NSENGUMUKIZA v MUKASINAMENYE N’UNDI

NSENGUMUKIZA v MUKASINAMENYE N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-01-15 - Case/document no.: RC00003/2023/HC/RWG - Collection: High Court

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NSENGUMUKIZA v MUKASINAMENYE N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU URUGEREKO RWA RWAMAGANA – RC00003/2023/HC/RWG (Nyirabagande, P.J.) 15 Mutarama 2023] Amategeko y’imiburanishirize y’imanza – Kurangiza urubanza – Urubanza rwabaye Itegeko – Icyemezo cy’Urukiko cyabaye Itegeko kigomba kurangizwa uko kiri, kuko igihe cyose kitavanweho n’ikindi cyemezo, kiba gifite agaciro kacyo. Amategeko y’imiburanishirize y’imanza – Kurangiza urubanza – Umutungo urangirizwaho urubanza – Umutungo w’uwishyuzwa niwo ushakirwamo ubwishyu, umutungo uhuriweho na benshi ubanza kugabanywa cyangwa ukagurishwa bitegetswe n’Urukiko. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku rundi rubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/NGOMA rw’ubutane rwabaye hagati ya Nsengumukiza na Mukasinamenye aho muri urwo rubanza Nsengumukiza yategetswe kwishyura indezo ya 30.000Frw ku kwezi ariko ntiyayitanga. Urubanza rwaje kurangizwa ku gahato na Me Miheto, imitungo ya Nsengumukiza igurishwa mu cyamunara. Nsengumukiza yatanze ikirego mu rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma asaba ko iyo cyamunara yavanwaho kuko yabaye hagamijwe kwishyura amafaranga y’indezo kandi itari igikenewe kuko abana bakuze kandi na nyina wari washinzwe uburere bwabo yabataye ajya gushaka undi mugabo, barerwa na se. Me Miheto avuga ko urubanza rwagombaga kurangizwa kuko rwabaye Itegeko, kandi rutigeze rukurwaho n’urundi. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma mu rubanza RC00134/2019/TGI/NGOMA,

rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nsengumukiza nta shingiro gifite, rumutegeka kwishyura Miheto indishyi zitandukanye. Nsengumukiza yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, avuga ko cyamunara yabaye hagurishwa imitungo ye kandi indezo yari yategetswe kwishyura mu itari ikiri ngombwa, kuko umugore yaje guta abana Nsengumukiza aba ari we ubarera, avuga kandi ko mu mitungo yagurishijwe harimo umutungo utari uwe. Abagobokeshejwe mu rubanza ntibitabiriye iburanisha nta mpamvu kandi baramenyeshejwe. Mukakanani wagobotse ku bushake muri uru rubanza, yavuze ko mu mitungo yatejwe cyamunara harimo umutungo afiteho uruhare rwa 50% akaba awufatanyije na Nsengumukiza babana nk’umugabo n’umugore; Urukiko mu rubanza RCA00058/2020/HC/RWG, rwemeje ko ikirego cy’ubujurire cyatanzwe na Nsengumukiza nta shingiro gifite; rwemeza ko ikirego cyo kugoboka ku bushake cyatanzwe na Mukakanani gifite ishingiro; ko cyamunara yabaye harangizwa urubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/NGOMA ivanweho ku birebana n’imitungo ibaruwe kuri UPI: 5/04/02/01/4078 na UPI: 5/04/02/01/3148, yanditse kuri Nsengumukiza na Mukakanani, bakayisubizwa. Rwategetse Me Miheto na Nsengumukiza gufatanya kwishyura Mukakanani indishyi zitandukanye. Naho ku byerekeranye no gusubizwa ikiguzi cyishyuwe ku mitungo yakuriweho cyamunara, Urukiko ruvuga ko bizakurikiranwa ukwabyo n’ababifitemo inyungu. Mukasinamenye, Nsengumukiza, Uwiragiye; Miheto, Byiringiro, batanze ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza RCA00058/2020/HC/RWG, bavuga ko batamenyeshejwe itariki y’iburanisha, ko abagobokeshejwe batahamagajwe. Muheto avuga ko atitabye kubera impamvu z’uburwayi kandi yabimenyesheje Urukiko. Mukakanani we avuga ko abajuriye nta mpamvu

