The Prosecutor v. Ignace Bagilishema

InternationaClr iminalT ribunalf or Rwanda Tribunalp ~nal internationaplo ur le Rwanda UI~TEDN ATIONS NATIONSU NIES OriginalE:n glish TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: JudgeE rikM ose,P residing JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana JudgeM ehmetG iiney Registry: Mr Adama Dieng Decisioofn: 7 June2 001 THE PROSECUTOR VERSUS IGNACE BAGILISHEMA Case No. ICTR-95-1A-T JUDGEMENT TheO fficoef t heP rosecutor: Ms Anywar Adong Mr CharleAsd eogun-Phillips Mr WallaceK apaya Ms Boi-TiaS tevens Counseflo rt hea ccused: Mr FrancoiRso ux Mr MaroufDai abira Ms H61eynU fiac Mr WayneJ ordash \ \ \\

,/ .-~: ~a~’~e~ ICTR-95-1A-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTIE.IR N TRODUC.T.I.O.N. ............................................................................ 5 1.T heI nternatiCorniamli nTarli bunfaolrR wand.a. .............................................. 5 2.I ndic.t.m.e.n.t. ............................................................................................................ 6 3.J urisdiocftt hiTeor ni bu.n.a.l. .....................................6............................................ 4.T hAec cu.s.e.d. ..............................................7............................................................. CHAPTIEIR.P ROCEED.I.N.G.S. ............................................................................. 8 1.P rocedBuarcaklg r.o.u.n.d. ...................................................................................... 8 2.E videnMtaitatr.ey.r .s. ............................................................................................ 14 CHAPTHEIR.A PPLICALBALW.E . ..................................................................... 16 1.I ndiviCdruiamli Rneaslp onsi.b.i.l.i.t.y. ................................................................ 16 1.1R esponsiubnidleAirrt tyi c6l(e1o )f t heS tatu.t.e. .................................................. 17 1.2R esponsiubnidleAirrt tyi c6l(e3o )f t heS tatu.t.e.

.................................................. 20 1.2S.u1p erior-SuRbeolradtiinoa.nt.se.h .i.p. ............................................................. 20 1.2.K2n owionrHg a viRnega stoonK no.w. ............................................................. 23 1.2F.a3i ltionP gr evoernP tu ni.s.h. .......................................................................... 24 2.T heC rimoefG enoci(dAert ic2l oeft heS tatut.e.). ............................................. 25 2.G1e no.c.i.d.e. ............................................................................................................ 25 2.1U.n1d erlAycit.sn.g . ............................................................................................. 27 2.1D.o2l Supse ci.a.l.i.s. ............................................................................................ 28 2.2 Complicity to Commit Genocide ........................ 30 3.C rimaegsa inHsutm ani(tAyrt ic3l oeft heS tatut.e.). ......................................... 32 3.T1h Ber oaAdtetra. c.k. .............................................................................................. 33 3.1W.i1d esporrSe yasdt em.a.t.i.c. ........................................................................... 33 3.1A.g2a inasnCtyi vilPioapnu la.t.i.o.n. .................................................................. 34 3.1O.n3D

iscrimiGnraotuon.rd.ys. .......................................................................... 35 3.U2n derlAycit.sn.g . ................................................................................................... 36 3.M3e ntEalle m.e.n.t. ................................................................................................... 38 4.V iolatioofnt sh eG enevCao nventiaonndsA dditioPnraolt ocIoIl. ................... 39 4.A1p plica.b.i.l.i.t.y. ..................................................................................................... 40 4.M2a terRieaqlu ire.m.e.n.t.s. ...................................................................................... 40 5.C umulaCthiavreg. i.n.g. ......................................................................................... 43

~’ ~ ICTR-95-1A-T ~: ......................................................................................................................................... CHAPTIEVR.G ENERIASLS U.E.S. ......................................4.4............................... 1.I ntroduRcetmoar.r.yk. s. ........................................4.4............................................... 2.C haracotfet rh eA ccusperdi otro t heE venitns1 99.4. ......................4.4................ 3.D ecisioofnt heA ccusteodr emaiinnh isP osto fB ourgmes.t.r.e. .............5.0.......... 3.I1n trod.u.c.t.i.o.n. .........................................5.0............................................................ 3.S2i gnifiocfta hnDece ec is.i.o.n. ....................................5.3.......................................... 3.C3o ncl.u.s.i.o.n. ...........................................5.6............................................................ 4.P ossiSbulbeo rdionfat theeAs c cus.e.d. ................................5.6............................... 4.I1n trod.u.c.t.i.o.n. .........................................5.6............................................................ 4.C2o mmuSntaa.lf. f. ............................................5.8...................................................... 4.C3o mmuPnoalli. c.e.

...........................................6.3..................................................... 4.G4e ndarNmaetriioe.n .a.l.e. ......................................6.5............................................... 4.R5e ser.v.i.s.t.s. ...........................................6.8.............................................................. 4.6I.n tera.h.a.m.w.e. ..........................................6.9.......................................................... 4.7A.b ak.i.g.a. ..............................................7.3............................................................... 5.M easurteask ebny t heA ccusteodP reveCnrti me.s. ........................................... 83 5.1 Introduction ............ 83 5.P2o wearnsdR esourocfte hseA ccus.e.d. ................................................................. 84 5.P3r evenotfiC orni mbeyst hAec cus.e.d. .................................................................. 85 5.M4e et.i.n.g.s. .............................................9.6............................................................... 6.T heA ecuseRde’lsa tionwsihtiChp~ lestSienm an.z.a. ....................................... 108 7.L ettoef2r 4 J un1e9 9.4. .........................................1.1.6............................................. 8.C onclu.s.i.o.n.s.

...........................................1.1.8......................................................... CHAPTER V. FACTUAL AND LEGAL FINDINGS SPECIFIC EVENTS ..... 119 1.I ntrod.u.c.t.i.o.n. .........................................1.1.9......................................................... 2.E venbtest we6e ann 1d2 A pri1l9 9.4. .................................................................. 120 2.1A ttaciknMs a banCzoam mu.n.e. .......................................................................... 120 2.A2t taactkN sy ubuHbialr.le. ................................................................................... 120 2.N3i gPhatt r.o.l.s. ..................................................................................................... 123 2.S4e curMieteyt ionn9g A pr1i9l9 .4. ....................................................................... 124 2.5R efugefelsee itnogM abanCzoam munOaflf i.c.e. ............................................... 126 2.6M eetibnegt wetehne A ccusaendd t heP refeocnt1 2A pri1l9 94. ........................ 134 3.E ventisnK ibuyTeo wfnr o1m3 t o1 9A pri1l9 9.4. ............................................ 148 3.1M ovemenotf Refugeefsr omM abanzCao mmunaOlf ficteo KibuyTeo wn. ....... 148

ICTR-95-1A-T 3¯ 2 D et entl °n and Maltreatmenot f Refu-gees"at"Ga~o’Stadit~i-’i~bl-/~~ " 13-A1p7r 1i9l9. 4. ...............................". .,. .". u.y.e.T.o.w.n......................................................... i...1.5 7 3.2I.n1t rodu.c.t.i.o.n. .................................................... 3.2.A2 PreconceiPvleadn. ?. ......... ". ..............1.5.7................... 3.2D.e3s cripotfGi aotnw aSrtoa d.i.~. .................................1.5.8............................... 3.2.C4o nditaitot nhseS tadi-u Dme liber.~.’.t.i.~. .......................1.6.0....................... 3.2.5C ondit:oants t heS tadiuGme ...".~Y".~.". .....................1.6.1........................ ( ¯ 1) Weret he Refugeesd- e-t 11aciln~ure ldan otl ntgh.s.e . S.t..a.d.i..u.m.9... ...........................1.6.7. (iiT)h Ter eatmoeftn htRe e fug.e.e.s. ......................¯... ........................ ... ................... ..1.. 6..7.............................. (iiiW)a st heM altreatmIennftl ictuepdo nt heR efugeseusc ha st oR eacht he168 LegalT hresholodf "InhumaAncet s"9 3.2.W6a st heA ccusPerde seanttt h eS tad"[~t’~~,’’;’~’’~’’’’’...’.,.’.’.:.’.-.’.-’’1-6 9 ~1~~ j-~ / ,’~pIm y 94’-! D e"l. i.t.~.e.r.a.1t.7i.0o.n.s. .. Wedne1s3dA apyr 1i9l9 .4. ............................................................................. Thursd1a4Ay p ri1l9 9.4. ..........................

170 Friday1 5 April1 994. .... ’. ....................1.7.6............................ Satur1d6aA yp ri1l9 9.4. .....................................1.7.9................................. Sund1a7Ay p r:i:l: :::::::::.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. ...................1.8.0................................ 3.2.F7i ndionngt sh eA ccuseRde’sos,n .~ih].’.i.~.:. ........................1.8.0....................... (i)G enerOabls ervat.i.o.n.s. ..".~.........-.:.~...:.:.:.:.:...:.:.:.:.:.:.’.:.:. ............................ (iiP)r esenocfte h eA ccusoendW -A=~o~:^:-’ -S," :;"~’.2.2.’.:. ............~.8.~............. ¯. . ,*,-~uaiyo -,’-tprllyle 4. ........................ (nlP)r esenocfet heA ccusoendT hursd1a4Ay p ri1l9 9.4. ............................ (ivC)o nclu.s.i..on. ......................................I.~.................................................. 3.3A ttacokn Refugeeast HomeS t.J eanC omplexK,i buyTeo wn,1 7 April1 994..11.88 89 3.3I.n1t rodu.c.t.i.o.n. ......................................................................................... 3.3D.e2l iber.a.t.i.o.n.s. ......................................1.8.9.............................................. 3.3F.i3n di.n.g.s. ...........................................1.9.0............................................. 3.4A ttacokn Refugeaets GatwarSot adiumK,i buyTeo wn,1 8-19A pril1 994. .... ......1..9..3.. 3.4I.n1t

rod.u.c.t.i.o.n. ......................................1.9.4................................................ 3.4D.e2l iber.a.t.i.o.n.s. ......................................1.9.4.............................................. 3.4.F3i ndinognst heA ccusedR’ess ponsibi.l.i.t.y. ........... .196 (i)Geneorbasle rvat.i.o.n.s. ........... ". .............2.0.4.................. 204 w ! 2 !i . ) 2 P.r . es . eno . cfAe c . cu . sae . tdt h . eS t . ad . iou . nm1 8 . "A . ?n . i’. . i.’.9 . .9.4 . . :. . .:. . .:. . .:.. .:.. .:.. . .:. . .:. . .:. . .:.. .:.. .:. .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:................... WitneGs s. ...’.. .......................................2.1.4........................................................ (iiCio)n clu:s:i::on:. :.:.:.:. .................................2.1.6.......................................... 3.4.C4o nclus.i.o.n.s. .....".. ....................................2.2.0.............................................. (!C!u mulaetfifveoecf t’ evidence’.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. ..................2.2.0........................... (10S ummaorfyf indinignrs e latitooPn a ra~a;hs’412.i.’.i.4.1.2.8. ........2.2.0........ oft heI ndict.m.e.n.t. .......................................................... (iiiF)u rthgerro unodfsl iabil.i.t.y. ....... 221 ¯. ." " ’11111.1.11.11.111111111111222 4.E ventisn M abanzCao mmnufer om1 3A pritlo J uly1 994. .............................. 230 4.I K illoifnK ga rt.m.g.u. ........................................................ .. ..2.3.0..

.....~ -~’~x~ ICTR-95-1A-T 4.K2i lloifnP ga stMourg a.n.g.a. ................................................................................ 4.3K illionfgR efugeaetsC ommunOaflf icBeu;r iailn M assG rav.e. ..............2.4.3....... 255 4.A4t taactkB si ses.e.r.o. ............................................................................................ 264 4.K5i lloifnK ga nyab.u.g.o.s.i. ................................................................................... 272 4.6K illoifnt gh eS onosfW itnBe. s.s. ....................................................................... 4.7K illionfTg u tscio nceaaltet dh eH ousoef H aba.y.o. .......................2.7.5.................. 282 4.T8h eD etentainFoda nt oef H aba.y.o. .................................................................... 288 5.R oadblioncM kasb anCzoam mu.n.e. .................................................................. 293 5.I1n trod.u.c.t.i.o.n. .................................................................................................... 293 5.2G enerOabls ervaotniR oonasd bl.o.c.k.s. .............................................................. 295 5.2.R1o adblaoncdkt sh eC iviDle fenPcreo gr.a.m. ................................................ 295 5.2.R2o adbloScikgsh tiendM abanCzoam mu.n.e. ................................................ 297 5.3L iabilfiotrRy o

adblock-CRreilm.ae.ts.e .d. .......................................................... 5.3.L1i abiluintdyeA rr tic6l(e1sa) n d6 (3o)f t heS tatu.t.e. ..................2.9.8............... 5.3.D2i stinctbieotnw e"eOnf ficiaanld"" UnofficRioaald"b lo.c.k.s. ...........2.9.8...... 5.4T rafiRporaod bl-o Ecskt ablisahnmdPe unrtp o.s.e. ........................3.0.0................... 301 5.4.S1e ttiunpag n dS taffionfTg r afiRporaod bl.o.c.k. .......................................... 5.4.P2u rpoosfTe r afiRporaod bl.o.c.k. ................................3.0.2................................ 5.5T rafipRrooa dblo-c Akc cusesd C ompliciintK yi llinogfB igirim.a.n.a. .......3.0.8... 5.6T rafipRrooa dbl-o cAkc cuseCdo’msp liciintK yi llionfgJ udit.h. .............3.1.2....... 5.7K illinogfsB igirimaanndaJ udit-hA ccusedR’ess ponsibialsiS tuyp eri.o.r. ....3.1.5 5.G8i tikiRnoiadnib. l.o.c.k. .......................................3.2.0............................................... 5.9G acaRcoaa dbl.o.c.k. ..................... 327 5.10R oadbloGceknse ralAlcyc-u sesd R es~.p .o.n.s.i.b.ii.ln.iN .te.yg. l.i.g.e..n..c..e.. ....................3..3..0............................................. 5.1C1o nclu.s.i.o.n.s. ..........................................3.3.1....................................................... 337 VIV.E RD.I.C.T. ........................................................................................................ 341 SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ASOKA DE Z. GUNAWARDANA. .......... SEPARATE AND DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MEHMET GUNEY .....1 1 ANNEX A INDICTMENT ANNEX B GLOSSARY

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1. TheI nternationCarli minaTlr ibunaflo rR wanda 1. ThisJ udgemenits renderebdy TrialC hambeIr of theI nternationCrail minal Tribunaflo rR wand(at he" Tribunal"c)o,m poseodf JudgeE rikM ose,p residinJgu,d ge Asokad e ZoysaG unawardanaan,d J udgeM ehmetG ttneyi,n thec aseo f TheP rosecutor v. IgnacBea gilishema.

2. TheT ribunawla se stablishbeyd U niteNda tionSse curitCyo unciRle soluti9o5n5 of 8 Novembe1r9 941a ftero fficiaUln itedN ationrse portrse vealetdh atg enocidaen d otherw idespreasdy,s tematiacn,df lagranvti olatioonfs i nternatiohnuamla nitarliaawn hadb eenc ommitteidn Rwanda2. TheS ecuritCyo uncidle termintehda tt hiss ituation constitutae tdh reatt o internatiopneaalc ea nds ecuritya,n dw asc onvincetdh att he prosecutioofn p ersonrse sponsibfloers eriouvsi olatioonfs i nternatiohnuamla nitarian laww oulcdo ntributtoet hep rocesosf nationraelc onciliaatnidot no ther estoratainodn maintenanocfe p eacei n RwandaA.c cordingltyh,e S ecuritCyo unciels tablishtehde Tribunaplu,r suatnot C hapteVrI Io f theU niteNda tionCsh arter.

3. TheT ribunails governebdy itsS tatut(et he" Statutea"n)n exetdo Security CounciRle soluti9o5n5 ,a ndb y itsR uleso f Proceduraen dE videnc(et he" Rules"), w3hichw erea doptebdy theJ udgeosn 5 July1 995a nds ubsequentalmye nded. IUN DocumenSt/ RES/95o5f 8 Novembe1r9 94. 2preliminRaerpyo rotf theC ommissioofn E xpertess tablishpeudr suantto SecuritCyo unciRle soluti9o3n5 (1994)F,i nalR eporotf theC ommissioofn E xpertess tablishpeudr suantto SecuritCyo unciRle soluti9o3n5 (1994()D ocumenSt/ 1994/140a5n)d R eportosf theS peciaRla pportefuorr R wandao f theU niteNda tions Commissioonn HumanR ights( DocumenSt/ 1994/115A7n,n exeIs andI I). 3 TheR ulesw erea mendeodn 12 Januar1y9 96,1 5 May1 996,4 July1 996,5 June1 997,8 June1 998,4 June1 999,1 8 February2,6 Junea nd3 Novembe2r0 00a nd3 1 May2 001.

~ "~ /"~"~* ’~ ICTR-95-1A-T 2. Indictment 4. Thei nitiaIln dictmeangta insItg nacBea gilisheamnad s eveno thera ccusewda s confirmebdy JudgeN avanethePmi llayo n 28 Novembe1r9 954. It was subsequently amendedo n 29 April1 996a nd confirmebdy the sameJ udgeo n 6 May 1996.O n 17 Septembe1r9 99,f ollowinag f urtherre quesbty theP rosecutiolne,a vet o amendt he Indictmewnats g rantebdy thisT rialC hambe5r T.hisI ndictmenwth,i chi ss eto uti nf ull asA nnexA to thisJ udgemenptr,o vidtehse b asisf ort hec riminparlo ceedianggasi nstth e Accusedb,e forteh isC hamber.

3. Jurisdictoifo tnh eT ribunal 5. Pursuantto theS tatutet,h eT ribunahla st hea uthorittyo prosecutpee rsons responsibfloer s eriouvsi olatioonfs i nternatiohnuamla nitarilaanwc ommittiend the territoroyf RwandaT.h eS tatutael soe mpowertsh eT ribunawli tht hea uthorittyo prosecutRew andacni tizensw,h oa ren aturaple rsonsr,e sponsibfloer s uchv iolations committiendt het erritoorfyn eighbouriSntga tesU.n derA rticl7e o f theS tatutet,h e Tribunalt’esm porajlu risdictliiomni tpsr osecutitoon a ctsc ommittbeedt wee1n J anuary 1994a nd3 1 Decembe1r9 94.I ndividucarli minarle sponsibiliptuyr,s uantto Articl6e, shallb e establishfeodr a ctsf allinwgi thitnh eT ribunalm’ast eriajlu risdictiaosn, providiend A rticl2e,s3 and4 .T hesep rovisioanrser eproduciendC hapte3r ( Applicable Law)o ft hep resenJtu dgement. 4 5 "Decisioonn ther eviewo f theI ndictment"C,a seN o.I CTR9 5-1-I. OralD ecisioonn theP rosecutorr’esq uesfto rl eavet o filea n amendmenitn dictment.

6. Althought he InternationaClr iminaTlr ibunalf or Rwandaa nd nationalc ourts shallh avec oncurrejnutr isdictitoon p rosecutpee rsonssu specteodf seriouvsi olatioonfs internationhaulm anitarilaanw ,t heT ribunaslh allh avep rimacoyv ert he nationaclo urts of allS tatesp ursuantto Articl8e of theS tatutaen dm ay formallrye questth atn ational courtdse fert o itsc ompetence.

4. The Accused 7. The Accused,I gnaceB agilishemwaa s bom on 21 May 1955i n Rubengersae ctor, MabanzaC ommuneK,i buyeP refectureA.f tera ttendinmgi litarsyc hool( dcoles updrieure militairef)o ro nlyt woy ears,B agilishewmoar keda s a civils ervanfto rt he Ministroyf Youthi n Rwandaf rom 1978 to 1980. On 8 February1 980,a t the age of 25, he was appointedB ourgmestroef MabanzaC ommune,a postt hath e heldu ntilt he middleo f July1 994w henh e wenti ntoe xile.H e is marrieadn dh ass ixc hildren.

CHAPTER II. PROCEEDINGS 1. ProceduraBla ckground 8. On 9 Februar1y9 99,I gnaceB agilishewmaas a rresteidn theR epubliocf South Africpau rsuantto an arreswta rranits suebdy JudgeN avanethPeiml laoyn 14 December 1998.H e wast ransferrteod t heT ribunaoln 20 Februar1y9 99.H isi nitiaalp pearance occurreodn 1 April1 999b eforef ormerT rialC hambeIrI ,c omposeodf JudgeW illiam Sekulep,r esidinJgu,d geY akovO strovsaknyd J udgeT afazzaKlh an.A t theh earingt,h e Accusewda sr epresenbtye ddu tyc ounsealn de nteread p leao f notg uilttyo allt hirteen c6ountosf t heI ndictmenats,a m endeodn 2 9 April1 996.

9. On 15 Septembe1r9 99,t hep resenTtr ialC hambegrr antetdh eP rosecutiloena ve tos evert heA ccusefdr omt hep revioIunsd ictmeanntd d irectetdh eR egistrtyo a ssigan newc asen umbefro rt hes eparatter ialo f theA ccuse7d O.n thes amed ay,t heR egistry designateIdC TR-95-1A-aIs the new casen umberi n respecto f the AccusedB.y Decisioonf 17 Septembe1r9 99,t he Prosecutiowna s grantedl eavet o amendt he Indictmeanntd t o proceewdi tha llt hec ountisn thep roposeadm endeIdn dictmenwti,t h thee xceptioonf thec ounto f Conspiractyo commitG enocideT.h en extd ay,o n 18 Septembe1r9 99,t he Accusedp leadedn ot guiltyt o all sevenC ountsi n the new IndictmePnrte.- TriCaoln ferencpeusr,s uatnot Rule7 3biosf theR ulest,o okp laceo n1 8 Septembearn d 25 Octobe1r9 99.T he trialo f theA ccusecdo mmenceodn 27 October 1999w itht heP rosecutioonp’esn insgt atement.

10. From1 to 4 Novembe1r9 99,a ll threeJ udgeso f the Chamberv isitedK ibuye PrefectuRrwea,n dai,n o rdetro s eet hel ocatioonfsc ertaianl legeedv entosf r elevanicne 6 Sectio1n. 2o f thep resenJtu dgement.

~ *, x::~* ICTR-95-1A-T i thec ase,a ndt hust o bettearp preciatthee e videntcoe bea dduceddu rintgh et rialT.h e visith adb eenr equestbeydt heD efencea,n dt heP rosecuthiaodnn oo bjectionTsh.i sw as thef irsstu chv isibty a TriaClh ambeirnc onnectwiiotnh a trial.

11. On 23 Novembe1r9 99,t he Chamberr endereadn OralD ecisiocno ncemintgh e numbeorf w itnesstehse P rosecutwiaosne ntitlteodc alld urintgh et rialD.u rinag S tatus Conferenhceel do n 13A ugus1t9 99t,h eP rosecuthiaodnt hens tateidt si ntentitoonc all 16 witnesseTsh.e n umbewra s2 2 in itsp re-tribarli efo f1 7 Septemb1e9r9 9,w hereaas listo f 27 witnessweass s ubmittdeudr intgh eP re-TriCaoln ferenocfe 2 5 Octobe1r9 99. TheC hambedri dn otc onsidetrh eP rosecutiboonu ndb y itss ubmissiodnusr ingt he StatuCso nferenTchee.f inall isto fw itnessfeosr t heC hambeirn r elatitoon Rule7 3his of theR ulesw ast hato f 17 Septemb1e9r9 9,a s modifieodn 25 Octobe1r9 99.H owever, theC hambehre ldt hatt heP rosecutiwoanse ntitletdo c allo nlyw itnesswehso sew ritten statemenhtasd b eend isclosteodt heD efencbey 2 7 Augus1t9 99,i .e.6 0d aysb eforteh e dates etf ort riaals r equirbeydR ule6 6(A)(iiA)d.d itionwailt nessceosu lbde c alled withl eaveo f theC hamberp,r ovidetdh att heP rosecutihoand s hown" goodc auset"o do s8oi na ccordanwciet ht hatp rovision. 12.C onsequentlthye,P rosecutiroenq uestelde avet o relyo n additionwailt nesses’ statemenatnsd a documenwth ichw ered iscloseadf ter2 7 Augus1t9 99.T hem otionw as heardo n 30 Novembe1r9 99.I n its OralD ecisioonf 2 Decembe1r9 99,t he Chamber considerwehde thetrh eP rosecutihoand s hown" goodc ause"u nderR ule6 6(A)(ii) relatiotno eacho

f thew itnessst atemenatnsd t hed ocumenTth.e C hambesrt atedi,n ter aliat,h ata merer eferentcoeo n-goiinngv estigatwiaosnn so ti ni tselaf s ufficireenats on to admitn ews tatemenatfst ert he6 0 dayt imel imits eto uti n Rule6 6 hadl apsedT.h e Chamberg rantedl eavet o relyo n statementosf WitnesseAsA , Y and Z, which accorditnog theP rosecuticoonn tainiendf ormatiroenl evantto commanrde sponsibility of theA ccuseudn derA rticl6e( 3)o ft heS tatutTeh.e c hargeusn dert hatp rovisiwoenr e 7 OralD ecisioonf 15 Septemb1e9r9 9o n theP rosecutorre’qsu esfto rs everance. 8 OralD ecisioonf 23 Novembe1r9 99o n theR ule7 3 motioonf theD efence.

includeidn thea mendeIdn dictmenotf 17 Septembe1r9 99f ollowintgh eC hamber’s decisioofnt hatd atea,n df urtheirn vestigatwieornecs a rrieodu ts hortltyh ereaftbeyrt he Officoef theP rosecutoTrh.eC hambedre nietdh eP rosecutiloena vet o relyo n theo ther wimessst atemenctosn tainienda n annext o itsm otionw,i tht hee xceptioofns tatements e9ntereads D efenceex hibits.

13. No Prosecutiowni tnessesw ere availablef rom 30 November1 999. On 6 Decembe1r9 99,t heP rosecutiofno,l lowintgh eC hamber’isn structionssu,b mittead reviseldi sto f witnesseIst. i ncludeWdi tnesseTs, U, X andW . TheD efencfei leda motiorne questitnhgeC hambetro f indt hatt heswei tnessceosu lndo tb e calletdo t estify att rialT.h eP rosecutcioonnc edtehda tt he6 0d ayt imel imiitn R ule6 6(A)(icio)n cerning thed isclosuorfew itnessst atemenhtasdb eenv iolatebdu,t a rguetdh att hisc oulndo ti n itselafu tomaticablelh ye ldt o estopt heP rosecutiforno mc allinagd ditionwailt nesses andp resentitnhge iro ralt estimodnuyr intgr ialT.h eh earingrse sumeodn 24 January 2000.I n itsO ralD ecisiotnh ef ollowidnagy ,t heC hamberru ledt hatW itnessTe,s U , X andW coulndo tb ec alletdo t estifaytt rialI.t n otetdh att he6 0d ayt imel imiitn t hef irst sentencoef R ule6 6(A)(iwia)s f ormulatiend a bsoluttee rmsA.c corditnog t heC hamber, thep urposoeft hatp rovisiiosnt oe nsurteh att heD efenciesa ffordseudf ficineontti coef thea llegefda ctst ow hicahl lw itnessaerse l ikeltyo t estifiyn,o rdetro h avea dequate timea ndf acilitifeosr t hep reparatioofn t heD efenceH.o wevert,h eC hamberre called thatu,n detrh es econpda rto fR ule6 6(A)(iii)t,h ast hed iscretiuopno,n s howinogf causeb y theP rosecutiotno, o rdert hed isclosurteo theD efencoef statemenotfs additionParlo secutiwoint

nesstehsa tw eren otm adea vailablwei thitnh e6 0 dayt ime limit.l° 14. On 17 February2 000,t he Chamberr endereadn OralD ecisioonn a Defence motiotno havea ti tsd isposaasl manyi nvestigatoasrss,i stanatnsd C ounseals d oest he Officoef t heP rosecutoTrh.eC hambeorb servtehda tt hep rincipolfee qualitoyf a rmsi s 9 OraDle cisioofn2 Decemb1e9r9 9. 10O raDle cisioof2n 5 J anua2r0y0 o0n t heD efenmcoet ifoinl eudn deRru l7e3 o ft heR ules. 10

ICTR-95-1A-T ....... ~~ ......................................................................................................................................... ani nhereenlte menotf t her ightto a fairt rialw,h icihs g uaranteiendm anyi nternational instrumenHtosw.e verp,r esenhtu manr ightcsa sel awd oesn otr equirteh atb othp arties ina cases halble grantetdh es amel eveolf m aterimaela nasn dr esourcefso,ri nstanicne relatiotno lawyerasn d investigatoTrhse.C hambesra wn o reasont o givea wider interpretaotfit ohne p rincipolfee qualiotfya rmsw ithitnh es pecifciocn texotf A rticle 2101o ft heS tatute. 15.T heP rosecuticolno sedi tsc aseo n 18 Februar2y0 00,a fterh avingp resente1d8 witnesseisn,c luditnwgo o f itsi nvestigataonrdso nee xperwti tnessT.h eD efencteh en requesttehda tt het riable a djournteoda lloswu fficietnitm et op repariet sc aseI.n t his contextth,e D efencree ferrteoda recenptl ancer asdhu rinwgh icohn eo fi tsi nvestigators wasi njureadn df ilewse rel ost. 16.A ftert heP re-DefenCcoen ferenocne 30 March2 000,h eldp ursuantto Rule7 3ter of the Rules,t he Defencec asec ommenceodn 25 April2 000.F ollowinag break requestbeyd theD efencfer om4 to 22 May2 000,t heD efenccel oseidt sc aseo n9 June 2000I.n a ll,1 5t estimonwieerse h eardi,n cludienxgp erwti tnessaensd t heA ccused. 17.A mongt hem otiondse cideddu ringt hep resentatioofn t he Defenccea sew asa

requesbty theD efencteo obtaina UnitedN ationmse morandupmr eparebdy Michael Hourigan,a formeri nvestigatorT.h e memoranduma llegedlyc oncernedt he circumstancoefs t he shootindgo wno n 6 April1 994o f thea irplancea rryintgh e Presidenotfs R wandaan dB urundiI.t hadb eent ransmittteod t heT ribunaflr omU nited NationHse adquarteirns N ewY orks o thati f thism attewre ret o be raisebde foret he Tribunalt,h ea ppropriaTtrei alC hambecro uldd ecidew hethetrh ed ocumenwto uldb e relevantto thed efencoef anyo f thea ccusedT.h eP residenotf theT ribunala,f ter consultatiwoint ht heo therJ udgesp,l acetdh ed ocumenutn ders eali nt heP resident’s Officiem mediatueployn i tsa rrivatlh;e P residesntta tetdh atn eithesrh en ora nyo ft he ll Orald ecisiono f 17 February2 000 on the Defencem otiond ated2 8 January2 000o n equalityo f arms betweetnh ep arties. 11

~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ......................................................................................................................................... otherJ udgesh ad readt he memorandumO.n 8 June2 000,t he TrialC hamberi n the presencta se,b y a majoritJyu,d geM osea ndJ udgeG unawardandai,r ectetdh eR egistrar to servet heD efencwei tha copyo f them emorandfuomr thwitahn,d t o makea vailabale copyo ft hem emorandtuomt heP rosecutiiofni ,t s od esireIdn.t hev iewo ft hem ajority, the memorandummi ghtb e relevantto the DefenceI.r respectivoef whethert he documenwto uldi n thee venth avea bearinogn theo utcomoef thec ase,t hem ajority waso ft heo piniotnh at,t od eprivteh eD efencaet,t hiss tagoef t het rialo,f accestso specifidco cumentatiinot nh ep ossessioofn t heT ribunamli,g hta ffectth er ighto f the Accusetdo a fairt rial.J udgeG ttneye xpressead s eparataen dd issentionpgi nion, accorditnog whicht heD efenchea df ailetdo provet her elevanocfe them emorandiunm thei nstanmta tter.Fao2l lowitnhge d ecisiotnh,e D efenceen teretdh em emorandausm a n exhibit. 18.O n 8 June2 000,t heC hambearl sor uledo n Defencmeo tionf ord isclosubrye the Prosecutioofn t hea dmissioonfsg uilto f WitnessYe,s Z andA A,a llp resentdleyt ained inR wandaI.n i tsr eplyt,h eP rosecutsitoant etdh ati tw asn oti np ossessoifot nh ew ritten confessioonfs t hesew itnessesT.h eC hambedri smissetdh

em otiono f theD efence, whichw asb asedo n Rule6 8 of theR ules.H owevert,h eC hambewra so f thev iewt hat thec onfessiocnosu ldb e materiailn evaluatitnhge c redibiliotfy s aidP rosecution witnesseIst.t herefoorred eredp,r oprimoo tu,t heP rosecutipounr,s uantto R ule9 8,t o taket hen ecessasrtye ptso obtaitnh ew rittecno nfessioofnt sh et hrewei tness3e AssJt he Prosecutiwoansa blet or etrievteh ed ocumenttsh,e D efencseu bsequenttelnyd eretdh ese threceo nfessiaosne sx hibits. 19.F urthermorbey, D ecisioonf 8 June2 000,t heC hambedri smissead r equesotf the Defencuen derR ule5 4 of the Rulest o summont hreew itnessesa,l l of whomw ere personneolf theU nitedN ationAss sistanMcies sioinn Rwanda( UNAMIRi)n Kibuye 12 "Decisioonn the Requesto f the Defencef or an Orderf or Serviceo f a UnitedN ationsM emorandum preparedb y MichaelH ouriganf,o rmerI CTRI nvestigatoorf" 8 June2 000. 12

ICTR-95-1A-T 1994.H owevert,h eC hambeorr deretdh eP rosecutiopnu,r suantto Rule9 8,t o taket he necessarsyt epst o obtaint he minuteso f a SecuritCyo uncilm eetingi n Kibuye Prefecturhee,l do n 9 April1 994.1T4h eP rosecutisounb sequentilnyf ormetdh eC hamber thati tsi nvestigathiaodbn osr nneo r esults. 20.O n 11 July2 000,t heC hambedri smissead D efencmeo tionr equestintgh eT rial Chambetro directt heP rosecutitoon i nvestigawthee thear witneshsa dg ivenf alse testimonyT.h e Chambehre ldt hatt hes ubmissioonfs theD efencdei d nott endt o demonstratthea tt hew itneshsa dk nowinglayn dw illfullgyi venf alset estimonays, i1n5terprebtyec da sel awu ndeRru le9 1( B)o ft heR ules. 21.C losinagr gumentwse res chedulefdr om1 0 to 14 July2 000.T heP rosecutifoinl ed itsb riefw ithc losinrge markosn 30 June2 000.H oweverc,o ntrartyo theC hamber’s orderi,t wasf iledi n Englisohn ly.T ranslatioofn t hev oluminoduosc umenrte quired time,a ndt heh earinwga sp ostponedN.e wd eadlinefso rt hep artiewse res et.T he Defencseu bmittietds e xtensicvleo sinbgr iefo n 4 Augus2t0 00,w hicht hena lson eeded translatiTohne.o ralh earinognst hec losinagr gumenttoso kp lacef rom4 to 7 September 2000.O n 7 Septembetrh,e C hambebry majorityJ,u dgeM osed issentinogr,d eretdh e Prosecutitoon f ilew ritterne buttacll osinagr gumentbsy 14 Septembe2r0 00.T he Defencwea sg ranteodn ew eekf romr eceipotf t

het ranslatveedr sioonf thesea rguments in whicht o reply.T hep artiemse tt hef ilingd eadlineasn dt heo rala rgumenwtesr e subsequenhtelayr do n1 8a nd1 9O ctobe2r0 00.I na ll,t het riali nclud6e0dd aysi n court betwee2n7 Octobe1r9 99a nd1 9 Octobe2r0 00. 13 "Decisioonn the Requesto f the Defencef ora n Orderf orD isclosurbey the Prosecutoorf the Admissioonfs G uilto f WitnessYe,s Z, andA A"o f 8 June2 000. 14 "Decisioonn t heR equesotf theD efencpeu rsuantto Rule7 3 of theR uleso f Proceduarned E videncfeo r Summonosf Witnesseso"f 8 June2 000. 15 "Decisioonn theR equesotf theD efencfeo rt heC hambetro Directth eP rosecutitoon i nvestigaate mattewri tha viewt o theP reparatiaonnd S ubmissioofn a n Indictmefnotr F alseT estimonoyf" 1 1 July 2000. 13

ICTR-95-1.A-T ~i~ 2. EvidentiaMrayt ters 22.T hec asel awo f theT ribunahla se stablishgeedn eraplr inciplceosn cernitnhge assessmenotf evidenceT.h eA kayesJuu dgemencto ntaineidm portanstt atementosn , intera lia,t hep robativvael ueo fe videncwei;t nessst atementthse;i mpacotf t raumoan thet estimoonfy witnesseisn;t erpretatfiroonm K inyarwanidnat oF rencahn dE nglish; andc ulturafla ctorasf fectitnhge e videncoef w itnesses1.6 Subsequejnutr isprudeonfce theT ribunahla sd eveloptehde sep rinciplreesl atintgo evidentiamrayt terst,h em ost recenatu thoribteyi ngt heM usemJau dgeme1n7t .TheC hambewri llr eturtno themt o the extennte cessary. 23.I nt hisc ontextth,e C hambesri mplrye calltsh at,u nderR ule8 9(A)o f theR ules, is notb oundb y anyn ationarlu leso f evidenceT.h eC hambehra st husa ppliedi,n accordanwciet hR ule8 9,t her uleso f evidencweh ichi n itsv iewb estf avouar fair determinatoifot nh em attebre foriet a ndw hicha rec onsonawnitt ht hes piriatn dg eneral principolfet sh el aw. 24.R egardinign particultahre a ssessmeonft t estimontyh,e C hambeorb servetsh at, durintgh ep resenttr ialp,r eviowursi ttesnt atemenotfsm ostw itnessaepsp eariinng t his casew eret enderiend theitre xtuaeln tireatsye xhibitOsn.o ccasiontsh,e p artieasn d, wherea ppropriatthee,C hamberh,a ver aiseidn consistencbieetsw eetnh ec ontenotf an earliesrt atemeanntd t het estimodnuyr intgh et

rialT.h eC hamberp’osi nto fd eparture whena ssessintgh ea ccoungti venb y a witnesiss hiso r hert estimoniyn court.O f coursed,i fferencbeest weeena rliewrr ittesnt atemenatnsd l atert estimoinny c ourtm ay bee xplainbeydm anyf actorssu,c ha st hel apseo ft imet,h el anguaugsee dt,h eq uestions 16 The Prosecutovr. Jean-PauAlk ayesu,J udgemenotf 2 Septembe1r9 98,C aseN o. ICTR-96-4-T [henceforAtkha yes(uT C)]p aras1.3 0-156. 17 TheProsecutvo.r K ayishemaan d RuzindanaJ,u dgemenotf 21 May 1999,I CTR-95-1-[Th enceforth Kayishemaan dR uzindan(aT C)],p aras.6 5-80;T heP rosecutovr. GeorgesR utagandaJ,u dgemenotf 6 Decembe1r9 99,I CTR-96-3-[Th encefortRhu tagandap]a ras.1 5-23;a nd The Prosecutovr. Alfred MusemaJ,u dgemenotf 27 Januar2y0 00,I CTR-96-13[-hTe nceforMtuhs emap]a ras.3 1-105. 14

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ putt ot hew imesasn dt hea ccuraocfyi nterpretaatnidot nr anscriptianodnt, h ei mpacotf traumoan thew itnesseHso.w everw,h eret hei nconsistencciaensn obte so explainteod thes atisfactoifot nh eC hambetrh,e r eliabiloiftw yi tnestse’s timomnayy b eq uestioned. 25.F inallyt,h eC hambenro test hath earsaeyv idencies noti nadmissibpleers e,e ven wheni ti s notc orroborabtye ddi recetv idencRea.t hert,h eC hambehra sc onsiderseudc h hearsaeyv idencwei thc autioni,n accordanwciet hR ule8 9.W henr eliedu pon,s uch evidenhcaes ,a sa llo theerv idencbee,e ns ubjecttot het estosf r elevanpcreo,b ativvael ue andr eliability. 15

CHAPTER III. APPLICABLE LAW 1. IndividuaClr iminaRle sponsibility 26. Articl6e o f theS tatutree adass follows: "1.A persownh op lannedi,n stigateodr,d eredc,o mmittoerd o therwiasied eda nda betteidn thep lanninpgr,e paratoiroe nx ecutioofna crimree ferrteodi na rticl2e st o4 oft hep resent Statutseh,a lble i ndividuarlelsyp onsifbolret hec rime. 2.T heo fficipaols itioonf anya ccusepde rsonw,h ethears H eado fs tatoer governmeonrta s a responsigbolvee rnmeonftf iciaslh,a lnlo tr elievseu chp ersoonf c riminraels ponsibinloirty mitigatpeu nishment. 3.T hef actt hata nyo f thea ctsr eferretdo ina rticle2s t o4 of thep resenStt atutwea s committbeyda subordinadtoee sn otr elievhei so rh ers uperioorf c riminarle sponsibiilfity heo r shek newo r hadr easotno k nowt hatt hes ubordinawtaesa boutt o commistu cha ctso r hadd ones o andt hes uperiofra iletdo t aket hen ecessaarnyd r easonabmleea suretso p revent sucha ctso rt op unisthh ep erpetrattohresr eof.

4. The factt hata n accusepde rsona ctedp ursuantto an ordero f a Governmenotr of a superiosrh alln otr elievhei mo r hero fc riminarle sponsibilbiuttym ,a yb ec onsideriend mitigatioofn p unishmeinft t heI nternatioTnrailb unaflo rR wanddae termintehsa tj usticseo requires." 27. Article6 definest he modalitieosf participatitohna tg iver iset o individual responsibilfiotryc rimeusn dert heS tatute.18 28. In the presentc ase,e achc ounto f the Indictmenatl legest hat the Accusedi s criminalrleys ponsibpluer suantto paragrap(h1s) a nd( 3)o f Articl6e of theS tatute. headso f responsibilaiptpyl icabtloe t hep resencta sea reb riefleyx aminebde low. 18F ore xamplaec,c ompliacswe esl la sp rincippearlp etramtaoyra st trarcets ponsibifloirtt hyec ommission ofa crimeM.o reovterra,d itiornoault eosf e vasioofnr esponsibialriebt lyo ckoefdf b yA rtic6l.eT husa n accusehde ado fs tatoer o thegro vernmeonftf icicaaln noetv adoer e xpecat l essepru nishmeonntt he grounmdesr eltyh ath eo rs he,a tt het imeo fc ommissoifot nh ec rimeh,e lds ucho fficae ;s upericoarn not evadree sponsibifloirtt hye c riminaaclt ioonfsh iso rh ers ubordinautnedsec re rtacionn ditioannsda; n accusaecdt inpgu rsuatnota no rdeorf a supericoarn nodte nyc ulpabilfiotrhy a vinsgo a ctedT.h eC hamber notest heo pinioonf theA ppealCsh ambeorf theI CTYP rosecutvo.r D uskoT adie1,5 July1 999 [hencefoTratdhi (cA C)p]a ra1.9 0,t hatt hem odalitoifep sa rticipantoiteo xnp licirtelfye rrteodi nt he provisairoenn otn ecessaerxicllyu ded. 16

~*’~ ICTR-95I-A -T 1.1R esponsibiluintdye rA rticl6e( 1)o ft heS tatute Committing 29. Thea ctuaple rpetratmoaryi ncurr esponsibilfiotrcy o mmittian cgr imeu ndert he Statubtyem eanso fa n unlawfauclt o r omission.L9 Planninign,s tigationrgd,e ring 30.A n individuwahlo p articipatdeisr ectliyn plannintgo commita crimeu ndert he Statutien currse sponsibifloirtt yh atc rimeev enw heni ti sa ctualcloym mittbeyda nother personT.h el eveolf p articipatmiuosntb es ubstantisaulc,ha sf ormulatai ncgr iminpalla n ore ndorsian gp lanp roposebdy anothe2r°. An individuwahlo i nstigataenso thepre rson toc ommiat crimei ncurrse sponsibilfoirtty h atc rimeB.y u rginogr e ncouragianngo ther persotno commiat crimet,h ei nstigatmoary c ontribustueb stantiatlolt yh ec ommission of thec rimeP.r oofi sr equireodf a causaclo nnectiboent weetnh ei nstigatiaonndt he actusr euso f thec rimeT.h ep rinciploef criminarle sponsibilaiptpyl ieasl sot o an individuwahlo i si na positioofna uthoritayn,d w hou sesh iso rh era uthorittoyo rder, a2n1dt husc ompeal p ersosnu bjectto t hata uthorittyo,c ommiat c rime. 31.P roofi s requiretdh atw hoeveprl annedi,n stigateodr,o rderetdh ec ommissioofn a crimep ossessecdr iminailn tentt,h ati s,t hath e or shei ntendetdh att hec rimeb e committed. 19 An individuianlc urcsr iminraels ponsibifloirta yn omissiboyn f ailintgo perforamn acti n violatioofn hiso r herd utyt

o perforsmu cha n act.A s statebdy theN uremberTgr ibuna"li,n ternatiolnaawli mposes dutieasn dl iabilituipeosn i ndividua(lTsr"i aolf theM ajoWra rC riminaBlesf orteh eI nternatioMnialli tary TribunalN,u remberg1,4 Novembe1r9 45- 1 Octobe1r9 46,v ol.2 2,p . 65),w hot hereformea y be held ~,~rsonarlelsyp onsifbolrfe a ilintgo perfotrhmo sdeu ties. SeeP rosecutvo.r Z latkAol eksovskJiu,d gemeonft 2 5 June1 999[ henceforAtlhe ksovs(kTiC )]p ara.6 1. 17

Aidinga ndA bettinign theP lanningP,r eparatioonr, E xecution 32. An accomplicmeu stk nowinglpyr ovidea ssistancteo the perpetratoorf the crime, t2hati s,h e or shem ustk nowt hati t willc ontributtoe t hec riminaalc to f thep rincipal) Additionallyt,h e accomplicmeu sth avei ntendetdo providet he assistanceo,r as a minimuma,c ceptetdh ats ucha ssistancweo uldb e a possiblaen df oreseeablceo nsequence of his conductY 33. Fora n accomplicteo be foundr esponsibfloer a crimeu ndert heS tatuteh,e or she musta ssistt he commissioofn thec rime;t hea ssistanmcues th avea substantieaflf ecto n the commissioonf the crime2.4 The Chamberh,o wevera,g reesw itht he viewe xpresseidn Furundzija,t hat the assistanceg ivenb y the accomplicnee ed not constitutaen indispensabellee menti,. e.a eonditisoi neq ua non,o f the actso f the perpetratorY Furthert,h e participatiionn t hec ommissioonf a crimed oesn ot requiraec tualp hysical presencoer physicaals sistanc2e6. Meree ncouragemeonrt m orals upportb y an aidera nd abettorm ay amountt o "assistanc2e7" T.he accomplicnee edo nlyb e "concernewdi tht he killing2"8. The assistancnee edn ot be provideadt the samet imet hatt he offencei s committed. 21 SeeT heP rosecutvo.r G eorgeRsu tagandJau,d gemeonft6 Decembe1r9 99[ henceforRtuht aganda] ~ra.3 9. Ont hec ustomanrayt uroef t hesper inciplseese,P rosecuvt.oD ru skToa dicJ,u dgemeonft7 May1 997

[hencefoTratdhi (cT C)p]a ras6.6 7-66a9n d6 75£ 23T heP rosecuvt.oT ri homBilra skiJeu,d gemeonft3 Marc2h0 00[ hencefoBrltahs la’pca]r a2.8 6. 24 25FF ourra u snudarz v(oeTo.yCf t) ph aere aa2.r0 l9cy.a se-loanwt hisq uestiosne,eP rosecuvt.oA rn toF urundziJjuad,g emeonf1t 0 Decemb1e9r9 8[ hencefoFrutrhu ndzi(jT’Ca) p]a ras2.1 2-226. 26 InT adi(cT C)p ara6.8 7,t oi llustrtahtiesp ointt,h eC hambecri tetdh ec asew herae Frencmhi litary tribuncaoln victae Nda zip artayd ministrfaotroa ri dinagn da ssistiinngt hea rresatn dd eportatoifon civiliaInnst .h atc aset hea ccuscerde ataendd s ubmittleids ttso a rrestaiuntgh oritainedrs e portFerde nch youthwsh or ejectheids a ttempttosg ett hemt oj oint heG ermaanr myt;h ev ictimwse ret hena rrested, internaendd f orcibdlrya ftetdh,e ifra milideesp ortteodG ermanTyh.o ugnho tp resenwth ent hec rimes werec ommitttehde,a ccusewda s" concerwnietdh a"n dc ontribustuebds tantitaolt lhye d eportatiSoenes. alstoh ec ase-lcaiwt eidn t heT adi(cT C)p ara6.7 8faAnlde ksov(sTkCi)p ara6.2 . 27F urundz(iTjCa) p ara1.9 9£ 28T adi(cT C)p ara6.9 1. 18

/76q: 34. The Chambera greesw itht he conclusionisn Furundzijaan d Akayesut hat presencweh,e nc ombinewdi tha uthoritmya,y c onstituatses istan(cteh ea ctusr euso ft he offencei)n thef ormo f morals upportI.n Furundzijtah,e C hambeirn ferrefdr omt he Synagogucea set hata n "approvinsgp ectatowrh oi s heldi n suchr especbty other perpetrattohrasth isp resenecnec ouragtehse mi nt heirc onducmta,y b eg uiltiyn a crime againshtu manit2y9" I.nsignificsatnatt umsa y,h oweverp,u tt he" silenatp provable"l ow thet hreshonledc essafroyrt hea3 c°turse us.

35. In Akayesu,t he Chamberf oundt hatt he Accuseda ideda nd abettedi n the commissioofna cts" bya llowitnhge mt o takep laceo no r neart hep remiseosf t heb ureau communalw,h ileh e wasp resenotn the premises.a.n,d in his presence..a.n,d b y facilitatitnhgec ommissioofn t hesea ctst hroughhi sw ordso f encouragemienn ott her actso fs exuavli olencweh,i chb,y v irtuoef h isa uthoritsye,n ta cleasri gnaolf o fficial t1oleranfcoer s exuavli olencwei,t houwth icht hesea ctsw ouldn oth avet akenp lace9 36.T hea pprovisnpge ctatmours tt herefonroet h avea n insignificsatnatt uisf hiso r herp resencies t o havet her equireedf fecotn thep erpetratosrusc,ha se ncouragement, morals upporotr tacita pprovaAls. longa s thea ccomplihcaes t her equisimteen st ea, whichi ncludeksn owintgh ath isp resencweo uldb e seenb y thep erpetratoofr t hec rime as encouragemoern stu pporta,l la ctso f assistantchea tl ende ncouragemoern stu pport willc onstituatied inagn da bettinge,v enw heret he" act"i s merep resencHeo.w ever, liabiliftoyr a idinagn da bettiansga n "approvisnpge ctatoprr"e suppoascetsu aplr esence att hes cenoef t hec rimeo,r a tl easptr esenicnet hei mmediavtiec iniotfyt hes cenoef t he crimeT.h em enst eao f thea pprovisnpge ctatmoary b e deducefdr omt hec ircumstances, and mayi ncludper iorc oncomitanbte haviourf,o ri nstancael lowincgr imest o go unpunishoerd p rovidivnegr baeln

couragement. 29 Furundzij(aT C)p ara.2 07. 30 Ibid.p ara.2 08.R eferencies madet o theP ig-cartparacdaes ea lsoh eardb y theG ermanS upremeC ourt in BritishO ccupiedZ oneu ndert he termso f the ControlC ouncilL aw No. 10, in whicht he Accusedw as foundn ot guiltyf orh avingf olloweodn lya s a spectatoirn civiliacnl othes’,p araded’u ringw hicht wo politicaolp ponentwse rep ubliclhyu miliated 1A kayesu( TC)p ara.6 92. 19

1.2R esponsibiliutnyd erA rticl6e( 3)o f theS tatute 37. Article6 (3)i ncorporatetsh e customarlya w doctrinoef commandr esponsibility. Thisd octrinies predicatuepdo nt hep owero f thes uperiotro controolr influentchee a cts of subordinateFsa.i lurbey thes uperiotro prevents,u ppresso,r punishc rimesc ommitted by subordinatesi s a derelictiono f duty that may invokei ndividualc riminal r3ezsponsibility.

