que par une seule : l’une des deux est innocente (art. 622-2 Code de procedure pénale français). 8 Après une condamnation pour crime ou délit, un nouvel arrêt ou jugement à condamné pour le même fait un autre accusé ou prévenu et que, les deux condamnations ne pouvant se concilier, leur contradiction est la preuve de l’innocence de l’un ou de l’autre condamné, Code de procédure pénale, 50e éd. Dalloz, Paris, 2009, mb p.970

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babiri icyarimwe aho bivugwa ko umwe muri bo aba agomba kuba umwere9 nko kuba ibyemezo bibiri bitandukanye byahamya abaregwa babiri icyaha cyo gukomeretsa umuntu umwe arashwe rimwe10. [22] Ibyo bikaba byumvikanisha ko ihame ngenderwaho mu kwemeza ko imanza nshinjabyaha zivuguruzanya ku buryo havugwa ko irangizwa ryazo ridashobora kubangikanywa, rishingira ku kuba hari ivuguruzanya mu byemezo bibiri bitandukanye, byaba byafatiwe umuntu umwe cyangwa abantu babiri, ku birebana no guhamya uregwa icyaha (condamnation) cyangwa mu kumugira umwere (acquittement) akaba ari naho hareberwa niba guhamwa n’icyaha (condamnation) kugaragara mu cyemezo kimwe ari ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko mu kindi cyemezo uregwa muri urwo rubanza ari umwere. [23] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 MPOZAYO Christophe yari akurikiranyweho ibyaha bibiri aribyo: icyaha cyo gutunga imbunda binyuranyije n’amategeko n’icyaha cyo gusebanya bidakorewe mu ruhame. Naho mu rubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 MPOZAYO Christophe akaba yari akurikiranyweho icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda. [24] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko MPOZAYO Christophe yakurikiranweho icyaha cyo gusebanya bidakorewe mu ruhame hashingiwe ku magambo yandikiranye na MUNYAMPETA Jean Damascène ku rubuga

nkoranyambaga rwa Skype cyaburanishijwe gusa mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014. Igaragaza kandi ko amwe muri ayo magambo yandikiranye na MUNYAMPETA Jean Damascène ku rubuga nkoranyambaga rwa Skype ariyo yashingiweho akurikiranwaho icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda yahamijwe n’Urukiko rw’ Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019. [25] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza na none ko mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014, Urukiko rwemeje ko MPOZAYO Christophe agizwe umwere ku cyaha cyo gutunga imbunda binyuranyije n’amategeko, ko kandi icyo gutukana no gusebanya bidakorewe mu ruhame kitakiriwe, rutegeko ko ahita arekurwa urubanza rukimara gusomwa, rwemeza ko kandi asubizwa ibintu bye byari byafatiriwe. Naho mu rubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 Urukiko rwemeje ko MPOZAYO Christophe ahamwa n’icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda, rwemeje kandi ko urubanza nᵒ RP 0017/14/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 08/04/2015, rujuririrwa, rudahindutse ku birebana n’igihano yakatiwe n’Urukiko Rukuru11. [26] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko urubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko

9 Deux personnes ayant été condamnés pour la même infraction qui n’a cependant pu être commise que par une seule: l’une deux est innocente, Droit pénal général et procédure pénale, Bernard Bouloc, Haritini Matsopoulou, 16e ed. 2006, p.394 10 Deux decisions condamnent deux individus comme auteurs de blessures causées par un coup de feu unique, Michel Franchimont, Manuel de procédure pénale, 4e ed. 2012, p.1359 11 Twibutse ko mu Rukiko Rukuru, hari hemejwe ko MPOZAYO Christophe ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwamamaza nkana ibihuha bigamije kwangisha rubanda ubutegetsi buriho no kugerageza guteza intugunda muri rubanda, ashaka kubyutsa imidugararo, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka icumi (10), runategeka ko mudasobwa ye yafatiriwe inyagwa