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yababujije kwitabira iburanisha, ngo bagaragaze igihe bamenyeye imikirize y’urubanza, ko icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa kidakwiye guhindurwa. Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, Urukiko rwemeje ko Mukasinamenye na Uwiragiye bemerewe gusubirishamo urubanza kubera ko bagaragaje ko bari barwaye, bityo n’abandi baburanyi bakaba bemerewe kuruzamo, ngo ruburanishwe bundi bushya. Ku mpamvu z’ubujurire, Nsengumukiza avuga ko cyamunara yabaye hagurishwa imitungo ye kandi indezo yari yategetswe kwishyura mu rubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/GOMA itari ikiri ngombwa kubera ko umugore wari washinzwe kwita ku burere bw’abana yaje kubata ajya gushaka undi mugabo, aba ari we ubarera, ngo ubu bakaba barabaye bakuru, avuga kandi ko mu kugirisha mu cyamunara, bagurishije umutungo utari uwe. Mukakanani wagobotse ku bushake, avuga ko mu mitungo yagurishijwe mu cyamunara harimo umutungo afiteho uruhare rwa 50% akaba awufatanyije na Nsengumukiza babana nk’umugabo n’umugore, Mukasinamenye, Miheto, Byiringiro na Uwiragiye baguze mu cyamunara, bavuga ko baguze mu cyamunara nta kosa bakoze ko bakwiye kugumana umutungo baguze cyangwa bagasubizwa agaciro kawo n’indishyi. Urukiko mu rubanza RC00003/2023/HC/RWG Rwemeje ko ikirego cy’ubujurire cyatanzwe na Nsengumukiza nta shingiro gifite; Rwemeje ko ikirego cyo kugoboka ku bushake cya Mukamunana gifite ishingiro runemeza ko cyamunara yabaye harangizwa

urubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/NGOMA ivanweho ku birebana n’imitungo yanditse kuri Nsengumukiza na Mukakanani, rutegeka ko bayisubizwa. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko cyabaye Itegeko kigomba kurangizwa uko kiri, kuko igihe cyose kitavanweho n’ikindi cyemezo, kiba gifite agaciro kacyo. Bityo, umuburanyi ntiyakwitwaza ko uburyo (circonstances) icyemezo cy’Urukiko cyari gushyirwa mu bikorwa cyahindutse, ngo yange kugishyira mu bikorwa, nko kuba Urukiko rwarategetse gutanga indezo ariko uwagombaga kuyihabwa agata abana akajya gushaka, abana bakarerwa nuwategetswe n’Urukiko gutanga indezo, icyo gihe iyo atasabye Urukiko ko icyemezo gihinduka kuko ariwe urerera abana, ya ndezo agomba kuyitanga.

2. Umutungo w’uwishyuzwa niwo ushakirwamo ubwishyu, umutungo uhuriweho na benshi ubanza kugabanywa cyangwa ukagurishwa bitegetswe n’Urukiko. Bityo iyo umutungo uhuriweho na benshi ugurishijwe muri cyamunara mu kurangiza urubanza bitarategetswe mu cyemezo cy’urukiko, iryo gurisha riba rikozwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, na cyamunara yakozwe kuri uwo mutungo igomba guteshwa agaciro ku ruhande rwa nyiri umutungo udafite ibyo yishyuzwa.

3. Uwaguze mu cyamunara nta buryarya agomba gusubizwa ikiguzi yatanze hiyongereyeho n’inyungu mu gihe cyamunara iteshejwe agaciro. Ikirego cy’ubujurire cya Nsengumukiza nta shingiro gifite; Ikirego cyo kugoboka ku bushake gifite ishingiro; Cyamunara ivanweho ku mitungo yanditswe kuri Nsengumukiza na Mukakanani. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, Ingingo ya 215,233,241,247,249

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Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, Ingingo ya 197 Code civil francais (version en vigueur du 19 fevrier 1804 au 01 octobre 2016: « Tout fait quelconque de l’homme, qui cause á autrui un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé á le réparer”. Article 1382 sur https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721/ LEGISCTA000006136352/#LEGISCTA000006136352, consulted on 17th November 2022. Imanza zifashishijwe: RCOMAA 0054/2016/CS rwo ku wa 01/12/2017, APE ISUKU Asbl v Bank of Kigali na HABIYAREMYE Jean Baptiste. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: AF Toulet, Dictionnaire des codes français: ou Manuel du droit, Paris, p.433 Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA. [1] Mu rubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, Nsengumukiza Damien yategetswe guha Mukasinamenye Angelique, umugore batandukanye, indezo ingana na 30.000Frw ku kwezi ariko ntiyayitanga ; urubanza rwaje kurangizwa ku gahato na Me Miheto Jean Claude, imitungo ya Nsengumukiza Damien igurishwa mu cyamunara ku wa 22/12/2017 no ku ya 08/01/2018. Nsengumukiza Damien yatanze ikirego asaba ko iyo cyamunara yavanwaho kuko yabaye hagamijwe kwishyura amafaranga y’indezo kandi itari igikenewe kuko abana bakuze kandi na nyina wari washinzwe uburere bwabo yarabataye ajya gushaka

