IMANZA Z'UBWISHINGIZI ZACIWE N'URUKIKO RW'IKIRENGA (Insurance digest Supreme Court 2025)

# IMANZA Z'UBWISHINGIZI ZACIWE N'URUKIKO RW'IKIRENGA (Insurance digest Supreme Court 2025)

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Court Precedents - Date: 2025-08-29 - Collection: Supreme Court

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RWANDA LAW REPORTS

JUDICIARY OF RWANDA P.O. Box. 2197 KIGALI www.judiciary.gov.rw

IMANZA Z’UBWISHINGIZI

URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA

Kinyarwanda

2025

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IMANZA ZIKUBIYE MURI IKI GITABO RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v. MUKANEZA RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v. MUREKATETE MUKARUHUNGA v. RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD SANLAM ASSURANCES GENERALES PLC v NDAYISABA; KWIZERA v RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD [RLR V.2-2025] SANLAM AG PLC v UWIHANGANYE RUBAYIZA v. SONARWA GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD NZAYIKORERA N’ABANDI v. SANLAM AG PLC SORAS AG LTD v. UMUHOZA N’ABANDI; [RLR V. 4- 2017] SANLAM AG PLC v NDISHUTSE N’ABANDI; SONARWA GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v. GASANA N’ABANDI NIYONZIMANA N’ABANDI v SANLAM AG PLC MUKAGATARE N’ABANDI v SANLAM AG PLC RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v MUKABERA NZAJYIBWAMI N’ABANDI v. SANLAM AG PLC RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v. TUYIGANE MUSENGAMANA v SGF SANLAM AG PLC v NZAMWITAKUZE SANLAM AG PLC v BIZIMANA MUKAKIMENYI v SANLAM AG PLC SONARWA GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v UWIZEYIMANA SEBATWARE N’ABANDI v. RWANDAIR, [RLR V.1-2016] RWANDAIR LTD v. KARANGWA [RLR V.2-2016] RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v DUSABIMANA MIREMBE v RADIANT UNSURANCE COMPANY LTD

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Ishakiro Indishyi z’imbagamira ry’uburambe .......................................................... 10 Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu hatitawe ku kuba yarakomeje cyangwa atarakomeje akazi. ....................................................................................... 10 Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kuko mu ngaruka ubumuga buhoraho bugira ku burambe harimo no gutakaza amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. ...................................................................................................... 10 Indishyi z’imbagamira ry’uburambe .......................................................... 13 Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizigenerwa gusa uwatakaje akazi burundu, ahubwo zinagenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima. ............................................. 13 Uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wari usanzwe akora agenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe kuko ubwo bumuga bumugiraho ingaruka ku kazi nko kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe, no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. 13 Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi ............................................ 15 Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizihabwa uwatakaje akazi burundu gusa, ahubwo zigenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga yagize, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima. ........................................................................................................ 15 Ni indishyi zishingiye ku ngaruka z’impanuka ku mwuga, zigamije kuriha ingaruka umuntu yagize, harimo kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe, no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. ............................................................ 15 Indishyi ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho ........................................... 18 Indishyi ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho batabasha kubona inyandiko mpamo yemeza umushahara wabo .............................................................. 18 Abafite umwuga wigenga cyangwa abantu bakora umwuga bigengaho (nk’abamotari) bagomba kwerekana ibikorwa bigaragara byerekana inyungu zabo ziciriritse z’amezi 12 abanziriza impanuka. ....................................... 18 Iyo inyandiko mpamo zemeza umushahara zitabonetse, umwuga uwangirijwe akora ukaba uzwi neza, indishyi zigenwa hakoreshejwe kugereranya n’umushahara uvanze (brut) w’umuntu ukora umwuga bimeze kimwe cyangwa ujya kumera kimwe n’uwo akora. .................................... 18

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Mu kubara indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho, harebwa umusaruro w’umwaka umuntu atahana (net) aho kuba umusaruro mbumbe. .................................................................................... 18 Indishyi ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho ........................................... 20 Ibarwa ry’indishyi mbangamirabukungu ku muntu ukora umwuga wo gutwara abagenzi kuri moto ........................................................................ 20 Umusaruro utahanwa - Umusaruro utahanwa ku mwaka n’umuntu ukora umwuga wo gutwara abantu kuri moto, hamaze kuvanwaho umusoro ku musaruro n’umusoro w’ipatanti, ungana na 2.400.000 Frw - 72.000 Frw – 8.000 Frw = 2.320.000 Frw. Umusaruro atahana ku kwezi ungana na 2.320.000 Frw:12 = 193.333 Frw; naho umusaruro atahana ku munsi ukaba 193.333 Frw:30 = 6.444 Frw. ...................................................................... 20 Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi ............................................ 24 Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi (“préjudice de carrière”) zigenerwa umuntu wari ufite umurimo, yaba yarawuvuyeho cyangwa se atagishoboye kugira ibyo yinjiza kubera ingaruka z’impanuka, yaba yarawuhinduye ngo akore uwo ashoboye, yaba akiwurimo ariko awukora mu buryo buvunanye kubera ingaruka z’impanuka, cyangwa se yaba akiwurimo ariko atagishobora kuzamurwa mu ntera kubera ko atagitanga umusaruro nka mbere. .......................................................................................................... 24 Ikimenyetso gishingirwaho kugira ngo uwagize impanuka ahabwe indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi. .......................................................... 24 Kugira ngo uwagize impanuka ahabwe indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi agomba kugaragaza ko koko hari akazi yari afite ako ari ko kose, ndetse n’ingaruka impanuka yamugizeho yatumye agatakaza, agahindura, agakora mu buryo buvunanye cyangwa ko yaba atagishoboye kuzamurwa mu ntera. ............................................................................................................ 24 Impanuka y’akazi ......................................................................................... 28 Impanuka y’akazi ni ikintu cyangwa ibintu bigwirira umuntu mu gihe kizwi kubera akazi cyangwa mu gihe cy’akazi, bikamuviramo ibyago ku mubiri hatitawe ku gihe ibyo byago byagaragariye ................................................ 28 Itegeko rikoreshwa ku mpanuka z’akazi .................................................... 28 Ibirebana n’impanuka z’akazi bigengwa n’amategeko agenga ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi. ...................................................................... 28 Abakozi bo mu mirimo y’ubwubatsi ........................................................... 28

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Abakozi bo mu mirimo y’ubwubatsi n’iyindi isa nka yo bagomba gufatirwa ubwishingizi bwihariye mu rwego rwo kubarinda. ..................................... 28 Ishingiro ry’indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka y’akazi ............................... 28 Ibigenerwa uwakoze impanuka y’akazi ntibishingira ku ihame ry’uburyozwe ahubwo hakurikizwa ibigenga ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi bifasha uwahohotewe kubona ubuvuzi n’izindi ndishyi .......................................... 28 Indishyi z'ibangamirabukungu ku babyeyi ba nyakwigendera. .............. 32 Umuntu urengeje imyaka y’ubukure ntiyavuga ko adashoboye kwitunga iyo atagaragaje impamvu idasanzwe, kandi akabitangira ibimenyetso bifatika nk’inyandiko zo kwa muganga zerekana niba afite ubumuga, uburwayi cyangwa ikindi kibazo kidasanzwe cyatuma atibeshaho. ........................... 32 Agaciro k'icyemezo cyatanzwe n'inzego z'ibanze nk'ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera. ............................................................ 32 Inyandiko y’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze ihabwa agaciro nk’ikimenyetso kigaraza ko nyakwigendera ariwe wari utunze usaba indishyi mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho aba, kuko abaturanyi b’usaba indishyi baba bazi neza imibereho ye ya buri munsi bakaba bashobora kwemeza niba ari nyakwigendera wari umutunze. ..................................................................................................................... 32 Amafaranga y'ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura. ...................................... 32 Amafaranga y'ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 21 y’Iteka rya Perezida agenwa mu bushishozi bw'Urukiko. .......................... 32 Indishyi z'ibangamirabukungu ku babyeyi cyangwa abana ba nyakwigendera. ............................................................................................. 35 Inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga hagati y’ababyeyi n’abana barengeje imyaka y’ubukure, ibaho gusa iyo usaba ibimutunga abikeneye, bivuze ko kugira ngo abihabwe agomba gutanga ibimenyetso by’uko akeneye ibimutunga, ndetse ko ubisabwa abifitiye ubushobozi................................ 35 Inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga hagati y’ababyeyi n’abana barengeje imyaka y’ubukure. ........................................................................................ 35 Indishyi mbangamirabukungu nubwo amategeko ateganya ko zihabwa abafite inshingano yo gutunga abandi iyo babikeneye, uzisaba wese aba agomba gutanga ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko yari atunzwe koko na nyakwigendera wazize impanuka y’imodoka. ............................................ 35

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Indishyi z'ibangamirabukungu ku babyeyi cyangwa abana ba nyakwigendera. ............................................................................................. 37 Ibimenyetso bigaragazwa mu gusaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. − Kugira ngo usaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 22 y’Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 azihabwe, agomba kwerekana ko yari asanzwe atunzwe na nyakwigendera, mu gihe afite imyaka y’ubukure, akagomba kugaragaza impamvu idasanzwe yatumaga amwitaho, nk’inyandiko zo kwa muganga zerekana ko hari ubumuga afite, uburwayi cyangwa ikindi kibazo kidasanzwe cyatuma atibeshaho. ........................... 37 Agaciro k'icyemezo cyatanzwe n'inzego z'ibanze nk'ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera. ............................................................ 37 Inyandiko yatanzwe n’Umuyobozi w’Umurenge igomba kuba iherekejwe n’ibindi bimenyetso bigizwe n’inyandiko zose zemeza ibyo urega asaba zivugwa mu ngingo ya 9 y’Itegeko N° 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka. ............................................ 37 Abemerewe guhabwa indishyi mbangamirabukungu zikomoka ku rupfu rwatewe n’impanuka y’ikinyabiziga. .......................................................... 39 Indishyi mbangamirabukungu zihabwa abaribatunzwe na nyakwigendera bateganywa n’amategeko ndetse n’abandi yaratunze iyo babigaragarije ibimenyetso. ................................................................................................ 39 Icyemezo cyatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze. ............................. 39 Icyemezo cyatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge atari cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko abaregwa bahabwaga mu buryo buhoraho (regulièrement) ibibatunga na nyakwigendera kuko kitanagaragaza impamvu idasanzwe yatumaga abatunga kandi bose bujuje imyaka y’ubukure. ......................... 39 Indishyi z’ibangamira ku muco ................................................................... 39 Indishyi z’ibangamira ku muco zibarwa hashingiwe ku mushahara muto ntaregwa wemewe n’amategeko. ................................................................ 39 Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. .................................................................. 41 Kugaragaza ko usaba indishyi yari atunzwe na nyakwigendera. ............ 41 Inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga ibaho gusa iyo usaba ibimutunga abikeneye, akaba agomba gutanga ibimenyetso by’uko akeneye ibimutunga kandi akagaragaza impamvu idasanzwe. .................................................... 41 Ikimenyetso cy’icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Inzego z’Ibanze. . 41

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Icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’ibanze si cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko nyakwigendera yatangaga mu buryo buhoraho ibitunga ababyeyi be, igihe kidaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bigizwe n’inyandiko zose zemeza ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa nk’impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana niba umuntu afite ubumuga, bordereaux za banki zatangirwagaho amafaranga, messages za mobile money cyangwa ikindi kibazo kidasanzwe cyatuma atibeshaho. 41 Indishyi mbangamirabukungu .................................................................... 43 Ikimenyetso cy’icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Inzego z’Ibanze .. 43 Inyandiko yatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze si ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho na nyakwigendera, mu gihe idaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bifatika nk’impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana niba umuntu afite ubumuga, “bordereaux” za banki zoherezwagaho amafaranga, message za “mobile money” n’ibindi. Icyakora, iyo nyandiko ishobora kuba yihagije ubwayo, mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho atuye. . 43 Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. .................................................................. 46 Ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera................................. 46 Inyandiko y’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze ............................................ 46 Hari igihe inyandiko yatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Inzego z’Ibanze ishobora kuba yihagije ubwayo nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ari we wari utunze usaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho aba, kuko abaturanyi b’usaba indishyi baba bazi neza imibereho ye ya buri munsi, bakaba bashobora kwemeza niba ari nyakwigendera wari umutunze. ................................................................................................ 46 Uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe (action récursoire/recovery action). ......................................................................... 49 Umwishingizi afite uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe cyangwa uwafashe ubwishingizi mu gihe byabaye ngombwa ko amwishyurira ibyago byatejwe n’impanuka, ubusanzwe umwishingizi atagombaga kwishyurira hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko cyangwa n’amasezerano. .............. 49 Uburenganzira bwo gusimbura uwishingiwe mu gukurikirana abandi batumye umwishingizi yishyura (action subrogatoire/subrogatoty action) ......................................................................................................................... 49

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Umwishingizi nyuma y’uko yishyuye uwishingiwe wahohotewe afite uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwateje impanuka mu kigwi cy’uwishingiwe, akabikora mu mbibi z’ibyo yishyuye. ............................. 49 Impanuka yatewe n'umunyegare ................................................................ 52 Umwishingizi yishingira gusa ibyago byatejwe n'uwo yishingiye. ....... 52 Mu gihe nta ruhare ikinyabiziga cyagize mu mpanuka yabaye, nta buryozwe uwari ugitwaye yashyirwaho kimwe n’umwishingizi we. ...... 52 Umwishingizi yishingira gusa ibyago byatejwe n'uwo yishingiye. ........... 55 Mu gihe nta ruhare ikinyabiziga cyagize mu mpanuka yabaye, nta buryozwe uwari ugitwaye yashyirwaho kimwe n’umwishingizi we. .......................... 55 Kutishyura indishyi kubera ikosa ryakozwe nkana .................................. 58 Kugirango umwishingizi areke kwishyura ashingiye ku ngingo y’amategeko cyangwa y’amasezerano ibuza kwishingira ikosa ryakozwe nkana, agomba gutanga ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko uwishingiwe yakoze ikosa agambiriye kwangiza (faute intentionnelle). Ibi bikaba bihindura umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza No RS/INJUST/RC 00002/2021/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 30/12/2021, Akarere ka Kirehe na SAHAM Assurance Rwanda Ltd yahindutse SANLAM Assurances Générales Plc, abazungura ba Gatashya Ezra n’abandi; uwo murongo ukaba waravugaga ko umwishingizi ataryozwa amakosa uwishingiwe yakoze abizi kandi abishaka. ................................................................................... 58 Amafaranga yo kwivuza ............................................................................... 60 Uwahohotewe ufite ubushobozi ashobora kwivuza ku giti cye, noneho nyuma akazasaba uwateje impanuka cyangwa uwamwishingiye kumusubiza amafaranga yatanze yivuza hamaze gutangwa ibimenyetso bigaragaza amafaranga y’ikiguzi yatanzwe kuri ubwo buvuzi, mu gihe yaba nta bushobozi afite agasaba abo bombi kumuvuza. .......................................... 60 Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga ............................................................ 60 Kuba muganga atarerekanye ko hari ibangamira ry’uburanga ryabayeho, ntibivuze ko ritabayeho koko, ahubwo ni uko aba atarasabwe kuryerekana. ..................................................................................................................... 60 Amafaranga y’ukwivuza .............................................................................. 62 Kuba uwahohotewe yandikiye ikigo cy’ubwishingizi agisaba kugena umuganga ugomba kujya mu kanama k’abaganga bemeza ko ajya kwivuza hanze ntikimusubize, ntibyamubuza kujya kwivuza hanze kuko byanze

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bikunze agomba kuramira ubuzima bwe, niyo mpamvu ikigo cy’ubwishingizi kigomba kwishyura amafaranga yose yakoreshejejwe mu kujya kwivuza. 62 Ubuzime ......................................................................................................... 64 Kuregera indishyi ku mwana udafite imyaka y'ubukure − Igihe ubuzime butangirira kubarwa ................................................................................. 64 Umwana wakoze impanuka udafite ababyeyi cyangwa umwishingizi wo kumukurikiranira indishyi, igihe cy’ubuzime gihagarara kubarwa; cyongera gutangira kubarwa uhereye igihe yuzurije imyaka y’ubukure. 64 Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie yo kuwa 12/10/1929 yerekeye gutwara abantu mu ndege ............................................................................ 67 Utwara abantu mu ndege agomba kuryozwa indishyi zikomoka ku rupfu rw’abo atwaye mu gihe atashoboye kugaragaza ko rwatewe n’indi mpamvu itari impanuka yagiriye mu ndege nk’uko biteganywa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie yo kuwa 12/10/1929, yerekeye gutwara abantu mu ndege nk’uko yahinduwe n’amasezerano y’i La Haye yo kuwa 28/09/1955, ingingo ya 17. .......................................................................... 67 Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie yo kuwa 12/10/1929 yerekeye gutwara abantu mu ndege ............................................................................ 71 Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie ateganya ko ibigomba gutangirwa indishyi mu gihe habaye impanuka y’indege, ari urupfu, ibisebe cyangwa se ibindi bikomere by’umubiri, ibikomere by’umutima bikaba bitari mu bitangirwa indishyi. ..................................................................................... 71 Uburyozwe mu by’imbonezamubano ......................................................... 73 Nyir’ugukora ikosa ryagize uwo ryangiriza, akora uko ashoboye akamwishyura indishyi zituma asubira kumera nk’uko yari kuba ameze iyo iryo kosa ritaza kubaho. .............................................................................. 73 Kubura inyungu zari zitezwe (gain manqué) ............................................. 73 Uwangirijwe agomba kuba yari yizeye mu buryo budashidikanywaho inyungu runaka, icyo cyizere kikaburizwamo n’igikorwa cyagize icyo kimwangiriza. .............................................................................................. 73 Kuvutswa amahirwe (perte de chance) ....................................................... 73 Bifatwa nk’ukuvutswa amahirwe iyo umuntu yabuze ikintu yakozagaho imitwe y’intoki kandi yagombaga kungukiramo. ....................................... 73 Kuvutswa amahirwe bitangirwa indishyi zigomba kujyana n’amahirwe yatakaye, ariko zidashobora kungana n’ibyo umuntu yari kubona iyo ayo mahirwe ataza gutakara. .............................................................................. 73

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Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu ........................................................... 77 Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizihabwa uwatakaje akazi burundu gusa, ahubwo zinagenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga yagize. .................................................................................... 77 Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe ........................................................... 77 Uwari usanzwe akora, watewe ubumuga buhoraho n’impanuka, agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kubera ingaruka z’impanuka ku mwuga we (incidence professionnelle), zirimo kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune (pénibilité) mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. 77

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Indishyi z’imbagamira ry’uburambe Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu hatitawe ku kuba yarakomeje cyangwa atarakomeje akazi. Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kuko mu ngaruka ubumuga buhoraho bugira ku burambe harimo no gutakaza amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. Radiant Insurance Company Ltd v Mukaneza; RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 05 Mata 2024 Ku wa 09/04/2019, moto TVS Victor RE 012 G ifite ubwishingizi muri Radiant yakoze impanuka ikomerekeramo Mukaneza Clarisse, umugenzi yari itwaye, bimuviramo ubumuga bwa 31%, nk’uko byemejwe n’itsinda ry’abaganga ryashyizweho n’impande zombi. Mukaneza yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge asaba ko yahabwa indishyi zitandukanye. Urukiko rwemeje ko yahabwa indishyi zirimo iz’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’iz’ibangamira ryu’uburambe mu kazi. Imanza zabo zarakomeje zigera mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga aho Radiant

1 Ingingo 18, igika cya 1, tiret 1 y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 28/05/2003: “Iyo ari ubumuga buhoraho burengeje 30%, indishyi y’ibangamirabukungu ikorwa hakurikijwe amategeko akurikira: iyo yasabye ko hasuzuma akarengane kari mu rubanza. Imiburanire y’uwatanze ikirego cya karengane (Radiant) Urega aburana avuga ko; Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zihabwa uwahohotewe watakaje inyungu yakuraga mu kazi kandi akaba agomba kubigaragaza, bityo asanga Uregwa nyuma y’impanuka yakomeje gukora akazi ke ndetse ahembwa umushahara we nk’uko bisanzwe, ko nta hungabana yagize mu rwego rw’ubukungu. Bityo indishyi zategetswe mu manza zibanza hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 181 y’Iteka rya Perezida, isaba ko zivanwaho. Uregwa ntabwo yari akwiriye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamiraburambe kuko atari mu bemerewe guhabwa izi ndishyi nk’uko biri mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC00010/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 02/12/2022 haburana Prime Insurance Company Ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude. Naho kubirebana n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga yibutsa ko ingingo ya 19 y’Iteka rya Perezida, iteganya ko muganga agereranya ibangamira ry’uburanga akurikije ikigereranyo cy’inzego 6, nyamara itsinda ry’abaganga ryashyizweho n’impande zombi ntacyo ryavuze ku uwahohotewe akora umwuga ahemberwa, ahabwa amafaranga abarwa hakurijwe igihembo umuntu atahana, urwego rw’ubumuga n’imyaka ye”.

