MURENGERANTWARI v. AKARERE KA RUHANGO

# MURENGERANTWARI v. AKARERE KA RUHANGO

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2022-02-15 - Case/document no.: RS/SCP/RCOM 00625/2021/TC - Collection: Commercial Court

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MURENGERANTWARI v. AKARERE KA RUHANGO [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUCURUZI – RS/SCP/RCOM 00625/2021/TC (Rwigema, P.J.) 15 Gashyantare 2022] Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ikigero cyo kugaragaza ibimenyetso n’urega kigomba kwerekana ko ibyo aregera byabaye kurusha uko bishobora kuba bitarabayeho. Incamake y’ikibazo: Murengerantwari yagiranye amasezerano n’ishuri ryisumbuye rya ES Mukingi (ESM) arigemurira ibiribwa bifite agaciro ka 3,433,000Frw ntiryabasha kumwishyura ayo mafaranga yose rimusigaramo 2,933,000 Frw, bituma atanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’ubucuruzi arusaba gutegeka Akarere ka Ruhango kumwishyura uwo mwenda, inyungu zawo, indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’ibihembo cya Avoka. Akarere ka Ruhango kiregura kavugako umwenda urega aregera nta bimenyetso biwugaragaza bityo ko ntacyo kashingiraho kamwishyura; kubw’ibyo ikirego cye kikaba kitahabwa ishingiro. Incamake y’icyemezo: Ikigero cyo kugaragaza ibimenyetso n’urega kigomba kwerekana ko ibyo aregera byabaye kurusha uko bishobora kuba bitarabayeho. Ikirego gifite ishingiro. Amategeko yifashishijwe: y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo , ingingo ya 3 n’iy’108. Imanza zifashishijwe: Urubanza RCOMA 0156/11/CS; SOCOGEDI SA vs BRALIRWA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 7 Ukuboza 2012, Urubanza RPA 0489/11/HC/NYA; Ubushinjacyaha vs Mukamugema Marie Therese na Ngirinshuti Anastase rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru urugereko rwa Nyanza kuwa 30/11/2012, Urubanza RAD 0012/12/TGI/MHG; Akarere ka Ruhango vs Munyakayanza Joseph rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga kuwa 16/11/2012. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène avuga ko yagiranye amasezerano n’ishuri ryisumbuye rya ES Mukingi (ESM) arigemurira ibiribwa bifite agaciro ka 3,433,000Frw, iryo shuri ry’Akarere ka Ruhango rimusigaramo 2,933,000 Frw, bityo agasaba urukiko gutegeka ako

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karere kumwishyura uwo mwenda, inyungu zawo, indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’ibihembo cya Avoka. [2] Akarere ka Ruhango kavuga ko umwenda Murengerantwari aregera nta bimenyetso biwugaragaza, bityo ko ikirego cye shingiro kidafite ishingiro, kagasaba urukiko kumutegeka kugaha indishyi zo kugashora mu manza. [3] Muri uru rubanza, urukiko rurasuzuma: - Niba hari umwenda Murengerantwari aberewemo; - Inyungu z’umwenda - Indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka. II. ISESENGURA RY’URUBANZA Gusuzuma niba hari umwenda Murengerantwari aberewemo 