undi mugabo, barerwa na se. Me Miheto Jean Claude avuga ko urubanza rwagombaga kurangizwa kuko rwabaye itegeko, ko rutigeze rukurwaho kandi imihango yose irebana na cyamunara irubahirizwa. [2] Mu rubanza RC00134/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe ku wa 27/10/2020, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa NGOMA rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nsengumukiza Damien nta shingiro gifite, rumutegeka kwishyura Miheto Jean Claude 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya avoka. [3] Nsengumukiza Damien yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, avuga ko cyamunara yabaye hagurishwa imitungo ye kandi indezo yari yategetswe kwishyura mu rubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/NGOMA itari ikiri ngombwa, kuko umugore yaje guta abana Nsengumukiza Damien aba ari we ubarera, kandi hagurishwa n’umutungo utari uwe. Abagobokeshejwe mu rubanza ntibitabiriye iburanisha nta mpamvu kandi baramenyeshejwe mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga. [4] Mukakanani Benigne wagobotse ku bushake muri uru rubanza, yavuze ko mu mitungo yatejwe cyamunara harimo umutungo afiteho uruhare rwa 50% akaba awufatanyije na Nsengumukiza babana nk’umugabo n’umugore kuva mu 2009; umutungo kandi ugurishwa nta genagaciro rikozwe. [5] Mu rubanza RCA00058/2020/HC/RWG rwaciwe ku wa 17/06/2022, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana rwemeje ko ikirego cy’ubujurire cyatanzwe na Nsengumukiza

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Damien nta shingiro gifite; rwemeza ko ikirego cyo kugoboka ku bushake cyatanzwe na Mukakanani Benigne gifite ishingiro; ko cyamunara yabaye harangizwa urubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/NGOMA ivanweho ku birebana n’imitungo ibaruwe kuri UPI: 5/04/02/01/4078 na UPI: 5/04/02/01/3148, yanditse kuri Nsengumukiza Damien na Mukakanani Benigne, bakayisubizwa. Rwategetse Me Miheto Jean Claude na Nsengumukiza Damien gufatanya kwishyura Mukakanani Benigne 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya avoka na 500.000Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro nk’uko yasobanuwe haruguru, buri wese akishyura ½ cy’amafaranga agenwe ; rutegeka Me Miheto Jean Claude na Nsengumukiza Damien gufatanya kwishyura amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo ine (40.000Frw) cy’ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza, buri wese akishyura ½ cyayo. Ku byerekeranye no gusubizwa ikiguzi cyishyuwe kuri iriya mitungo yakuriweho cyamunara, Urukiko ruvuga ko bizakurikiranwa ukwabyo n’ababifitemo inyungu. [6] Mukasinamenye Angelique, Nsengumukiza Damien, Uwiragiye Donath ; Miheto Jean Claude, Byiringiro Anastase, batanze ikirego basaba gusubirishamo urubanza, bavuga ko batamenyeshejwe itariki y’iburanisha, ko abagobokeshejwe batahamagajwe, igihe urubanza rwahabwaga indi tariki ; Mukasinamenye Angelique abwirwa itariki itariyo. Me Mutebutsi Pascal avuga ko Muheto Jean Caude yari arwaye yanabimenyekanishije, “avocat” we atari yagahawe uburenganzira, akaba kandi yari kumenyeshwa

nk’umuntu uri hanze y’igihugu. Mukakanani Benigne avuga ko nta mpamvu yababujije kwitabira iburanisha, ngo bagaragaze igihe bamenyeye imikirize y’urubanza, ko icyemezo cyafashwe kitahindurwa. [7] Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, Urukiko rwemeje ko Mukasinamenye Angelique na Uwiragiye Donath bemerewe gusubirishamo urubanza kubera ko bagaragaje ko bari barwaye, bityo n’abandi baburanyi bakaba bemerewe kuruzamo, ngo ruburanishwe bundi bushya. Ikirego cyahawe RC00003/2023/HC/RWG, Urubanza rwaburanishwa mu ruhame ku wa 18/12/2023, Byiringiro Anastase yiburanira, Uwiragiye Donath yiburanira, Muheto Jean Claude ahagarariwe na Me Mutebutsi Pascal, Mukasinamenye Angelique yiburanira, Mukakanani Benigne yiburanira, Nsengumukiza Damien yunganiwe na Me Musafiri Ephrem. [8] Ku mpamvu z’ubujurire, Nsengumukiza Damien avuga ko cyamunara yabaye hagurishwa imitungo ye kandi indezo yari yategetswe kwishyura mu rubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/GOMA itari ikiri ngombwa kubera ko umugore wari washinzwe kwita ku burere bw’abana yaje kubata ajya gushaka undi mugabo, Nsengumukiza Damien aba ari we ubarera, ubu bakaba barabaye bakuru, hanyuma mu kugirisha mu cyamunara, banagurisha umutungo utari uwe. [9] Mukakanani Benigne wagobotse ku bushake muri uru rubanza, avuga ko mu mitungo yagurishijwe mu cyamunara harimo umutungo afiteho uruhare rwa 50% akaba awufatanyije na Nsengumukiza babana nk’umugabo n’umugore kuva