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ibangamira ry’uburanga ry’uwahohotewe, bityo izo ndishyi zatanzwe n’Urukiko nta shingiro zifite, zikaba zikwiye kuvanwaho. Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa y’iregura avuga ko; Uwahohotewe ntahabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ari uko yatakaje akazi gusa kandi burundu, ahubwo icyangombwa ari ukugira ubumuga buhoraho, iyo bumaze kugaragara indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zigomba gutangwa kandi zikabarwa hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Perezida 2. Naho indisyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi avuga ko zikwiye gutangwa kuko ziteganyijwe n’Iteka rya Perezida ko kandi izatanzwe zifite ishingiro. Ku birebana n’indishyi iz’ibangamira ry’uburanga; avuga ko itsinda ry’abaganga ryashyizweho n’impande zombi kugira ngo rikemure gusa ikibazo cy’ubumuga buhoraho kuko aricyo cyonyine zitumvikanagaho, ko ku ikubitiro ibangamira ry’uburanga ryumvikanyweho n’abaganga b’impande zombi kuko bose bemeje ko rifite ikigero cya 3/6, izo indishyi rero zikaba zifite ishingiro kandi zikwiye kugumaho. Ibibazo urukiko rugomba gusuzuma

2 Mu ngingo za 17 na 18. Ingingo 17 ivuga uburyo indishyi mbangamirabukungu Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze rugomba gusuzuma niba uwahohotewe akwiye guhabwa:  indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu;  iz’ibangamira ry’uburanga;  n’z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwanzuye ko: Ikibazo kiri mu ngingo ya 5 y’Itegeko No 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, ari ihinduranya ry’indimi kuko ahanditse « Iyo impanuka yateye ubumuga uwangirijwe bumubuza gukora akazi burundu […] », mu gifaransa handitse «Lorsque le dommage a causé une incapacité permanente […] ». izi nteruro mu ndimi zombi ntizivuga ikintu kimwe. Iyi ngingo ikwiye kumvikana ko uwawohotewe wishyurwa indishyi ari uwasigiwe n’impanuka ubumuga azahorana bw’ikigero runaka; itegeko rikaba rivuga ko azishyurwa indishyi zibariwe kuri icyo kigero, icyo kigero kikaba ari igihombo kizahoraho mu rwego rw’ubushobozi umuntu afite butuma akora. Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa zibarwa iyo hari ubumuga buhoraho butarenze 30%.

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indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu hatitawe ku kuba yarakomeje cyangwa atarakomeje akazi. Kuba muganga wo ku ruhande rw’umwishingizi wakoze contre– expertise de consolidation yaremeje urwego rw’ibangamira ry’uburanga rwa 3/6 nk’uko byari byemejwe na muganga wo ku ruhande rw’uwahohotewe wakoze “expertise de consolidation”, bigaragaza ko bari babyemeranyijweho bika bitari mu byagibwagaho impaka bigomba gushyirirwaho itsinda ry’abaganga bo kubikemura. Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu hatitawe ku kuba yarakomeje cyangwa atarakomeje akazi. Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kuko mu ngaruka ubumuga buhoraho bugira ku burambe harimo no gutakaza amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera, uyu murongo ukaba uhindura uwari usanzwe wo mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC rwa Prime Insurance Company Ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude, aho izo ndishyi zahabwaga gusa uwatakaje akazi.

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Indishyi z’imbagamira ry’uburambe Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizigenerwa gusa uwatakaje akazi burundu, ahubwo zinagenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima. Uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wari usanzwe akora agenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe kuko ubwo bumuga bumugiraho ingaruka ku kazi nko kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe, no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. Radiant Insurance Company Ltd v Murekatete, RS/INJUST/Rc 00004/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 12 Mata 2024. Kuwa 20/09/2024 habaye impanuka ubwo moto yari ihetsweho Murekatete yagonganaga n’indi yari ifite ubwishingizi bwa RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd (Radiant) bikamuviramo ibikomere byamuteye ubumuga bungana na 43%. Uwahohotewe yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Musanze asaba indishyi zitandukanye, Urukiko rusanga ikirego cye gifite ishingiro rumugenera indishyi zirimo iz’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi. Uregwa yarajuriye ariko nabwo ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru. Nyuma y’uko Uregwa abisabye, uru rubanza rwasubishijwemo ku mpamvu z'akarengane mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rushubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Uwasabye gushubirishamo urubanza asobanura ko: Uwahohotewe atagombaga guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, kuko yakomeje gukora no guhembwa umushahara we, akaba ntacyo yatakaje. Akomeza avuga ko usaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu aba agomba kuzihabwa kubera ingaruka impanuka yagize ku nyungu yavanaga ku mwuga yakoraga kuko aba atagishoboye gukomeza kuwukora, ko mu kuzigena hitabwa ku kureba niba uzisaba hari ibyo yatakaje, ko rero atari indishyi zitangwa gusa kuko habaye impanuka uwahohotewe akagira ikigero cy’ububabare runaka Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa asobanura ko nta ngingo z’amategeko ziteganya ko mu gihe umuntu yakomerekejwe n’impanuka ariko ntimuviremo urupfu, nyuma agasubira mu kazi aba akumiriwe ku ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Akomeza avuga ko nyuma yo kugira ubumuga hari akazi yakoraga mbere yasabye ko atakomeza kugakora kuko atakibasha kugenda n’amaguru nka mbere hakaba hari na bimwe yagenerwaga atakibona kuko atagikora imirimo imwe n’imwe, ibyo bikaba bishimangira ko akwiye guhabwa indishyi

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z’ibangamirabukungu n’indishyi z’imbangamiraburambe mu kazi. Asoza avuga ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zitari kubarirwa ku 3.000Frw, ahubwo ko zagombaga kubarirwa ku 411.919 Frw y’umushahara yatahanaga. Ibibazo Urukiko rwasuzumye: Gusuzuma niba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zishobora gutangwa igihe uwangirijwe yagize ubumuga buhoraho ariko agasubira mu kazi ke. Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwanzuye ko: Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zigamije kuriha ibyangijwe zidahabwa uwatakaje akazi burundu gusa, ahubwo zigenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima. Izo indishyi zigomba kuriha umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye (réparation intégrale) kandi zikajyana n’ibyo yangirijwe byonyine gusa, ku buryo ntacyo ahomba cyangwa ngo abikuremo inyungu y’umurengera (réparation du préjudice subi), ibyo bikagenwa hashingiwe ku rugero rw’ubumuga umuntu yagize rubariwe ku ijanisha. Ni ukuvuga ko ufite bumuga bwa 43%, adahabwa indishyi zingana n’iz’uwagize uburi hejuru ya 70% cyangwa ubutarengeje 30% cyangwa se ufite 0%, kuko bataba batakaje ubushobozi mu buryo bungana. Uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wari usanzwe akora agenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe kuko ubwo bumuga bumugiraho ingaruka ku kazi nko kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe, no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera.

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Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizihabwa uwatakaje akazi burundu gusa, ahubwo zigenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga yagize, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima. Ni indishyi zishingiye ku ngaruka z’impanuka ku mwuga, zigamije kuriha ingaruka umuntu yagize, harimo kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe, no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. MUKARUHUNGA v. RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd, RS/INJUST/RC00019/2024/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 17 Mata 2025 Mukaruhunga yakomerekeye mu mpanuka yakozwe n’imodoka yari arimo ifite ubwishingizi muri Radiant Insurance Company, ikaba yaramuteye ubumuga buhoraho buri ku kigero cya 60%. Nyuma yo kugerageza kumvikana na Radiant umwishingizi w’iyo modoka ntibikunde, Mukaruhunga yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, arega asaba urukiko gutegeka Radiant kumwishyura indishyi zitandukanye zingana na 29.140.873Frw zituruka kuri iyo mpanuka yakoze nkuko ziteganywa n’amategeko. Urukiko rwemeje ko yahabwa indishyi zirimo n’iz’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’iz’ibangamira ryu’uburambe mu kazi. Radiant yajuririye uru rubanza mu Urukiko Rukuru, urwo rukiko rwemeza ko nta ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi uwahohotewe akwiye guhabwa, rutegeka ko umwishingizi ya kwishyura indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga, amafaranga yakoresheje mu kwivuza, ayo yakoresheje mu ngendo no kugura ibyangombwa n’amafaranga y'igihembo cy’Avoka Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka yasabye ko urwo rubanza rwasubirishwamo kubera impamvu z’akarengane, maze ruburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Imiburanire y’uwatanze ikirego cya karengane Urega avuga ko: Akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu kuko yakomerekejwe n’imodoka yishingiwe, agasigarana ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 60% kuko izo ndishyi zitagamije kuriha gusa uwatakaje akazi, ahubwo ko zigenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, kuko biba byagize icyo bihungabanya mu buzima bwe no mu kazi. Yahabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zibazwe mu buryo bukurikira: 6.594Frw x 30 x 12 x 11 x 60% = 15.667.344 :1 + (7% x 11) = 8.851.607Frw.

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Yahabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, kuko impanuka yatumye adakora akazi uko yagakoraga, ndetse ubumuga yagize bukaba butazatuma abasha gukora kugeza agiye mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru; bityo akaba izo indishyi zabarwa mu buryo bukurikira: 6.594 Frw x 30 x 6 = 1.186.920Frw. Mu guca urubanza, hazashingirwa ku murongo watanzwe n’uru rukiko mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC00004/2023/SC rwaciwe ku wa 12/04/2024, haburana Radiant Insurance Company Ltd na Murekatete Denyse. Imiburanire y’uregwa Yisobanuye avuga ko: Ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko No 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, iteganya mu gika cyayo cya mbere ko iyo impanuka yatumye uwangirijwe agira ubumuga bumutesha akazi ku buryo budahoraho bikamutesha gufata umushahara we wose cyangwa igice cyawo, igihombo cy’akazi cyangwa inyungu zituruka ku mwuga, afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa amafaranga y’indishyi zijya mu kigwi cyabyo, abarwa guhera ku munsi wa kane uhereye igihe yahagarikiye akazi kugeza ku italiki yagaruriye ubushobozi bwo kugasubiraho, ibi ngo bikaba bivuze ko mu gihe nta mushahara cyangwa umusaruro wahagaze cyangwa uwangirijwe yatakaje, nta ndishyi aba agomba kugenerwa kugira ngo hatabaho kwikungahaza nta mpamvu. Urega nta indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi akwiye guhabwa, kuko atigeze atakaza uburambe mu kazi, kuko ingingo ya 19 y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko ugomba kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi ari umukozi watakaje uburambe mu kazi cyangwa umunyeshuri watakaje amahirwe y’akazi, nyamara urega akaba agikora akazi yakoraga kuva impanuka yaba. Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zitagenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, ko ahubwo zitangwa mu mwanya w’umushahara cyangwa w’umusaruro umuntu atakibona, bivuze ko mu gihe nta mushahara cyangwa umusaruro yatakaje, aba atagomba kuzigenerwa kugira ngo hatabaho kwikungahaza nta mpamvu (enrichissement sans cause). Ibibazo urukiko rugomba gusuzuma: Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze rugomba gusuzuma niba uwahohotewe akwiye guhabwa:  indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu;  iz’ibangamira ry’uburanga;  n’z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi Icyemezo cy’urukiko:

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Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagarutse ku byo rwavuze mu rubanza Radiant Insurance Company Ltd yaregagamo Mukaneza Clarisse, ndetse no mu rubanza iyi sosiyete yaregagamo Murekatete Denyse, rwongera kubishimangira rwemeza ko: Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizihabwa uwatakaje akazi burundu gusa, ahubwo zigenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga yagize, kuko ubwo bumuga bugira ibyo bumuhungabanyaho mu buzima. Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi ni indishyi zishingiye ku ngaruka z’impanuka ku mwuga, zigamije kuriha ingaruka umuntu yagize, harimo kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe, no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera.

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Indishyi ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho Indishyi ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho batabasha kubona inyandiko mpamo yemeza umushahara wabo Abafite umwuga wigenga cyangwa abantu bakora umwuga bigengaho (nk’abamotari) bagomba kwerekana ibikorwa bigaragara byerekana inyungu zabo ziciriritse z’amezi 12 abanziriza impanuka. Iyo inyandiko mpamo zemeza umushahara zitabonetse, umwuga uwangirijwe akora ukaba uzwi neza, indishyi zigenwa hakoreshejwe kugereranya n’umushahara uvanze (brut) w’umuntu ukora umwuga bimeze kimwe cyangwa ujya kumera kimwe n’uwo akora. Mu kubara indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho, harebwa umusaruro w’umwaka umuntu atahana (net) aho kuba umusaruro mbumbe. KWIZERA v RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd; RS/INJUST/RC 00014/2022/SC; rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’ Ikirenga kuwa 18 Gicurasi 2023 [RLR V.2- 2025] Ku wa 25/08/2018, habaye impanuka ya moto, yari itwawe na Nshimiyimana agonga indi moto Victor TVS yari itwawe na Kwizera, ayikomerekeramo, agira ubumuga buhoraho bwa 90%. Iyo moto yamugonze yari ifite ubwishingizi muri Radiant. Nyuma yo kugerageza inzira y’ubwumvikane bikananirana, Kwizera yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye arega Radiant, asaba indishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka. Urwo rukiko rwemeje ko ikirego gifite ishingiro, rutegeka Radiant gutanga indishyi zingana na 23.700.867Frw arimo n’igihembo cy’Avoka cya 600.000Frw. Radiant yarajuriye mu Urukiko Rukuru, na rwo rwemeza ko ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko urubanza ruhindutse gusa ku bijyanye n’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, rutegeka Radiant kwishyura Kwizera Eric indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zingana na 9.208.421Frw na 1.700.000Frw yagenwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa ku byakoreshejwe mu rubanza harimo n’igihembo cy’Avoka. Mu gufata iki cyemezo, urwo Rukiko rwasanze indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu Kwizera Eric yagenewe zidakurikije amategeko kubera ko atashoboye kugaragaza umusaruro yinjizaga ku munsi cyangwa ku kwezi ku buryo buhoraho, rwemeza ko agomba kubarirwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hashingiwe ku mushahara w’umwaka muto ntarengwa (SMIG) ungana na 3.000Frw nk’uko yemejwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RCAA 0049/14/CS rwaciwe ku wa 25/11/2016, zikabarwa mu buryo bukurikira : 3.000Frw x 30 x 12 x 36

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x 90% : 1 + ( 7.992% x 36) = 9.208.421Frw. Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka yasabye ko urwo rubanza rwasubirishwamo kubera impamvu z’akarengane, maze ruburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Imiburanire y’uwatanze ikirego cya karengane Urega avuga ko: Ibimenyetso binyuranye birimo icyemezo cya RRA, “historique de compte” ya Remera Sacco Giribakwe yerekana ko yishyura umusoro wa 18.000Frw ku gihembwe ndetse n’inyandiko za RRA z’imenyekanisha musoro mu mwaka wa 2018, hakaba kandi ikimenyetso cya “plan de remboursement” yatanzwe kigaragaza uburyo yishyura umwenda w’iyo moto yakoreshaga. Ayo mafaranga yose yavaga ku musaruro wa moto yakoreshaga mu kazi k’ubumotari kandi ko hari n’inyandiko ya RRA yo ku wa 27/02/2017 yemeza ko abantu bose bakora akazi k’ubumotari binjiza 2.400.000Frw ku mwaka. Imiburanire y’uregwa Uregwa yisobanura avuga ko: Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko ibimenyetso urega yatanze birimo ikarita y’akazi, icyemezo yahawe na Koperative COTAMNDAGA kigaragaza ko yinjizaga 200.000Frw ku kwezi hamwe n’inyandiko ya RRA yerekanaga ko yinjiza 2.400.000Frw ku mwaka, bidahagije ngo hemezwe ko yinjizaga koko 200.000Frw ku kwezi kandi ko nta n’ubwo yigeze agaragaza amasezerano y'akazi kuko ariyo yonyine yari kwerekana umushahara ahembwa. Ibibazo urukiko rugomba gusuzuma: Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze ikibazo nyamukuru kigomba gusuzumwa ukumenya uburyo indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zasabwe muri uru rubanza zagombaga kubarwa. Icyemezo cy’urukiko:  Abafite umwuga wigenga cyangwa abantu bakora umwuga bigengaho (nk’abamotari) bagomba kwerekana ibikorwa bigaragara byerekana inyungu zabo ziciriritse z’amezi 12 abanziriza impanuka.  Mu kubara indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho, harebwa umusaruro w’umwaka umuntu atahana (net) aho kuba umusaruro mbumbe aho bafata umusaruro mbumbe hagakurwamo umusoro uteganywa n’itegeko.

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Indishyi ku bantu bakora umwuga bigengaho Ibarwa ry’indishyi mbangamirabukungu ku muntu ukora umwuga wo gutwara abagenzi kuri moto Umusaruro utahanwa - Umusaruro utahanwa ku mwaka n’umuntu ukora umwuga wo gutwara abantu kuri moto, hamaze kuvanwaho umusoro ku musaruro n’umusoro w’ipatanti, ungana na 2.400.000 Frw - 72.000 Frw – 8.000 Frw = 2.320.000 Frw. Umusaruro atahana ku kwezi ungana na 2.320.000 Frw:12 = 193.333 Frw; naho umusaruro atahana ku munsi ukaba 193.333 Frw:30 = 6.444 Frw. SANLAM AG Plc v UWIHANGANYE; RS/INJUST/RC 00009/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 18 Gicurasi 2023 Imodoka yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SORAS A.G Plc yagonze Moto yari itwawe n’Uwihanganye arakomereka, agira ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 60%. Kubera ko atashoboye kumvikana na SORAS A.G Plc ku bijyanye n’indishyi, yayireze mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, atsindira indishyi zinyuranye. SANLAM AG Plc yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwayo bufite ishingiro ku bijyanye gusa n’ indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga Uwihanganye yahawe atagombaga kuzihabwa. SANLAM AG Plc nabwo ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, isaba ko rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ubusabe bwayo burakirwa, hemezwa ko rwongera kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Imiburanire y’uwatanze ikirego cya karengane: Urega avuga ko: Uwo baburana yarabariwe indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hashingiwe ku musaruro yinjiza ku munsi ungana na 5.000Frw; kandi atarabashije kugaragaza umusaruro yinjizaga mu mezi 12 yabanjirije impanuka, akaba ahubwo yaragombaga kubarirwa indishyi zihwanye n'umushahara w'umwaka muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko ungana na 3.000Frw ku munsi. Indishyi z’ibangamiraburambe mu kazi zidakwiye gutangwa kuko nta cyemezo cya muganga kigaragaza ko atazakomeza gukora umwuga we kandi ko umurongo wagaragajwe uvuga ko ibyo umuburanyi atagaragarije umucamanza ngo amusabe kubisuzuma, adashobora kuvuga ko yabimurenganyijeho watanzwe nyuma y’uko iki kirego gitanzwe bityo utakurikizwa muri uru rubanza. Imiburanire y’uregwa Uregwa asobanura ko: Urukiko Rukuru nta kosa rwakoze rubara indishyi mbangamirabukungu ku musaruro yinjije ku munsi ungana

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na 5.000Frw, kuko bisanzwe bizwi ko igicuruzo cy’umumotari ku mwaka kingana na 2.400.000Frw ashingirwaho mu gutanga umusoro. Ibibazo urukiko rugomba gusuzuma: Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasuzumye ibibazo bikurikira: Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu uwangirijwe n’impanuka agomba guhabwa n’ukumenya niba hari indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi yagenerwa. Icyemezo cy’urukiko:  Umusaruro utahanwa ku mwaka n’umuntu ukora umwuga wo gutwara abantu kuri moto, hamaze kuvanwaho umusoro ku musaruro n’umusoro w’ipatanti, ungana na 2.400.000Frw - 72.000Frw – 8.000Frw = 2.320.000Frw. Umusaruro atahana ku kwezi ungana na 2.320.000Frw: 12 = 193.333Frw; naho umusaruro atahana ku munsi ukaba 193.333Frw:30 = 6.444Frw.  Ntacyabuza ko Umurongo utanzwe nyuma yo gutanga ikirego ukurikizwa, mu rubanza rujyanye n’icyo kirego igihe cyose wasohotse urubanza rukiburanishwa.

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Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu Itegeko rishingirwaho mu kubara indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka Iyo impanuka yateje ubumuga buhoraho butarengeje 30%, indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zibarwa hashingiwe ku mushahara w'umwaka muto. Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, ni ryo rigomba gushingirwaho mu kubarira indishyi uwakoze impanuka akwiye guhabwa kuko ari ryo risobanura mu buryo burambuye uko abakoze impanuka bazishyurwa n’ibizashingirwaho. RUBAYIZA v SONARWA General Insurance Company Ltd RW’IKIRENGA - RS/INJUST/RC 00026/2022/SC (Mukamulisa, P.J, Nyirinkwaya, Cyanzayire, J.) 24 Mata 2023] Ku wa 14/10/2017, habaye impanuka ya Moto RD 819Q yishingiwe Sonarwa muri uru rubanza, ikomerekeramo Rubayiza, wanakutse amenyo atatu (3), agira ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 20%. Nyuma yo kugerageza ubwumvikane bikananirana, Rubayiza Jean Paul yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye asaba ko itegekwa kumuha indishyi zitandukanye zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka Mu rubanza Nº RC 01116/2018/TGI/NYGE urwo rukiko rwategetse Sonarwa kumuha indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, akababaro, uburanga, gutakaza uburambe ku kazi n’ibyakoreshejwe byose. Sonarwa yajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru isaba gusuzuma ishingiro ry’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza n’ishingiro ry’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi. Sonarwa yajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru isaba gusuzuma ishingiro ry’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zagenwe n’Urukiko rubanza n’ishingiro ry’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi. Urwo rukiko rwemeje ko urubanza rwajuririwe ruhindutse ku bireba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, rutegeka ko Sonarwa igomba kumuha izihwanye na 3.000Frw x 30 x 12 x 3 (Rubayiza Jean Paul afite impamyabushobozi y’amashuri makuru) = 3.240.000Frw; rwemeje kandi ko nta zindi ndishyi zigomba gutangwa muri uru rubanza. Uwahutajwe n’impanuka yasabye ko urubanza rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ubusabe bwayo burakirwa, hemezwa ko rwongera kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ibibazo urukiko rugomba gusuzuma: Kumenya uburyo indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zigomba kubarwa.