38. The Chamberw illn ow consideri,n turn,t he threee ssentiaell ementosf command responsibilintaym,e ly: (i)t hee xistenocfe a superior-subordrienlaattei onsohfi pe ffecticvoen troble tweetnh e accuseadn dt hep erpetraotfot rh ec rimea;n d, (ii)t hek nowledgoer,c onstructkinvoew ledgoef,t hea ccusetdh att hec rimwea sa boutto b e, wasb eingo,r h adb eenc ommitteadn;d , (iiit)h ef ailuroef thea ccusetdo t aket hen ecessaarnyd r easonabmleea suretso p revent s3t3opt hec rimeo,r t op unisthh ep erpetrator. 1.2.1S uperior-SubordinRaetlea tionship 39. A positiono f commandi s a necessaryc onditionf or the impositioonf command responsibilibtuyt,t hee xistencoef sucha positiocna nnotb e detemainebdy referencteo 32Asd emonstraitneP dr osecutvo.rZ ejniDle lalicZ,d ravkMou cicH,a zimD elica,n dE sadL andzo, Judgemeonft1 6N ovembe1r9 98[,h enceforCtehl ebi(cTiC )]p aras3.3 3-343T.h isf oundatioofn t he doctriinsea ppareanlts oi nt heY amashictaas ew,h erteh em ilitacroym misscihoanr actertihseae cdc used’s failurteop reventth ec ommissoifoa nt rocitbiyef so rceusn dehri sc ommaansda breacohf h is" dutya"s command(eIrn r eY amashit3a2,7 U .S.1 (1946)p,p .1 3-14)T.h eU .S.S upremCeo urti,n a decision denyiYnagm ashitwar’isto fh abeacso rpusst,a tetdh ata precedefnotri mposisnugc ha dutye xistiendt he HagueC onventiIoVn o f1 907( Inr e Yamashitpap,. 1 5-16)I.n e xpoundian rga tionafloer c

ommand responsibiltihtecy o,u rotb servtehda tg ivetnh att hep urpoosfet hel awo fw arw ast op roteccti vilian populatiaonndsp risoneorfsw arf romb rutalitthyi,s w oullda rgelbyed efeatiefdt hec ommandoefra n invadianrgm yc oulwdi thi mpuni"tnye glecttot" a ker easonambelaes urfeosrt heiprr otect(ipo.1n 5 ). 33S eeC elebi(cTiC )p ara3.4 6;B laskipca ra2.9 4.S eea lsoA leksov(sTkCi) p ara6.9 ;c onfirmbeydt he AppealCsh ambeirn P rosecutvo.Zr l atkAol eksovs2k4iM ,a rc2h0 00[ hencefoArltehk sovs(kAiC )p]a ra. 72.T het hreceo nstitueelnetm enctlse arldyr awf romA rticl8e6p ara2., o fA dditioPnraolt ocIo,la nd 20

/ ~.~ ICTR-95-1A-T formaslt atusa lone.T hef actort hatd eterminleisa biliitsy thea ctuaplo ssessioonr, n on- possessioonf, a positioonf commando vers ubordinateTsh.e reforea,l thougah person’s de jurep ositioans a commandeirn certainc ircumstancmeasy be sufficientto invoke responsibiliutnyd erA rticle6 (3),u ltimateliyt is the actualr elationshoifp command (whethedre jureo r de facto)t hati s requirefdo rc ommanrde sponsibil3i4t yT.hed ecisive criterioinn determiniwnhgo i s a superioirs hiso r hera bilitya,s demonstratbeyd d uties a3n5dc ompetencteo, e ffectivecloyn trohli so r hers ubordinates. CommandR esponsibiliotfy C iviliaSnu periors 40. Althought he doctrineo f commandr esponsibilitwya s appliedo riginalliyn a militarcyo ntextA,r ticl6e( 3)c ontainnso expreslsi mitatiroens trictitnhge s copeo f this typeo f responsibilittoy m ilitarcyo mmanderosr to situationasr isingu nderm ilitary command.H owever,t he broadeningo f the case-lawo f commandr esponsibilittyo includcei viliansh,a s proceedewdi thc autionI.n Akayesut,h e Chambesrt atedt hat" the applicatioofn thep rinciploef individuaclr iminarle sponsibilietnys,h rineidn Article 6’(’33)6t,o c iviliarnesm aincso ntentious.

41. The firstg uiltyv erdictb y an InternationaTlr ibunalu nder the doctrineo f commandr esponsibiliwtays enteredi n the ICTY’sC elebicic ase.M ucic,a civilian wardeno f a prison-camwpa,s h eldr esponsibfloer t hei ll-treatmeonft p risonerbsy camp guardsA.l thougthh e accusehde ldh isp ostw ithouat formala ppointmenhte, m anifested, accordintgo theT rialC hambera,l l thep owersa nd functionosf a formala ppointmeanst Articl6e o ft heD rafCto deo fC rimeosf t heI nternatioLnaawCl o mmissi(oUnND oc.A /51/1109,9 6). Theya rer epeatiendA rtic2l8eo ft heR omSet atuotfet heI nternatiCorniamli nCaolu rt. 34S eeC elebi(cTiC p)a ra3.7 0B;l askpiaer a3.0 1. 35 36 SeeA leksov(sTkCip) a ra7.6 . Akayes(uT C)p ara.4 91.T heC hambecri tedJ udgeR 61ing’dsi ssenitn t heH irotcaa seo ft he InternatioMnialli taTrryi bunfaolr t heF arE astw,h icehx pressceodn ceranb ouhto ldinggo vernment officiarless ponsifbolrte h eb ehaviooufrt hea rmyI.n t hee ventt,h eC hambdeird n otc onsidtehret hree countasl legiAnkga yesuc’osm manrde sponsibilhiotlyd,i ntgh ata superior/suborrdeilnaattieo nship betwetehne a ccusaendd t hel ocamli lititah,o ugcho nfirmbeytd h ee videnpcree sentientd h ec aseh,a dn ot beeenx pressallyl egiendt hei ndictment 21

ICTR-95-1A-T ......................................................................................................................................... command3e7r S.incet heC elebicjiu dgementth,e I CTYh asf ounda nothecri viliapnr ison- campw ardegnu iltoyn theg roundosf superiorre sponsibil3i8t ayn,dt heI CTRh asf ound twoc ivilianas p,r dfeatn da teaf actordyi rectorre,s ponsiabslc eo mmandefrosra trocities c3o9mmitteidn Rwanda.

42. Whilet here can be no doubt,t herefore,t hat the doctrineo f command responsibileixttye ndbse yontdh er esponsibiloift myi litarcyo mmandetros e ncompass civiliasnu periorisn positionosf authori4t°y ,theC hambearg reewsi tht hea pproach articulatbeyd t heI nternatioLnaawlC ommissi4o1n a,nd,m orer ecentlyi,n Celebici, nameltyh att hed octrionfec ommanrde sponsibil"eixtyt entdos c ivilisaunp erioornsl yt o thee xtentth att heye xercias ed egreoef c ontroolv ert heisru bordinawtheisc ihs s imilar t’o’t2 4hato fm ilitacroym manders. 43.A ccordintgo theT rialC hambeirn Celebicif,o ra civiliasnu periord’esg reeo f controtlo be "similatro "t hato f a militarcyo mmandetrh,e c ontroolv ers ubordinates mustb e" effecti4v3ea "n,dt hes uperimours th,a vet he" materiaabli li’t’y44t op revenatn d punisha ny offencesF.u rthermoret,h e exerciseo f de factoa uthoritmyu stb e accompanibeyd " thet rappingosf thee xercisoef de jurea uthorit4y5" .Thep resent Chambecro ncursT.h eC hambeirs o f thev iewt hatt heset rappinogfs a uthoriitnyc lude, fore xamplea,w arenesosf a chaino f commandt,h ep racticoef issuinagn do beying ordersa,n dt hee xpectattihoant i nsubordinamtaiyol ne adt o disciplinaacrtyi onI.t i sb y theset rappintghsa tt hel awd istinguischievsi lisaunp eriofrrso mm erer abble-rousoerrs othepre rsonosf i nfluence. 37 Celebic(iT C)p ara.7 50. 38 SeeA leksovsk(iT C)p ara.1 18. 39 See

Kayishemaa nd Ruzindana( TC) and Musema. 40 See Celebic(iT C)p ara.3 57-363. 41 Commentaroyn the I996 Codeo f Crimesa gainstt he Peacea nd Securityo f Mankind:" Reporto f the InternationLaalw Commissioonn the Worko f its Forty-EightShe ssion,6 May-26J une1 996"[ henceforth I.L.C.D raftC odeo f Crimes]U,. N.D oc.A /51/1(01 996),c ommentarpya ra.4 to Article 42 Celebic(iT C)p ara.3 78. 43I bid. 44I bid. 22

1.2.2 Knowingo r HavingR easont o Know 44. As to the mens tea,t he standardt hatt he doctrineo f commandr esponsibility establishefso r superiorwsh o fail to prevento r punishc rimesc ommittedb y their subordinatiess not one of strictl iabilityT.h e U.S.M ilitarTyr ibunailn the "High Commandc ase"h eld: "Criminalidtoye sn ota ttactho everyi ndividuianl t hisc haino f commanfdr omt hatf act aloneT.h erem ustb e a personadle relictiTohna.t c ano ccuro nlyw heret hea cti sd irectly traceablteo h imo r whereh isf ailurteo properlsyu pervihsies s ubordinatceosn stitutes c’r’i4m6innaelg ligeonnch ei sp art. 45.I t followtsh att hee ssentiaell emenits notw hethear superiohra da uthoritoyv era certaigne ographicaarle a,b utw hethehre or sheh ade ffecticvoen troolv ert hei ndividuals who committetdh e crimes,a nd whetherh e or she knewo r had reasont o knowt hatt he subordinatweesr ec ommittinogr had committead crimeu ndert he StatutesA.l thougahn individualc’osm manpdo sitiomna y be a significanitn dicatotrh ath e or she knewa bout the crimes,s uchk nowledgmea y not be presumedo n the basiso f his or her position alone.

46. It is the Chamber’vsi ewt hata superiopro ssesseosr willb e imputetdh e mensr ea requiretdo incurc riminalli abiliwthye re: he or sheh ada ctualk nowledgees,t ablishtehdr ougdhi recto r circumstanteivaild ence, that his or her subordinatewse re about to commit,w ere committing,o r had committead ,c rimeu ndert heS tatute4s7; or, he or she hadi nformatiwohni chp uth imo r hero n noticeo f ther isko f sucho ffences by indicatitnhge n eedf ora dditionianlv estigatiionn o rdert o ascertaiwnh ethesru ch 45I bidp.a ra6.4 6. 46 U.S.A.Wvi.l hevlomn L eebe ta l.,i nT rialosf W arC riminaVlosl,.X I,p p.5 43-54[4h,e ncefotrhteHh i gh Commancda se]. 47 SeeC elebi(cTiC )p aras3.8 4-386. 23

ICTR-95-1A-T 4 J ..:..:.. ........... ........_......./.._.._.....7.. .................................................................................. offencewse rea boutt o be committewde,r eb eingc ommitteodr, h adb eenc ommitted, bys ubordina4t8eo sr;, thea bsencoef k nowledigse t her esulotf n egligenicnet hed ischarogfet hes uperior’s dutiest;h ati s,w herteh es uperifoari letdo e xercitshee m eanasv ailabtloeh imo rh er tol earno ft heo ffenceasn,d u ndert hec ircumstanhcee osr s hes houlhda ve k4n9own. 1.2.3F ailintgo Prevenotr Punish 47.A rticl6e( 3)s tatetsh ata superioirs expectetdo take" necessaarnyd r easonable measurest"o prevenotr punishc rimesu ndert heS tatutesT.h eC hambeurn derstands "necessartyo" b e thosem easurerse quiretdo dischargteh eo bligatitoon prevenotr punishi n thec ircumstancperse vailinagt thet ime;a nd," reasonablteo" b e those mse°asurwehsi cht hec ommandwears i n a positiotno takei nt hec ircumstances, 48.A superiomra yb e heldr esponsibfloer f ailintgo takeo nlys uchm easuretsh at werew ithinh iso r herp owers5.1 Indeedi,t is thec ommanderd’esg reeo f effective contro-l h iso r herm ateriaalb ilittyo controslu bordinat-e wsh ichw illg uidet he Chambeirn determiniwnhge thehre or shet ookr easonabmleea suretso prevents,t op,o r punisht hes ubordinatecsr’i mesS.u cha materiaalb ilitmyu stn otb e considered abstractlyb,u tm ustb e evaluateodn a

case-by-cabsaes is,c onsiderinagl lt he circumstances. 49.I n thisc onnectiotnh,e C hambenro test hatt heo bligatitoon prevenotr punish doesn otp rovidteh eA ccusewdi tha lternatiovpet ionsF.o re xamplew,h eret heA ccused knewo rh adr easotno knowt hath iso r hers ubordinawteerse a boutt o commictr imeasn d failetdo p reventth emt,h eA ccusecda nnomta keu pf ort hef ailurteo a ctb yp unishitnhge s5u2bordinaatfetse rwards. 48 Ibid.p ara.3 90-393. 49 SeeB laskipca ras.3 14-332c;f .A leksovsk(iT C)p ara.8 0. 50 SeeB laskipca ra.3 33. 51 SeeC elebic(iT C)p ara.3 95. 52 SeeB laskipca ra.3 36. 24

ICTR-95-1A-T ~,~, ~ 50.T heC hambeirs of thev iewt hat,i n thec aseo f failurteo punisha, superior’s responsibilmiatyay r isef romh iso rh erf ailurteo c reatoer s ustaianm ongt hep ersons underh iso r herc ontrola,n environmeonft d isciplianned r especfto rt hel aw.F or examplei,n Celebictih,e T rialC hambecri tede videncteh atM ucict,h ea ccusepdr ison wardenn,e verp unishegdu ardsw,a sf requentalbys enftr omt hec ampa t nighta,n df ailed toe nforcaen yi nstructihoen dsi dh appetno g iveo ut3: In Blaskict,h ea ccusehda dl ed hiss ubordinattoe usn derstatnhda tc ertaitny peso fi llegaclo nducwte rea cceptabalned wouldn otr esulitn punishme5n4t B.othM ucica ndB laskitco leratiendd isciplianmeo ng theirs ubordinatceasu,s intgh emt o believteh ata ctsi n disregarodf thed ictateosf humanitarilaanw wouldg o unpunisheIdt. followtsh atc ommanrde sponsibilfiotry failurteo punismha yb e triggerbeyda broadlbya sedp atteronf conducbty a superior, wsh5icihn e ffecetn couragtehsec ommissioofna trocitibeysh iso rh ers ubordinates, 2. TheC rimeo f Genocid(eA rticl2e o ft heS tatute) 2.1 Genocide 51. Artic2l eo ft heS tatutree ads: "1.T heI nternatioTnrailb unaflo rR wandsah allh avet hep owert op rosecupteer sons committgienngo ciadsed efineidnp aragra2p ohf t hisA rticloero fc ommittainnygo ft he othearc tse numeraitnep da ragra3p ohf t hisA rticle 2.G enocimdeea nasn yo ft hef ollowiancgt

sc ommittweidt hi ntentto d estroiyn,w holoer i n parta, n ationeatlh,n icraalc,i oarlr eligigoruosu pa,ss uch: Killinmge mberosft heg roup; Causinsge rioubso diloyr m entahla rmt om emberosft heg roup; 53 SeeC elebic(iT C)p aras7.7 2f. 54 SeeB laskipca ras4.8 7a nd4 94-495. 55 Thisp ositioins evidennto to nlyf romt hec ase-labwu,t a lsof romt hea imo f Articl6e( 3),w hicihs not thatt hec rimeosf subordinastheosu lbde punishebdu tt hats uperiosrhso uledn surteh att hec rimedso not occurS.e ea lsoI n re Yamashiptpa. 1 4-16A;k ayespua ra.6 91;C elebic(iT C)p aras7.7 2f;B laskipca ras. 487f. 25

Deliberateilnyf lictionng t heg roupc onditioonfsl ifec alculatteodb ringa bouti ts physicdaels tructiinow nh oloer i np art; Imposinmge asureisn tendetdo prevenbti rthwsi thitnh eg roup; Forcibtlrya nsferrcihnigl droefnt heg routpo a nothegrr oup. 3.Thfeo llowiancgt ss halble p unishable: Genocide; Conspiratcoy c ommitg enocide; Direcatn dp ubliicn citemetnotc ommigte nocide; Attemptto commitg enocide; Compliciitny g enocide." 52. UnderC ount1 of the Indictmentt,h e Prosecutioanl legest hatt he Accusedi s responsibulned erA rticle6s( 1)a nd 6(3)f ort hek illinogr causinogf serioubso dily mentalh armt o memberso f the Tutsip opulatioann d chargest he Accusedw itht he crime of genocidpeu rsuantto Articl2e( 3)(ao)f t heS tatute. 53.T hed efinitioofn genocidea,s provideidn Articl2e of theS tatutec,i tes,v erbatim, Article2s and 3 of the Conventioonn the Preventioann d Punishmenotf the Crimeo f G6enocide( the" GenocidCeo nvention"): 54. The Genocide Convention is undeniably considered part of customary internatiolnaawl, a s reflectiend t hea dvisoroyp inioonf theI nternatioCnoaulr to f Justice (1951)o n reservationtso the Conventions.7 The Chambera lso notes that Rwanda accededb,y legislatidveec reet,o theG enocidCeo nventioonn 12 Februar1y9 75,a ndt hat the crimeo f genocidwea st hereforpeu nishablien Rwandai n 1994.

55. The definitioonf the crimeo f genocidhea s beeni nterpreteidn the jurisprudence of this Tribunal,n amelyi n the Akayesu,K ayishemaa nd Ruzindana,R utagandaa nd MusemaJ udgementsT.h e Chambera dherest o the definitionosf genocidea s elaborated 56 The Conventiono n the Preventiona nd Punishmento f the Crime of Genocide,a doptedb y the UN GeneralA ssembly9, December1 948. 57 Seea lsot heU N Secretary-GeneraRel’pos rto n thee stablishmeonft t heI nternationCarli minaTlr ibunal for the FormerY ugoslavia3, M ay 1993,U .ND oc. S/25704. 26

ICTR-95-A1- T ~~ ~ ......................................................................................................................................... in thesej udgementIst. t herefocroen sidetrhsa ta crimeo f genocidies p roveinf it is establisbheeydo nrde asonabdloeu btf,i rstltyh,a to neo ft hea ctsl isteudn deArr ticl2e( 2) of theS tatutwea sc ommitteadn d,s econdlyt,h att hisa ctw asc ommitteadg ainsat specificatlalryg etneadt ionaelt,h nicarla,c iaolr r eligiogurso upw,i tht hes pecifiinct ent tod estroiyn, w holoer i np artt,h atg roupG.e nocitdhee refoirnev iteasn alysuinsd etrw o headingst:h ep rohibituendd erlyiancgt sa ndt hes pecifigce nocidailn tento r dolus specialis. 2.1.1U nderlyiAncgt s 56. Thea ctsu nderlyintgh e crimeo f genocidmea y in eachc aseb e analyseidn to physicaaln dm entaell ementTsh.e o ffencerse levantto t hep resencta sea rec onsidered below. (i)K illin-gA rtic2l(e2 )(oaf)t heS tatute 57.A rticl2e( 2)(ao)f theS tatutel,i ket hec orrespondpirnogv isioonfs t heG enocide Conventiouns,e s" meurtrien" t heF rencvhe rsioann d" killinign"t heE nglisvhe rsion. Thec oncepotf killinign cludebso thi ntentionaanld u nintentiohnoamli cidew,h ereas meurtrree feresx clusivetloyh o micidceo mmittweidt ht hei ntentto caused eathI.n such a situatiopnu,r suantto theg eneraplr incipleosf criminalla w,t hev ersiomno re favourabtloe t heA ccusemdu stb e

adoptedT.h eC hambearl son otest heC riminaClo de ofR wandaw,h ichp rovideusn,d erA rticl3e1 1,t hat" Homicicdoem mittweidt hi ntentto causdee atshh alble t reateads m urder". 58.T heC hambetrh erefofrien dst hatA rticl2e( 2)(ao)f t heS tatutmeu stb e interpreted as a homicicdoem mittweidt hi ntentto c aused eathF.u rthermotroe c,o nstituat cer imeo f genocidteh,e e numerataecdt su nderA rticl2e( 2)(am)u stb e committweidt hi ntent destroay specifigcr oupi n wholeo r in part.T hereforbey, theirv eryn aturet he enumerataecdt sa rec onsciouisn,t entionavlo,l itionaaclt st hata n individucaaln not commibty a ccideonrt a sa resulotf m eren egligence. 27

(ii)C ausinSge riouBso diloyr M entaHla rm- Artic2l(e2 )(’oof)t heS tatute 59.F ort hep urposeosf interpretiAnrgt icl2e( 2)(’oo)f theS tatutet,h eC hamber constru"esse rioubso diloyr mentahla rm"t o includaec tso f bodiloyr mentatlo rture, inhumanoer degradintgr eatmentr,a pe,s exualv iolencea,n dp ersecutioInn. t he Chamber’vsi ew," seriouhsa rm"e ntailsm oret hanm inori mpairmenotn mentalo r physicfaalc ultiebsu,ti tn eedn ota mountto permaneonrti rremediahbalrem . 2.1.2D olusS pecialis 60.T hed oluss pecialoifs t hec rimeo fg enocidies foundi n the" intentto destroyi,n wholoer i np arta, n ationaelt,h nicarla,c iaolr r eligiogurso upa,s s uch". 61.F oro neo ft heu nderlyiancgt st o bec onstitutoifvt eh ec rimeo f genocidiet,m ust haveb eenc ommitteadg ainsat personb ecausteh isp ersonw asa membero f a specific groupa,n ds pecificablelcya usoef h iso rh erm embershoifp t hisg roupC.o nsequenttlhye, perpetratoifot nh ea cti si n realisatioofnt h ep urposoef t hep erpetratwohri,c ihs to destrotyh eg rouipn w holoer i np artI.t f ollowtsh att hev ictiomf t hec rimoef g enociidse singleodu tb yt heo ffendneort b yr easoonf h iso rh eri ndividuiadle ntitbyu,t o na ccount ofh iso rh erb einag membeorf a nationaelt,h nicarla,c ialo,r r eligiogurso upT.h ism eans thatt hev ictiomf thec rimoef genociidse n oto nlyt hei ndividubaulta lsot heg roupt o w5h8ichh eo r sheb elongs.

62. On thei ssueo f determinitnhgeo ffenders’pse cifiicn tentt,h eC hambearp plies thef ollowirnega soninags, h eldi nA kayesu: "[...i]n tenitsa mentafla ctowrh icihs d ifficuelvte,in m possibtloed ,e termiTnhei.is s t he reasownh y,i nt hea bsenocfea confessfiroonmt hea ccusehdi,si ntencta nb ei nferrferdo ma certaniunm beorf p resumptioofnf asc tT.h eC hambecro nsidetrhsa ti ti sp ossibtloed educe theg enocidianlt enitn hereinnta particualcatrc hargefdr omt heg eneraclo ntexotf t he perpetraotfio otnh ecru lpabalcet ss ystematicdailrleyc taegda intshta ts ameg roupw,h ether thesaec tsw erec ommitbtyet dh es ameo ffendoerrb yo therOst.h efra ctorssu,c ha st hes cale 58 Akayes(uT C)p aras5.2 1-522. 28

ICR5 1vA4 ......................................................................................................................................... ofa trociticeosm mitttehde,i gre neranla turei,na regioonr a countroyr,f urthermotrheef, a ct of deliberatealnyds ystematicatlalryg etivnigc timosn accounotf theirm embershoifp a particulgarro upw,h ilee xcluditnhge m emberosf o therg roupsc,a ne nablteh eC hambetro i’n’fse9trh eg enocidianlt enotf a particualcatr.

63. Thuse videnceo f the contexto f the allegedc ulpablea ctsm ay helpt he Chamber to determinteh e intentioonf the Accusede,s peciallwyh eret hei ntentioonf a personi s notc learf romw hatt hatp ersons ayso r does.T heC hambern otes,h owevert,h att heu se of contextto determinteh ei ntento f an accusemdu stb e counterbalanwcietdh t hea ctual conducotf the AccusedT.h e Chamberi s of the opiniont hatt he Accused’isn tents hould be determineadb,o vea ll,f romh is wordsa ndd eeds,a nds houldb e evidenftr omp atterns of purposefauclt ion.

64. As for the meaningo f the terms" in wholeo r in part",t he Chambera greesw ith thes tatemenotf theI nternationLaalw Commissiotnh,a t" thei ntentiomnu stb e to destroy the groupa s such,m eaninga s a separatea nd distincte ntity,a nd not merelys ome individualsb ecauseo f theirm embershipi n a particularg roup"6.° Althought he destructiosno ughtn eedn ot be directeda t everym embero f the targetegdr oup,t he Chambecro nsidertsh att hei ntentiotno destromyu stt argeta t leasta substantipaalr to f t6h1eg roup.

65. The Chambern otest hatt he conceptosf nationale,t hnicalr,a cial,a nd religious groupse njoyn o generalloyr internationaalclcye ptedde finiti6o2n .Eacho f thesec oncepts mustb e assesseidn thel ighto f a particulpaorl iticals,o cialh,i storicaaln,d c ultural contextA.l thougmhe mbershiopf the targetegdr oupm ustb e an objectivfee atureo f the societyi n questiont,h erei s alsoa subjectivdei mensio6n3. A groupm ay not have 59A kayes(uT C)p ara5.2 3. 60I LC,D rafCto deo fC rimesp,.8 8,a ndA kayes(uT C)p aras4.9 6-499. 61 Fore xamplet,h eC hambeirn Kayisheamnad R uzinda(nTaC )h eldt hatt hea ccusemdu sth avet he intentitoodn e strao y" consideranbulmeb"eo rf m embeorfsa group. 62A lthouignhd icatdievfei nitioofnt sh esfeo urt ermhsa veb eenp rovidefdo,re xamplien,A kayepsaur as. 512-515. 63I nt hisr egardt,h eC hambearg reewsi tht hec ommenotft heC ommissoifoE nx pertosnR wandtah at" to recogntihsaett h ereex istdsi scriminoantr iaocni aolre thngirco undisti, s n otn ecesstaorp yr esuomrep osit 29

~,,~ ICTR-95A--1T { ~,s. f_w~’~-, ......................................................................................................................................... precisedleyf inebdo undariaensd t herem ayb e occasiownhse ni t is difficutlot g ivea definitiavnes wera s to whetheorr nota victimw asa membero f a protectegdr oup. Moreovetrh,e p erpetratoofr gse nocidmea yc haractertihzeet argetegdr oupi n wayst hat do notf ullyc orrespotnod conceptioonfs t heg roups haredg enerallyo,r by other segmenotfss ocietIyn.s ucha caset,h eC hambeirs o ft heo piniotnh at,o nt hee vidence, ifa victiwma sp erceivbeyd a perpetrataosr b elongitnog a protectgerdo upt,h ev ictim couldb ec onsiderbeyd t heC hambears a membeorf thep rotectgerdo upf,o rt hep urposes ofg enocide. 2.2C omplicittyo CommitG enocide 66. By Count2 of the Indictmentt,h e Prosecutoarl legest hatt he Accusedi s responsibulned,e rA rticl6e(s1 )a nd6 (3),a sa na ccomplitcoet hek illinagn dc ausing serioubso dilyo r mentalh armt o memberosf theT utsip opulatioann,d c hargetsh e Accusewdi tht hec rimeo f compliciitny g enocidep,u rsuantto Articl2e( 3)(eo)f Statute. 67.T he Indictmenitn dicatetsh atf ort he chargeo f complicitiyn genocidet,h e Prosecutrieolni eosn thes amea ctst hati tr elieosn f ort hec hargoef g enocidIen.t he Chamber’vsi ew,g enocidaen d complicitiyn genocidaer e two differenfto rmso f participatiino

tnh es ameo ffenceT.h eC hambetrh usc oncurwsi tht heo pinioenx pressed in Akayestuh at" ana ctw ithw hicha n Accuseids beingc hargecda nnott,h ereforbee, characteribzoetdha s ana cto f genociadned a na cto fc ompliciitnyg enociadsep ertains tot hisa ccusedC.o nsequentsliyn,c et het woa rem utualleyx clusivteh,e s amei ndividual cannobte convictoefd b othc rimefso rt hes ame act".64 Thereforteh,e C hambefri ndst hat ana ccusecda nnobte c onvictoefd b othg enocidaen dc ompliciitny g enocidoen theb asis oft hes amea cts. thee xistencoef raceo r ethnicitiyt selafs a scientificaolbljye ctivfea ct"M:o rrisa ndS charfT,h e InternatioCnrailm inaTlr ibunaflo rR wandav,o l.1 , p. 176. 64 Akayes(uT C)p ara.5 32. 3O

68. The Chambera greesw ith the definitioonf the elementso f the offenceo f complicitiyn genocidfeo undi n the jurisprudenocfe t hisT ribunala,s , fore xamplei,n M6u5sema.

69. Withr egardt o the actusr euso f complicitiyn genocidet,h e Chambern otest hat, underC ommonL aw,t hef ormso f accomplicpea rticipatiaorne u suallyd efineads "aiding anda bettingc,o unsellianngd procuringO"n. the otherh and,i n mostC ivilL aw systems, threef ormso f accomplicpea rticipatiaorne recognisedc:o mplicitbyy instigatiobny, aidinga nd abettinga,n db y procurinmge ans.T heR wandaPne nalC ode,i n itsA rticl9e1 , definesi,n tera lia,t heset hreef ormso f complicity: "(a)C omplicibtyy p rocurimnega nss,u cha sw eaponsi,n strumenotrsa nyo therm eansu,s ed to commitg enocidwei,t ht hea ccomplikcneo wintgh ats uchm eansw ouldb e usedf ors ucha purpose; (b)C omplicibtyyk nowingaliyd inogr a bettian gp erpetratoofra genociidnet hep lanning enabliancgt st hereof; (c) Complicityb y ~, for which a personi s liablew ho, thoughn ot directly participatiinn tgh ec rimeo fg enocidgea,v ei nstructitoon cso mmigte nocidteh,r ougghi fts, promisetsh,r eatsa,b useo f authoriotry p owerm,a chinatioonrsc ulpablaer tificoer, w ho d’i’r6e6ctilnyc itetdh ec ommissioofng enocide.

70. Takingn ote of the fact that the CivilL aw and the CommonL aw definitionosf complicitayr e verys imilar,t he Chamberd efinest he formso f complicityf,o r the purposeosf interpretinAgr ticle2 (3)(e)o f the Statutea,s complicitbyy aiding a6b7ettingb,y procurinmge ans,o r by instigatioans, d efineidn theR wandaPne nalC ode.

71. The mensr ea of complicitiyn genocidlei esi n the accomplice’ksn owledgoef the commissioonf the crimeo f genocideb y the principaple rpetrato6r8. Thereforet,h e accompliicne genocidnee edn otp ossestsh ed oluss pecialiosf genocider;a therh e or she, knowinglya,i dsa nd abets,i nstigateosr procurefso ra notheirn thek nowledgteh att he 65 Musempaa ras1.6 8-175 66 Akayes(uT C)p ara1.7 9. 67 Ibidp.a ras5.2 5-548. 31

otherp ersoinn tendtso d estroyi,n w holeo ri n part,a nationaelt,h nicarla,c iaolr religious groupa s such.

3. Crimesa gainstH umanit(yA rticl3e of the Statute) 72. Articl3e o f theI CTRS tatutree ads: "TheI nternationTarli bunaflo r Rwandas hallh avet he powert o prosecutpee rsons responsibfloer t hef ollowicnrgi mewsh enc ommittaesd parto f a widespreoards ystematic attacakg ainsatn yc iviliapno pulatioonn n ationaplo,l iticaelt,h nicr,a ciaolr r eligious grounds: (a)Murder; (b)Extermination; (c)Enslavement; (d)Deportation; (e)Imprisonment; (f)Torture; (g)Rape; (h)Persecutioonnp so liticraalc,i aaln dr eligiogurso unds; (iO)theri nhumanaec ts." 73. The Accusedi n the presentc asei s chargedw itht hreec ountso f crimesa gainst humanitym:u rdere,x terminatiaonnd,o theri nhumanaec ts,u nderA rticl3e( a),( b),a nd of the Statuter,e spectivelTyh.e threec ountsc harget he Accusedw ithr esponsibility underA rticl6e( 1)a nd6 (3)o f theS tatute. 68S eei ntearl itah ec onclusiionAn ksa ye(sTuC p)a ra5.4 0f. 32

74.T het exto fA rticl3e o f theS tatutder awsp rimariolny t heb enchmadrekf initioofn a crimea gainshtu manitfyo undi n Article6 (c)o f theS tatuteo f the Nuremberg Tribunal6.9 In customariyn ternationlaawl ,c rimesa gainshtu manitmya yb e directed againsatn yc iviliapno pulatioann da rep rohibiterde gardleosfs whethetrh eya re committienda n internatioonrai ln ternaalr medc onflic7t°.T heU N SecuritCyo uncili,n decidintgh atc rimeasg ainshtu manitiyn theS tatutoef thisT ribunamlu sth aveb een committaesd p arto fa discriminatatotrya cka,p pliead n arrowedre finititohna nt hati n customairnyt ernatiolnaawl. 75.A crimea gainshtu manitiys a prohibituendd erlyionfgf encceo mmittaesd parto f a broadecrr iminaatlt ackT.h ec rimteh erefoirnev itedse finitiuonnd etrh rehee adingtsh:e broadeart tackt,h eu nderlyionfgf enceasn,d t hem entaell ement. 3.1 The BroadeArt tack 76.T heu nderlyionfgf encemsu stb e committeads parto f a widespreoard systematic attacakg ainsatn yc ivilipaonp ulatioonnn ationaplo,l iticaelt,h nicr,a cialo,r r eligious grounds. 3.1.1W idespreaodr Systematic 77.A widespreaatdt aciks ana ttacokn a larges caled irectaegda insat m ultiplicoifty victimwsh,e reaas s ystemataitct aciks o nec arrieodu tp ursuatnota preconceipvoeldi cy orp lan7.1T oq ualiftyh,e a ttacmku stb ea tl easwti despreoards ystematbiuct,n eedn otb e both.N onetheletshse,C hambenro test hatt hec

riterbiya whicho neo rt heo thera spects oft hea ttaciks e stablisphaerdt ialolvye rlaAps.s tateidn B lasMc: 69 Annext o the Agreemenfto r the Prosecutioann d Punishmenotf MajorW ar Criminalosf the European Axis,L ondon8, August1 945,p . 85. 70 Akayesu( TC) para. 565; The Prosecutorv . Dusko Tadic, Decisiono n the DefenceM otionf or InterlocutoArpyp ealo n Jurisdictio2n O,c tobe1r9 95,p ara.1 41. 33

,~ ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T "Thfea cstt ilrle maihnosw evtehra ti,n p ractitchee,s tew oc riterwiial olf tebne d iffictuolt separastien cae widespraetatda ctka rgetian lga rgneu mbeorf v ictimgse neralrleyl ieosn somfeo rmo fp lannionrgo rganisatTihoeqn u.a ntitactriivtee riiosnn o to bjectivdeelfyi nable asw itnesbsyet dh ef actth ante ithienrt ernatitoenxatnlso ri nternatiaonndna alt ioncaals e-law s’e’t7a znyt hreshsotladr tiwnigt whh icah c rimaeg ainhsutm aniitsyc onstituted. 78.I ti s,t hereforteh,e C hamberv’ise wt hate itheorf ther equiremenotfws i despread ors ystematwiicl lb e enougtho e xcludaec tsn otc ommittaesdp arto fa broadepro licoyr plan.A lso,t her equiremetnhta tt hea ttackm ustb e committeadg ainsat "civilian populatiopnr"e supposae ksi ndo fp lan;a ndt hed iscriminateloerym enotf t hea ttaciks , by itsv eryn atureo,n lyp ossiblaes a consequenocfe a policyT.h ust hep oliceyl ement canb es eent ob ea ni nherefneta turoef t hea ttackw,h ethetrh ea ttacbke c haracteriassed widespreoard s ystemat7i3cF .urtheirt, isc learf romA rticl3e o ft heS tatutaen dr ecent casel aw74t hats ucha policmya yb ei nstigatoerdd irectbeyda nyo rganisatoirog nr oup, whetheorr n otr epresenttihnegg overnmeonfta State. 3.1.2A gainsatn yC iviliaPno pulation 79.T heC hambecro ncurwsi tht hef indinign Tadict hatt het argetepdo pulatimouns t bep redominanctilvyi liiannn atureb,u tt hatt hep resenocfec ertainno n-civiliianni st doesn otc hangiet sc ivilicahna ract7e5rI .ta lsof ollowass, a rgueidn B laski"ct,h att he specifsiict uatioofnt hev ictiamt them omentth ec rimewse rec ommitterda,t hetrh anh is s’t’a7t6usm,u stb et akeinn toa ccounitnd eterminhiinsgs tandiansga civilian.

80. Ther equiremetnhta tt hep rohibitaecdt sm ustb e directeadg ainsat civilian 71 Fore xamplet,h eI LCD raftC odeo f Crimedse finessy stemataisc " meaninpgu rsuantto a preconceived plano r policyT.h ei mplementatoifo tnh isp lano r policcyo uldr esulti n ther epeateodr continuous commissioofn i nhumanaec ts."C ommentaorny A rticl1e8 ,p ara.3 . 72B laskipca ra2.0 7. 73 Althougthh eC hambecro ncurwsi tht hes tatemenitn Kupreskiect al," thata lthougthh ec oncepotf crimeasg ainshtu maninteyc essariimlpyl ieas p oliceyl ementth,e rei ss omed oubats t o whetheirt i s strictly a requiremeanst s,u chf,o rc rimeasg ainshtu manityp"a,r a5.5 1. 74 See,f ore xampleT,a di(cT C)p ara.6 54. 75 Tadie( TC)p ara.6 38. 34

ICTR-95-1A-T ,,~i~ / ............................... .......................................................................................................... "populatidoone"sn otm eant hatt hee ntirpeo pulatioofna giveSnt atoer t erritomruys tb e victimisbeyd t hesea ctsi n orderf ort hea ctst o constituat cer imea gainshtu manity. Insteatdh e" populatieolne"m enits intendetdo i mplyc rimeosf a collectinvaet uraen d thuse xcludessi ngloer i solateadc tsw hicha,l thoupgohs siblcyo nstitutcirnigm eusn der n7a7tionpaeln alle gislatidoonn o,t r iset ot hel eveolf c rimeasg ainshtu manity. 3.1.3O n DiscriminatoGrryo unds 81.T heS tatutceo ntainas r equiremetnhta t,t heb roadeart tacmku stb e conductoend nationaplo,l iticeatlh,n icr,a cialo,r r eligiogurson nds7.8 TileC hambeirso ft hev iewt hat theq ualifi"eornn ationaplo,l iticeatlh,n icr,a ciaolr r eligiogurso undsw"h,i cihs p eculiar tot heI CTRS tatutseh oulda,s a matteorf constructiboenr ,e ada sa characterisaotfion then aturoef t he" attacrka"t hetrh ano ft hem ensr eao ft hep erpetra7t9oT rh.ep erpetrator mayw ellh avec ommittaend underlyionfgf encoen discriminatgorroyu ndisd enticatlo thosoef t heb roadeart tackb;u tn eithetrh isn,o rf ort hatm attearn yd iscriminaitnotreyn t whatsoevearr,ep rerequisiotfe tsh ec rimes,o longa si t wasc ommittaesd p arto f the b8r°oadeart tack. 76B laskipca ra2.1 4. 77 SeeT adic( TC)p ara.6

44. 78 Thisr equiremiesn atd ditiontaol t heN urembeCrhga rtert,h eI CTYS tatutea,n dt heI CCS tatute. 79 Hadt hed rafteorfst heS tatutseo ughtto charactertihseie n dividuaaclt or’isn tenats discriminattohreyy, wouldh avei nsertetdh er elevanpth rasiem mediatealfyt ert hew ord" committeodr" ,t heyw ouldh aveu sed punctuattioo sne ta sidteh ei ntervendiensgc riptoifo tnh ea ttackI.n additiotnh,e yw oulhda vet akecna ret o modifAyr ticl3e( h)t o redrestsh er esultirnegp etitioofn q ualifierAss. n otedb y theA ppealCsh amber Tadic( correctitnhge T rialC hamber’asd optioinn thatc aseo f a supposedilmyp licirte quiremeonft discriminationrtye nfto ra llc rimeasg ainshtu manituyn derA rticl5e o f theI CTYS tatute)",a logical constructoifo Anr ticl5e a lsol eadst o thec onclusitohna tg,e neralslpye akintgh,i sr equiremiesnn to tl aid downf ora llc rimeasg ainshtu manitIyn.d eedi,f it wereo therwisweh,y s houlAdr ticl5e( h)s peciftyh at "persecutiofnasl"lu ndert heT ribunalj’usr isdictiifo cna rrieodu t’ onp oliticarla,c iaaln dr eligious groundsT’h?i ss pecificatwioounl db e illogicaanld s uperfluoIuts i.s an elementarruyl eo f interpretation thato nes houlndo tc onstrau ep rovisioorn p arto fa provisiaosni f it weres uperfluaonudsh encpeo intless: thep resumptiiosn w arrantetdh atl aw-makeernsa cto r agreeu ponr ulest hata rew ellt houghotu ta nd meaningfiunl a llt heierl ementsT.a"d i(cA C)p ara2.8 4.S eea lsoi bidp.a ra.3 05;K upreskeite a Lp ara.5 58; Blaskipca ras2.4 4a nd2 60. 80 TheP rosecutvo.r J eanP aulAkayesJuu,d gemenotn appeaolf 1 June2 001( CaseN o.9 6-4-Ap)a ra.4 69 (AC),a nd Kayishemaan dRuzinda(nTaC )p ara.1 33-134. 35

3.2 UnderlyinAgc ts 82. As discusseda bove,a crime againsth umanityi s constitutedb y an offence committeads parto f a widespreaodr systematiact tacka gainsta civiliapno pulatioonn nationalp,o liticaelt,h nicr,a cialo,r religiougsr oundsH.o wevera,n underlyinogf fence need not containe lementso f the broadera ttack.F or example,a n offencem ay be committewdi thoutd iscriminatioonr, b e neitherw idespreando r systematicy,e t still constitutae sc rimea gainshtu manitiyf theo therp rerequisitoefs t hep rincipaclr imea re met.A singlaec tb y a perpetratmoary t husc onstituat ec rimea gainshtu manit8y1.

83. Each enumeratecdr imec ontainsi ts own specificm entala nd physicale lements. Thet hreeu nderlyionfgf encecsh argeidn theI ndictmenatr ed escribebde low. Murder 84. In Kayishemaan d Ruzindanat,h e TrialC hamberf oundt hat: "murdearn da ssassina[tt hew ordu sedi n theF renchv ersioonf the Statutes]h ouldb e considerteodg ethienro rdetro a scertatihne s tandaorfdm entse ai ntendbeydt hed raftearnsd demandebdy the ICTRS tatuteW.h enm urderi s considereadl ongw itha ssassinatth e Chambefri ndst hatt hes tandarodf menrse ar equireids i ntentionaanldp remeditaktieldl ing. Thea ccuseids g uiltoyf m urdeirf t hea ccuseedn,g aginign c onducwth ichi su nlawful: 1.c ausetsh ed eatohf a nother; 2.b ya premeditaatcetdo ro missioann;d 3.i ntenditnogk illa nyp ersoonr , 4.i ntenditnogc ausger ievoubso dilhya rmt oa nyp erson.’82 85. ThisC hamberc oncurwsi tht he aboved escription. 81T heP rosecutvo.rM ileM sksicM,i roslRaavd ica,n dV eseliSnl jivancaRneivni,e owf t heI ndictment PursuatnotR ule6 1o ft heR uleosf P roceduarnedE videnc3e A,p ri1l9 96( CasIeT -95-13-pRa6r1a). andK upresektia el .p ara5.5 0. 82K ayisheamnad Ruzind(aTnCa)p ara1.3 9-140. 36

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ ! Extermination 86. Therei s veryl ittlej urisprudenrceel atintgo the essentiaell ementosf exterminatiIonn A.k ayestuh eT rialC hambesrt atetdh ate xterminatiiso na crimeb y def’mitidoinr ectaegda insat g rouopf i ndividuadlisf,f erifnrgo mm urdeirn r especotft his elemenotf massd estructioJne.a n-PaAnkla yeswua sf oundg uiltyo f exterminatfioorn o8r3deritnhge k illinogfs ixteepne ople.

87. TheC hambearg reest hate xtemainatiiosn u nlawfukli llinogn a larges cale. "Largsec ale"d oesn ots uggesat numericmailn imumI.t mustb e determinoend a case- by-casbea sisu singa common-senaspep roach. 88.A perpetratmoaryn onethelebses g uiltoyf exterminatiifo hne k illso,r createtsh e conditioofnl si fet hatk illa, singlpee rsonp,r oviditnhga tt hep erpetraitsoa rw arteh ath is orh era ctso ro missiofnosr mp arto fa massk illinegv entn,a melmya ssk illintghsa ta re proximatien timea ndp lacea ndt herebayr eb estu nderstoaosd a singleo r sustained attack.

89. The Chambert hus adoptst he threee lementso f the underlyincgr imeo f exterminatiarotni culatiend K ayishemaan dR uzindan8a4. Thesea ret hatt heA ccused, throughhi sa ctso ro missions: (i)p articipaitnet dh em assk illinogf o therso,r i nt hec reatioofnc onditioonfsl ife leadintgot hem assk illinogfo thers; (ii)i ntendetdh ek illingosr, w asr ecklesosr,g rosslnye gligeanstt o whethetrh e killinwgosu lrde sulta;n d, (iiiw)a sa warteh ath isa ctso ro missiofnosr mepda rto fa massk illinegv ent. 90.T he" creatioofnc onditioonfs l ifel eadintgo them assk illingo"f o therisn clude, fore xampliem prisonai nlga rgneu mbeorf p eoplaen dw ithholdtihnegn ecessitoife sli fe, 83 Akayesu( TC)p ara.7 35-744. 84 Kayishemaan d Ruzindan(aT C)p ara.1 44. 37

ICTR-95-1A-T i~.,x ~ ~1’~** sot hatm assd eathr esultosr;i ntroducai ndge adlvyi ruisn toa populatiaonndp reventing medicacla rew,i tht hes amer esult. OtherI nhumanAec ts 91. Sincet he NuremberCgh arter,t he categor"yo theri nhumanaec ts"h as been retainaesd a categoroyf u nspecifiaecdt so fc omparabglrea vittyo t heo there numerated acts.A rticl7e( k)o ft heR omeS tatutoef theI nternatioCnrailm inCaolu rtc haracterises "otheirn humaancet sw"i thr eferentcoea precedilnigs to f offencaess" actso fa similar charactienrt entionaclaluys inggr eastu fferinogr, s eriouisn jurtyo bodyo rt o mentaolr physicalh ealth."C ommentinogn Article1 8 of its DraftC odeo f Crimes,t he InternatioLnaawlC ommissisotna tetdh at: "..t.h icsa tegoorfay c tiss i ntendteoid n cluodnel ayd ditioancatlts h aatr es imilianrg ravity tot hoslei steidn t hep recedsiunbgp aragraSpehcso.nt dh,e a ctm usti nf accta usien jurtyo a humabne inign t ermosf p hysicoarlm entailn tegrihteya,l tohr h umadni gnity"(p1a7r)a.. 92.T heC hambetrh erefories of thev iewt hat," otheri nhumanaec ts"i ncludeasc ts thata re of similarg ravitya nd seriousnestso the enumerateadc tso f murder, exterminatieonns,l avemednetp,o rtatiiomnp,r isonmetnotr,t urer,a pe,o rp ersecutioonn politicarla,c iala,n dr eligiogurso undTsh.e swei llb ea ctso ro missiotnhsa td eliberately causes erioumse ntaolr physicaslu fferionrg i njuroyr constituat see riouast tacokn humand ignityA.s forw hicha ctsr iset o thel evelo f inhumanaec ts,t hiss houlbde determinoenda case-by-cbaassei s. 3.3M entalE lement 93.A mentafla ctosrp ecifitco crimeasg ainshtu manitiys requiretdo c reatteh en exus betweeann underlyionfgf encaen dt heb roadecrr iminaclo ntextt,h ust ransformianng ordinacrryi mien toa na ttacokn h umaniittys elf.

94. TheC hambecro ncurwsi tht hed escriptioofn t hem ensr eao f a crimea gainst humanitays statedi n Kayishemaan dR uzindan(aw hichw asc itedw itha pprovailn the 38

ICTYc aseso fKupreskiect al.85 and Blaskic86n)a,m ely,t hatt heA ccusedm entallmyu st includeh is act withint he greaterd imensioonf criminaclo nductT.h ism eanst hatt he accusedm ustk nowt hath is offencef ormsp arto f the broadera ttack.B y makingh is criminaalc t parto f the attackt,h e perpetratnoerc essariplayr ticipatiens t heb roader attack. 95.I t is worthn otingt hatt hem otive(sa sd istincftr omt hei ntento)f the Accuseadr e of no relevancteo thel egalc onstitutioofn a crimea gainshtu manit8y7. Thisp ointw as clarifiebdy the AppealsC hambeirn Tadic,w hichh eldt hata n act committefdo r purely personamlo tivesw as not excludefdr omb einga crimea gainsth umanitays longa s the u8n8derlyionfgf encwea sc ommittbeyd thep erpetrataosr p arto f theb roadeart tack.

4. Violationosf the GenevaC onventionasn d AdditionaPlr otocoIlI 96. Articl4e o ft heS tatutree ads: "TheI nternationTarli bunaflo r Rwandas hallh avet he powert o prosecutpee rsons committinogr orderintgo be committesde riouvsi olationosf Articl3e commont o the GenevCao nventioonfs 1 2A ugus1t9 49f ort heP rotectioofn W arV ictimsa,n do f Additional ProtocIoIlt heretoof8 June1 977T.h esvei olatisohnasl iln cludbeu,t s halnlo tb el imitetdo : a)V iolencteo life,h ealtahn dp hysicaolr mentawle ll-beionfgp ersonsi,n particular murdears wella s cruelt reatmesnutc ha s torturem,u tilatioorn a nyf ormo f corporal punishment; b) Collectipvuen ishments; c)T akinogf hostages; d)A ctso ft errorism; e)O utrageusp onp ersonadli gnityi,n particulhaurm iliatianngd d egraditnrge atment, rapee,n forcperdo stitutainodna nyf ormo fi ndeceansts ault; f)P illage; 85 Kupresektia cl .p ara5.5 7. 86 Blaskpiacr a2.4 9. 87 Kupresektia cl .p ara5.5 8. 88 Tadi(cA C)p aras2.7 1-272. 39

ICTR-95-1A-T i~ g)T hep assinogf sentencaensd t hec arryinogu to f executiownist houptr evious judgemepnrto nouncbeyda regularcloyn stitutceodu rta,f fordianlgl t hej udicial guarantweheisc ahr er ecogniassei dn dispensbaybc liev ilispeedo ples; h)T hreattosc ommiatn yo ft hef oregoiancgt s." 97.U nderC ounts6 and7 of theI ndictmentth,e P rosecutiaolnl egetsh att heA ccused isr esponsiubnldee Arr ticl6e(s1 )a nd6 (3)f ort hes eriouvsi olatioonfsC ommoAnr ticle andA dditioPnraolt ocIoIlp ursuatnotA rticl4e(sa )a nd( e)o ft heS tatute. 4.1A pplicability 98. Jurisprudenocfe thisT ribunalh as establishetdh atC ommonA rticle3 and AdditionParlo tocoIlI werea pplicabalse a matteorf custoamn dc onventiionn R wanda in1 9948.9 Consequentalty t,h et imet hee ventisn theI ndictmeanrte s aidt oh avet aken place,p ersonsw ho violatetdh esei nstrumentwso uldi ncuri ndividuaclr iminal responsibialnidtc yo ulbde p rosecuttehde refore. 4.2 MateriaRle quirements 99.C ommonA rticl3e andA dditionaPlr otocoIlI affordp rotectiotno ,i ntera lia, civiliannso,n -combataanntdps e rsonpsl acehdo rsd ec ombati,n t hec ontexotf i nternal armedc onflictsS.u chc onflictmsu stm eeta minimutmh resholrde quiremetnot f all withitnh ea mbito f thesei nstrumenTthse.l essetrh reshoilsdt hato f CommoAnr ticl3e whicshi mplayp plietso a rmecdo nflic"tnso to fa ni nternatiocnhaalr acteTrh"i.sr uleosu t actso fb anditarnyd i nterndails turbanbcuetsc overhso stilittiheast i nvolvaer mefdo rces organizetdo a greateorr lessere xtentT.o be coverebdy CommonA rticl3e, the hostilitmiuesst t akep lacew ithitnh et erritoorfya singlSet atew,h ichi,n t hep resent mattewro uldb e thato f Rwanda.

100. AdditionParlo tocoIlI offersa highetrh resholodf applicabiliintays muciht applietsoc onflicwthsi ctha kep lacien t het erritoorfya HighC ontractPianrgt bye tween 4O

ICTR9-5 - 1A-T itsa rmedf orcesa ndd issidenatr medf orceso r othero rgamzeadr medg roupsw hich, underre sponsicbolmem anedx,e rcissuec hc ontroolv era parto fi tst erritoarsyt o enable themt o carryo uts ustaineadn dc oncertemdi litaroyp eratioannsd t o implementth is ProtocolA.g ain,s ituationrsu ledo ut as notb einga rmedc onflictasr e" internal disturbanacnedst ensionssu,c ha s riotsi,s olataendd s poradaicct so fv iolenacned o ther actso fa similanra tur’e’.9°C onsidertihnegh ighetrh reshoolfda pplicabiolfiA tdyd itional ProtocIoIl, i ti sc leatrh ata conflitchta tm eetist sm ateriraelq uiremeonfta psp licability willi psofacmteoe tt hoseo fC ommoAnr ticl3e. 101.W hethear c onflicmte etst hem ateriarle quiremenotfs t hea bovei nstrumenitss a matteorf o bjectievvea luatioofnt heo rganizatainodin n tensiotfyt hec onfliacntd o ft he forceosp posinogn ea nda nothe9r1. Oncet hem ateriarle quiremenotfs C ommoAnr ticl3e or AdditionaPlr otocoIlI haveb eenm et,t hesei nstrumentwsi lli mmediatelbye applicabnloeto nlyw ithitnh el imitetdh eatroef c ombabtu ta lsoi nt hew holtee rritoorfy theS tateen gageidn t hec onflicCto.n sequenttlhyep, a rtieesn gageidn t heh ostilitairees bountdo r espectth ep rovisioonfts h esien strumetnhtrso ughotuhter elevatnetr ritory. 102.F ora violatiotno be coverebdy Articl4e of theS tatutiet mustb e deemed seriousO.n this,t heC hambefro llowtsh ed

efinitiaodnv anceidn Akayesui,n w hicht he Chambesrt atetdh ata seriouvsi olatiiosn" ab reacohf a rulep rotectiinmgp ortavnatl ues whichm usti nvolvger avec onsequencfeosr t hev ictim9"2. Regardintgh ee lementosf murdera,s c overebdy A rticl4e( a)o ft heS tatutteh,e C hamberre fertso i tsd efinition murdeirn 3.2a bove. 103.C ommonA rticl3e andA dditionaPlr otocoIlI affordp rotectiopnr imariltyo victimosr potentivailc timosf armedc onflictIsn.t hec aseo f CommoAnr ticl3e, these 89 See Akayes(uT C)p aras.6 08-610K,a yishemaan dR uzindan(aT C)p ara.1 56 andM usemap aras.9 70- 971. 90 SeeA rticl1e o f AdditionParlo tocoIlI andAkaye(sTuC )p aras6.2 5-626. 91 Akayes(uT C)p ara.6 24. 92 Akayes(uT C)p ara.6 16. 41

individuaalrse p ersontsa kingn o activep arti n theh ostiliti9e3s and,u nderA dditional ProtocoIlI ,t he protectiiosn extendetdo allp ersonwsh od o nott akeo r whoh avec eased to takep arti n theh ostiliti9e4s I.n thep resenmta tteri,t is cleart hatt hev ictimosf the eventsa llegeadr eu narmemde n,w omen,a ndc hildrena,l lc ivilians. 104.T o takea directo r activep arti n the hostiliticeosv ersa ctsw hichb y theirv ery natureo r purposea re likelyt o causeh armt o personnealn d equipmenotf the armed forcesI.n assessinwgh etheorr nota n individucaaln b e classeads beinga civiliant,h e overallh umanitaripaunr poseo f the GenevaC onventionasn d theirP rotocolssh ouldb e takeni ntoa ccountT.o givee ffectt o thisp urposea, civiliasnh ouldb e consideretdo be any one who is not a membero f the "armedf orces",a s describeadb ove,o r any one placedh9 o5rsd e combat. 105.F or a crimet o constitutae s eriousv iolatioonf CommonA rticle3 and Additional ProtocoIlI , therem ustb e a nexusb etweent he offencea nd the armedc onflictT.h e "nexus"r equiremenits met whent he offencei s closelyr elatedt o the hostilitieosr committeidn conjunctiowni tht he armedc onflictT.h e AppealsC hamberi n Tadich eld thati ti s "sufficietnhta tt hea llegecdr imewse rec loselrye latetdo theh ostilitioecsc urring ino therp artso f thet erritoriceosn trollbeyd t hep artietso t hec onflic9t6"A .s such,i ti s not

necessartyh ata ctuala rmedh ostilitiehsa veb rokeno ut in Mabanzac ommunea nd KibuyeP refecturfeo rA rticl4e of the Statutteo be applicablieV,I oreoveirt, is not a requirementth atf ightinwga s takingp lacei n the exactt ime-periowdh ent he actst he offencesa llegedo ccurredw erep erpetratedT.h e Chamberw illd eterminweh ethert he allegeadc tsw erec ommitteadg ainstth ev ictimbse causoef thec onflicatt issue.