mu 2009, ariko ko batashyingiranywe mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, ko rero yasubizwa uburenganzira ku mutungo we. [10] Byiringiro Anastase wagobokeshejwe mu rubanza, avuga ko we yaguze umutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI: 3148 mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko yamenyeshejwe cyamunara; ariko ko abaye awuvukijwe yasubizwa 1.015.500Frw yawishyuye mu cyamunara hiyongeyeho 500.000Frw yatakaje mu manza. Uwiragiye Donath avuga ko yaguze umutungo mu cyamunara ikurikije amategeko, ariko aramutse awambuwe yakwishyurwa 2.500.000Frw n’inyungu z’umusaruro yari gukuramo n’ibyo yatakaje ku rubanza. Yongeraho ariko ko Mukakanani Benigne yasezeranye mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. [11] Me Mutebutsi Pascal uhagarariye Mukasinamenye na Miheto akunganira Byiringiro na Uwiragiye baguze mu cyamunara, avuga ko abaguze mu cyamunara nta kosa bakoze ko

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bagumana umutungo baguze cyangwa bagasubizwa agaciro kawo n’indishyi. Avuga ariko ko iyo cyamunara ikwiye kugumaho kubera ko uvuga ko umutungo we ugiye gutezwa cyamunara ari uwe agana inzego zibifitiye ububasha, kuba ntacyo bakoze rero uyu munsi ibyo basaba nta gaciro byahabwa. [12] Ikirego cyanditswe kuri RC00003/2023/HC/RWG, urubanza ruburanishwa ku wa 18/12/2023, Byiringiro Anastase yiburanira, Uwiragiye Donath yiburanira, Muheto Jean Claude ahagarariwe na Me Mutebutsi Pascal, Mukasinamenye Angelique yiburanira, Mukakanani Benigne yiburanira, Nsengumukiza Damien yunganiwe na Me Musafiri Ephrem. [13] Ibibazo bisuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ibi bikurikira : Kumenya niba hari impamvu Nsengiyumva atari gutegekwa gutanga indezo nk’ impamvu yashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko cyamunara ivuga ikurwaho. Kumenya niba kuba Mukakanani Benigne agaragara ku cyangombwa cy’umutungo nk’ufiteho 50% ari impamvu yatuma cyamunara ivugwa yavanwaho. Kumenya niba igikorwa mu gihe cyamunara yateshejwe agaciro ku baguze imitungo. II. IBIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO A. Kumenya niba hari impamvu NSENGIYUMVA atari gutegekwa kwishyura indezo nk’ impamvu yashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko cyamunara ivuga ikurwaho. [14] Nsengumukiza Damien avuga ko nta cyamunara yagombaga kuba ku mitungo ye kuko nta mpamvu yari ihari yo kumutegeka kwishyura indezo yemejwe mu rubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/NGOMA, ko iyo ndezo itari