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Imiburanire y’uwatanze ikirego cya karengane Urega avuga ko: Ndishyi zagombaga kubarwa hashingiwe ku mushahara yahembwaga ku kwezi nk’uko biteganywa n’Itegeko Nº 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zatewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na Moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, kuko ufite umushahara uzwi bityo atabarirwa kuri SMIG ya 3.000 Frw kuko bayishingiraho ku muntu udafite umushahara uzwi. Hari mirongo yatanzwe n’urukiko rukuru ku bantu bagize ubumuga buhoraho bwa 25%, babariwe indishyi z'ibangamirabukungu hashingiwe ku mushahara bahembwaga aho gushingira kuri SMIG. Imiburanire y’uregwa Uregwa avuga ko: Ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zigomba kubarwa hashingiwe kuri SMIG ya 3.000Frw kuko n’ubwo uwahutajwe n’impanuka afite umushahara yahembwaga ku kwezi uzwi, yagize ubumuga buhoraho buri munsi ya 30% kuko yagize ubungana na 20%, kandi ingingo ya 17 y’Iteka rya Perezida N° 31/01 ryibukijwe haruguru iteganya ko uwagize ubumuga buhoraho buri munsi ya 30% agomba kubarirwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hashingiwe kuri SMIG ya 3.000Frw Iyi ingingo yanasobanuwe mu rubanza RCAA 0049/14/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Iyo impanuka yateje ubumuga buhoraho butarengeje 30%, indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zibarwa hashingiwe ku mushahara w'umwaka muto. Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, ni ryo rigomba gushingirwaho mu kubarira indishyi uwakoze impanuka akwiye guhabwa kuko ari ryo risobanura mu buryo burambuye uko abakoze impanuka bazishyurwa n’ibizashingirwaho.

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Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi (“préjudice de carrière”) zigenerwa umuntu wari ufite umurimo, yaba yarawuvuyeho cyangwa se atagishoboye kugira ibyo yinjiza kubera ingaruka z’impanuka, yaba yarawuhinduye ngo akore uwo ashoboye, yaba akiwurimo ariko awukora mu buryo buvunanye kubera ingaruka z’impanuka, cyangwa se yaba akiwurimo ariko atagishobora kuzamurwa mu ntera kubera ko atagitanga umusaruro nka mbere. Ikimenyetso gishingirwaho kugira ngo uwagize impanuka ahabwe indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi. Kugira ngo uwagize impanuka ahabwe indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi agomba kugaragaza ko koko hari akazi yari afite ako ari ko kose, ndetse n’ingaruka impanuka yamugizeho yatumye agatakaza, agahindura, agakora mu buryo buvunanye cyangwa ko yaba atagishoboye kuzamurwa mu ntera. Usaba indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi agomba gutanga ikimenyetso icyo ari cyo cyose cyose kigaragaza ko yakoraga. SANLAM ASSURANCES GENERALES Plc v NDAYISABA; RS/INJUST/RC 00006/2024/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 14 Werurwe 2025 Ku wa 07/10/2017, mu Mudugudu wa Giporoso mu Karere ka Kicukiro habaye impanuka ubwo Moto TVS Victor yagonga Ndayisaba wagendaga n’amaguru bimuviramo gukomereka, amaze kwipimisha ngo arebe ubumuga impanuka yamusigiye, asanga afite ubumuga buhoraho buri ku kigero cya 48%. Ndayasaba yareze mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye asaba ko yahabwwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, iz’akababaro, iz’ibangamiraburanga, iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, iz’ubumuga bw’igihe gito, amafaranga yishyuwe ku bikorwa by’ubuvuzi no gukurikirana dosiye, n’indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza nta mpamvu. Urukiko rwanzuye ko ikirego gifite ishingiro, rutegaka ko SANLAM AG Plc igomba kumwishyura indishyi zikubiyemo iz’ibangamirabukungu, iz’akababaro, iz’ibangamiraburanga, z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, iz’ubumuga bw’igihe gito, amafaranga yishyuwe ku bikorwa by’ubuvuzi no gukurikirana dosiye. SANLAM AG Plc yajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru ivuga ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zabazwe mu buryo butari bwo, iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zitangwa hashingiwe ku marangamutima, naho

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iz’ubumuga bw’igihe gito, Urukiko ruzitanga rutabanje gusesengura amategeko zishingiyeho. Urukiko rwanzuye ko ubujurire bwa SANLAM AG Plc bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe; rwemeza ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zaciwe SANLAM AG Plc zigumyeho, ariko ruvuga ko iz’ubumuga bw’igihe gito zivanyweho. Ikibazo urukiko rugomba gusuzuma: Ikibazo nyamukuru uru rukiko rugomba gusuzuma ni ukumenya niba umuntu udafite akazi cyangwa udafite akazi kazwi (a well determined job/un emploi bien déterminé) agomba kugenerwa indishyi z’ibagamira ry’ububurambe mu kazi. Imiburanire y’uwatanze ikirego cya karengane: Urega avuga ko: Ingigo ya 19 y’Iteka rya Perezida yateganyije ko umunyeshuri ndetse n’umuntu wari usanzwe afite akazi ariko akagatakaza, ari bo bonyine bagenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, kandi ko uwahohotewe n’impanuka atari muri ibyo byiciro bibiri (2) birebwa n’izo ndishyi, hatari gushingirwa ku mahirwe y’ahazaza. Kuba hari ubumuga yasigiwe n’impanuka ndetse akaba ntacyo

1 Reba urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 02/12/2022 haburana Prime Insurance Company Ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude, igika cya 27 agishoboye gukora, ibyo yabiherewe indishyi, rero kuba nta kazi kazwi yari afite ndetse akaba atari n’umunyeshuri igihe impanuka yabaga, nta kindi Urukiko rwari gushingiraho rumugenera izo ndishyi. Hari n’umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu kibazo gisa nk’iki, aho mu rubanza no RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC1 rwasobanuye ko umuntu utagaragaza ko hari akazi yari afite ubwo yakoraga impanuka nta n’indishyi ashobora guhabwa kuko ntacyo aba yatakaje, ndetse n’urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC2 , aho rwasobanuye ko ingaruka ubumuga buhoraho bugira ku burambe ku kazi k’uwari usanzwe akora harimo gutakaza amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera mu kazi, bityo ko kuba Ndayisaba Mathieu nta kazi kazwi gakorera ibihembo (salarié) yari afite igihe impanuka yabaga, atagombaga guhabwa izo ndishyi. Imiburanire y’uregwa Uregwa avuga ko: Urukiko Rukuru rwashakaga kumvikanisha ko, n’ubwo umuntu nta kazi kazwi aba afite bidakuraho ko ntacyo aba yimariye cyangwa amariye abandi, kandi ko yabanje gukora akazi k’ubuyede, nyuma aza gukora n’ak’ubufundi, gusa ntabwo yabasha kubona ibimenyetso bihamya akazi yakoraga bitewe 2 Reba n o RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 05/04/2024 haburana Radiant Insurance Company Ltd na Mukaneza Clarisse, igika cya 53

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n’imiterere yako kuko bahembwaga mu ntoki. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Mu gusuzuma iki kibazo Urukiko rwabanje rwibutsa ibyasobanuwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00004/2023/SC, aho rwifashishije ibyavuzwe n’umuhanga mu mategeko Joëlle Marteau-Péretié ko ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi “préjudice de carrière” cyangwa “préjudice professionnel” risobanurwa nk’ibura ry’ibyo umuntu yinjizaga (perte de revenus) biturutse ku murimo yakoraga mbere y’impanuka kandi ko rigamije kuriha indishyi zijyanye n’ingaruka z’impanuka uwahohotewe yagize zikamutera guhindura umwuga cyangwa gukora umurimo yari asanganywe mu buryo buvunanye (pénibilité), cyangwa se guhindura umurimo yakoraga3 kandi ko indishyi zitangwa zishingiye ku ngaruka ku mwuga “Incidence professionnelle” zigamije kuriha ingaruka z’impanuka umuntu yagize zishobora kumugabanyiriza agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, zikanariha imvune asigaye agira mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe cyangwa undi azakora mu gihe kizaza (pénibilité), kuba byarabaye ngombwa ko ahindura akazi cyangwa kuba yabura

3Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00004/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 2/04/2024 haburana RADIANT Insurace Company na Murekatete Denyse, igika cya 36. 4Reba urubanza no RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 02/12/2022 haburana Prime Insurance Company Ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude, igika cya 27 amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera kubera impanuka yagize. Rushingiye ndetse nibyo rwemeje mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC4, ko usaba ndishyi z’ibagamira ry’ububurambe mu kazi. ari we ugomba kugaragaza ko yari afite akazi, aho rwasanze ko uwahutajwe n’impanuka ataragombaga kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kuko atagaragarije Urukiko ibimenyetso by’akazi avuga ko yari afite5, maze rwemeza ko: Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi (“préjudice de carrière”) zigenerwa umuntu wari ufite umurimo, yaba yarawuvuyeho cyangwa se atagishoboye kugira ibyo yinjiza kubera ingaruka z’impanuka, yaba yarawuhinduye ngo akore uwo ashoboye, yaba akiwurimo ariko awukora mu buryo buvunanye kubera ingaruka z’impanuka, cyangwa se yaba akiwurimo ariko atagishobora kuzamurwa mu ntera kubera ko atagitanga umusaruro nka mbere.  Kugira ngo uwagize impanuka ahabwe indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi agomba kugaragaza ko koko hari akazi yari afite ako ari ko kose, ndetse n’ingaruka impanuka 5Umurongo watanzwe muri uru rubanza wakosowe mu buryo bwo kuwuzuza mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 05/04/2024 haburana Radiant Insurance Company Ltd na Mukaneza Clarisse, igika cya 53, aho Urukiko rwemeje ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zitagomba kumvikana nk’izo gutakaza akazi.

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yamugizeho yatumye agatakaza, agahindura, agakora mu buryo buvunanye cyangwa ko yaba atagishoboye kuzamurwa mu ntera.  Usaba indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi agomba gutanga ikimenyetso icyo ari cyo cyose kigaragaza ko yakoraga, urugero nk’ubuhamya bw’uyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze bw’aho yari atuye bwakwemeza ko afite akazi, ubw’abo yakoreye cyangwa yakoranye nabo, igipande yahemberwagaho cyangwa Momo yakiriragaho ibihembo cyangwa ikindi kimenyetso cyose yabona cyabyemeza.

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Impanuka y’akazi Impanuka y’akazi ni ikintu cyangwa ibintu bigwirira umuntu mu gihe kizwi kubera akazi cyangwa mu gihe cy’akazi, bikamuviramo ibyago ku mubiri hatitawe ku gihe ibyo byago byagaragariye Itegeko rikoreshwa ku mpanuka z’akazi Ibirebana n’impanuka z’akazi bigengwa n’amategeko agenga ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi. Abakozi bo mu mirimo y’ubwubatsi Abakozi bo mu mirimo y’ubwubatsi n’iyindi isa nka yo bagomba gufatirwa ubwishingizi bwihariye mu rwego rwo kubarinda. Ishingiro ry’indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka y’akazi Ibigenerwa uwakoze impanuka y’akazi ntibishingira ku ihame ry’uburyozwe ahubwo hakurikizwa ibigenga ubwiteganyirize bw’abakozi bifasha uwahohotewe kubona ubuvuzi n’izindi ndishyi NZAYIKORERA N’ABANDI v SANLAM AG PLc; RS/INJUST/RC 00008/2024/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 17 Mutarama 2025 Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yakozwe n’imodoka ya sosiyete CHINA ROAD AND BRIDGE CORPORATION Ltd (CRBC Ltd) yari yikoreye umucanga iza kubura feri igonga umukingo iragwa biviramo Nshimiyumukiza Isacar gupfa ndetse n’abandi bakozi batanu bose bakoreraga iyo sosiyete barakomereka. Abavandimwe ba Nshimiyumukiza ndetse n’umugore we witwa Nzayikorera bandikiye ubuyobozi bwa SANLAM AG PLc (Sanlam), basaba ko yakwishyura indishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka, bashingiye ku kuba ikinyabiziga Nyakwigendera yarimo cyari cyarishingiwe n’iyo sosiyete. Sanlam yabasabuje ko indishyi basaba batazihabwa kuko yishyuye amafaranga (1.000.000Frw) yasabwaga hashingiwe ku masezerano arengera abakozi igihe bagiriye ibyago mu kazi ya collective accident SORAS AG Ltd yari yaragiranye na CRBC Ltd. Kumvikana binananiranye, abaregera indishyi batanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye basaba ko Sanlam yabishyura indishyi mbangamirabukungu n’izindi hanagobokeshwa CRBC Ltd. Urwo rukiko rwasanze nta zindi ndishyi bakwiye guhabwa kuko bazihawe hashingiwe ku masezerano arengera abakozi igihe bagiriye ibyago mu kazi yavuzwe hejuru. Abarega bajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru bavuga ko urukiko rwabanje rutari bushingire ku masezerano nyakwigendera atagizemo uruhare. Urukiko rwanzuye ko ubwo bujurire nta shingiro bufite rwemeza ko nta gihindutse. Nzayikorera na bagenzi be bisunze inzira z’akarengane maze urwo rubanza ruhabwa Urukiko

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rw’Ikirenga rwongera kuruburanishwa. Ikibazo urukiko rugomba gusuzuma: Ikibazo nyamukuru uru rukiko rugomba gusuzuma ni ukumenya ubwishingizi bukwiye gushingirwaho hatangwa indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yahitanye Nshimiyumukiza n’ishingiro yazo. Imiburanire yabasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu za karengane. Abarega bavuga ko: Kuba CRBC Ltd ubwayo nayo yiyemerera ko nyakwigendera yahitanywe n’impanuka y’ikinyabiziga cyakoreshwaga n’iyo sosiyete, icyo kinyabiziga kikaba cyari gifite ubwishingizi muri SANLAM AG Plc, basanga bataragombaga

kwishyurwa indishyi hashingiwe ku masezerano yiswe Workmen Compensation insurance1, ahubwo baragombaga guhabwa indishyi hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga. Batagombaga guhatirwa guhabwa indishyi zingana na 1,000,000Frw zishingiye ku masezerano umukoresha yafatiye abakozi be kandi nta ruhare umukozi yabigizemo, mu gihe hari ubundi bwishingizi bwagombaga guha umuryango wa Nyakwigendera

1 Muri dosiye hagaragaramo ko ku wa 19/11/2015, Nzayikorera Jeanne yakiriye indishyi zikwiye zihabwa umuntu wese ugize impanuka itewe n’ikinyabiziga kigendera ku butaka bw’u Rwanda nk’uko ziteganywa n’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga. Mu gihe Urukiko rwasanga nta bwishingizi bwakoreshwa mu kwishyura indishyi basaba, izo ndishyi zakwishyurwa na CRBC Ltd habanje gukurwamo ikinyuranyo cy’indishyi zatanzwe na SANLAM AG Plc, kuko nyuma y’aho mu iburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere bagaragarijwe ko hari amasezerano y’ubwishingizi CRBC Ltd yari yaragiranye na SORAS AG Ltd, ari bwo bahise basaba ko icyo kinyuranyo cyakwishyurwa na CRBC Ltd bashingiye ku manza zaciwe n’Inkiko Nkuru ku kibazo gisa nk’icyo. Imiburanire y’uregwa Uregwa vuga ko: Indishyi zisabwa n’abarega zose zishyuwe hashingiwe ku masezerano yari ifitanye n’ikigo Nyakwigendera yakoreraga. Abarega bavuga ko mu kugena indishyi hashingirwa ku Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01/ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, birengagiza ibi bikurikira: i. Iteka rya Perezida atari ryo riteganya ibijyanye n’ubwishingizi sheki ya 1.000.000Frw ifite sort code 26- 212.

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butegetswe (Assurance obligatoire), ahubwo ko buteganywa n’Itegeko- Teka No 32/75 ryo ku wa 07/08/1975, riteganya ko hashobora kuvanwa mu bwishingizi abantu batewe ibyago n’akazi; ii. Mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’Itegeko-Teka ryavuzwe, “police d’assurance automobile”, iteganya ko mu bwishingizi bw’uburyozwe, abakozi batishyurwa mu gihe bakoze impanuka bari mu kazi kabo2. Imiburanire yu wari umukoresha (uwagobokeshejwe): Avuga ko: Ibisabwa n’abarega ko umukoresha (CRBC Ltd) ari we ugomba kuryozwa indishyi bitahabwa agaciro, kuko mu manza zabanje icyaregerwaga ari indishyi zishingiye ku bwishingizi bw’ikinyabiziga cyateje impanuka; agasanga rero iyo ngingo itasuzumwa bwa mbere ku rwego rw’akarengane. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Uru Rukiko rwabanje kwibutsa ko ababuranyi bose bemera ko icyabaye ari impanuka y’akazi, icyo batumvikanaho ari na cyo rusesengura niba indishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka zagombaga gutangwa hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, cyangwa zagombaga gutangwa hashingiwe ku masezerano yiswe “workmen

2 Reba mu ngingo rusange y’amasezerano ku bwishingizi bufatwa muri SORAS AG compensation insurance”, bityo rwameza ko: i. Amasezerano y’ubwishingizi butegetswe ku buryozwe butewe n’ibigenda ku butaka bifite moteri atarashoboraga gushingirwaho hatangwa indishyi ku mpanuka y’akazi kuko atari yo akoreshwa mu gihe habayeho impanuka y’akazi; ii. Impanuka y’akazi ni igikorwa kimwe cyangwa ibikorwa bikurikiranye, byabaye mu gihe kizwi bitewe n’akazi cyangwa mu gihe cy’akazi, kandi bikaba byaragize ingaruka ku mubiri w’umukozi hatitawe ku gihe ingaruka z’ibyo byago zagaragariye; iii. impanuka yahitanye nyakwigendera ni impanuka yo mu rwego rw’akazi igomba kugengwa n’amategeko agenga bene izo mpanuka, hakaba hagomba kugenwa indishyi zishingiye kuri ayo mategeko; iv. Ubwishingizi bwagombaga gukurikizwa ari ubwo CRBC Ltd yari gufatira umukozi mu bwiteganyirize bw’abakozi ndetse n’ubwiswe “workmen compensation insurance” v. SANLAM AG Plc yarubahirije inshingano zayo zishingiye ku masezerano ya “workmen compensation insurance” yo ku wa 23/01/2014 yagiranye na CRBC Ltd, bityo ikaba itagomba kugira ikindi ibazwa. Ltd (Conditions Générales), Umutwe wa I, ingingo ya 7, 3° (Titre I, Article 7,3°).

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Uru rukiko ariko rwasanze ko nta kigaragaza ko umukoresha yamenyekanishije mu bwiteganyirize bw’abakozi, abakozi be bakoraga mu kazi ahabereye impanuka (ku muhanda Ruvumbu-Kibuye) aho nyakwigendera yakoraga, bityo Ubwishingizi bwonyine bafatiwe ni ubwagaragajwe bwitwa “workmen compensation insurance”. Nyuma rwibutsa ko iyo umukoresha (CRBC Ltd) aza kumenyekanisha aba bakozi mu bwiteganyirize bw’abakozi kandi ikabatangira imisanzu, abarega bari guhabwa ibigenerwa umuryango w’umukozi wazize impanuka y’akazi, ariko Urukiko rusanga nta cyemezo rwabifataho kuko ibyo si byo baburanye muri uru rubanza [emphasis mine]”

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Indishyi z'ibangamirabukungu ku babyeyi ba nyakwigendera. Umuntu urengeje imyaka y’ubukure ntiyavuga ko adashoboye kwitunga iyo atagaragaje impamvu idasanzwe, kandi akabitangira ibimenyetso bifatika nk’inyandiko zo kwa muganga zerekana niba afite ubumuga, uburwayi cyangwa ikindi kibazo kidasanzwe cyatuma atibeshaho. Agaciro k'icyemezo cyatanzwe n'inzego z'ibanze nk'ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera. Inyandiko y’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze ihabwa agaciro nk’ikimenyetso kigaraza ko nyakwigendera ariwe wari utunze usaba indishyi mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho aba, kuko abaturanyi b’usaba indishyi baba bazi neza imibereho ye ya buri munsi bakaba bashobora kwemeza niba ari nyakwigendera wari umutunze. Amafaranga y'ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura. Amafaranga y'ibyakoreshejwe mu gushyingura hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 21 y’Iteka rya Perezida agenwa mu bushishozi bw'Urukiko. SONARWA GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v. GASANA N’ABANDI; RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2024/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 14 Werurwe 2025 Imodoka Mitsubishi Fuso RAB 423E ifite ubwishingizi muri SONARWA, yakoze impanuka ihitana Ihirwe Remy. Ababyeyi ba nyakwigendera ndetse n’abavandimwe be bareze SONARWA mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga basaba indishyi zitandukanye zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka. Uru Rukiko rwaciye urubanza, maze rutegeka ko SONARWA yishyura indishyi zitandukanye zirimo iz’ibangamirabukungu iz’ibangamiramuco ku babyeyi bombi; iz’ibangamiramuco ku bavandimwe be, amafaranga yakoreshejwe kwa muganga no gushyingura, hamwe n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. SONARWA yajuririye u Rukiko Rukuru, urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza, maze rwemeza ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na SONARWA nta shingiro bufite. SONARWA ntiyishimiye iyi mikirize y’urubanza, maze yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, isaba gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza 00009/2022/HC/NYZ rwaciwe n'Urukiko Rukuru, maze urwo rubanza ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwongere kuruburanishwa. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’urukiko:

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Ikibazo nyamukuru urukiko rwasuzumye ni ukumenya niba umubyeyi wa nyakwigendera yagenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu za karengane Uwasabye gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane avuga ko: Nta kimenyetso gifatika kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ariwe wari utunze ababyeyi be, ko inyandiko yo ku wa 09/10/2020 yashingiweho hemezwa ko ariwe wari ubatunze, idakwiye guhabwa agaciro kuko icyo igaragaza ari uko umubyeyi yeguriye umwana we ubucuruzi bwe, icyo akaba atari ikimenyetso cy’uko yari afite inshingano zo guha ababyeyi ibibatunga ngo kinagaragaze ingano y’ibyo yabahaga. Kuba iyo nyandiko ariyo ubuyobozi bw’Umudugudu wa Nyakariba bwashingiyeho ku wa 03/06/2021 bwemeza ko nyakwigendera ariwe wari utunze ababyeyi be bigaragaza ko bwatanze amakuru butazi, bityo ko inyandiko bwatanze itashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso. Izo nyandiko zombi nta na hamwe zigaragaza ko uwo mubyeyi afite ikibazo kimubuza gukora, kuko akiri muto ndetse ari no mu myaka yo gukora kuko afite imyaka 54 nk’uko

2 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00018/2022/SC rwaciwe ku itariki ya 27/01/2023, igika cya 21 na 22

inyandiko z’irangamimerere zibigaragaza, kandi hakaba nta n’ikimenyetso yigeze atanga kigaragaza impamvu yari akeneye ubufasha. Ibi cyane cyane abishingira no ku rubanza SORAS A.G. Ltd v Umuhoza Pacifique et.al, aho uru rukiko rwatanze umurongo, ko abafite uburenganzira ku ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ari abagaragaza ibimenyetso bifatika ko bari batunzwe na nyakwigendera. Imiburanire yabaregwa: Abaregwa bavuga ko: Kuba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zatanzwe hashingiwe ku nyandiko mpamo yakorewe imbere ya Noteri, aho umubyeyi yeguriye ubucuruzi bwe bw’imbaho umwana we, maze amusaba kumutunga kuko atari ashoboye gukora, cyane cyane ko ibyo byanemejwe n’abayobozi b’Inzego z’Ibanze mu nyandiko batanze bishimangira ko nta mategeko yigeze yirengagizwa. Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Urukiko rwabanje kwibutsa umurongo rwagiye rutanga mu manza zitandukanye (urugero Niyonzima et.al v SANLAM AG Plc1, Mukagatare et.al v SANLAM AG Plc2 ) ku kibazo kirebana n’itangwa ry’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 22 y’Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare 3 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RS 00021/2022/SC rwaciwe ku itariki ya 17/03/2023, igika cya 32 na 33.