106. Theb urderne stso n theP rosecuttoor e stablitshha ts ucha nexuse xists. 93C ommoAnr ticl3e ( 1). 94 Artic4l.e 95S ee1 977A dditioPnraolt ocIo Alr ticl4e3sa nd4 4a sr egardrse quiremefnotrrs e cognitoifoc no mbatant statuasn dR utaganpdaar as1.0 0a nd1 01. 96T heP rosecuvt.oT ra dic",D ecisioonnt hed efencmeo tiofno ri nterlocuatpopreya oln j urisdictoifon" 2 Octobe1r9 95p ara7.0 . 42

5. CumulativeC harging 107.T heA ccusedi s cumulativeclhya rgewdi ths evenc ountso n theb asiso f hisa ctsa s allegeidn paragraph4s. 10t o 4.31o f theI ndictmen(ta lthougthh eC omplicittyo commit genocidies basedo nlyo n paragrap4h.s1 4t o 4.25).

108. Withr egardt o cumulativceh argingt,h e ICTYA ppealsC hambeirn Celebichie ld: "Cumulatcihvaer giinsgt ob ea lloweidnl ighotf t hef actt hatp,r iotro t hep resentatoifoa nl l oft hee videnciet, i sn otp ossiblteo d etermitnoea certainwthyi cohf t hec hargebsr ought againsatn a ccusewdi llb e provenT.h eT rialC hambeirs bettepro iseda,f tert hep arties’ presentatoifot nh ee videncteo,e valuatweh icho f thec hargemsa yb e retainebda,s edu pon thes ufficieonfct yh ee videncIen.a dditiocnu,m ulaticvhea rgicnogn stituttheesu suaplr actice ofb otht hisT ribunaanld t heI CTR.9"7 109.T he Chamberc oncursw ith the holdingo f the ICTY AppealsC hambere ndorsing thep rinciploef cumulativceh argingT.h ereforei,n thep resentc ase,t he Chambewri ll considearl lt hec hargeisn theI ndictmenptr,e ferraegda instth eA ccused. 97 Celibi(cAiC )p ara4.0 0. 43

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ .....~ ~*’~ CHAPTER IV. GENERAL ISSUES 1. IntroductorReym arks 110.I n thiss ectiont,h eC hambewri llc onsideirs sueso f a generanla turew hich haveb eenr aisebdy thep artieasn dw hicha rer elevantto establishiwnhge thetrh e Accusewda sg enerallsyu pportivoef them assacresT.h eC hambewri lla ssesst he evidencree latintgo thec haractoefr theA ccusebde forAep ril1 994,h isd ecisiotno remaians bourgmestdruer intgh ee ventsh,i sp ossiblseu bordinatheiss,r elationship witha ssistanbto urgmestCrrel estiSne manzat,h er oleo f theA bakigaa,n dw hether theA ccuseedf fecterde asonablmee asurebse tweeAnp rila ndJ uly1 994t o maintain peacea nd securitiyn the communeo f Mabanza.I n ChapterV the Chamberw ill revietwh ee videncper esentreedg ardisnpge cifeivce nts.

2. Characteorf theA ccusepdr iort o theE ventsi n 1994 111.T heP rosecutidoind n ote xplicitclhya llentghee g oodc haractoefr theA ccused priort o 1994o r hisc ompetenacse a bourgmestrRee.g arditnhge s pecifiacc tionosf theA ccusebde fore1 2 April1 994,t he Prosecutisotna ted":W ea cceptt hatm ore likeltyh ann ot,u pu ntilt hatt ime[ 12A pril1 994]h,e d idt hati n goodf aithW.e m ake no bonesa boutt hat.A ndI wantt hatt o be crystacll ear.T herei s no evidencteo s’u’g9g8esott herwise. 112.F ort heP rosecutioenv,i dencoef thec haractoefr theA ccuseids irrelevatnot thed eterminatoifo hni sg uilto ri nnocenfcoer t hec rimefso rw hichh e isc hargebdu t i9s9r athearn i ssuteo b ec onsideraetds entencing. 113.T heD efencaer guest hati n assessintgh ec redibiliotfy t het estimonoyf the Accusedt,h e Chamberm ustt aked ue noticeo f the previougso odc haractearn d attituodfet heA ccusepdr iotro t hee ventisn A pri-l July1 994I.t s ubmitisn,t era lia, 98 Transcripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p p.6 5-66. 99 ProsecutoRre’bsu ttpaalr a.1 1. 44

ICTR-95-1A-T ~: i! i thatw heret heg oodc haractoefr theA ccusehda sb eene stablishetdh,eC hambemru st admitt hath e isl essl ikeltyo havec ommitttehde c rimepse rpetratTehdi.s a pplieisn particultaor situatiownhse ret heD efenchea sn otp resenteidn dependepnrto oft o rebutt heP rosecutieovni denceF.o rt heD efencet,h ef actt hatt heA ccusewda sa toleranpte rsownh od idn otd iscriminaatgea insett hnigcr oupsh,a sa direcbte aring on establishiwnhge theorr noth e committetdh ec rimefso rw hichh e is charged./°° TheD efencper esenteddo cumentaervyi dencteo showt hatd uringa periodo f rising tensionfsr om1 990o nwardtsh e Accusecda rriedo uth is dutiesi n an objective manner. 114.T heC hambenro test hatR ule9 3 of theR uleso f Proceduraen dE videncies the onlyR ulet hatd ealsw ithe videncoef a consistepnatt teronf conductH.o wevert,h is Rulei s relevannto t to evidencoef a patteronf conductw hichm ay favourt he Accusedb,u tr athetro evidencteo d emonstrattheee xistenocfe a consistepnrta ctice o1r°s 1ystematpirca ctiscoe ast op rovea charges,u cha sc rimeasg ainshtu manity. 115.T heq uestiobne foret heC hambert,h en,c onsideritnhga tt heR ulesa res ilent on thei ssue,i s whatw eights houldb e attachetdo thee videncper esentebdy the Defencteo countetrh ec aseo f theP rosecutioInn. i ts" Decisioonn Evidencoef the GoodC haracteorf the Accuseda nd the Defenceo f Tu Quoque"o,f 17

February 1999,i n thec aseo fKupreskeitca l .,T rialC hambeIrI o f theI CTYs tated: "...( i)g eneralslpye akinegv,i denocfet hea ccusedc’hsa ractperri otro t hee ventfso r whichhe i si ndictbeedf orteh eI nternatiTorniablu niasln ota relevainsts uien asmuacsh (a)b yt heinra turaes c rimecso mmittiendt hec ontexotfw idesprveiaodl enacned d uring a nationoarli nternatioenmaelr gencwya,r c rimeasn dc rimeasg ainshtu manimtayy b e committebdy personwsi thn o priorc onvictioonrs h istoroyf violencaen,d t hat consequenetvliyd enocfep riogro odo,r b ad,c onduocntt hep arto ft hea ccusebde forteh e armecdo nflibcetg ains r areloyf a nyp robativvael ubee forteh eI nternatiTorniablu nal, and( b)a sa generaplr incipolfec riminlaalw ,e videnacset ot hec haractoefra na ccused is generalliyn admissibtloe s howt hea ccused’psr opensittoy acti n conformity therewith;" 116.T hep resenCth ambecro ncurwsi tht hea boves tatementp,a rticularilny t he contexotf seriouvsi olatioonfs internatiohnuamla nitarilaanw ,w heree videncoef 100D efenCcleo siBnrgi epfp .1 6-1p7a ras1.0 5-1a1n2dD efenRceej oinpdaerra s1.0 5-112. 45

~ ~:~P** ICTR-95-lA-T ~, t 7’3’7 pnorg oodc haractiesr of littloer no probativvael ueH.o weverw,e res uche vidence shownt o be particularplryo bativteo thec hargeast hand,t hent heb urdewni llb e upont heP rosecuttoor d ispealn yr esultidnogu bttsh ermea yb er egardiintgs c ase. 117.E videncper esentetdo theC hambebry botht he Prosecutiaonnd t heD efence tendst o demonstratthea tu p untilt hee ventisn 1994t ileA ccusewda sa competent bourgmestrHee. d idn otd iscriminabteet weetnh ee thnicg roupsa,n dt hep opulation of Mabanzcao mmunree spectehdi m.H oweverf,r om1 990o nwardsa,s tensionrso se betweent he Rwandang overnmenatn d the RwandanP atriotiFcr ont( RPF),i nter ethnics uspicionasn dd isputeisn creasedD.o cumentaervyi dencwea sp resentetdo showh owt heA ccusedde altw itht hes ituation. 118.I n Octobe1r9 90,t heA ccusesde ntt wol ettertso thea uthoritiiens K ibuywei th informatioonn i ndividuasluss pecteedi thero f illegallpyo ssessinrgi fleso r of supportitnhge I nkotanyIin. t hef irstl etterd,a ted9 Octobe1r9 90a nds entt o the prefecotf Kibuyet,h eA ccusefdo rwardead l isto f 26 personsm,a inlyt eacherasn d Tutsi",s uspectoefdh oldinigl legarli fles1"°.2I na concludinnogt et ot hel ettert,h e Accusesdt atetdh at" [a]s earcohf r iflehsa sb eenc arrieodu ti na lmosatl lt heihro uses butn os inglrei flhea sb eenf oundW.e a res tililn vestigatbiuntig t i sn ote asyt of ind

riflesw itht hosep eopleT.h ep opulatiohna vec onfirmetdh att heym ightp ossess rifles"A.p artf romt het estimonoyf WitnesGs ( seeV .3.41)°,3t herei s no evidence thata nyo ft hes uspecwtass a ctualalryr ested. 119.I n a seconlde tterd,a ted2 0 Octobe1r9 90,t heA ccusesde ntt o theP resideonft the SecuritCyo uncili n Kibuye," a listo f personsw ho are suspectebdy the populati.o.n. s o that[ he]c ouldf ollowt heirb ehaviowuhri chi s suspectebdy the populatio1n°"4T. hel ettecro ntaintsh en ameso f1 2 personasl lo f whomw eret eachers 101O n thisi ssues eeI CTYT ranscripotfs 1 5 Februar1y9 99i n Prosecutvo.r K upreskiect al,p p.6 889- 6890. 102P rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .9 1. 103 Seet ranscripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00p p.1 4-15( closesde ssion")I: w ass ayintgh ata fter1 990,h e did notl iket het utsiasn ym ore.H e hatedt hem.H e threwp eoplien top risoann dc alletdh em- referretdo ~he.ma s accomplicoefs t heI nkotanvi". U4 ProsecutiEoxnh ibiNto .9 0. 46

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ ~t,~ andm ainlTyu tsiI.n conclusitoon t hel ettert,h eA ccusewdr otet hath e sentt hel ist "followiwnhga tp eoples aya ndk nowa boutt hemb utI do notc onfirfmo rs urew hat theya rec hargewdi thi s realltyr ue".C onsequenttlhye,l etteirn dicatetsh att he Accusedi,n hisc apacitays heado ft hec ommunew,a sf orwarditnog t hea uthoritiiens Kibuyien formatihoen h adr eceivefdr omt hep opulatioofn M abanza.

120. Durinhgi st estimontyh,e A ccusesdt ated: "Itw asm y dutya sb ourgmesttor ere porwth atw ash appeniinngt hec ommunweh,a tt he peoplwee res ayingw,h atw ash appeniinngt hec ommunnee edetdo be reportetdo the s’u’p1e°r5iodresp,e ndionngt hed evelopmoefnt th es ituatiionnt hec ommune.

121. Askedw hetherh e checkedt he informatiohne receivedb y conducting searchehse,r eplied: "It oldy out hatt herwea sa na tmospheorfes uspiciwoint hitnh eT utsiasn dH utusA.n d theH utusw eres ayinngo wt hatt heT utsihsa dw eaponAsn.d t heH utusw antetdo a ttack theT utsitso r ecovetrh esaer ms,t hesew eaponNso.w ,t or esolvteh es ituatioornt o diffusteh es ituatiwoens ,e tu pa committoefev erificattiooa pnp easteh eH utusa,n di f [therwee rew]e apon[sw e]w illf indt hema,n di ft heyd idn oth avet hent hisr umowro uld bef ountdo b eb aselesTsh.a ti sw hyw ed rewu pa listo fp eoplweh ow eret argetdeudr ing thatp eriodA.n dw ec onductae sde archb,u tw ef ounndo thinAgn.d t hati sh owc omet he situatiowna sd iffuseidn [Mabanzac]o,n trartyo whath appeneidn neighbouring c’o’m1m°u6naensd e lsewhere. 122.T herei s no conclusievvei dencien thisc aset hati ndividuawlesr ea rresteodr ill-treatiendM abanzbae foroer aftert hef orwardionfg t hel istsb yt heA ccusedo,r thatb y hisa ctionst,h eA ccuseadc centuattehde i nter-ethnsiucs picionIsn. t he Chamberv’ise w,t heset wor eportmsu stb e vieweidn thec ontexotf thes ituatiionn whicht hey were written.O n 1 October1 990,t he RPF attackedR wandaf rom UgandaI.n s ucha situatiointi, s n oti llegitimaotnte h,e f aceo fi t,f ora uthorittioes searchf orw eaponasm ongp ersonssu specteodf beings ympathettioc t hea ttackers. Bothr eportrse fert o a "plan"t o attackR wandaW.h ethetrh em easuretsa kenb y the Accuseidn Octobe1r9 90w erep roportionaotre n otw ouldd ependo n an assessment 105T ranscripotfs 1 June2 000p p.1 47. 106I bidp.p .1 47-148. 47

IcrR-95-1A-r I 3S whichf allso utsidteh es copeo f thep resencta se.1 o7 123.I n 1992a nd 1993,t he Accuseds entt o the Prefectf ourl istso f personsw ho weres aidt o havej oinedt he InkotanyiI.n thei nitialle ttero f 23 October1 992,t he Accusedw rote: "...w ithr eferentcoe thep revailirnugm ortsh ats omey oungm enj oint heI nkontanyIi, wouldl iket o lety ouk nowt hatI assignetdh e" conseilletrosf "o llouwp thisi ssuea nd theys ubmittteodm e thea ttacheldi st. ...I nM USHUBA"TsIe cteuirt"i s reportetdh ati t is a certainK UBWIMANMAa thia[s. ..]w ho takest hema way.W e wouldl iket o request for youra ssistancbee causien BANDAMIK"Oc ellules"o mep arentsa ren ot happyw ith thema ndt heya rel amenting." 124.A ttachetdo the letterw as a listo f 26 personasn d nameso f otherss uspectetdo havel eft1.°8 In threef ollow-ulpe tterss entt o the Prefecta,n d dated3 0 December 1992,1 4 January1 993 and 12 March1 993,r espectivelyt,h e Accusedf orwardeda furthert hreel istso f personsi,n cludintgw o Hums,w ho weres aidt o havej oinedt he Inkotany1i°.9 At thes tarto f eachl ettert heA ccusedw rote" I feels orryt o sendy ou again anotherl ist of young men" who have joinedt he Inkotanyi.T he evidence suggesttsh atb y usingt he termI nkotanyit,h e Accusedw asr eferrintgo the RPF,a nd thust he listsi dentifiepde oplew ho hads ecretljyo inedt hem.T herei s no evidencien thisc aset oe stablitshha

tt heA ccuseadc tedi mproperilny r elatiotno thel ists. 125.D ocumentareyv idencep resentebdy the Defencea lsos howst hati n early1 993 attacksw ereb eingp erpetratebdy Hutuo n Tutsia nd theirp ropertya nd that the Accuseda ttemptetdo prevents ucho ccurrencesT.h e Accusedp resentead reporto f suchi ncidentisn a lettert o theP refecdta ted7 Januar1y9 93a ndd escribehdo w,w ith the helpo f threep olicemeann d an Inspecteudre PoliceJ udiciairteh,e yl aida mbush to one of the attacks.H owever,r egardingo thera ttacks,t he Accusedw rotet hat securitoyf ficerwse reu nablet o helpa s "theya ren otw elli nformeodf thes iteso f the attackasn d alsob ecauset hes ectori s immense"A.c cordintgo the lettert,h e Prefect 107I th asb eens ubmitttehda ti ns omep artosf R wandlaa rge-sciamlper isonmoefnT tu tsfir omO ctober 1990t ookp artu ndetrh ep retexotf a ssurisnegc uritSye.ed esForgeLse:a vNeo net oT ellt heS tory t1999p). 4 9. o8P rosecutEixohni biNto .8 0. 109P rosecutEixohni biNto s.8 1,8 2a nd8 3. 48

hadp romisetdo sends oldierbsu tt heyh adn evera rrivedI.n conclusiotnh,eA ccused askefdo rc ontinuaesds istanfcreo mt heP refecitn o rdert or estoresl e°curity) 126.A ccordintgo theA ccusedb,y April1 994,c onfidencael,b eitn ott otal,h ad beenr estoreidn thec ommunoef Mabanzma P,rosecutiWoint nesIs testified: "Bagilishewmaass omeon[ew ho]w asl ovedb y allt hep eoplbeo thH umsa ndT utsis. Whent heyh adp roblemtsh eyw ouldg o to himf ora dvicea ndh e wouldp rovidseu ch adviseA.n dd urintgh ew arw heni n 1994h ousesst artetdo bed estroypeedo plfel ed towardtsh eb ureacuo mmunianll argen umberTsh.i sm eantsh ath ew asl ovebdy a loto f peoplaen dn obodyt houghtth ata nyh armw ouldc omet o himselifn thep resencoef Bagilishemlaz.’l 127.D efencWei tnesKsC statedt hatt heA ccusedf,r omt het imeh e wasa ppointed as bourgmestr"ew asa ppreciatebdy thep opulationb,y the peoplet,h e entire populationm" ,For DefenceW itnessT P, the Accused" was a devotedm an who carrieodu t hisw orkw itha senseo f commitmenatn d fairnessS.o meonweh o was listenetdo ,w ho hada goodr eputatioinn his commune"1.14 Accordintgo Defence WitnessB E, "duringh is fourteeny earsa t the helm of the commune,I gnace Bagilishemwah,oe njoyetdh ec onfidenocfe a llt hei nhabitantsw.a.s,v eryc loset o thep eople1"5) DefencWei tnesWsE testifietdh at" fromt heb eginni.n.g. t hep eople respecttehde A ccuseadn dh e alsor

espectheids p eople"1J6 128.I n theo pinioonf theC hambert,h ea bovee videncdeo esn otd emonstratthea t theA ccusegde neralldyi scriminatbeetd weetnh ee thnicg roupst,o thed etrimenotf theT utsi,p riort o April1 994.T hec orrespondernecgea rdinpge rsonjso inintgh e Inkotanaynid p ersonssu spectebdy thel ocalp opulatioofn e ithehri dinwge aponosr of beinga ccompliceosf the Inkotanyid,o esn ot establisthh att he Accused unjustifiatbalryg eteadr,r estoerd ill-treaTtuetds iA.l thoutghhi sc orrespondecancne be subjectto interpretatitohne,P rosecutihoans n otl eds ufficienetv idencteo 110 DefencEex hibi9t0 . 1ll Transcripotfs 1 June2 000p p.1 48-149. 112 Transcripotfs 2 3 Novembe1r9 99p . 27. 113 Transcripotfs 2 8 April2 000p p.1 1-13. 114 Transcripotfs 2 7 April2 000p . 133. 115 Ibid.p p.2 8-29a nd3 5. 49

ICTR-95-1A-T convincet he Chambert hat the actionso f the Accusedi n 1990-1993w erei n furtherantcoea policoyf p urposivesliyn glinogu tT utsia s allegeRdP Fa ccomplices. Thel ettero f 7 Januar1y9 93t o the Prefecsth owst hatt heA ccuseadt temptetdo prevenHtu tuf roma ttackinTgu tsi.A lso,a ccordintgo thisl ettert,h eA ccused requesteadd ditionsaoll dierfsr omt heP refectw,i thoustu ccessT.h eC hambenro tes thate vend urinag perioodf relativcea lm,t heA ccusefde ltt hath eh adi nsufficient resources.

3. Decisioonf theA ccusetdo remaini n hisP osto f Bourgmestre 3.1I ntroduction 129.T heq uestiocno nsiderehde rei s whethetrh eA ccused’cso ntinueodc cupancy of a centrallayp pointepdo sitioinn Rwanda’pso wers tructurdeu rintgh em assacres givesr iset o his personarle sponsibiliftoyr t he crimesc ommitteidn Mabanza communien t hep erioAdp rilt oJ uly1 994.T hisi ssuei s notr elatetdo a specifipca rt of theI ndictmenbtu,t w asr aisedb y theP rosecutiionn t hec ourseo f triala nd counterbeyd theD efence. 130.T heP rosecutiaorng uest hatt heD efence’sst rateghya sb eent o downplatyh e Accused’pso wersa s bourgmestdruer ingt hep eriodf romA prilt o July1 994,t hus aimintgo diministhh eA ccusedr’ess ponsibilfiotrym anyo f thea trociticeosm mitted in Kibuyep refecturaes allegeidn theI ndictment1.17 In fact,a ccordintgo the Prosecutitohne,A ccuserde maineidn hiso fficiaplo sitioonf hiso wnf reew ill,t hus signallintgo the governmenotf Rwandat hath e wasw illingt o servei t andt o confortmo itsp lansn,8 He was responsibfloer t hei mplementatoifo ng overnment policietsh roughouhti s tenure1.19 "Thosew ho remaineidn governmendti d so bIe2c°austeh eys upporttehde [ Hutu-poweird]e ologTyh.e yh adt o". 116 Transcriptosf 23 May 2000p . 34. 117P rosecutionw’rsi ttenC losingR emarkps. 41 para.2 56. 118T ranscripotfs 8 June2 000p . 75. 119 Prosecutionw’rsi tteCnl osingR emarkps. 41 para.2 59 andp . 43 para.2 65. 120 Transcriptosf 4 Septembe2r0 00p . 38. 5O

- ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ......................................................................................................................................... 131.T heD efencseu bmittetdh att heA ccuseddi dn ott aket hee asyo ptioni n not resigninagn,d t hath e "decidetdo remaino n dutyt o trya ndp rotecats wella s he couldt hep opulatihoen h ads ervefdo r1 4 yearsa ndt huss aveda pproximatneelayr ly 200T utsi"I.n otherw ords,t heA ccuseads bourgmestdried allt hath e couldt o managet hes ituatioann ds avet heg reatesntu mbero f livesw itht hel imitemde ans and resourceasv ailabl2e1) The Defencei ndicatetdh att he Accusedw as being reproachbeyd t heP rosecutiboont hf orn otd oinge nougwhh ilei n thej oba ndf orn ot resignihnigsp ost.12e 132.T he Accusedt estifietdh at sincet he advento f multipartisimn 1991, bourgmestrweesr ee xpectetdo remaipno liticalnleyu trali,r respectiovfe p ersonal politicaalf filiationasn,d t hatt henceforhteh r educehdi si nvolvemewnitt ht he MRND party1.23 The Accusedc laimedt o have remainedb ourgmestraef tert he formatioonf thes o-calleidn terigmo vernmenitn April1 994f ort he purposoef "servintgh ep eople"n,o tt he governme1n2t4;h2 e5 stayeodn "tos aveh umanl ives"] Whilea llowintgh ata s bourgmesthree h adt o follow" some"g overnmednitr ectives, theA ccusedde niedt hath e woulde veri mplemenat p olicyt hatw enta gainshti s conscien1c2e6. 133.D uringh

ist estimontyh eA ccusesdp okeo f hisi ntentioonn twoo ccasiontso resigfnr omh isp osta s bourgmestRreef.e rrifnigr stltyo thep erio1d9 90t o 1994- the perioodf "wara"s, hec alleidt - theA ccusesda id: "...a tt hitsi meI hadp robleomfsi nter-etchonnifcl icbtust,t herwea s,i np articultahre, problemasm ongstth ep artiesT.h eo ppositipoanr tiewse ref ightitnog geta hold,a foothoilndM abanzCao mmunAen.d a sf ara sI amc oncerniend1 993I, wantetdo r esign, a’n’d1I7 2 wasg ointgo w orkf ora Dutcphr ojecwth icwha sb einrgu ni nC yangugu. 12ID efenceC losingB riefp aras.3 02-315. 122T ranscriptosf 19 Octobe2r0 00p . 146. 123 Transcripotfs 8 June2 000p . 76. 124I bid. 125 Ibid.p . 77;s eea lsot ranscripotfs 7 Septembe2r0 00p p.1 08-109. 126 Transcriptosf 8 June2 000p p.7 6-77. 127 Transcripotfs 1 June2 000p . 146. 51

ICTR-95-1A-T ~,~ ~e~ ......................................................................................................................................... 134.T heA ccusewda sp uto utb y thef actt hat" managemeantt t hatt imew asv ery, veryd ifficul1t2"8.T hen extt imet heA ccusecda mec loset o quittintgh,e r easoang ain waso neo f managemenOtn. t hen ighto f 12 April1 994,a ccordintgo theA ccused, afters upervisinngi ghtp atrolsh,e returnetdo the bureauc ommunaalt around midnightto findt hata busloaodf oneh undrerde fugeeosr more,s entt hereb yo rder oft heP refechta,d a rrivefdr omR utsir(os eeV .2.6)T.h en ewa rrivajlosi netdh el arge masso f refugeeasl readgya thereadt theb ureauc ommunalT.h eA ccusetde lephoned theP refect: "Ia skehdi mw hyh ed idn’cto ntacmte t ot aket hen ecessamreya surteos r eceivteh ese refugeebse causIe m yselwfa so verwhelmbeydt hem anagemeonftt hoser efugeeIs h ad inM abanzaan dI alsof urthears kehdi mw hyh en evecra met ol ooka tt hes ituatitohna tI wash andlianngd t hens endt her einforcetmheanttI wasr equestoirnf go odi temwsh icIh requestfeodr .H et oldm et hath ed idn otf inda nythinSgo.I askedh imw hyh e putm e b’e’f1o2r9ae f urthceorm plicatbieofno rceo nsultmien.g 135.T he Accusedc laimedt hats everalt imesb eforeh e had invitedP refect Kayishemtao thec ommunfeo rh imt o seef orh imseltfh ec onditiounnsd erw hicht he Accusewda sw

orkingb;u tt hatt heP refecnte ver came.13° Insteaodf reinforcements ands uppliehse wasb eings entm ored isplacepde rsontso caref or.T heA ccused informetdh eP refectth ath e wasn otp reparetdo accepts oler esponsibilfiotryt he managemeonft t her efugeeasn,d t hati f theP refecdti dn ota ssishti mh e was" ready tor esign1"3.1 136.O n them orninogf 13 April1 994,a s theA ccuseadl legedlpyr eparetdo tender hisr esignatitoon t heP refec(t" tog o andg iveh imt hek eyst o the commune1"3)2,h e receivead t elephocnael lf romt heb ourgmestorfeR utsirwoa rninhgi mt hata ssailants wereo n theirw ayt o Mabanztao killt heA ccuseadn dt her efugeessh elteriantg t he bureauc ommuna1l3.3T heA ccusetdh ereuposna wt o thei mmediatdee parturoef the refugeesso utht owardKsi buyeb,u td idn oth imselffo llotwh em( seeV .3.1)I.n stead: 128 Ibid. 129 Transcripotfs 8 June2 000p . 187. 130 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p p.3 0-31. 131 Ibidp.. 3 1. 132 Ibidp.. 3 2. 133 Ibid.p p.3 2-33. 52

"Il eftt og oa nds eef riendtso a skf ora dvicet,o t hep astowrh ow asn earbayn dt os hare withh imm yi deasH.e toldm ei tw asn otr ealltyh eb estt imet oa bandouns l iket hat;t ake c’o’u1r3a4geH.e e ncouragmeeda ndI , therefordee,c idetdo s tickw ithm yj ob.

137. In the event,t he Accusedr emainedb ourgmestreo f Mabanzac ommuneu ntil around1 5 July1 994,w henh e fledt o Zaa’re1.35 The Accusedt estified":I remained b’o’u~r3g6mestrdee,s pitmey selfa,n dd espitteh ec onditiotnhsa tI foundm yselfi n. 138.T he abovet estimonoyf the Accuseds upportst he conclusiotnh ath e remained at his postv oluntarilyH.e was undern o pressurteo continuaes bourgmestreH.i s testimonya lso establishetsh at in both casesp racticalr athert hanp rincipled consideratiobnrso ughtt he Accusedt o the vergeo f quittingI.t was not the graino f governmentpaoll icyt hatd isturbehdi m,b ut he feltt hath is capacittyo manageh ad beene xceededT.h e Accuseda pparentldyi d not seriouslcyo ntemplatree signinhgi s positioanf ter1 3 April1 994. 3.2 Significanocfe the Decision 139.T he Prosecutioenm phasisetdh att he Accusedh eldt he post ofbourgmestroef Mabanzac ommunef or almostf ourteeann d a halfy ears1.37 In relatiotno the supposed significanocfe thiss tayingi n power,t he Prosecutiorne liedo n its expertw itness ProfessoArn dr6G uichaou1a3.8 He testifietdh att he positiono f bourgmestr"ei s a majora specto f the chaino f commandw hichi s centralized1"3,9 but alsot hat" the bourgmestreh as power which is personala nd which is proportionalt o the relationshitphsa th e hadw itht he nationalle aders1"4.°W ithr eferencteo theA ccused, in particulaPrr,o fessoGru ichaousaa id: 134I bidp..8 3. 135T ranscriopft8 s J un2e0 00p .2 3. 136I bidp..7 5. 137S eee .gt.r anscroifp1 t sJ un2e0 0p0. 3 0. 138P rosecutiworni’tst eCnl osinRge markpsp .4 2-4p3a ras2.6 0-268. 139T ranscriopft1 s4 F ebrua2r0y0 0p .1 5. 140i bidp.. 2 4. 53

"Asf ara s I am concemeadl lt hosew hoh eldp oliticaolf ficed urintgh eg enocidceo uld notr emovteh emselvferso mr esponsibilidtiys,c lairme sponsibiliTthye.yn eededt o see whatw ash appeniinngt heire nvironmeinnto rdert oh elpi nt hep oliticraald icalizatIion. willt akea n examplet hat the Bourgmesteorf Kivumuw ho was knowna s Juvenile Rwanzegush.i.r.ap referrteod r esiginn 1993b ecaushee believehde wasp owerleisns t he faceo f thev iolenatc tst hatw eret akinpgl aceA.l lt heB ourgmestern[ese]d etdo analyze the situatioann d someonwei th1 4 yearse xperiencbee hindh ims houldt o my mindb e a’bdl4e1t oh avet hoscea pabilitoifea sn alysis.

140. The Prosecutione ndorsedi ts expert’sr easoninga nd suggestedt hat the Accusedw as a politicalc onformistw hose longevityi n office hingedo n his continuingo beisancet o higher authorities:" This is a man who remained Burgomastefro r 14 years.I t takesa n art givent he historyo f Rwanda,g ivent he situatioinn Rwanda1"4.2A ndi n relatiotno thep eriodf ollowin6g A pril1 994: "[TheA ccusedh]a dn o ideah ow thingsw ereg oingt o turno ut andh avingd ecidetdo remaiinn hisp ositioint, is my submissioonn b ehaloff theP rosecutotrh,a th e hadt o conforamn dd o allt hatw asn ecessartyo maintaitnh ec onfidenocfe hiss uperiorisn h,i,m1.43 141.T he Prosecutiohna s not arguedt hatt he Accusedi s responsiblbee causet he interimg overnmenwta s, at the timeo f the eventsa llegedi n the Indictmenta,n organizatiwoint ha criminaplu rposeR.a thert,h e Prosecutiosne emst o arguet hati n ordert o stayo n as bourgmestret,h e Accusedh ad to expresslsyu pportb,y wordsa nd actionst,h e policya nd purposeo f the interimg overnmentT.h isa llegatioins not explicitlcyo veredb y the IndictmentT.h e responsibiliotfy the Accusedm ust be basedo n specifiacc tsw hicha re coverebdy theI ndictmenTth.e sea ctsa re dealtw ith in ChapterV below.

142. A tangenti ssue is whetherb y remaininga s bourgmestrew,i th the full 141Ibidp.p .9 1-92F.r encrhe ads":A m ons enst,o nsc euxq uio nto ccupd6e sr esponsabilpiotlrist iques pendanltap rrioddeug rnocindeep euvenpta sd rgagelre uri mplicatoiuol ne urr esponsabilIiltso~ n.t eud euxa rtsd evanetu xp ourv oirq uell~et ailt’ rvolutqiuoisn e d ~rouladiatn s1 cure nvironnempeonutr, assisthe lra r adicalisaptoiloint iqeutej ,e p rendruanie xemple.m.a.i,sl eb ourgmesdterK ei vumuq,u i s’appelJauivtr naRlw anzegus.h.i.ra a p rrfrrd6r missionenne1 r9 93p,a rcqeu ’isl’ estimiamiptu issant facea uxe xactioqnusi6 taiencto mmiseDso.r icj,e l er rpbtet,o uslerse sponsabolnetes u 2 ansd evant euxp our. ..j ed iraicso mprendarnea,l yseert,q uelqu’quunia 14a nsd ’exp~riednecrer i6lruei ,d oit lq4uamn@dm e~, m orts ensp,o ssrdseersa ttributi(opnps.1" 1 0-11). 2 Transcriopft1 s8 O ctobe2r0 00p .2 38. 143 Transcriopft1 s9 O ctobe2r0 00p .1 59. 54

ICTR-95-1A-T ~:~,~. ~ ,~g~ knowledgoef thei nterigmo vernmentc’rsi minaolb jectivegsi,v esr iset o personal liabilitTyh.i si ssuei s notn ovel.T heN urembermgi litartyr ibunalasd optetdh e guidinpgr inciptlhea t,t oe stabliisnhd ividucarli minlaila bilittyh,ep rosecutmiuosnt demonstratthee i ntentioncaolm missioofn a criminaalc to r thew antonf ailurteo fulfilal legald uty.I n theH ighC ommancda se,t hep rosecutiwoans r equiretdo demonstra"tpee rsonadle relictioTnh.a tc ano ccuro nlyw heret hea cti s directly traceablteo him or whereh is failuret o properlsyu pervishei s subordinates constitutcersi minanle gligenocneh is part"1.44T heT ribunaald dedt hat" [a]noyt her interpretatoifo ni nternationlaalw w ouldg o farb eyondt heb asicp rincipleosf c4rsiminalla wa s knownt o civilizneadt ions") 143.T hea pplicatioofn thisg eneraplr inciploef individuarle sponsibilittoy defendantwsh ok newo f illegaalc tivitieosf theiro rganisatiobnust w hol acked authoritayn dp owero vert hosea ctionrse sulteidn numerouasc quittalIsn. the Hostagcea se,d efendaFnrtr tschw,h os erveads chiefo f stafft ov ariougse neralwsa,s acquittdeeds pitpea ssinogn o rderisn structisnugb ordinautnei tst o takeh ostageasn d toe xacrte prisailnso ccupiteedr ritor4i6eT sh)eT ribunhaell d: "Thee videnfcaei ltso s howt hec ommissioofna n unlawfauclt w hichw ast her esulotf anya ctiona,f firmatoirvp ea ssivoen,t hep

arto ft hisd efendaHnits.m erek nowledogfe theh appenionfgu nlawfauclt sd oesn otm eett her equiremeonftc sr iminlaalw .H em ust beo new hoo rdersa,b etso,r t akeas consentpianrgt i nt hec rimeW.e c annosta yt hatt he defendamnett t hef oregoirnegq uiremeanst tso p articipatiWeoa nr.e r equiretdo s ay therefotrhea tt hee videndcoee sn ots howb eyonad r easonabdloeu btth att hed efendant F4o7ertsicshg uiltoyn a nyo ft hec ountcsh arged") 144.T husa personf oundt o havek nowinglbye enp arto f an organisatiwoint h criminaolb jectivweisl ln otn ecessariilnyc urr esponsibiliTthyep. e rsomnu sth ave positiveplayr ticipatiend t heg roup’csr imebsy substantiaclolnyt ributitnog t he crimeosr by influencitnhge c oursoef relateedv entsa;l ternativtehleyr em usth ave beenp ersonadle relictiCoonn.s equenttlhye,r ei s a needf ora concretaes sessmeonft 144U nitedS tatesv . Wilhelvmo n Leeb[ theH ighC ommancda se],T rialso f WarC riminalBse foret he NuernberMgi litarTyr ibunalUsn derC ontroClo unciLla wN o.1 0, vol.1 1 (1950)p,p .5 43-544. 145I bidp.. 4 89. 146U nitedS tatesv . WilhelLmi st[ theH ostagcea se],T rialso f WarC riminalBse foret heN uernberg MilitarTyr ibunalUsn derC ontroClo unciLla wN o.1 0,v ol.1 1 (1950). 147I bidp.. 1 286. 55

145.T hisa pproacihs alsoa pplicabilne r elatiotno t hes ituatiionn R wandian 1 994. In thisr egardt,h eC hambenro test hatt heD efencseu bmittetdh eJ udgemenitn the mattero f TheP ublicP rosecutovr. IgnaeeB anyagad,e livereodn 26 June1 999b y t1h4e8C ourto fF irstI nstancoef theS pecialisCehda mbesri ttinign KibuyeR,w anda. FromA prilt o July1 994,B anyagwaa sa n assistanste cretarwyi tht hep refectural authoriotfy K ibuyeI.n May1 994,h e becamree sponsibfloert hes ecuritoyf a certain localitiyn KibuyeI.n acquittiBnagn yagoaf c hargeosf g enocidteh,e C ourtl ooketdo Banyaga’cso nductF.i ndinngo evidencoef criminalittyh,e a ccusewda sa cquitted. TheT rialC hambewra si nformetdh att hej udgemeinst on appeal. 3.3 Conclusion 146. The Chamberf indst hat,w hilet he Accusedh ad linksw ith the interim governmebnyt v irtuoef hisp ositiotnh,e P rosecutihoansn otl ede videncien support of the contentiotnh att he Accusedw as therebya ssociatewdi th a criminal "conspiracwyh"i chh e positivelays sisteodr fromw hichh e declinetdo extricate himself.

4. PossiblSeu bordinatoefs t heA ccused 4.1I ntroduction Submissions 147.T heI ndictmenstu ggesttsh att heA ccusewda st hes uperioorf at leastf ive groupso f personst:h e employeeosf Mabanzac ommunet,h e communaplo licemen, memberso f the Gendarmerinea tionaleI,n terahamwmei litiamena,n d "armed civilians1"4.9 Threem emberso f the firstg roupa re named:N zanana( communal accountantS)e,m anzaan dN sengima(naas sistabnotu rgmestres). 148D efencEex hibiNto .1 04. 149S ee,f ore xamplpea,r as3.. 2,3 .3,4 .164,. 19,4 .24a nd4 .26. 56

ICTR-95-1A-T 148.T he Prosecutionc’lso sinbgr iefa ddedm oreg roupst o thea bovel ist:" the residentosf Mabanzaan dt heA bakiga1"5;°a nd" civiliaannss werabtloe thea ccused in his capacitays Bourgmestr5e1" )The briefn amed,a mongo theri ndividuals, Nkiriyumwa(mcio nseillearn)d H akiziman(ab rigadie1r5)2; Nshimyima(ncao mmunal driver)1;53 Rwamakubaa nd Munyandamuts(ac ommunalp olicemen)1;54 and WitnessYe sa ndZ (roadbloactkt endants).155 149. Ini tsc oncludionrga la rgumentth,e P rosecutioofnf eretdh iss ummary: "Thei ssueo f thes ubordina.t.e.sa s pere videnclee db yt hep rosecutiaorne,t he followinTgh;e t woA ssistanBtu rgomasterthse,o thers taffo f thec ommunet,h e communaplo licemetnh,e g endarmewsh ow eres tationeidn Mabanzat,h el ocalH um civiliabnest ,h eyt heA bakigoarst heI nterahamawnedt, h eH utum ilitiwah ow eret rained undetrh ec ividle fencper ogramamsew ella st her eservweh ossee rvicweesr er esortteod d’u’rIi5n6tgh em ateritailm e. 150.T heD efencceo ntendtsh att heP rosecutifoani letdo distinguibseht weetnh ed e jurea dministrataiuvteh oriatnyd i nfluenocfe theA ccusedo,n theo neh and,a ndh is superioaru thoritoyr effectivceo mmanodv ert heg roupasn di ndividuaildse ntified aboveo,n t heo the5r7)I ti st hel attekri ndo fa uthoritthya ti sa prerequisfiotrAe r ticle 6(3)r esponsibilIitti ys. e videnceidn,t era lia,b yd e jurep owertso i ssueo rderasn d

disciplidnies obedien5c8e T)heD efencceo ncludetsh ato f allt hed e jurep owerso f theA ccusedi,t waso nlyh isa uthoriotvye rt hec ommunaplo licweh ichj ustifitehse conclusitohna tm emberosf t hatg roupw ereh ist rues ubordinat1e5s9. 150 Prosecutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markps. 87 para.5 2. 151I bidp.. 9 5p ara1.0 8. I52I bidp.. 95p ara1.0 6. 153I bidp.. 95p ara1.0 8. 154I bidp.. 9 6 para1.1 0. I55I bidp.. 116p aras2.6 7-269. 156T ranscripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p p.2 10-211. I57D efencCel osinBgr iefp9.8 para.1 50. t58I bidp.. 96 para1.3 8a ndp . 99p ara1.5 8. 159D efencCel osinBgr iefp1.1 2p ara.2 80. 57

Preliminarreym arks 151.T hel awr elatintgo Articl6e( 3)o ft heS tatutwea sd iscussuendd erI II.1.T2h e conditioofn s ubordinatiisoe nf fecticvoen troTlo.r eiteratae c,i vilisaunp eriwoirl l havee xerciseedf fectivceo ntrolo verh iso r hers ubordinatiens the concrete circumstancife sb othd e factoc ontroaln dt het rappingosf de jurea uthoritayr e presenatn ds imilatro t hosfeo unidn a militacroyn text. 152.I n whatf ollowst,h eC hambewri llc onsidetrh ec haracteorf thed e jureo r de jure-likree lationshibpest weent he Accuseda nd groupso f personsw hicht he Prosecutihoans a llegewde rea t varioutsi mes" subordinattoe h"i m,i n thes enseo f Articl6e( 3)o f theS tatuteT.h ed iscoveorfyd e jurea spectiss onlyt hef irsts tep towardssa tisfyitnhge f ormalc onditioonf subordinatifoonr;t hec haracteorf a civiliand’es j urea uthori(twyh etherre alo r contrivemdu)s tb e comparabtloe t hat exercisienda militacroyn texItf.t her elationsohfit ph eA ccusetdo a particulgarro up hadn o de jurea spectsa,n di f moreoveirt lackede vent het rappingosf de jure command,t hen by definitionn o membero f that groupc an be considereda subordinaotfe t heA ccusedT.h er elationshwiipl lh aveb eent ood issimiltaor that enjoyebdy a de jurec ommander. 153.T hee xistenocfe thes econedl emenotf subordinatinoanm,e ldye factoc ontrol, willb e considereads, n ecessaryo,n a case-by-cabsaes is,i n thec ourseo f the Chamber’sa nalysiso f the Prosecution’fsa ctuala llegation(sC hapterV ). Additionaltlhye,r elationshbiept weetnh eA ccuseadn dr oadbloactkt endanwtist hb e dealwti thi nV .5. 4.2 CommunalS taff 154.F or the periodc overedb y the Indictmentt,h e administratioofn M abanza communew as, accordingt o Rwandanl aw, undert he directa uthorityo f the 58

~ ~) ICTR-95-1A-T bourgmest~r6e°. Thes taffinogf the communaald ministratiwoans s ubjectto the followignegn eraplr inciplesse,to uti n Article9s2 to 94 of thel awo f 23 November 1963,o n theo rganisatioofn c ommunes: "92.Communmeasy e mployp ersonnetlo perforcmo mmunaflu nctionFsu.r thermore, shoultdh erbee n eedr,e presentatfirvoemSs t atAed ministraSteirvvei cmeasy b ea ssigned toC ommunAadlm inistraptoisviet iopnusr,s uatnots tatutoprryo visions. 93.T heb ourgmeshtarset hea uthorittoye mploys,u spenodrt ermina[tpee rsonnealf]t,e r conferriwnigt hC ommunaClo unciplu rsuantto instructifornosm t heM inisteorf t he Interior. 94.A lld ecisioinnsr egartdo e mploymesnuts,p ensioornt ,e rminatoifop ne rsonnmeuls t bea pprovbeydt heP refeocrth isr epresenta’t’i1v6(e1N. on-offitcriaanls lation.) 155.T he communaslt affw as subdivideidn tot hreeg roupingsT.h erew eret he "personnaedlm inistrat(icfo’m prisitnhge s ecretariaanld a ccountisntga ff)t,h e "personnetle chnique("t echnicaslt aff)a,n d the "policceo mmunale("c ommunal policef orce)6J2 Memberso f the "personnetle chniquew"e res pecialistisn a6g3ricultursaolc,i ale,c onomaincd c ulturfaile ldsJ 156.A dditionalliyn, A pril1 994,t heA ccusehda dt hreea ssistanbto urgmestres. Therew asa speciaplr ocedubrye whicha ssistanwtesr ea ppointeadn d,p otentially, dismisseTdh.e A ccusedt’hsr eea ssistanwtesr ea ppointiend 1988b y theM

inistroyf theI nterio6r4JT heA ccusesda idt hath isi nputr egarditnhge irs electiwoans l imited to givinga dvice- it wasu p to theM inistryf,i nallyt,o hirea ndf irea ssistant bourgmestr6e5s TJheA ccuseddi dn oti ndicatweh ethetrh eM inistroyf theI nterior routinealcyt edu pont hea dvicoef theb ourgmestirne s uchm attersN.e vertheleisns, 1988,t heM inistrayp peartso havea ppointetdh et hreec andidatperso posebdy the bourgmestfroer t hea ssistantpso’s ts6J6 TheA ccusemda det hef ollowionbgs ervation 160O rganisaticoonm munale2,3 Novembr1e9 63,D ispositioorng aniqueA,r ticl6e0 ;r eprinteidn F. Reyntjenasn d J. Gorus( ed.),C odese t loisd u Rwanda2,n d ed. (ButareU:n iversitN6a tionaldeu Rwanda1,9 95)v,o l.I I,p p.9 14-20. 161I bid. 162 IbidA.r ticl3e sa nd4 . 163 IbidA.r tic5l.e 164 Transcripotfs 1 June2 000p . 68. 165 Ibidp.. 6 9. 166 Ibidp.. 7 0. 59

..... ~lt,r~ ICTR-95-1A-T aboutt hed ay-to-dmaayn agemeonft h isa ssistants: "Itw ast heb ourgmestwrheos houlhda vem anagetdh esea ssistanbtust e acht imet here wasa problemi,t wasn ecessatroy f ollotwh eh ierarchisctarlu cturtehsr ougthh e p’r’e1f6e7cttuort eh em inisturpty o t hec ivialu thority. 157.H owevert,h eC hambenro test hati n Articl5e8 of thel awo n theo rganisation of communes":T heb ourgmestries particularlreys ponsible.1.1.) to exercise administrataiuvteh oritoyv era ffecteSdt ater epresentatiwvietsh int hec ommune" (non-offitcriaanls lation). 158.T he commune’dse cision-makibnogd yw as the Conseilc ommuna1l6.s It was composeodf onec onseillepre rs ecteure,l ectebdy thep eoplef ora termo f five years1.69T he communaclo unciwla sc hairebdy ’theb ourgmestarned m et twicea monthi n opens essionD.e cisionwse ret akenb y majoritvyo te.T hev otew ass ecret whent hem atterre latetdo then ominatioorn r emovaolf persormel.