igifite impamvu, kuko nyuma y’uko we n’umugore we bahawe ubutane, umugore agahabwa ishingano zo kurera abana, yahise abasiga ajya gushaka undi mugabo, Nsengumukiza Damien aba ari we usigarana inshingano zo kurera abana, arabarera barakuru. bakaba batagikeneye kurerwa. Avuga kandi ko no mu kugurisha imitungo, umuhesha w’inkiko yanagurishije imitungo itari iye, nk’uko biboneka mu cyangombwa cy’umutungo, ko ari iy’umugore babana ariko batarashyingiranywe, na we akaba ayifiteho uruhare. [15] Me Mutebutsi Pascal uhagarariye Mukasinamenye Angelique avuga ko ibyo Nsengumukiza Damien avuga bitahabwa agaciro kubera ko nyuma y’urubanza rw’ubutane, ari we (umugore) wareze abana kandi Nsengumukiza iyo aza kuba azi ko ari wareze abana, yari kuregera ivanwaho y’icyemezo cyamutegetse kwishyura indezo, urwo rubanza rero rwagombaga kurangizwa.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Ingingo ya 241 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko inyandikompesha zishingiye ku byemezo by’inzego zibifitiye ububasha cyangwa byemeranyijweho n’abo bireba, zishobora kurangizwa ku gahato zimaze kugenzurwa no kwemezwa n’umwanditsi w’urukiko cyangwa undi mukozi ubifitiye ububasha, zirimo imanza zaciwe n’inkiko n’ibyemezo by’abacamanza. Ingingo ya 249 y’iryo Tegeko, iteganya ko iyo iminsi mirongo itatu (30) ivugwa mu ngingo ya 247 y’iri Tegeko ishize nta bwumvikane bubaye, uwatsinze yiyambaza umuhesha w’inkiko amusaba kumwishyuriza. Umuhesha w’inkiko ahita akora inyandikomvugo y’ifatirabwishyu mu gihe kitarenze iminsi icumi y’akazi (10) igaragaza

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urutonde, ubwoko n’imiterere y’ibintu bizagurishwa muri cyamunara, iyo nyandiko mvugo igatangazwa ku rubuga rw’imanza zirangizwa. Ingingo ya 215 y’iryo Tegeko, iteganya ko umuntu wese ufite urubanza rwabaye ndakuka cyangwa inyandikompesha ashobora gusaba umuhesha w’inkiko gufatira umutungo w’umubereyemo umwenda hakurikijwe amategeko abigenga1. [17] Ibivugwa muri izi ngingo byumvikanisha ko ufite urubanza rwabaye ndakuka cyangwa icyemezo cy’urukiko, mu gihe nta bwumvikane bwabayeho kugira ngo uwatsinze yishyurwe, ashobora gushaka umuhesha w’inkiko kugira ngo amwishyurize ku gahato. [18] Ku byerekeranye no kuba cyamunara yateshwa agaciro ku ruhande rwa Nsengumukiza Damien hashingiwe ko n’ubwo mu rubanza rwarangizwaga hari yategetswe kwishyura indezo, ariko nyuma y’urubanza rw’ubutane umugore we yataye abana, aba ari we (umugabo) ubarera, Urukiko rusanga bitahabwa ishingiro kuko mu rubanza rwarangizwaga hari hafashwe icyemezo gitegeka Nsengumikiza Damien kwishyura indezo, icyo cyemezo ntikigeze gihindurwa cyangwa ngo gikurweho, kikaba rero cyari kigifite agaciro, cyagombaga gushyirwa mu bikorwa ku neza cyangwa ku gahato. Ku byerekeranye no kuba bitari bikiri ngombwa gutekwa kwishyura indezo kandi ari we urera abana, no kuba barakuze, izi mpamvu ni zo Nsengumukiza Damien yari gushingiraho asaba ko iki cyemezo cyamutegetse gutanga indezo kivanwaho cyangwa gihindurwa, kuba rero

atarabikoze, ntaho urukiko rwari gushingira rwemeza ko atategekwa kwishyura ibyo yategetswe n’icyemezo cy’urukiko kigifite agaciro kacyo. [19] Rusanga kandi yaramenyeshejwe ko imitungo ye igiye kugurishwa mu cyamunara, akaba yari afite uburenganzira yemererwa n’amategeko bwo kuregera Urukiko asaba ko cyamunara ihagarikwa akabanza yaburana ibyerekeranye n’icyemezo cy’indezo asaba ko gikurwaho cyangwa ko giteshwa agaciro, kuba rero atarabikoze nta yindi mpamvu yakwitwaza asaba ko cyamunara ivanwaho. B. Kumenya niba kuba Mukakanani Benigne agaragara ku cyangombwa cy’umutungo nk’ufiteho 50% byatuma cyamunara ivugwa yavanwaho [20] Mukakanani Benigne wagobotse ku bushake avuga ko mu mitungo yagurishijwe mu cyamunara Nsengumukiza Damien yishyuzwa indezo yagenwe mu rubanza, harimo n’umutungo we ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/04/02/01/4078 na UPI : 5/04/02/01/3148 ; akaba ayihuriyeho na Nsengumukiza Damien buri wese afiteho uruhare rungana na 50% kandi n’ubwo bafatanyije kuyishaka, ntibashyingiwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. Avuga ko yabimenyesheje Umuhesha w’inkiko, yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko ariko ntibyahabwa agaciro imitungo ye iragurishwa, asaba kurenganurwa. [21] Me Muheto Jean Claude, mu bisobanuro yashyize muri “system” avuga ko umutungo watejwe cyamunara ari uwa Nsengumukiza Damien kandi ko yawanditseho Mukakanani Benigne, nyuma yo gutandukana na Mukasinamenye Angelique. Yongeraho ko