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bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, uvuga ko “indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zikomoka ku rupfu rwatewe n’impanuka yo mu muhanda zigenerwa gusa uwari usanzwe atunzwe n’uwapfuye kandi akabitangira ibimenyetso ko yari amutunze koko”. Narwo rwongera gushimangira ko:  Umuntu urengeje imyaka y’ubukure ntiyavuga ko adashoboye kwitunga iyo atagaragaje impamvu idasanzwe, kandi akabitangira ibimenyetso bifatika nk’inyandiko zo kwa muganga zerekana niba afite ubumuga, uburwayi cyangwa ikindi kibazo kidasanzwe cyatuma atibeshaho.  Inyandiko y’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze ihabwa agaciro nk’ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho aba, kuko abaturanyi b’usaba indishyi baba bazi neza imibereho ye ya buri munsi bakaba bashobora kwemeza niba ari nyakwigendera wari umutunze.

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Indishyi z'ibangamirabukungu ku babyeyi cyangwa abana ba nyakwigendera. Inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga hagati y’ababyeyi n’abana barengeje imyaka y’ubukure, ibaho gusa iyo usaba ibimutunga abikeneye, bivuze ko kugira ngo abihabwe agomba gutanga ibimenyetso by’uko akeneye ibimutunga, ndetse ko ubisabwa abifitiye ubushobozi. Inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga hagati y’ababyeyi n’abana barengeje imyaka y’ubukure. Indishyi mbangamirabukungu nubwo amategeko ateganya ko zihabwa abafite inshingano yo gutunga abandi iyo babikeneye, uzisaba wese aba agomba gutanga ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko yari atunzwe koko na nyakwigendera wazize impanuka y’imodoka. NIYONZIMANA N’ABANDI v SANLAM AG PLC; RS/INJUST/RC 00018/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27 Mutarama 2023 Nyanzira yapfuye azize impanuka y’imodoka, iyo modoka yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SORAS AG Ltd yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc. Abana ba nyakwigendera bananiwe kumvikana na SORAS AG Ltd ku ndishyi bahabwa, maze bayirega mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge basaba indishyi zitandukanye. Urukiko rwasanze ikirego gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe rutegeka umwishingizi gutanga indishyi zitandukanye. Sanlam AG Plc ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza irujuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru ivuga ko indishyi mbangamirabukungu zagenewe abana ba nyakwigendera zitari zikwiye kuko bafite kandi barengeje imyaka y’ubukure. Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe icyemezo cyo gukuraho indishyi zose zari zagenwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye aho rwavuze ko indishyi mbangamirabukungu zitagomba gutangwa kuko abazisaba bakuze kandi bakaba batagaragaza indi mpamvu yatuma bazihabwa naho ku zindi ndishyi ntabwo rwigeze rusobanura impamvu zivanweho. Abaregera indishyi bagiye mu nzira z’akarengane maze urubanza ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’urukiko: Kumenya niba abana ba nyakwigendera n’umubyeyi we bahabwa indishyi mbangamirabukungu. Imiburanire y’abasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane Abarega bavuga ko: Urukiko rwemeje ko nta ndishyi mbangamirabukungu bagomba guhabwa ngo kuko nta bimenyetso berekanye bihamya ko bari batunzwe na Nyakwigendera rwirengagije ko ababyeyi n’abana

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bafite inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga kandi ko bidasabirwa ibimenyetso dore ko na nyankwigendera atakoraga akazi kamuha umushahara ngo yoherereze abana be amafaranga ko ahubwo yari umuhinzi akabatunga mu byo yahinze. Itegeko riteganya ko umwana agomba guha agaciro ababyeyi be, kububaha no kubaha ibibatunga igihe babikeneye, ko iyo ngingo yakoreshwa ku bana no ku babyeyi (vice versa), ikaba yumvikanisha ko nta kintu na kimwe cyambura umubyeyi uburenganzira bwo kwita ku bana be, kabone n’ubwo baba bafite imyaka y’ubukure. Imyiregurire y’uregwa: Uregwa yiregura avuga ko: Indishyi mbangamirabukungu zihabwa abari batunzwe na nyakwigendera kandi ko abantu bafite imyaka y’ubukure bataba bagitungwa uretse igihe babigaragarije ikimenyetso, bityo abaregera indishyi bose barengeje imyaka y’ubukure kandi nta kimenyetso gifatika bagaragaza kerekana ko bari batunzwe na we. Icyemezo cy’urukiko:  Umurimo nshinganwa ababyeyi n’abana bafitanye wo guhana ibibatunga ntugomba kwitiranywa n’inshingano zikomoka ku bubasha bwa kibyeyi zo kwita ku mwana utarageza ku myaka 21 y’ubukure, kuko aba akeneye kwitabwaho, kurerwa no guhabwa ibimutunga.  Inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga hagati y’ababyeyi n’abana barengeje imyaka y’ubukure, ibaho gusa iyo usaba ibimutunga abikeneye, bivuze ko kugira ngo abihabwe agomba gutanga ibimenyetso by’uko akeneye ibimutunga, ndetse ko ubisabwa abifitiye ubushobozi.  Indishyi mbangamirabukungu n’ubwo amategeko ateganya ko zihabwa abafite inshingano yo gutunga abandi iyo babikeneye, uzisaba wese aba agomba gutanga ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko yari atunzwe koko na nyakwigendera wazize impanuka y’imodoka.

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Indishyi z'ibangamirabukungu ku babyeyi cyangwa abana ba nyakwigendera. Ibimenyetso bigaragazwa mu gusaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. − Kugira ngo usaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 22 y’Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 azihabwe, agomba kwerekana ko yari asanzwe atunzwe na nyakwigendera, mu gihe afite imyaka y’ubukure, akagomba kugaragaza impamvu idasanzwe yatumaga amwitaho, nk’inyandiko zo kwa muganga zerekana ko hari ubumuga afite, uburwayi cyangwa ikindi kibazo kidasanzwe cyatuma atibeshaho. Agaciro k'icyemezo cyatanzwe n'inzego z'ibanze nk'ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera. Inyandiko yatanzwe n’Umuyobozi w’Umurenge igomba kuba iherekejwe n’ibindi bimenyetso bigizwe n’inyandiko zose zemeza ibyo urega asaba zivugwa mu ngingo ya 9 y’Itegeko N° 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka.

MUKAGATARE N’ABANDI v SANLAM AG Plc; RS/INJUST/RC 00021/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 17 Werurwe 2023 Imoto yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SORAS AG Ltd yaje guhinduka SANLAM AG Plc yakoze impanuka ihitana Habyarimana. Abuzungura be n’abavandimwe be baje kugana SORAS AG Ltd basaba indishyi ariko ntibazumvikanaho bituma baregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge basaba kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu (préjudice économique), indishyi z’ibangamiramuco (préjudice moral), ndetse n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza. Urukiko rwemeje ko abarega bahabwa indishyi zitandukanye zirimo izibangamira muco n’iz’ibangamirabukungu. SANLAM AG Plc yajuririye uru rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru. Urwo rukiko rwemeje ko ubujurire bufite ishingiro, rutegeka ko Mukagatare nta ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu agomba guhabwa kuko nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ko yari atunzwe na nyakwigenedera. Mukagatare yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire avuga ko yarenganye nawe amaze kubisuzuma yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga hanyuma urwo rubanza ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ngo rwongere kuruburanisha.

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Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’urukiko: Muri uru rubanza urukiko rwasuzumye ibibazo birimo kumenya niba Mukagatare akwiye kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu za karengane Urega avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavanyeho indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu yari yaragenewe ku rwego rwa mbere rushingiye ku kuba nta kimenyetso na kimwe yagaragaje cyerekana ko yari atunzwe na nyakwigendera, nyamara muri dosiye hagaragaramo inyandiko y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge yemeza ko Habyarimana ari we wari utunze urugo muri byose. Imiburanire y’uregwa Uregwa asobanura ko ikimenyetso cyagaragajwe ari inyandiko y’umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge igaragaza ko nyakwigendera ariwe wari utunze urugo kitigeze gikoreshwa mu iburanisha kandi n’iyo cyanakoreshwa cyaba gifite inenge kuko kidasobanura uko yatungaga urugo kandi kikaba kidafite ibindi bimenyetso bigishimangira bityo kikaba kitashingirwaho hemezwa ko Habyarimana ariwe wari utunze urugo dore ko na Mukagatare yari afite imyaka 61 byerekana ko yari akiri mu myaka yo gukora akaba yabona ibimutunga we ubwe. Icyemezo cy’urukiko  Inyandiko yatanzwe n’Umuyobozi w’Umurenge igomba kuba iherekejwe n’ibindi bimenyetso bigizwe n’inyandiko zose zemeza ibyo urega asaba zivugwa mu ngingo ya 9 y’Itegeko N° 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka.

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Abemerewe guhabwa indishyi mbangamirabukungu zikomoka ku rupfu rwatewe n’impanuka y’ikinyabiziga. Indishyi mbangamirabukungu zihabwa abaribatunzwe na nyakwigendera bateganywa n’amategeko ndetse n’abandi yaratunze iyo babigaragarije ibimenyetso. Icyemezo cyatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze. Icyemezo cyatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge atari cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko abaregwa bahabwaga mu buryo buhoraho (regulièrement) ibibatunga na nyakwigendera kuko kitanagaragaza impamvu idasanzwe yatumaga abatunga kandi bose bujuje imyaka y’ubukure. Indishyi z’ibangamira ku muco Indishyi z’ibangamira ku muco zibarwa hashingiwe ku mushahara muto ntaregwa wemewe n’amategeko. SORAS AG Ltd v. UMUHOZA N’ABANDI; RCAA0049/14/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25 Ugushyingo 2016 [RLR V. 4- 2017] Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Muhumuza wahitanywe n’impanuka ya moto yari yagonganye n’imodoka, byombi bifite ubwishingizi muri SORAS AG Ltd. Umuhoza, Izabayo na Niyoyita bareze SORAS AG Ltd mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge basaba kuyitegeka ko yabaha indishyi mbonezamusaruro, iz’ibangamira ry’umubano, amafaranga baguze ibyemezo binyuranye, ayo batanzeho ingwate y’amagarama n’igihembo cya Avoka. SORAS AG Ltd yiregura ivuga ko batahabwa ibyo basaba kuko muri bo nta n’umwe nyakwigendera yari atunze. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwemeje ko nyakwigendera ariwe warutunze abarega hashingiwe kunyandiko yanditswe n’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa Gitega maze rutegeka SORAS guha abarega indishyi mbonezamusaruro, iz’ibangamira ry’umubano hamwe n’igihembo cya Avoka ndetse ikanabasubiza amafaranga batanzeho ingwate y’amagarama. SORAS AG Ltd yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru ivuga ko abarega bahawe indishyi mbangamirabukungu batazikwiye kuberako icyemezo batanze kigaragaza ko bari batunzwe na nyakwigendera gikemangwa, kandi ko igipimo cy’ibitsa gikoreshwa na Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda cyari gikwiye kubarirwaho ari 8% aho kuba 4% akoreshwa n’amabanki asanzwe. Ikomeza ivuga ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’umubano zitari gushingirwa ku mushahara nyakwigendera yahembwaga ku mwaka kuko itegeko rivuga umushahara muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko. Umuhoza na bagenzi be batanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bavuga ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’umubano

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zabazwe nabi kuko umucamanza yibagiwe gukuba imibare abonye na cumi na kabiri (12). Urukiko rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa SORAS AG Ltd nta shingiro bufite naho ubwatanzwe na Umuhoza n’abagenzi be bufite ishingiro. SORAS AG Ltd yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw’ikirenga. Ibibazo byasuzumwe n’urukiko: a. Kumenya niba abavandimwe ba nyakwigwendera bafite uburenganzira ku ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. b. Kumenya umushahara washingirwaho mu kubara indishyi z’ibangamirwa ku muco kimwe n’izindi ndishyi zagenwa. Imiburanire y’uwajuriye: Uwajuriye avuga ko: Abaregwa bagenewe indishyi mbangamirabukungu kandi batazikwiye kuko batari batunzwe n’uwahohotewe. Indishyi zabazwe ku gipimo kitari cyo kuko rwazibariye ku gipimo cy’ibitsa kingana na 8% mu gihe urubanza rucibwa cyari kuri 7,960%. Abaregwa bagenewe indishyi z’ibangamira ry’umubano hashingiwe ku mushahara nyakwigendera yahembwaga ku mwaka kandi zibarirwa ku mushahara w’umwaka muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko. Imiburanire y’abaregwa: Abaregwa biregura bavuga ko : Iyi ngingo y’ubujurire nta shingiro ifite kuko nta kimenyetso na kimwe uwajuriye atanga gihamya ko batari batunzwe na nyakwigendera. Icyemezo cy’ Urukiko:  Indishyi mbangamirabukungu zihabwa abari batunzwe na nyakwigendera bateganywa n’amategeko ndetse n’abandi yaratunze iyo babigaragarije ibimenyetso bihamya ko bahabwaga mu buryo buhoraho (regulièrement) ibibatunga na nyakwigendera.  Icyemezo cyatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge atari cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko abaregwa bahabwaga mu buryo buhoraho (regulièrement) ibibatunga na nyakwigendera kuko kitanagaragaza impamvu idasanzwe yatumaga abatunga kandi bose bujuje imyaka y’ubukure. Hagombaga kugaragazwa ibimenyetso bifatika (urugero nk’impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana niba bafite ubumuga, bordereau za banki yabaheragaho amafaranga, message za mobile money yabandikiye aboherereza amafaranga n’ibindi…) Indishyi z’ibangamira ku muco zibarwa hashingiwe ku mushahara muto ntaregwa wemewe n’amategeko.

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Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Kugaragaza ko usaba indishyi yari atunzwe na nyakwigendera. Inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga ibaho gusa iyo usaba ibimutunga abikeneye, akaba agomba gutanga ibimenyetso by’uko akeneye ibimutunga kandi akagaragaza impamvu idasanzwe. Ikimenyetso cy’icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Inzego z’Ibanze. Icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’ibanze si cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko nyakwigendera yatangaga mu buryo buhoraho ibitunga ababyeyi be, igihe kidaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bigizwe n’inyandiko zose zemeza ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa nk’impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana niba umuntu afite ubumuga, bordereaux za banki zatangirwagaho amafaranga, messages za mobile money cyangwa ikindi kibazo kidasanzwe cyatuma atibeshaho. SANLAM AG PLc v NDISHUTSE N’ABANDI; RS/INJUST/RC 00006/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 05 Mata 2024 Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yabaye ikozwe na moto yari itwawe na Karangwa yataye igisate cy’umuhanda yagenderagamo igonga indi moto yari itwawe na Muhirwa ahita apfa. Ababyeyi be aribo Ndishutse na Nyirabwimana ndetse n’abavandimwe be bandikiye SANLAM AG PLc nk’umwishingizi basaba indishyi ariko ntibazumvikanaho bituma batanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi. Urukiko rwemeje ko abarega bahabwa indishyi zitandukanye zirimo n’indishyi z’imbangamirabukungu zahawe ababyeyi ba nyakwigendera kuko ariwe wari ubatunze. SANLAM AG PLc yajurirye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru ivuga ko indishyi z’imbangamirabukungu zahawe ababyeyi ba nyakwigendera zitari zikwiye, kuko batabashije kugaragaza ikimenyetso cyerekana ko bari batunzwe na Muhirwa. Urukiko rwasanze ubujurire budafite ishingiro maze rugumishaho icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi. Sanlam AG PLc yaje kwiyambaza inzira y’akarengane maze urwo rubanza ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ngo rwongere kuburanishwa. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’urukiko: Kumenya niba ababyeyi ba Nyakwigendera baragombaga kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu.

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Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Avuga ko: Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ababyeyi ba nyakwigendera bahabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu rushingiye ku cyemezo cyatanzwe n’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari, kivuga ko abo babyeyi bari mu zabukuru kandi ko bari batunzwe na Muhirwa ariko isanga ibyo bidahagije, ko ahubwo hagombaga kugaragazwa ikimenyetso kigaragaza impamvu nyayo abo babyeyi batungwaga na nyakwigendera dore ko bari bagifite imyaka yo gukora kandi bo ubwabo baragaragaje ko bari abahinzi, bityo bikaba binyuranye n’umurongo watanzwe n’uru rukiko ku bibazo nk’ibyo. Imiburanire y’abaregwa: Abaregwa basobanura ko: Imirongo yatanzwe n’inkiko kuri iki kibazo idasobanura neza ikimenyetso kigomba kwerekana ko nyakwigendera yari atunze ababyeyi be kuko n’itegeko ubwaryo ritigeze risobanura ubwoko bw’ikimenyetso kigomba gutangwa. Mu muco nyarwanda, ku bana n’ababyeyi babana mu rugo, hatabaho igitabo cyandikwamo amafunguro umwe agenera uwo babana ko ahubwo bifatwa gutyo ko umutunze iyo mubana kandi bikaba bigaragarira buri wese ko ari wowe ufite ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibitunga urugo. Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zatanzwe zigomba kagumaho, kuko nyakwigendera ari we wari utunze ababyeyi be nkuko byemejwe n’inzego z’ibanze kuko nta kazi bagiraga cyangwa ngo babe bafite ahandi bakura ibibatunga. Icyemezo cy’urukiko:  Icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’ibanze si cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko nyakwigendera yatangaga mu buryo buhoraho ibitunga ababyeyi be, igihe kidaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bigizwe n’inyandiko zose zemeza ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa, nk’impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana niba umuntu afite ubumuga, “bordereaux” za banki zatangirwagaho amafaranga, messages za mobile money cyangwa ikindi kibazo kidasanzwe cyatuma atibeshaho.

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Indishyi mbangamirabukungu Ikimenyetso cy’icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Inzego z’Ibanze Inyandiko yatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze si ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho na nyakwigendera, mu gihe idaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bifatika nk’impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana niba umuntu afite ubumuga, “bordereaux” za banki zoherezwagaho amafaranga, message za “mobile money” n’ibindi. Icyakora, iyo nyandiko ishobora kuba yihagije ubwayo, mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho atuye. RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v MUKABERA; RS/INJUST/RC 00005/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 12 Nyakanga 2024 Niyonsaba wari utwaye igare ava Nyabugogo yerekeza mu Gatsata yagonzwe n’imodoka ifite ubwishingizi bwa Radiant Insurance Company Ltd (Radiant) ahita apfa. Abamukomokaho barimo n’umubyeyi we witwa Mukabera begereye umwishingizi basaba indishyi ariko ntibabasha kumvikana, batanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo basaba indishyi, Urukiko rubagenera indishyi zitandukanye zirimo n’indishyi mbangamirabukangu zahawe Mukabera. Radiant ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza irujuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru ivuga ko hatanzwe indishyi mbangamirabukungu kandi nyakwigendera nta bantu yari atunze ndetse n’umubyeyi we atabashije kugaragaza ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko yari atunzwe na nyakwigendera. Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku rubanza rwajuririwe. Radiant yaje kujya mu nzira z’akarengane maze urwo rubanza ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwongera kuruburanisha. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’urukiko: Ikibazo ni ukumenya niba Uregwa (Umubyeyi wa nyakwigendera) yaragombaga kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu kubera umwana we wishwe n’impanuka. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Radiant isobanura ko inshingano y’uko abana bagomba gufasha ababyeyi babo atari itegeko ahubwo ko babafasha mu gihe batishoboye kandi bamaze kugaragaza ko bakeneye ubwo bufasha. Ikomeza ivuga ko kuri Mukabera atabashije kugaragaza ko yari atunzwe na Niyonsaba kuko n’icyemezo yatanze cy’umudugudu kidafite ibindi bimenyetso bigaragaza ko yari atunzwe na nyakwigendera. Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa yiregura avuga ko: Nyakwigendera yari afite umurimo uzwi wo kunyonga igare ko ibyo

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byamuhaga ubushobozi bwo kubasha gutanga ibitunga umubyeyi we. Kuba ariwe wari umuhererezi iwabo, no kuba yari mu cyiciro cy’ubudehe kimwe n’umubyeyi we, atari ibimenyetso bihamya ko atari kubahiriza inshingano yo kumutunga mu gihe abikeneye nkuko bigaragazwa n’icyemezo cy’inzego z’ibanze cyatanzwe n’umudugudu. Icyitonderwa: muri uru rubanza, ikimenyetso cyatanzwe n’uregwa kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ariwe wari umutunze, ni inyandiko yatanzwe n’Umuyobozi w’Umudugudu ku wa 15/10/2020. Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Urukiko rwabanje kwibutsa ibisobanuro rwatanze mu rubanza Niyonzima et.al v. Sanlam Assurance Générales Plc (SANLAM AG Plc) ko kuba hagati y’ababyeyi n’abana barengeje imyaka y’ubukure, inshingano yo guhana ibibatunga ibaho gusa iyo usaba ibimutunga abikeneye, byumvikanisha ko kugira ngo abihabwe agomba gutanga ibimenyetso by’uko akeneye ibimutunga, ndetse ko ubisabwa abifitiye ubushobozi1.