159. Havingb rieflyc onsideredc ertainf ormala spectso f the communal administratitohne,C hambewri lln owl ooka t thep urposoef thiss taff,p lacedb y statuteu ndert he authoritoyf the bourgmestrAer.t icle5 7 of the law on the organisatioofn c ommunesst ates: "Theb ourgmesitsrr ee sponsibbylv ei rtuoef h iss uperiaodrm inistraatuitvheo riftoyrt he economisco,c iaaln dc ulturdaelv elopmoefnt th ec ommunaen df ort hee xecutioofnl aws andr egulatio(nNso.n"- offitcriaanls lation.) 160.L eavinags idet heb ourgmestrel’asw -enforcemaeuntth orit(yw hichw illb e consideriend t hen exts ectioonn communaplo lice)t,h eC hambeirs in no doubtt hat Mabanzcao mmunwea so rganiseadn dw asr un,a t leastu ntilA pril1 994,i n a fashion consistenwti thi tsi ntendepdu rposen,a melyc,o mmunaelc onomidce velopmenOtn. theb asiso f thea vailabelvei dencteh,e C hambecra nnocto ncludteh att heA ccused’s de jurea uthoriotvye rh isc ommunaelm ployeheasd m artiafle atures. 167I bidp.. 6 9. 168O rganisaticoonm munalAer,t icle3s- 37. 169 Organisatidoens d lectiondse sc onseillecrosm munau1x3, Novernbr1e9 79,D dcret-lnooi. 3 6/79, Articl8e; in Reyntje&n sG orusp p.9 21-927. 60

ICTR-95-1A-T 161. ProsecutiEoxnp ertW itnesGsu ichaouwar otei n a papero n localg overnment in Rwanda: "[Int hel ate1 970st]h er oleo ft hec ommuneass agentosf developmewnatse nhanced witht hec reatioofnn ewb odiewsi tha ne conomriact hetrh ana dministramtainvdea tIet. wasp rimariilnyt hiss pherteh att hei nstitutioanuatlo noomfyt hec ommunweass t ob e exercisferdo mt heno n. ...Thec ommunaslm acturwea se xplicitolryg anisaerdo und developamcetnitv itite 7s0", 162.D efenceE xpertW itnessC 16mentw,h o workedi n Rwandad uringt he period 1989t o 1994,a ssistecdo mmunesi,n cludinMga banzai,n developmepnlta nningI.n hist estimonhye referretdo theo peratioonfs Mabanza’Dse velopmeCnotu ncialn d TechnicaClo mmissi7o1n JHe offeretdh ef ollowinags sessmeonft theA ccused: "TheB ourgmestorfe M abanzwaa so f then inec ommunetsh eB ourgmestwrheog otm ore i’n’v1o7l2vaendd w ithm ores uccesisnt hep lannionfgt hed evelopmoefnh ti sc ommune. 163.B othi n lawa ndi n practicteh,e reforteh,e A ccused’fso rmarle lationshwiipt h hisa dministratanidvt ee chnicsatla ffa,t leastu ntiAlp ril1 994,a ppeartso haveb een equivaletnot thato f a generamla nageorf a publica gencyf ocuseeds sentialolny sociadle velopme1n7t3.T hism odeli mplietsh att heA ccusedd’es jurea uthoriotvye r lower-levsetla ffw asa ltogethdeirf ferenftr omt hato f a militarcyo mmandeorv er subordinates. 164.O f courset,h isf indindgo esn

ote xcludteh ep ossibilitthya tt heA ccuseda,t somet imee arlyi n 1994,a ppropriattehde r eady-madset affinsgt ructuroef the communaald ministratiaonnd c ontorteidt intoa quasi-militiHao.w everi,n the presencta se,s ucha transformatoiro and aptatioofn t hea dministratipoenr’sso nnel couldn oth aveb eena chieveqdu ietloyr overnighTth.e P rosecutiocno’nsc essitohna t the Accuseda ctedi n good faithu p until1 2 April1 994 suggestst hat any 170P rosecutioEnx hibiNto .7 1 pp.2 and 5. 171 Transcriptosf 29 May 2000p p.4 3f. I72I bid.p p.5 3-54. 173 Notet he similars tatemenitn Akayesu( TC)p ara.6 2: "Ther elationshibpe tweena bourgmestxaen d the communalw orkforce. .. is very much a relationshiopf employera nd employeea nd, therefore, 61

165.I n anyc ase,t heC hambeirs unablet o concludfer omt hee videncbee forei t thatt hee mployeeosf Mabanzcao mmunwee re,v is-~t-vtihse A ccusedi,n a de jure- liker elationshwihpe,t heprr e-existoirnc go ntrivetdh,a tb oret hem arkso fa military- stylec ommandT.h eP rosecutihoans n ota dducesdu fficiepnrto ofo n thisp ointe,v en thoughi ts chargeso f commandr esponsibiliptrye supposseu ch evidenceT.h e Chambert hereforef inds that no administrativceo mmunale mployeesw ere subordinaotfet sh eA ccuseidn t hes enser equirbeydA rticl6e( 3)o f theS tatute. 166.M oreoverc,o ntrartyo theP rosecutionsu’bs missioint, i s cleart hatm embers of theC onseiclo mmunaaln, electeadd visorbyo dyo f sectorarle presentatiwveerse, notd ej ures ubordinaotfet sh eA ccuseidn thes enseo f Articl6e( 3)e vent hougeha ch member’wso rkw ass upervisbeyd theb ourgmestrweh,o w ase ntitletdo a quarterly reporotn h iso rh era ctiviti1e7s4.T hisf ollowfsr omt hea pplicablleeg islati"oTnh:e bourgmestirse r esponsiblgee,n erallfyo,r e xecutintgh ed ecisionosf theC ommunal Counci’l’.17(5N on-offitcriaanls lation.) 167.A differenqtu estiotno thatc onsideraebdo vec oncemtsh eA ccused’dsu tyt o keepp ersonnewli,t hw homh e hada supervisorreyl ationshiinp ,l ine.T herei s no doubto f the existencoef sucha dutyi n Rwandalna w.T heb ourgmestreg’esn eral law-enforcemeonbtl igatiowna s citeda bove.M oreover," any breacho

f the [communarle]p resentativdeu’tsyc onstitutae sdi sciplinamrayt ter("n on-official translatiownh)i,c ho nlyt heb ourgmestcroeul d punis1h7.6T hisi mplietsh ath e was undera dutyt o punishw heret hen eeda rose.I n relatiotno communaslt aff,t he Accusecdo uldc ontroiln approprioart iel licicto nducbty m eanso f fivec ategorioefs statutosrayn ctio(ndsi scussiend t hen exts ectionf)o;r m ores eriouisn fractions coulfda llb acko nh isb roadepro werosf d etentioorn r eferrtaolp rosecution. strictlyl imitedt o the scopeo f employment.T"h e TrialC hamberi n Akayesuc hosen ot to considert he responsibiliotfy t heA ccuseudn derA rticl6e( 3). 174 See,f or example,O rganisatiocno mmunaleA,r ticle3 7. 175I bid.A rticl5e8 . 176 Statutd u personneclo mmunal2,5 Novembre1 975,A rr~tdp rdsidentienlo . 254/03,A rticle3 2; in Reyntjens& Gorusp p. 943-946. 62

168. Neverthelessi,n legalt erms,t he Accused’sp ossibleb reacho f his dutyt o controslt aff( orp ersonsg enerallyw)h ow eren oth is trues ubordinatdeose sn otc ome undert hep urvieowf Articl6e( 3).I f anythingi,t is a matterf orA rticl6e( 1),i n event that it can be shown that the Accused,a lthoughr easonablya ble in the circumstancteos d o so,o mittetdo punishh iss taffbecanhsee d idn ot wisht o obstruct theirc riminable haviour. 4.3 CommunalP olice 169. In April1 994, accordingt o the Accused,M abanza’sc ommunalp olicef orce had a totalo f eightm embersi,n cludinag b rigadiearn d an assistanbtr igadie1r7.7I n this perioda bourgmestre’fso rmalr elationshiwpi th the communalp olicew as describeidn Article1s and 4 of a 1977s tatuteo n the organisatioonf the Police eommunale:178 "1.T hec ommunaplo licef orce,w hichi s organizaetd thec ommunalle vel,i s subjectto thea uthoritoyf theb ourgmestrweh,o u sest hep olicei n hisd utyt o maintaiann dr e- establipsuhb liocr dearn dt oe xecutlea wsa ndr egulations. 4.T heb ourgmestbreea rsf ullr esponsibilfiotrty h eo rganisatioopne,r atiaonnd c ontroolf thec ommunaplo licceo rpsH.e i sa ssisteidn,h isd utyb,y t heb rigadi’e’r1.79( Non-official translation.) 170.I n the courseo f his testimonyt,h e Accuseds aidt hatt he brigadiewra s the directs upervisoorf thec ommunaplo licei,8 0 Morea ccurateluyn,d erl aw,h e was their "commander"1.8I

The brigadierw as supervisedb y the bourgmestreT.h e Accused saidt hath isr esponsibiliint tyh isr egardw ast o ensuret hat" theb rigadiedri dh isj ob properloyf coordinatitnhge activitieosf the policei n termso f them aintenancoef p1u8b2licl aw ando rdera nd security". 177 Transcriopft1 s J une2 000p .5 6. 178 Organisatidoen l a Policec ommunal4e0,e tobr1e9 77,A rr~tp~r Osidentineol. 2 85/03i;n Reyntje&n Gso rupsp .9 46-94S9e.e a lsod iscussiinoA nk ayes(uT C)p ara6.5 . 179T het askosf t hec ommunpaoll icaer es eto uti ng reatedre taiiln O rganisatcioomnm unaAlret,i cle 109. 180T ranscriopft1 s J un2e0 00p .5 3. 181 SeeO rganisatcioomnm unalAer,t icl1e0 8. 63

ICTR-95-1A -T ~ ¢ !! 171.T hatt he communaplo licew as quasi-militarisitni sct ructuraen d operatioins evidentf romt he termso f the statuteF.o r examplea, brigadieprr eferablwya s to be an armyr eservis1t8;3 he was responsiblfeo r the transmissioonf "ordersf"r omt he bourgmestret,h e maintenancoef weapons,a nd the conducto f traininga nd parade drills1;84a nd the quarterlrye portosn thep erformanocfe the communaplo licew,h ich fellt o theb ourgmesttroe p reparfeo rt hea ttentioonf theP refectw,e rec opiedt o the Gendarmerinea tionale.185 172. A membero f the communalp olicew as, under Rwandanl aw, an employeeo f the communea nd subjectt o the same basic conditionso f employmenta s other communaslt affI.s6 The bourgmestre’pso wert o disciplinmee mberso f the communal policew as the same as for others taff.T he law prescribedf ive categorieso f sanctions,a s shown below.W hile it was the bourgmestrew ho was exclusively empoweretdo disciplinceo mmunaslt aff,s anctiondse scribeidn the fourtha nd fifth categoriecso uldb e imposedb y the bourgmestroen lyo n the adviceo f the Conseil communaa1ln8 d7w itht he priora pprovaolf theP refect: "1) warning; 2) withholdionfg o neq uartesra laryf oro nem onthm aximum; 3) disciplinasruys pensifoonr o nem onthm aximumt;h iss anctioinn volvepsr ohibition frome xercisianngy d utieasn dw ithholdionfgs alary; 4) extendeddi sciplinaarcyt ionf or an

indeterminapteer iodt;h iss anctioinn volves terminatoifoa nl ls alarayn do fa lli ndemnities; 5)t erminatoifos ne rvic’e’.18(8N on-offitcriaanls lation.) 173. Thesew eres ubstantiaple naltiest hatc ouldb e used by the bourgmestrteo regulatet he conducto f communalp olicemen.T he Accused’sa uthorityt o impose penaltiefso ri ndisciplinweh,i len ota sufficienitn dicatoorf commanrde sponsibility, 182 Transcriptosf 1 June2 000p . 53. 183 Organisatiodne la Policec ommunaleA,r ticle7 . 184 Ibid.A rticle8s, 12 and1 4-15. 185 Ibid.A rticl1e6 . I86 Ibid.A rticl2e. 187S tatudtu p ersonnceolm munaAlr,t icl3e3 . 188I bidA.r tic3l2e. 64

,,f~~ .~~-,~~. ICTR-95-A1- T ~x / ! isn everthelae nsesc essaerlye menatn,d i ti sc learlpyr esenhte re. 174.I n lighto f thef oregointgh,e C hambefri ndst hatt herea de jures uperior- subordinarteel ationsheixpi stebde tweetnh eA ccuseadn dm emberosf thec ommunal policeo f Mabanzcao mmunteh roughotuhte p eriodi n questionT.h isi s notd isputed b1y8 9theD efence. 4.4 GendarmeriNea tionale 175.T he Accusedt estifietdh atd uringa securitmye etingo n 9 April1 994i n Kibuyhee proposetdh ats ecuriteyf fortasn dr einforcemesnhtosu ldb e concentrated in sensitivaer eas,w hicha ccordintgo himi ncludeRdu tsiraon dM abanzcao mmunes. However,a s otherb ourgmestreasl sor equestegde ndarmesh,i s proposalw as rejectedI.n steadi,t wasd ecidetdo distributthee g endarmteos allt hec ommunes. Accorditnog theA ccusedh,e receiveodn lyf iveg endarmeIsn. h isv iew,t hisn umber wasi nsufficiteonm te ett hen eedso f thec ommunea,n dh et estifitehda th e repeatedly requestemdo reg endarmedsi rectlfyr omt heP refecutp until1 2 April1 994,w ithout succes1s9.°H e gaveu p requestiwnhge nt hef iveg endarmetsh ath e hadb eeng iven "werew ithdrawanr oundt he1 3th and1 4th of April.T her easont hatw e wereg iven was thatt heyh ad beenc alledt o go to thew ar frontb y Kigali1"9.a Duringh is testimonyt,h eA ccusedde scribehdo wh e deployetdh ea vailablmea npowetro deal witht hed eteriorasteicnugr istiyt

uati1o9n2. 176.T heP rosecutihoans a rguetdh att herei s no evidencteo supportth et estimony oft heA ccusetdh ath e receiveodn lyf ivesg endarmetsh,a th e mader epeaterde quests to theP refecfto rr einforcemenotrs t,h att heg endarmweesr ew ithdraownn 13 April 1994.19R3e garditnhge sea rgumenotfs theP rosecutiotnh,eC hamberre calltsh att he burdeins notu pont heA ccusetdo proveh isc ase.R atheirt is on theP rosecutitoon 189D efencCel osinBgr iefp8.9 para.7 1. 190T ranscripotfs 2 June2 000p p.8 6-91. 191T ranscripotfs i June2 000p p.1 33-137. t92T ranscripotfs 2 June2 000p p.7 8-86. 193T ranscripotfs 4 Septembe2r0 00p p.1 17-118. 65

refuthei st estimonIyf. t heP rosecutiboenl ievetsh att hisa specotf thet estimoonfy theA ccuseids false,t heni t musts o demonstraitte. T heP rosecuticoann nots imply relyo n theren otb einge videncteo supportth es tatemenotfs t heA ccuseads prooft o discredhiitm .F urthermotrhee,C hambenro test hatt heP rosecutiodnu,r inigt sf inal closinagr gumentsd,i dn ot specificalcloyn testth en umbero f gendarmeast the disposaolf the Accusebdu t ratherq uestionetdh eird eploymenatn d use by the Accused.194 Consequentltyh,e argumentosf the Prosecutiodno not refutet he testimonoyf the Accuseda s regardst he numbero f gendarmeast his disposal betwee9n and1 3 April1 994. 177.A t thet imeo f thee ventosf 1994,t heG endarmerniaet ionawlaes e ssentialaly brancohf then ationaalr my.I t wasa ccountabtloe t heM inisteorf Defencea,n di ts membersw ere" subjectt o the decisionsd,i sciplinarmye asuresa nd military jurisdictio(nnso"n -offictiraaln slati1o9n5)T .heyc ouldb ea skedt oo peratael ongside t9h6ea rmy,w heret hen eeda roseJ 178. The1 963l awo n communaolr ganisaticoonn tainpsr ovisiofnosr t hea llocation of memberosf whatw ast henr eferretdo as theP olicnea tionatloe c1 o9m7munes: "103....FurthtehremP orreef ecmta yd ispatccohn stitueonftt sh eN ationPaoll icteo t he Commune. 104.T heb ourgmestarleo neh asa uthoriotvye rm emberosf t hec ommunaPlo licaen d, upond esignatbiyot nh eP

refecotv,e rt hec onstituoefnt thse N ationPaoll icdei spatcthoed thec ommun.e. .. 105.T heP refewcitl lc ontintuoea dminisatlelrp ersonnaenldr esouricses ueisn r egartdo thec onstitueonftt hse N ationPaoll icpel aceudn detrh ea uthoriotfyt heb ourgmestre...." (Non-offitcriaanls lation.) 179.T hesep rovisionwsh,i chw eren ote xplicitrleys cindewdh ent hel awc reating theG endarmerinea tionalwea sd ecreedi n 1974,s uggestt hata bourgmestrhea d 194T ranscripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p p.4 7-48. 195C reatiodne la Gendarmeri2e3, J anvie1r9 74,D ~cret-loAir,t icl2e; in Reyntje&n sG orusp p.7 35- 739. 196I bidA.r ticl7e sa nd4 5. 197T heP olicnea tionalwea si ntegratiendt ot heR wandaanr myi n 1973- seel ntdgratidoen l a Police clansl ’ArmdRew andais2e6, J uin1 973,A rr~tPOr dsidentineol.8 6/08;i n Reyntjen&s G orusp . 713. 66

considerabdlee j urea uthoritoyv era n allocatedde tachmeonft g endarmeHso.w ever, thel aterl awo f 1974,w hichb y conventimouns tb e understotood prevaiolv era ny earlieirn consistpernotv isionmsa,k est hisi nterpretatunitone nablAer.t icl2e8 o ft he 1974l aws tatesg,e nerally: "Memberosf theN ationaPlo licFeo rce( GendarmerNiaet ionalaer)e s ubjectto the e’x’c1l9u8siavuet horiotfyt heirra nkinsgu perioirnso rdetro c arroyu tt heimri ssion. (Non-offitcriaanls lation.) 180.I n April1 994,a bourgmestrneo,t b eingp arto f theg endarmeriehi’es rarchy, couldn oth aveh ado perationcaolm manodf thea llocatuendi t.T hel imitenda turoef thed e jurer elationsehxiips tinbge tweetnh et wos idesi s evidenftr omt hef ollowing clause: "Int hee xecutioofn a requisititohne,N ationPaoll icmeu stm aintaianu thority, whilel iaisiwnigt ht hea dministratauitveh oriotfy t hep etitionaenrd p roviding informationno,tw ithstandeixnigg encti rcumstancreesg,a rditnhge m eanst hat it planst o use.S imilarltyh,e a dministrataiuvteh oritmyu stc onveyt o the NationaPlo licec ommanadl lu sefuli nformatitoon a ccomplitshhe m ission." (1n9o9n-offitcriaanls lation) 181. ProsecutioWni tnessN was, at the time of his testimonya, Rwandan governmeonftf iciawlh osek nowledgoef currenftt mctionosf bourgmestriess n oti n disputeT.h ew itnessst atedt hatt hed utieosf a bourgmesttroe m aintaipne acea nd securithya dn otc

hangesdi nce1 994a ndt her elevanlta wsr emaineeds sentialtlhye same2.°°A ccorditnog t hew itnesst,h eb ourgmesthraedt o approacoht hero fficiailfs he neededm ilitarays sistancRee.i nforcemenstusc,h a s gendarmewsh,o c omet o the communteo ensursee curitdyo "whatt heb ourgmestirnes trucotrs ordersT.h eyd on’t comej ustt o operateT.h eyo perataec corditnog thei nstructi.o.n.s" . Howevert,h e bourgmest"rcea nn otd irectlpyr evenat g endarmfer omc arryinogu ta n illegaalc t". In suchs ituationtsh,e b ourgmesthraed t o reportt heg endarmteo thec ommandeorf theu nits oa st o bed iscipli2n°e1dI .nA kayestuh,e C hambesrt ated: 198 Crdatiodne la Gendarmerie. 199 IbidA.r ticl3e9 . 200 Transcripotfs 1 5 Februar2y0 00p . 13. 201 Transcripotfs 1 5 Februar2y0 00( closesde ssionp)p .1 2-13a nd2 3-24.

"It is the prefectn,o t the bourgmestrweh o can requestt he interventioonf the GendarmeriTeh.e G endarmepsu t at the disposaolf thec ommunaet the requesotf the prefecotp eratuen dert heb ourgmestraeu’tsh oritIyt.i s farf romc learh,o wevert,h ati n such circumstanceas b ourgmestrweo uldh avec ommanda uthoritoyv era military f,o,r2c0e2.

182. The Defences ubmittedt hat whilet he bourgmestrceo uld requestg endarmes fromt heP refectt o dealw iths pecifisce curittyh reatsh,e no moret hanc ollaborated witht he officeri n chargeo f the unitd ispatchetdo the communeT.h e Accusedw ould haveh ad to refera ny problemtsh ate mergedt o the commandeorf the gendarmeriien Kibuyet own2.°3 Theses ubmissionasp peart o be accurate. 183.F or the abover easons,t he Chamberf indst hat the Accusedd id not haved e jure authority over gendarmes assigned to Mabanza commune in i994. The Prosecutiohna s led no evidencteh att he Accuseds oughtt o establisah contrivedde jure-likea uthorityo ver them.T herefore,t he gendarmesw ere not the Accused’s subordinataensdh e is notl iableu nderA rticl6e( 3)f ort heira ctions. 4.5 Reservists 184.T he foundationaslt atuteso f the Rwandana rmyc reateda stricth ierarchical structuroef militarpye rsonnel":T heo rganisatioofn t he ArmedF orcesi s basedo n a hierarchiyn whiche acho ne’sp lacei s defined("n on-officitarla nslatio2n°)4.A t every levelo f thiss tructurae subordinateo’bse diencteo the orderso f his superioriss valuedh ighly,a nd any initiativoeu tsidet he frameworiks opent o punishmen2t°.5 A civiliaand ministratsourc ha s the Accusedc ouldn ot havei nterposehdi mselfi n the structurTeh.e reforhee couldn oth aveh add e jurea uthoritoyv ers oldiers. 202A kayes(uT C)p ara6.9 . 2o3D efencCel

osinBgr iefp9.0p aras8.1 -83. 204 R , eglemednetd ic.z .phdnees F orceAsr mdeRsw andaisAerst,i cl1e0 . 205I bidA.r ticl1e5 .S eea lsoS tatudte sO fficiedress F orceAsr mdeRsw andais3e sJ,a nvie1r9 77, Arr~tPdr dsidentnioe.l0 1/02A,r ticle1s3 -16a;n dS tatudte sS ous-OfficideersFs o rceAsr mdes Rwandais3e sJ,a nvie1r9 77A,r r£tP~r Osidentnioe.0l 2 /02A,r ticl1e7s- 20i,n R eyntje&n Gso rupsp . 713-72a1n d7 24-73r1e,s pectively. 68

185.R eservisotfs theR wandaanr myc ouldb e recallefdo rt hep urposelsi stedi n Artic8l oef t hel awO rganisadteil oanr ’esedrevl e "ArmeRew"a nda°i6sU ep)onr ecall theire xactr olew ouldb e determinbeyd ther egionaalr myc ommandezr°,7T heyw ere reabsorbiendt ot hea rmy:" Fort hed uratioofnt hec all-u[posf t her eservis.t.s.]. the soldier.s. .w eres ubjectto allt her egulatioannsd o rderisn forcei n theR wandan A2r°m8y("n on-offictiraaln slation). 186.T he Chambefri ndst hatt heA ccuseda,s bourgmestrdei,d n ot haved e jure authoritoyv err eservistisn Mabanzcao mmunien thes enseo f Articl6e( 3)o f the Statute. 4.6 Interahamwe 187. The term "Interahamweu"s uallyr eferst o the youthw ingo f the MRND (Mouvemerndtv olutionnaniartei onaplo url e ddveloppemepnatr)t y2.°9H oweveri,n thep resencta se,a numbero f witnessedsi dn otd istinguibseht weeInn terahamwe, Abala’gaan dc itizenosf Mabanza. 188.P rosecutiWoint nesAsB testifietdh att heI nterahamwweer eH utum emberosf "thep artyc alledP owera ndM RND"2.1°S hes tatedt hatt heyw erea rmedw ithc lubs, macheteasn db ambosot icksa,n da boutt heirc lothinsgh es aid:" ...t heI nterahamwe wored riedb ananlae avesT.h ey. ..h adt hiso nt heirh eada ndo n theirw aistT.h isu sed to be a distinctivsei gn for the Hutu Interahamwe2"1.1 Membershiopf the Interahamwwaes v eryb road:" Therwee rea lls ortso f peopleM.e n,w omenc,h ildren. Onlyt hee lderlyo,l dm ena ndo ldw omenw,e re. ..e xclude’d’.212T hey oungescth ild- Interahamw2wa1es3 a boutt welvey earso ld. 206 2 Janvie1r9 63,A rr~tM~i nistdrineol.3 /11,i n Reyntje&n sG orusp . 712. 2o7 IbidA.r tic7l.e 2o8 IbidA.r ticl1e4 . 209 Seef ori nstancReu tagandpaa ra.3 78. 210T ranscripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p . 62. 211I bidp.. 6 4;s eea lsop .9 8. 212I bidp.. 6 4. 213I bidp.. 122. 69

ICTR-95-1A-T ~, ~ ~’~ 189.P rosecutiWoint nesAsC testifietdh atb y Interahamswhee meantt hoseH utu whok illedT utsi.T hed ifferencbee tweeInn terahamawned ordinarHyu tuw ast hat thef orme"rw erea rmedt o kill"w hereatsh el attecra rriendo weapon2s1.4T hew itness followetdh isu p witha seemingldyi fferednetf initio"nI:n m y languagIen terahamwe meansm emberso f the MRND partyw ho were opposedt o the Tutsisw ho were memberosf theL iberapla rty2"1.5L atero n sheg avet hef ollowidnegs criptio"n.:. . the Interahamwcea mea nd theys urroundetdh e stadiumS.o me of themw erei n vehicleso,t hersw ereo n foot,a ndo n theirh eadst heyw orel eavesa,n dt heyw ere a2r1m6edw iths pearsm,a chetecsl,u bss,t ickasn da xes". 190.T heC hambenro test hatt hed escriptioonfs b othw itnessevsa riedb etweean broadu nderstandionfg I nterahamwdee,n otinagn yonew ho attackeTdu tsi,a nda party-politicdaelf initioonf membershiopf the group.A thirdv ariatiowna s introducweidt ht hem entiobny bothw itnessoefs decoratifveea tureass sociatweidt h theA bakiga. 191.P rosecutiWoint nesIs alsos eemedt o be referrintgo Abakig(ad iscussuendd er IV.4.7b elow)w hens he testifietdh ati mmediatealfyt ert he deatho f President Habyarimana"I,n terahamwfer"o mG isenyiP refecturpeu rsuedt he fleeingT utsi southa,l lt hew ayt o Mabanz2a1.7S imilarlPyr,o secutiWoint nesKs s tatetdh ato n the morninogf 13 April1 994,t heA

ccusetdo ldr efugeeast theb ureacuo mmunatlh att he "Interahamwwee"r ec ominga,n d wouldk illt hemi f theyd id notf leet o Kibuye town2.1sI nc ross-examinahtei ionns istetdh att hisw ast het ermu sedb y theA ccused andn ot" Abakig2a1"9.( Asw illb e seenl ateri n thisc haptert,h ec onsensaucsc ounits thatA bakigai nvadedM abanzac ommunef romt he northo n 13 April1 994.)W hen askedw hat she understoobdy the term InterahamweW,i tnessI stated:" The Interahamwaer e youthsw ho were foundt hroughoutth e countrya nd who were 214 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 47. 215 Ibid. 216 Ibidp.. 4 9. 217 Transcripotfs 2 3 Novembe1r9 99p . 20. 218 Transcripotfs 2 5 Januar2y0 00p . 88. 7O

~ ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T formedb y the MRNDp arty.T heyd id jobsa skedo f themb y the MRND.A nd when theys tartetdh esyeo uthwse ret rainetdo k illa ndt heyd idk ill’.’22°L atesrh ec amet o distinguibseht weeAnb akig(ap eopl"ef romt heh ills"a)n d Interaham(w"ea y outh g2r2o1up"). 192.D efencWei tnessW E wast he onlyw itneswsh o usedt he terms" Abakigaa"n d "Interahamwael"m osta s synonymtsh roughouhti s testimonyt,w icer educintgh em to a hyphenatneodu n- "theA2 b2a2kigIan terahamwe". 193.P rosecutioWni tnesZs was askeda boutt he relationshbiept weent heM RND partya ndt heI nterahamwHee. r eplietdh att heI nterahamwwaes t hey outhw ingo f thep arty2.23T hatt heA ccusehda da long-standaisnsgo ciatiwoint ht heM RNDi s not in disputaet; thet imeo ft hee ventisn q uestiohne w asa membeorf thep arty’lso cal committe2e2.4W itnesZs s aidt hatp riort o 1994t hereh adb eenn o militartyr aining for Interahamywoeu th.T hisc ommenceadt the beginninogf 1994,w hena ll young H2u2t5ub egatno r eceivmei litatrrya ini-n g" itu sedt ob ec allecdi vidle fence". 194.P rosecutioWni tnesAs wasa survivoorf the attacko n KibuyeS tadiumH.e returnetdo hidei n Mabanzaat aroundt hee ndo f April1 994.F roma placec alled Kunyenyerhie couldo bservea fieldw herec ivild efencep ersonnewle reb eing trainedT.h ew itnesssa id:" I sawt heB urgomastBearg ilishehmaav ingt hesey oung Interahamtwrea inedI. sawt hema boutf

ourt imes’.’226T het raineecsa rriefda ke woodenr iflesw itha stringf ora shouldesrt rap.O n one occasiotnh ew itness allegedslayw t heA ccusefdi ref roma firearwmh ilet hey oungm ens toodb y hiss ide watchingA.t othert imest heye ngageidn physicaelx ercise(s" somersaultasn"d 219 Ibidp.. 9 6. 220 Transcripotfs 2 3 Novembe1r9 99p p.2 1-22. 221 Ibidp.p .3 6-37. 222 Transcripotfs 2 3 May2 000p p.2 1 and6 3. 223 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 90. 224 Transcripotfs 1 June2 000p . 139. 225 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 91. 226 Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p . 55. 71

195.P rosecutiWoint nesQs alsot estifietdo seeingt he Interahamtwrea ininign Mabanzac ommuneT.h e traininsge ssionisn volvepde rsonfsr omv ariousse cteurs who wouldm aket heirw ay to the communaolf ficec arryin"gs tickss hapedl ike guns"T.h isw asa t theb eginnionfg J une1 9942.z8T hew itnesssa idt hatt het raining wasc onductebdy thes ecretaroyf thec ommuneH,a kizimanaas, w ella s the" leader" of theI nterahamwaes,s istanbto urgmestA2rpzep9 olinaiNrsee ngimana.

196. Two otherw itnessest estifiedt o Nsengimana’ass sociatiowni th the InterahamwWei.t nesIs s aidt hatt hea ssistabnotu rgmesthraed ( ats omeu nspecified time)t akeno vert he leadershiopf the MRNDp artyi n Mabanzaf roma n infirm incumbenta,n d thath e was alsot he "leadero"f theI nterahamw2e3.° WitnesBs referretdo a meetintgh att heA ccusehde ld" witht hea ssistawnhto w ast hec hiefo f theI nterahamwH1ei3.s1 n amew asA ppolinaiNrsee ngimana". 197.F inallys,o mee videncseu ggesttsh att he termI nterahamwwea s givent o peoples taffinrgo adblockwsh,e theorr nott heyw ereI nterahamiwne thef ormal sense.D efencWei tnesWsE ,w how asf romK igalia ndh ads eent her oadbloctkhse re, said":. ..i nK igaliit ’st hep eoplweh ow erek illinogn ea nothe.r. ..mosto f thep eople involvedh ad givent hemselvetsh e nameI nterahamwez"3.2 DefenceW itnessR J describae dr oadbloschke c rosseidn Mabanzaa,f terp ayinag visitt o theA ccuseadt hish ome2.33T her oadblowcaks a t a placec alleGda shyushyaab,o utt hreek ilometres fromt he bureauc ommunalS.h e saidt hatt he roadblocwka s attendedb y three Interahamw"’eT’:h2 a3t4’wsh atn amew e gavet o thosep eople. 227 Ibid.p p.5 5-56. 228 Transcripotfs 2 5 Januar2y0 00p p.2 9-30. 229 Ibidp.. 3 0. 230 Transcripotfs 2 3 Novembe1r9 99p . 29;s eea lsop . 48. 231 Transcripotfs 2 4 Januar2y0 00p . 63;s eea lsop p.6 4 and6 6. 232T ranscripotfs 2 3 May2 000p . 36. 233I bidp.. 2 9 (closesde ssion). 234I bidp.. 3 0 (closesde ssion). 72

ICTR-95-IA-T .,~x 198.I n conclusiownh,i lem anyw itnessesst atedt hatI nterahamwweer ep resenitn Mabanzdau ringt hee ventsi n questionm,a nye mployetdh et ermb roadltyo connote personwsh o attackeTdu tsi.T heA ccusecda nnoth aveh adc ommanrde sponsibility overa nu nspecifiaesds ortmeonfta ttackers. 199.R egardintgh e Interahamwaes a brancho f the MRNDy outhw ing or more broadlays a cividle fencfeo rcef,i vew itness(eZs, A , Q,I andB )a lludetdo a formal organisatioofn I nterahamwien Mabanzac ommuneO.n ew itnesss uggestetdh ati t wasu ndert hec ommanodf theA ccuseda,n dt hreeo thersst atetdh att heo rganisation wasa ccountabtloe o neo f thea ssistabnotu rgmestrTehse.e videncies i nsufficiteont establitshha tt hatt heree xistead d e jures uperiosru bordinarteel ationsbheitpw een theA ccuseadn dt heI nterahamwWeh.e thetrh eA ccuseedx cercisedde factoc ontrol anda uthoriotvye rt hemm ustb e addressoend a caseb yc aseb asis( ChapteVr) . 4.7.A bakiga 200.T he Prosecutioanl legest hatt he Accusedh ad the abilityt o controlt he activitioefs t heA bakigaH5.e exercistehdi sc ontro"lw hent heo ccasiodne manded"Y Thust heA baMgao beyedh iso rderst o stoph arminHgu tui n Mabanzaan di nsteatdo attacTku tsig athereidn a neighbourcionmgm uneW.i tnesNs t estified: "Normaltlhyet erm[ Abakigias]f or. ..t hei nhabitaonftt sh eh ighlan.d.s. E venn owi f youg ot ot heh ighm ountaiynosuw illm eets

uchp eople[.T heya]r ep arta ndp arceolf t he societjyu sta sa llo therasn dt heB ourgemesotfet rh ec ommunweh erteh eyl ivew ills poweorv ert hemj usta st heo themre mberosft he. ..c ommun[eI.n A pritlo J uly1 994t,h e b’o’u2r3g6rnesctoruel]pd r eventth emf romk illionrgp articipaitnim nags sacres. 201.A ccordingt o the Prosecutiont,h e Abakigaw ere" invadersi"n Mabanza commune2.37 When WitnessN was askedw here Abakigac ame from duringt he eventso f 1994,h e replied":I n my own communeM abanzaw,h eny ou talka bout Abakigyao ua rer eferrisnpge cificatlol tyh ei nhabitanotfs t hec ommuncel oset o us 235 Transcripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p p.2 17-18. 236 Transcripotfs 1 5 Februar2y0 00p p.1 9-20. 237 Prosecufiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markps. 1 para.9 . 73

,~*,~r. ICTR-95-1A-T thati sR utsir2o3"8.R utsirios l ocatetdo t hen ortohf M abanza. 202.O f otherP rosecutiwoint nesseWsi,t nesKs saidt hatt heA bakigwah o" within thew eeka ftert hed eatho f thep residencto"m menceadt tackisn Mabanzcaa mef rom Rutsiro9Y WitnessA A alsos pokeo f Rutsiroa nd othern orthernc ommunesb,u t addedt hatA bakigaal soc amef romM abanziat self2.4°W itnesHs testifietdh att he Abakigwae reH utuw ho" livedi n the highf orestl andso f the Mabanzcao mmune, theya lsol ivei n theR utsirroe gion2"4.1W itnesZs s aidt hatt heA bakigcaa mef rom then ortherpnr efectuorfe G isenybiu tc oulda lsob e founda rountdh eG isenyi-Kibuye borde2r4.2W itnesIs t estifitehda tt heyo riginatiend G isenyain dt he" highlandosf" the Urukugar egion,a nd that they were mainlyH um.243 Womena nd children accompanitehde m" toh elpt hemt o carryt heirl oot".244 WitnesAsB alsom entioned Urukugaas a homelanodf theA bakigas;h es aidt hatt herew ass omeo verlabpe tween thatr egiona ndM abanzaO.t herg roupso f Abakigcaa mef romG isenyain de lsewhere n2o4r5tho f Mabanza. 203.F ort heD efenceW,i tnesAsS statetdh att heA bakigoar iginatferdo mt hen orth - theyw eren otk nownl ocall2y4.6W itnesBsE testifitehda t" ino urr egionw,h enw e talka boutth eA bakT"gwae, a rer eferritnogt hosef romR utsiraol,l t hew ayt oK ayove, GisenyiR,u hengeria,n d even Byumba"2.47 WitnessR A explainetdh ats he knew

Abakigfar omb eforet heo utbreaokf violencew,h ent heyw ouldc omef romR utsiro ando thern ortherpna rtst o Mabanztao sellp otatoe2s4.8T heA ccusetde stifietdh at Abakigcao veretdh eirb odiesw ithl eavesf ound" ont heh ighm ountainosf Gisenyi, 238 Transcripotfs 1 5 Februar2y0 00p . 25. 239 Transcripotfs 2 5 Januar2y0 00p p.8 5-86. 240T ranscripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 17. 241T ranscripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p . 18. 242T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 21. 243T ranscripotfs 2 3 Novembe1r9 99p p.3 1 and3 6-37. 244I bidp.. 3 2. 245T ranscripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p p.8 0-81. 246T ranscripotfs 2 5 April2 000p p.2 7-28. 247T ranscripotfs 2 7 April2 000p . 103. 248T ranscripotfs 2 May2 000p p.1 20-121. 74

ICTR-95-1A-T ~i ~ ~ ~t ~,~ Rutsiroa nd Mabanza"2.49 They were knowna s peoplef rom the northo f the countr2y5.°L ikeo therw imessesh,e describetdh eA bakig"aa rrivingc"o,m pleting t2h5etiart tacktsh,e n" departing". 204.T he Abakigah aven ot expresslfye atureidn previoujsu dgementosf this TribunalD.e spitet hen umbero f witnessewsh o spokea boutt he Abakigai n the presencta se,t hei dentiotfy thesep eopl"ef romt hen orthi"s stills omewhuantc lear. Prosecutieoxnp erwti tnesGsu ichaousaa idt hat" northi"n thisc ontexhta ds pecial connotatioinns R wanda: "Itw asn ormalslayi dt hat[ theA bakigwae]r ep eoplfer omt heN ortbhu tt heN ortwha s anythintgh atw asn’hto me.I n otherw ordst heyc amef romc ommuneosf Gisenyain d Ruhenge.r.i. .i nm anyr eportmse ntioins m adeo ft hef actt hatd isordcearm ea bouftr om banditwsh oc amef romo therc ommunesS.o that’sw hatw ass aidi n thec ommunes, especialilnyM abanzNao.w i nt hec ommunienst hes outhi,t w ass aidt hatt hespee ople camef romR utsiroM,a banzaan dK ivumcuo mmuneIsn. otherw ordst hec ommunefsr om theN orthS.o eachp ersohna do ne’so wni mageo fw hatw ast heN orthT.h eN orthb eing ...t hep lacweh erbea dp eoplc’ea’m2 e5f 2rom.

205. The majorityo f the witnessewse re of the viewt hat the Abakigaw ere strangertso mainstreMaamb anzasno cietyt;h eyb elongefdo rt hem ostp art,i f not entirelyt,o otherc ommuneosr prefecturetsh;e yd resseidn an unusuamla nnera;n d theyw erer egardewdi ths uspicioinf, n otd readb,y m anyo f Mabanzar’ess identasn,d notj ustt heT utsiN.o w itnesisd entifiaend A bakigbay n ame. 206.T he mains ourceo f the Chamber’usn certaintayb outt he Abakigai s the unresolvqeude stioanbso utt heiro rganisatiloena,d ershainpd o bjectiveWsi.t nesZs saidt hati tw asv eryd ifficutlot i dentiaf yl eadearm ongt heA bakigbae causteh eya ll dresseidn thes amef ashioann dl ookeadl ikez,53T heA ccusetde stifitehda ta bout1 00 Abakigcaa met o hish ouseo n 13 April1 994.T heyw antedt o knoww hath e hadd one witht her efugeessh elteriantgt heb ureacuo mmuna"lI: wasn ota blet o identiftyh e 249 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p . 111. 250 Ibidp.. 1 07. 251 See,f ore xamplet,r anscripotfs 5 June2 000p p.1 06-113. 252 Transcripotfs 1 4 Februar2y0 00p . 113. 253 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 24. 75

ICTR-95-1A-T L~e~,~.. ~’~ leaderb uta llo f themw eres peakinagt thes amet ime.S o,I triedt o calmt hem down".254 On the otherh and,W itnessI maintainetdh att he groupso f Abakiga visitiMnagb anzdai dh avel eader"s.:. .t hisl eadewra ss ayintgh ath eh ada listw ith nameso f peoplew hoseh ousesh adt o be destroyeadn dp eoplew hoh adt o be killed. So itw ast hisc hief. ..w hog avet hei nstructiwohni chh adt o bef olloweadn dt hat’s whyI thinkt heyw ereo rganise2d5"5.W itnesIs b elieveadl sot hatt heo bjectiovfe t he Abakigian comingt o Mabanzwaa st o avenget hed eatho f PresidenHta byarimana, w2h5o6w asa nativoef theira reaa ndw homt heyc onsiderae "db rother". 207.W itnesAsA saido f theA ccusetdh ath e had" invitedt"h eA bakigtao Mabanza to killT utsi2.57W itnesZs w entf urthera,s sertitnhga tt heA ccusedf’asm ilcya met o settlien Mabanzfar omt her egioonf theA bakigaa,n dt hatt heA ccusehda d" absolute power"o vert hem,i llustratitnhgi sw itha n examploef how theyh ad obeyedt he bourgmestrree’qsu estto desisftr oml ocala ttackasn,d a ttacTku tsie lsewher2e5.8 A t othert imest he Abakigcao uldb e persuadewdi thm oney,a nd bothW itnesRsA and the Accusedg avee xampleosf how the Abakigac ouldb e madet o moveo n for a smalls um.259 The Accusedt estifietdh ato n 13 April1 994,a bouto ne hundred Abakigcaa met o hish ousea ndt hreatenheidm a ndt oldh imt hath e wasa n Inyenzi anda n

[tzkotan2y6i0.H isf amilyw asi nsideT.h eA bakigwae rea skingh imw hereh e hadh iddent heT utsiw hoh adb eena t thec ommunaolf fice.261 TheA ccusetde stified that" seeinhgo wf erocioutsh eyw ere,I gavet hemt ent housanFdr ancsf ort hemt o l2e6a2vmey housea ndt heyl eft". 208.D efencWei tnesRsJ ,a Tutsiw,h oa t thet imew ash idingw ithh erT utsic ousin namedC hantailn thes ervantqsu’a rteartst her esidenocfet heA ccusetde,s tifitehda t oned ay( shed idn otg ivea date)t heA ccuse"dc amet os eeu s ...b ecausteh eA bakiga 254 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p . 108. 255 Transcripotfs 2 3 Novembe1r9 99p . 32. 256 Ibidp.p .3 5-36. 257 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 17. 258T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p p.2 1-23. 259R A:t ranscripotfs 2 May2 000p p.4 6-47A;c cusedt:r anscripotfs 5 June2 000p . 109. 26OT ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p p.1 07a nd1 08. 261I bidp.p .1 08-109. 76

"Hea dviseudst oc losteh ed oora,n dt hat’wsh atw ed id. ...W eh eartdh en oisteh att hey werem akindgu rintgh ea ttackasn,d w ec ouladl soh eart hew histltehse yw ereb lowing, butw ed idn’ste et hemw itho uro wn e’y’e2s6.3 209. Whatevero ne makes of the Accused’sc laim to have been personally threatenbeyd t heA bakigtah,e rei sl ittldeo ubtth att he" invadercsa"m ei ntoc onflict witht hel ocala uthoritDye.f encWei tnesZsJ d escribae ds cufflaet K ibilizmia rkeitn April1 994b etweeAnb akigaan d shop-ownesrusp portebdy communaplo licemen: "Att hatt ime,t heyw antetdo l oota shopb utt hec ommunpaoll icemperne venttehde m. Theyf iredi ntot hea ir.T herew eret woc ommunaplo licemeTnh.e a ttackewresr en ot ablet ol oota st heyw antetdo d o.T hef irswta veo fa ttackelresf tT.h eyw entt owards KibilizGii,t aramaan,d ,t heyw entt hrougthh ec ommunTeh.e reaftear s,e conwda veo f attackearrsr iveRde.g arditnhge saet tackewrhso w erev erym anyt,h ep olicemaennd t he tradertsr ietdo f ightth emo ffb utt hisw asn otp ossib.l.e. .Byt hatI meantth att he policemaennd t het raderast temptteodp reventth eA bakigfar oml ootinagn dt hatw as whent het wog endarmewsh,o c ame~ omt heK ibuyer oad,a rrivedT.h et wog roups coulndo ta greeT.h eyn earlfyo ughtA.n d,i tw asa tt hats tagteh att hep olicemweenr e nota blet of ighotf ft heA bakigAan.d t heA bakigwae nto nt ol oot.2"6 4 210.T heA ccusetde

stifietdh ato n 18 April1 994,a t around8 a.m.,h e confronted theA bakigaat Rubengerpaa rishH.e wasi n thec ompanoyf a numbero f pastorsa, certaiHnu bertB igarukat,h e conseiIlerosf Gacacaa nd of Rubengeraa,n d two policemenT.h erew erea boutt woh undreAdb akigaT.h eA ccusetde stifietdh ath e toldt heA bakigtah at" weh adh ad enougho f them,a nd thatw e werea skingt hem nevert o comeb acka gaint o Mabanza"O.n eo f theA bakigsaa idt o theA ccusetdh at he "had no rightt o stopt hem to movew herevert heyw anted.T hey couldg o anywherien thec ountry.T"h eA ccuseedx plainetdh ath e thent oldt hemt hatt hey wereu nwanteidn Mabanza":Y oua rel ookinfgo re nemiesa,n dt herea ren o enemies in Mabanza"H.o wevera,c cordintgo theA ccusedt,h eA bakig"ar evolteda"n dt old him thath e couldn ot stopt hemf romu singa publicr oad.T heA ccuseedx plained thata ftert heA bakiglae ft,h e felth umiliatiend f ronto f his" people"haes h adn o 262 Ibid.p p.1 07a nd1 09. 263 Transcripotfs 2 3 May2 000p . 15. 264 Transcripotfs 3 May2 000p p.7 4-75. 77

211.O there videncseu pporttsh et estimoonfy theA ccusetdh atd urintgh ee ventisn 1994,h e addressetdh e Abakigian Mabanzaan da skedt hemt o leavet he commune. ProsecutiWoint nesZs testifietdh ato nem orninbge fore" thep eoplef romG atwaro werek illed"( V.3.),t he Accusedh elda meetinga t Rubengerpaa rishw here addressetdh eA bakigaA:c cordintgo thew itnesst,h eA ccusetdo ldt heA bakigtah at he had" hade nougohf theirk illingasn dt hatt heys houlsdt opt hek illingasn dt hat theys houldn o longerw orryp eopleb y goingt hrought he pathsi n betweetnh e house"A.c cordintgo thew itnesst,h eA bakig"an evera gaint ooks heepf romp eople and they usedt he mainr oad goingt owardsK arongit o go to Kibuy’e’z66T he Chambenro test hati t is uncleafrr omh ise videncweh ethetrh ew itneswsa sp resent whent hem eetinogc curred. 212.D efenceW itnessR A testifietdh ati n the morningo f 18 April1 994t he Accusedi,n thec ompanoyf pastorE liphasa, p olicemaann dt heh eadmastoefr the collegea,t temptteod t alkw itht heA bakigaS.h es tatetdh ata roun1d0 a.m.t hep astor explainetdo herw hath adh appened: "Whenh e cameb ack,h e saidt hatt heyd ida s wasd iscusseTdh.e ya ttemptteod negotiaotrde i scuswsi tht heA bakigaasn,dt og ett hemt od esisftr omt heirra vagiens thec ommunitiyn,R u[b]engeArnad.,i nt hatr espectth eyw ere- -t heya greendo tt o got ot hec ommuniBtuyt., t hatd idn otp reventth emf romg

oinegl sewhere."267 213.P rosecutioWni tnesJs describead meetinign volvintgh eA bala’gaan d the Accuseadt "Hutuj unctiont"h,e G isenyjiu nctiorno ad.I t occurre"da ftetrh ep eople cameb ackf romG atwaro"T.h e witnessst ated":T heA bakigtao oki nteresitn the killinbgu tt he[ mother-in-olfat wh e]b urgomastwearsa Tutsia ndh e wass caretdh at he mightb e killed"T.h en,a ccordintgo thew itnesst,h eA ccusetdo ldt heA bakiga that" ther emainiTnugt sissh oulbde lefta ndh e wouldt akec areo ft hemp ersonally. 265 Transcriptosf 5 June2 000p p. 136-141. 266 Transcriptosf 8 Februar2y0 00p p.2 1-23. 267T ranscriptosf 2 May2 000p . 63. 78

,,t z,~x~ ~L,~ ICTR-95-1A-T 17-oq .2.6.8w e knoww heret her emainiTnugt siasr ea ndw ew illk illt hemo urselves". 214.I nc ontrastto thea boveW,i tnesJs a lsot estifitehda tm eetinwgesr eh eld,t hree timesa weeko n occasionsi,n the halla t the Rubengersac hoolc ompoundS.h e explaintehda t" ...t hea ttacklsa steodv ers everamlo nthasn de acht imet heyn eeded to givei nstructiotnos t heI nterahamwae m eetinwga s held".T hem eetingwse re calletdo incitteh eI nterahamtwoe k illt heT utsia,n d" thep eoplwee rei ncitetdo revolatn dk ill"A.c corditnog thew itness",a vehicloef thec ommuncea meb y witha megaphonien vitinpge oplet o them eeting.T"h e witnessst atedt hats hes aw the Accuseadt thesem eetingasn dt hat" thec ommunev ehiclael waysc amer ounda nd the announcemenwta s givent hat- - callingp eoplet o the meetingt hatt he Burgomastewra ntedt o meett he peopleS.o it was the Burgomastewrh o heldt he meetingsA"l.t hougthh ew itneswsa sn ota blet o seet heh all,s hew asa blet o" clearly hearw hatt heyw ered iscussiansg theyw ereu singa megaphoneW"i.t hr egartdo the AbakigaW,i tnesJs t estifitehda tt heyw erea lsop resenatt them eeting"sw,h erteh ey weret oldw hatt o do"a ndt heA bakigwae re" calleudp on. ..t ok illt heT utsi". 215.T heC hambenro test hatt hist estimoonfy W itnesJs s ufferfsr omf railtieIst.i s uncleawrh ethesrh ea ctuallsya wt heA ccuseddu ringt hesem eetingse,v ent

hough shes tatetdh ats hed id.I ndeedt,h ew itnesdsi dn ota ttenadn yo f them eetingasn d onlyh eardt hema s megaphonewse reu sed.Q uestioneads to thep resencoef the AccusedW,i tnessJ explainetdh atb ecauset he announcemenftr omt he commune vehiclien vitepde oplet o meetinglse db y theA ccusedl,o gicalltyh,e A ccusemdu st have held the meeting.H owever,n o otherw itnesst estifieda bouth earing announcemenfrtosm t hec ommunvee hiclien vitinpge rsontso suchm eetingsT.h isi s somewhastu rprisincgo,n sideritnhga tt hesem eetingasl legedolcyc urreudp to three timesa weeki n a centrallo catioann,d a numbeorf o therw itnessheasv et estifiteod beinign thec entroef M abanzdau rintgh er elevapnetr iodA.d ditionaliltyi ,s p eculiar, 268T ranscripotfs 3 1 Januar2y0 00p p.8 -13( closesde ssion)T.h e Chambenro test hati n theF rench versioonf thet ranscriprtesf,e renicse m adet o them otheirn -laowf theA ccusebde ingT utsia ndn ott o theA ccusehdi mselbfe inTgu tsiI.t reads":O ui,i l y a eu uner 6unioanu carrefoulrg, o ffs et rouve.a.u, niveadue l a routeq uiv ientd e Gisenyci’,e stt outp rosd e chezm oi,e t lesA bakigaav aienptr isg ofita ux tueriesA.l orsg unc ertaimno mentB,a gilisheam eau peurp arceq ues a belle-me6rtea itT utsiea,l orsi l 79

- ~- ~*’.*~ ICTR-95-IA-T 17-o if WitnesJs i s to be fullyb elievetdh,a tt heA ccusedo,n theo neh and,i ncitetdh e Abakigtao killa t Rubengeraan,d o n theo therh and,t oldt hemt o leaveM abanzaan d stopk illingw,h ena tt he" Humj unction". 216.P rosecutioWni tnessH alsot estifietdo a meetingi n Aprila t Rubengera secteuorn theG isenyrio ad.D uringt hism eetingt,h eA ccusetdo ldt heA bakigtao leavef or Biseser(oV .4.4)A.c cordintgo the witnesst,h e Accusedw antedt he Abakigtao leavet hec ommunbee causteh eyh ads tartetdo eatH utul ivestoacnkd t his wasc ausintgr oubl2e6.9T hew itnesasd ded: "Het oldt hemt hatt heys houlgdo t oB isesewrhoi lteh el ocaplo pulatwiaosng ointgo d o thej obi tselTfh.e p opulatiitosne lwfa sg ointgo d ot hej ob.S ot hes earcsht artaendd t he peoplwee rek illed...". 217.W itnesHs explainetdh ata ftert heA bakighaa dl eft,h ousess,o rghufmi elds andt heb ananpal antatiwoenr es earchiend pursuiotf Tutsis2.7 oW itnesHs i s theo nly witnestso statet hatf ollowian gm eetinbge tweetnh eA ccuseadn dA bakigat,h el ocal populatisotna rtesde ekinogu tT utsiA.l sot,h eries noo theerv identcoes uggestth ati t wast he intentioonf the Accusetdh att he localp opulatioans, a resulto f his confrontatiwointsh t heA bakigas,h oulds tarts eekinogu tT utsit o be killedT.h e evidenicse alsoi nsufficiteone ts tablitshha tp eoplset arteldo otinagn dk illinags a direccto nsequenocfe w hatt heA ccusehda ds aidt o theA bakiga. 218.T herei s alsoe videncteo suggestt hatC 61estiSne manzat,h e assistant bourgmestrhea,d s omec ontroolv ert heA bakigaW.i tnesAsA testifietdh ato n 17 April1 994,t hed ayb eforet hea ttacko n theS tadiu(mV .3.3)h,e visiteads sistant bourgmestSreem anza’hso use,w hereh e founda boutf ortyA2 b7a1kiga.

219. DefencWei tnesKsA testifieadb outa meetinhge attendeidn Mabanzaw,h ich avaitp eurq u’onn e la me.I I a dit: "Maintenalnets,T utsiqsu ir estennto uss avonosf fi lss ont,n ous allonnso uso ccupedr’ euxp ersonnellem(epn.t2 "2 ). 269T ranscripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p p.4 0-41. 27oI bidp.. 4 5. 271 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 24. 80

cR -95-( kt2 "IA’T occurresdo ona fterm id-Apri1l9 94b ehindt heR ubengersac hoolb uildinHge. stated thath e waso n hisw ayt o Gitikininwih enh e camea crossa pproximate5l0y t o 100 youngp eoplew,h oh adg athereodu tsidwei thint hes choolp remisesH.e stayeda nd listenedf or aboutt wentym inutes.A mongt he crowdw ere Abakiga,w homt he witnesrse cognisbeyd t heird resso f leavesT.h eyw erea lsoa rmedw ithm acheteasn d bamboos ticks2.72 The witnessd id not see the Accusedo,r any conseillerdse secteurcso,m munaplo licoer headso fc2 e7l3lule. 220.W itnessK A testifietdh atw henh e arriveda t the meeting,S emanzaw as alreadsyp eakinAgc.c orditnog thew itness",t hei ssuea t handw ast haty oungp eople wereb eingt oldt o go and helpt heA bakigat o kill."T he witnestsh oughtth at Semanz"aw ass peakintgo thesey outhsa s a politicalle ader2"7.4W itnesKsA based hisa ssessmenotn thef actt hatt hem eetinhga dn otb eena nnouncetdo thel ocal peopleb,e causteh eA bakig’a’ whoc amef romt heN orth"w erep resenatn db ecause Semanzwaa s a membero f the MDR politicapla rty.T hew itnesss tatedt hat" the otherc onclusiIo nd raww ast hatg ivent hef actt hatS emanzhai mselwfa sm embero f theA bakighae camef romt hata reao f theA bakigaa,n d thatm ostp eoplea t the meetinwge rea lsoA bakigaI, c oncludtehda th e hadt hisp oliticraels ponsibiloifty speakintgo thesep eople"T.h ew itnesasd dedt hatw henS

emanz"as tartetda lking aboutk illintgh eT utsiIs becamfeu rioubse causmey motheirs Tutsia,n ds o I left immediatel2y7"5.T heP rosecutidoind nots pecificalcloyn testth att hism eeting occurrebdu,t q uestiontehde w itnescso’n clusitohna ti tw asa sa politicmaele tinpge r se,o2 r7t 6hatS emanzoar ganisietd. Conclusion 221.I n theC hamber’osp iniont,a kinga ccounotf allt hee videncea,n impression remainosf theA bakigaas roaminogp portunistbainc ds,g eneralluyn knowtno their victimsw,i thd iversbeu tu ncertaionr iginsl,a ckinign hierarcohry organisation, 272 Transcripotfs 2 2 May2 000p p.2 6-32. 273 Ibidp.. 5 3. 274 Ibidp.. 3 0. 275 Ibidp.. 3 7. 81

ICTR-95-A1- T ~i~ :~r~ rouserda thetrh anl ed,t hrivinign t her elatiavnea rchoyf t het imesw,i the ssentially twoa ims:t hee liminatoifoT nu tsia,n dg enerallo oting.