kugurisha umutungo mu cyamunara byashingiye ku cyemezo cya Perezida gitanga uburenganzira bwo guteza cyamunara kandi cyari gishingiye ku (cyemezo) rubanza rwabaye itegeko. [22] Byiringiro Anastase na Uwiragiye bagobokeshejwe mu rubanza, bavuga ko bo baguze umutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 3148 mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, ko bamenyeshejwe cyamunara bajya kugura, ko nta kosa bafite ryatuma bamburwa uwo mutungo. Binagarukwaho na Me Mutebutsi wunganira Uwiragiye na Byiringiro, agahagararira Muheto na Mukasinamenye 1 Ibi kandi biteganywa na zimwe mu ngingo zo mu Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo ku wa 12/06/2012 rya CPCCSA, ariko ku mategeko ya “procedure” rikoreshwa ako kanya, iyo bishoboka.

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avuga ko abaguze nta kosa bafite, ko baguze mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, bityo, ko nta mpamvu ihari yo gutesha agaciro cyamunara, cyane ko itegeko rishingirwaho risaba ko umutungo uhuriweho n’abantu benshi ubanza kugabanywa ryagiyeho nyuma.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [23] Ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko ibintu byimukanwa n’ibitimukanwa by’urimo umwenda ni ingwate rusange y’abo abereyemo umwenda, haseguriwe uburenganzira bamwe baba bafite bwo kwishyurwa mbere y’abandi n’ubushingiye ku bugwate. Ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko iyo umutungo utimukanwa usangiwe n’abantu benshi, uberewemo umwenda abanza kuregera urukiko ngo rutegeke ko ugabanywa cyangwa ko ugurishwa. Ibivugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki ntibireba umutungo w’abashyingiranywe mu buryo bw’ivangamutungo rusange, keretse umwe muri bo agaragaje ko impamvu zatumye habaho ifatira batari bazumvikanyeho. Icyakora, impamvu zigaragazwa ntizireba uburyozwe budashingiye ku masezerano. Ikirego gisaba kugabanya cyangwa kugurisha umutungo utimukanwa wafatiriwe usangiwe n’abantu benshi gitangirwa rimwe n’ikirego gisaba kugena agaciro k’uwo mutungo no kugena impuguke n’igihembo cyayo. Iki kirego gitangwa kandi kikaburanishwa hakurikijwe inzira n’ibihe biteganyirizwa ikirego cyihutirwa. [24] Ingingo zivuzwe haruguru zisobanuriwe hamwe, zumvikanisha ko umutungo w’umuntu ari wo uvanwamo ubwishyu bw’abo abereyemo

umwenda. Hanyuma mu yindi ngingo hakavugwamo ko ukeneye kwishyurwa, ariko ubwishyu buzavanwa mu mutungo uhuriweho n’abantu benshi, atanga ikirego mu rukiko asaba ko uwo mutungo ugabanwa hagati y’abahuriweho cyangwa ukagurishwa kugira ngo ashobore kwishyurwa. Icyo kirego gitangirwa rimwe n’ikirego gisaba ko hashyirwaho umugenagaciro w’uwo mutungo. [25] Nk’uko biboneka muri uru rubanza, mu mitungo yagurishijwe mu cyamunara harimo imitungo ibaruwe kuri 5/04/02/01/4078 na UPI : 5/04/02/01/3148, ku cyangombwa cy’umutungo habonekaho ko Mukakanani Benigne afite 50% kuri mutungo kuko umwanditseho we na Nsengumukiza Damien. [26] Hashingiwe ku bikubiye muri dosiye y’uru rubanza, bikanahuzwa n’ibisobanurwa mu ngingo z’amategeko zavuzwe haruguru, ibyangombwa by’umutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/04/02/01/4078 na UPI : 5/04/02/01/3148 ; bigaragaza ko uwo mutungo atari uwa Nsengumukiza Damien wenyine, we wari ufite inshingano zo kwishyura, ko ahubwo awuhuriyeho na Mukakanani Benigne, byumvikana ko kugeza bivugurujwe uwo mutungo ari uwabo bombi, buri wese akaba afiteho 50%. Muri dosiye kandi habonekamo icyemezo cy’uko Mukakanani Benigne atashyingiwe ari ingaragu, ntibyanavugurujwe n’urundi ruhande. [27] Urukiko rusanga rero Umuhesha w’Inkiko wari wasabwe kwishyuriza Mukasinamenye Angelique ku ngufu za Leta, yagombaga gushakira ubwishyu mu mutungo w’uwatsinzwe urubanza wenyine kuko ari wasabwe kwishyura indezo ntabikore, bityo, akaba arimo umwenda. Bityo, ubwishyu bwagombaga gushakirwa mu mutungo bwite wa Nsengumukiza Damien, nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru ko umutungo w’umuntu ari ingwate y’abo abereyemo umwenda. Ibi kandi ni byo byagarutsweho mu Itegeko rishya, rivugwamo ko mbere y’uko mutungo uhuriweho n’abantu benshi ugurishwa mu cyamunara hagomba kubanza kuregerwa Urukiko hasabwa ko