1 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00018/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/01/2023, Niyonzima Léonidas na bagenzi be baregagamo Sanlam Assurance Générales Plc, igika cya 20. 2 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00021/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 17/03/2023, Mukagatare Régine na bagenzi Rwongeye kandi rwibutsa umurongo avuga ko “kugirango umubyeyi asabe indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu kubera urupfu rw’umwana we, agomba gutanga ibimenyetso byerekana ko ariwe wari umutunze” rwatanze mu rubanza rwa Niyonzima et. al v SANLAM AG Plc rwavuze haruguru ndetse ruwugarukaho nu mu ubanza rwa Mukagatare et. al v SANLAM AG Plc2. Ingingo nyamukuru uru rukiko rwatanzeho umurongo n’irebana ibimenyetso byerekana ko usaba bene izo ndishyi yari atunzwe koko na nyakwigendera, cyane cyane agaciro kahabwa inyandiko yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze. Kuri iyi ingingo rwasobanuye ko agaciro kahabwa bene iki kimenyetso, uru rukiko rwabitanzeho umurongo mu rubanza rwa SANLAM AG Plc, v Umuhoza et al 3; ruwugarukaho mu rubanza Mukagatare et.al v SANLAM AG Plc ndetse no mu rubanza SANLAM AG PLc v Ndishutse et.al. Muri izo manza, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko inyandiko yatanzwe n’buyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze atari cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na be baregagamo SANLAM AG Plc, igika cya 28. 3 Urubanza RCAA 0049/14/CS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/11/2016, haburana SORAS AG Ltd ubu yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc, na Umuhoza Pacifique na bagenzi be, igika cya 19 na 20.

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nyakwigendera, mu gihe idaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bifatika nk’impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana niba umuntu afite ubumuga, “bordereaux” za banki zoherezwagaho amafaranga, message za mobile money n’ibindi.  Uru Rukiko rwagoroye uwo murongo mu buryo bukurikira: hari igihe inyandiko yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze ishobora kuba yihagije ubwayo nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ariwe wari utunze usaba indishyi, mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho aba. Koko rero, abaturanyi b’usaba indishyi baba bazi neza imibereho ye ya buri munsi, bakaba bashobora kwemeza niba ari nyakwigendera wari umutunze. Nyuma y’ibyo bisobanuro rwasanze ikimenyetso cyatanzwe kigizwe n’inyandiko y’Umuyobozi w’Umudugudu yemejwe n’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari, kidahagije mu kwemeza ko usaba indishyi yari atunzwe na nyakwigendera mu gihe nta kindi kigishyigikiye kandi kitakorewe mu nteko y’abaturage.

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Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera. Inyandiko y’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze Hari igihe inyandiko yatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Inzego z’Ibanze ishobora kuba yihagije ubwayo nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ari we wari utunze usaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho aba, kuko abaturanyi b’usaba indishyi baba bazi neza imibereho ye ya buri munsi, bakaba bashobora kwemeza niba ari nyakwigendera wari umutunze. NZAJYIBWAMI N’ABANDI v. SANLAM AG PLC; RS/INJUST/RC 00023/2024/SC rwaciwe ku wa 14 Gashyantare 2025 Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, Nzajyibwami Valens, Mukamabano Floride n’Uwimbabazi Immaculee barega SANLAM AG Plc basaba indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yahitanye umwana wabo Nshimyumuremyi Vincent. Urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko ikirego gifite ishingiro, rutegeka SANLAM AG PLC kwishyura abarega indishyi z’ibangamiramuco ndetse n’izindi ndishyi zitandukanye ariko ntibahabwa indishyi z’imbangamirabukungu basabaga zingana na 46.050.761Frw. Nzajyibwami, Mukamabano n’Uwimbabazi bajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru bavuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwanze kubagenera indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu rwirengagije icyemezo cy’Inzego z’Ibanze kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ari we wari utunze ababyeyi be. Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire nta shingiro bufite, ruvuga ko icyemezo cy’Inzego z’Ibanze kidahagije mu kwemeza ko bari batunzwe na nyakwigendera ku buryo bagenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, ndetse runemeza ko indishyi z’ibangamiramuco zatanzwe ku rwego rwa mbere zikuweho. Nzajyibwami, Mukamabano n’Uwimbabazi basabye ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane barabyemererwa, urubanza ruburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo urukiko rwasuzumye: Kumenya niba ababyeyi ba nyakwigendera bagenerwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu.

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Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Abarega bavuga ko: Urukiko Rukuru rutabahaye indishyi z’imbangamirabukungu rushingiye ku kuba bataratanze ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ari we wari ubatunze nyamara barabitanze. Ibyemejwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00018/2022/CS ndetse no mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00021/2022/CS, zose zigaruka ku kuba inyandiko y’Inzego z’Ibanze idahagije kugira ngo hemezwe ko nyakwigendera ari we wari utunze ababyeyi be, ko hagomba ibindi bimenyetso nka “Mobile Money, transfer ya bank, bordereaux…”, basanga ari akarengane kuko bitari gushoboka ko nyakwigendera yoherereza ababyeyi be amafaranga abatunga kuri MoMo cyangwa kuri banki kandi yarabanaga na bo mu nzu imwe kuko yayabahaga mu ntoki cyangwa akagura ibyo abona bikenewe, bityo iyo mirongo itashingirwaho. Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa asobanura ko: Abarega batabasha kuvuguruza ibyasobanuwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku birebana na raporo yo ku wa 10/11/2020 n’iyo ku wa 15/01/2024 zatanzwe n’Inzego z’Ibanze ku buryo zashingirwaho hatangwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Nkuko byemejwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku bwoko bw’ibimenyetso bigomba gutangwa, icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Inzego z’Ibanze nk’Umurenge atari cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko abarega bahabwaga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) ibibatunga na nyakwigendera, igihe kidaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bigizwe n’inyandiko zose zemeza ishingiro ry’ibyo basaba. Isoza ivuga ko ntaho Urukiko rwahera rugenera Abarega indishyi mbangamirabukungu. Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Inyandiko yatanzwe n’Umuyobozi w’Umurenge si ikimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera, mu gihe idaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bifatika nk’impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana niba umuntu afite ubumuga, “bordereaux” za banki zakoreshejwe mu kohereza amafaranga, “messages za mobile money” n’ibindi. Icyakora iyo nyandiko iba yihagije ubwayo nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ari we wari utunze usaba indishyi z ‘ibangamirabukungu, mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho aba.

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Uru rubanza rukaba rushimangira umurongo n’ubundi uru rukiko rwafashe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00005/2023/SC haburana RADIANT Insurance Company Ltd v Mukabera Françine n’abandi1, rwaciye ku wa 12/07/2024, ubwo rwagororaga umurongo rwari rwaratanze ku bijyanye n’agaciro kahabwa ikimenyetso gishingiye ku cyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Inzego z’Ibanze mu manza SORAS AG Ltd v Umuhoza n’abandi2, Mukagatare Régine n’abandi v SANLAM AG Plc3, ndetse na SANLAM AG Plc v Ndishutse Samuel n’abandi4. Muri izo manza, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko inyandiko yatanzwe n’Umuyobozi w’Umurenge atari cyo kimenyetso gihamya ko abaregera indishyi

1 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00005/2023/SC rwaciwe ku wa 12/07/2024, igika cya 20. 2 Urubanza RCAA 0049/14/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/11/2016, igika cya 19 na 20. bahabwaga ibibatunga mu buryo buhoraho (régulièrement) na nyakwigendera, mu gihe kidaherekejwe n’ibimenyetso bifatika. Mu rubanza rwa RADIANT Insurance Company Ltd v Mukabera n’abandi, uru rukiko kuri uwo murongo rwongeyeho ko “hari igihe inyandiko yatanzwe n’ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze ishobora kuba yihagije ubwayo nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko nyakwigendera ariwe wari utunze usaba indishyi, mu gihe yakozwe hashingiwe ku buhamya bwatangiwe mu nteko y’abaturage y’aho aba”, akaba ari nawo murongo rwagarutseho muri uru rubanza rwa Nzajyibwami n’abandi v. SANLAM AG PLC. 3 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00021/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa, igika cya 35. 4 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00006/2023/SC rwaciwe ku wa 05/04/2024, igika cya 30.

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Uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe (action récursoire/recovery action). Umwishingizi afite uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe cyangwa uwafashe ubwishingizi mu gihe byabaye ngombwa ko amwishyurira ibyago byatejwe n’impanuka, ubusanzwe umwishingizi atagombaga kwishyurira hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko cyangwa n’amasezerano. Uburenganzira bwo gusimbura uwishingiwe mu gukurikirana abandi batumye umwishingizi yishyura (action subrogatoire/subrogatoty action) Umwishingizi nyuma y’uko yishyuye uwishingiwe wahohotewe afite uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwateje impanuka mu kigwi cy’uwishingiwe, akabikora mu mbibi z’ibyo yishyuye. RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v. TUYIGANE; RS/INJUST/RC 00004/2024/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25 Mata 2025. Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yabaye, ubwo moto TVS Victor, ifite plaque RD 715 R, yanditse kuri Tuyigane, ariko wari wayitije Ndyibingoye, uyu yagonze indi moto TVS Victor ifite plaque RD 335 E, yari itwawe na Nyamwasa François, biviramo Uwabakurikiza Théoneste wari uhetswe kuri iyo moto kuvunika ukuguru. Iperereza ryakozwe n’Ishami rya Polisi rishinzwe umutekano wo mu Muhanda (Traffic Police), ryagaragaje ko intandaro y’impanuka yabaye ari moto ya Tuyigane Jean Paul kuko Ndyibingoye Jean Paul wari uyitwaye yari yasinze, ibipimo bigaragaza ko umusemburo (alcohol) wari mu mubiri we wari ku kigero cya 2.34. Uwabakurikiza Théoneste yandikiye Radiant Insurance Company Ltd yari yarishingiye iyo moto yateje impanuka ayisaba ko bakemura ikibazo mu bwumvikane, akagenerwa indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yari yabaye, impande zombi zemeranya ko Uwabakurikiza Théoneste agomba kwishyurwa 2,820,350 Frw; maze ku wa 05/01/2021, asinyira ko ayahawe mu buryo bwa sheki. RADIANT yandikiye Tuyigane Jean Paul imubwira ko akwiye kwirengera amakosa yakozwe n’uwari utwaye moto ye agateza impanuka, inamusaba kuyisubiza 2,820,350Frw yahawe uwakomerekeye mu mpanuka. Tuyigane Jean Paul ntabwo yasubije amafaranga yasabwe, bituma RADIANT itanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo irusaba gutegeka Tuyigane

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Jean Paul kuyishyura 2,820,350Frw y’indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yishyuwe Uwabakurikiza Théoneste, inyungu zingana na 18% zizikomokaho, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ndetse n’ay’igihembo cya Avoka. Tuyigane Jean Paul ntiyigeze yiregura kubyo yaregwaga. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwasanze nta kimenyetso na kimwe gihamya ko kuba Tuyigane yaratije moto Ndyibingoye, uyu nawe akayitwara yasinze, binyuranyije n’amasezerano RADIANT yagiranye na Tuyigane Jean Paul, ku buryo yaryozwa amakosa yakozwe na Ndyibingoye Jean Paul. Bityo rwemeza ko ikirego cya RADIANT nta shingiro gifite, rwemeza ko Tuyigane Jean Paul adakwiye gusubiza RADIANT 2,820,350 Frw ndetse n’inyungu za 18 % ziyakomokaho. RADIANT yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru. Urwo rukiko rwasanze mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi ntaho bigaragara ko byari bibujijwe kuyitiza cyangwa kuyikodesha, ndetse atigeze atuma Ndyibingoye Jean Paul gukora impanuka, akaba nta kosa yigeze akora nkana. RADIANT yasabye ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane. Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire amaze kubisuzuma, yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga asaba ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo, maze rwoherezwa mu Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kugira ngo ruzongere ruburanishwe. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko: Kumenya niba Tuyigane (nyiri moto) akwiriye gutegekwa gusubiza RADIANT (umwishingizi) amafaranga yishyuye Uwabakurikiza. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Urega yiregura avuga ko: Afite uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe (action récursoire/recovery action) cyangwa uwafashe ubwishingizi mu gihe byabaye ngombwa ko amwishyurira ibyago byatejwe n’impanuka. Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe (action récursoire/recovery action), ni uburenganzira umwishingizi afite bwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe cyangwa uwafashe ubwishingizi mu gihe byabaye ngombwa ko amwishyurira ibyago byatejwe n’impanuka, ubusanzwe umwishingizi atagombaga kwishyurira hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko cyangwa n’amasezerano bagiranye, akaba adashobora no kwanga kwishyura uwahohotewe Uburenganzira bwo gusimbura uwishingiwe mu gukurikirana abandi batumye umwishingizi

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yishyura (action subrogatoire/subrogatoty action), ni uburenganzira umwishingizi afite bwo gukurikirana uwateje impanuka mu kigwi cy’uwishingiwe, ubu burenganzira akabugira nyuma y’uko yishyuye uwishingiwe wahohotewe. Aho ubu burenganzira bwombi butandukaniye, ni uko ubwa mbere ari ubwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe wateje ibyago, mu gihe ubu bwa kabiri bwo ari ubwo gukurikirana undi muntu wateje ibyago uwishingiwe. Ubu bwa nyuma busaba ko uwahohotewe aba ari nawe wishingiwe ku byago byamubaho. Urukiko rusanga uburenganzira ishaka gukoresha ari ubwo gukurikirana uwishingiwe wateje ibyago. Ikosa ry’ubusinzi ryatumye habaho impanuka, rigaragara mu gace ka 10 k’ingingo ya 25 y’amasezerano rusange y’ubwishingizi ya RADIANT, kakaba kavuga igihe impanuka yabaye uwishingiwe yasinze, ndetse n’igika cya nyuma cy’iyi ngingo kikavuga ko iryo kosa riryozwa gusa uwishingiwe wateje impanuka. Ibi bigaragaza ko ukurikiranwaho ikosa ryo gusinda ari uwishingiwe gusa. Kugirango Tuyigane Jean Paul abe yarikurikiranwaho kandi ryakozwe na Ndyibingoye Jean Paul, ni uko RADIANT yagaragaza ko yamutije moto azi neza ko yasinze hakurikijwe ibivugwa mu gika cya nyuma cy’ingingo ya 24 y’aya masezerano. Ni yo mpamvu Tuyigane Jean Paul atanaryozwa indishyi hashingiwe kuri iki gika cya 10 kuko atari we wakoze impanuka yasinze kandi nta n’ikigaragaza ko yatije moto umuntu wasinze.

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Impanuka yatewe n'umunyegare Umwishingizi yishingira gusa ibyago byatejwe n'uwo yishingiye. Mu gihe nta ruhare ikinyabiziga cyagize mu mpanuka yabaye, nta buryozwe uwari ugitwaye yashyirwaho kimwe n’umwishingizi we. SANLAM AG Plc v NZAMWITAKUZE; RS/INJUST/RC 00003/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 16 Gashyantare 2024. Sebanani wari utwaye igare yagonze moto ifite plaque nimero RC 132 X yari itwawe na Makuza, biviramo Nzamwitakuze yari ihetse gukomereka. Nzamwitakuze ashingiye ku kuba moto yari imutwaye yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SORAS AG Ltd yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc, yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge arusaba ko rwamugenera indishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka. Urukiko rwaciye urubanza, rwemeza ko icyo kirego gifite ishingiro, rwemeza ko SANLAM AG Plc igomba kumuha indishyi. Mu bujurire, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na SANLAM AG Plc nta shingiro bufite, naho ubwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe na Nzamwitakuze ko bufite ishingiro, rwemeza ko imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa igumyeho, ahubwo hakiyongeraho indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga n’indishyi z’ibyatanzwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa. SANLAM AG Plc yagiye mu nzira z’akarengane, urubanza ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga: Ikibazo nyamukuru ni cyo kumenya niba umwishingizi w’ikinyabiziga yaryozwa indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yatewe n’umunyegare. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Urega avuga ko: Urukiko Rukuru rwarivuguruje kuko rwaremeje ko Sebanani Gilbert wari utwaye igare ariwe wateje impanuka, nyuma rukongera rukemeza ko umwishingizi wa moto ariwe ugomba kwishyura indishyi rushingiye gusa ku kuba moto yakubise hasi Nzamwitakuze yari ifite ubwo bwishingizi kandi rwirengagije ko kuba uwari utwaye igare yarabisikanye nabi ari byo byateye impanuka mu buryo butaziguye (la cause immédiate et directe de l’accident), bigatuma Nzamwitakuze yitura hasi, agakomereka. Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije ko umwishingizi yishyura indishyi zishingiye ku buryozwe bwatewe n’amakosa atagambiriwe y’uwo yishingiye wenyine. Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe uwari utwaye moto nk’uryozwa ko

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yagonzwe n’igare, rutabanje gusuzuma niba nta kosa cyangwa uburangare yagize muri iyo mpanuka. Iyindi mpamvu ataryozwa ibyangijwe n’uwo itishingiye, ari uko yishingira ibyago uwishingiwe yateye abandi atabigendereye, ariko ko itishingira ibyago abandi bateza uwishingiwe. Imyiregurire y’uregwa: Uregwa avuga ko: N’ubwo igare ariryo ryateje impanuka, moto yari imutwaye ari yo yamukubise hasi, kandi yari yarishingiwe na SANLAM AG Plc, bityo kuba moto yari imuhetse ari yo yamuteje impanuka yamuviriyemo no gukomereka, ntaho SANLAM AG Plc yahera yivanaho inshingano zo kwirengera ingaruka zatewe n’iyo mpanuka, cyane ko itagaragaza ko amasezerano y’ubwishingizi agarukira gusa ku kuba ikinyabiziga cyishingiwe ari cyo cyaba kiri mu makosa kugira ngo umwishingizi aryozwe indishyi. Amasezerano y’ubwishingizi ategeka umwishingizi kwishyura ibyangijwe n’ikinyabiziga yishingiye, ikajya mu mwanya w’uwishingiwe mu burenganzira yakabaye afite bwo gukurikirana uwateje impanuka (subrogation), ari nabyo bihita biha SANLAM AG Plc inshingano zo kwishyura indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka

19 “Par le présent contrat, la Société couvre, aux conditions ci-après indiquées, la responsabilité civile de l’Assuré du chef des yamuviriyemo ubumuga, nyuma mu gihe yaba ibikeneye ikikurikiranira uwari utwaye igare ryagonze moto. Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Mu gufata icyemezo uru rukiko rwabanze gusesengura ibyishingirwa mu bwishingire butegetswe ku buryozwe butewe n’ibigenzwa ku butaka bifite moteri (responsabilité civile obligatoire en matière de véhicule automoteurs), kugira ngo harebwe niba koko umwishingizi wa moto (SANLAM AG Plc) yaragombaga kuryozwa ibyago (dommage) bikomoka ku mpanuka yatejwe n’umunyegare. Muri iryo sesengura, rwasomeye hamwe ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko-Teka No 32/75 ryo ku wa 07/08/1975 ryerekeye ubwishingire butegetswe ku buryozwe butewe n’ibigenzwa ku butaka bifite moteri, nk’uko yahinduwe n’Itegeko No 02/2002 ryo ku wa 17/01/2002 n’ingingo ya mbere19 y’amasezerano rusange y’ubwishingizi (Conditions Générales) SANLAM AG Plc yakoreshaga igihe cy’impanuka rusanga zose z’umvikanisha ko umwishingizi yishingira ibyago byatejwe n’ikinyabiziga cyishingiwe (emphasis mine). Rwongeye kandi rwibutsa ibisobanuro by’Abahanga mu mategeko rwifashishije mu rubanza Musengamana v SGF, ko uburyozwe busobanurwa nk’inshingano zo kwishyura ibyo umuntu yangirije dommages causés au Rwanda par le véhicule automoteur désigné aux conditions particulières”.

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undi, naho ubwishingizi bw’uburyozwe bugasobanurwa nk’ubwishingizi bugamije kwishyurira uwishingiwe ibyo yakurikiranwaho n’abo yangirije20, maze rwemeza ko icyishingirwa ari ibyago byatejwe n’ikinyabiziga cyishingiwe. Kugira ngo rero umwishingizi yishyurire uwo yishingiye, ni ngombwa ko habanza kugaragazwa ko uwishingiwe ari we wateje ibyago; uwangirijwe akaba ari we ufite inshingano zo kubigaragaza. Mu gusoza rwanzuye ko uwari utwaye igare ni we wagonze moto nk’uko bigaragazwa n’inyandikomvugo ya polisi

20 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00019/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 02/06/2023, igika cya 24. igaragaza ko impanuka yatewe n’inyuranaho ribi ryakozwe n’uwari utwaye igari wataye umukono we akajya mu mukono utari uwe, akagonga moto babisikanaga, bigatuma hakomereka umugenzi wari utwawe kuri moto kandi ko iyo raporo nta na hamwe igaragaza ko moto yaba yaragize uburangare, umuvuduko ukabije cyangwa ikindi cyaba cyarayiteye kugwa. Bityo kugwa kwa moto byabaye ingaruka itaziguye y’uko kugongwa n’igare. Mu gihe nta ruhare moto yagize mu mpanuka yabaye, nta buryozwe uwari uyitwaye yashyirwaho kimwe n’umwishingizi we, kuko ibyago byabaye kuri Nzamwitakuze wari kuri moto byatejwe n’iryo gare, ari naryo ryabazwa uburyozwe bw’ibyo byago.