222. The evidenceh as shownt hat on 13 April1 994 the Abakigaa rrivedi n Mabanzwah eret heyp roceedteod killa ndl oot.A lthougthh erei s somee videncteh at Mabanzac ommunem ay haveb eene xperiencisnogm ea ttackfsr omA bakigaa s late as2 4 June1 994,w ella ftert hed estructioofn i tsT utsip opulat2i7o7n,t hee vidence suggesttsh att hea ttackfsr omt heA bakighaa dr ecedecdo nsiderabblyy t hee ndo f April1 994. 223.T hee videncdeo esn ote stablisthh att heA bakigwae red e jures ubordinatoefs theA ccuseodr t hath e exertedde factoc ontroolv ert hem. 224.R egardintgh eo ccasionosn whicht heA ccuseadd dressetdh e Abakigai,n the opiniono f the Chambert,h eres ubsistas doubta s to whethert he Accusedl ed meetingast Rubengersac hooli ncitinIgn terahamwaen dA bakigat o killT utsi. Howevert,h ee videncdeo ese stablisthh att heA ccusecdo nfrontetdh eA bakigian Rubengeroan or about1 8 April1 994. 225.T heC hambefri ndst hati t is reasonabploys siblteh att heA bakigiag noretdh e requesotf theA ccusetdo leavet hec ommunaes a wholes,t atintgh att heyw eref ree to go wheret heyp leasedH.o wevero,n theb asiso f thet estimonoyf WitnesRsA ,i t woulda ppeart hatt heA bakigaag reedn ott o attactkh er eligioucso mmuni2t7y8.T he evidenicsei nsufficiteond te monstrtahtaet a s a resulotf c onfrontatiobne(tsw)e etnh e Accuseadn dt heA bakigat,h el atterl eftt hec ommunoef Mabanzaan dd esistefdr om furtheart tackasf te1r8 A pri1l9 94. 276 Ibid.p p.9 7-100. 277 SeeP rosecutiEoxnh ibi9t4 . 278 Transcripotfs 3 May2 000p . 130. 82

! : ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T .... 1"4oo 5. Measuretsa kenb y the Accusetdo PreventC rimes 5.1.I ntroduction 226.F ort heP rosecutiotnh,e A ccusewda si n completceo ntroolf thes ituatioinn Mabanzcao mmunteh roughoutth e periodo f April,M aya ndJ uneu ntilt he timeh e fled2.79I ti s theP rosecutiocna’sset hatt heA ccuseads a powerfualn dw ell-respected localg overnmenotf ficiawla s capabloef morallsyu pportintgh e commissioonf criminaalc tsb y hism erep resencaen dt hatt heA ccuseda,s bourgmestreex,e rted authoritayn dc ontroolv ert hep eopleo f Mabanzcao mmuneT.h eP rosecutiaolnl eges thatb etweeAnp rila ndJ une1 994,r athetrh anp rotectth eT utsic iviliapno pulatiionn Mabanzcao mmunet,h eA ccuseedn courageodt herm emberosf thep opulatiotno kill them.T heP rosecutiaolnl egetsh att heA ccusesde lectiveelxye rcisehdi sa uthority and controtlo protecotn lyt hec hosenf ew.A ccordintgo the Prosecutiotnh,e Accusewda si n a positiotno puta n endt oa ttackisf h e so chose2.8°T heP rosecution stated: "Thet estimoonfys everadle fencaen dp rosecutwiiotnn essiessi ndicatoifvt eh es elective approaucthi lisebdy t hea ccuseidn a dministerMianbga nzcao mmunaen dw hichh eu sed extensivteolp yr otecotn lyt hec hosefne w.I np articulDaerf,e ncwei tnesseWsE,,R A, ZDa ndK C,t estifiaesdt oh owt hea ccusewda sa blet op rovidteh emo rt heiars sociates w2i8t~fha lsied entictayr ds". 227.H owevert,h e

Defencceo ntendtsh att he measuretsa kenb y theA ccusewde re of a generanla turaen dt hath et ookt hen ecessaarnyd r easonabmleea suretso prevent andp unisohf fencewsi,t ht her esourcaevsa ilabtloe h im.T heD efencdee nietsh att he Accuseedv ers aida nythintgo encouragHeu tut o attackT utsio r to destrotyh e latter’psr opertieAsc.c ordintgo theD efencet,h eo nlym eetingcso nvenebdy the Accusewde ref orp acificatainodns ecuritpyur poses2.82 TheD efencset ated: 279 Transcripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p p.2 60-262. 280P rosecutorw’rsi tteCnl osinRge markps. 5 para3 3;p . 11 para.7 4;p p.1 4-15p aras.9 1-100p;. 17 paras.1 07-113p;p . 68-70p aras.3 69-381p;p 98-105p aras.1 02-1101,1 2-1141,4 7-148a nd 193; Rebuttaplp .9 -10p ara.3 1. 281P rosecutowrr’ist teCnl osinRge markps. 49 para.2 93. 282D efencCel osinBgr iefp p.4 0-47p aras3.0 0-374. 83

ICTR-95-1A-T "Becausoef thes cantm eansa t hisd isposaBla gilishewmaas n ota blet o reestablish securitiyn hisc ommunfeo ra llt het imet hatt heA bakigwae ret herei,. e.u ntila bout 25 April1 994.A ftert hatd ate,t hes ituatiionn thec ommunwea sa bitl essc haotiacn d Bagilishemdai d all he couldt o resumeh is activitieass bourgmestrdee spitet he difficultainedts h reatsst ilmla dea gainshti m.2"8 3 5.2 Powersa nd Resourceso f the Accused 228.A s bourgmestret,h e Accusedw ieldedc onsiderabldee factoa nd de jurep ower in his commune and "embodie[d]t he communal authority"2.84 In Akayesu, bourgmestrewse red escribeads "them osti mportanrte presentativeosf" t he central power2.85 Accordintgo the expertw itnessi n Akayesu",t heb ourgrnestwraes them ost importanta uthorityf or the ordinaryc itizenso f a Commune,w ho in some sense e2x8e6rcisetdh ep owerso f a chiefi n pre-colonitailm e".

229. Accordingt o ProsecutioEnx pertW itnessP rofessorG uichaouat,h e Accused "wasi n secondp ositioanm ongt he moste fficienbtu rgomastersH"e. s tatedt hatt he Accused’ ’was a man consideredt o be powerful,s upported,a nd obviouslyh is activisimn the areaw as appreciatebdy the people"2.87 The witnesso pinedt hatt o remainb ourgmestrfeo r 14 yearsw as "becausoen e has beena blet o establisihn his own communea strongp owerb asew hiche nsuresa certainl egitimaciyn relatiotno theo utside". 230.T he manpowera vailablet o the Accusedh as beenc onsidereadb ove( IV.4). for otherr esourcest,h e evidencper esentebdy the DefenceE xpertW itnessF rangois C16ments hows that there were only one or two vehiclesb elongingt o Mabanza Commune,a nd thatt he policed id not have theiro wn vehicle2.88 Accordintgo the Accused,t he communeh ad a blue ToyotaH ilux and an ambulance,a lthought he 283D efencCel osinBgr iefp1.1 4p aras3.0 0-301. 284S eeL oid u2 3n ovemb1r9e6 3s url ’organisactoimomnu na(lree printiendC odeest L oisd uR wanda, ReyntjenFs.e, t G orusJ,. ( eds.)1,9 95)A.r ticl5e6 :" Leb ourgmesetsrte. ..l af oir eprrsentant ~ouvoicre ntracllea nlsa c ommuneetp ersounificdaetl i’oanu torciotm6m unale." 285A kayes(uT C)p aras6.0 -61. 286 Ibidp.a ra7.3 . 287 Transcriopft1 s4 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.4 4-45. 288 Transcri2p9tM sa y2 000p .2 2 84

ICTR-95-1A-T ~-~..~ ,cL*~. l2a8t9tehra db rokedno wn. 5.3 Preventioonf Crimesb y theA ccused 231.T heC hambewri lln owc onsidetrh ee videncree latintgo them easuressa idt o haveb eent akenb y theA ccusetdo prevenctr imefsr omA prilt o July1 994. WitnesQs 232.P rosecutiWoint nesQs testifietdh ats oona ftert heP residentd’esa th,H utu begank illinTgu tsiA.s a resulotf thed isturbanTcuetss if ledt heirh omesa nds ought refugien varioupsa rtso f thec ommuneT.h ew itnessw,h oi s Tutsih,e rh usbandw,h o is Hutu,a ndh ert woc hildrenw,e ntt o theh omeo f herh usband’psa rentsw,h oa re alsoH um.T hew itnesssa idt hats hes penta boutt hreew eekst hereu,n tilt hee ndo f A2p9r°il. 233.W itnessQ statedt hats he surviveadt tacksa fters eekingh elpf romt he AccusedS.h ee xplainetdh at" peoplwee reo bviouslbye ingk illeda ndt heyw ere almosta llf inisheadn dt heyh ade vens tarteadt tackinwgo menw how erem arrietdo hutu.s. ..the husbandwse rea gainstth ata ttempta nd thati s why therew as a misunderstanbdeitnwge etnh eh utust hemselvoens t hisp articuliasrs ue.T"h ew itness testifitehda t,a s a consequenac em,e etinlge db y theA ccusewda sh elda t theb ureau communalT.h e Chambenro test hatf romt he contexotf her testimonyt,h isw ould havet akenp lacea boutt hee ndo f AprilP.a rto f thep opulatiwoans s ayintgh ate ven Tutsiw omenm arrietdo Humm ens houldb e killedO.t hersw erea gainstth isa s "that wasn ota goodt hingb ecausteh eirh ums,t heirh usbandsw,e reg oingt o attackt he otherh ums.I n otherw ordst,h eh utusw ouldb e killinogn ea nother"I.t wasd ecided at them eetintgh atw omenm arrietdo Hutum ens houlbde spared2.9 1 289 Transcriptosf 1 June2 000p p.1 42-143. 290 Transcriptosf 25 Januar2y0 00p p.1 4-18a ndp . 35. 291I bid.p p.1 9-20. 85

ICTR-95-1A-T 234.W itnesQs explainetdh atl ateri n the daya t her parentisn -law’hso use, attackewrhso w eref iredf roml ootinagn dk illinhga dt oldt hew itnesasn dh erf amily thatt heyw ouldr eturtnh en extm orninwgi thr einforcemetnotr se -launtchhe a ttack. Thew itnessst atedt hatb etwee2n and3 p.m." ’thec onseiIleorfs t hes ectorwsh en theyl earntt hatp eopleh adc omet o killm e,t heya rriveadn dt heya nnouncetdh e decisiownh ichh ad beent akend uringt he meeting"T.h ate venings,h e and her h2u9s2banwde ntb ackt o theiro wnh ouse. 235.E arlyt hen extm orningh,e rh usbanwde ntt o seet heA ccuseadn d askedh im ford ocumentatitoo np rovet hatt hed ecisiotno spareT utsiw omenm arrietdo Hutu menh adb eent aken.A ccordintgo thew itnesst,h e Accusegda veh er husbantdw o lettertsh,e f irstto b er eado utb yt hec onseillteor t hea ssailanwthsow erei ntenotn attackihnegr h ousea,n dt heo therw asd estinetdo thep eoplfer omt hea reaw how ere denounciTnugt siS.h et estified: "Thec onseilrleeard t hel ettebre forteh ep eoplaet t hem arkeptl aceT.h eswee rep eople whoh adb eenp arto ft hea ttactkh ed ayb eforeI.tw ase xplainteodt hemt hatt hel etter camee xpressflryo mt heb urgomastBearg ilishesmtaa tintgh att heys houlndo longer participiantt eh ek illingAsn.dt herwea sa lsot hec ontenotfst hes econlde ttewrh icsha id thatt herseh oulndo l ongebres earch[feosr]t utsitso b ek illeadn dt

hati nt hee ventth at suchs earchdeisd t akep lacep,e rsonrse sponsiwboluel hda vet oa nswefro rt heiarc tions. B’u’t2a3 9tt hapto initn t imien f acta,l mosatl lt het utsihsa db eeenx terminated. 236.W itnesQs t estifitehda ts hec ontinuteodh ideu ntilt het imet hat" allt hep eople fled"T.h ew itnestse stifitehda ts hew asi dentifiaesda Hutuo nh eri dentictayr d.S he explainetdh ath erg randfathcehra ngetdh eire thnicg roupa ndi t helpedt hemg ain accestso educatiaonnd e mploymenHto.w evera,c corditnog thew itnesst,h isd idn ot sparet hemf romi nsultass "fromt imet o timeb ecausteh ep eopleo,u rn eighbours, knewu sb yf ace ...,,.294 292I bidp.p .2 1-2a2n dp . 34. 293I bidp.p .2 2-23. 86

237.P rosecutiWoint nesJs testifietdh ato n 13 April1 994,s hew asa ttackebdy Interahamwaet her home,w hichw as then looted.S he explainetdh at as the Interahamwhea d removedh er propertyo utside,t he AccusedM,a jorJ abo,t he commandeorf theg endarmeriine K ibuyea,n dt wop olicemeanr rivedA.c cordintgo thew itnessM,a jorJ abos tatedt hata s shew ast hew ifeo f a Hutu,n othinsgh ould happetno her,w hilet heA ccusesda id" thath e wast her epresentatoifv teh eP rtfet whoh ada nnounctehda tt het imeo f theT utsish adc ome"T.h ew itnesasd dedt hatt he Accusesda idt hat:" ...t hep roperbteyl ongetdo theH utua ndt hatt hep ropertoyf the Tutsis houlsdt ayt herew,h ilet heT utsiwsh ow eret o bek illewdo uldb e sento ff.A nd thent heB urgomastseern to neo f theI nterahamwwheo w asi n theh ouset o go and fetchm y husbansdo thath e couldc omea ndl ooka fterh ish ouse- keepi t in safe custodays I myselfw asg oingt o die".T heA ccusedM,a jorJ abo,t hep olicemeann d theg endarmetsh enl eft.H erh usbando,n returnintgo theh ouse,g aves omeo f the Interahamm1wo9en5 eyw,h ilsott herpsr eferrteodt akes omeo ft hep roperty. 238.O neo therw itnestse stifieadb outt hisi ncidentD.e fencWei tnesAsS described howo n hearinWgi tnesJs shout,h e rant owardhse rh ouse.A s he climbetdh rougahn openinign thef enceh,e sawa groupo f attackelresa vinagn dh e noticetdh att woo f themw ereh oldin"gs omec urrenciyn

theirh ands"W.i tnesAsS statetdh atW itnesJs, whoseh andw asw ounded",w asa t the entrancteo herh ouse,t ryingt o explaitno thosew ho hadc ome. ..w hath adh appenetdo her".A ccordintgo the witnestsh e attackerwse ren otA bakigaan dw eren otd resseldi ket hem,b utw ere" delinquent peoplweh ow erea ttackipnego plien theirh ouses". 239.T hew itnestse stifietdh at,b y thet imeh e arrivedt,h eA ccusewda sa lreadayt WitnessJ ’s house,w here" the issuew as one of knowingw here[ WitnessJ ’s] husbanwda s".T heA ccuseodr deretdh at" theyg o andl ookf orh im".T hew itnesdsi d notk noww how entt o fetcht he husbanads the Accusesdp okeg eneralltyo those presentT.h eA ccuseadl sop osteda policeo fficetro waita t theh ouseu ntilt he 294I bid.p . 26. 295 Transcriptosf 31 Januar2y0 00p p.3 -8( closeds ession). 87

husbanrde turnedA.c cordintgo thew ~tnesst,h eA ccusedo,n departinags,k edi ll otherp ersontso leave.T hew itnesdsi dn otr emembesre eingt hec ommandeorf the gendarmer2i9e6.T het estimonoyf theA ccusecdo nformtso thato f WitnesAsS (see V.3.2.b6e low). 240.T heC hambenro test hatt het estimonioefs t het wow itnessedso notc oincide in detailA.c corditnog WitnesJs, theI nterahamwweh,oh ada ttackehde r,s tayeadt herh ousei n thep resencoef theA ccusedH.o wevera,c cordintgo WitnesAsS ,t he attackefrlse dt heh ousea ndd idn ots tayw itht heA ccusedW.i tnesJs t estifitehda t, althougthh eA ccusehda dd epartetdh,e I nterahamownel yl efta fterb eingp aidb y her husbandw henh e returnedw,h ereasb,y WitnessA S’sa ccount,t he Accusedo,n departintgo,l de veryoneel set o leaveA. policoef ficewra sp osteadt theh ouset o waitu ntilt her eturonf theh usbandU.n likWei tnesJs, WitnesAsS didn ots eet he commandeorf the gendarmerie. 241.E vent houghW itnesAsS wasn otp resendtu ringt hew holei ncidentt,h ea bove inconsistenbceitewse ehni st estimoannyd t hato fW itnesJs c reataen u ncleapri cture, andt husd oubta,s to whata ctuallhya ppeneddu rintgh ea ttacokn W itnesJs’ sh ouse. The Prosecutiohna s not dispelledt his doubt.A lso,a s a resulto f these inconsistencainedsb ,e causWei tnesJs i s alonei ns o testifyintgh,e C hambeirs not convinctehda tt heA ccuseadn nouncetdh at" thet imeo f theT utsih

adc ome"a ndt hat Tutsiw how eret o be killewdo uldb e senta way.I n theo pinioonf theC hambera,l l thatc anb e saidw ithc ertainitsy t hat,i n them orninogf 13A pril1 994,t heh ouseo f WitnesJs w asa ttackeadn dt hatt heA ccuseidn tervened. WitnessK C 242.D efencWei tnesKsC ,w hok newt he Accuseads an "official"e,x plainetdh at he fledK igalio n 6 April1 994a ndr ejoinehdi sf amilyi n GitaramaO.n 23 Mayt hey travelletdo Mabanzaan dr enteds omea ccommodatiionn a "home"i n Gitikinini, RubengeraH.e ret heym et,a mongstm anyo therst,h e bourgmestroef Tambweh,i s 296 Transcriptosf 26 April2 000p p. 41-44,1 10-110a nd 115( closeds ession).

wifea ndh ism other-in-laanwd,a medicaals sistanatl,s of romT ambweT.h ew itness testifitehda tw hilsatt t he" homea" g rouopf A bakigcaa mel ookinfgo rT uts"ii no rdetro taket hema wayw itht hem"T.h ew itnesasn do therisn terventeod p reventth oseb eing searchfeodr f romb eingt akena waya ndp aidt heA bakig1a0 000F rancs. 243.A s the bourgmestroef Tambwew antedt o go to Cyangugwui thh is family, anda s it wasd ifficulfto rp eoplet o travelw ithoudto cumentast, theirr equest, WitnesKsC wentt o seet heA ccusesdo as to obtaint hen ecessartyr aveld ocuments. WitnesKsC confirmetdh att heA ccusewda sa waret hatt het wo womenw ereT utsi, as he had to producteh eiri dentitcya rdsa t the bureauc ommunalT.h ew itness explainetdo theA ccusetdh at" neighbouhrasd b eent hreatenbeyd t hea ttackearnsd thatt hen eighbounrese dedl aissez-passteor cso ntinuoen theirw ay".T heA ccused issuedt hel aissez-pasasnedrt heb ourgmestorfe T ambweh,i sw ife,h ism other-in- l2a9w7,a ndt hem edicaals sistatnhte nl eftM abanza. WitnesRsJ 244.D efencWei tnesRsJ ,a Tutsi,w hoa t thet imew asl ivingw ithh erh usbanidn Kigali,b utw ho had returnetdo Mabanzcao mmunien March1 994,t estifietdh at whens omem emberso f herf amilyw entt o theb ureauc ommunalo,n 8 April1 994, shea ndt woo f herc hildresno ughrte fugaet theh ouseo f theA ccuse2d9.8T hew ifeo f theA ccusewda sa childhoofdr iendo f thew itnes2s9.9T heyh

idi n thes ervants’ quarterisn thec ourtyarodf them ainh ouse.A ftert wod aysa cousino f WitnesRsJ namedC hantala,l soa Tutsi,j oinedt hem3.°° Shew asp regnantT.h eyr emaineidn hidingi n theA ccused’hso usef oro nem onth3.°]D uringh ist estimontyh,e A ccused c3o°n2firmtehda th eh adh iddetnh em. 297 Transcripotfs 2 8 April2 000p p.1 1,1 6-20a,n d4 8-53. 298 Transcripotfs 2 3 May2 000( closesde ssionp)p .6 -8,1 0 and1 2-13. 299 Ibidp.. 2 1. 3OO Ibidp.. 1 7. 3ol Ibidp.. 1 4. 3o2 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p p.1 9-24 89

¯ ~ : ! ~¢~’~: ICTR-95-1A-T WitnesAsS 245.A ccordintgo DefenceW itnessA S, the Accusedp rovidedh elpt o people duringt he massacresA.m ongstth emw ereW itnesRsJ andC hantala,n da n orphaned M3u°s3licmh ilda,n dt hew ifeo f PastoArl berMtu gangai,n cludihnegr c hildren. WitnessW E 246.D efencWei tnesWsE testifitehda th e wentt o Kibuyeh,i sp refectuorfe o rigin, twiced uringt hew ar.O n the firsto ccasion1,1 April1 994,h e visiteMda banza communeA.s he was leavinKgi galia, neighbouorf his,a Hutum anw itha Tutsi wife,a skedh im" toh elpb ecausteh ew ifeh ada problemw"i thh erI D card,a ndt hey fearedt hats hew ouldb e killedb y theI nterahamwTeh.e h usbangda vet hew itnesas letteard dressteodt heA ccused. 247.T hew itnessst atedt hath e spoket o a communaolf ficearn dt oldh imt hath e wantedt o see the AccusedT.h e communaolf ficetro okh im to the officeo f the AccusedT.h ew itnesgsa vet heA ccusetdh el ettera ndw aiteda bout4 0 minutefso r thed ocumenhte hadr equesteTdh.e w itnesasd dedt hatw hent heA ccuserde turned: " ...h eg avem et heI Dc ardo ft hel adyt hatI referrteod, t hel adyI referrteoda tt he beginniBnugt.w henI meth im,I toldh imt hatt herwee rea loto fp robleimnsK igalia,n d thatt herwee reo thepre oplweh oc oulbde i nt hes ames ituatiaosnt hel adyw hos entm e toh im.S o,I askehdi mi fi tw erep ossibtloeg ivem eo theIrD c ardtso b eg ivetno t his ladyw hoc oulidn t

urng ivet hemt oo therp eoplweh om ighth avet hes amep roble.m. .. Aftegri vinmge t heI Dc ardf ort hel adyh,e g avem et eno theIrD c ardssi gnebdy h imt o bef illeidn b yt hep eoplweh ow ere. ..t or eceivteh em. ...T heb ourgmesttorledm et hat anyonweh ow anteads sistansciem,i laars sistanscheo,u lcdo ntactth el adya,n dt hatt hey shoulfdi lli nt heI Dc arda,f fitxh ep hotograapnhds, e ndt hemt ot hec ommunoaflf icfeo r thec ommunsatla mp. ...A mongo therre commendatihoent so,l dm et ok eept hisa secret becausief t heI nterahamowreA b akigwae ret o findt hesIeD cardsh,i sl ifea ndm ine couldb e ind ange.r. ..W henI wass peakinwgi tht heb ourgmesthree t oldm e quite clearltyh atI shoulads kt hel adyi nq uestitoonb ec arefualn do nlyt og ivet heseex tra cardst o peoplew how ereo riginallfyr omM abanzcao mmunweh ow erei n similar difficulatsit ehso sseh eh ade ncountered." 303T ranscripotfs 2 6 April2 000p p.1 8-21S.e eC hapteVr. 4.2r egarditnhge k illinogf PastoMru ganga. 90

ICTR-95-1A-T ~lt~/~.~ ., ~lt ,~.~ 248.W imessW E wasa blet o returnt o Kigaliw hereh e gavet hel adyt hei dentity cards°)4 TheW itnesass sertetdh ath e hadn o familyt iesw itht heA ccuseda,n dt hat h3e° swentt o seeh imb ecaushee was" ano fficiailn Mabanza". WitnesRsA 249.D efenceW itnessR A testifiedt hatt he Tutsis istersf roma religious communitdye cidetdh att heyw antedt o findr efugei n Kibuyea s theyd idn otw ant thew holec ommunittyo be killedb ecausoef them.O n 17 April1 994,t hew itness wentw ithP astoErl iphaasn df ives istertso d iscustsh es ituatiwoint ht heA ccuseAdt. his officeh e warnedt hemn ot to go to Kibuyeb ecauseo f the roadblocksT.h e Accusegda vet hema roomi n whicht o hide.T heys tayedt heref ort hed ay,b efore leavinwgi thP astoErl iphausn dert hec overo fd arknesOsn.e o f thes isterass kedt he Accuse"di fi t werep ossiblfeo rh imt o changhee ri dentitcya rdf orh er.H e agreed, andd idt hat"S.h el eftt hen extd3 a0y6. WitnessZ D 250.D efencWei tnesZsD testifietdh ati n them iddleo f May,h isf amilyc amet o joinh imi nh isv illagoef o rigiinn MabanzAas. t heyh ada rrivelda tet hen ighbte fore, they" passetdh rougthh eh omeo f theA ccused"T.h en extm ornintgh eA ccuseadn d hisw ifea ccompanitehdew itnessf’a miltyo him.T hew itnestse stifitehda th isw ife toldh imt hati n theh omeo f theA ccuse"dt herwee reT utsiwsh ow ereh iding": "Shes pokteo m eo fw

omeann d,i nt urnI, toldh ert hatt hatw asn’stu rprisbiencga usIe hadh earidt s aiodf h imt hath ew asd ointgh a.t. .A.tt hapto initn t imiet w ass aitdh ahte distribuftaeldsi ed entictayr dbse ariHnugt ut ribteo T utsisso t hatth eyc oulbde h elpetdo c’r’o3s°ts7h er oabdl ockasn df lee. 251.T hew itnesgsa vet hee xamploef an individuaolr,i ginallfyr omK ibuyew,h o hadg onet o Mabanz"ai no rdert o obtainf romI gnaceB agilisheam af alsei dentity 304 Transcriptosf 23 May 2000p p. 14-33. 3o5I bid.p .5 8. 306 Transcripotfs 2 May2 000( closesde ssionp). 5 307 Transcriptosf 3 May 2000p p.2 4-25. 91

c3a°r8db earintgh em entioonf Hutuf orh ism other-in-wlhaoww asa Tutsi". 252.W itnesZsD statedt hatb efore1 7 April1 994,h e personallhye ardt he RPF radio,M uhaburat,h ank" theB ourgmestroef Mabanzac ommunef or the manneri n whichh e behaveidn ordert o contaitnh es ituatiaonnd t o protectth ep opulatioann,d .3.°.9e ncourag[eodt hearu thorititeosd ]o a sh ed id". WitnesZsJ 253.D efencWei tnesZsJ testifitehda th isb rother-in-wlhaoww asl ivinign Kigali, andw hosew ifew asT utsi,d idn ot" knowh owt o bringh isw ifet o Kibuybee causoef ther oadblockAsc"c.o rditnog thew itnessh,i sb rother-in-claamwet o Mabanzian the lastd ayso f May,a ndt heA ccusepdr ovidehdi mw ith" ani dentitcya rdw hichw ould haveH utuw ritteonn i t".T hew itnessst atetdh ath ep ersonalslaywt hec ard3.1 0 WitnesBsE 254.D efencWei tnesBsE testifietdh ato new eeka ftert hed eatho f theP resident, theR PFr adioM,u haburac,o ngratulattheedA ccusedA.c cordintgo thew itness",[ i]t wasb eings aidt hath e isn otl iket heo therB urgomastwehrow asc ausintgh ek illing of the otherm emberosf thep opulationT"h.e witnessst atedt hath e "heardt he portiownh ichs aidt hata llt heo therB urgomastesrhso ulfdo llowt hee xamploef the Burgomastoefr M abanza".311 The Accused 255.T heA ccusetde stifietdh atd uringt hem assacrehse issuedi n totala bout1 00 laissez-passoerr fse uilldee routet o personfsr omo utsidMea banzcao mmunaen d identitcya rdst op ersonlsi vinign thec ommuneH.e s tatetdh at" I knewv eryw ellt hat 308 Ibidp.. 2 6. 309 Ibidp.p .2 5-26. 310 Transcripotfs 3 May2 000p p.8 2-8 3. 311 Transcripotfs 2 7 April2 000p p.3 0-34. 92

ICTR-95-1A-T itw asi lleg.a.l. B.uti no rdetro s avel ivesI, w asr eadtyo l iei no rdetro s avep eople". He explained: "Ih adm anyr equesftrso mt hep eoplweh on ol ongehra di dentictayr dse,i thebre cause theyh adl ostt hemo rb ecausteh eA bakighaa dd estroytehde iird entictayr dsS.o ,i tw as importatnhta tt heyh ado theird entictayr diss suetdo t hemB.u tf urthermotrhee,r wee re personwsh ow erei nd angerw,h ow antetdo e scapaen df leet oo therp lacesa,n dI knew thespee oplwee reT utsisI. k newv eryw ellt hespee oplwee reT utsisb,u tI wrotoen t heir cardtsh att heyw ereH utus." 256.H e addedt hath e senta numbero f blanks ignedi dentitcya rdsw ithW itness WE,s o ast o helpc itizenosf M abanzwah ow erel ivinign Kigali3.1 2 257.T he Accuseda lsot estifietdh ath e falsifietdh e commune’rse gistero f resident3s1.3P eoplew hosen amesw eree ntereidn ther egistewre rei ssuedw itha residentc’asr dt hatc ouldb e shownt o authoritireesq uestianng i dentitcya rd.T he Accusegda vet hee xamploef t hei ndividuaatl e ntry7 5o ft heR egisteird,e ntifiaesd a Hutut hereina,n ds tatetdh ath e wasi n facta TutsiT.h eA ccuseddi dn otp ersonally knowt hisp ersonT.h eA ccusetde stifitehda th es tartetdo f alsiftyh er egistaesre arly as in1 990,a t thes tarto f thew ar,a ndt hatu p to6 0%o fi ndividuailns t heR egister werea ctuallTyu tsi.T he Accuseda ddedt hath e helpedo nlyt hosep ersonsw ho

specificaalslkye dh imt o.314 Fort heP rosecutitohne,f alsificatoifot nh ep opulation censusb y theA ccusesdu pportist sa rgumentth att heA ccusesde lectiveelxye rcised h3ias5a uthoriatnydc ontrol. 258.T heD efencree ferretdo thec ommune’rse gisteorf outgoinmga ilt o showt hat theA ccuseadl sot ookm easurteo punishc rimesf roma bout2 7 April,o nceh e had beena blet or egaisno meo f hisa uthoriitnyt hec ommun3e1.6T heA ccuseadl sos tated thatt he communeh ad beenp aralysebde tween1 3 and 25 Aprild ue to the many 312 Transcripotfs 6 June2 000p p.4 0-60. 313 DefencEex hibiNto .9 3. 314 Transcripotfs 6 June2 000p p.6 0-94. 315 Prosecutiworni tteCnl osinRge markpsa ra.2 92. 316 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8. 93

¯a ,e!~!pn~ ICTR-95-A1- T a3s1s7ailanftrso mt heN orthw homt heyc ouldn oti dentify. 259.O n 27 April1 994,t he Accusewdr otet o theP rocureudre la Rdpubliquien Kibuyet own regardingt he transfero f the assassinso f Biziyaremyaen d BamporinezTah.e C hambenro test hatt herei s no informatiaosn t o thee thnicitoyf the victims3.18 On 2 May 1994,h e suspendedt he communald river,E phrem Nshimiyimanaan,d a communaplo licemanM,u nyandamutsfao,r havings tolent he enginfer oma vehicllee fta t thec ommunoaflf ice3.19 Thel etterwsr ittetno t hed river andt hep olicemweenr ef iledi n suppor3t2.0O n 3 May1 994,t heA ccusesde nta letter to theP rocureudre la R@ubliquaet Kibuyer,e gardintgh et ransfeorf fivep ersons accuseodf havinga ssassinatae cde rtaiKna ngabeA.c corditnog theA ccusedh,e was killedf ore thnicr eason3s2.1O n 5 May,t heA ccusesde nta letterr egardintgh e investigatiionntso t hes tolenc owso f a certaiKna rekeziw,h ow asT utsizY On the samed ayh e wrotet o thec onseilleorf Mushubatain dt o a certaiNny akabandfeo r speciaplr otectifoonr a familtyh ath adh iddeTnu tsiw ithitnh eirh ome.A ccorditnog theA ccusedt,h eT utsiw eres tillw itht hef amil3y2.3O n 9 May,t heA ccusewdr otea similalre ttetro t hec onseilloefr B uhingrae garditnhge p rotectioofn a residenotf BuhingaT.h eA ccuseedx plainetdh att her esidenwta s% Tutsiw oman,m arrietdo a Hutu,w how ast hreaten3e2d4.T wod

aysl ater,t heA ccusewdr otet o theb ourgmestre of Gitesit o informh ima bouta murdebry a soldierA.c cordintgo theA ccusedt,h e soldiehra d killeds omeonien Mabanzaa ndt henf ledt o Gitesic ommun3e2.s The Accusedo,n 19 May,s enta lettetro thec onseilloefr G iharsae cteurre questitnog ensurteh ep rotectioofnp ropertlye ftb ehinbdy Tutsi3.26T hed aya ftert,h eA ccused wrotet o theg endarmercioem mandoefr thea reas o thath e couldt aket hen ecessary measureasg ainsgte ndarmewsh o had injuretdh e presidenotf the CDRp artyw ho 317 Transcripotfs 6 June2 000p . 105a ndp p.1 16-117. 318 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0279. 319 Ibid.a t 0280a nd0 281. 320 DefencEex hibiNto s.9 4 and9 5. 321 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0286.T ranscripotfs 6 June2 000p . 116. 322 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0289. 323 Ibid.a t 0291T.r anscripotfs 7 June2 000p . 16. 324 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0294.T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p . 18. 325D efencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0297.T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p p.1 9-20. 326 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0308. 94

h7adt riedt os topt heirv andaliosfm propertiyn MabanzaY 260.O n 20 May1 994,t heA ccusewdr otet o thec ommitteees tablishteod d ealw ith ther ecoveroyf propertayb andonbeyd displacpeedr sonsT.h eA ccusetde stifitehda t thec ommittewea st o ensuret hatt hep ropert"yc ouldb e storedo r keptu ndert he custodyo f the communet o avoid[ its]m isappropriati3ozn8" A.ccordintgo the Accusedp,e oplhea ds tartefdi ghtinogv ert hep roperty3"2.9O n 24 May,t heA ccused wrotet o the conseilleorf Rubengertao "call. .. to order"m emberso f the "Committefeo rt heR estoratioonf Peaceo f KabatareK,i bandaan dK igabirow"h o had attackedR ubengerhao spitalA.c cordintgo the Accused,m emberso f the committeees tablisheadt theb eginninogf May 1994" ’weren otf ulfillintgh eir functionpsr operlya’n’d h ada ttacketdh eR ubengerHae althC enterT.h eA ccusewda s thereforreeq uestitnhgec onseillt’eo’r"3 3 c°altlh isc ommittteoeo rder. 261.T heC hambenro test hatt her egisteorf outgoinmga ils howst hatt heA ccused continuteod t akem eansi n ordert o restorsee curitiyn t hec ommunoef Mabanzuan til 14 July1 994.I n particulatrh,e C hambenro test hato n 24 May,2 7 May,6 June,1 3 June,1 4 June,2 1J une,2 8 Junea nd1 2J uly,t heA ccusesde ntl ettertso t heP rocureur de la Rdpubliqaute K ibuyree garditnhge t ransfeorf numerouisn dividuaalcsc useodf crimesv,a ryinfgr omk illinogt hertso s tealing C3O3W1S, 262.T he

Accusetde stifietdh ath e was perceiveads an accomplicoef the RPF, partlyb ecausRea dioM uhaburhaa db roadcastth ath e was" a goodb ourgmestraen"d t3h3a2th ep rotecttehdeT utsi. Conclusion 263. In theo pinioonf theC hambert,h ea bovee videncdeo esn ots upportth ec ase 327I bid.a t 0309.T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p p.2 6-27. 328D efencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0311. 329 Transcripotfs 7 June2 000p p.3 1-33. 330D efencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0313.T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p p.3 4-35. 331D efencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0315,0 320,0 332,0 340,0 341,0 353,0 367,0 368a nd0 377. 332T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p p.1 05-106.

~~ ~*~$~ ICTR-95-A1- T O , 16 7- of theP rosecutitohna tt heA ccuseadc teds electivetloy aid a chosenf ew.T he testimonoyf ProsecutiWoint nesQs a lonec astsd oubto n theP rosecutiopno’ssi tion. Althougthh erei sn o evidencteo supportth ec ontentioofn t heA ccusetdh ath e issued atl east1 00i dentictayr dsa ndl aissez-pastsoeh resl pi ndividuatlhse,r ies n oe vidence tor efuitte. 264.T he evidencea lsos howst hatt he Accusedw as praisedb y the RPF radio Muhaburaa,l beitb efore1 7 April1 994,w hent her efugeewse rek illeda t Kibuye stadiu(ms eeV .3.4)T.h e Chambenro test hatt he Prosecutiodni dn ot expressly addrestsh ei ssueo f whethetrh isr adiob roadcasatc tualloyc curre3d3.3S imilarly, regardintgh ec ommune’rse gisteorf residenttsh,e C hambefri ndst hatt herei s a possibiltihtaytt heA ccusefda lsifitehder egistteorp rotecTtu tsi. 265.W ithr espectto thec onducotf theA ccuseadf ter2 7 April1 994,a s shownb y thec ommuner’esg isteorf outgoinmga il,t hee videncdee monstrattehsa tt heA ccused tookm easuretso restorlea wa ndo rderi n thec ommunoef MabanzaI.t hasn otb een establishbeyd t heP rosecutitohna ti n doings o theA ccuseadc tedt ot hed etrimeonft theT utsi.H owevert,h eC hambenro test hatt hem ajoritoyf thec rimefso rw hicht he Accuseids specificalclhya rgeidn theI ndictmeonctc urrebde fore2 7 April.A lso, fromt hee videnceb,y thisd ate,a substantipaelr centaogfe t heT

utsih adf ledt he communHei.s l iabilitthye refiosrd iscussiendC hapteVr. 5.4M eetings 266.A ccordintgo theP rosecutiotnh,e A ccusehde lda numbero f meetingdsu ring whichh e encouragetdh el ocalp opulatiotno killt heT utsi.R egardinsgo -called "pacificatimoene"t ingtsh,e P rosecutidoindn otc ontestth att heyo ccurreRda.t her, theP rosecutiaorng uedt hatt heA ccuseddi dn ott hreatetno imposes anctionosn personbsr eachinhgi sa dvice3.34H owevert,h eD efencceo ntendetdh att heA ccused helda numbeorf pacificatimoene tingisn an attemptto restorsee curitayn de thnic 333T ranscripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p p.2 32-233. 334P rosecutiworni tteCnl osinRge markpsa ras.3 69-381. 96

harmonyi n Mabanza. WitnesJs 267.W itnesJs testifietdh ata meetinwga sh elda t a placer eferretdo as CERAI. Peoplew erec alledt o thesem eetingass "theyw eres cattereadr oundl ookinfgo r peoplteo kill"T.h ew itnesesx plaintehda tp eoplwee res ensitizteod g o outa ndk ill andt hat" theyu seda strategtyh atp eaceh adr eturnetdo gett hosep eoplhei dinign thes orghufmi eldst o comeo uta ndt hoseh idingi n ceilingtso comeo uta ndt hose w3h3o5c ameo utw erek illed.T"h ew itnesdsi dn ota ttentdh ism eeting. 268.T he testimonoyf WitnesJs aboutt hism eetinigs sketchayn do f a general natureA.s shed idn ota ttentdh em eetinhge rselfh,e rt estimoinsyh earsaya,n di t is wholluyn corroboraCtoends.e quenttlhye,C hambefri ndst hatt herei s is a doubta st o whethert he Accusedh elda meetinga t CERAId uringw hichp ersonsi,n cluding Abakigwae,r ei ncitetdo k illT utsi. WitnesHs 269.P rosecutioWni tnesHs testifietdh att he Accusehde lda meetinign Gacaca communeA.c cordintgo thew itnesst,h eA ccuse"ds aida llT utsih ousesw hichw ere destroyaendd w hichw erec loset o ther oad,s houlbde cleareodf fc ompletebleyc ause apparentltyh erew as a commissioonf whitem en whichw as to comea nd gather informatioonn t heo wnerosf t heseh ouses"T.h ew itnessst atetdh att hei nstructions w3e3r6e followed. 270.T he Chambern otest hatt he testimonoyf WitnesHs is uncorroborataendd sketchya,n di t is uncleawrh ent hem eetinogc currewdh,e thehre wasp resenatt the meetinogr whethehri se videncies hearsayC.o nsequentlthye,C hambefri ndst hata doubts ubsistass to whethetrh eA ccusehde lds ucha meetinagt Gacacaa,n dw hat mayh aveb eens aida t them eeting. 335T ranscripotfs 3 1 Januar2y0 00p p.2 3-25a ndp p.1 5-16( closesde ssion). 97 ~L

WitnesKsA 271.D efencWei tnesKsA testifietdh ata meetinwga sh eldi n Giharas ecteuart the endo f Mayo r earlyi n June," whent herew asa calm,a lulli n thek illing3s3"7.H e wentw ithh is mothera nd hism aternauln cle.T he witnesssa wt he conseilleorf Giharas,o mes ecteuorf ficialasn dc ommunaplo licemeAnc.c ordintgo thew itness, whosem othera ndu nclew ereT utsi,a mongt hec rowdw ereo rphaneTdu tsic hildren andT wa.T hec onseilloefr Giharao penedt hem eetinagn di ntroducetdh eA ccused. Thew itnessst atetdh att heA ccused: "[...e]m phasisteodt hep eoploef K ijoayn dG ihartah att hati sw herteh eA bakigas normallcyo met o -- thati sw heret heyn ormallcya mef roms o het oldt hemt o do everythipnogs siblteo preventth emf romk illinagn dl ootinagn dh e fiarther emphasibsyet de llintgh emt hatt heys houledn surteh eiorw ns ecuriatnyd p reventth e Abakigf’ar’so3 m3p 8assintgh routgohg oi ntot hev ariohuosu setso k illa ndl oot. 272.W itnesKsA addedt hatt he Accusetdo ldt he peoplew how erea blet o do so thatt heys houltda kei ntot heirc areo neo r twoo f theo rphaneTdu tsic hildreann d "keept hema nd educatet hema s theiro wn children"C.o nsequentlhye, a nd his mothert ookt woc hildrenT.h e Accuseadl soe xplainetdo thoseg atherehdo w to ensuret heiro wns ecuritwyi thint hes ub-celhg[es.339 TheC hambenro test hatt he Prosecutidoind n ots pecificalrleyf utet het estimoonfy thew itnesrse

garditnhgi s meeting. WitnessW E 273.D efencWei tnesWsE whoh adf ledf romK igalia t thes tarto f them assacres, testifitehda t,t owardtsh ee ndo f them ontho fA prilh,e a ttendae dm eetinlge db y the Accuseidn MabanzaT.h ew itnesesx plainetdh ath e wentt o visita friendw how as hidinign K ibilizAif.t ers peakinwgi thh isf riendh,e camea crosasb out1 00p eople, 336 Transcriopf1t 9sN ovemb1e9r9 9p p.6 1-62. 337 Transcroifp2 t2sM ay2 000p p.4 0-41. 338 Ibipd..5 8. 98

ICTR-95-1A-T somes tandingo,t herss ittinga,t Kibilizmia rketO.n hearinsgo meonaed drestsh e crowdh,e approachaendd s awt heA ccusesdp eakin3g4.°T hew itnessst ated: "Hew ass peakitnogt hep eoploeu tl ouda,n dh ew ast ellintgh emt od istingubiesthw een thee nemyt,h ee nemieosf t hep eoplea,n dh es aidt hee nemieosf t hep eoplwee ret he RPF,w hereatsh eT utsiwse ren ervoujsu stl ikeo therasn dt hatt heys houlcdo operattoe resolvteh eidra y-to-dparyo blemasn,d t hatt heys houlndo tl istetno t hep ropaganodfa peoplfer omo utsidet,h ati st heA bakigaan dt he[ nterahamwwheo,c amet o killa nd l,o,o3t4.1 274.W itnesWsE alsos awt wop olicemenH.e stayedf ora pproximate1l5y m inutes a3n4d2d idn oth eart heA ccusetdh reatetno p unisahn yonhee f oundo utk illing. 275.T herei s no evidencteh ata nnouncemenwtesr em adei nvitinpge oplet o the meetinogr thatt herew ereo thera uthoritiperse sentA.l thougthh e testimonoyf WitnesWsE is notc orroborateitd ,i s consistewnitt hh iss tatemenotf 13 December 19993.43A dditionaltlhye,r ew eren o specificch allengbeys t heP rosecutidounr ing cross-examinarteigoanr ditnhge v eraciotfy thew itnesdse’s criptioofnt h em eeting. WitnessK C 276.D efencWei tnesKsC testifietdh ath e attendetdw om eetingsT.h ef irstt ook placen eart he" Islamc amp"a t theb eginninogf them ontho f June.T he witness statetdh att herew erea bout1 50m en,w omena ndy oungp eoples ittinagn ds tanding. He wasw ithf ourf riendsT.h ew itneshsa dn oth earda n announcemecnotn venintgh e meeting.T he witnesss aw the Accused,t he assistanbto urgmestrAen t&ea nd communaplo licemeHne. d idn ots eea nyT utsid uringt hem eeting. 339 Ibid.p p.6 0-62. 340 Transcripotfs 2 3 May2 000p p.3 8-39. 341 Ibidp.. 4 1. 342 Ibid.p p.6 0-65. 99

277.W itnessK C statedt hatt he Accuseds pokew ithouta megaphonoer a loud speake3r4.4T hew itnessst ated: "Ir emembtehra th ew ast ellintgh ep eoplteh att heys houlndo tl istetno t hep eoplweh o camef romt heN ortht,h osIe referrteod a st heA bakigwah ow eret ryintgo d ividteh e peopleH.e exhorttehde mt oc ontinluiev intgo gethienr p eacaen da ddetdh att heo nly enemyw ast heR PFa ndt hatt hea rmyw asf acinugp t o themo n thew arf ronta ndt heir d3u4t5yt,h eirro lew ast or emaiunn ited". 278.T hew itnestse stifitehda tt heA ccusedi,n answetro questiontso,l dt hec rowd thatt heys houlndo to ccuptyh el ando f Tutsiw hoh adf ledo rd estroayn ythinogn the landa s theyw ouldr eturnon e day3.46W itnesKsC statedt hat" nobodcyo mplained becauset hosew ho had problemsw ere alwaysi n hiding.S o thosew ho could c3o4m7plaiwnh,o h ada nythintgo complaianb outw erea lwayisn hiding". 279.W itnesKsC saidt hath e attendeadn othemre etinogn eo r two daysl atera t Kibilizmia rketw hereh e hadg onet o buyb eer.H e explainetdh att heA ccuseadn d hisa ssistanwte rep resenatn da bout2 00h undrepde oplhea dg atheredA.c cordintgo thew itnesst,h eA ccusesdp okew ithouuts inga megaphonea,n dr epeatewdh ath e hads aidd urintgh ef irstm eetinTgh.e w itneslse ftb eforteh ee ndo ft hem eeting. WitnesKs 280.P rosecutiWoint nesKs, whow ast henh idingw itht heM uslimst,e stifietdh at shea ttendead m eetinagt a

clinica ddressebdy theA ccusedT.h ew itnesesx plained thats hew asd resseudp likea Musli"ma nda sked. ..t o joint hec rowd"a,n dt hati t wash opedt hatd uringt hem eetin"gt heyw ouldd eclarpee ace"S.h ed idn otk nowi n whichm ontht hist ookp lacea ndw hethetrh erew erea nyo thera uthoritiperse senotr anyo therT utsiT.h eC hambenro test hata ccordintgo herw rittewni tnessst atement 343 DefencEex hibiNto .7 8. 344 Transcripotfs 2 8 April2 000p p.2 0-24a ndp . 27. 345 Ibidp.. 2 5. 346 Ibidp.p .2 5-26. 347 Ibidp.. 3 2. 100

~, "- ’e~L~ ICTR-95-1A-T I o3f4 810J uly1 999t hem eetinogc curreidn earlyJ une1 994. 281.A lthougshh ec ouldn oth eare verythitnhga tw asb eings aid,t hew itneshse ard someo f thew ordso f theA ccusedS.h es tatedi,n cross-examinattihoantt, h eA ccused wasu singa megaphoante them eetin3g4.9T hew itnestse stifie"dI: h eardh ims ayt o thep eoplteo destroayl lt heh ousesa ndr azet hemd ownt o theg round.T"h ew itness understotohde h ousetso be thoseo f theT utsiA.c corditnog t hew itnesst,h eA ccused explaine"dw hitep eoplem ightc omea nda skt o whomt heseh ousesb elongt,h erefore t3hse°seh ousehsa dt o bed estroyseod t hats uchq uestiocnosu ldb ea voided". 282.W itnesKs testifietdh atm emberosf thec rowda skeda numbero f questions. Onei ndividuawlh o was takingc areo f two Tutsic hildrewnh o had "lostt heir mother"a,s kedw hethetrh eA ccusecdo uldh elpe ducataen dr aiset hem.I n response, accorditnogt hew itnesst,h eA ccusesda id" thath e wasn ott her edc rossw hos hould providteh emw ithe ducatiaonnd t hati f therew erep ossibilithiee ssh oultda ket hem to Kinihir.a. .".B y Kinihirtah ew itnesusn dersto"otdh el argem assg ravesi nto w’h’i3c5Th1u tsiwse rep laceadf tert heyh adb eenk illed. 283.W itnessK statedt hata notherm embero f thec rowda skedt he Accusewdh at shouldh appent o peoplef oundh idingi n sorghufmi eldsa s theh arvesatp proached. TheA ccusemdo cked" thep ersona

skingt heq uestioann dt oldh imt o taket hemt o KinihiraT.h"ew itnestso okf righatn dw entt oh ide.3 52 WitnessZ D 284.D efencWei tnesZsD testifietdh ath e participatiend t wom eetingisn May- June1 994.T hef irstm eetintgo okp lacea t Ryanyirakabiann oR ubengersae cteur. Thew itnesesx plaintehda to nea fternohoen w asr eturnifnrgo mv isitinhgi sc ousiinn 348 DefencEex hibiNto .1 4. 349 Transcripotfs 2 5 Januar2y0 00p p.5 6-57a ndp p.1 00-101. 35o Ibidp.p .5 7-58. 351 Ibidp.. 6 0. 101

Gitikiniwnhie nt heA ccusedw,h ow ast ravelliinng thes amed irectiogna,v eh ima lift.T hew itneswse ntw ithh imt o them eetingH.e statedt hatt herew erea bouta hundremde n,w omena ndc hildrenA.c cordintgo thew itnesst,h eA ccusewda ntedt o askt hep eoplteo stopp ursuintgh eT utsiH.e statetdh ath e "...u nderstotohda th e wantedt o transmitth ism essagteo thep eoplseo thatt hep eoplael soc anp asst he messagoen toa ssailanwthso w antedt,h ist imea roundt,o attacfka miliessu spectoefd hidinTgu tsisI. t hinkt hem essagwea sw ellr eceiveadn,d s urvivocrasn t estiftyo t hat f3a5c3t,,. 285.W itnesZsD saidt hatt heA ccuseddi d nots peakt hrougah megaphoneO.t hers presenti ncludetdh e policeb odyguarodf the Accusedt,h e conseilleorf the Rubengecreal lulaen dm emberosf otherc3e5 l4lules. 286.W ithr egartdo thes econdm eetingt,h ew itnestse stifietdh att hec onseillers andh eadso f celluleasd visetdh ep opulatitohna tt heA ccusewda st o holda meeting in MushubatTih.e m eetincgo ncernetdh er estoratioofn p eace.H e statedt hatt he Accuseads ked" theh eadso f the[ N]yumbakuamnid t hel eaderosf thec ellulest,o makea n inventoorfy t hep ropert[yt ]hawta st heres o thatt hesep roperticeosu ldb e renteda t a smalla mounto f moneya ndt hef undst husm ade- - transmittteod t he Mabanzac ommunes o thata n end can be put to the disputessu rroundintgh ese p5roperties"Y 287.T hea udiencwea sH utua s

"att hatp ointi n timeT utsish adb eenk illeda nd otherhsa df leda ndo therss tillw ereh idinegl sewhereW.i"t nesZsD agreetdh att he effecto f thea rrangemesnutg gestebdy theA ccusewdo uldb e thatt hel andw ouldg o backt o theH utu.H oweverh,e addedt hat" theo bjectivwea st o puta n endt o the disputeasm ongstth eH umsw ho hada ppropriattehde b elongingosf thosew how ere nol ongetrh eret,h osew hoh ada lreaddyi edo r hadf led"3.56T hew itnesasd ded: 352I bidp.. 6 1. 353 Transcripotfs 3 May2 000p p.3 8-39. 354I bidp.. 4 0. 355I bid.p . 42.T het ermn yumbakurmeif ertso a neighbourhcooonds istionfgt enh ouses. 356I bidp.p .4 4-45. JZ.