[4] Me. Mukansanga Marguerite uburanira Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène avuga ko uyu yagiranye amasezerano mu magambo n’ishuri ryisumbuye rya ES Mukingi (ESM) arigemurira ibiribwa bifite agaciro ka 3,433,000Frw, iryo shuri ry’Akarere ka Ruhango rimusigaramo 2,933,000Frw, bityo ashingiye ku ngingo ya 43 y’itegeko rigenga amasezerano, agasaba urukiko gutegeka ako karere kumwishyura uwo mwenda kamubereyemo. [5] Me. Kanimba Nadia Bell uburanira Akarere ka Ruhango avuga ko umwenda Murengerantwari aregera nta bimenyetso biwugaragaza, “bon de commande” yatanze ikaba nta biciro biyiriho, inyandiko yo kuwa 14/1/2009 ashingiraho ikaba nta “signature” iriho ndetse ko nta kigaragaza ko ibyo avuga yagemuye byakiriwe, bityo ko ntacyo kashingiraho kamwishyura; kubw’ibyo ikirego cye kikaba nta shingiro gifite. Uko Urukiko rubibona [6] Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, igika cya 1 ivuga iti: “Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana.” [7] Urukiko rurasanga Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène avuga ko yagemuriye ishuri ryisumbuye rya ES Mukingi (ESM) ibiribwa bifite agaciro ka 3,433,000Frw bigizwe n’imifuka 200 y’ifu y’ibigori (kawunga), imifuka 20 y’umuceli wa Kigoli, ibishyimbo 3000 Kg, isukari imifuka 3, umunyu imifuka 3 n’amabido 3 y’amavuta nk’uko bigaragazwa n’inyandiko yo kuwa 14/01/2009 yashyizweho umukono na Ngirinshuti Anastase wari umucungamutungo w’iryo shuri ndetse na “facture” yo kuwa 26/03/2009, nubwo itariho umukono, bikaba biri mu nshingano z’uhakana ibyo biciro kugaragaza ibindi byakoreshwaga icyo gihe, mu gihe byaba byaragemuwe.

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[8] Rurasanga impamvu Akarere ka Ruhango katishyura Murengerantwari ari uko nta masezerano agaragaza yagiranye n’ishuri ryavuzwe haruguru ndetse nta nyandiko igaragaza ko ibyo avuga yagemuye byakiriwe (Bordereau de livraison/d’expedition). [9] Kubijyanye n’amasezerano, urukiko rurasanga atari ubwa mbere ishuri rya ES Mukingi ryaba ryaragemuriwe ibiribwa nta masezerano yanditse rigiranye n’ababigemuye, urugero mu rubanza RAD 0012/12/TGI/MHG, Akarere ka Ruhango kaburanye na Munyakayanza Joseph kakaba karategetswe kumwishyura umwenda yari aberewemo n’iryo shuri ungana na 2,827,000Frw nk’uko byagaragazwaga na “Bon de commande” ndetse n’ibaruwa yo kuwa 17/11/2009 y’umuyobozi w’iryo shuri yandikiye ako karere akoherereza urutonde rw’abo ribereyemo umwenda;1 urwo rubanza ako karere kakaba katarigeze kagaragaza ko rwaba rwahindutse. [10] Rurasanga mu gushakira abanyeshuri ibiribwa, hatarakurikijwe itegeko ryagengaga amasoko ya Leta icyo gihe nk’uko byashimangiwe mu rubanza RPA 0489/11/HC/NYA rwaregwagamo Mukamugema Marie Therese na Ngirinshuti Anastase bari abayobozi ba ES Mukingi,2 ariko ibi bikaba bidakuraho kuba hari ibiribwa byagemuriwe icyo kigo ngo bitunge abanyeshuri baryo n’ubwo nta soko rya Leta ryatanzwe, bityo ibyabaye bikaba bikwiye kugengwa n’amategeko asanzwe agenga amasezerano muri rusange, aho gushingira ku itegeko ryihariye rigenga amasoko ya Leta. [11] Urukiko rurasanga nubwo nta masezerano yanditse ahari Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène yagiranye n’ishuri ryisumbuye rya ES Mukingi, hari ibiribwa yasabwe kugemura nk’uko “Bon de commande” yo kuwa 07/01/2009 y’iryo shuri ryamuhaye ibigaragaza,3 ndetse bikaba bitari ngombwa ko amasezerano y’ubucuruzi yose agomba kuba yanditse kuko n’iyo yaba atanditse ashobora kugaragazwa n’imikoranire yaranze impande zombi nk’uko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabyemeje mu rubanza RCOMA 0156/11/CS, aho rwemeje ko “ntaho amategeko ateganya ko amasezerano y’ubucuruzi agomba kugaragazwa n’inyandiko gusa kandi ko bihura n’ibisobanuro bitangwa n’abahanga mu mategeko, ko mu mategeko y’ubucuruzi, ihame ari uko amasezerano yanditse atari shinganwa mu gihe hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko hari ibyo impande zombi zemeranyijweho kandi bishobora gutangirwa ibimenyetso byose bishoboka.4 [12] Ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 yo kuwa 19/07/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo ivuga iti: “Ibimenyetso bicukumbuwe no gusesengura urubanza ni ibimenyetso bitacukumbuwe n’amategeko, bicukumburwa n’ubwenge n’ubushishozi 1 Urubanza no. RAD 0012/12/TGI/MHG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga kuwa 16/11/2012, urupapuro rwa 2, igika cya 3. 2 Urubanza RPA 0489/11/HC/NYA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru urugereko rwa Nyanza kuwa 30/11/2012, igika cya 8 n’icya 9. 3 ES Mukingi, « Bon de commande », le 07/01/2009 4 Urubanza RCOMA 0156/11/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 7 Ukuboza 2012 haburana SOCOGEDI SA na BRALIRWA, igika cya 19 (Reba icyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko V. 3 - 2016, urupapuro rwa 149).