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rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 nta yindi nzira z’ubujurire zisanzwe zishigaje ndetse nta kigaragaza ko izo manza zakuweho cyangwa zihinduwe n’ibindi byemezo byafashwe n’inkiko. [27] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko mu biburanire ye muri uru Rukiko, MPOZAYO Christophe adafite ikibazo ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gutunga imbunda binyuranyije n’amategeko kuko cyo cyaburanishijwe gusa mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014, ko iby’uko hari ivuguruzanya abibona ku cyaha cyo gusebanya bidakorewe mu ruhame yarezwe mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru hamwe n’icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda yahamijwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. [28] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu kugaragaza ko haba harabayeho ivuguruzanya hagati y’imanza ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi hagomba kurebwa niba izo manza zujuje icyarimwe cyangwa mu buryo bw’impurirane (de façon cumulative) ibigenderwaho mu kugereranya imanza zivuguruzanya aribyo: a) Kuba izo manza zivugwa ko zigereranywa zarabaye ntakuka zombi, b) kuba zaraciwe ku kiburanwa gifite kamere imwe no ku kibazo kimwe cy’ibyabaye cyangwa icy’amategeko (même question de fait ou de droit), c) Kuba umwanzuro wazifashwemo uvuguruzanya ku buryo bigaragarira buri wese ko ibyemezo byombi bidashobora kurangizwa hatabayeho gukemura iryo vuguruzanya riri hagati yabyo (décisions inconciliables). [29] Urukiko

rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi kuba ibyo bigenderwaho bigomba kuba byuzuye mu buryo bw’impurirane (de façon cumulative) kugira ngo hemezwe ko imanza zivuguruzanya, bivuze ko iyo hari imwe mu mpamvu zigenderwaho (condition requise) itagaragara muri ibyo bigenderwaho, hemezwa nta shiti ko izo manza zitavuguruzanya. [30] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, hakaba hagiye gusuzumwa mu bikaba bikurikira niba urubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 zivuguruzanya harebwe ibigenderwaho mu kugereranya imanza zivuguruzanya byagaragajwe haruguru. a) Kumenya niba izo manza zombi zivugwa, zarabaye ndakuka [31] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga urubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 zarabaye ndakuka kuko zitagishoboye kujuririrwa mu nzira zisanzwe kandi hakaba nta cyemezo cyagaragarijwe urukiko cyemeza ko zakuweho cyangwa ibyemezo byazifatiwemo byahinduwe. b) Kumenya niba izo manza zombi zaraciwe ku kiburanwa gifite kamere imwe no ku kibazo kimwe cy’ibyabaye cyangwa icy’amategeko (même question de fait ou de droit) [32] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga harebwe ibyaburanwaga muri izo manza zombi, bigaragara ko izo manza zombi zitaciwe ku kiburanwa gifite kamere imwe no ku kibazo kimwe

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cy’ibyabaye cyangwa icy’amategeko (même question de fait ou de droit) kubera ko mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 MPOZAYO Christophe yari akurikiranyweho ibyaha bibiri aribyo: icyaha cyo gutunga imbunda binyuranyije n’amategeko cyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 679 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryakoreshwaga ubwo icyaha cyakorwaga n’icyaha cyo gusebanya bidakorewe mu ruhame cyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 290 y’iryo Tegeko Ngenga. Naho mu rubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 MPOZAYO Christophe akaba yari akurikiranyweho icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo muri rubanda cyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 46312 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryakoreshwaga ubwo icyaha cyakorwaga, bikaba rero bigaragara ko izo manza zombi zidafite kamere imwe kuko n’ibyaha MPOZAYO Christophe yari akurikiranyweho bitandukanye bikaba byumvikana rero ko n’ibyaburanwaga muri izo manza zombi atari bimwe kandi bikaba nta n’aho bihuriye. [33] Ibyo kuba ibyaburanwaga muri izo manza zombi atari bimwe kandi, bishimangirwa no kuba ibikorwa bikubiye mu magambo MPOZAYO Christophe yandikiranye na MUNYAMPETA Jean Damascène ku rubuga nkoranyambaga rwa Skype bigize icyaha cyo guteza imvururu cyangwa imidugararo

muri rubanda MPOZAYO Christophe yahamijwe mu rubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 atarabiburanyeho mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 kuko muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru rwanze gusuzuma mu mizi icyaha cyo gusebanya no gutuka Umukuru w’igihugu bidakorewe mu ruhame, ahubwo rwemeze ko ikirego kuri icyo cyaha kitakiriwe rutanarebye niba MPOZAYO Christophe ahamwa n’icyo cyaha, cyangwa se ari umwere runavuga ko nta mpamvu yo gusuzuma ibimenyetso byari byatanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha. Ibyo bikaba byumvikanisha ko uretse no kuba ibyaburanwaga atari ibyaha bimwe ndetse bitanateganywa n’ingingo zimwe z’amategeko, ibikorwa bigize icyaha bikubiye mu magambo MPOZAYO Christophe yandikiranye na MUNYAMPETA Jean Damascène ku rubuga nkoranyambaga rwa Skype Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwaburanishijeho Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru rwo rutabisuzumye, bityo ibyaburanweho ntibyaba bimwe mu gihe mu rubanza rumwe ikirego cyitakiriwe hashingiwe kuri procedure itarubahirijwe naho ahandi ikirego kikakirwa hakanasuzumwa ibimenyetso mu mizi y’urubanza. [34] Mu kugaragaza ko haba harabayeho ivuguruzanya hagati y’imanza ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi hagomba kurebwa niba izo manza zujuje icyarimwe cyangwa mu buryo bw’impurirane (cumulative) ibigenderwaho mu kugereranya imanza bivugwa ko zivuguruzanya nk’uko byasobanuwe