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uwo mutungo ugabanywa hagati y’abawuhuriyeho cyangwa ukagurishwa, icyo kirego kigatangirwa rimwe n’ikirego gisaba gushyiraho umugenagaciro. [28] Urukiko rusanga hashingiwe ku biboneka muri dosiye, umuhesha w’inkiko yatanze inyandiko zifatira ku mutungo uhuriweho n’ugomba kwishyura ariko na Mukakanani Benigne udafite icyo yishyuzwa, bityo rero, amategeko ntiyubahirijwe, kuko uwo mutungo wagurishijwe hishyuzwa Nsengumukiza Damien kandi bigaragara ko na Mukakanani Benigne awufiteho uruhare rungana na 50%. Rukaba rusanga rero iyi cyamunara itarubahirije amategeko ku ruhande rw’uwagobotse kuko umutungo agaragaza ko ari uwe wavogerewe kandi ntacyo yishyuzwa, bikaba binyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ku birebana n’uburenganzira ndakumirwa umuntu afite ku mutungo we, bikaba kandi binyuranyije n’ingingo z’amategeko yombi yasobanuwe haruguru, ryaba iryakoreshwaga cyamunara iba, ryavugaga ko ubwishyu buva mu mutungo w’uwishyuzwa cyangwa irikoreshwa iki gihe, rivugwamo ko ari ngombwa kubanza gusaba ko umutungo ugabanywa, ubwishyu bugashakirwa mu ruhare rw’uwishyuzwa. [29] Ku birebana no kuba Itegeko ryo muri 2012 ritarateganyaga ko umutungo uhuriweho na benshi ubanza kugabanywa haregewe Urukiko, uru Rukiko rusanga n’ubwo ayo mategeko atavuga kimwe ku migendekere, ariko muri yombi havugwamo ko umutungo w’uwishyuzwa ari wo ushakirwamo ubwishyu, binavugwa kandi mu Itegeko

Nshinga ko umutungo w’umuntu ari ntavogerwa, ibi bikumvikanisha ko umutungo w’utarimo umwenda udakorwaho iyo ntacyo yishyuzwa. [30] Urukiko rukaba rusanga iyi cyamunara ikwiye gukurwaho ku birebana n’umutungo ubaruye kuri UPI : 5/04/02/01/4078 na UPI : 5/04/02/01/314878, ku mazina ya Nsengumukiza Damien na Mukakanani Benigne, ibintu bigasubira uko byari bimeze mbere, umutungo ugasubizwa be wo, bagaragara ku byemezo byawo. C. Kumenya igikorerwa ku bavukijwe umutungo baguze mu cyamunara. [31] Byiringiro Anastase avuga ko mu gihe yavutswa umutungo yaguze, yasubizwa 1.015.500Frw yawishyuye mu cyamunara hiyongeyeho 500.000Frw yatakaje mu manza. Uwiragiye Donath avuga ko cyamunara iteshejwe agaciro, we yasubizwa ikiguzi gihwanye na 2.500.000Frw n’inyungu z’umusaruro yari gukuramo n’ibyo yatakaje ku rubanza. Mu kubunganira, Me Mutebutsi Pascal avuga ko abaguze mu cyamunara nta kosa bakoze ko bagumana umutungo baguze cyangwa bagasubizwa agaciro k’umutungo n’indishyi. Avuga ariko ko iyo cyamunara ikwiye kugumaho kubera ko uvuga ko umutungo ugiye gutezwa cyamunara ari uwe agana inzego zibifitiye ububasha, kuba ntacyo bakoze rero uyu munsi ibyo basaba nta gaciro byahabwa. Ababuranyi bose kandi basabye kugenerwa indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza no gutakaza umwanya.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [32] Mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga2, rushingiye ku nyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko, igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi, gitegeka nyir’ukugikora kwishyura ibyangiritse3. Mu mategeko yo mu Gihugu cy’Ubufaransa hakavugwamo ko umuntu wese wangirije undi ategetswe kwishyura ibyangiritse4. 2Urubanza No RCOMAA 0054/2016/CS rwo ku wa 01/12/2017, haburana APE ISUKU Asbl na Bank of Kigali na HABIYAREMYE Jean Baptiste. 3 AF Toulet, Dictionnaire des codes français: ou Manuel du droit, Paris, p.433 “Tout fait quelconque de l’homme qui cause un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé á le réparer).