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bw’abacamanza. Abacamanza bagomba kwemera gusa ibyo bimenyetso iyo bikomeye, bisobanuye kandi bihuje.” [13] Urukiko rurasanga nubwo nta masezerano yanditse ahari Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène yagiranye n’ishuri ryisumbuye rya ES Mukingi, bidakuraho kuba hari ibiribwa yagemuye nk’uko “Bon de commande” y’iryo shuri yashyizwe muri dosiye ibigaragaza,5 bigashimangirwa n’inyandiko Ngirinshuti Anastase wari umucungamutungo wa ES.MUKINGI yanditse kuwa 14/01/2009 avuga ko Murengerantwari Jean Népo agemuriye iryo shuri “kawunga imifuka 60, kigoli imifuka 20, ibishyimbo 3000Kg, isukari imifuka 3, umunyu imifuka 3 n’amavuta bidón 3” n’ubwo Akarere ka Ruhango kayinenga kuba nta biciro byabyo biriho, bikaba ari inshingano z’ako kugaragaza ko umwenda wabyo Murengerantwari yishyuza unyuranye n’ibiciro byagurirwagaho muri icyo gihe. [14] Rurasanga kuba ibimaze kuvugwa byarakiriwe n’umucungamutungo wa ES. MUKINGI, kongera gusaba inyandiko y’uko byacyiriwe (Bordereau de livraison/d’expedition), ari ukurushya umuturage mu gihe nta kigaragaza ko inyandiko zavuzwe haruguru ari impimbano. [15] Urukiko rurasanga ndetse mu rubanza RP 00348/011/TGI/MHG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga kuwa 18/11/2011, Ubushinjacyaha bwaratanze urugero rwo kuba Murengerantwari yarahawe isoko rya 2,933,000Frw,6 aya akaba ahura neza n’umwenda uburanwa muri urubanza kandi kugeza ubu akaba nta cyerekana ko yishyuwe. Rurasanga kuba umuturage yagemurira ishuri ibiribwa bikakirwa nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru ariko ntiyishyurwe nk’uko binagaragazwa n’ibaruwa Mukamugema Marie Therese wari umuyobozi wa ES. MUKINGI yandikiye Akarere ka Ruhango akoherereza urutonde rw’abo iryo shuri ryari ribereyemo imyenda kuwa 17/11/2009, bitaba ari ukurenganya umuturage gusa, ahubwo bya ari no kwikungahaza nta mpamvu. [16] Mu kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo urega aregera, abahanga mu mategeko bakomeza bavuga ko bigaragazwa hashingiwe ku kigero kiri hejuru y’icyo uregwa asabwa, ibi bakabishimangiza ihame ryitwa “Balance of probabilities” cyangwa “a preponderance of the evidence”, risobanurwa mu magambo y’icyongereza akurikira: “This standard requires to return a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, if the plaintiff is able to show that a particular fact or event was more likely than not to have occurred.”7 Ibi bisobanura ko ikigero cyo kugaragaza ibimenyetso n’urega kigomba kwerekana ko ibyo aregera byabaye kurusha uko bishobora kuba bitarabayeho. Professor Jeremy Cooper 5 ES Mukingi, « Bon de commande », le 07/01/2009 6 Urubanza no. RP 00348/011/TGI/MHG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga kuwa 18/11/2011, urupapuro rwa 2. 7 Reba urubuga, https://www.justia.com/trials-litigation/lawsuits-and-the-court-process/ evidentiary-standards-andburdens-of-proof/, rwasuwe 13/02/2022. 8 ‘‘The court must be satisfied that the event in question is more likely than not to have occurred.’’ Prof. Jeremy C. « THE BURDEN AND THE STANDARD OF PROOF » Principles in Practice, 2008, P.4. Ref . https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/cooper-burden-standard-of- proof-spring2008.pdf,13/02/2022.