haruguru mu rubanza no RCOM 00001/2016/CA rwaciwe rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 03/07/2020. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe muri urwo rubanza, iyo hari imwe mu mpamvu zigenderwaho (condition requise) itagaragara muri ibyo bigenderwaho mu kugereranya imanza zivugwa ko zivuguruzanya, hagomba kwemezwa nta shiti ko izo manza zitavuguruzanya naho mu gihe Urukiko rusanze hari impamvu imwe iburamo hagomba kwemezwa ko atari ngombwa ko rwirirwa rufata umwanya ngo rukomeze gusuzuma niba izindi mpamvu zo zuzuye. Bityo nk’uko bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, kuba bigaragara ko mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku

12 Iyi ngingo niyo yahindutse ingingo ya 204 mu Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange.

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wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 zitaciwe ku kiburanwa gifite kamere imwe no ku kibazo kimwe cy’ibyabaye cyangwa icy’amategeko (même question de fait ou de droit) nk’imwe mu mpamvu isabwa kugira ngo hemezwe ko imanza zivuruzanya, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ubundi bitari ngombwa kwirirwa rrukomeza gusuzuma ingingo ya gatatu irebana no kumenya niba ibyemezo byafashwe mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA bivuguruzanya ku buryo bidashoboka kurangizwa bibangikanye kuko byagaragaye ko mu mpamvu zigenderwaho hari imwe itarimo. [35] N’ubwo bitari ngombwa kwirirwa rukomeza gusuzuma impamvu isigaye mu zigenderwaho mu kwemeza ko imanza zivuguruzanya, igihe byamaze kugaragara ko ko hari impamvu imwe yasuzumwe bikagaragara ko idahuye n’ibigenderwaho mu gusuzuma ivuguruzanya ry’imanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, ari byiza ko rukomeza iryo sesengura, kubera ko ari ikibazo gishya cy’ivuguruzanya ry’imanza mu manza nshinjabyaha kigaragaye bwa mbere mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, akaba ari umwanya mwiza (opportunity) wo kwerekana niba ibyemezo byafashwe mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA bivuguruzanya ku buryo irangizwa ryabyo ridashobora kubangikanywa cyangwa se

bidashobora kurangizwa hatabayeho gukemura iryo vuguruzanya, hakurikijwe ikibazo cyazamuwe na MPOZAYO Christophe n’umwunganira, aho berekanye ko mu rubanza rumwe (no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY) hategetswe ko asubizwa ibyafatiriwe mu gihe mu rundi rubanza (no RPA 00084/2019/CA) hemejwe ko Laptop yari mu byafatiriwe inyagwa. c) Kumenya niba izo manza zivuguruzanya ku buryo irangizwa ryazo ridashobora kubangikanywa cyangwa se zidashobora kurangizwa hatabayeho gukemura iryo vuguruzanya [36] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru kugira ngo byitwe ko imanza nshinjabyaha zivuguruzanya ku buryo irangizwa ryazo zidashobora ku bangikanywa ihame ngenderwaho mu kwemeza ko imanza nshinjabyaha zivuguruzanya ku buryo havugwa ko irangizwa ryazo ridashobora kubangikanywa, rishingira ku kuba hari ivuguruzanya mu byemezo bibiri bitandukanye, byaba byafatiwe umuntu umwe cyangwa abantu babiri, ku birebana no guhamya uregwa icyaha (condamnation) cyangwa mu kumugira umwere (acquittement) akaba ari naho hareberwa niba guhamwa n’icyaha (condamnation) kugaragara mu cyemezo kimwe ari ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko mu kindi cyemezo uregwa muri urwo rubanza ari umwere, bikaba byumvikana ko rero no kugira ngo imyanzuro yafashwe mu rubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2014 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA byitwe ko yaba ivuguruzanya ku buryo irangizwa ryazo