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[33] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuwe mu gace kabanje, Urukiko rusanga kuba Byiringiro Anastase na Uwiragiye Donath barakuye mu mutungo wabo amafaranga bakagura umutungo mu cyamunara ; iyo cyamunara ikaba iteshejwe agaciro, bagategekwa gusubiza umutungo wabo, bagomba gusubizwa amafaranga bishyuye, bakanagenerwa indishyi basabye zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’inyungu z’ibyo bavukijwe. Bityo rero, Byiringiro Anastase akwiye gusubizwa 1.015.000Frw yatanze ku mutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/04/02/01/3148, hongeweho 500.000Frw ; Uwiragiye Donath agasubizwa amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri na magana atanu (2.500.000Frw) yatanze agura umutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/04/02/01/4078 akanahabwa 500.000Frw y’inyungu z’ibyo atakaje kuba avukijwe umutungo we. Ayo mafaranga bombi bazayishyurwa na Nsengumukiza Damien kuko ari we wishyuriwe indezo. [34] Urukiko rusanga kandi Uwiragiye Donath, Byiringiro Anastase, Mukakanani Benigne na Mukasinamenye Angelique barashowe mu manza nta mpamvu, batakaza umwanya n’amafaranga bakurikiranye urubanza, bagomba rero kwishyurwa, amafaranga ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000Frw) kuri buri wese, akishyurwa na Nsengumukiza Damien na Muheto Jean Claude kuko ari bo nyirabayazana muri izi manza. [35] Kuri byerekeranye na Muheto Jean Claude, Urukiko rusanga we nta ndishyi yagenerwa kubera ko yagize uruhare mu kugurisha mu cyamunara umutungo mu buryo

bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Ibisobanuwe haruguru byose rero bishingiweho mu kwemeza ko urubanza rwasabiwe gusubirishwamo rukuweho, ibyarwemejweho bihinduwe n’uru rubanza. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [36] Rwemeje ko ikirego cy’ubujurire cyatanzwe na Nsengumukiza Damien nta shingiro gifite [37] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyo kugoboka ku bushake cyatanzwe na Mukamunana Benigne gifite ishingiro ; [38] Rwemeje ko cyamunara yabaye ku wa 08/01/2018 harangizwa urubanza RCA0202/2008/TGI/NGOMA ivanweho ku birebana n’imitungo ibaruwe kuri UPI: 5/04/02/01/4078 na UPI: 5/04/02/01/3148, yanditse kuri Nsengumukiza Damien na Mukakanani Benigne, bakayisubizwa [39] Rwemeje ko urubanza RCA00058/2020 /HC/RWG rwaciwe ku wa 17/06/2022 ruhindutse ku birebana n’indishyi ; [40] Rutegetse Nsengumukiza Damien kwishyura Byiringiro Anastase 1.015.000Frw yatanze ku mutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/04/02/01/3148, hongeweho 500.000Frw y’inyungu zo kuba avukijwe umutungo we; [41] Rutegetse Nsengumukiza Damien kwishyura Uwiragiye Donath amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri na magana atanu (2.500.000Frw) yatanze agura umutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/04/02/01/4078 akanahabwa 500.000Frw y’inyungu zo kuba avukijwe umutungo we ; 4Aux termes de l’article 1382 du code civil francais (version en vigueur du 19 fevrier 1804 au 01 octobre 2016: « Tout fait quelconque de l’homme, qui cause á autrui un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé á le réparer”. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721/

LEGISCTA000006136352/#LEGISCTA000006136352, consulted on 17th November 2022.

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[42] Rutegetse Nsengumukiza Damien gufatanya na Muheto Jean Claude kwishyura Uwiragiye Donath, Byiringiro Anastase, Mukakanani Benigne, Mukasinamenye Angelique amafaranga ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000Frw) kuri buri wese y’ikurikiranarubanza ; buri wese akishyura ½ cy’amafaranga agenewe buri muntu ; [43] Rutegetse ko Me Miheto Jean Claude na Nsengumukiza Damien gufatanya kwishyura amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo ine (40.000Frw) cy’ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza, buri wese akishyura ½ cyayo ;