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nawe ashimangira ibi ko urukiko rugomba kunyurwa no kuba ikiregerwa cyarabaye kurusha uko gishobora kuba kitarabaye.8 [17] Urukiko rushingiye kubimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, rurasanga kuba MurengerantwarI abarewemo umwenda n’ishuri ES. MUKINGI ry’Akarere ka Ruhango bishoboka ku rugero runini, kurusha uko uwo mwenda waba utariho, bityo ako karere kakaba gategetswe kumwishyura umwenda aberewemo ungana n’amafaranga miriyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana acyenda mirongo itatu na bitatu (2,933,000Frw) yavuzwe haruguru. Gusuzuma inyungu z’umwenda [18] Me. Mukansanga asaba urukiko gutegeka Akarera ka Ruhango kwishyura Murengerantwari inyungu z’umwenda aberewemo zingana na 1,046,510Frw. [19] Me. Kanimba Nadia avuga ko nta kimenyetso gihamya

umwenda Murengerantwari aregera, bityo ko inyungu zawo nta shingiro zifite. Uko urukiko rubibona [20] Ingingo ya 144 y’Itegeko N°45/2011 ryo kuwa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano ivuga ko ‘‘Iyo kwica amasezerano birebana no kutishyura amafaranga cyangwa kudakora igisabwa gishobora kubarwa mu mafaranga azwi cyangwa ashobora kumenyekana, inyungu zibarwa uhereye igihe igisabwa cyagombaga gukorwa hakuwemo ibyo uruhande rwishe amasezerano rufiteho uburenganzira.’’ [21] Urukiko rurasanga igisabwa Akarere ka Ruhango cyo kwishyura umwenda ikigo cy’ako ES MUKINGI gifitiye Murengerantwari cyaragombaga gukorwa kuwa 04/12/2012 (igihe ako karere kakiraga ibaruwa ye isaba kwishyurwa), bityo inyungu z’uwo mwenda zikaba zikwiye gutangira kubarwa kuri iyo tariki nk’uko biteganywa n’itegeko mu ngingo imaze kuvugwa haruguru, ubu hakaba hashize imyaka icyenda (9). [22] Rurasanga mu gihe umwenda uburanwa udashingiye ku nguzanyo Murengerantwari yafashe kugira ngo agemure ibiribwa byavuzwe haruguru, igipimo cy’inyungu gikwiye gushingira ku gipimo cy’ibitsa (Deposite rate) nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RCOMA 0148/11/CS rwaciwe kuwa 23 Gicurasi 2014,8 ndetse n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu manza RCOMAA 00096/2018/CA na RCOMAA 00006/2020/CA.9 8 Urubanza RCOMA 0148/11/CS rwaciwe ku wa 23/05/2014 haburana SORAS Ltd C/ ITEX Sarl, Reba igika cya 25, (Reba icyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’inkiko V 2-2015). 9 Urubanza RCOMAA 00096/2018/CA rwaciwe ku wa 19/07/2019 haburana Phoenix of Rwanda Assurance Company Ltd c/ TRANSCORP, Reba igika cya 37. Reba n’urubanza RCOMAA 00006/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuwa 4/09/2020 haburana Banque Populaire du Rwanda Plc na NSENGUMUREMYI Ildébrand, igika cya 35-39.