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Umwishingizi yishingira gusa ibyago byatejwe n'uwo yishingiye. Mu gihe nta ruhare ikinyabiziga cyagize mu mpanuka yabaye, nta buryozwe uwari ugitwaye yashyirwaho kimwe n’umwishingizi we. MUSENGAMANA v SGF; RS/INJUST/RC 00019/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 02 Kamena 2023. Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yabaye igakomerekeramo Musengamana n’abandi benshi ubwo yari atwaye moto hanyuma akaza kujya mu kindi cyerekezo atabanje kureba ko hari ikindi kinyabiziga kiriyo agezeyo agongana n’indi modoka bituma haba impanuka. Ubushinjaycyaha bwareze Musengamana urubanza rugera mur Rukiko Rukuru ruza kwemeza ko icyaha aregwa kidafite ishingiro kubera ko habayeho ugushidikanya ku wateje impanuka. Musengamana ashingiye kuri urwo rubanza yatanze ikirego asaba ko Ikigega cyihariye cy’ingoboka ku bwishingizi bw’uburyozwe bw’impanuka z’ibinyabiziga bifite moteri bigendera ku butaka n’izikomoka ku nyamaswa (SGF1) cyamuha indishyi ariko nubwo Urukiko rwisumbuye rwari rwemeje ko yahabwa indishyi zitandukanye, Urukiko Rukuru rwaje kubitesha agaciro kuko hari raporo ya polisi ivuga ko impanuka yaba yaratejwe na we kandi akaba

1 Special Guarantee Fund atabasha kugaragaza ikindi kimenyetso cyerekana ko atari we wayiteje. Uru rubanza rwaje kujya mu karengane ruhabwa Urukiko Rw’Ikirenga ngo ruruburanishe ruza kuruburanisha harebwa niba Musengamana yahabwa indishyi yasabaga. Urega avuga ko asaba indishyi kubera ko ikinyabiziga cyamugonze kitari gifite ubwishingizi kandi ko kuba ikinyabiziga kidafite ubwishingizi kigateza impanuka, bihita bishyira uburyozwe kuri SGF. Avuga kandi ko hari urubanza rwagize Musengamana umwere ku cyaha cyo gukubita no gukomeretsa abantu biturutse ku buteshuke n’ubuteganye buke no kutubahiriza amategeko yerekeye imihanda n’uburyo bwo kuyigendamo, bikaba bisobanuye ko atariwe wateje impanuka. Akomeza avuga ko abantu batandukanye batanze ubuhamya bakagaragaza ko imodoka Toyota Corolla RAA 609 Z ariyo yateje impanuka. Uru rubanza rwaje kujya mu karengane ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ngo ruruburanishe Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko Kumenya niba uregwa yahabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Urega avuga ko:

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Asaba indishyi kubera ko ikinyabiziga cyamugonze kitari gifite ubwishingizi kandi ko kuba ikinyabiziga kidafite ubwishingizi kigateza impanuka, bihita bishyira uburyozwe kuri SGF. Hari urubanza rwamugize umwere ku cyaha cyo gukubita no gukomeretsa abantu biturutse ku buteshuke n’ubuteganye buke no kutubahiriza amategeko yerekeye imihanda n’uburyo bwo kuyigendamo, bikaba bisobanuye ko atariwe wateje impanuka. Hari abantu batandukanye batanze ubuhamya bakagaragaza ko imodoka Toyota Corolla RAA 609 Z ariyo yateje impanuka. Imiburanire y’Uregwa: Uregwa avuga ko: Impanuka yabaye hagati y’ibinyabiziga bitatu bizwi, Urukiko rukuru rukaba rutaragaragaje ikinyabiziga cyateje impanuka muri ibyo bibiri bisigaye ahubwo hakaba hari inyandiko ya polisi igaragaza ko urega ariwe wateje impanuka.

2La responsabilité civile désigne en un sens générique (qui englobe la responsabilité délictuelle et la responsabilité contractuelle), toute obligation de répondre civilement du dommage que l’on a causé à autrui, …; Gérard CORNU, Vocabulaire juridique, 14ème éd., Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2022, p. 921. 3Les assurances de responsabilité désignent les assurances ayant pour objet de garantir l’assuré contre les recours exercés contre lui par des tiers à raison du préjudice qu’il a pu leur causer et qui engage sa responsabilité: assurance de Kuba imodoka itari ifite ubwishingizi bitavuze ko ariyo yateje impanuka ko hagomba kugarazwa ibimenyetso. Icyemezo cy’urukiko: Uburyozwe (responsabilité civile), mu buryo rusange bukubiyemo uburyozwe bushingiye ku bwangizi (responsabilité civile) n’uburyozwe bushingiye ku masezerano, busobanurwa nk’inshingano zo kwishyura ibyo umuntu yangirije undi2. Ubwishingizi bw’uburyozwe bwo bugasobanurwa nk’ubwishingizi bugamije kwishyurira uwishingiwe ibyo yakurikiranwaho n’abo yangirije3. Abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko uburyozwe aribwo bushingiyeho uburenganzira bw’uwangirijwe bwo guhabwa indishyi, ikirego cye kigamije kugaragaza uburyozwe bw’uwangije kikaba ariyo nzira isanzwe, cyane ko icyemezo gifatiwe uwangije gituma umwishingizi ashyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y’ubwishingire4. Uwangirijwe ariko ashobora guhita responsabilité automobile, ….; Ibidem, p. 95 4La responsabilité civile est la matrice du droit à réparation de la victime: l’action en responsabilité intenté par la victime contre l’auteur du dommage apparaît donc la démarche la plus naturelle, d’autant que d’après une jurisprudence constante “ la condamnation prononcée à l’encontre de l’assuré constitue, pour l’assureur de responsabilité de celui-ci, la réalisation du risque couvert, et par le même lui est opposable”; Yvonne Lambert-Faivre et Stéphanie Porchy-Simon, Droit du dommage corporel, Systèmes

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arega umwishingizi w’uwamwangirije, kuko abona ariwe ufite ubushobozi bwo kumwishyura5. Ibi bikaba bihura n’ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 6 y‘Itegeko -Teka No 32/75 ryo ku wa 07/08/1975 ryerekeye ubwishingire butegetswe ku buryozwe butewe n’ibigenzwa ku butaka bifite moteri, iteganya ko ubwishingire butuma uwangirijwe agira uburenganzira ku wishingiye. Abahanga mu mategeko basobanura ko kugirango uwangirijwe ashobore guhita arega umwishingizi w’uwamwangirije, ari ngombwa ko aba afitiwe umwenda w’indishyi n’uwamwangirije, ibyo bigasaba ko uburyozwe bw’uwishingiwe bubanza kugaragazwa kandi uyu akaba ataramaze kwishyura uwo yangirije6. Abahanga mu mategeko basobanura kandi ko uwangirijwe agomba kugaragaza uruhare rw’uwo avuga wamwangirije7.

d’indemnisation, 8ème édit., Paris, Dalloz, 2016, p. 598, no 660. 5Plutôt que d’intenter une action en responsabilité civile contre l’auteur de son dommage, la victime peut préférer agir directement contre l’assureur du responsable, dont la solvabilité est la meilleure garantie de son indemnisation; Ibidem, p. 601, No 665. 6Pour exercer l’action directe, la victime doit être créancière d’une indemnité de réparation: cette condition, absolument fondamentale, suppose que soit établie la responsabilité de l’assuré et que celui-ci n’ait pas préalablement indemnisé la victime; Ibidem, p. 603, No 670. 7Désormais la victime n’a plus à prouver l’insolvabilité de l’auteur des dommages, mais elle doit cependant établir sa responsablité, et l’action de la victime contre le FGAO (Fonds de garantie des assurances obligatoires de dommages) suppose, comme l’action de la victime contre l’assureur de responsabilité, la mise en cause préalable du responsable…, Ibidem, p. 667, No 773.

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Kutishyura indishyi kubera ikosa ryakozwe nkana Kugirango umwishingizi areke kwishyura ashingiye ku ngingo y’amategeko cyangwa y’amasezerano ibuza kwishingira ikosa ryakozwe nkana, agomba gutanga ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko uwishingiwe yakoze ikosa agambiriye kwangiza (faute intentionnelle). Ibi bikaba bihindura umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza No RS/INJUST/RC 00002/2021/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 30/12/2021, Akarere ka Kirehe na SAHAM Assurance Rwanda Ltd yahindutse SANLAM Assurances Générales Plc, abazungura ba Gatashya Ezra n’abandi; uwo murongo ukaba waravugaga ko umwishingizi ataryozwa amakosa uwishingiwe yakoze abizi kandi abishaka. SANLAM AG Plc v BIZIMANA; RS/INJUST/RC 00005/2024/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 28 Werurwe 2025 Bizimana yakomerekejwe n’imodoka yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SANLAM AG Plc, agira ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 48%. Yandikiye SANLAM AG Plc asaba indishyi, imusubiza ko itazimuha kuko ari we wabaye nyirabayazana w’impanuka yemera kugendera inyuma mu modoka ipakiye. Ibyo byatumye Bizimana aregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi asaba indishyi zinyuranye. Urukiko rwategetse SANLAM AG Plc kumuha indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 5.786.030Frw. SANLAM AG Plc yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, ivuga ko itagomba kuryozwa indishyi kuko Bizimana yabaye nyirabayazana w’impanuka, kandi n’umushoferi wari utwaye imodoka akaba yarakoze nkana ikosa ryo kumutwara mu gice cyahariwe gutwara imizigo, azi neza ko bibujijwe. Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ubujurire bwayo nta shingiro bufite, rugumishaho indishyi zatanzwe mu rubanza rwajuririwe. SANLAM AG Plc yasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, itanga impamvu nk’izo yari yatanze ijurira, ubusabe bwayo buremerwa, urubanza ruburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko: Kumenya niba SANLAM ikwiye kuryozwa indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yakomerekeyemo Bizimana. Imiburanire y’uwasabye gushubirishamo urubanza: Avuga ko ataryozwa indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yabaye ishingiye ku kuba uwari utwaye ikinyabiziga cyakoze impanuka yarakoze nkana ikosa ryo kwemera gutwara umuntu mu gice cy’inyuma cy’imodoka kandi azi neza ko bibujijwe no kuba Bizimana ariwe wabaye nyirabayazana w’impanuka yakomerekeyemo.

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Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane:: Urega y’ireguye avuga ko akwiye guhabwa indishyi ashingiye ku kuba ubwishingire bugomba kwishingira uburyozwe bwa nyir’ikinyabiziga kigenzwa ku butaka, ubw’ugifite wese n’ubw’ugitwaye wese, kandi ko ubwishingire bugomba kwishingira ibyago biba ku bantu bahetswe mu kinyabiziga, ku mpamvu izo arizo zose. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko:  Kugirango umwishingizi areke kwishyura ashingiye ku ngingo y’amategeko cyangwa y’amasezerano ibuza kwishingira ikosa ryakozwe nkana, agomba gutanga ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko uwishingiwe yakoze ikosa agambiriye kwangiza (faute intentionnelle). Ibi bikaba bihindura umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00002/2021/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 30/12/2021, Akarere ka Kirehe na SAHAM Assurance Rwanda Ltd yahindutse SANLAM Assurances Générales Plc, abazungura ba Gatashya Ezra n’abandi. Uwo murongo ukaba waravugaga ko umwishingizi ataryozwa amakosa uwishingiwe yakoze abizi kandi abishaka.  Uburyozwe bubaho biturutse ku gikorwa cyakoranywe ubushake cyangwa kitakoranywe ubushake, bigatuma uwakoze ikosa agomba kwishyura iby’abandi byangijwe; ubwo buryozwe bukaba bwishingirwa.  Nubwo umuntu yaba yakoze ikosa abizi, rifatwa nk’iryakozwe nkana mu gihe gusa bigaragara ko uwarikoze yari afite umugambi wo kwangiza.  Ikosa rituma uwangirijwe adahabwa indishyi ni iryabaye intandaro y’impanuka ryonyine (ni ukuvuga ku kigero cya 100%), kimwe n’iryo uwangirijwe yakoze nkana agambiriye ibyago byamubayeho - Itegeko No 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, ingingo ya 2.

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Amafaranga yo kwivuza Uwahohotewe ufite ubushobozi ashobora kwivuza ku giti cye, noneho nyuma akazasaba uwateje impanuka cyangwa uwamwishingiye kumusubiza amafaranga yatanze yivuza hamaze gutangwa ibimenyetso bigaragaza amafaranga y’ikiguzi yatanzwe kuri ubwo buvuzi, mu gihe yaba nta bushobozi afite agasaba abo bombi kumuvuza. Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga Kuba muganga atarerekanye ko hari ibangamira ry’uburanga ryabayeho, ntibivuze ko ritabayeho koko, ahubwo ni uko aba atarasabwe kuryerekana. MUKAKIMENYI v SANLAM AG PLC; RS/INJUST/RC 00012/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 02 Gashyantare 2024 Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yabaye ikozwe n’ikinyabiziga cyari gifite ubwishingizi bwa SORAS AG LTD yaje guhinduka SANLAM AG Plc (Sanlam) ubwo cyagongaga uwitwa Mukakimenyi bikamuviramo gukomereka cyane. Yasabye indishyi umwishingizi ariko ntiyazimuha atanga ikirego mu Rukiko rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rumugenera indishyi zitandukanye zirimo amafaranga yakoresheje mu kwivuza, indishyi mbangamiraburanga n’izindi. Sanlam ntiyanyuzwe n’icyo cyemezo ikijuririra mu Rukiko rukuru ivuga ko yasabwe gutanga amafaranga yo kwivuza hashingiwe kuri facture proforma yatanzwe n’ibitaro kandi iyo facture mu busanzwe itagaragaza ibyakoreshejwe ndetse isaba ko n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga zakurwaho. Urukiko rukuru rwemeje ko nta ndishyi z’amafaranga yo ttwifuza ndetse n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu bigomba gutangwa. Mukakimenyi yiyambaje inzira z’akarengane maze hemezwa ko urwo rubanza rwongera kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko: Kumenya niba uwahohotewe ya subizwa amafaranga yakoresheje yivuza n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirishwamo avuga ko Urukiko rukuru rwakuyeho indishyi yagenewe zo kwivuza kandi azifitiye uburenganzira kuko uwangirijwe n’impanuka itamuviriyemo urupfu afite uburenganzira bwo kuvuzwa cyangwa gusubizwa amafaranga yatanze yivuza n’ayo yaguze imiti kubera uburwayi yatewe n’iyo mpanuka, akaba rero asaba ko yakwishyurirwa amafaranga yo kwivuza agaragazwa kuri facture proforma.

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Nanone ko yakuriweho indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga kandi impanuka yaramusigiye ubumuga bwa 40% kuko yavunitse amagufa akaba agendera ku mbago bityo agasaba ko yahabwa izo ndishyi. Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa yiregura avuga ko: Indishyi z’amafaranga yo kwivuza zidakwiriye gutangwa hashingiwe kuri facture proforma bitewe nuko umwishingizi yishyura ibyakoreshejwe, kandi facture proforma ikaba idatanga amakuru y’ukuri kuko amafaranga ayiriho aba ashobora kwiyongera cyangwa kugabanuka, ko ahubwo ari ikigereranyo cy’amafaranga ashobora kuzakoreshwa ariko atari ikimenyetso cy’amafaranga yishyuwe ku buryo urega yavuga ko ariyo yakoresheje akaba yasaba kuyasubizwa. Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga zitagombaga gutangwa kuko muganga atigeze agaragaza ikigero cy’uburanga bwatakaye kubera impanuka bityo ko hatashingirwa ku magambo gusa y’usaba izo ndishyi. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Ku birebana n’ikibazo cy’amafaranga yo kwivuza uru rukiko rwasomeye hamwe ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko N° 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka n’ingingo ya 13, igika cya mbere, y’Iteka rya Perezida N° 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw'umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, maze rusobanura ko:  Uwangijwe n’impanuka ntimuviremo urupfu afite uburenganzira bwo kuvuzwa n’uwateje impanuka cyangwa uwamwishingiye.  Ikindi n’uko uwahohotewe ufite ubushobozi ashobora kwivuza ku giti cye, noneho nyuma akazasaba uwateje impanuka cyangwa uwamwishingiye kumusubiza amafaranga yatanze yivuza, ariko hamaze gutangwa ibimenyetso bigaragaza amafaranga y’ikiguzi yatanzwe kuri ubwo buvuzi, mu gihe yaba nta bushobozi afite agasaba abo bombi kumuvuza.  Ku birebana n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga rwemeje ko kuba muganga atarerekanye ko hari ibangamira ry’uburanga ryabayeho, ntibivuze ko ritabayeho koko, ahubwo ni uko aba atarasabwe kuryerekana bityo uwahohotewe wazisabye akaba agomba kuzihabwa iyo agaragaje ko yagize ubusembwa kubera impanuka.

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Amafaranga y’ukwivuza Kuba uwahohotewe yandikiye ikigo cy’ubwishingizi agisaba kugena umuganga ugomba kujya mu kanama k’abaganga bemeza ko ajya kwivuza hanze ntikimusubize, ntibyamubuza kujya kwivuza hanze kuko byanze bikunze agomba kuramira ubuzima bwe, niyo mpamvu ikigo cy’ubwishingizi kigomba kwishyura amafaranga yose yakoreshejejwe mu kujya kwivuza. SONARWA GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd (SONARWA) v. NYIRAGANZA; RS/INJUST/RC 00047/2017/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 23 Nzeri 2018 [RLR V.2- 2019] Imodoka ifite ubwishingizi muri SONARWA yagonze indi modoka ikomerekeramo abantu barindwi barimo Nyiraganza wasigiwe ubumuga bungana na 60%. Nyiraganza yageragije kumvikana na SONARWA ntibyashoboka hanyuma atanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge asaba indishyi zitandukanye zirimo indishyi mbonezamusaruro, iz’ububabare, iz’iburaburanga, iz’uburambe ku kazi n’amafaranga yakoreshejwe yivuza. Uru rukiko rwemeje ko SONARWA igomba guha Nyiraganza amafaranga akomoka ku mpanuka yagize, maze rumugenera indishyi z’ibangamira bukungu, iz’ububabare, izikomoka ku itakaza ryuburambe mu kazi, n’amafaranga atandukanye yakoresheje kwa muganga mu gihugu no hanze. Nyiraganza yajuriye mu Rukiko Rukuru, avuga ko indishyi mbonezamusaruro yahawe zagenwe hashingiwe ku mafaranga 2.500 ku munsi kandi yaragaragaje ko ari umucuruzi winjizaga 10.000Frw ku munsi, ko atahawe indishyi z’ibangamiraburanga kandi yaraziregeye. SONARWA nayo yajuririye urwo rubanza ivuga ko yagaragaje ko iminsi y’akazi mu kwezi ari 25, nyamara urukiko rukabarira ku minsi 30, kandi ko Urukiko rwatanze amafaranga yo kwivuza hanze n’ay’ingendo kandi Nyiraganza yarijyanyeyo SONARWA itabigizemo uruhare. Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza, rutegeka SONARWA kwishyura Nyiraganza amafaranga y’indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka, ay’ingendo, ay’ikurikiranarubanza hamwe nay’igihembo cya Avoka, ruvuga ko urubanza rwajuririwe ruhindutse ku birebana n’indishyi z’amafaranga yakoresheje yivuza hanze atagomba guhabwa kuko yagiyeyo atabiherewe uburenganzira n’akanama kabishinzwe. Uwahohotewe n’impanuka yiyambaje inzira z’akarengane maze hemezwa ko urwo rubanza

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rwongera kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko: Ikibazo nyamukuru cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko n’ikijyanye nukumenya niba uwahohotewe n’impanuka yasubiza amafaranga yakoresheje ajya kwivuza mu mahanga. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Avuga ko muganga we yakoze raporo igaragaza ko agomba kujya kwivuriza mu mahanga kubera ko uburyo yagombaga kuvurwamo mu Rwanda budahari, kandi ko ntako atakoze kugira ngo hajyeho akanama k’abaganga kamwemerera kujya kwivuriza mu mahanga kuko, yandikiye SONARWA ayisaba gushyiraho umuganga wayo afatanyije n’uwe kugira ngo bagene uwa gatatu, SONARWA iramwihorera. Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa yiregura avuga ko Nyiraganza nta nyungu afite zo kurega, bityo ko nta mpamvu SONARWA yakwirirwa yisobanura ku mafaranga yakoresheje yivuza mu Buhindi, ivuga kandi ko Nyiraganza yumvikanye na SONARWA ko nta kindi azongera kuyikurikiranaho, bityo akwiriye kwemera ingaruka z’amategeko zirebana n’ibyo bumvikanye, iavuga kandi ko amatike, visa n’amafaranga yo gutunga umurwaza mu Buhindi adateganyijwe n’Iteka rya Perezida rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Kuba uwahohotewe yandikiye ikigo cy’ubwishingizi agisaba kugena umuganga ugomba kujya mu kanama k’abaganga bemeza ko ajya kwivuza hanze ntikimusubize, ntibyamubuza kujya kwivuza hanze kuko byanze bikunze agomba kuramira ubuzima bwe, niyo mpamvu ikigo cy’ubwishingizi kigomba kwishyura amafaranga yose yakoreshejejwe mu kujya kwivuza. Bityo icyo kigo ntigikwiye kwitwaza guceceka kwacyo ngo kimane ubwishyu. Kuko bitabaye ibyo, igihe cyose ikigo cy’ubwishingizi kidashaka kwishyurira umuntu kwivuza mu mahanga, cyajya kicecekera ntigishyireho umuganga wo gufatanya n’abandi bagize akanama kagomba kwemeza ko umurwayi agomba kuzajya kwivuza hanze.