IOCTR-95-1A-T1 61~ ~) ~ !~ "Inf acth,e w antedi,no new ayo ra nothetro,d elegaptoew ert,o h avea solutitoont his problecmo ncernitnhgeu seo fp roperbtyya skintgh ec onseillaenrdt hel eaderosf t he Nyumbakutmhia tf romh encefortthhe ys houlddi stributtheep ropertbye,c ausiet w asn’t possibtlhea te achp ersocna nc omea ndp osseshsa lfvai llagHee.w antetdh espee oplteo comet os olvintgh emselvtehsi sp roblecmo ncernipnrgo perwtiyt houitm posihnigm self asa na uthoriHteyw .a ntetdo a skt hemt,o s ayt hatt hisp roperwtays n ol ongegro intgo bef reei,t w asg ointgo b er enteda,n di ft here’asn yf undst,h isw oulbde g ivetno t he c’o’m3m5u7nSeo.h ew antetdo g ivet hep eoplae c hoicoef a solutitoont hel ocalle aders. 288.T hew itnessst atetdh att hep ropertwya sa lreadiyn theh andso ft heH utu,s o it w3a5s8n ota mattero f givingl andt o theH utub utt o ensureb etterd istribution. WitnesZsD wasu nawaroef anym eetingssa idt o haveb eenh eldb y theA ccuseidn Rubengersac hool. WitnesZsI 289.D efencWei tnesZsJ testifietdh ath e participataesd a membero f a political partyi n a meetinagt theb eginnionfg them ontho f Mayh eldi n them eetinhga llo f theb ureauc ommunalT.h em eetinwga sc alledb y theA ccuseadn di t wasa ttendebdy allt hem emberosf thec ommitteoefs a llt hep oliticapla rtiewsi thitnh ec ommune, includintgh e MDR( Mouvemendtd mocratiqrudep ublicaint)h,e P SD (Pattis ocial-

d~mocrate),t he MRND (Mouvement r~volutionnairen ational pour le ddveloppementa)n,d theC DR (Coalitiopno url a ddfensdee la r~publiqueT)h.e witnescso uldn otr emembewrh ethetrh eP L (Partil iberalw)a sr epresenteTdh.e witnessst ated: "TheB ourgrnesetxrpel aintehde s ituatiwohni cwha sp revailiwnigt hitnh ec ommunaen,d hes aidt hats inceev erybohdayds eent hisa ndw asa waret,h es ecurihtayd b eend isturbed byt hosweh oc amef romo utsidteh ec ommunaen,d h ei nsisttehda tp eoplceo met ogether, andt heys houlndo l ongefri ghotn ea gainstth eo thera,n dt heys houlbde t ogethseort hat theyc ane nsursee curitHye.s aidt hatt hosew hoh adn otb eenk illeda,n dw how erei n hidinsgh oulbde k eptw ella,n dh es aidt hath en ol ongewra ntetdo h earo fa nyk illings. 357I bidp.. 4 8. 358I bidp.. 4 9. 103

~ -, ~,~, ~*~ ICTR-95-1A-T Hes pokoef a projecwth icwho ulidn volvsee ttinugpc ommitteienss ectorasn dc ellules i’n’o5 3r9detro s afegutahredp roperotfyt hespee ople. A3c6c°orditnog t hew itnesse,v eryonaec ceptetdh ei deao f theA ccused. The Accused 290. TheA ccusesdt atetdh at: "Therwee reT utsie xtremisttsh;e rew ereH ume xtremistAsn.d I hadt o managteh at situatiAonnd.s tilolp eratian nge wt riamla nnearn ds howf aimeswsi thousth owinbgi as, withoufta voufro ra nys ideB.u tt herwee ree xtremisotnbs o ths idesH,u ma ndT utsia,s well. ...D urintgh atp eriodt,h erwee rer umortsh att heR PFw ereg oingt oi nvadteh e wholec ountriyn lesst hant hreed ays.A mongt heT utsist,h erew eres omew how ere braggitnhga tR PFw asg ointgo t akeo vert hec ountriynl esst hant hredea ysA.n dy ouc an imaginteh es ituatiIo wna su pa gainsIt h.a da bou7t0 p ercenHtu tuasn d3 0p ercenTtu tsi. I hadt oa ppeasteh eH utup,a rticulabrylc yo,n vincitnhge mt hatt hee nemiys n ott heir neighboubru,tt hee nemyt,h eo nec ominfgr omo utsidaet,t ackifnrgo mo utsidAen.d o n t’h’e3o1 6thehra ndI, h adt os topt heT utswih ow ereg enerathiantgr eadm ontgh ep eople. 291.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ato n 4 May1 994h e sento ut a lettert o political partiesr,e ligioudse nominationcso,n seillerhse,a dso f departmenatnsd c eIlule committeeass,k ingt hemt o comet o a meetinogn 6 May.T he letteri s entereadt 0287i n the

commune’rse gisteorf incominagn d outgoinmga il3.62 The Accused explainetdh at the purposeo f the meetingw as to try "to put an end to the disturbanciens t hec ommune"H.e statedt hat" [a]ta nyl evelo f thec ommunew,e wantedt o speakt hes amel anguagew,e wantedt o sendt hes amem essagteh att he killingc ouldb e stoppedm,a ssacrewsh ichh adt akenp laced uringt hem ontho f April"S.o a st o preparfeo rt hem eetinogf 6 May,t heA ccuseidn viteadl,s ob y letter, representatiovfe pso liticpaalr tietso a meetinogn 5 May3.63T heA ccuseedx plained thath e wantetdh eser epresentatiavnedsh imt o "speatkh es amel anguagbee forteh e nextm eetingH"e. s tatetdh atd urintgh em eetinogf 5 May," therwee red ifferencoefs 359T ranscripotfs 3 May2 000p p.7 9-80. 360I bidp.. 8 0. 361 Transcripotfs 6 June2 000p p.2 0-21. 362 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8. 104

l,*-~---.,. ..~,i~ ICTR-95-1A-T opiniona,c cusatioannsd c ountearc cusationbsy" t hev arioupso liticapla rtiesT.h e Accuseda dded: "MRNDf ore xamplwea ss ayintgh atD RDw ast ryintgo k ill-C-D Rw ass ayintgh att hey knewt hatt heo thepra rthya da listo fp eoplteh ath adt ob ee liminatferdo ma montgh e opponentTsh.i sm eetinwga sh eldo n thep revioudsa y,a ndw e knewt hatt hesew ere rumourtsob rinagb oucto nfusiionnt hep opulatiAofnt.e wre i dentiftiheids p roblewme, helda meetinogf t he6 ,t hist imer ounwdi the verybokdnyo winwgh erteh em ainp roblem whicwha sd ividiunsg wasc ominfgr om." 292. TheA ccusetde stifitehda ta t thee ndo f them eeting"se,v eryboaddyo ptetdh e sameo bjectivteh,a ti so f stoppintgh ek illingisn M abanzc3ao6 m4mune". 293.A lthoughW itnessZ J did not specifye xactlyo n whichd atet he meeting occurredh,e placedi t at theb eginninogf May.H ist estimoncyo incideisn much detaiwli tht hato f theA ccuserde garditnhge m eetinogf 5 May,i n particuloanr t he identitoyf thep articipanwthso,w erer epresentatoifv epso liticpaalr tiesa,n dt he objectiovfe t hem eetinnga,m eltyo p uta ne ndt o thek illinagnsd d isturbances. 294.T herei s no independecnotr roboratiaboon utw hato ccurreadt them eetinogf 6 May at the bureauc ommunalH.o wevert,h e Chamberi s of the opiniont hatt he evidencree garditnhge f irstm eetingi,n particultahre t estimoonfy WitnesZs J , is sucht

hatt het estimonoyf theA ccusetdh att hes econdm eetinwga sa lsoh eldf or legitimasteec uritrye asonsc,a nnotb e rejecteads implausiblCeo.n sequentlthye, Chambefri ndst hatt hee videncree latintgo theset wom eetingdso esn ots upportth e allegatitohna tt heA ccuseedn couragiendd ividuatlos s eeko uta ndk illT utsiT.h e P3r6o5secutdiiodnn ots pecificaclolnyt estth att hesem eetinogcsc urred. 295.I n a letterd ated1 June1 994,a nda ddressetdo thec onseilleorfs K ibilizi, Rubengeraan d Gacaca,t he Accusedc alleda "meetingo f the peoplew itht he bourgmestr3e6"6. The Accusetde stifietdh att hisw as one of the" pacification 363 Ibida.t 0 288. 364 Transcripotfs 6 Jtme2 000p p.1 18-12a1n do f 9 June2 000p . 67. 365 Prosecitiworni tteCnl osinRge markpsa ra.3 73. 366 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0324. 105

~’Se*~ ICTR--9 51 A-T meetingsa"n de xplained: "Yesi,t i so neo ft hesmee etintghsa tI chairiendt hes ecteutrosa ppraimsyes elwfi th thes ituatioonnt heg rounddi,s cuswsi tht hep eoplaen dr esolvteh eiprr obleamnsd , abovael lt,o g ivet heimn structtioob nesf ollowdeudr intgh ap’te’ r3i6o7d. 296.T he meetinwga s helda t Kunyenyerlio cateidn theG acacas ecteurP.r esent weret hec onseilleorfst h es ecteurmse,m berosf thec ellulecso,m mittdeee c elluloefs thoses ecteurass wella s thep eoploef thet hrees ecteurisn,c ludisnogm eT utsiw ho hadr emaineidn thec ommuneT.h eA ccusetde stifietdh ata s therew erem anyp eople, he addresstehde c rowdw itha megaphonHee. s tated: "Thadta yi tw asa meetinogf p acificatIi owna.sa skintgh ep eoplneo tt om istakteh eir neighboufrosrt hee nemyI. w ass ayintgh att hee nemwya st heR PF,w hicwha sa ttacking thec ountrfyr omo utsidIe,.t herefoarsek,e tdh emn ott oa ttactkh einre ighbobuercsa use thosdea yst heyw erei dentifytihnegT utsiass R PFa gentsG.e neraltlhya tw ast heg eneral trendo f them eetingt,h eg eneratlh emeo f them eetingb,u tt hep eoplael soa sked q’u’e3s6tsions. 297.I ndividuaalssk edq uestionasb outp roperttyh ath ad beena bandonebdy the refugeeasn da boutt heg enerasli tuatioonf insecuritTyh.e A ccusetde stifietdh at peoplec omplaineadb outt he" peoplfer omt heN orth"a ndr equestehdi mt o ensure thatt heyd idn otr eturtno "creatceh

aos"A.c corditnog t heA ccused",. ..t heyw anted to pointo ut the banditsa nd delinquenttsh atw e knewi n Mabanzaa ndw homw e couldd ealw ith".N oneo f theT utsii n attendancaes kedt he Accusewdh y he had f3a6i9letdo p rotectth eT utsi. 298.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ath e alsoo rganisemde etingisn Mukarua ndK igeyo secteursH.e explaintehda th e toldt heH utu" nott o uset hei deao f accomplitcoe k°illa"s "ins od ointgh eyw erek illintgh eiro wnb rothearnsd s isters’S 367 Transcripotfs 7 June2 000p p.5 1-52. 368 Ibidp.p .5 2-53. 369 Ibidp.p .5 4-59. 370 Ibidp.. 6 3. 106

ICTR-95-1A-T ~} ¢~:~"--~ . ~¢J-~}~ 299.S tilla ccordintgo theA ccusedo,n Friday1 0 June1 994,t heA ccusehde lda meeting" witht he people"a t Kabugai n Giharas ecteurT.h e meetingh ad been arrangebdy letters ento ut on 7 Junet o the conseillerosf Kigayua nd Gihara secteurs3.71 Presenatt them eetinwge ret hec onseilloefrt hes ecteuar ,m embeorf t he cellulceo mmitteaen dm anyi nhabitantTsh.eA ccusetde stifietdh ath ism essagwea s thes amea s durinhgi sp revioumse etingsH.e explainetdh ath e wasa skeda boutt he securitsyi tuatiotnh,e m isappropriaotfip orno pertpye,o plbee ingw ronglayc cuseodf beinga ccomplicaensdd isagreemebnettsw eevna riouisn dividuaolfs t hes3 e7c2teurs. 300.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ath e heldt wom eetingosn 30 June1 994,o nei n the morninagn do nei n thea fternooTnh.e l etterc onvenitnhge sem eetingwsa ss ento ut on 28 June1 994a nda ddressetdo thec onseilleorfsK ibingRou,k aragatNay,a gatovu, Buhingaa nd Mushubat3i7.3 The subjectw as "thato f bringinga boutp eace". Regardiqnuge stionfsr omp ersonwsh oa ttendetdh esem eetingtsh,e A ccusesdt ated: "Examplweosu lbde ,f ori nstancien,K ibingsoe ctori,t ’sq uitcel osteo K ayovceo mmune, I wass peakitnogt hema bourte storipnega caen dr especfto ro ne’nse ighbouArn.dt hey werea skinmge whyI wast ellintgh emt hatw hereaisn theo therc ommunetsh es ame languawgaes n otb eingu sedt o.S o,I wast ryintgo m aket hema

wareI, w ast ryintgo explaitno t hemh oww e shoulbde havgei vetnh ed isturbantcheast w ea ree xperiencing buti tw asd ifficuIlttw .a sd ifficubletc austeh isi sa na reaw hicnhe ighboKuaryso vaen d R,u,t3s7i4ro. 301.D uringc ross-examinattihoenA ,c cusecdo nfirmetdh ath e heldo nem eetinign theM osleqmu arterH.e couldn otr emembewrh etheirt tookp laceb eforoer aftert he Habayoi nciden(ts ectioVn. 4.7)b ut recalletdh ath e heldi t "becausoef the differencebse tweent he Moslemp opulatioann d the neighbourinpego ple".T he Accuseedx plained: "Durintgh atp eriodt,h erwee rea loto fw ard isplacpeedo plweh ow eref leeinfgr omt he warf rontf,r omK igalif,r omG itaramaan,d t heo therre gionosf t hec ountrSyo. t here werea loto fv ehiclpeasr keadn da loto fp eoplweh oh adg atheriendt hatp lacea,n da sI haves aid,a mongm yp eoplteh erew ered eliquenttsh,e rew eret hievewsh ow antetdo 37l DefencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0335. 372T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p p.76-78. 373D efencEex hibiNto .1 8 at 0369. 374T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p p.1 28-129. 107

: ’= ~ ~ ICTR-95-1A-T extormto neyf romt hesep eoplea,n dw how eres ayingt hat- - whoc laimetdh att he Moslemsw here hidingg uns and weapons,a nd that they even had radio telecommunicfaatciiolni titeosc ommunicawtiet ht heR PF,s oI hadt oh olda meeting therteo l ett hemk nowt hatt hesreu mourwse reu nfoundaendd t hatt hespee oplweh oh ave comet ou sa red isplacpeedo plweh oh avep roblemasn,d t hato nt hec ontrawreyn eeded t’o’h7 3e5lpt hemb ecausteh eyw erep eoplweh ow erei nd anger. Conclusion 302.I n theo pinioonf theC hambert,h ea bovee videncee,x cepfto rt het estimonoyf WitnesKs, aboutt hes o-calle"dp acificatiomne"e tingosf May-Juneg,i vess ome supportto t hep ositioofn t heA ccusetdh ath ea ctedt op revenkti llinogfs T utsain dt o re-establilsahwa ndo rderT.h ef actt hata bandonperdo pertwya sd istributteodH utn appearsa s a means to ending the disturbancesb etweent he Hutu over misappropripartoepde rty. 303.T heo nlyw itneswsh oh asa differenrte collectioofn t hem eetingiss Witness K. Hert estimoniys uncorroboraatnedds ketchyS.h ei s unablet o remembeirn which montht hem eetinsgh ea ttendeodc curredde,s pitset atinigt w asi nJ unei n herw itness statemenSth.e d idn otk noww hethera,p artf romt heA ccusedo,t hera uthoritiweesr e presenCto.n sideritnhgi sa ndt hef actt hath erd escriptioofnt h em eetinigs i n stark contraswti tht hed escriptioonfs a llt heo therm eetingpsr esentbeyd WitnessKeAs, KC, ZD, and RA, who haven ot beenf oundt o be unreliablet,h eC hamberc annot attacdhe cisivwee ightto h ert estimorneyg arditnhge m eetinagt t heM osleqmu arter.

6. TheA ceused’Rse lationshwiipt hC ~lestiSne manza 304. It is allegedb y the Prosecutiotnh at the Accuseda nd the assistant bourgmestrCee,l estiSne manzaw,e rei mplicatiend variouast rociticeosm mitteidn Mabanzac ommunea nd Kibuyep refectureb etweenA pril and June 1994.T he Defences ubmittsh atf ollowintgh e introductioofn multipartiisnm 1992,t he relationshibept weenC 61estiSne manzaa nd the Accusedw,a st ense,v ergingo n 375T ranscroifp9 t Jsu n2e0 0p0p .6 8-70. 108

ICTR-95-1A-T ~~~ @ 16- t¢ ......................................................................................................................................... insubordinatTihoins.p ersistuendt ilt hed epartuorfe theA ccuseidn July1 994.T he Defencem aintaintsh att he evidencbee foret he Chamberd emonstrattehsa tt he A3c7c6usehda dn o reala uthoriotry e ffecticvoen troolv erS emanza. 305.T he Accusede xplainetdh atw itht he advento f multipartisema,c hp arty wantetdo establiisths elifn a givenr egioonr area.T woo uto f hist hreea ssistant bourgmestrewesr ef romt he MDRp arty,w hereasA ppolinairNes engimanaan d the Accusebde longetdo theM RNDp arty.T heA ccuseedx plainetdh ata s hisc o-workers belongteodd ifferepnotl iticpaalr tie"s[,i ]nt heiwro rk,t heyb ecam[eu ]ndisciplined, theyd idn otw antt o obeym y ordersa nymoreI. a lwaysh adp roblemwsi tht hem. .. so muchs o thatI hadw antedt hemt o be sentb ackt o theM inistryW"i.t hr egardt o Semanzat,h eA ccuseadd dedt hath e "becamuen manageablIe t.r iedt o manageh im, so I hads uggesttehda th e be sentb ackt o theM inistrtyh,e c ivils ervicbeu t,t he Prefet. ..d idn otc omplyw ithm y requestH.e didn otw antt o suppormty proposal whichI hads enti3 n7"7. 306.T heA ccusetde stifietdh atC 61estiSne manzwaa sd oinge verythitnog sabotage his work.H e explainedt hat Semanza,M unyadolaE tiennea nd Habiyaremye, respectiveSleyc

retarCyh,a irmaann dT reasureorf theM DRp artyi n Mabanzaw,r ote a rebuttaoln 1 Septemb1e9r9 2t oa confidentrieaplo rhte h ads entt ot heP refecotf Kibuy3e7.8A ccorditnogt heA ccusedh,i sr eporhta dc omea fterh e hadr equesttehda t Semanzbae withdrawans assistanbto urgmestrAes. s uch," Semanzwaa ntedb,y all meanst,o t akev engeanc3e7"9I. nt her ebutttahle s ignatorwireost e: "Wet aket hiso ppommiMtry.,P refdtt,oi nfor[my out]h att hisr eporits b aseodn l iesa nd ont hef actt hatt heB ourgmeswtarnet tso v indicahtiem selffr omt hef ailurteot ransmit thet ruer eportwsi thitnh es ett ime-lim.i.t.s. Mr.P rdfetw,e feelt hati t wouldb e advisabtlhea ty ouy ourseclofn ducyto uro wni nvestigatoino wnhsa th appeniendt his Communaes w ella so nt heB ourgmestrset’ast emenstosa st oe stablitshhe t ruthg,i ven thatt heo utdatreedp ortthse ya res ubmitttiony go ua rei naccuraantdea ima td iscrediting theM DR,t herebgyi vintgh ei mpresstihoantt hel atteirs t hes ourcoef t her iotsw,h ereas 376P rosecutorC’lso sinRge markpsp .4 5-47p aras.2 77-285D;e fencCel osinBgr iefp p.1 03-10p7a ras. 190-228. 377 Transcripotfs I June2 000p p.7 1-72. 378 DefencEex hibiNto .5 7. 379 Transcripotfs 1 June2 000p p.8 1-91. 109

,- ~!’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ! i inr ealithye,h imseclafu setdh es ituatiboenc auhseef ailetdom eett hep opulatsiooa ns t o heart heiorp inioannsd t os eekt ogethweirt ht hems olutiotnost heiprr oblems." 307.A ccordintgo theD efencet,h es trainerde lationshbiept weeSne manzaan dt he Accusedc an alsob e seeni n correspondenocvee rS emanza’se mbezzlemenotf communfeu ndsa ndh isf ailurteo reportto work.I n a lettedra ted3 June1 992f rom theA ccusetdo PrefecKta yishemat,h eA ccuseads kedt heP refectto requestth e Ministroyf PublicS ervicteo helpi n ther ecoveroyf 1334 00R wandaFnr ancsf rom SemanzaT.h ism oneyh adb eenm isappropriatbeyd S emanzwah ilstt he Accountant waso n leaves)° Thet henP refecotf KibuyeP,i errKea yondof,o lloweudp thisi ssue witha lettert o theM inisteorf theI nterioarn dC ommunaDle velopmeonnt 1 0 June 1992,w ithc opyt o theA ccusedI.n thel etterh,e r equesttehde M inistetro ordert he "propedre ductioonf thism oneyf romt hes alaryo f thee mployeeS,e manzCa6 1estin, ino rdert hatt hef undsb ep aidb acki ntot heT reasuroyf t hec3 o8m1mune". 308.O n 9 Novembe1r9 92,S emanzaad dressead l ettert o the Accuseidn whichh e explainwehdy t herew asa deficiitn thef undsH.e addedt hath e wasi n thep rocesosf regularisinthge situatioann d intendetdo reimbursoen a monthlyb asist he outstandicnlga ims3.82H oweverb,y lettero f 14 Novembe1r9 92f romt heA ccusetdo SemanzaB,a

gilishemian timatetdh atS emanzaac tedw ithp remeditatioHne. a lso notedt hath e hady ett o receivaen yp aymentfsr omS emanzdae spitteh el atter’s promis3e8.3O n thes amed ay,t heA ccusesde nta lettetro t heM inistoefr theI nterior andC ommunaDle velopmeinnt Kigalia gainr equestinhge lpi n recoverintgh es um owedb y Semanzaan di n imposinag financiaple naltuyp onh im.T heA ccusendo ted hisi ntentitoon t aket hem attetro c ourti f noa dministratmievaes urewse ret akeni n t3i8m4e. 309.T heA ccusetde stifietdh atS emanzfai nallayg reetdo payh isd ebt.A contract was drawnu p betweent he communea nd Semanzaw,h erebyS emanzaa greedt o pay 380D efencEex hibiNto .3 1. 381D efencEex hibiNto .3 0. 382D efencEex hibiNto .2 9. 383D efencEex hibiNto .3 8. 110

,~/~,~) ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T t 67z. b3ysi 5nstalmetnhtesb alancoef h isd eficit. 310.R eferencteo them isappropriaftuendd si s madei n an "EvaluatiSohne et"f or Semanzcao verintgh ep eriodo f 1 April1 993t o 31 March1 994a nds ignedb y the Accuseodn 6 Novembe1r9 923.86I n thee valuatiotnh,e A ccusesdt atetdh at" [i]ti s difficuflotr t hisb ade xamplweh,i cmha ys preaadm ongt het axc ollectisotna ffo ft his CommuneT reasuryt,o disappear"A.s kedb y theP rosecutiownh y theA ccusedh ad recommendeSde manzat o be fit for promotioinn the evaluationt,h e Accused explain"e[dq ]uiftrea nklyI, s aidt hati tw asp rematubruet l atero n I seet hati t has beenc rosseodu t and "fit". .. has replacetdh e" prematureI" .d on’tk noww hy prematurhea sb eenc rosseodu t".T heA ccusecdo uldn otr emembeerx actlwyh enh e filledi n thed ocumenotr whethehre madet hec hangesa,l thoughhe confirmetdh at on theb asiso f theo veralrla tingi n thee valuatioint, w asp rematurteo promote Semanza3.8 7T heC hambenro test hatt herea ret hree" veryh igh"a ndf ive" average" ratingwsi,t ht heo veralglr adbee ing" good". 311.I n furthesru pporotf thet enser elationshbiept weetnh eA ccuseadn dS emanza, theA ccusetde nderead n umbero f letterrse latintgo Semanza’asb sencfer omw ork on 15 Decembe1r9 92.B y letterd ated1 6 Decembe1r9 92t o Semanzat,h e Accused demandeadn immediateex planatiforno mS emanzfao rh isa bsenc3e8.8I n

ther eply theretod,a ted1 7 Decembe1r9 92,S emanzeax plainetdh att heA ccusehda dv erbally grantehdi mp ermissitoon attencde remoniiens KibuyeS.e manzaad dedt hat:" ...i f youw eren ots ettinag t rapf orm e,i t wouldb e incomprehenstihbaltey ous houlbde denyintgh aty oua ctuallgya vem e permissiyoonu rself3’s.9O n 19 Decembe1r9 92,i n a lettetro S emanzat,h eA ccuserde sponded: 384 DefenceE xhibitN o. 27. 385 DefenceE xhibitN os.2 5 and 26. 386 DefenceE xhibitN o.

20. The Frencho riginalr eads "Bulletind e Signalementv alablep our la ~86rioddeu [...]l erA vril1 993a u 31 Mars1 994". 7 Transcriptosf 9 June2 000p p.1 07-111. 388 DefenceE xhibitN o.2 4. 389 DefenceE xhibitN o.2 3. 111

"Ia ms orrtyo i nforymo ut hati ti sn otg oodt ol iea nde specialtloyl iei no rdetro incriminyaotuers uperi.o.r. .S incyeo uh avea lwaytsr ietdo o utsmayrotu rs uperiaonrd shya wayf romo theri mportanotf,f iciadlu tiesI, a m forcetdo sendy oub acka tt he d3i9s°posoaflt hes upervismoirnyi strwiheisc ehm ployyeodu ". 312.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ath e hads entt hisl ettetro theM inistroyf Interior witha viewt o havingS emanzwai thdrawfnr oms erviceb,u tt hath e hadn otr eceived a responseT.h eA ccuseedx plainetdh at,f ollowintgh er efusaolf hiss uperiortso removeS emanzaS,e manzfae lt" untouchabalned didw hateveprl easehdi m"3.91I n thisr egardt,h e Chambenro test hatP rosecutiEoxnp ertW itnesAsn dr~G uichaoua statetdh ata bourgmestrpeo’wse rw asp roportiontaol t her elationshtihpa th e had w3i9tzht hen ationlaela ders. 313.A ccordintgo the Defencet,h e sourceo f mucho f the tensionb etweent he Accuseadn dS emanzeam anatefdr omp oliticadli fferencfeosl lowintgh ea dvento f multipartisTmh.e A ccusedw,h ow asa membero f theM RNDp arty,p ointeodu tt hat Semanzwaa st heS ecretaroyf theM DRp artyi n MabanzaH.e addedt hate acho f the politicpaalr tiewsa ntetdo havea representaitnit vhee c ommunaen,d t hat" theitra ctic initialwlays t o be ablet o remov[er epresentatfirvoemso therp artiesw]i thp eople fromt heiro wnp arties3"9.3T heA ccuseedx plaintehda t" eachp artyw antetdo acquire

thec ommun.e. . theM DRw antedt o havet hec ommunaen dt hes amet hingw itht he o3t9h4epra rtieSso.t hisl edt oc onfrontatbieotnw eetnh ep arties". 314.W itnesZsD wasa senioro fficiaolf an oppositipoonl iticapla rtyf rom1 992 untitlh et imeo ft hee ventsH.e t estifitehda tt hes trateogfyt heo ppositipoanr tiewsa s to replacteh eA ccusewdi tht heM DRc andidateS,e manzaa,n dt hatS emanzhaa dt he supporotf them osto f theM DRl eadersW.i tnesZsD explainetdh at" wellI, saidi f wheny ouw antp oweri t’sn o longera mattero f sayingt hiso nei s my friendW.e wantedp ower.A nd we wantedg rassr oot- - we wantedp ositionast the grass- 390 DefenEcxeh ibNiot. 2 2. 391 Transcroifp1 t Jsu n2e0 0p0p .8 4-85. 392 Transcroifp1 t4sF ebrua2r0y0p 0. 2 4. 393 Transcroifp1 t Jsu n2e0 0p0p .7 1-72. 394 Ibidp..1 40. 112

ICTR-95-1A-T .......................................................................................................... "It oldy out hato uro bjectiwvaest og et[ theA ccuseodu]t o ft hats eatI.’ ms orrtyo s ay this.U nfortunatetlhyep, e rsowne wantetdo proposwea sb ehavinign ani rreverent mannerp,a rticulairnl1 y9 94T.h ati sw hatw eo bserveMda.y bteh isp roposatlh,i si dea of proposihnigm t or eplacteh eb ourgmestgroeti ntoh ish ead.T hisw asS emanzwah o w’a’s3s6 9upportbeyad topp artoyf ficiaanldI don’wta ntt om entiohni sn ame. 315.W itnesZsD statedt hati n 1994m osto f thep eoplei n Mabanzbae longetdo the M3D9R7p arty. 316.D efencWei tnesKsA testifietdh atw itht hea dvento f multipartis"mp,e ople wereh appyw itht heM DRp arty"H.e testifietdh atd uringt hem assacretsh eM RND didn oth avea nyp ower.H e statedt hat" thee xamplies thati n Aprild uringt he killingwsh enS emanzwaa s holdinmge etingtsh isw as showintgh ath e hadp ower becausteh eB ourgmestnreev erh elda nym eetingdsu ringt hisp eriodo f time".H e addedt hatt heA ccuseddi dn otc alla nym eetingwsh ilstt heA bakigwae rei n the c3o9m8mune.

317. WitnesKsA explainetdh ati n mid-Apri"lt heM DRw as strongebre causteh e MDRm emberwse re. ..i n them ajoritiyn thec ommun.e. .. Semanzwaa s,t herefore, the favouritoef the people,s o to speak,a nd had an eye on the positioonf bourgmestrTeh"e.w itnesasd dedt hatd uringt hep oliticamle etingosf theM DR,t he memberuss edt o sing" thatt heb ourgmestsrheo ulr3de9 s9ign". 318.D efenceE xpertW itnessF rangoiCs1 6menta, doctoro f sociologwyh o had workedi n Rwandai,n cludinMga banzab,e tween1 989a nd1 994,t estifietdh ata s Semanzaan dt heA ccusecda mef romt wod ifferenpta rtiest,e nsiobnu iltu p between them4.°° He explainetdh atd uringm eetingSse manzaw ouldc hallengweh att he 395 Transcripotfs 3 May2 000( closesde ssionp)p .3 5-36. 396I bidp.. 4 1. 397I bidp.. 3 2. 398T ranscripotfs 2 2 May2 000p . 40. 399I bidp.p .1 05-106. 4o0T ranscripotfs 2 9 May2 000p p.9 5-96. 113

ICTR-95-1A-T leo .......................6.".1.......................................................................................... Accusewda ss aying",c hallengwehsi chd idn ota ppearc rediblaen dw hicha ppeared tob e a bito vert het opa ndw hichb roughtth et wom eni n oppositioInn" h.i so pinion, "4t°h1erwea sa politicoaplp ositiionn t heb ackground". 319.D efencEex pertW itnesJse an-FrancoRiosu xw ho,u p to April1 994,h eadeda developmepnrto jecitn Kibuyep refecturdee,a ltw ithS emanzrae gardinpgl anning issuesT.h ew itnescso nfirmtehda tt hereh adb eena politicaclo nflicbte tweetnh e Accuseadn dS emanzaas t hel attebre longetdo a partyt hatw aso pposetdo thato f the AccusedH.e addedt hath e hadp ersonalrleyc eivead l etterf romS emanzrae garding t4h°e2p rojecitn whichS emanzqau estiontehde c onducatn da ttitudoef theA ccused. 320.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ath isf ractiourse lationshwiipt hS emanzcao ntinued up untilJ uly1 994.I n a letterd ated2 4 June1 994,f romt heA ccusetdo Prefect Kayishemtah,e A ccuseidn timatehdi sp roblemwsi thh isp oliticarli vals":I would liket o informy out hatt hisr umouri s spreado utb y my politicaolp ponentwsh ose intentioins to takem y place"4.°3I n testimonhye, e xplainetdh ath e hadi n mind, amongsott hersS,e manzaI.n r esponsteo a questiofnr omt heB ench",[ a]ntdh ati s the positiotnh aty oua ret akinugp in thisC ourte vent odayt,h atS

emanzwaa sd esigning o4r°p 4lannintgo takeo verf romy ou?"t heA ccuseadn swereidn thea ffirmative. 321.I n hisl etterd ated2 7 April1 994a ddressetdo all theP refectst,h e Prime Ministeirn dicattehda ta llt hep oliticpaalr tiefso rmintgh eG overnmehnatd m eta nd discussheodw t od ealw itht hel osso ft hem ainl eaderosf thec ountryT.h eP refecotf Kibuyef orwardetdh el ettetro allt heb ourgmestriens t hec ommun4e°.5T heA ccused explaintehda td espitteh ef actt hatt hep oliticpaalr tiewse rec onsultiantg n ational levelo n howt o managteh ec ountryt,h e" oppositipoanr tiesb,y allm eansw,a ntetdo wint hee lectionasn dt aket hep residentisaela t"4.°6A s to whethetrh ish ada ny repercussaitol nosc alle velh,e s tated: 401I bid.p . 99. 402 Transcriptosf 4 May 2000p p.1 9-23. 403 ProsecutioEnx hibitN o. 84 (IV.7b elow). 404 Transcriptosf 7 June2 000p p.1 11-112. 405 ProsecutioEnx hibitN o. 77B. 114

"Iw ills ayi t didn otc hangaen ythinogr, d idn otc hangmey relationswhiitph M r. SemanzWah.a tw ash appeninwga,st ot rya nds topt hed isturbancbeustt, h eo pposition stilple rsist[e.d... T]h eo bjectiwvaess tiltlo t akeo verp oliticpaolw ers,o n obodwya s happtyo s harpeo wewri tho therEsa.c hp artwya ntetdo w ina ndt akeo vera llt hep olitical power.’4°7 Conclusion 322.I n the opinioonf the Chambert,h ee videncseh owst hatt heA ccusedh ada strainedr elationshiwpi th CrlestinS emanza,w hich at times vergedo n insubordinatIito ins. c leart hatS emanzaa,s a membeorf MDR,h adh iso wnp olitical agendaa,n dt hath ew ass upportiend t hisc auseb yo therp artieTsh.e ries insufficient evidentcoee stablitshha tt heA ccusewda si nd ireccto nflicwti thS emanzoar,t hatt he lattesrt oppecda rryinogu th isd utieass ana ssistabnotu rgmestorre t,h ath ew as" out of control"O.n theo therh and,t hee videncdeo esn ots upportth ep ositioonf the Prosecutitohna t,d urintgh et rialt,h eA ccusepdu rposive"lwye ntt o greatl engthtso" distanchei mselffr omt hea ctionosf Semanz4a°.sW hetheorr nott heA ccusemda yb e heldr esponsibfloerc riminaaclt sp erpetratbeydh i sa ssistadnutr inAgp ril-Ju1n9e9 4 willb e discussiend C hapteVr b elow. 406 Transcripotfs 8 June2 000p p.8 6-88. 407 Ibidp.p .8 9-90. 408 Prosecutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markpsa ra.2 77. 115

ICTR-95-1A-T 7. Lettero f 24 June1 994 323.D uringt he trialb othp artiesr eferredt o a lettero f 24 June1 994f romt he Accusedt o the Prefecotf Kibuye4.°9 Copiesw eres entt o the bourgmestroefs R utsiro and of Kayovec ommunes.T he Chamberd eemsi t usefult o quotet he letteri n its entirety: "TheP r6feotf Prefecture KIBUYE Mr Pr~fet, Accorditnog t hei nformatiaotno urd isposatlh,e p reparatioofn as serieosf a ttackasr e reportedlyu nder way in ZONE MURUNDAa nd ZONE RUTSIRO( NorthernR UTSIRO) of RUTSIROc ommunet;h e attackst argetM ABANZAc ommuneb etween1 st and 5th July 1994,u ndert hep retextth ata ccomplicaerses tilhli ddeinn Mabanzat;h eyh avea lsod ared to includmey selafm ongt hea ccomplicsetsa tintgh atI am marrietdo a Tutsiw oman. I am sorryt o inforymo ut hatt herei s no morea ccompliicne M abanzaE.v eni ft hisw ere true,t hep opulatioofnM abanzias s elfsufficiWeen td.o n otw antt o bec onsideraesdt he defeatesdo thatp eoplef romK AYOVEa nd RUTSIROc ommunense edt o comet o loota t anytimea nd anyhowi n our communeT.h ati s the reasonw hy,H onourablPer 6fet,I requesty ou,t o warnt he peoplef romK AYOVEa nd RUTSIROc ommuness o thatt hey stopt heira ttacksa gainstM ABANZAc ommune,b ecausep eopleo f our communea re ablet o checkt hemselvwehse thetrh erei s anya ccomplihcied inga mongt hem. Concernitnhge p robleomf myw ife,p eoplbee lievteh ats hei sa Tutsia ndt hatl eadst

hem to thinkt hatI am an accompliacned thatI supporHtu tuw hom arrieTdu tsiw omena nd theT utsip opulatioIn .w ouldl iket o informy out hatt hisr umori s spreado utb y my politicaolp ponentwsh osei ntentioins to takem y place.M y wifei s a Hum fromt he BAGIGAf amilya, veryl argef amilyr esidinagt Rubengerian Mabanzcao mmune. Asf ort hosper etextitnhga tm ym other-in-ilsa aw T utsit,h isi sn ots ounadt all,e veni f shew erea Tutsia, childb elongtso t hef athenro tt o them othert;h osew hom aintaitnh at thatm y mother-in-liasw T utsia re wrongs inces hei s nativef roms ectorR URAGWE, Gitesic ommunef romt he BARENGAf amily,a well-knowfna milyo f Hutua s confirmed by theB ourgmestorfe G itesic ommunien hisl ettern o.D 249/04.05d/a3t ed0 6/06/1994, addressetdo theC onseilleorf sectorR URAGWaE copyo f whichw asr eservetdo you. 409 ProsecutioEnx hibitN o.8 4. 116

TherefoIr ew,o ulldi keH onouraPbrl~ef ett,or equesyto ut od oy ouru tmostto s topt hose attackOst.h erwisteh,e p opulatioofnM abanzcao mmunweo uldd efenidt selfw,h ichc an resulitn a confrontabteitowne etnh eH utuw hereawsh,a tw ep resentnleye detdh em osti s theiurn ittyo f acet heI nyenzi-NkotWaenc yain.n ofti ghta gainstth eI nyenzi-Nkotanyi whoa ret hreatentiona gt tacfkr omG itaraPmrae fectuarned ,a tt hes amet imec,o unter- attackt heH umf romK AYOVaEn dR UTSIROT.h ati s whyy oura ssistanicse u rgently sollicitated. T’h’a4ntyk°o ui na dvance. 324.T heC hambenro test hatt hisl ettecra nb e interpretiendv ariouwsa ys.F irsti,t confirmtsh eA ccused’tse stimontyh ath e wasa ccuseodf beinga Tutsia ccomplice. Ont heo thehra ndt,h el ettearl sos howtsh ath es trongrleyf utetdh isa ccusatibount,i n viewo f thep revailicnigr cumstanicne 1s9 94i t is difficultto considetrh isa s a decisivaer gumenatg ainshti m.S econdt,h eA ccusewdr otet hatt herew eren o more accomplicleesf ti n Mabanzian June1 994a ndt hath isc ommunwea sa blet o deal witht hema lone.T hisw oulds eemt o supportt he Prosecutionc’ass e,b ut the statemenmta ya lsob e seena s a wayt o avoidf urtheart tackasg ainshti sc ommune. Third,t hel ettero fferss omes upportto theA ccused’tse stimontyh atp olitical opponenttsr iedt o takeo verh isp ositioans bourgmest(rsee eI V.6a bovea bout Semanza)F.o urth,i t givest he

impressiotnh ato ne of the Accused’psr imary consideratiwoansst o avoidi nternaclo nfrontatiaomno ngstth eH utui n ordert o mounta n efficiendte fencaeg ainstth eI nyenzi-InkotaRneyaid.a lone,t hisc ould convetyh ei mpressitohna tt heA ccusewda sf ightinTgu tsii n generalb,u ti tf ollows fromt hec ontextth ath e wasr eferrintgo attackercso minfgr oma notheprr efecture andn otT utsii nsideh iso wnc ommune. 325.I n thep resencta se,t heP rosecutidoind n otp roducaen ye videncceo ncerning theu seo f "doubllea nguagien"R wandaH.o wevere,v eni nterprettihnegl etteirn the lighto f thisp ossibilitthye C hambecro ncludtehsa tt hel etteorf 24 June1 994d oes noti ni tselpfr ovidcel easru pporfto rt heP rosecuticoans’es. 410F rencho riginal. 117 ~

ICTR-95-1A-T 8. Conclusions 326.O n theb asiso f thea bovee videncei,t is cleart hatt heA ccusehda dl imited resourceast hisd isposadlu ringt hep eriodA pril- July1 994.I n essenceh,i s resourcecso nsisteodf one vehiclaen de ightc ommunaplo licemenT.h eg endarmes thath adb eeng ivent o himb y thea uthoritioefs K ibuyoen 9 Aprilw erew ithdraawtn a timew hent hes ecuritsyi tuatiwoans s tillp recarioutsh,e reblyi mitintgh em easures theA ccusecdo uldr easonabbley e xpectetdo effectM.o reovetrh,e e videncseu ggests thatC 61estiSne manzhaa ds omei nfluencoev ert heA bakiga. 327.T herei s evidencteh att heA ccusehde lpedm anyi ndividualisn,c ludinTgu tsi, duringt hep eako f them assacreTsh.e e videncdeo esn ots upporat findintgh att he Accuseddi spensetdh ish elpi n a selectimvaen netro a chosenf ew,t o thed etriment of Tutsi.A fter2 7 April1 994,t heA ccusetdo oks omem easuretso restorlea wa nd ordearn di nstilal s enseo f normaliitny t hec ommune. 328.T hee videncdei scusseidn thiss ectiohna sn otd emonstrattehda tt heA ccused generallayc tedi n an outrighdti scriminatmoarnyn era gainstth eT utsio r thath e generalelnyc ouragtehde irk illinbge foreo r afterA pril1 994.T hee videncies also insufficiteon ets tablitshha tt heA ccusegde neraltluyr nead b linde yet ot hek illings ofT utsia ndt herebayc quiescteodt hem assacres. 329.T heP rosecutihoans l ede videnciem plicatitnhge A ccuseidn specifiecv ents againsTtu tsiT.h eC hambewri llc onsidetrh esee ventisn ChapteVr b elow.

CHAPTER V. FACTUAL AND LEGAL FINDINGS SPECIFIC EVENTS 1. Introduction 330.I n thep resenCth aptert,h eC hambesrh alla ssestsh ee videncper esentiend the approximacther onologicoarld ero f thes pecifiecv entsa llegedT.h eC hapteirs divideidn tof ourm ains ections: - Thef irsts ectiocno verse ventsi n Mabanzcao mmunef ollowintgh ed eatho n 6 April1 994o f PresidenHta byarimaonfa R wandaT.h ef ocusi s on thep eriodf rom6 to1 2 April1 994( seeV .2); - Thee ventsi n Kibuyet ownf rom1 3 to 19 April1 994a red ealtw ithi n thes econd sectionI.t includetsh em ovemenotf "refug’e’e4s11o uto f Mabanzcao mmunaen dt he attackast theH omeS t.J eanC ompleaxn dK ibuySet adiu(ms eeV .3); - Thet hirds ectiocno versa periodf romt hem iddleo f Aprilu ntilJ uly1 994a nd relatetso specifiecv entss aidt o haveo ccurreidn Mabanzcao mmunei,n thec ourse ofw hichp ersonwse rek ille(ds eeV .4); - Thef inals ectiodne alsw ithm attertsh ata rec loselrye latetdo thes ettinugp a nd operatioonf roadblocikns Mabanzcao mmun(es eeV .5). 411T het erm" refugeei"s usedi n thisJ udgemenwti tht he meaninogf "a persons eekinrge fugea"n d noti n thed ictionadreyf initioofn " a persownh oh asb eenf orcetdo leavet heirc ountr.y. ."( Concise Oxford)T.h er easonf ort hisi s thatt heI ndictmeenmtp loytsh et ermi n thef ormesre nse,a ndi t was subsequenutsleydi n thiss enseb y bothP artietsh roughotuhtet rial. 119 ~L

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ ~ 2. Eventsb etwee6n and1 2 April1 994 2.1 Attacksi n MabanzaC ommune TheI ndictment 331.T he earlya ttacksi n Mabanzcao mmunaer e covereidn paragrap4h. 7o f the Indictment: "On6 April1 994,t hep lanet ransportiPnrge sideJnutv 6naHla byarimaonfa R wanda crashoendi tsa pproatcohK igalaii rporRtw,a ndAat.t ackasn dk illinogfsc iviliabnesg an soont hereafttehrr oughoRuwta nda." 332.A ccordintgo the Prosecutiomna,n yw itnessesi,n cludinWgi tnesseAs, AA, AB,A C,G , H,I , J,K , andO testifitehda tf ollowitnhge p lanec rasho n6 April1 994, Tutsic ivilianwse rea ttackeadn dt heirp ropertideess troyeTdh.e D efencdei dn ot challengteh ea llegatitohna tT utsif romM abanzcao mmunwee rea ttackeidn thed ays followi6n gA pril1 994b uta ddedt hatH utua ndT waw erea lsoa ttacked. 333.T he Chambefri ndsp aragrap4h. 7 to haveb eenp roved.T heP rosecutiohna s nota llegetdh att heA ccusewda sd irectliyn volveidn thesee arlya ttacksa,n dt he Chambenro test hatt herei s no evidencseu pportihnigs i nvolvement. 2.2A ttackast NyububarHei ll TheI ndictment 334.T heP rosecutiroenf erst o attackasr ound8 April1 994a gainsmte mberosf the Tutsip opulatiaotn NyububarHei ll,B uhingsae cteuri,n Mabanzcao mmun4e1.2T his incidencto mesu nderp aragra4p.h1 0o f theI ndictmenwth,i chr eads: 412P rosecutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge marksf,i ledo n 30 June2 000,p . 10 para.6 9. 120 /~L

"InM abanzcao mmunem,e mberosf t heT utsip opulatisoonu ghrte fugien variouasr eas withitnh e1 3 secteurosf thec ommuneT.h esei ndividuawlesr er egularaltyt acked, throughtohuetp erioodf 9 Apri1l9 94t hrougtho 3 0J une1 994T.h ea ttackecrosm,p rising of memberosf theG endarmerNiaet ionalec,o mmunaplo licemeann dI nterahamwe militiamuesne,dg unsg,r enademsa,c hetessp,e arsp,a ngasc,u dgelasn do thewre apontso killt heT utsiisn M abanzcao mmune." Submmsioonfs theP arties 335.T heP rosecutiroenl ieso n WitnesAsC ,w ho,w ithm emberosf herf amilyf,l ed to NyububarHei ll.T heres hef oundh undredosf Tutsim en,w omena ndc hildrewnh o werea lsos eekinrge fugef roma ttacksW.h ilea t NyububarHei ll,t her efugeewse re attackebdy Hutuc ivilianasn dt wo communaplo licemenT.h e Hutua ttackeruss ed traditionwaela ponsT.h ep olicemeanc,t ingu ndert hea uthoritayn dc ontroolf the Accusedu,s edg uns.M anyr efugeesi,n cludinWgi tnesAsC andh erf amilyt,h enf led to the bureauc ommunailn Mabanz4a1.3 TheP rosecuticohna rgetsh eA ccusewdi th genociadned c rimeasg ainshtu maniitny relatitoont hise vent. 336.T heD efencaes serttsh atW itnesAsC ’st estimoncya nnotb e givenw eighti n relatiotno t hea ctivitioefs t hep olicemeInf. t hew itneswse rec orrectth ato ver3 00 personhsa d soughtr efugea t NyububarHei ll,t het wo policemecno uldn oth ave "surroundetdh em".T he Defencea lson otest hata ccordintgo

WitnessA C, the allegeadt tackb y thep olicemewna sl imitetdo gunshotfsi redi ntot hea ir.T he refugeesr’e actiowna st o headf ort heb ureauc ommunalT.h isi ndicatetsh att hey trustetdh ec ommunaalu thoritiaensd t hep olicemeann,d t hatt hes hotsf iredw ere i4n1t4endteodc hasea wayt hea ttackers. Deliberations 337. Accordintgo the testimonoyf WitnessA C, she and her familyr eached 413 TheF renche xpressi"obnu reacuo mmunalb"r oadlrye ferst o thec ompouncdo ntainintgh eo ffices ando therb uildingosf thea dministratoifo Mna banzcao mmuneT.h eo fficeo f theA ccusewda sw ithin a buildinign the bureauc ommunalI.n the texto f the Judgementt,h e bureauc ommunaolf teni s referretdo simplays "communoaflf ice". 414 DefencCel osinBgr iefp p.3 0-31p aras2.0 9-213. 121

ICTR-95-1A-T ......................................................................................................................................... NyububarHei llo n 8 April1 994,w heret heyf oundt hreet o fourh undredo ther refugeesT.h eyw erea ttackebdy Hutuf romh er area.T hea ttacko n ther efugees continuetdh en extd ay.O n thes econdd ay,t he witnesssa w the arrivaolf two communaplo licemenS.h e identifietdh ema s Rwamakubaan d MunyandamutsSah.e testifitehda t" [t]hecya met ryintgo c irclteh eh illo nw hicwhe wereh idingS"h.e a lso saidt hatt heyw anted" tos hoota t us butt heyd idn’tI.n steatdh eyf iredi ntot he a4i1r5...". 338.T hew itnesdsi dn otc laimt hata nyi njurieosr deathsw eres ustainebdy the refugeedsu ringt het wod ays.S hed idn ott estiftyh att heA ccusewda s directly involveidn t hea ttackosr t hath e ordereodr s omehopwr ovisiontehdea ttacks. 339.T heC hambenro test hati n hers tatementto investigatoofr s2 1 June1 999t he witnessst atetdh at" theb ourgmestdries patchtehde p oliceme4n1"6.S hed idn ots tate hows he acquiretdh isi nformatioann,d i n her testimonsyh e didn otr epeatt he allegatioTnh.e rei s no specifiicn formatitohna tt hec ommunaplo licem-e nf orw hose actionst he Accusedm ay be responsibl-e c ommitteadn y offenceasg ainstt he refugeesM.o reovert,h erei s no evidencteh att hep olicemewne rea ctingu ndert he directioorn c ontroolf t heA

ccuseddu rintgh ea ttackT.h eC hambearl son otest hatt he Prosecutioinn, i tsf inalo rals ubmissiodni,d n otd isputteh att heA ccuseadc tedi n goodf aithp riort o1 2 April1 994( seeI V.2a bovea ndp ara.3 54b elow). Finding_s 340.W itnessA C did not specifya ny crimesc ommitteadt NyububarHei ll.S he identifitehde c ommunaplo licemebnu ts aidt hatt heyo nlyf iredi ntot hea ir.S he madeo nlyg enerarle ferencteo Hutua ttackerwsi,t houitn dicatiwnhgo t heyw ereo r whatt heyd id.T hee videnclee di n thep resencta sef ailst o demonstratthea ta ny crimecso mmittaetd NyububarHei llc anb e attributteod t heA ccusedT.h ereforteh,e Chamberf indst hatt he Prosecutionc’hsa rgeso f genocidea nd crimesa gainst humanitfyo rt hea llegeadt tacokn NyububaHriel lc annobte sustained. 415 Transcriptosf 18 November1 999p . 20.

2.3N ightP atrols 341.A ccorditnog theP rosecutiofno,l lowitnhge c rasho f thep residentipalla neo n 6 April1 994,t heA ccuseidn structecdo nseilleirns M abanzcao mmunteo organise nightp atrolisn theirs phereosf operatioBne.t wee7n and1 1 April1 994,T utsia nd Hump atrolletdo getherT.h ereafteHru,t us tarteadt tackinTgu tsii n thec ommune, forcintgh emt of leet o thec ommunoaflf icfeo rs afetyT.h erei sn os pecifiacl legation a7s to anyw rongdoibnyg t heA ccuseidn thisr egardf 342.P rosecutiWoint nesZs testifietdh ata meetinwga sh eldb y theA ccuseddu ring then ighto f 7 April1 994.I t involvende ighbouirns thec elluloef thew itness, includitnhge c onseillDearn ieNlk iriyumwaDmain,i elS ebuhorhoe,a do f thec ellule, and headso f the neighbourhoocdosn sistinogf ten houses( nyumbakumiT)h.e witnessd escribehdo w them eetingw as "impromptua"n d had beenc alledb y the Accusedw ho was presenti n his capacitays a neighbouarn d in ordert o give advice8f Duringt he meetingt,h e Accuseda skedt hoseg atheretdo be of good behavioaunrd t o startn ightp atrolsH.e e xplaintehda tt hen ightr oundwse rer equired fort hes ecuritoyf thea reaa ndi tsp eopleU.n til1 1A pril1 994,a ccorditnogW itness Z, then ightp atrolwse rec arrieodu tb y Hutua ndT utsit ogetherH.e explaintehda t theT utsis toppepda rticipatiinn gt hep atrolpsr obablbye causteh eyw erea fraid, f9ollowinagt tackasg ainstth emi n

Kayovaen dG isenyif 343.D efencWei tnesBsE alsot estifietdh ato n then ighto f 7 April1 994o neo f his neighboucrasl lead securitmye etinogf aboutt welvnee ighbourisn,c ludiHnugt ua nd Tutsi.T heA ccusedp assedb y,a nd theya skedh imt o joint hem.H e stoppeda nd madea fews uggestionTsh.e A ccuseedx plainetdh att he enemyw antedt o drivea wedgeb etweeHnu tua ndT utsi.H e askedt hep eoplea t them eetintgo ensuret hat therew asn o discriminatbieotnw eetnh ee thnigcr oupsH.e alsos aidt hatt heys hould 416D efencEex hibiNto .8 . 417 Prosecutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markps. 8 para.5 5. 418 Transcripotfs 9 Februar2y0 00p . 12. 419 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 11. 123

,_ ICTR-95-1A-T ~,~ t ......................................................................................................................................... maintaisne curitfyo ro nea nothera,s he hadn o othera vailablmee ans,a nds hould reportto hima nyp roblemtsh ata roset o enablhei mt o resolvteh em.A ccorditnog t he witness,t he Accuseda ddedt hat he had givent he samea dvicet o peoplei n M4uzs°hubafAif.t etrh em eetintgh,e g roupo fn eighbousrtsa rtendi ghtp atrols. 344.A ccordintgo WitnesBsE ,t hen ightp atrolsst oppeodp eratinogn then ighto f 12 April1 994.T hisw asb ecausAeb akigfar omR utsirsoa idt hatt heyi ntendetdo kill ther efugeeast Mabanza’cso mmunaolf ficea,s wella s anyH umw hod idn ota ssist t4h2elmi nt hist ask.T hew itneswse nth omee arlyt hatn ighats hew asa fraid. 345.T heA ccusetde stifietdh att hep opulatioonf Mabanzcao mmuneen deavoured, througpha trolst,o prevenatt tackerfsr ome nterintgh ec ommun4e2.2 He didn ot speciftyh ep erioodv erw hicht hep atrolosp erateadl,t houghhe indicattehda th e was i4n2v3olviendt hep atrolosn t hen ighotf 1 2A pril1 994. Finding_s 346.T heC hambefri ndst hatt het estimonioefs W itnesseZs a ndB E showt hatt he Accusesdu pportetdh e constitutioofn nightp atrolsb y bothH utua nd Tutsii n Mabanzcao mmunef,r om7 to 11 April1 994.T hesep atrolwse res etu p to protectth e communep’osp ulatioinr,r espectoifv eet hnicity.