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[23] Rushingiye ku bimaze kuvugwa, rurasanga igipimo cy’ibitsa kuwa 04/12/2012 cyari 10.690%,10 bityo inyungu z’umwenda Murengerantwari akwiye kwishyurwa na Akarera ka Ruhango zikaba zingana na 2,821,839Frw abazwe mu buryo bukurikira: 2,933,000Frw × 10.690% = 313,537.7Frw (ku mwaka) x imyaka 9 ariko kubera ko Murengerantwari asaba kwishyurwa miriyoni imwe n’ibihumbi mirongo ine na bitandatu, magana atanu na cumi (1,046,510Frw), hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 10 y’Itegeko No.22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu,11 akaba ariyo akwiye kwishyurwa. Gusuzuma indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka [24] Me. Mukansanga asaba urukiko gutegeka Akarera ka Ruhango kwishyura Murengerantwari 1,054,000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, 100,000Frw y’Umuhesha w’Inkiko, 300,000Frw yo gukurikirana imanza na 24,000Frw y’amagarama y’Urukiko. [25] Me. Kanimba Nadia avuga ko indishyi zose Murengerantwari asaba nta shingiro zifite, agatanga ikirego kiregera kwiregura cy’Akarere ka Ruhango, asaba ko kishyurwa 1,000,000Frw y’indishyi zo kugashora mu manza, 500,000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 1,000,000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. Uko urukiko rubibona [26] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza, igika cya 1 ivuga iti: “Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza.” [27] Urukiko rurasanga Murengerantwari yararegeye uru rubanza kubera umwenda aberewemo n’Akarere ka Ruhango, bityo indishyi ako karere gasaba zikaba nta shingiro zifite, ahubwo hashingiwe ku ngingo y’itegeko imaze kuvugwa haruguru, kakaba gategetswe kumwishyura ibyo yakoresheje ku rubanza [28] Rurasanga amafaranga Murengerantwari asaba kwishyurwa nta bimenyetso ayagaragariza, bityo mu bushishozi bw’urukiko akaba akwiye kwishyurwa ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi ijana (100,000Frw) y’indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza ndetse agasubizwa ibihumbi makumyabiri (20,000Frw) y’amagarama y’urubanza. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO 10 Reba ‘‘Deposit rate’’ Dec-/2012. https://www.bnr.rw/browse-in/financial-market/money- market-interestrates/monthly-interest-rates/, rwasuwe kuwa 13/02/2022. 11 Iyi ngingo ivuga ko “Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine.”

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[29] Rwemeje ko ikirego RS/SCP/RCOM 00625/2021/TC cya Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène gifite ishingiro. [30] Rutegetse Akarere ka Ruhango kwishyura Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène umwenda aberewemo n’ikigo cy’ako ES. MUKINGI ungana n’amafaranga miriyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana acyenda mirongo itatu na bitatu (2,933,000Frw). [31] Rutegetse Akarere ka Ruhango kwishyura Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène amafaranga miriyoni imwe n’ibihumbi mirongo ine na bitandatu, magana atanu na cumi (1,046,510Frw) y’inyungu z’umwenda aberewemo. [32] Rutegetse Akarere ka Ruhango kwishyura Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène amafaranga ibihumbi magana atandatu (600,000Frw) y’indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza, n’igihembo cya Avoka. [33] Rutegetse Akarere ka Ruhango gusubiza Murengerantwari Jean Népomuscène amafaranga n’ibihumbi makumyabiri (20,000Frw) yishyuye amagarama y’urubanza.