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Ubuzime Kuregera indishyi ku mwana udafite imyaka y'ubukure − Igihe ubuzime butangirira kubarwa Umwana wakoze impanuka udafite ababyeyi cyangwa umwishingizi wo kumukurikiranira indishyi, igihe cy’ubuzime gihagarara kubarwa; cyongera gutangira kubarwa uhereye igihe yuzurije imyaka y’ubukure. SONARWA GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd v UWIZEYIMANA, RS/INJUST/RC 00006/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 23 Kamena 2023 [RLR V.1- 2025] Uwizeyimana wari ufite imyaka umunani (8) y’amavuko yagonzwe n’imodoka yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SONARWA General Insurance Company Ltd, acika ukuboko kw’ibumoso. Nyuma yo kuzuza imyaka y’ubukure, Uwizeyimana Clarisse yandikiye SONARWA General Insurance Company Ltd ku wa 25/09/2017, ayisaba indishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka, yongera kuyandikira ku wa 22/08/2018 ayihanangiriza ariko ntiyamusubiza, maze atanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge ku wa 26/09/2018 arusaba kuyitegeka kumuha indishyi zitandukanye zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka. Uregwa yatanze inzitizi yo kutakira icyo kirego avuga ko urega yarengeje igihe cy’imyaka itanu (5) iteganywa n’amategeko ku bijyanye no kuregera indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka. Urwo Rukiko rwasanze ikirego kigomba kwakirwa, rutegeka SONARWA guha Uwizeyimana indishyiz’imbangamiraburanga, iz’imbonezamubano, iz’akababaro, izo gutakaza amahirwe yo gushaka n’amafaranga y’ibyakoreshejwe. Uregwa yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru, nuko rushingiye ku kuba n’ubwo Nyirasimpunga yaratoraguye Uwizeyimana, atigeze amugira umwana ku buryo yari kumukurikiranira indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka no kuba yaritabye Imana nyuma y’imyaka ibiri impanuka ibaye, nyuma agakomeza kurerwa n’abaturanyi, rusanga kuba yararengeje imyaka itanu ataratanga ikirego, ubwo busaze budakwiye kubarwa kuko yari akiri umwana kandi nta babyeyi cyangwa abishingizi yari afite. SONARWA yasabye ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, hamezwa ko ruburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko: Kumenya niba harabaye ubuzime bwo gusaba indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yo mu muhanda. Imiburanire y’uwasabye gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Asobanura avuga ko ikirego cya Uwizeyimana kitagombaga kwakirwa kuko atubahirije igihe

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cy’imyaka itanu (5) yo gukurikirana indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka akaba yaragitanze nyuma y’imyaka cumi n’umwe (11) impanuka ibaye, kandi ko Leta yakabaye yarakimukurikiraniye nk’umwana utari ufite umurera. Imiburanire y’uwasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Uregwa yiregura avuga ko ikirego cyagombaga kwakirwa hashingiwe ku kuba nk’umwana udafite ababyeyi, yaragitanze amaze kuzuza imyaka y’ubukure. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Urukiko rwabanje gusobanura ingingo ya 10, igika cya 1 n’icya 2 y’Itegeko-Teka N° 32/1975 ryerekeye ubwishingire butegetswe ku binyabiziga bigendera ku butaka bifite moteri, ruvuga ko icyumvikana muri ibi bika byombi ari uko uwangirijwe n’impanuka afite igihe cy’imyaka itanu cyo gusaba umwishingizi indishyi ziyikomokaho, atabikora ubwo burenganzira bukazima. Itegeko ariko rikemera ko hashobora kubaho impamvu zishobora guhagarika ubuzime bw’ikirego cy’uwangirijwe n’ubwo ritazirondoye cyangwa ngo rizisobanure. Rwibukije kandi igisobanuro ku buzime rwantanze mu rubanza Me MHAYIMANA Isaïe v Urugaga

1 B. Beigner & Sonia BEN, Droit des assurances, 2021, Paris, LGDJ, Lextenso, Pge 611. “La prescription biennale ne peut être suspendue que par les circonstances rw’Abavoka mu Rwanda; RS/INJUST/RAD 00002/2022/SC aho rwasobanuye ‘ubuzime’ nk’uburyo bwo gutuma habaho kuzima k’uburenganzira bitewe n’uko uwari ufite ubwo burenganzira cyangwa ububasha ntacyo yakoze mu gihe runaka. Ubuzime bukaba butangira kubarwa igihe ufite uburenganzira yamenyeye cyangwa yagombaga kuba yamenye ibikorwa bituma abukoresha. Uru rukiko rwasanze uwahohotewe yarakoze impanuka afite imyaka 8, kandi wamureraga akaba ataramwiyandikishijeho nk’umwana kimwe n’abaturanyi bamureze nyuma y’aho apfiriye, rusanga kuba uwakabaye atanga ikirego yari atarageza ku myaka y’ubukure ari impamvu yatumye ibihe by’ubusaze by’ikirego byateganyijwe n’itegeko biba bisubitswe kubarwa. Ibi bishimangirwa n’ibyanditswe n’abahanga mu mategeko ku bijyanye n’ibarwa ry’ibihe byo gutanga ikirego k’umuntu utarageza imyaka y’ubukure cyangwa undi muntu udafite ububasha, aho basobanura ko ubuzime bw’ikirego cy’uwangirijwe gishobora guhagarikwa gusa n’impamvu zituma uwangirijwe adashobora gutanga ikirego cyangwa mu gihe atarageza ku myaka y’ubukure;1 uko ni ko byanemejwe n’Urukiko Rusesa Imanza rwo mu Bufaransa.2 mettant la partie dans l’impossibilité d’agir ou durant la minorité de l’assuré”. 2 Mu rubanza Cour de cassation, civile, Chambre civile 2, 21 février 2008, 07- 12.801: “tendu que, selon le premier de ces

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 Nyuma y’ibyo bisobanuro rwasanze kuba impanuka yarabaye uwahohotewe afite imyaka 8, kandi nta wundi muntu wari ufite ububasha bwo gukurikirana indishyi zikomoka ku bumuga yatewe n’impanuka yatejwe n’imodoka yishingiwe na SONARWA General Insurance Company Ltd kuko atari afite

textes, l'action en garantie de l'assuré à l'encontre de l'assureur est interrompue par une des causes ordinaires d'interruption de la prescription; que, selon le second, la prescription ne court pas contre les mineurs ababyeyi cyangwa umwishingizi, igihe cy’imyaka itanu cyarahagaze kubarwa kuko yari akiri umwana adashobora kuzikurikirana, cyongera gutangira kubarwa uhereye igihe yuzurije imyaka y’ubukure, ni ukuvuga imyaka 18, bityo nta buzime bwabayeho. non émancipés et les majeurs en tutelle sauf ce qui est dit à l'article 2278 et à l'exception des cas déterminés par la loi”. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURI TEXT000018166899

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Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie yo kuwa 12/10/1929 yerekeye gutwara abantu mu ndege Indishyi zikomoka ku rupfu rwatewe n’impanuka y’indege Utwara abantu mu ndege agomba kuryozwa indishyi zikomoka ku rupfu rw’abo atwaye mu gihe atashoboye kugaragaza ko rwatewe n’indi mpamvu itari impanuka yagiriye mu ndege nk’uko biteganywa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie yo kuwa 12/10/1929, yerekeye gutwara abantu mu ndege nk’uko yahinduwe n’amasezerano y’i La Haye yo kuwa 28/09/1955, ingingo ya 17. SEBATWARE N’ABANDI v. RWANDAIR, RCOMAA 0021/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 21 Nyakanga 2015[RLR V.1-2016] Kuwa 12/11/2009, RWANDAIR yakoze impanuka igihaguruka ku kibuga cy’indege i Kanombe, maze uwitwa Nyirangororoka Azera wari muri iyo ndege arakomereka bimuviramo urupfu. Umugabo we Sebatware hamwe n’abana babo babiri batanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo basaba indishyi zishingiye ku masezerano yo gutwara abantu mu ndege atarubahirijwe. Urukiko rwemeje ko nta bubasha rufite bwo gusuzuma ibirego byabo. Kuwa 18/01/2013, abarega bongeye gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge, RWANDAIR nayo itanga inzitizi yo kutakira icyo kirego kuko cyatanzwe nyuma y’imyaka ibiri iteganywa mu masezerano ya “Varsovie”. Urukiko rwemeje ko ubusaze bw’ikirego bwahagaze igihe abarega batangaga ikirego mu gihe giteganywa n’amategeko mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo. Mu kwiregura mu mizi, RWANDAIR ivuga ko Nyakwigendera atazize impanuka y’indege ahubwo ko yayikoreye mu modoka y’imbangukiragutabara yari imujyanye kwa muganga. Urukiko rwemeje ko nta shingiro bifite kuko iterekana uruhare rw’impanuka y’imodoka y’imbangukiragutabara mu rupfu rwa nyakwigendera, bityo ruyitegeka guha abaregera indishyi zingana na 20.000.000Frw kuri buri wese. RWANDAIR yajuriye mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ivuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwanze guha agaciro inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego yari yatanze kuko ikirego cy’abarega cyatanzwe impitagihe, Urukiko rwemeza ko iyo nzitizi ifite ishingiro, bityo ko kirego cyabo kitagombaga kwakirwa mu Rukiko rubanza kuko igihe cy’imyaka ibiri kitubahirijwe. Sebatware n’abana be bajuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko: Kumenya indishyi umwikorezi yategekwa kwishyura. Imiburanire y’abajuriye:

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Bavuga ko “Rwanda Civil Aviation” yiyemereye ko hapfuye umuntu umwe mu mpanuka y’indege yabereye ku kibuga cy’indege cya Kanombe kuwa 12/11/2009, kandi ko hari na raporo ya RWANDAIR igaragaza ko yemera uruhare rwayo mu rupfu rwa nyakwigendera, bakavuga rero ko nta wundi wakwishyuzwa indishyi zikomoka ku rupfu rwe usibye RWANDAIR kuko ariyo yakoranye amasezerano na nyakwigendera yo kumugeza aho yari agiye. Ku birebana n’igipimo cy’indishyi basaba basobanura ko nta kosa Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze rwanga kubara indishyi rushingiye kuri “conditions générales de transport” za RWANDAIR kuko amasezerano ya “Varsovie” atemera ko utwara abagenzi mu ndege yivanaho cyangwa agabanya uburyozwe bwe, bityo agasaba ko ahubwo abakiliaya be bahabwa 982.500USD bari basabye mu rwego rwa mbere kuko amasezerano ya “Varsovie” nk’uko yahinduwe n’amasezerano y’i La Haye ateganya mu ngingo yayo ya 22-1 ko indishyi zingana na 250.000F ku bantu bangirijwe n’urupfu rw’umuntu wazize impanuka y’indege, naho mu ngingo ya 22-5 agateganya ko ifaranga rivugwa mu gace ka mbere rifite agaciro kangana na miligarama 65.5 za zahabu, ko kandi ivunjwa ry’ayo mafaranga 250.000 mu mafaranga y’igihugu runaka rikorwa hakurikijwe agaciro ka zahabu (valeur-or) k’iryo faranga ku munsi w’icibwa ry’urubanza. Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa yireguye avuga ko: Abarega batagaragaje ibimenyetso byerekana ko urupfu rwa nyakwigendera rwaturutse ku mpanuka y’indege kubera ko ajyanwa kwa muganga yakoze indi mpanuka mu modoka y’imbangukiragutabara yari imutwaye bigatuma agera kwa muganga yapfuye. Ku birebana n’igipimo cy’indishyi, avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwatanze indishyi za 20.000.000Frw zidafite aho zishingiye kuri buri wese mu baziregeye, rwirengagije ingingo ya 22 y’amasezerano ya “Varsovie” nk’uko yavuguruwe n’amasezerano y’i La Haye u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kandi ayo masezerano adakuraho ihame ry’uburyozwe, ko rero nta ndishyi zigomba gutangwa iyo uvuga ko yangirijwe atagaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo yangirijwe. Ivuga kandi ibyo gupima agaciro k’ifaranga hifashishijwe zahabu nta shingiro bifite kuko kuva mu mwaka wa 1973 agaciro k’ifaranga ry’igihugu iki n’iki katagipimirwa kuri zahabu nk’uko mbere y’uwo mwaka byagendaga, ndetse ko byaje no kwemezwa n’amasezerano ya “Jamaique” yo kuwa 7 na 8/01/1976 yakuyeho “parité –or des monnaies”. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Amasezerano ya “Varsovie” yo kuwa 12/10/1929 ateganya mu ngingo yayo ya 22-1 ko amafaranga ntarengwa utwara abagenzi mu ndege aryozwa ku mugenzi ari 125.000Franc. Ayo masezerano yaje kuvugururwa n’amasezerano y‘i La Haye kuwa 28/09/1995, amafaranga

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ntarengwa utwara abagenzi mu ndege aryozwa ku mugenzi ashyirwa kuri 250.000Franc. Muri ayo masezerano yombi ariko nta buryo bwateganyijwe bwo kongera amafaranga ntarengwa utwara abantu aryozwa ku mugenzi uko imyaka igenda isimburana, ibi akaba ari imwe mu mpamvu y’ingenzi yatumye ibihugu bimwe n’ama sosiyete y’indege amwe ateganya andi masezerano azamura amafaranga ntarengwa utwara abagenzi ashobora kuryozwa1, ndetse hajyaho amasezerano ya Montréal yo kuwa 28/06/1999 yashyize amafaranga ntarengwa utwara abantu aryozwa ku mugenzi kuri 100.000DTS. Amasezerano u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ni amasezerano ya Varsovie yo muri 1929 nk’uko yahinduwe n’amasezerano y’i La Haye yo muri 1955. Amasezerano yakurikiyeho harimo n’amasezerano ya Montréal ntabwo rwayashyizeho umukono, bivuze ko mu Rwanda amafaranga ntarengwa utwara abantu aryozwa ku mugenzi yagumye kuri 250.000Franc.

1 - Les accords de Malte du 1er avril 1987. - Les accords IATA (International Air Transport Association signés le 31/10/1995 à Kuala Lumpur. - L’accord MIA signé le 3 avril 1996 à Montréal. - Accord de Montréal de 1966 (75.000USD par passager) 2 “ (…) la conversion de ces sommes en monnaies nationales autres que la monnaie- or s’effectuera en cas d’instance judiciaire Ayo masezerano u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ateganya mu ngingo yayo ya 22-5 ko ayo mafaranga (250.000Franc) abarwa hashingiwe ku ifaranga-zahabu (Franc-Or) igizwe na 65.5mg za zahabu, kandi ko avunjwa mu mafaranga ya buri gihugu hakurikijwe agaciro k’ayo muri zahabu (valeur-or)2 iyo bibaye ngombwa kugena indishyi. Ivunjwa ry’ifaranga-zahabu mu mafaranga ya buri gihugu ritagishoboka kuko amasezerano ya mbere3 n’aya kabiri4 avugurura sitati ya Fond Monétaire International (FMI) yaje kwemeza ko agaciro k’ifaranga (monnaie) ry’igihugu iki n’iki katagipimirwa kuri zahabu, ku buryo havutse ikibazo cyo kumenya uburyo indishyi zishingiye kuri Franc-or zabarwa igihe bibaye ngombwa. Ni mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo cyari kivutse, muri 1975 hateguwe amasezerano y’inyongera ku masezerano ya “Varsovie” yo muri suivant la valeur-or de ces monnaies à la date du jugement”. 3 Le DTS-Dtroits de tirage spéciaux a été crée Le 28 juillet 196l lors du premier amendement aux statuts du FMI par le Fonds Monétaire International. 4 7-8 janvier, le second amendement aux statuts du FMI ; Accords de la Jamaïque (Kingston, 8 janvier 1976) décide de mettre un terme définitif au système monétaire des parités fixes mais ajustables.

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19295 no ku masezerano y’i La Haye yo muri 19556 avugurura amasezerano ya Varsovie, aya mbere ateganya ko amafaranga ntarengwa utwara abagenzi yaryozwa hashingiwe ku masezerano ya Varsovie abaye 8.300 Spécial drawing rights (SDR), naho aya kabiri agateganya ko amafaranga ntarengwa utwara abagenzi yaryozwa hashingiwe ku masezerano y’i La Haye avugurura amasezerano ya Varsovie abaye 16.600SDR. Kuba u Rwanda rutarashyize umukono kuri ayo masezerano y’inyongera bitaba imbogamizi kuko ikigenderewe ari ukureba uburyo amafaranga avugwa mu masezerano ya “Varsovie” yo muri 1929 n’amasezerano ya La Haye yo muri 1955 yashyizwe muri SDR. Hakurikijwe rero amasezerano y’inyongera (Procole N°2) ateganya ko amafaranga ntarengwa utwara abagenzi yaryozwa ari 16.600SDR, Urukiko rurasanga ku itariki ya 31/07/2015 ayo mafaranga yari ahwanye n’amafaranga y’u Rwanda angana na 16.135.257 hagendewe ku gaciro ka 1.008,453575 gatangwa na Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu. Urukiko rusanga ariko nanone, nubwo amafaranga 16.600SDR ariyo agomba gufatwa nk’umubare ntarengwa w’indishyi utwara abagenzi yaryozwa agenwa n‘amasezerano y’i La Haye avugurura amasezerano ya “Varsovie”, ntabwo bivuga ko ariyo agomba gutangwa byanze bikunze kuko uwangirijwe agomba kubanza kugaragaza ibyo yangirijwe (fournir la preuve de l’existence et du quantum du dommage subi), ibi akaba ari ihame mu mategeko y’u Rwanda no mu mategeko mpuzamahanga.

5 Protocole additionnel N° 1 signé à Montréal le 25 septembre 1975. 6 Protocole additionnel N° 2 signé à Montréal le 25 septembre 1975.

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Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie yo kuwa 12/10/1929 yerekeye gutwara abantu mu ndege Ibikomere by’umutima bikomoka ku mpanuka y’indege Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie ateganya ko ibigomba gutangirwa indishyi mu gihe habaye impanuka y’indege, ari urupfu, ibisebe cyangwa se ibindi bikomere by’umubiri, ibikomere by’umutima bikaba bitari mu bitangirwa indishyi. RWANDAIR LTD v. KARANGWA; RCOMAA0025/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 31 Nyakanga 2015[RLR V.2-2016] Karangwa yagiranye amasezerano na RWANDAIR Ltd yo kumutwara mu ndege kuva i Kigali kugera Uganda ikanamugarura. Ku munsi w’urugendo iyo indege yakoze impanuka igihaguruka ku kibuga cy’indege i Kanombe. Karangwa yaje gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo asaba indishyi zishingiye ku masezerano yo gutwara abantu mu ndege atarubahirijwe, urwo rukiko ruca urubanza ruvuga ko nta bubasha rufite bwo gusuzuma ikirego cye. Yaje kongera gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge, RWANDAIR Ltd itanga inzitizi ivuga ko ikirego cyashaje kuko atubahirije ibihe byo kurega biteganywa n’itegeko. Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rubanziriza urundi rwemeza ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu mizi, Urukiko rwemeza ko Karangwa Oreste atsinze, rutegeka RWANDAIR Ltd kumuha indishyi zingana na miliyoni eshatu (3.000.000) RWANDAIR Ltd ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, irujuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ivuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rutahaye agaciro ibyerekeranye n’ubuzime bw’icyaha, ko no mu kubara indishyi hakoreshejwe amategeko atariyo, Karangwa na we atanga ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi avuga ko indishyi yagenewe zabazwe nabi. Uru Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko Karangwa atsinze, rutegeka RWANDAIR Ltd kumwishyura amadorali 183.523USD. RWANDAIR Ltd ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, irujuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko: Kumenya niba ibikomere byo ku mutima (blessures psychiques) bikomoka ku mpanuka y’indege byatangirwa indishyi ziteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 17 y’Amasezerano ya “Varsovie” arebana n’ibyo gutwara abantu n’ibintu mu ndege yashyizweho umukono ku itariki ya 12/10/1929. Imiburanire y’uwajuriye: Uwajuriye asobanura ko Karangwa atari agifite uburenganzira bwo kurega kuko yarengeje igihe giteganywa n’amategeko, kuko impanuka yabaye ku itariki ya 12/11/2009, ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 29 ya Convention de Varsovie, itariki ya nyuma yo kurega

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yari iya 11/11/2011. Avuga kandi ko Urukiko rutagombaga gutanga indishyi rushingiye ku ntimba Karangwa avuga yatewe n’impanuka, kuko nta bikomere ku mubiri iyo mpanuka yamuteye, ko n’indishyi zatanzwe zabazwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa avuga ko yakomeretse, akaba agomba kubibonera indishyi, ko ibikomere bivugwa mu masezerano yashingiweho mu rubanza atari ibyo ku mubiri gusa, ko ahubwo n’ibikomere byo ku mutima birimo kandi hakaba hari impapuro zo kwa muganga zerekana ko ibyo bikomere yabigize kuko yahungabanye bikomeye. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Kuba abateguye aya Masezerano Mpuzamahanga ya Varsovie, barateganyije mu ngingo yayo ya 17 ko ibigomba gutangirwa indishyi mu gihe habaye impanuka y’indege, ari urupfu (la mort), ibisebe (blessures) cyangwa se ibindi bikomere by’umubiri (ou toute autre lésion corporelle), ayo yose akaba ari amagambo asobanura ibintu bifatika, iyo n’ibikomere byo ku mutima cyangwa se ihungabana (blessures psychiques, traumatisme), ibintu bidafatika cyangwa se bitaboneshwa amaso, biba mu bushake bw’abateguye aya masezerano, ntibiba byarabananiye kubyandikamo mu buryo bweruye. Bityo, urega nta ndishyi yabibonera kubera ko bene ibyo bikomere bitari mu bitangirwa indishyi hakurikijwe amasezerano ya “Varsovie” yaburanishijwe muri uru rubanza.