2.4S ecuritMye etinogn 9 April1 994 347. Paragra4p.h8 o ft heI ndictmerneta ds: "Followitnhgen ewso ft hed eatohf P resideHnatb yarimaIngan,a cBea gilishbeemtaw een 9-13A pril1 994,a ttendesde veramle etingwsi tht hep refeto f KibuyeC,l ement Kayishemaan do therl ocala uthoritiiensc ludintgh eC ommandionfgf iceorf the GendarmeNraitei onasltea tioniendK ibuyPer efecture." 420T ranscripotfs 2 7 April2 000p p.4 1-47. 421I bidp.p .4 8-49. 422 Transcripotfs 2 June2 000p . 52. 423T ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p . 29. 124

348.E videncwea sp resentdeudr intgr iala s to a securitmye etintgh att ookp laceo n 9 April1 994.I n itsf inalw rittesnu bmissiotnh,e P rosecutiaorng uetdh at" int he absencoef theM inuteosf thisM eetintgh ea ssumptitohna tt hem eetinwga sn ott o concerwti tha viewt o carryinogu tg enocidies unattainabl4ze4"T. hiss tatement suggesttsh ati n theP rosecutiovni’esw t heA ccusecdo ntributteod t hef ormatioofna genocidpalla na s earlya s 9 April1 994.D urinfgi nalo ralr emarkst,h eP rosecution stressetdh att hep lant o massacrteh eT utsia t theS tadiuamn dt heH omeS t.J ean complexw as agreedt o duringa meetingb etweent he Accuseda nd Prefect Kayishemoan 12 April1 994. 349.T heA ccuseda dmitteadt tendinag meetinogn 9 April1 994i n Kibuyet own. He explainetdh atd uringt he meetingh e proposetdh at securiteyf fortsa nd reinforcemesnhtosu ldb e concentratiend s ensitiavree as,w hich,a ccorditnog him, includeRdu tsiroa ndM abanzac ommunesB.u t otherb ourgmestraelss or equested gendarmesso, hisp roposawla sr ejectedI.n steadi,t wasd ecidetdo distributthee gendarmetso allt hec ommunesT.h eA ccuserde ceiveodn lyf ive.T hisn umberw as, in hisv iew,i nsufficietnot m eett hen eedso f thec ommuneH.e testifietdh ath e repeatedrleyq uestemdo reg endarmdeisr ectlfyr omt heP refecutp to 12 April1 994, withoustu ccess. 350.I n supporotf thea rgumentth att hem eetinagd dressecdo nventionsaelc urity

concernst,h eD efencree liedo n a lettera nda reporto n thes ecuritsyi tuatioinn Kibuyeb,o thd ated1 0 April1 994,w hichw eres entb y PrefecKta yishemtao the Ministeorf the Interioarn d CommunaDle velopmen4t2.5 The reportc ontainsa summarayc counto f a "restrictemde"e tinogf the PrefecturaSle curitCyo uncil (ConsedielS dcuriPtr6r fectorraels treinhte)l,d o n 8 April1 994a t 10a .m.A tt hee nd oft hisa ccountth er eporitn dicattehsa ta meetinogf t hes o-callseedc urictoym mittee (comitdde sdcuritrw)o uldt akep laceo n 9 April1 994.A mongstth osee xpectetdo attenwde rem emberosf t her estrictPerde fecturSaelc uritCyo uncilb,o urgmestraensd 424P rosecutRieobnu’tst oaf1l 4 S eptem2b0e0rp0 . 4 para1.4 . 425P rosecuEtxihoinb 7i6t. 125

Kibuye-basreedp resentatiovfe tsh eU nitedN ationAss sistancMei ssioinn Rwanda (UNAMIR)T.h e Accusetde stifietdh att hreeU NAMIRr epresentativceasm et o the meeting. Findings 351.T he Chambefri ndst hati t has beene stablishetdh att he Accusemde tw ith PrefecKta yishemaam,o ngsott herso,n 9 April1 994. 352.H owevert,h eP rosecutidoind n otp resenatn ye videncteo thee ffectt hatt he meetinogf 9 April1 994w ash eldi n furtheranocfe a plant o massacrTeu tsi.T he Defencaer guedt hatt hep resencoef threeU NAMIRr epresentatirvuelse so ut the possibilitthya tt hep urposoef them eetinwga st o plang enocideI.n theC hamber’s view,t hei nvitatitoon U NAMIRt o attendt hem eetinwgo ulds eemt o suggestth ati t wash eldf ors ecuritpyu rposeosn ly.T herei s noe videncteo c ontraditchte t estimony of theA ccusetdh atU NAMIRr epresentatiwveerse p resent. 2.5 Refugeefsl eeingt o MabanzaC ommunaOlf fice TheI ndictment 353. Paragrap4h.s1 8a nd4 .19o ft heI ndictmerneta d: "4.18F rom9 April1 994,I gnaceB agilisheemnac ouragtehdo usandosf Tutsim en, womeann dc hildrseene kinrge fugfer omt hea ttackisn t hec ommunteo, s eeks afer efuge withitnh ep remisoefst hec ommunoaflf icaet M abanzMaa.n yo thersw,h oh adf ledt ot he hillsw,e reo nt hei nstructioofIn gsn acBea gilishefmear,r iebda ckt ot hec ommunoaflf ice in vehiclebse longitnog t hec ommunaen dc onfinetdo thej ailhoutshee reionn the instructioofnIsg naBcaeg ilishema. 4.19B y1 1 April1 994,I gnacBea gilishehmaadp lacecdo mmunpaoll icemoeunt sidteh e communoef ficwei thi nstructitoont sh emt op reventth er efugegeast hertehde reifnr om leavintgh es aido fficeI.g nacBea gilishaelmsao i nstructtehdec ommunpaoll icemteon admiitn comirnegf ugeteost hec ommunoaflf ice." 126

~/~ ~ ICTR-95-1A-TI~~ !! ......................................................................................................................................... Submissioonfs t heP arties 354.A t theb eginnionfg trialt heP rosecutiaorng uetdh ati n encouragitnhge T utsi to gathera t thec ommunaolf ficet,h eA ccusekdn ewo r hadr easont o knowt hef ate thata waitedt hem,n amely,t hatt hey were to be sentt o Kibuyet own to be massacr4e2d6.H oweveri,n itso ralc losinagr gumenttsh,e P rosecuticoonn cedetdh at therwea sl acko fe videnicne relatitoonp aragra4p.h1 8o f theI ndictment: "It hintkh atm yl earnferdi ensde emtso g ett hei mpresstihoant. ..w ea res ayintgh att he witnessweesr ed eliberateglayt hereadt theM abanzCao mmunoef ficaes a schemteo eliminatthee mW.e d on’sta yt hatW.e a cceptth atm orel ikeltyh ann ot,u pu ntitlh att ime, hed idt hati ng oodf aithW.e m aken ob onesa boutth atA.n dI wantt hatt ob ec rystal clearT.h eries n oe videntcoes uggeostth erwiNsoee .v identcoes uggetshta tu pu ntitlh at timeh,e w asg atheripnego plteh erwei tha viewt o,y ouk now- no,n o,n o,n o.W es ay thate verythcihnagn geadtt hatt imea,f tetrh atm eetinagn,de verythtihnagth appefnlso ws onf romt hereW.e m aket hatc leadri stinctiSoonw .h ent heyc omea nds ayw ellh,e i sa mano fg oodc haracttehri,sd oesnh’etl p. ..I maken ob oneasb out t’h’a4t2.7 355.T heP rosecutiloant ers tated":T hee

videncaet leasta dduceidn thisc ourt, whichw e as theP rosecuticoann notm anufactuervee ntualhlays n ots upportepdo int 4’.’14i82n si tst otality. 356.T heD efencseu bmittsh atT utsiw entt o thec ommunaolf ficen ota s a resulto f theA ccused’esn couragemebnutt,o f theiro wna ccordb,e causteh eyt houghtth ey wouldb e safew itht hea uthoritieTsh.eD efencaer guetsh att herei s no evidencteo supportth ea llegatitohna tr efugeewse ref errieidn o fficiaclo mmunvaelh icletso t he bureauc ommunaaln ds ubsequentcloyn fineidn thej ailhousoen, thei nstructioonfs the AccusedM.o reoverr,e fugeewse re freet o comea nd go fromt he communal o4f2f9icea,s shownb yt het estimonioefs P rosecutwiiotnn esses. Deliberations 357. TheC hambewri llf irsts ummaritshee r elevantte stimonies. 426 Transcripotfs 2 7 Octobe1r9 99p p.2 7-28. 427T ranscripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p p.6 5-66. 428I bidp.p .7 3-74. 429 DefencCel osinBgr iefp p.5 9-60p aras4.9 7-505. 127

- ~ ICTR-95-1A-T t WitnesAs C 358.P rosecutiWoint nesAsC ,a fterf leeinNgy ububarHei ll,s oughtr efugea t the bureacuo mmunaoln 10 April1 994,w heres hef oundo therT utsia ndt heirl ivestock. Shet estifitehda to na rrivatlh ec onditioants t hec ommunaolf ficwee re" badb ecause we hadn othintgo eat".T her efugeewse red ivideidn tot wog roupso,n ei n fronto f thec ommunaolf ficaen dt heo thern eart hes o-callIeGdA b uildingO.n 12 Aprilt,h e refugeewse res erveidn ediblrei ces mellinogf wasteo ilf romt hec ontainienr which it wasc ookedT.h isw ast heo nlyt imet her efugeerse ceiverdi cef romt hec ommunal authoritieTsh.er efugeesso,m ew itht heirc attlew,e reu nablteo leaved urintgh is periodn,o t event o buy foodstuffsb,e causteh reep olicemewne reg uardintgh e bureauc ommunaclo mpoundA.l thougthh erew as no enclosuraer oundt he communal officet,h et hreep olicem"epnl ayetdh er oleo f an enclosubreec austeh eys toppeuds froml eavingN"o.n ethelesasc,c orditnog thew itnesss,o meH utua ttackewresr ea ble t4o3s °teacla ttle. WitnesAsB 359.P rosecutiWoint nesAsB ,a Tutsiw omanb orni n 1964,t estifietdh ats hes ought refugea t theb ureauc ommunaoln 9 April1 994,w itha boutt wentym emberosf her familyi,n cludihnegr p arentHse.r h usbanadn dc hildrejno inehde rt hen extd ay. 360.D uringh ert estimonyW,i tnesAsB describehdo w,o n 10 April1 994,s he and otherr efugeemse tw itht heA ccusetdo

explaitno himt hatb ecausteh eirh ousesh ad beenp illagaendd t heirc attlset olent,h eyh adt akerne fugwei tht hea uthoritaitet sh e bureauc ommunalT.h eA ccusetdo ldt hemn ott o be afraidS.i ncet heyw erei n the presencoef authorittyh eyw ouldn o longerh avea nyp roblemsW.h ent he Accused learnefdr omt her efugeetsh ats omeT utsiw eres tilli n theirh omesh,e g avet heo rder thata llr emainirnegf ugeehsa dt o comet o thec ommunaolf ficfeo rt heirs ecurittyo 430T ranscripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p p.2 3 and8 7,r espectively. 128

be ensuredL.a tert hatd ay,t hew itnesssa wt hec ommunavle hicle-sa Hiluxa nda Daihatsut-r ansporsto mer efugeetso theb ureauc ommunalS.h e explainetdh ata certaiMni chaelw,h ow asa boarodn eo f thev ehicletso,l dh ert hath e ando therhsa d beenf leeingt o the communaolf ficew hent heyw erea mbushedS.o mep eoplew ere killed,b ut Michelm anagedt o gett o the vehiclet hatt ransportehdi m to the communao4lf3f1 ice. 361.W itnesAsB testifietdh atf rom1 1 April1 994r efugeewse ren ot allowetdo leavteh ec ommunaolf ficeS.h es tatetdh att her efugeweesr et oldt hatt heyh adt os tay theref ort heiro wnp rotectiosno,a s nott o bek illedT.h ew itneshse ardt heA ccused ordera policemanno tt o allowa nyoneo ut,b utt o allowr efugeeisn .S hen amedt wo policemeant the bureauc ommunaals Rwamakubaan d MunyandamutsTah.e witness testifitehda ts hed idn otl eavet hec ommunaolf ficuen til1 3 April1 9944.32H owever, in herw rittesnt atemenotf 1 Februar1y9 96,t hew itnessst ated":O nT uesdayt,h e 12th,w hileI was on my way to the commerciacle ntreo f RubengeraI, saw gendarmeasr rivinign Mabanzac ommunaet 1 p.m.a boarda red Toyota4"3.3 This seemst o contradihcetr a ssertitohna tt her efugeewse rep reventferdo ml eavintgh e compounidn; cross-examinatthieow ni tnesdsi dn oto ffera satisfactoerxyp lanation of thisi nconsiste4n3c4yT .hef irstm entioonf anyr estrictioonns t heirf reedoomf m4o3v5emenotc

curreidn thew itnesss’esc onsdt atemendta,t ed2 2 June1 999. 362.W itnessA B testifietdh ato n 11 April1 994,b ecauset he childreant the compounwde res tillh ungry,a numbero f refugeeasp proachetdh e Accuseda nd askedh imf orf ood.H e orderetdh atr iceb e distributteod t hec hildrenH.o wever, accordintgo thew itnesst,h er icew asu ncookedT.h ec ansg ivent o ther efugeefso r boilintgh er icei nh adr emnanotfsc oalt4a3 r6. 431 Transcriptosf 15 November1 999 pp. 34-35. 432 Ibidp.. 41. 433 DefenceE xhibitN o.2 . 434 Transcriptosf 16 November1 999p p. 35-41. 435 DefenceE xhibitN o. 3. 436 Transcriptosf 15 November1 999 p. 42. 129

Otherw itnesses 363.P rosecutiWoint nesOs soughtr efugea t theb ureauc ommunaoln 9 April1 994 withh ert woc hildreann do therf amilym embersw,h eres her emaineudn til1 3 April 1994.T hew itnestse stifietdh att herew erea pproximate1l,y5 00r efugeeast the communaolf ficdeu rintgh atp eriodT.h ec owso f ther efugeewse rea blet o grazei n a neighbourianrge ac alled" NyenyeriT"h.e ownerso f thec owst ookt hemt o graze, f4o3l7lowiinngs tructioofn tsh ec ommunaplo liceman. 364.D efencWei tnesBsE statedt hath e wenta t leastt wicet o theb ureauc ommunal to see if therew as anyonet herew homh e knew.H e had convincesdo meo f the refugeeast theb ureauc ommunatlo hidei n hish ouse,a ndg avef oodt o othersH.e explaintehda tw hent hef irstr efugeeasr riveadt thec ommunaolf ficteh ec onditions weren otb ad,b utt hatt heyw orsenewdh enl argen umberosf refugeeasr rivewdi th t4h3e8ilri vestock. 365.D efenceW itnesseBsE and ZJ botht estifieadb outa communiqufdr omt he Accusewdh ichw asr eado uta t manyc hurcherse,q uestitnhge p opulatitoon a ssistth e refugee4s3.9T het wow itnessessa idt hatt her efugeesw,h ow erem ainlyT utsiw,e re freet o comea ndg o fromt heb ureacuo mmunalT.h eirc attlien itialglrya zeodn land aroundt hec ommunaolf ficea ndl ater,w hent hen umbero f refugeeisn creaseda,t "KunyenyerHii"l l.W itnessZ J explainetdh ato n 10 April1 994h e wentt o the communaolf ficea nds poket

o refugeewsh omh e knew.T heyt oldh imt hatt heyh ad gonet ot hem arkeatn dh adb eena blet o purchasb4e4ee0 r. 366.D efenceW itnessR A, who wentt o the communaolf ficeo n 11 April1 994o r thereaboudte,s cribetdh es ituatioans "terribleS"h.e s pokew itht heA ccusefdo r 437 Transcripotfs 2 4 Novembe1r9 99p . 79. 438 Transcripotfs 2 7 April2 000p . 51. 439 Ibid.p . 52;a ndt ranscripotf3s May2 000p p.6 2-63. 440 Transcripotfs 3 May2 000p . 63. 130

abouth alfa n honr.44I Accordintgo thew itnesst,h eA ccusehda dm adea n appeatlo thec ommunitfyo ra ssistanacned w asd oinga llt hath e couldw ithinh isp owerst o managet hes ituationH.e triedt o ensures ecuritwyi tht hef ewp olicemeant his disposaWli.t nesRsA statetdh ata ftert heird iscussitohne A ccusesde nta policeman to accompanoyn eo f thep astortso them arketto buys omer icea ndb eans,a nds aid thath e wouldd o whath e couldt o acquirseo mef irewoodS.h ea lsos tatedt hats he k4n4e2wo f certairne fugeewsh ow erea blet o leavet hec ommunaclo mpound. 367.P rosecutiWoint nesHs t estifitehda tr efugeesst arteadr rivinwgi tht heirc attle at thec ommunaolf ficeo n a Thursdaayn ds tayedu ntilT uesdayw,h ent heyl eftf or Kibuyteo wn.H e indicatetdh ato n somed aysp ersonbsr oughtth emf4 o4o3d. The Accused 368. The Accusedt estifiedt hat refugeesf rom Kayove,G isenyi,K ibingo, Nyagatovaun dK ibishitsot arteadr rivinagt theb ureauc ommunaflr om8 April1 994 onwards.444 By the eveningo f 12 April1 994,t heyn umberebde tween1 ,000a nd 1,500T.h es anitacroyn ditiownesr ea probletmh,e reo nlyb eings ixo r sevetno iletast thec ommunaolf ficeR.e gardinfgo odf ort her efugeetsh,e A ccuseedx plaintehda th e wasa blet o obtaisno mef oodi temsf romM ushubaptair ishw heret herew asa storeo f foodd onatebdy CaritasT.h ec ommunaalu thoritiaelss ob oughts omef oodi temsa t theK ibilizcio

mmercicaeln trea ndr eceivehde lpf romt heS eventDha yA dventists a4n4d5o thers. 369.T heA ccuseda,c cordintgo hist estimonoyr,g anisetdh er efugeeisn tog roups accorditnogt heire elluloef originW.h enevehre hads omethitnog t ellt her efugees, he calletdh eirr epresentattiov edsi scuswsh atc ouldb e done.I f heh ads omef oodt o givet hem,t he Accusesdh owedt hemw hath e hada nd thent heyd iscussehdo w to 441 Transcroifp2 t Msa y2 00p0. 1 8( closseeds sion). 442 Ibidp..2 0. 443 Transcriopft1 s9N ovemb1e9r9 p9p .1 4a nd7 7. 444 Transcroifp8 t Jsu n2e0 0p0. 1 07. 445 Transcroifp2 t Jsu n2e0 0p0. 9 4. 131

distribuitte. T heA ccusetde stifietdh ata s thec ommunaolf ficed idn oth avea ny meanst o cookf ort he refugeesh,e had requestetdh e localp opulatiotno bring cookinpgo tsf ort her efugeetso do theirc ookingw,i thf irewoobdr oughtto the communal o4f4f6ice. 370.T heA ccusetde stifietdh atd uringt hed aytimteh el ivestocokf ther efugees grazedo n landa t Nyenyeriw,h ilsta t nightt hea nimalwse rek eptn eart heb ureau communal.T he refugeesw ere free to come and go from the groundso f the communaolf ficew,h ichw asn otf encedI.f therew asr elativcea lm,m anyw ouldg o homed uringt hed aya ndr eturtno thec ommunaolf ficea t nightf orp rotectiforno m t4h4e7a ttackers. Findings 371.T heC hambefri ndst hatt hea bovew itnessess,a vef or WitnesseAsB andA C, gavea similaarc counotf thet reatmenotf ther efugeeast theb ureauc ommunal. Accorditnog t heire videncteh,e r efugeebse gana rrivinogf t heiro wnv olitioant t he communaolf ficew itht heirc attlea ndg oodso n 8 and9 April1 994.A lthougthh ey arriveidn smalln umberast first,t heyb egant o arrivbey theh undredass security quickldye terioratiend t her egionB.y then ighto f 12A pril1 994,b etwee1n, 000a nd 1,500r efugeehsa d gathereidn thec ommunaolf ficec ompoundT.h es anitatioann d supployf foodw orseneIdt. appeartsh att heA ccusesdt rugglteod copea ndr esorted to seekinhge lpf romt hel ocalc ommunitWyi.t nessetse stifitehda tt heA

ccusesde nt outa communiqtuo~ v arioucsh urcherse questiansgs istancFeo.o di temsa ndc ooking utensilmsa,i nlpyo ts,w ereb roughbty memberosf thel ocalp opulatio(nW.i tnesAsC saidt hatt her efugeewse rep rovidewdi thf oodb y thec ommunaalu thoritioensl yo n 12 April1 994,b utt hisi s notc orroborateMdo.r)e ovetrh,e e videncseh owst hatt he refugeecso uldc omea ndg o,a ndt hatt heirl ivestoccko uldg razeo n groundasr ound thec ommunaolf ficaen di n an areac alle"dN yenyeroir" " Kunyenyeri". 446I bipd..9 5. 132

372.I n relatiotno thet estimonioefs W itnesseAsB andA C,t hatt her efugeewse re unablet o leave the bureauc ommunal,t he Chamberm akes the following observatioWnist.n esAsB wase xpliciitn hers tatemenotf 1 Februar1y9 96t hats he wasa blet o go to theR ubengercao mmercicaeln troen 12 April1 994,d espithea ving alreadsyo ughrte fugaet thec ommunaolf ficeW.i tnesAsC t estifitehda tt her efugees wereu nablteo leaveb ecausteh reep olicem"epnl ayetdh er ole"o f an enclosurTeh.i s isi nc leacro ntrawsitt ht het estimoonfyt heo thewri tnesses. 373.A partf romt het estimonoyf WitnesAsB , no evidenchea sb eenp resentetdo demonstratteh att he Accused" encouragedt"h ousandosf Tutsim en,w omena nd childrteon seekr efugaet theb ureacuo mmunaals, a llegeidn theI ndictment. 374.M oreoveWri,t nesAsB is alonei n allegintgh att heA ccuseodr deretdh atT utsi weret o be broughtto thec ommunaolf ficeS.h ew asa lsot heo nlyw itnestso testify thatc ommunavle hiclebsr oughTtu tsit o theb ureauc ommunalH.e re videncien this regardi s limiteadn dd oesn ote stablisthh att heA ccusegda vei nstructiotnhsa t refugeewsh oh adf ledt o theh illsh adt o be "ferriebda ck"t o thec ommunaolf fice. No evidenchea sb eenp resentetdo supportth ea llegatitohna ti ndividuawlhso m ay haveb een" ferriedt"h erew eres ubsequentcloyn finetdo thec ommunajla il.T he Chambetra kesn otet hatt het estimonoyf WitnesAsB wasi n severarle spectast odds witht hato f otherw itnesseasn do n onep ointa lsoi nconsistewnitt hh erp revious writtesnt atement. 375.C onsiderianlgl t hea bovee videncet,h eC hambefri ndst hatt hea llegations againstth eA ccuseidn paragraph4s. 18a nd4 .19o f theI ndictmenhta ven otb een establishbeedy onrde asonabdloeu bt. 447I bid.p p,9 6-97. 133

ICTR-95-1A-T .~2~ /~.,. 2.6M eetinbge tweetnh eA ccuseadn dt heP refecotn 12 April1 994 TheI ndictment 376. Paragra4p.h2 0o f theI ndictmerneta ds: "On1 2 April1 994,I gnaceB agilishemmeat w ithP refeCtl emenKta yishemdau,r ing whicht hel atterc ommentetdh atM abanzcao mmunwea st he onlyc ommunlee fti n Kibuywei th’ scuamn df ilth’T.h er efugetehsa th ads oughrte fugien t hec ommunoaflf ice inM abanzwae reo nt hei nstructoifoIng naBcaeg ilishdeimvai deidn to2 groupsT.h ef irst groucpo mprisoifni gn tellectwuearleps u ti na militatrryu cakn dd rivetno wardKsi buye andw eren evesre ena gainT.h es econgdr ouopf r efugeceosm prisimnogs tloyf p easants wered etainaetdt hec ommunoaflf icien M abanzaan dw eres ubsequenttrlayn sfertroed Gatwarsot adiuimn KibuyTeo wnw heret heyw erek illed." 377.O nlyt hef irsts entencoef thisp aragrarpehl atetso thea llegemde etinogn 12 April1 994.T her emaindoefr t hep aragrawpihl lb e consideriend s ectioVn. 3.1. Submissioonfs t heP arties 378.T he Prosecutionc’ass ei s thatt he meetingo n 12 April1 994b etweent he Accuseadn dP refecKta yishemias cruciatlo the demonstratioofn t heg enocidal intenotf theA ccusedT.h ism eetinagn dt hes ubsequetnrta nsfeorf ther efugeefsr om theM abanzcao mmunaolf ficet o Kibuyet owns howt hatt heA ccusewda sp artyt o a plant o extermintahteeT utsi. 379.T he Defencseu bmittsh atK ayishemdai dn otv isitt heb ureauc ommunaoln 12 April1 994a ndt hatt heA ccuseddi dn oth olda meetinwgi tht he Prefecotn that d4a4y8. Deliberations 380. WitnessOe,sA B andZ andt heA ccusetde stifiiend r elatitoon thise vent. 134

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ ~~) Witnes0s 381.P rosecutiWoint nesOs, a Tutsiw omanb orni n 1967,t estifietdh ato n 9 April 1994,f ollowinagt tackasg ainshto useso f Tutsi,s hes oughtr efugew ithh ert wo sisterso,n e of whomw asp regnanta,n d theirr espectivceh ildreant the bureau communaT4l4h.9e ys tayetdh erew ithm anyo therr efugeeusn til1 3 April1 994. 382.T hew itnestse stifitehda tt hreed aysa fterh era rrivala,t a roun6d p.m.,w hilst standinnge xtt o the buildinogf thec ommunaolf fices,h e saw theA ccuseda nd Kayishemian, thec ompanoyf gendarmeasr,r ivef romt hed irectioonf RutsiroS.h e specifietdh att he AccusedK,a yishemao,n e gendarmaen d a driverw erei n one vehiclea, d oublec abinp ick-upT.h reeg endarmeasn da driver( Nshimyimanwae)r e in theo therv ehiclea, blueH ilux,w hichb elongetdo thec ommuneT.h eg endarmes werea rmeda ndw orek hakiu niformasn dr ed beretsT.h eya lightetdh ev ehicles. Somep ersonssa idt hatP refecKta yishemhaa da rrivedA.l thougthh ew itneshsa dn ot s4e5e°nh imb efores,h ek newh imb y namet o be theP refecotf Kibuye. 383.A ccordintgo WitnesOs, as the arrivalwsa lkedo vert o theI GA building, wherem anyo f ther efugeewse reg atheredK,a yishemsaa id" removteh ef ilth"a,n d addedt hatt herew erem oreI nyenzhie ret hani n Rutsir1o TYhew itnesssa idl ateri n hert estimontyh atK ayishemhaa du sedt hew ords" dirta ndf ilth"4.52 Shew alked behintdh emw hent heyl

eftt hev ehicleIsn. cross-examinasthieoa nf firmetdh ats he was unaccompaniwehde ns he walkedt owardst he IGA buildingK.a yishemat,h e Accuseadn da nothepre rsone nteread r oomi n theb uildingS.h ew entt o a windows o thats hec ouldh earw hatt heyw eres ayingH.e ro lders isterw,h ow asa boutt o give b4i5r3thw,a sa lson earby. 448D efencCel osinBgr iefp p.6 3-65p aras5.2 6-545. 449 Transcripotfs 2 4 Novembe1r9 99p p.1 5-16. 450I bidp.. 1 7. 451I bid.T heF rencvhe rsiorne ads":e nlevelza salet6i;c ii l y a plusd ’Inyenqzui’ ily ena ~t Rutsiro" lpp.1 7-18). 2 TheF rencvhe rsioonf thet ranscriprtesa ds":i la faitr 6f&encel/ai s alete6t /tl a vermine("i bid. p.2 0). 135

.........................................................................................................................................

384. WitnesOs t estifitehda ts hes tooda loneo utsidteh ew indoowf ther oomo f the IGAb uildinwgh erea meetintgo okp lace.A lthougthh ec urtainwse red rawns hut, therer emainead gapf orh ert o seei nsidet hel itr oom.S hes pecifieidn cross- examinatiotnh at therew as a gendarmei n the room withK ayishemaa nd the Accused,w ho were seated.A ccordingt o the witness,t he Accuseds aid,i n Kinyarwanda: "MrP refectth,i sp lacies t oos malaln di fw ek illa llt hespee oplweh oa res om anyh ere, thec ommunwei llb e destroyaendd w ew illp refetro taket hemt o Kibuybee causiet ’s bigge,r,.4 54 385.T his,a ccorditnog thew itnessw,a si n replyt o theP refecti’nsi tiaslt atement upona rrivatlh att herew eret oom anyI nyenztih ere.S hea llegetdh atn o onee lse spokea ftert heA ccuseda,n dt hatK ayishem"aa cceptedw"h ath e hads aid4.55T he wholem eetinlga stedt wot o threem inutesb,u tt hew itnesbse cames careda ndl eft beforet he menc ameo uto f ther oom.S het oldm emberosf her familya nd other refugeewsh ow eren earbyt hatt heA ccusewda ntedt o sendt hemt o Kibuyet ownt o bek illedT.h erew asn or eactioonn t heirp art.T hew itnesssa idt hats hew asn ota ble to circulatteh ei nformatimoonr ew idelya monga llt her efugee4ss.6S hes pentt he nighta tt heb ureacuo mmunaHle.r s istegra veb irtha roun3d a.m. 386.T he witnesesx plainetdh atw hent he Accuseda skedt her efugeetso go to Kibuyet ownt he

nextm orningt,h e otherr efugeelse ft,b ut she stayedb ehind "becausIe c ouldn otl eavem y bigs istebre hinadn ds hec ouldn otg o allt hew ayt o Kibuye4"5.7T her efugeewsh ol efti ncludemda nym emberosf her familyh:e r two childrenh,e r fourg randchildrehne,r s ister’tsh reec hildreann d hers ister’s h4u5s8band. 453I bid.p . 18. 454I bid.p p.2 9-30.T heF renchv ersioins morep recise":M onsieulre pr6fetc,e te ndroiets tt rbsp etit.S i noust uonst ousc es gensq ui sont trbsn ombreuxi ci,l a Communes era d6truitee,t mon avis est que vousl esa meniehz Kibuyep,a rceq uec ’estp lusg rand"( p.3 0). 455I bid.p . 27. 456I bid.p . 100. 457 Ibid.p . 33. 458I bidp.. 15. 136

387. In view of the criticali mportancoef WitnessO ’s testimonyt o the Prosecutionc’ass e,t he Chamberw illn ow comparei t withh er earlierw ritten statementtos P rosecutiionnv estigatofrisl,e da s exhibitisn theirt extuaeln tirety. Thesew erea t issued uringh ert estimonyH.e r firsts tatemenwta s takeno n 17 Octobe1r9 95.S hed escribehdo wo n 11 April1 994,w hilsts tandinign fronto f the bureauc ommunawli thh ers isters,h es awP refecKta yishemaar rivei n thee vening witht hreeg endarmeisn a vehicleN.e arbwya sa nothevre hiclwei thm oreg endarmes. In thiss tatementu,n likei n hert estimonys,h es tatedt hats hew aso utsidteh e communaolf ficwei thh ers istern,o ta lonea,n dt hatK ayisheamrar iveodn 11,n ot1 2, A45p9ril1 994. 388.I n her subsequenstt atemenotf 23 and 24 Februar1y9 98,W itnessO again datedt hee ventt o 11,n ot1 2,A pril1 994.I n thiss tatemesnhte d escribheodw b oth Kayishemaan dt heA ccusecda met o thec ommunaolf ficet ogethefrr omR utsirwoi th a gendarmien an unspecifiveedh icleS.h ea ddedt hatt herew eret hreeg endarmes followinign a blueH iluxb elongitnog Mabanzcao mmuneT.h isv ersiont,a kenn early foury earsa ftert hee ventsi,s consistewnitt hh ert estimonbyu,t d ifferefnrto mh er s4t6a°temetnatk eno nlye ightemeonn thasf tert hee vents. 389.I n hers tatemenotf 1995,W itnesOs didn ote xplicitsltya tet hatK ayishema hadm adea ny derogatorrye marksT.h em

eetinbge tweehni ma ndt heA ccuseidn the presenocfe three- noto ne- gendarmeiss,s aidb y thew itnestso havet akenp lacei n theo fficoef t heA ccusedn,o ti nt heI GAb uildinMgo.r eovetrh,e w itnessst atetdh at sheo verhearKda yishemtae llt heA ccusetdh ath e and theg endarmehsa d comet o killt her efugeeTsh.i sf ormulatiiosn a bsenftr omh ert estimobneyf orteh eC hamber. Stilla ccordintgo the1 995s tatementt,h eA ccuseadn sweretdh att herew asn ot enoughs pacei n thec ommunbeu ildingfso ra llt her efugeesH.e addedt hati f the killinwge ret o be carrieodu tt here,t heb uildingwso uldb e damagedT.h eA ccused thens uggestetdh att her efugeessh oulbde takent o Kibuyteo wn.K ayishetmoal dt he 459D efencEex hibiNto .1 1. 460P rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .6 2. 137

ICTR-9-5 1 A-T ......................................................................................................................................... Accusetdo sendt hemt heret hen extm orningH.o weveri,n hert estimonbye foret he ChamberW,i tnesOs maden o mentioonf thesea llegefdi nali nstructiobnys the Prefect. 390.I t waso nlyi n hers tatemenotf Februar1y9 98,n earlyt woa nda halfy ears afterh eri nitiailn tervietwh,a tW itnesOs f irstq uoteKda yisheamsa sayingb,e fore goingi ntot heI GAb uildin"gL:e t’gse tr ido ft heg arbagteh;i sp laceh asm oreI nyenzi thanR utsiro.T"h ew itnesasl soa llegedlrye calletdh eA ccusesda yinwgo rdst o the effectt hatM abanza’bsu reauc ommunawla st oos mallf ort her efugeetso be killed thereT.h e1 998s tatemendti dn otm aker eferentcoe anyr esponsbey theA ccusedo,r to anyo rdergsi venb y Kayishema. 391.T hep artierse ferretdo thet estimonoyf WitnesOs in thet rialo f Kayishema andR uzindan(aw hereh erd esignatiwoans W itnesWsW ).S het estifieidn thatc ase on 19 Februar1y9 98,a few daysb eforeh er aforementionsetda temenotf 23-24 Februar1y9 98.B utf oro nes ignificaenxtc eptio(nb elowt)h atw rittesnt atement reflectheedrt estimoinnyt he1 998t rial. 392.T he Chambern otest hatt he Kayishemaan d RuzindanJau dgemendto esn ot refert o refugeegsa therinagt theb ureauc ommunailn Mabanzaa,n dn o mentioins madei n thatj udgemenotf IgnaceB agilishemoar,

o f anym eetinbge tweehni ma nd Kayishe4m6a1.T herei s alson o referenicne thatj udgemetnot t het estimogniyv enb y WitnessW W. Neverthelesst,h e Chamberh as comparedt he transcriptosf her testimoinny thet rialo f Kayishemaan dR uzindawniat hh ert estimoinny thep resent case,a ndh asn otedc ertaidni fferenceRse.g ardintgh ea rrivaolf Kayisheamnad t he Accusefdr omR utsirot,h ew itnessw,h ent estifyinign thee arlietrr ial,d idn ot specificalildye ntiftyh et wov ehicleSsh.e d escribetdh ev ehicloef Kayishemaan d theA ccuseads beinga n "almoswth ite"p ick-upW.h ena skedf ord etailasb outt he seconvde hiclec,a rryintgh eg endarmessh,e s tated":W ew eres o afraidW.e didn ot havet imet o paya ttentiotno vehiclesS.h"e " didn otr emembetrh ec olouro f that 461S eeK ayishemaan dRuzindaJnuad gementi,n particulpaarr as.2 96,3 04-30a6n d3 22. /V~.lb- 138

d/,~-’~x.~ . ~* !P~ ICTR-95-1A-T ....".-.-.- -;.,.’."4..6.-)--’. -.-.’.:. ....:.. .......... .............;... ......."... .........:.. ........................................ vehicl.e This is m contraswti thW itnesOs s testimonayn thep resencta se,a nd hers tatemenotf Februar1y9 98,w heres hed escribetdh es econdv ehiclaes a blue Hiluxb elongintgo Mabanzac ommune. 393.F urtherw,h eni n thet rialo f Kayishemaan dR uzindantah,e w itnesdse scribed them eetinbge tweetnh eP refecatn dt heA ccuseds,h ea t firsti ndicatetdh att here weren o curtainso n the windowo f the roomo f the IGA buildingI.n cross- examinatiino nth es amet rialt,h ew itnesssa idt hatt herew erec urtainbsu,t t hatt hey weren otf ullyd rawn,a ndt hatt hew indoww asp artlyo pen.F inallya,g aini n the Kayishemaan dR uzindancaa se,t hew itnesess timatetdh att hec onversatiboent ween Kayishemaan dt he Accuselda stedb etwee1n0 and1 5 minutesB.y contrasti,n the p4r6e3sencta se," thee ntirceo nversatiloans"t ebde tweetnw oa ndt hreem inutes. WitnesAsB 394.A ccordintgo ProsecutioWni tnessA B, on 12 April1 994,b etween4 and 5 p.m.,P refecKta yishemaar riveadt the communaolf ficew itha rmedg endarmeisn khakiu niformsa nd red berets.T he Accusedw as in an officei n the bureau communalT.h e witneswsa s standinign fronto f thec ommunaolf ficet owardtsh e avocadtor ees.464 Shen otedt hatK ayishemwaa sa ngrya ndh eardh ims

ay:" Whati s thisf ilthd oingh erei n theM abanzcao mmuneW?e havea lreadcyl earetdh ef ilthi n theR utsircoo mmune4"6.5B y filtht,h ew itnesusn dersto"oTdu tsi"T.h er efugeessa id that" wec annolte avteh isp lacet,h eya reg ointgo k ill U4S6"6, 395.W itnesAsB explainetdh ata fterh avingm adet hoses tatementsK,a yishema andt he gendarmeesn teredt heb ureauc ommunalT.h e witneswsa s unablet o hear 462D efencEex hibiNto .1 2:T ranscripotfs W itnesWsW ’st estimonoyn 19 Februar1y9 98i n thet rial of Kayishemaan dR uzindanpap .5 2 and 57. 463 Transcripotfs 2 4 Novembe1r9 99p . 28. 464 The Englisvhe rsioonf thet ranscripotfs 1 6 Novembe1r9 99i ncorrectrleyf erst o "peart rees" (45P36) . Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p p.4 9-50.F renchv ersion":Q uef aitc ettes alet6i ci dansl a commundee MabanzaN?o usa vonsd 6j/te rdev6l a salet6d e la commundee Rutsiro("p .5 7). 139

,_ ICTR-95-1A-T ~,~ ......................................................................................................................................... anythinags therew eret oom anyp ersonpsr esentA.f tera while,K ayishemaan dt he gendarmleesf tt hec ommunaolf ficeT.h eA ccuselde fti n a vehiclseo ont hereafter. Immediatelayf tert he departuroef Kayishemal,n terahamwaer medw ithc lubs arriveTdh.e yt hreswt oneast t her efugeeasn dt rietdo steatlh eirc attleS.o meo f the r4e6f7ugeweesr ea blet or una waya ndh idei nt hef orest. 396.T heC hambenro teda bove( V.2.5t)h atW itnesAsB gavea picturteh atd iffered fromt hato f otherw itnessaess to thec onditioants t hec ommunaolf ficeM.o reover, whent he witnessw as questioneidn cross-examinataiboonu ta n inconsistency betweehne rt estimonayn dh ere arliesrt atemenotf 1 Februar1y9 96,s heg avea n unsatisfactroerpyl y4.68T heC hambearg ainn otest hati n thes ames tatementth e witnesgsa vea descriptiaotn v ariancwei thh ert estimonyK:a yishemaap parently spoket wicew itht heA ccusedn,o tj usto ncei n hiso fficea;n dm oreovehre, a ddressed t4h6e9r efugeaefst erh avingga thertehde mt ogether. 397.I n hers econds tatemenotf, 2 2 June1 999,W itnesAsB indicatefdo,r t hef irst time,t hato n 12 April1 994I nterahamcwaem et o theb ureauc ommunalT.h eyt old ther efugeetsh att heys meltb ada ndt hatt hey( theI nterahamwweo)u ldc omeb ackt o

cleanu p thes cuma t thec ommunaolf ficeA.r ound4 p.m.,P refecKta yishemat,h e Accuseda nd gendarmecsa met o the bureauc ommunalT.h e Prefects poket o the Accuseidn thep resencoef ther efugeessa,y intgh ato nlyM abanzcao mmunset illh ad scumb ecauseel sewherteh es cumh adb eenc leaneudp .47°K ayishemtah enw enti nto theo fficoef t heA ccuseadn dt hereaftleerf tf orK ibuyteo wn. 398.T hus,a ccorditnog thew itness’sse conwdr ittesnt atemenutn,l ikteh ato f 1996 andh ert estimonbye foret heC hambert,h eA ccuseadr rivewdi thK ayishemaat the communaolf ficea ndw asn ota lreadtyh erew henK ayishemaar rived. 466 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p . 51.F renchv ersion":C ae n est faitd e nous,n ousa vons6 t6 livr6sn,o usn ep ourropnass s ortidr’ icii,l sv ontn oust uer("p .5 9). 467I bidp.p .5 2-53. 468 Transcripotfs 1 6 Novembe1r9 99p p.3 9-40. 469 DefencEex hibiNto .2 . 470 DefencEex hibiNto .2 . 140

399.P rosecutiWoint nesZs, a Hutu,w asa t thet imeo f hist estimondye taineidn Rwandaf orh avincgo nfessetdo killintgh reep ersonisn Mabanzcao mmunien 1994. 400.W itnesZs testifietdh ato n then ighto f 12 April1 994P refecKta yishecmaam e in hisv ehiclteo theb ureauc ommunalT.h ew itnessw,h ow ast hena t a placec alled Gitikini(nmio ret han1 50m eterasw ay),w entt o seei f Kayishemwao ulda ddrestsh e refugeeHse. a rriveads theA ccuseadn dt heP refeccta meo uto f theA ccusedo’fsf ice to standi n thec ourtyaorfd theb ureacuo mmunaTlh.e A ccuseads kedt her efugeetso comec losearn ds aid: "TheP refechta sj usts aidt hatf orr easonosf y ouro wns ecuriytoyu s houladl lg ot o Kibuybee caushee ret herea ren ote nougphe rsontso e nsuryeo urs ecuriwthye reaisn Kibuyteh erwei llb ee nougphe oplteo protecyto u.S oy ous houlbde t hereb yt omorrow m’o’r4n7i1nagt[ thes]t adiuKmi,b uyset adium. 401.W itnesZs testifietdh atK ayishemdai dn oth imselafd drestsh er efugeesT.h e witnesasd dedt hatt woa ssistanbto urgmestraensd a conseillewre rep resenti,n additiotno theA ccuseadn dK ayishemAaf.t ert heA ccusesdp oke,K ayishemlae fti n a vehiclwei thg endarmes. 402.W itnesZs, whosec redibilihtays b eenq uestioniend o therp artso f thep resent Judgemen(ts eei n particulVa.r4 .2,V .5.5a nd5 .6)m adea writtesnt atemenotn Septembe1r9 994.72A lthougthh iss tatemenwta st akenl esst hanf ivem onthsb efore

hist estimoinnyc ourtt,h erea rei nconsistenbceitewse etnh et wo.W itnesZs i ndicated in his statementth ath e learnedt hatP refectK ayishemwaa s at the Mabanza communaolf ficaen d" It husw entt herea,s manyo therst,o hearw hath e hadt o say". Het hens tated: "Addressintgh e refugeesh,e saidt hath e was goingt o looki ntot heirp roblem[ together] witht he BourgmestreI; w as presentw henh e saidt hat.H e and the Bourgmestrwee nti nto 471 Transcriptosf 9 Februar2y0 00p . 22. 472D efenceE xhibitN o. 65. 141

thel attero’fsf iceW.h ent heyc ameo ut,t heB ourgmesttorled a policemtaonb lowh is whistlteo a ttractth ep eople[’ast]t entioHne.a ddresstehder efugeaensd t oldt hemt o spentdh en ighatt t hec ommunoef ficea,d dintgh att heyw eret ol eavvee rye arltyh en ext m4o7r3ninfgo rK ibuyset adiuwmh,e rteh eisre curiwtoyu lbde e nsured".

403. Thus,a ccordingt o WitnessZ ’s writtens tatementK,a yishemah imself addresstehde c rowdo f refugeebse forgeo ingi ntot heA ccusedo’fsf iceA.c corditnog WitnesZs’ st estimonbyy, c ontrastth,e w itnesasr riveadt theb ureauc ommunawlh en theA ccuseadn dK ayishemwae ree xitintgh eb uildinga;n di t wast heA ccusewdh o addresstehde c rowd(.I nt he1 999s tatemetnhte rei s alsom entioonf a whistlues ed by a policemtaon g athetrh er efugeeas f,a cto mitteddu rintge stimony.) OtherW itnesses 404.P rosecutioWni tnesAs, who tookr efugea t the bureauc ommunaflo r three days,u ntilh e leftf orK ibuyteo wnw itht heo therr efugeeisn them orninogf 1 3 April 1994,t estifietdh ath e didn ots eeK ayishemaat theb ureauc ommunadlu ringt his period4.74P rosecutiWoint nesAsC ,a refugeaet thec ommunaolf ficef rom1 0 to 13 April1 994,m ade no mentiono f a visitb y KayishemaA. numbero f Defence witnessewsh ow erei n Mabanzcao mmundeu ringt hisp eriod,i ncludinWgi tnesses RA,B E,K A andA S,a lsod idn ot indicatteh att heyw erea wareo f a visitb y the Prefect. 405.F inallyi,n contraswti thW itnesseOs, AB andZ , ProsecutiWoint nesGs, who in thisp eriodh ads oughtr efugea t theb ureauc ommunalr,e ferreidn hert estimony nott o a meetinbgu tr athetro a telephocnoen versatiboent weetnh eP refecatn dt he Accuse4d7.5T hew itnesasf firmetdh er elevanpta ssagien herp riorw rittesnt atement of 19 June1 999,w hichr eads: "Beforteh ey[ thea ttackerfsr omR utsiraon dK ivumoc ommunesc]a me,b ourgmestre Bagilishteemlae phonPerdd feKta yisheamnad a skefdo rm ilitarreyi nforcemteong tusa rd 473 Ibid. 474 Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p . 71. 475 Transcripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00( Closesde ssionp)p .3 3-34. 142

t G4.o ther efugeaets theM abanzcao mmunoef ficeT.h eP rOfeatn sweretdh ath e wast heo nly onew ith’ scumi’n hisa reat o sendh imt hes cumf orc leaninTgh.e ser emarkwse re reportteodP astoSri mro.n. .w hoi nt urni nformtehde p eoplhee w ash idinign h ish ome a’b’o4u7tt6h er emarks. The Accused 406.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ati n thee veninogf 12 April1 994h e wass upervising nightp atrolsO.n hisr eturtno theb ureauc ommunalh,e wasa stonishteod s eet hat moret han1 00r efugeefsr omR utsirhoa db eens entt herei n a busb y thep refectural authoritiTehse.A ccusetde lephontehde P refecte,v ent hougiht wasa rounmdi dnight, f4o7r7a ne xplanation. 407.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ath e hada skedt heP refecotn severaolc casionfso r securitrye inforcemewnhtisc,h h e didn otr eceiveH.e hada lsoa skedt hatt her elief organisatiboen asl ertesdo thatt heyc ouldc omet o thea ssistanocfe t her efugees. Insteadm,o rer efugeewse reb eings entt o thec4 o7m8mune. 408.T heA ccusetdo ldt he Prefecotn thep honet hath e wasu nablet o worku nder thesec onditionwsh,e nn o reinforcemewnetrse f orthcominegs,p ecialilny viewo f rumourosf an imminenatt tacko n Mabanzcao mmuneI.f thes oler esponsibilfiotry thep opulatiwoenr ep lacedo n him,h e wouldr atherre signH.e askedt heP refectto seet hes ituatifoonr h imsel4f7.9T heA ccuseadd ded":I expresstehdi sa ndI event old himt hatI wasg oingt o bringh imt hek eyso f

thec ommunteh ef ollowindga yo n the 1’3’t4h8b °ecausIe w ast iredo fw orkinign t hatm anner. 409.T he Accuseda ssertetdh ath e did not see the Prefecto n 12 April1 994. Howevert,h eA ccuseidn dicattehda th e hadb eeni nformetdh ato n thisp articuldaary theP refechta dp assebdy thec ommunaolf ficoen ther oado n hisw ayt o Rutsirob,u t 476ProsecuEtxihoinb Niot.6 5. 477 Transcriptso f 5 June 2000 pp. 29-30. 478 Ibid.p . 30. 479 Ibid.p . 32. 480T ranscroifp8 t Jsu n2e0 0p0. 1 88. 143

thatK ayishe"mdai dn’etv enw antt o looka t theb ureauc4o8 m1munar’. Findings 410.A s discusseadb ove,t herea rea numbero f inconsistenciine tsh et estimonies of WitnessOe,s AB andZ . Noto nlya ret hered iscrepancaimeosn gt het estimonioefs theset hreew itnessetsh,e rea rea lsod ifferencbeest weetnh es tatemengtisv enb y each witnesasn dt hatw itnesst’ess timony. 411.T he Chamber’pso into f departurweh ena ssessintgh e accountg ivenb y a witnesiss h iso rh ert estimoinnyc ourtI.t s houlbde recalltehda td ifferenbceetsw een earliewrr ittesnt atementasn dl atert estimoniyn courtm ayb e explainebdy many factorss,u cha s thel anguagues ed,t heq uestiopnust t ot hew itnesasn dt hea ccuracy of interpretatainodtn r anscriptiTohnei. m pacotf traumoan t hew itnesssehso ulndo t be overlook(esde e,i n generala,b oveI I.2)H.o wevers,o med iscrepancicaens not thuse xplained. 412.W itnessO , uponw homt he Prosecutiorne liesm osth eavily,p resentead contradictoacrcyo untA.c cordintgo hert estimonbye foret heC hambearn dh er1 998 statementt,h eA ccusetdr avelletdo Mabanzcao mmunfer omR utsirwoi thK ayishema andg endarmeisn twov ehiclesi,n cludinag b lueH iluxb elongintgo thec ommune. Thew itneswsa sa lonew hens hes awt hema rrivea ndw hens heo verhearKda yishema speako f "scuma nd filth"T.h em eetinbge tweetnh eA ccuseadn dt heP refectto ok placei n theI GAb uildingw,h ichi s some1 50t o 200m

etreasw ayf romt heA ccused’s office. 413.B y contrasta,c cordintgo her1 995s tatementth,e w itneswsa sw ithh ers ister whenK ayishemaar rivedT.h ew itneswsa sn ote xpliciats to anyd erogatorreym arks by theP refectT.h ec ontexotf hers tatemeinntd icatetsh ath e wasu naccompanbiyed theA ccusedT.h erei s no mentioonf a communavle hicleT.h em eetinbge tweetnh e Accuseadn dK ayishemtao okp lacei n theo fficeo f theA ccuse(dw hichw asn oti n theI GAb uildingH)e.r e,a ccorditnogt hes tatementth,e P refectto ldt heA ccusetdh at 48l Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p p.3 9. 144

~#,~,~ ICTR-95-1A-T ......................................................................................................................................... he had comew itht he gendarmetso killt he refugeesD.u ringt estimoniyn the Kayishemaan dR uzindancaa sei n 1998,g ivenf ourd aysb eforeh er secondw ritten statemenWti,t nesOs w asa skeda boutt het wov ehicletsh ata rriveadt thec ommunal officeS.h ea nsweretdh ats hew ast ooa fraitdo paya nya ttentitoon t hev ehicleasn d didn otk nowt hec olouro f thes econdv ehiclei;n hers econds tatemenatn di n her testimoinnyt hep resenttr iaslh es tatetdh ati tw asa blueH ilux. 414.I n bothh ers tatemenatnsd h ert estimontyh ew itnesiss consisteanbto utt he Accused’rse markt hatt her efugeessh ouldn otb e killedi n thec ommunbeu ts hould be takent o Kibuyet own.H owevero,n lya ccordintgo her 1995s tatemendti ds he hearK ayishemtae llt he Accusedt o sendt he refugeetso Kibuyet ownt he next morning. 415.W itnesAsB ,f orh er part,t estifietdh atK ayishemcaa met o Mabanzcao mmune unaccompanibeyd t heA ccusedH.e wasa ngry,u tteredde rogatorrye markasb outt he Tutsir,e ferritnogt hema s" filth"a,n dt henm etw itht heA ccuseidn hiso fficeT.h e witnesdsi dn oto bservteh em eetingH.o wevera,c cordintgo her1 996s tatement, whileK ayishemaar riveadl one,h e meto ncew itht heA ccuseodu tsidteh eb ureau communaalf terh avinfgi rstg atheretdh er

efugeesH.e thenw enti ntot heo fficeB.y contrasti,n thes tatemenotf 1999,W itnesAsB statedt hatt heA ccusehdi mself arrivefdr omR utsirwoi thK ayishemaT.h en,i n fronto f ther efugeest,h eys poke betweetnh emselvaebso utt hef iltht o be cleaneudp ,a fterw hicht heyh ada meeting in theo fficoef t heA ccuseAdg.a int,h eC hambenro tess everadli fferences. 416.W itnesZs s tateidn hist estimoonfy 8 Februar2y0 00t hat,f romh isl ocatioant Gitikininhie, s awK ayishemac’asr .H e wentt o theb ureauc ommunailn timet o see theA ccusecdo meo uto f hiso fficew itht heP refectU.n likeW itnesseOs a ndA B, WitnesZs t estifitehda tt heA ccusedw,i thK ayishemgaa,t heretdo gethetrh er efugees andt oldt hemt hatt heys houldt ravelt o Kibuyet ownt hen extd ay.I n his1 999 statementth,e w itnesdsi dn ots eeK ayishemac’asr ,b utr athewra st oldo fh isa rrival at the communeW.i tnesZs’ s statementi,n furthecro ntraswti thh ist estimony, continutehsa tK ayisheamdad resstehde r efugeebse forgeo ingi ntot heo fficea,n dn ot 145

~q~E,J~ ~ ~’b, ~., ICTR-95-1A-T \4 onlya ftert hem eetinwgi tht heA ccuseda;n dt hes tatemenmte ntionas policeman blowinag w histlteo g athetrh er efugeeas ,d etaialb senftr omt hew itnesst’ess timony. 417.W itnessZ , unlikeW itnessesA B and O, did not mentiona ny derogatory remarkmsa deb y Kayishemeai,t heri n hiss tatemenotrs in hist estimonHyo.w ever, in his1 999s tatementth,e w itnesesx plaintehda tt heP refecatd dresstehde r efugees, sayingt hath e and theA ccusewde reg oingt o looki ntot heirp roblemsN.o other witnespsr esentae ds imilaarc count. 418.T he Chambehra sn otedt hatW itnesseOs, AB andZ maintainetdh att herew as a meetingb etweent he Kayishemaan d Accusedo n 12 April1 994.A s mentioned abovet,h ec redibiliotfyW itnessAeBs a ndZ hasb eenq uestioniend r elatiotno o ther eventsM.o reovert,h et estimonigeisv enb y thet hreew itnessebse foret heC hamber differi n variourse spectsa,n do vert ime.E veni f someo f thed ifferencmeasy b e explainebdy thep assagoef time,t raumsau fferebdy witnesseasn,d t hec ontexitn whichq uestionwse rep osed,t heC hambefri ndst hats o manyi nconsistencgiievse riset od oubta s tot hea ccuracoyf anyo nev ersiocno ncernitnhge a llegemde etinogf 12 April1 994.E vena ssumingt hatt herew as sucha meeting,o nlyW itnessO supposedolvye rheartdh ec onversatiboent weetnh et wom en.B uts heg aved iffering accountass to wheret hem eetintgo okp lacea,n ds hew ast heo nlyw itnesdsu rintgh e trialt ot estiftyh ati t occurreidn theI GAb uildinFgu.r thermorseh,ew ast heo nly witneswsh ot estifietdh atK ayisheamnad t heA ccuseadr rivetdo getheart theb ureau communal.