ridashoboka zibangikanye hagomba kugaragazwa niba zivuguruzanya ku birebana no guhamya MPOZAYO Christophe icyaha (condamnation) cyangwa mu kumugira umwere. Urukiko rurasanga ariko MPOZAYO Christophe n’umwunganira batarigeze bagaragaza ibimenyetso byemeza ko ibyo byemezo byombi bivuguruzanya ku birebana no guhamya MPOZAYO Christophe icyaha (condamnation) cyangwa mu kumugira umwere ahubwo bivugira gusa ko ibyemezo byombi bivuguruzanya ku birebana n’ibyafatiriwe byakoreshejwe mu gukora icyaha, nyamara bitari mu bireberwaho ko ibyemezo bidashobora kurangizwa bibangikanye kuko ntaho bihuriye n’ibirebana no guhamya uregwa icyaha (condamnation) cyangwa mu kumugira umwere.

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[37] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na MPOZAYO Christophe n’umwunganira ko ibyemezo bibiri by’imanza nshinjabyaha bivuguruzanya bashingiye ku kuba mu rubanza rumwe (no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY) haremejwe ko asubizwa ibyafatiriwe nyamara mu rundi rubanza (no RPA 00084/2019/CA) haremejwe ko Laptop yari mu byafatiriwe inyagwa, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru bitafatwa nk’aho izo manza nshinjabyaha zombi zivuguruzanya ku buryo irangizwa ryabyo ritashoboka zibangikanye kuko kuba ibyafatiriwe byasubizwa uregwa cyangwa se byanyagwa ari icyemezo urukiko rufata rushingiye kubyo rumaze kugaragaza, rwasanga ibyafatiriwe ari ibikoresho byifashishijwe hakorwa icyaha bikanyagwa cyangwa se rwasanga ntaho ibyo bikoresho bihuriye n’icyaha uregwa yahamijwe bigasubizwa nyirabyo. Byumvikanisha rero ko ibyafatiriwe ntaho bihuriye n’ibirebana no guhamya uregwa icyaha (condamnation) cyangwa mu kumugira umwere, bityo bikaba bitagenderwaho harebwa niba ibyemezo mu manza nshinjabyaha bivuguruzanya ku buryo bitarangizwa bibangikanye. Bivuze ko umuburanyi uvuga ko ibyemezo byafashwe mu manza nshinjabyaha bivuguruzanya ashingiye ku kuba bitarangizwa bibangikanye agomba kugaragaza mu buryo budashidikanywaho ko ibyo byemezo byombi bivuguruzanya ku birebana no guhamya icyaha uregwa (condamnation) cyangwa kumugira umwere. Kuba rero imanza ebyiri zikubiyemo ibyemezo bitandukanye ku birebana

n’ibikoresho byifashishijwe mu ikorwa ry’icyaha byafatiriwe bikaba bitafatwa nk’ivuguruzanya muri ibyo byemezo by’imanza nshinjabyaha byombi. [38] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na MPOZAYO Christophe n’umwunganira ko bifuza ko hagumaho urubanza n° RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2013 naho urubanza n° RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 rukavanwaho, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi miburanire nta shingiro ifite kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru nta vuguruzanya hagati y’izo manza kwabayeho. Mu gihe nta vuguruzanya ryabaye hagati y’imanza zaregerwaga kuvuguruzanya nta rubanza ruvanwaho kuko kuvanwaho k’urubanza rumwe mu zaregerwaga ivuguruzanya aba ari ingaruka y’uko rumwe rwaba ruvuguruza urundi, bityo iyo nta vuguruzanya ryagaragajwe hagati y’izo manza zombi, ntaho urukiko rwahera rutegeka ko rumwe muri zo ruvanwaho. [39] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bivuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga urubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2013 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019 zavuzwe haruguru zitavuguruzanya kubera ko zitaciwe ku kiburanwa gihuje kamere, ikindi kandi zikaba zitujuje ibiteganywa kugira ngo hemezwa ko ibyemezo byafashwe mu manza nshinjabyaha bidashobora kubangikana mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryabyo (décisions inconciliables). III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [40] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya MPOZAYO Christophe nta shingiro gifite; [41] Rwemeje ko nta vuguruzanya ryabaye hagati y’urubanza no RP 1184/13/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru ku wa 31/03/2013 n’urubanza no RPA 00084/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2019; [42] Ruvuze ko amagarama yatanzwe ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.