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Uburyozwe mu by’imbonezamubano Nyir’ugukora ikosa ryagize uwo ryangiriza, akora uko ashoboye akamwishyura indishyi zituma asubira kumera nk’uko yari kuba ameze iyo iryo kosa ritaza kubaho. Kubura inyungu zari zitezwe (gain manqué) Uwangirijwe agomba kuba yari yizeye mu buryo budashidikanywaho inyungu runaka, icyo cyizere kikaburizwamo n’igikorwa cyagize icyo kimwangiriza. Kuvutswa amahirwe (perte de chance) Bifatwa nk’ukuvutswa amahirwe iyo umuntu yabuze ikintu yakozagaho imitwe y’intoki kandi yagombaga kungukiramo. Kuvutswa amahirwe bitangirwa indishyi zigomba kujyana n’amahirwe yatakaye, ariko zidashobora kungana n’ibyo umuntu yari kubona iyo ayo mahirwe ataza gutakara. RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v DUSABIMANA; RS/INJUST/RC 00005/2021/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 21 Mutarama 2022 Dusabimana yareze Radiant Insurance Company Ltd ayisaba indishyi z’igihombo gituruka ku mpanuka imodoka ye yatejwe n’indi modoka yishingiwe n’iyo sosiyete y’ubwishingizi, akaba yaravugaga ko yari afitanye amasezerano y’akazi na Benediction Club yo kujya akoresha iyo modoka aherekeza abakinnyi b’amagare mu myitozo none akaba atarashoboye kuyakomeza kubera ko Radiant Insurance Company Ltd yanze kumukoreshereza imodoka. Radiant Insurance Company Ltd yireguye ivuga ko indishyi zitashingirwa ku masezerano yagaragajwe kubera ko Dusabimana atashoboye kwerekana ko imodoka ye yari yemerewe gutwara abantu, ko ahubwo indishyi zashingira ku kuba yaravukijwe uburenganzira bwo kugendera mu modoka ye, ko ariko mu gihe Urukiko rwasanga yarakoraga ako kazi hagendewe ku masezerano, indishyi zabarwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso bigaragaza amafaranga yakiriye Nyuma yo gusuzuma ibimenyetso biri muri dosiye, Urukiko rwasanze Dusabimana yari afite amasezerano y’ubukode bw’imodoka ye yakoze impanuka, ubwo yasabaga Radiant Insurance Company Ltd kuyimukoreshereza hakaba hari hasigaye amezi atatu ngo ayo masezerano arangire, ariko bikaba byari biteganyijwe ko yashoboraga kongerwa impande zombi zibyumvikanyeho. Nyir’ugukora ikosa ryagize uwo ryangiriza akora uko ashoboye akishyura uwarikorewe indishyi zituma asubira kumera nk’uko yari kuba ameze iyo iryo kosa ritaza kubaho. Hashingiwe kuri iryo hame,

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mu gihe cy’amezi atatu amasezerano yari ashigaje kugira ngo arangire, Dusabimana yari yizeye amafaranga yose yari ateganyijwe muri ayo masezerano, bityo kuba atarashoboye kurangiza akazi bitewe no kuba Radiant Insurance Company Ltd itaramukoreshereje imodoka, ikaba igomba kumwishyura indishyi zihwanye n’amafaraga yose yari kwishyurwa muri icyo gihe cyari gisigaye. Urukiko rwasanze kandi kuva igihe amasezerano yagombaga kurangirira, byarashobokaga ko yakongerwa, ayo akaba ari amahirwe yatakaje. Urukiko rwasanze uko gutakaza amahirwe nabyo Dusabimana agomba kubibonera indishyi zibazwe kuva igihe amasezerano y’ibanze yagombaga kurangirira kugeza igihe urubanza rw’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwaciriwe, akishyurwa 80% by’ayo yari yiteze kubona muri icyo gihe. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Urukiko rwasanze amasezerano y’ubukode bw’imodoka uregwa yakoranye na Benediction Club yasinywe ku itariki ya 05/06/2017 agomba gutangira ku ya 05/07/2017, akaba yaragombaga kumara amezi atandatu yashoboraga kongerwa byumvikanyweho n’impande zombi. Ni ukuvuga ko yagombaga kurangirana n’itariki ya 05/01/2018. Hashingiwe ku bikubiye muri ayo masezerano, Dusabimana yagombaga kujya yishyurwa 50.000 Frw ku munsi, akigurira “carburant”

1 Philippe Le Toureau et alii, Droit de la responsabilité et des contrats, Régime ndetse akihembera n’umushoferi bibaye ngombwa. Ku itariki ya 05/08/2017, imodoka yaje gukora impanuka bituma idashobora gukomeza akazi yari ifite, ku itariki ya 05/10/2017 yandikira Radiant Insurance Company Ltd asaba gukoresherezwa imodoka kubera ko ari yo yari yarishingiye imodoka yamukoresheje impanuka. Urukiko rwasanze kuba wajuriye yaragombaga kumukoreshereza imodoka kugira ngo ikomeze akazi yari ifite, ariko ntibikorwe, byatumye adashobora kukarangiza akazi yari afite, akaba agomba kubitangira indishyi. Uru Rukiko nanone rwifashishije inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko ivuga ko umwihariko w’uburyozwe mu by’imbonezamubano, ari uko nyir’ugukora ikosa ryagize uwo ryangiriza, amwishyura indishyi zituma asubira kumera nk’uko yari kuba ameze iyo iryo kosa ritaza kubaho (Le propre de la responsabilité civile est de rétablir aussi exactement que possible l’équilibre détruit par le dommage et de replacer la victime, aux dépens du responsable, dans la situation où elle se serait trouvée si l’acte dommageable n’avait pas eu lieu)1. Urukiko rurasanga ariko, mu kumugenera indishyi z’igihombo yatewe n’iyo mpanuka, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwaragombaga guhera ku itariki ya 06/10/2017, umunsi d’indemnisation, 10ème Edition, Février 2014, Paris, Dalloz, para. 1320.

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yatangiye ibaruwa muri Radiant Insurance Company Ltd asaba gukoresherezwa imodoka, kugeza igihe amasezerano yagombaga kurangirira, ni ukuvuga ku itariki ya 05/01/2018, kubera ko muri icyo gihe aribwo yari afite akazi. Ni ukuvuga ko hari hasigaye amezi atatu (3). Muri icyo gihe, abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko umuntu yabuze inyungu zari zitezwe. Basobanura ko uwangirijwe aba yari yizeye mu buryo budashidikanywaho inyungu runaka, icyo cyizere kikaburizwamo n’igikorwa cyagize icyo kimwangiriza. Ni byo bise mu rurimi rw’igifaransa gain manqué, bakaba barabisobanuye muri aya magambo: “Gain manqué. La victime avait à juste titre la certitude de faire des gains déterminés, du butin [...]. Cette perspective a disparu par suite du fait dommageable. [...]”2. Hakurikijwe ihame ryavuzwe haruguru ry’uko nyir’ugukora ikosa ryagize uwo ryangiriza, akora uko ashoboye akamwishyura indishyi zituma asubira kumera nk’uko yari kuba ameze iyo iryo kosa ritaza kubaho, Radiant Insurance Company Ltd igomba guha Dusabimana Fulgence indishyi zihwanye n’amafaranga yose yari kuba yarakoreye muri icyo gihe. Uyu murongo urasubira ku wari warafashwe mu rubanza rwa CORAR na Mbonimpa Solange3 aho Urukiko rwitiranyije inyungu zari

2Philippe Le Tourneau et alii, Droit de la responsabilité et des contrats, régimes d’indemnisation, 10ème Edition, février 2014, Dalloz, § 1507. zitezwe (gain manqué) no gutakaza amahirwe (perte de chance). Urukiko rurasanga mu masezerano Dusabimana Fulgence yakoranye na Benediction Club hari hateganyijwemo ko yashoboraga kongerwa. Bisobanuye ko hari amahirwe ko yakongerwa, ariko ntibyashobotse kubera ko imodoka ye yakoze impanuka, Radiant Insurance Company Ltd yagombaga kuyimukoreshereza kugira ngo ikomeze akazi ntiyabikora, bityo ikaba igomba kubitangira indishyi kuri ayo mahirwe yamuvukije. Abahanga mu mategeko, bifashishije igisobanuro cyatanzwe n’Urukiko Rusesa imanza rwo gihugu cy’Ubufaransa, batanze igisobanuro cyo kuvutswa amahirwe nko kubura ikintu wakozagaho imitwe y’intoki kandi wagombaga kungukiramo. Bakomeza bavuga ko bitangirwa indishyi iyo bigaragara ko koko ayo mahirwe yari ahari. Babivuze muri aya magambo: “La perte d’une chance, c’est la disparition actuelle et certaine d’une éventualité favorable. Elle n’est réparable que si la chance est sérieuse, c’est-à-dire s’il est probable que l’événement heureux aurait pu se réaliser. [...]”.4 Harebwe imiterere y’uru rubanza, Urukiko rurasanga amahirwe Dusabimana Fulgence yavukijwe ari ayo guhera igihe amasezerano 3 RCOMA 0185/12/CS, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 15/11/2013, igika cya 24. 4 Philippe Malaurie et alii, Droit des obligations, 10ème édition, 2018, Paris, LGDJ, § 242, 1°.

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y’ibanze yarangiriye kugeza urubanza rw’Urukiko Rwisumbuye ruciwe ku itariki ya 14/09/2018, ni ukuvuga amezi umunani (8) n’iminsi icyenda (9). Ku birebana n’indishyi zitangwa mu gihe umuntu yavukijwe amahirwe, abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko zigomba kujyana n’amahirwe yatakaye, ko ariko zidashobora kungana n’ibyo umuntu yari kubona iyo ayo mahirwe ataza gutakara. Babisobanuye muri aya magambo: .... “La réparation d’une perte de chance doit être mesurée à la chance perdue et ne peut être égale à l’avantage qu’aurait procuré cette chance si elle s’était réalisée” [...]5. Mu rubanza CORAR yaburanagamo na Mbonimpa Solange rusa n’uru, mu bushishozi bwarwo, uru Rukiko rwemeje ko indishyi zikomoka ku gutakaza amahirwe zigomba kubarirwa ku kigereranyo cya 80 % y’icyari cyitezwe. Ku birebana n’umubare nyakuri w’amafaranga Dusabimana Fulgence yari kwinjiza, Urukiko rurasanga ku mafaranga agaragara mu masezerano hakwiye kuvanwamo 40 % agenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko y’ibyagombaga kugenda ku modoka byose, harimo kuyikoresha, kugura “carburant”, kwishyura umusoro, bityo hagasigara 30.000Frw ku munsi. Mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko kandi, rurasanga imodoka itarashoboraga gukora buri munsi, ahubwo yarakoraga iminsi 22 mu kwezi harebwe ko hari iminsi nibura ibiri mu cyumweru yashoboraga kudakora ku mpamvu zinyuranye zirimo no gukoreshwa kwayo (entretien) n’ikiruhuko. Ibyo akaba ari nabyo byemejwe n’uru rukiko mu rubanza CORAR yaburanagamo na Mbonimpa Solange rwavuzwe haruguru6. Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa no ku gitekerezo cy’abahanga mu mategeko cyagarajwe haruguru ko nyir’ugukora ikosa ryagize uwo ryangiriza yishyura uwarikorewe indishyi zituma asubira kumera nk’uko yari kuba ameze iyo iryo kosa ritaza kubaho, Urukiko rurasanga, harebwe amasezerano y’ubukode bw’imodoka Dusabimana Fulgence yagiranye na “Benediction Club”, mu gihe cy’amezi atatu (3), yaravukijwe 30.000Frw x 22 x 3 = 1.980.000Frw. Urukiko rurasanga kandi, nyuma y’aho amasezerano y’ibanze arangiriye yaravukijwe amahirwe agomba kubonera indishyi zihwanye na [(30.000Frw x 22 x 9) + (30.000 x 9)] x 80 % = 4.968.000Frw. Yose hamwe akaba ari 6.948.000Frw

5 Alain Benabent, Droit civil, Les obligations, 11ème édition, juillet 2007, LGDJ-Montchrétien, p. 485 in fine. 6 RCOMA 0185/12/CS, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 15/11/2013, igika cya 22.

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Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizihabwa uwatakaje akazi burundu gusa, ahubwo zinagenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga yagize. Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe Uwari usanzwe akora, watewe ubumuga buhoraho n’impanuka, agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kubera ingaruka z’impanuka ku mwuga we (incidence professionnelle), zirimo kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune (pénibilité) mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. MIREMBE v RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD; RS/INJUST/RC00015/2024/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 30 Gicurasi 2025 Mirembe yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge arega Radiant Insurance Company ko yanze kumwishyura indishyi zituruka ku mpanuka yo mu muhanda yakoze ikamusigira ubumuga bungana na 55%, ubwo yari ku igare akagongwa n’imodoka ifite ubwishingizi muri icyo Kigo. Avuga ko yareze nyuma y’uko ubwumvikane bwanze, asaba Radiant kumuha indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, iz’akababaro, iz’ibangamira ry’uburanga, iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, amafaranga yakoreshejwe kubera impanuka n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. Radiant Insurance Company ivuga ko itagomba kuryozwa izo ndishyi kuko umwishingizi aryozwa indishyi ari uko ikinyabiziga yishingiye ari cyo nyirabayazana w’impanuka, none icyateje iyo mpanuka ni umunyegare wari umutwaye. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ikirego cy’Urega gifite ishingiro, rutegeka ko Uregwa amwishyura indishyi zitandukanye asaba. Iki cyemezo Uregwa yakijuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko atagombaga kuryozwa indishyi zagenewe Urega kuko umunyegare ari we wagize uruhare mu mpanuka yabaye. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ikirego cy’Uregwa gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu Urega yari yahawe zigomba gukurwaho kuko yakomeje akazi ke akomeza no guhembwa. Rwemeje kandi ko n’indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi na zo zigomba gukurwaho kuko imvugo y’Urega yo kuba yaragize ubumuga buhoraho bwa 55%, akaba atazageza ku myaka 65 y’izabukuru (pension) agishobora gukora uko yagakoze ari muzima, itahabwa agaciro, kuko naramuka ananiwe akazi cyangwa akagatakaza

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bitewe n’iyo mpanuka, bitazamubuza kuregera izo ndishyi agaragaza isano byaba bifitanye n’impanuka yagize. Urega ntiyishimiye icyo cyemezo bituma yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba ko urwo rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Amaze kubisuzuma Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire na we yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga amusaba ko urwo rubanza rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, maze yemeza ko rwongera kuburanishwa n'Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko: Kumenya niba Mirembe Jackline akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamiraburambe mu kazi. Imiburanire y’uwashubirishijemo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane: Avuga ko: Akarengane ke gashingiye ku kuba Urukiko Rukuru rutaramugeneye indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hamwe n’indishyi z’ibangamiraburambe mu kazi nyamara yari azikwiriye. Asobanura ko Urukiko Rukuru rutitaye ku ngaruka z’ubumuga bwa 55% yagize, ruvuga ko izo ndishyi atazikwiye kuko yakomeje guhembwa. Avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije ubwo bumuga bwamwambuye ubushobozi n’amahirwe yo kuba yapiganira

1 Reba igika cya 29. akandi kazi kamuhemba neza kurusha ako yari asanganywe, bityo ubukungu bwe bukaba bubangamiwe n’ubushobozi buke yatewe n’ubwo bumuga. Imiburanire y’uregwa: Uregwa avuga ko: Urega atagomba kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamiraburambe mu kazi n’iz’imbangamirabukungu kuko nta “préjudice économique” yagize kubera ko yakomeje gukora nk’uko ibimenyetso yashyikirije Urukiko bibigaragaza, bivuze ko impanuka ntacyo yahungabanyije ku mikorere ye. Avuga kandi ko Urega nta “préjudice professionnel” yagize itewe n’impanuka, ko aramutse agenewe izo ndishyi haba habayeho kwikungahaza nta mpamvu, ndetse n’ibisobanuro Urega atanga ko izo ndishyi zigenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho ataribyo, kuko izo ndishyi zitangwa mu gihe zari gutangwa zije mu cyimbo cy’umushahara we cyangwa umusaruro atakibona. Icyemezo cy’Urukiko: Mu gukemura ikibazo kirebana n’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, urukiko rwabanje kwibutsa ibisobanuro rwatanze mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC00007/2023/SC; Mukaneza v Radiant Insurance Company Ltd1, no mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC00004/2023/SC, Radiant Insurance Company Ltd v Murekatete2 ndetse no mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC00019/2024/SC; 2 Reba igika cya 26.

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Mukaruhunga v Radiant Insurance Company Ltd3. Muri izo manza, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko ibyo ingingo ya 5 y’Itegeko No 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe z’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka iteganya, bidakwiye kumvikana nk’aho uwahohotewe wishyurwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ari uwavuye mu kazi burundu, wagatakaje burundu, cyangwa wamugaye udashobora kugira icyo akora, ko ahubwo igikwiye kumvikanamo ari uko uwawohotewe wishyurwa indishyi ari uwasigiwe n’impanuka ubumuga azahorana bw’ikigero runaka; icyo kigero kikaba ari igihombo kizahoraho mu rwego rw’ubushobozi umuntu afite butuma akora. Izo ndishyi zigahabwa umuntu mu buryo bwuzuye (réparation intégrale) kandi zikajyana n’ibyo yangirijwe byonyine gusa, ku buryo ntacyo ahomba cyangwa ngo abikuremo inyungu y’umurengera (réparation du préjudice subi), ibyo bikagenwa hashingiwe ku rugero rw’ubumuga umuntu yagize rubariwe ku ijanisha. Rwakomeje rwibutsa ko muri izo manza kandi rwasesenguye ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 18, agace kayo ka 1°, y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/2001 ryo ku wa 28/05/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri

3 Reba igika cya 18. 4 Iyo ngingo iteganya uburyo abagize ubumuga buhoraho burengeje 30% bishyurwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga4, rusobanura ko iyo ngingo yumvikanisha ko uwahohotewe wagize ubumuga buhoraho ku kigero kirengeje 30%, afite uburenganzira ku ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga yagize, ko idateganya ko uwo muntu agomba kuba yatakaje akazi cyangwa umushahara yahembwaga kugira ngo ahabwe indishyi, kuko igihombo cyatewe n’ubumuga buhoraho uwahohotewe yagize, gishobora kuba gutakaza umusaruro yabonaga, gutakaza imbaraga n’ubushobozi yari afite bwo kurangiza neza inshingano ze mu kazi, ndetse no kuba amahirwe cyangwa agaciro yari afite ku isoko ry’umurimo bigabanuka Rushingiye kuri byo bisobanuro rwakoze rwifashishije imanza rwaciye, rwanzura ko, indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ntizihabwa uwatakaje akazi burundu gusa, ahubwo zinagenerwa uwagize ubumuga buhoraho wese, hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga yagize. Bityo, kuba Mirembe Jackline yarakomeje gukora bitatuma adahabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, ahubwo agomba kugenerwa izibaze hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga buhoraho yasigiwe n’impanuka. Izo ndishyi zikaba zibaze mu buryo bukurikira: ko iyo uwahohotewe akora umurimo ahemberwa, ahabwa amafaranga abarwa hakurikijwe igihembo umuntu atahana, urwego rw’ubumuga n’imyaka ye.

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16.209Frw5 x 30 x 12 x 26.5 x 55% 1+ (9.3986 % x 26.5) = 24.365.951Frw Ku birebana n’ndishyi z’ibangamiraburambe mu kazi, rwongeye kwibutsa urubanza hagati ya Mukaruhunga v Radiant Insurance Company Ltd aho rwasobanuye ko ingingo ya 19 y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, iteganya indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi mu byiciro bibiri ari byo gutakaza amahirwe y’akazi ku munyeshuri wo mu mashuri yisumbuye, ay’imyuga, aya kaminuza cyangwa andi angana nayo, no gutakaza uburambe mu kazi ku muntu wari usanzwe akora. Igika cya nyuma cy’iyo ngingo cyo giteganya ko ku muntu wari usanzwe akora, indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zigarukira gusa ku mezi atandatu y’umusaruro abazwe kandi atarengeje inshuro 30 umushahara w’umwaka muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko. Rukomeza gusobanura ko iki kibazo kirebana no kumenya niba uwatewe ubumuga buhoraho n’impanuka agomba guhabwa indishyi

5Aya ni amafaranga akorera ku munsi. 6Iki ni igipimo cy’ibitsa kigaragara ku rubuga rwa Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu (BNR) ku munsi w’isomwa ry’urubanza. 7Reba urubanza RS/INJUST/RC00007/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 05/04/2024, haburana Mukaneza Clarisse na Radiant Insurance Company Ltd, igika cya 53-55; z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, rwagitanzeho umurongo mu manza zinyuranye7, aho rwavuze ko uwari usanzwe akora, watewe ubumuga buhoraho n’impanuka, agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kubera ingaruka z’impanuka ku mwuga we (incidence professionnelle), harimo: (i) kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, (ii) imvune (pénibilité) mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe no (iii) kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera. Rushingiye ku bisobanuro byatanzwe mu manza zavuzwe haruguru, rwemeje ko:  Uwari usanzwe akora, watewe ubumuga buhoraho n’impanuka, agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kubera ingaruka z’impanuka ku mwuga we (incidence professionnelle), zirimo kugabanyirizwa agaciro ku isoko ry’umurimo, imvune (pénibilité) mu gukora umurimo yari asanganywe no kubura amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera.bityo rurasanga impanuka Mirembe yakomerekeyemo, yaramusigiye ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 55%, byumvikana ko n’ubwo yakomeje gukora, ubwo bumuga bufite ingaruka zituma urubanza RS/INJUST/RC00004/2023/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 12/04/2024, haburana Radiant Insurance company Ltd na Murekatete Denyse, igika cya 35-38 n’urubanza RS/INJUST/RC00019/2024/SC rwaciwe ku wa 17/04/2025 haburana Mukaruhunga Nyirangeri Ange na Radiant, igika cya 28- 29.

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atakomeza gukora akazi ke mu buryo bumworoheye nk’uko yagakoraga mbere atarakora impanuka, ndetse bikaba bishobora no kugira ingaruka ku mahirwe ye yo kuzamurwa mu ntera akaba agomba rero kubiherwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi. Izo ndishyi zikaba zibaze mu buryo bukurikira: 16.209Frw x 30 x 6 = 2.917.620Frw.

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