419. Two ProsecutionWi tnesses,A and AC, who were also at the bureau communadlu rintgh ep ertinepnetr iodd,i dn otr ecalaln yv isitb yK ayishemTah.e f act thatt heyd id not see Kayishemaat the communaolf ficed oesn ot excludet he possibilitthya th e wast here.H owevert,h eC hambeirs of thev iewt hata meeting involvitnhge m osts enioerx ecutiavuet horitioefs t heP refectuarned t hec ommunaet sucha criticatli mew ouldh aveb ecomeg enerakln owledgaem ongt her efugeeast the bureauc ommunalF.u rthedro ubti s addedb y ProsecutiWoint nesGs, whor eferred nott oa meetinbgu tt o a telephocnoen versatdiuorni nwgh icht heP refecstt atetdh at 146

~~f\’~@~ .,~ ICTR-95-1A-TI6~ theA ccusewda st heo nlyo nel eftw ith" scumi"n hisa rea. 420.A notherr emarkablfee atureo f the evidencies WitnessO ’s claimt o have overhearad c onversatitoon t hee ffectt hatt her efugeewse ret o be transportteod Kibuyet ownw heret heyw ouldb e killedT.h isi nformatiwoans v italt o thes urvival of ther efugeesT.h ew itnessst atetdh ats hei nformehde rf amilym emberasn do ther refugeense arbyH.o wevert,h erei s no evidencbee foret heC hambetrh att he few refugeewsh oa llegedlrye ceivetdh isi nformatidoins cusseidt amongt hemselves, passeidt on to otherr efugeeso,r declinetdo leavet heb ureacuo mmunaflo rK ibuye town.A skedw hys he did not departM abanzac ommunet hen extm orningw itht he otherr efugeeWsi,t nesOs s tatedi,n congruouisnl tyh eC hamberv’ise w,t hats heh ad to stayb ehindt o attendt o hers isterw hoh adj ustg ivenb irth.H ero therf amily memberlse ftf orK ibuyet own. Conclusion 421.T akinga ll thea bovei ntoa ccountt,h e Chambefri ndst hati t has notb een establishbeedy ondr easonabdloeu btt hato n 12 April1 994t heA ccuseadn dP refect Kayishemhae ld a meetinga t the Mabanzab ureauc ommunald uringw hicht hey discussehdo w to kill the Tutsiw ho were gathereda t the communalo ffice. Consequenttlhye,a llegatiionn t hef irsts entencoef paragra4p.h2 0o f theI ndictment hasn otb eend emonstratTehde.r emaindoefr paragrap4h. 20,c oncernitnhge d ivision oft her efugeienst og roupasn dt heirt ransfteorK ibuyteo wnw,i llb e considerneedx t. 147

3. Eventsi n KibuyeT own from 13 to 19 April1 994 3.1 Movemento f Refugees from Mabanza CommunalO ffice to Kibuye Town The Indictment 422. Thise venti s covereidn paragraph4s. 20t o 4.22o f theI ndictment: "4.20. ..T her efugeetsh ath ads oughrte fugien thec ommunaolf ficien Mabanzwae reo n thei nstructioofn I gnacBea gilishedmiav ideidn to2 groupsT.h ef irstg roupc omprisionfg intellectuwaelrse p uti na militartyr ucka ndd rivetno wardKsi buyaen dw eren evers een againT.h es econdg roupo f refugeecso mprisimnogs tlyo f peasantwse red etaineadt the communaolf ficei n Mabanzaan dw eres ubsequenttlrya nsferrteod Gatwarsot adiumi n KibuyeT ownw heret heyw erek illed. 4.21O n or about1 3 April1 994,I gnaceB agilishemoar deredm emberso f the Tutsi populatiownh,oa t hisr equesth,a dg athereadt thec ommunaolf ficfeo rp rotectiotno, g o to Gatwarsot adiumi n KibuyeT own,G itesic ommune. 4.22O n arrivailn Kibuyet own,G itesic ommuneo,n 13 April1 994,I gnaceB agilishema actingi n concertw itho thersi ncludingC lementK ayishemaS,e manzaC elestin, NsengimanAap ollinaireN,z ananaE milea nd Munyampunddui,v idedt he refugeeisn to twog roupsI.g naceB agilisheomrad eretdh ef irstg roupt o seekr efugea t theC atholic Churcha ndH omeS t.J eanc omple(xh ereinaft’etrh ec omplex’a)n;d t hes econdg roup Gatwarsot adiu(mh ereinafte’rt,h eS tadium’b)o thi n Kibuyet ownG itesic ommune." Submissioonfs

the Parties 423. The Prosecutiona llegedt hat on 13 April 1994 the Accusedo rderedt he refugeegsa thereadt the bureauc ommunatlo go to the Stadiumi n Kibuyet own.T he Accusedf ollowedt hem in the communalv ehicle,a nd policemenp reventedt he refugeefsr omd epartinfgr omt he mainr oad.W hent he refugeerse achedt he town,t he Accused,i n concertw ith others,d ividedt hem into two groups.O ne group was directedt owardst he Home St. Jean complex,t he othert owardst he Stadium.T he Prosecutiosnu bmittetdh att he Accuseda ctedp ursuantt o a pland ecidedu pona t a meetingw ith PrefectK ayishemao n 12 April 1994,a nd that the Accusedk new or oughtt o havek nownw hatw ouldh appent o the refugeeisn Kibuyet own.482 482S ee,i np articulParro,s ecutiworni’tst eCnl osinRge markpsp .2 7-2p8a ras1.6 6-17p3.,2 9p aras. 179-18p4p,. 5 9-6p2a ras3.3 0-33a9n dp ara3.4 5. 148 ~,~/j

.._.. ..... ..................1.6.s.4.......................................................................................... "It hinikf y oua cceptth att heg enocidianlt enhta sb eenf ormeodn t he1 2thA pril.,. .i ti s immateriawlh etheorr noth e was followintgh emi n a vehicleW.h ichw as alli n the schemeo f thingsI.f he didn’tf ollowt hemh imselfh,e askedt he communaplo licet o follotwh em. ...[ I]si tm ateriaall sot o thisc aset hatt heA ccusewda sp erhapsst andiantg ther oundaboiunt K ibuydei rectitnhge g endarmteos s endt hesep eoplien oned irectioorn t’h’e4o3 8therI? s ayn o. 424.D uringf inalc losinga rgumentst,h e Prosecutioenm phasisetdh at" it was all donep ursuantto a schemet o get thesep eoplet o KibuyeS tadiuma, schemet hatt he Accusedw as partyt o, havinga greedw itht he Prefect4"8.4 Lesse mphasiwsa s put on the allegatiotnh att heA ccusehdi mselfa ccompanitehde r efugees.

425. The Defences ubmittedt hatt he Accusedd ecidedi n the morningo f 13 April 1994,f ollowinag telephoncea llf romt he bourgmestroef Rutsirot,o adviser efugees to go south,t owardsK ibuyet own,a s he fearedt hat they would be attackedb y Abakigac omingf romt he north.T he Accusedd id not ordert he refugeessp ecifically to go to KibuyeS tadium,a nd he did not accompanyt hem thereh imself.F or the Defence,h ad the Accusedn ot sentt he refugeest o Kibuyet own,t hey would,m ore likelyt han not,h aveb eenk illedb y the Abakigaw ho attackedM abanzac ommuneo n 13 April1 994a nd on followindga ys.C onsequentlyt,h e Accusedd id whath e could to savet he refugeesT.h e Defencea dmittetdh att he Accuseda skedt wo policemetno escort the refugeesh alfway,t o the border of Gitesi commune.T he Accused telephonePdr efectK ayishemat o informh im of the arrivalo f the refugeesa nd to e4n8s5urteh att heP refecwto uldp rovidaen escortf ort her esto f thej ourney. Deliberations Witnesses 426. ProsecutionW itnessA , AB, AC, G, K and O had all soughtr efugea t the Mabanzab ureauc ommunailn the relevantp eriod. 483 Ibidp..5 1. 484 Transcriopft1 s8 O ctobe2r0 00p .4 9. 485 See,i np articulDaerf,e ncCel osiBnrgi epfp .6 5-6p7a ras5.4 7-5a6n6d p .7 3p aras6.1 3-620. 149 ~. ~,/,

............................................................................................................................

427. WitnessA testifietdh at in the momingo f 13 April1 994t he Accused addressetdh er efugeeasn dt oldt hemt o go to Kibuyew heret heyw ouldb e s4a8f6e. Ther efugeedse parteodn foota longt hem ainr oad.A ccordintgo thew itnesst,h e Accusefdo lloweidn a vehicl4e8.7W itnesAs wast heo nlyw itnestso havem adet his allegatiownh,i chw illb e examineidn greatedre tailb elow( V.3.2)T.h ew itness testifietdh ata t theK ibuye-torwonu ndabougte,n darmedsi recterde fugeetso wards theH omeS t.J eanc omplexT.h er oadl eadintgo theS tadiuemv entuallwya so pened andt heg endarmd4ei8sr8 ecterde fugeetso wardtsh eS tadiubmy shootinign tot hea ir. 428.W itnessA C testifietdh ato n Wednesda1y3 April1 994,a t 8.30a .m.,t he Accusedi,n thec ompanoyf a communaplo licemarna,i seda flaga nda ssembletdh e refugeebsy blowinag w histl4e8.9T heA ccusetdo ldt hemt hatt heyw eret o taket he roadt o Kibuyteo wn,w here" thea uthoritiheasd t hep ossibilitoife esn surintgh eir securiatnyd t hat. ..o urs ecuritwyo uldb e ensurebdy thes oldierisn K ibuye"4.90 The refugeewse ren ott o uset hep athwaytsh atw entt hrougthh eh ills4.91T hew itnesasn d herf amilmya det hej ournewyi tht heo therr efugeeSsh.e s tatetdh att herew as" al ong queueo f animalsa nd personsw,h oeverc ouldm ovef orwardm oved,t herew as no particuloarrd eri n whichp eoplwee nta bout4"9.2O n arrivinagt thet ownr oundabout, gendarmdeisr ectetdh

er efugeetso theS tadium. 429.W itnessO testifietdh ato n 13 April1 994a t around6 a.m.,t he Accused organisae dm eetinign fronto ft heI GAb uildin4g9.3H e saidt hatt her efuge"essh ould go to theK ibuyes tadiumw"h eret heirs ecuritcyo uldb e ensureadn dw heret hey couldb e assistedH.e alsos tatedt hatt herew asn ote noughs pacea t thec ommunal o4f9f4icet,h att hep lacew asb ecomindgi rtya ndt hats omep eoplwee ref allinsgi ck. Ther efugeelse fts hortltyh ereafteTrh.e w itnessst ayeidn Mabanzcao mmunteo care 486 Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p . 11. 487 Ibidp.. 1 3. 488 Ibid.p p.1 7-18. 489 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 33. 490 Ibidp.. 1 01. 491 Ibidp.. 3 3. 492 Ibidp.. 3 4. 493 Transcripotfs 2 4 Novembe1r9 99p p.3 2 and1 01-102. 494 Ibidp.. 3 2. 150

:~ ~’~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T forh ers istewrh oh adg ivenb irtht hen ightb eforeS.h ed idn otk nowi ft heA ccused or gendarmea4sc9 c5ompanitehde r efugees. 430.W ithr eferencteo then ighto f 12 April1 994,W itnesAsB testifietdh att he Interahamwaer riveda t the communaolf ficeT.h eyw erea rmedw ithc lubs,t hrew stoneast t her efugeaensd t riedt o steatlh eir NO othewri tnesrse callseudc h COWS.496 an incidentT.h en extm orninga,c cordintgo WitnesAsB , at 6 a.m.,s he hearda whistlet;h eA ccusegda theretdh er efugeetso gethearn dt oldt hemt o go to Kibuye towna s therew asn ote nougfho odo r spacea t thec ommunaolf ficaen dt herew asn o onet oe nsurteh eirs ecurit4y9.7T her efugeerse spondtehda tt heyf earebde ingk illed alongt he way,f or alreadtyh eyh ad beena ttackeadt the communaolf fice.T he Accusesda idt hati f ther efugeerse maineda,t tackerwso ulda rrivea ndk illt hem there.498 Accordintgo the witnesst,h eA ccuseadd dedt hath e wouldp rovidteh e refugeewsi thg endarmetso accompantyh em,a nd thatn othingw ouldh appent o them.T heA ccuseadl sos aidt hata llr efugeewsh ol eftt her oads houlbde founda nd askedt o joint hem ain group4.99T her efugeelse ftt hec ommunaolf ficeo n foot. Gendarmsset°sa° yewdi tht hemp arto f thew ay. 431.W itnesAsB did notg o to Kibuyet own.A t Kayenzis,h eb oardead bust aking soldiertso KigaliT.h es oldierlse,a rnintgh att hew itneshsa db eeng oingt o

Kibuye town,w arnehde rn ott o go therea s thes ecuritsyi tuatiwoans p oor.T hew itnesgso t offa tG itikini(niin M abanzcao mmunea5)n° d1w entt oh idei n a sorghufmi eld. 432.W itnesKs testifietdh ate arlyi n them orninogf 13 April1 994t heA ccused announcteod ther efugeetsh att heI nterahamwwoeu ldk illt hemi f theys tayeadt the communaolf ficef,o rh e didn oth avee noughs oldiertso protectth em.T heA ccused toldt hemt o go to Kibuyet ownw heret herew eree noughs oldiertso ensuret heir 495 Ibidp.p .3 2-33. 496 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p p.5 2-53. 497 Ibidp.p .5 3-54. 498 Ibidp.. 5 4. 499 Transcripotfs 1 6 Novembe1r9 99p . 66. 5oo Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p p.5 6. 501I bidp.p .5 8-62. 151

.........................!.6.=.o............................................................................................... 436.O f otherH utur esidentosf Mabanzcao mmuneP,r osecutiWoint nesZs testified thato n 13 April1 994t hek illinhga da lreadbye gunp,a rticulaarrloyu nGdi tikinini. Peoplec amef romG iharaa nd MushubatiT.h ey" wereB akigap eople"w,h o chased and killeda ll Tutsit heym et on theirw ay5.1° ProsecutioWni tnesIs, without s5p1e1cifyai ndga tea,l sot estifiteods eeinagt tackers. 437.A numbero f Defencwei tnessetse stifieadb outa ttacksi n Mabanzcao mmune followitnhge d epartuorfet her efugeefso rK ibuyteo wn. 438.W itnesRsA spokeo f Abakigaa rrivinign thec ommuneo n or after1 3 April 19945.1zW itnesZsJ wast oldb y twor efugeesa,t aroun7d a.m.( dateu nspecified), thatt hoseg athereadt theb ureacuo mmunahla dd epartetdh ats amem orningT.h et wo refugeehsa ds tayebde hindt o gathert heirp ropertTyh.e yt oldh imt hatt heyw ould follotwh eo therr efugeeass therew asn o longearn ys ecuritiyn thec ommuneT.h eir explanatiwoans t hats omer efugeefsr omR utsiraon dM ushubathia ds aidt hatt hey hads eenm anyp eoplep ursuet hem,a nd thati f thosep eoplea rrivedi n Mabanza communteh erew ouldb e no securityT.h et wo hadt herefordee cidetdo go to the P5r1e3fectuwrhee ret heyw oulbde affordbeedt tesre curity. 439.W itnesTsP testifietdh ato nem orninagr ound1 3 April1 994,b

etwee9n and1 0 a.m.,h e saw manyp ersonss,o mec arryinsgt ickso,t hersm achetesg,o ingt owards Kibuyet owno n footw itht heirc attleA.c cordintgo thew itnesst,h eyw ereg oingt o thet owno f theiro wnf reew ill.T her efugeewse ren otl edb y policoer gendarmes, norw eret heyb einga ttacke5d1.4T hew itnessst atetdh ath e didn ots eet hec ommunal vehicloer theA ccuseadl ongt her oute5.1sL ater,a fterh e returnehdo me,t woT utsi whomh e knewc amet o visith im.T heys aidt hatd uet o insecuriitny Rutsirtoh ey weref leeintgh eA bakigaI.n Mabanztah eyd idn oth aves ufficiepnrto tectiboenc ause 510T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 20. 51I Transcripotfs 2 3 Novembe1r9 99p . 32. 512T ranscripotfs 2 May2 000p . 43. 513 Transcripotfs 3 May2 000p p.6 7-68. 514~ lranscnpotfs 2 7 April2 000p p.1 36-137. 515I bidp.. 1 46. 153

~ ~ ~’~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ~ t6 l securit5y°.2T her efugeelse fti mmediatelayl,t hougwhi thouWti tnesKs. Shew entt o fetchh erm othera ndf ourc hildrewnh ow ereh idinge lsewherSee.e inga largeg roup o5f° 3attackearpsp roachitnhge,yt oos eto utf orK ibuyteo wn. 433.I n theK ibilizsie ctora,r ound1 0 a.m.,W itnesKs andh erf amilyc amea cross theA ccuseadn do therisn a vehicle".I t oldt hemt o takem e to Kibuyaen dt heyt old met heyw eren otg oingt here’.’5°4T heyw eren everthelteaskse na verys hortd istance by theA ccuseda,f terw hicht hew itnesasn dh erf amilfyl edt hrougthh eh illst owards Kibuyet own.B eforer eachintgh et ownt heyt urnedb acka ndl aterh idi n a banana p5l°a5ntation. 434.W itnesGs testifietdh ato n 11 April1 994,a t around8 a.m.,t he Accused addresstehde r efugeeisn theg roundosf theb ureacuo mmunaHle. toldt hemt o go to Kibuyet ownw heret heyw ouldb e betterp rotecte5d°.6 WitnessG walkeda mong thosea t thef ronto f thec olumonf refugeeSsh.e d idn ots eet heA ccuseadl ongt he way.A t the roundabousth es aw gendarmesS.h et estifietdh ats hek newn othing aboutr efugeebse ingd irectetdo HomeS t.J ean.S hec ontinueodn ther oadt o the S5t°a7dium. 435.P rosecutiWoint nesAsA ,a Hutur esidenotf Mabanzcao mmunet,e stifietdh at ther efugeelse fto n footf or Kibuyet ownw itht heirl ivestocka,c companibeyd soldierasn dg endarmse°s8,A ccorditnog thew itness",. ..t herew eres

omeg endarmes ands oldierwsh ow antedt o kill[ ther efugeest]h erea t theC ommunaolf ficeb ut Bagilishesmaai dI willb e sendinygo ut o Kibuyea ndt hati s wheret heP refeti s goingt o resolvyeo urp roblem5"°.9T hisa llegatiwoans n otc orroboratbeyd a nother witnessT.h er eliabiliotfy W itnesAsA ’st estimoniys calledi ntoq uestiobne low (V.3.4). 502 Transcripotfs 2 5 Januar2y0 00p . 88. 503 Ibidp.. 5 2. 5o4 Ibidp.. 5 3. 5o5 Ibidp.p .5 3-54. 5o6 Transcripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00p . 12. 5o7 Ibidp.. 4 9. 508 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p p.1 2-15. 5O9 Ibidp.. 1 3. 152

t5h1e6sea ttackewresr ev eryf ast.H encet heyw oulds eekr efugaet theP refecture.

440. DefenceW imessB E testifiedt hat the refugeesb eganl eavingM abanza communien them orningo f 13 April1 994.H e didn ot knoww hy theyl efto r why theyw entt o Kibuyet own,t houghh e hadh eardt hatt hes ecuritfyo rceso f Mabanza communew eren ot in a positiont o protectt he refugeesf rom the advancing attacke5r1s7.T hew itnesssa idt hatt heA bakigaar riveadb outo neh oura ftert hel ast refugeehsa dl eft,a round9 a.m.H e saw thems earchingl,o otinagn d destroying houses.T he witnesssa idh e hid fromt hem,e vent houghh e was a Hutu,a s the Abakighaa d announcetdh atH utuw ho didn otc o-operatwei tht hemw oulda lsor un i5n1t8ot rouble. The Accused 441.T heA ccusetde stifitehda te arlyi n them orninogf 13 April1 994h e receivead telephoncea llf romt he bourgmestroef Rutsiroc ommunei,n forminhgi m of the imminenatr rivailn Mabanzoaf attackerfsr omt hen orth5.19T heA ccusetdh ereupon askeda policematno assemblteh er efugeebsy blowinhgi sw histleT.h eA ccused climbeodn a stacko f wooda ndt oldt her efugeetsh att heyw erei n dangerb ecause assailanitns l argen umberwse rec omintgo killt hem5.2°H e advisetdh emt og o south, specificatlol Kyi buyteo wn,w heret hea uthoriticeosu ldp rovidbee tteprr otectioHne. askedt wop olicemetno accompantyh er efugeehsa lfwatyo Gitesic ommunet,h is beinga distancoef approximatetleyn k ilometersT.h e Accusedr emaineadt the bureauc ommunalw ith one

policemanH.e did not have time to contactt he gendarms5et2sa1 tioneidn Mushubati. 442.T heA ccuseedx plainetdh ath e thoughtth er efugeewso uldb e betterp rotected in Kibuyet ownb ecausae companoyf gendarmewsa ss tationetdh ere.H e thoughhti s decisiowna sc orrecgti vent hes ituatioann,d t hatt herew ouldh aveb eena massacre 516 Ibidp.. 1 40. 517 Ibidp.. 5 8. 518 Ibidp.p .5 9-64. 519 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p . 32. 520 Ibidp.. 3 5. 154

ICTR-95-1A-T ! .h..a..d.. t..h..e.. .r..e..f..u..g..e..e.s.s.t. .a..y..e..d.a. .t.. .t..h..e.. M..a..b..a..n..z..ac.. o..m..m..u..n..a..ol..f ..f..i..c..e....A. .f..t..e..r.s. .p..e..a..k..l..~..g.t.~.h. .e........ refugeetsh,e A ccusetde stifitehda th e callePdr efecKta yisheamta aroun6d. 30a .m. to informh imt hatt he refugeewse reo n theirw ayt o Kibuyet ownb ecausoef the threato f attackb y personcso mingf romR utsircoo mmuneH.e allegetdh ath e had a5s2k2etdh eP refectto ensurteh es ecuriotfyt her efugetersa vellitnogK ibuyteo wn. Findin_.gs 443.T he evidencees tablishetsh ate arlyi n them orningo f 13 April1 994,t he Accuseadd dressetdh er efugeeasn dt oldt hemt hatt heys houldg o to Kibuyet own wheret hea uthoritiweosu lde nsurteh eirs ecuritTyh.e r efugeewsi,t ht heirl ivestock, as wella s two communalp olicemetnh ereupolne ftf or the towno n foot.T he Chambehra sn otedt hatW itnesOs t estifitehda tt heA ccusesdp ecificadlilrye ctetdh e refugeetso go to KibuyeS tadiumT.h er eliabiliotfy h ert estimonhya sb eenc alled intoq uestioanb ove( V.2.6)M.o reovers,h ei s notc orroboratoend t hisp articular pointT.h ereforiet,h asn otb eene stablishtehda tt heA ccuseodr deretdh er efugeetso go tot heS tadiuams, allegeidn p aragra4p.h2 1o ft heI ndictment. 444.I t is thec ontentioofn theP rosecutitohna tt heA ccuseadc tedp ursuantto a plant o massacrteh er efugeesa,n dt hereforken

ewo r oughtt o havek nownw hatw as goingt o happent o thema t KibuyeS tadiumH.o wevert,h eC hambehra s concluded thata meetinbge tweeKna yishemaan dt heA ccuseadt whicha planw asa greedu pon hasn otb eenp rovedb eyonrde asonabdloeu bt( V.2.6)T.h eA ccusetde stifietdh at actedo uto f concerfno rt hes afetoyf ther efugeegsa theraetd thec ommunaolf ficaes he hadb eeni nformebdy theb ourgmestorfe R utsiraob outi mminenatt tacksS.e veral witnessecso nfirmetdh ati n them orninogf 13 April1 994t heA ccuserde ferretdo attackersW.i tnesseKs, Z and BE actuallsya wa ttackerosr AbaMgai n Mabanza communteh atm orningW.i tnessZ J testifieidn the samew ay on the basiso f a conversatiwoint ht wor efugeesO.t herw itnessegsa ves imilatre stimoniebsu,tw ere lessp recisea boutt he date.M oreoverr,e fugeesw ho remaineda t the bureau communawle rek illedb y attackerosn 13 and 14 April( seeV .4.3)U.n dert hese 521 Ibidp.p .3 9-40. 522I bidp.p .3 7 and4 0-41. 155

~(~’, ~ ICTR-95-1A-TI6z~ ..............................................................................................i. ................. ........... circumstanctehse,A ccused’esx planaticoann notb e rejecteads implausibleev,e ni f thew itnessedsi dn ot mentiotnh ath e referresdp ecificaltloy t heA bakigwah en directitnhge r efugeetso g o toK ibuyteo wn. 445.T heP rosecutiona’lsl egatiotnh att heA ccusebdy sendinagw ayt her efugees was actingp ursuantt o a preconceivepdl an with Kayishemah as not been demonstrateMdo.r eovert,h e evidencceo nsideretdh isf ard oesn ots howt hatt he Accuseodu ghtt o havek nownw hatw ouldh appent o the refugeeosn cei n Kibuye town. 446.T heC hambefri ndsn o evidencteo supportth ea llegatiionn paragrap4h. 20o f theI ndictmetnhta tt her efugeeast theb ureacuo mmunaoln, thei nstructioonfs t he Accusedw,e red ivideidn tot wog roupsi:n tellectuaanldsp easants. 447.T he Accusedd eniedt hath e wentw itht he refugeetso Kibuyet own.O nly WitnesAs t estifitehda tt heA ccusetdr avellweidt ht her efugeeAss. d iscussbeedl ow (V.3.2)i,t cannobte ruledo utt hatt heA ccusemda yh avea ccompanitehde r efugees parto f thew ay,b utt hee videnicsen otc onclusive. 448.F inallyn,o evidenchea sb eenp resentetdh att heA ccuseddi videtdh er efugees intot wog roupast theK ibuye-torwonu ndabouTth.e a llegatioinns p aragra4p.h2 2o f theI ndictmetnhte refohraev en otb eens ubstantiated. 156

3.2 Detentiona nd Maltreatmento f Refugeesa t GatwaroS tadium,K ibuye Town, 13-17A pril1 994 3.2.1I ntroduction The Indictment 449. The Accused’sa llegedl iabilityf or inhumanea cts committeda gainstT utsi refugeeast GatwaroS tadium( the" Stadium"i)n Kibuyet owni s set out in paragraphs 4.23,4 .24a nd4 .31o f theI ndictment: "4.23B y about1 7 April1 994,t housandosf men,w omena nd childrenf romv arious locationsso ughtr efugei n theC atholiCch urcha ndH omeS t.J eanC omple(xt heC omplex) anda t theG atwarsot adiulmo cateidn Kibuyet own.T hesem en,w omena ndc hildrewne re unarmeda nd werep redominantTluyt sis.T heyw erei n the Complexs eekingp rotection froma ttackosn Tutsiwsh ichh ado ccurretdh roughotuhte P refectuorfe K ibuye. 4.24A fterp eopleg athereidn the complexa nd at the stadiumt,h esel ocationwse re surroundebdy personsu nderI gnaceB agilishemac’osn troli,n cludinmge mberso f the GendarmeriNea tionalaen d communalp olicemenT.h esep ersonsp reventedt he men, womena ndc hildrehne ldt hereifnr oml eavingt,h usd enyintgh ema ccestso basica menities suchf ooda ndw aterf ors everadla ys. 4.31I gnaceB agilishemdau,r ingt he monthso f April,M ay,a ndJ une1 994,i n Mabanza, Gitesia,n dG isovuc ommunesK,i buyeP refecturien, t heT erritoroyf Rwandad,i d commit otheri nhumanaec tsi ncludinbgu t notl imitedt o,p ersistentsleya rchinfgo rT utsis, separatiTnugt sisf romo there

thnico r racialg roupsb,e atinTgu tsisk,n owingllye ading Tutsitso t hem assacrsei tesa,n du nlawfulcloyn finitnhge T utsiast t hec ommunoef ficaen d GatwarSot adiuwmi thouwta ters,a nitatioorn f ood,t herebfyo rcintgh eT utsitso e atg rass." Submissioonfs theP arties 450.A ccordintgo the Prosecutionf,o llowintgh e dispatcho f refugeesf romM abanza to the Stadiumi n Kibuyet own, personsu nder the Accused’sc ontrol,i ncluding gendarmesa nd communalp olicemen,d etainedt he refugeesw ithint he Stadiuma nd deniedt hema ccesst o basica menitiefso r severadla yss.23T he Prosecutiaolnl egetsh at thisu nlawfuclo nfinemeonft Tutsic ivilianast the Stadiuwmi thouwta ter,s anitatioonr 157

~ ~*’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ............................................................................................................................ food,w hichw ast hec auseo f greats ufferinga,m ounttso a crimea gainshtu manity (5i2n4humaancet s)f,o rw hicthh eA ccuseids l iable.

451. The Defenced oes not contestt he allegatioant paragraph4 .23 of the Indictme5n2t5.H owevert,h eA ccuseda,c cordintgo theD efenced,i dn otg o to Kibuye towni n the period1 3 Aprilt o 19 April1 9945.26 The Defences ubmitst hatt he Prosecutihoans f ailedt o proveb eyondr easonabldeo ubtt hats ubordinatoefs t he Accusedde tainetdh er efugeeast theS tadiu5m2.7T heD efencdei sagreetsh atr efugees werep reventferdo ml eavintgh eS tadiuomr thatt heyw ered yingo f hungera,n ds tates thatu p to 18 April1 994o nlyt wog endarmewse reg uardintgh e Stadiu5m2.8A t any rate,t heA ccusedc annotb e heldr esponsiblfeo rw hata llegedlhya ppeneadt the Stadiubme caushee exercisneedi thedre juren ord ef actoa uthoriotvye rp ersonisn t he communo5ef2 9Gitesiw,h ereK ibuyet owna ndt heS tadiuwme res ituated. Deliberations 3.2.2A PreconceivPelda n? 452.T heP rosecutiaorng uedt hatt heS tadium-relactreidm eso ccurrepdu rsuantto a preconceipvleadn ,a ndt hatt heA ccusewda sa wareo ft hisp lan.I n supporotf this,t he Prosecutiaorng uedi,n thef irsti nstancteh,a ta decisitoon massacTruet siw ast akena t a securitmye etinogn 9 April1 994i n Kibuyea,t whicht heA ccusewda sp resentT.h e Chambehra ss ett hisa llegatiaosni dea s unsubstanti(asteeedV .2.4a bove).

453. The Prosecutioanl so allegedt hat a meetingb etweent he Accuseda nd Kayishemat ook placei n the eveningo f 12 April1 994,a t Mabanza’sb ureau 523 Prosecutiworni’tstC elno siRnegm arpkps.3 0-3p2a ras1.8 9-1a9n8dp p.1 09-1p1a0r as2.0 6-209. 524 Seea lsCoo un5t o ft heI ndictment. 525 DefenCcleo siBnrgi ef6p7.p ara5.6 6. 526 Ibidf.o,r e xamppl.e6 ,7 p ara5.6 4p,. 6 9p ara5.8 4a ndp .7 2p ara6.1 2R;e joinpdaerra2 .4 9. 527 DefenCcleo siBnrgi ef6p8.p ara5.7 4. 528 Ibidp.p .6 8-6p9a ra5s7.7 -580. 529 Ibidp..6 8p ara5s7.3 a nd5 75. 158

ICTR-95-1A-T . ,~(~j~, .g~’~ ............................................................................................................................ communalTs.h3 i°sw ase mphasiseidn, p articuladru,r ingt heo ralc losinagr guments, Accordintgo theP rosecutioint, w asa t thism eetintgh atK ayishemaan dt heA ccused decidetdo sendt her efugeetso Kibuyew,h ereu ltimatetlhye yw ouldb e killedT.h e Prosecutiaorng uetdh att heA ccusefdo rmehdi sg enocidianlt enatt thea llegemde eting. TheC hambehra sf oundt hatt heP rosecutifoani ledt o provet hats ucha meetintgo ok place( seeV .2.6a bove). 454.F urthermorteh,e P rosecutisounb mittetdh att he Accuseadt tendead security meetingi n Kibuyet owno n 13 April1 994,c onvenebdy PrefectK ayishemaI.t was attendebdy theb ourgmestroefs t hen inec ommuneosf Kibuyei,n cludintgh eA ccused, CommandeJra boo f theg endarmerained t heP rosecutoofr KibuyeA.t them eetintgh e decisioanl legedlwya st akent o killt heT utsig athereadt theH omeS t.J eanc omplex (the" Complex"a)n dt he StadiumT.h eP rosecutiroenl iedo n Kayishemat’ess timony durinhgi st rialt hata securitmye etinwga sh eldi nK ibuyteo wno n 13 April1 994.T he Prosecutiaolns oa rguedt hatt hem eetinogf 13 April1 994w ouldc orrespontdo that referretdo in ane ntryi nt her egisteorf Mabanzcao mmuneo’ust -goimnagi l,i ndicating thato n 12 April1 994t heA ccusewdr otet o conseillearnsd p

oliticapla rtyl eaderisn Mabanzcao mmuniTeMn formintgh emo f a plannesde curitmye eting. 455.I n replyt,h eD efencaer guetdh atw hilet het ranscripotfs t hed irecetx amination of Kayishemdao refert o a "securitcyo uncimle etingo"f 13 April1 994,t hem eeting was" restrictedm"e,a nintgh atb ourgmestrweesr en oti nvitetdo participa5t3e2.I n relatiotno t her egisteorf out-goimnagi l,t heA ccusetde stifitehda tb ecausceo mmunal staffh adn otc omet o worko n 12 April1 994,o n thatd ayh e wrotet o themr equiring them" toc omet o worka s quicklays possibloen 13 April5"3.3H e alsow rotea second letteorn thes amed ay,c allinagl lc onseillaenrdsp oliticpaalr tyl eadertso a security meetinogn 13 April1 994T.M Thisw asn otr elatetdo ther estrictseedc uritmye etinign K5i3b5uyet own. 530 Transcripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00,i n particulpapr.7 -12. 531P rosecutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markpsp .6 2-63p aras3.4 6-347. 532T ranscripotfs 4 Septembe2r0 00p . 148a nd5 Septembe2r0 00p p.1 88-120. 533E ntry0 277o f Mabanzcao mmune’osu t-goinmga ilr egiste(rD efencEex hibiNto .1 8). 534I bide.n tr0y2 78. 535T ranscripotfs 6 June2 000p p.9 7-100. 159 "~. ~LV’.

456.T heC hambenro test hatt heP rosecutidoind n otf ollowu p thea bovea llegation duringi ts closinga rgumentosn 18 October2 000.E ntryn o. 0278i n the Mabanza communree gisteorf out-goimnagi ld oesn otr efert o a securitmye etinogf theP refect withb ourgmestriens K ibuyet ownb uto nlyt o a securitmye etinogf conseillearnsd politicapla rtyl eaderisn Mabanzcao mmuneT.h er egisteorf in-cominmga ild oesn ot m5e3n6tioann yl etteri nvitintgh eA ccusetdo a securitmye etinogn 13 April1 994. Thereforteh,e C hambefri ndst hatt heP rosecutihoansf ailetdo provet hatt heA ccused participaitne ad s ecuritmye etinign K ibuyteo wno nt hatd ay. 457.T herei s no othere videncet hatt he Accusedt ookp art in a plan,o r had knowledogfe a preconceivpelda n,t o exterminattheeT utsir efugeeast theS tadiumo,r elsewherien Kibuyet own,i n April1 994.T heP rosecutiaorng uedt hatt he Accused wouldn ot haves ent a largen umbero f refugeest o Kibuyet ownw ithoutp rior c5o3n7sultatiaonnd,t hatt hes ubsequemnats sacriensd icatteh att herew ass ucha plan. TheA ccused’vse rsiowna st hath e receivead telephoncea llf romh is colleaguien Rutsirion them orninogf 13 April1 994a lertinhgi mt o thef actt hatt heA bakigwae re headingt o Mabanzac ommune.T he Accusedt hereforaed visedt he refugeetso go towardKsi buyteo wn.H e alsot estifitehda th e informetdh eP refecotn cet her efugees hadl eftt hec ommunaolf ficeT.h

eC hambenro test hata numbero f Tutsir emaininign the communwee rei n factk illedb y the Abakigoan 13 April1 994.T hereforet,h e evidencseu pporttsh eA ccusedv’esr sion. 458.C onsequentltyh,e C hambeirs unablet o concludteh att heA ccusewda sa wareo f a plant oe xterminattheer efugebeys 13A pril1 994.H isc riminlaila bilitiyf,a ny,m ust therefobreed ecideodn t heb asiso ft hes ubsequeenvte nts. 3.2.3D escriptioonf GatwaroS tadium 459.B y wayo f introductiotnh,e C hambewri llg ivea briefd escriptioofn G atwaro Stadiuimn Kibuyet own.T hed escriptiiosn b asedo n thee videncper oduceidn court, 536D efenEcxeh ibNiot.1 9. 160

N~ N"~ ICTR-95-1A-T ............................................................................................................................ includinpgh otographeixch ibitsa,s wella s theC hamber’vsi sitt o KibuyPer efecture (II.1a bove)T.h es tadiuims ane ncloserde ctangulfaire lda,p proximat1e0l0ym etres itse ast-wessitd esa nd8 0 metrenso rth-souItths.n orthersni deb orderas s teeph ill, GatwarHoi ll,w hichr isesa t a sharpa nglef romt hee dgeo f thef ieldA. brickw allo f variablhee ightg,e neralbleyt wee2n to 3 metrehsi gh,d efinetsh eo thers ideso f the Stadium. 460.T wos pectatsotra ndfsa cee acho thera t oppositeen dso f thef ieldT.h e" smaller stand"a,b uttitnhge e asterwna llh,a st hea ppearanocfea longs hedI.t i sa lows tructure witha corrugated-irrooonfs upportbeyd numeroucso lumnsA.p artf romt hew alla t its back,i tss idesa reo pen.A lipo n thew esterend geo ft her oofs lopedso wnt owardtsh e field.A six-metrleo ng,t wo-metrwei dep orchp rojectosu ti ntot hef ieldf romt he middloef thes tructuriet,s r oofc ontinuifnrgo mt hel ipa nds lopindgo wna t thes ame angle. 461.T he" largesrt and"a butst hew esterwna ll.I t is a modems tructurwei,t hs tepped seatinagn da highr oofs lopinugp fromt hew all,o vert hef ieldB.y contraswti tht he smallesrt andi,t h asf ewearn df inesrt ructursaulp poratnsd o fferesx cellevnits ibility ontot hef ielda ndg oodv isibiliotny i tst

wos idesT.h el argesrt andi s closestto the Stadium’"sm aine ntrancew"h,i chi s a fewm etrese asto f thes outh-westecormn ero f thef ield. 462.T woo there ntranceosn, eithers ideo f thes mallesrt and,w eres ealeda ndn ot usedd urintgh ee ventsA. h ospitawla sl ocateidm mediatetloy t hew esto f theS tadium. Paralletlo t hes outherwna llo f theS tadiurmu nsa roadw hichr isest owardtsh ee ast. A5b3osut7 00m etreasw ay,i n thee astedmi rectioins, K ibuyteo wnr oundabout. 3.2.4C onditioants theS tadiu-m Deliberations 463.T he Chamberw illf irsta ssesst he evidencien ordert o decidew hethert he refugeewse red etaineadt theS tadiumw,h ethetrh eyw eret reateidn humanelya,n d whethearn ym altreatmeinntf lictuepdo nt hemw ass ucha s to reacht hel egalt hreshold 537T ranscroifp1 t8sO ctob2e0r0 p0. 3 8. 161

IGZI, ............................................................................................................................ of "inhumanaec ts".T he testimonieosf ProsecutioWni tnesseAs, AC and G, and DefencWei tnesCsP ,a rer elevantto theseq uestionTsh.e C hambewri llt henc onsider whethetrh eA ccusecda nb e heldc riminalrleys ponsibfloers ucha cts. WitnesAs 464.P rosecutiWoint nesAs, who in 1994w ass ixteeyne arso ld,t ravellewdi tht he masso f refugeefsr omM abanza’bsu reauc ommunatlo Kibuyet owno n 13 April1 994. He wast railintgh ec rowdw henh e seto ut:" I wasb ehindb uta s we movedo n,I was goingf asta ndI overtoocke rtaipne ople5"3.9T hew itnestse stifietdh att heyw ere followebdy thec ommunavle hicleT.r avelliinng i t weret heA ccuseda, p olicematnw,o gendarmeasn dt he communadlr iverN,s himyimanTah.e policemaann dt he gendarmes werea rmed5.4°B y thet imet hew itnesrse acheKdi buyet ownh e was" int hem iddleo f thec onvooyf refugee5s4"1.( Theq uestioonf thep resencoef t heA ccuseadt theS tadium willb e discussbeedl ow.) 465.W itnessA did not recallh ow longt he joumeyt o Kibuyet ownt ook," buti t [was]a longd istanc5e4"2.H es aidt hata sh ea ndh isf ellorwe fugeaersr iveidn t ownt,h e roadt o theC omplewxa sb eingb lockeodf f,a ndt her efugeewse ref orcibldyi rectebdy gendarmetso wardtsh eS tadiu5m4.3W hent hew itnesasr riveadt theS tadiumt,h eg ates werec

losedH.e estimatetdh ati t wasa round2 p.m.b uta ddedt hat" I didn’th avea watchw ithm e and theh ourI haveg iveni s a roughe stimate5"4.4A rmedg endarmes dulyo penedt heg ates.T heys earchefdo ra nd tooka wayt her efugeest’r aditional weaponbse forea llowintgh emi nsideT.h er efugeefsr omM abanzwae ret hef irstt o a5r4r5ivaet t heS tadium. 538 Transcripotfs 2 7 Octobe1r9 99p . 123. 539 Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p . 17. 540 Ibid.p p.1 2-14a nd7 2-73. 541 Ibidp.. 7 5. 542 Ibidp.. 1 5. 543 Ibid.p p.1 7-18.A ccordintgo thew itnesss,h otsw eref tredb y theg endarmetso redirecrte fugees towardtsh eS tadium. 544I bidp.. 7 4. 545I bidp.p .1 9-20. 162

ICTR-95-IA-T 466.W itnesAs testifietdh atg endarmegsu ardetdh em aine ntrancaen da lloweodn ly refugeetso enterH.e didn otl eavet heS tadiu5m4.6S omem anagetdo fetchw aterf rom then earbyh ospitalf,r oma pathb ehindt he StadiumW.h ena skedi f he had water himselfW,i tnesAs saidt hati t wast he" youngp eoplew hoc ouldg o andf etchs ome fromt heh ospitawlh oh ads ome"5.47O f thosew hoa ttemptetdo fetchw ateri n this manners omew ereb eatenw ithc lubso r killedb y assailantrsu nninagf tert hema nd hittintgh emw ithb ladedw eapon5s4.8I t is notc learf romW itnesAs’ st estimonwyh o thesea ttackewresr e.T hew itnesdse scribheodw s omer efugeerse sortetdo eatintgh eir cattleT.h e animalwse res laughterweidt hw eaponsw hichr efugeehsa dm anagetdo bringi ntot he Stadiums.49 The meatw as not wellc ookedb ecauseo f the lacko f f5i5r°ewooLde.a vewse reu sedt ol ighfti res. 467.A skedw hetherg overnmenotf ficialtso oka ny measuretso preventc riminal activitayg ainstth er efugeeast theS tadiumt,h ew itnesrse plied":N oI didn’ste ea ny authoriotry a nyo fficiatla kintgh ei nitiatitvoee nsurteh es ecuritoyf ther efugees. Howeveerv ent he Interahamwteh atw e ourselveasr restewde rer elease’d’.551T he witneswsa sn ota sketdo c lariftyh isl astp oint. WitnesAs C 468.P rosecutiWoint nesAsC testifietdh ato n Wednesday1,3 April1 994,a t around 8.30a .m.,t he refugeelse ftM abanza’bsu reauc ommunaflo

r Kibuyet ownzY She wsa5l3keidn them iddloef theg roupa ndc ouldn ots eew hatw ash appenibnegh inhde r. Thew itnestse stifitehda t" [w]ec oulds eeH utusa longsitdhee r oad"t;h eseo nlookers madea ttempttso stealt her efugeesc’a ttleA.c cordintgo thew itnessf,o urr efugees werek illetdr yintgo r ecovetrh eirc attlei,n cludionnge K alindfar omB uhingsae cteur, 546 Ibidp.. 2 5. 547 Ibidp.. 2 6. 548 Ibidp.. 2 7. 549 Ibidp.. 6 3. 55O Ibid.p p.2 5-26. 55t Ibidp.. 6 3. 552 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 94. 553 Ibidp.. 3 5. 163

who was knownt o the witness4Y She alsom emionedt hats he met a vehiclew ith gendarmh5eesa dinign theo ppositdei rectitoon t hato f thew itnessY 469.U pona rrivinign town,W itnesAsC and othersw ered irectebdy gendarmetso theS tadiu5m5.6T heya rriveadt itsg atesa t aroun3d p.m.( Inc ross-examinattihoen, witnesssa idt hatt heya rrivetdh eraet 11a .m5.57)A llm achetesst,i ckasn ds pearhsa dt o be lefta t thee ntranc8e OYn thes amed ay,i n thea fternoosno,m er efugeewse reh itb y gendarmesw hen they attemptedt o followt he Accuseda s he was leavingt he Stadiu5m5.9( Thea llegepdr esencoef theA ccusewdi llb e examinebde low.A)f tert he Accusehda dl eft,t heg endarmewsh,o w erep ositionoend e ithers ideo f thee ntrance, saidt hatn o onew ast o leavet heS tadiumT.h eyo nlya llowepde oplien .T heg endarmes werej oinebdy soldierosn Thursdaayn,d c iviliaannsd p olicemoenn F riday. 470.A ccorditnog thew itnessw,h ilea t theS tadiums,h ea ndt heo therr efugee"sl ived likea nimals5"6.°T heya teg rass":W eg atheretdh eg rassw,e chewedi t ands wallowed thej uicef romi t.’’561T heyh adn o privacy":w ew eres howna certaianr ea.T herew as n5o6h zole.[ P]eopilnet hen eighbourhcoooudl sde ey oua ttenditnogt hec allo fn ature". T5h6e3yw eren ota llowetdo g o outt og etd rinkiwnagt er. 471.T hew itnestse stifitehda to n Friday1,5 April1 994,s omeH utuc amet o stealt he refugeesc’a ttleB.y Saturdaryo

ominpge oplew eref eelinvge ryh ungryT.h ew itness ando thersk illeda cow,u singm achetetsh eyh adm anagetdo bringi n witht hem,a nd atet her oastemde at.564 Ther efugeetso okt urnss laughtertihnegi rc ows.T hosew hoh ad no meatc ontinuteod e atg rass5.65T hew itnesssa idt hats hea tem oreg rasso n Sunday, 554 Ibidp.p .3 5-36. 555 Ibidp.p .3 5-36. 556 Ibid.p p.3 6-37. 557 Ibidp.. 9 3. 558 Ibidp.p .3 7-39. 559 Ibidp.. 6 8. 56o Ibidp.. 4 2. 561 Ibid. 562/bid. 563 Ibidp.p .4 2-43. 564 Ibidp.. 4 6. 565 Ibid. 164

1576 6April1 994. 472.A skedi f law-enforcemeonftf icerosr any othero fficialsi,n cludintgh e Accused, took any measurest o preventc riminala ctivitya nd to ensuret he securityo f the r’e’f5u6g7eeast theS tadiumt,h ew itnesrse plied":I didn’ts eea nyone. WitnessG 473.P rosecutioWni tnessG testifietdh ats he reachedt he Stadiumw itho therr efugees fromM abanzao n 11 April1 994.T his,a ccordintgo the witnessw,a s the dateo n which refugeelse ftM abanza’bsu reauc ommunalf or Kibuyet own.T heyr emainedt hereu ntil 18 April 1994.568 The refugees encounteredg endarmesa t the Kibuye town roundabou5t6.9 Whent heya rriveadt the Stadiums,o ldieruss heretdh emi nside. 474.T he refugee"sh ada difficullti fe"a t the Stadium5.7° The soldiermsa ltreated thema s theye nteredh,i ttintgh emw itht he buttso f theirr ifles.A t othert imest hey steppeodn thef eeto f thoses ittinogn theg roundT.h ew itnesess timatetdh att herew ere about2 0,000T utsim en,w omena nd childreni n the Stadium5.71 Theyw eren ot allowed to leave5.72 Someh ad beena blet o bringa cow or a mattresosr otherb elongingosn to t5hve3g roundsT.h e witnesssa ids hen oticetdh atp eoplew ered yingo f hunger. WitnessC P 475. DefenceW itnessC P was a civil servantw ho lived in Kibuyet own.574 He 566 Ibidp.. 4 9. 567 Ibidp.. 1 00. 568 Transcriopft2 s6 J anuar2y0 00p p.1 1a nd1 4. 569 Ibidp.. 4 9. 57o Ibidp.. 1 3. 571 Ibid. 572 Ibidp..2 I. 573 Ibid. 574 Transcriptosf 2 4M ay2 000p .7 .W itnesCsP ’se arliesrt atemeonft2 7F ebrua2r0y0 0i ndicattehsa ti n Apri1l9 94h ew asa teache(rD efenEcxeh ibiNto .7 9). 575T ranscriopft2 s4 M ay2 000p .8 . 576I bidp.p .9 -11. 165

~,,.~’~, -~ ICTR-95-1A-T testifitehda to n 17A pril1 994,a t about1 0 a.m.,h e wentt ot het ownr oundabouTth.i s wasa placew herel ocalsl ikedt o meet5.75 Aftera whileh e sawa largen umbero f peoplec ominga longt he Mabanza-to-Kibtuoywen r oad.T hew itnesse stimatetdh at therew erea boutf ivet o sixh undremde n,d resseidn an unusuamla nnerc:o verewdi th branchesw,e arinbga nanal eavesa,n de achw itha stringa roundh ish ead.T heyw ere armedw itht raditionwaela ponasn dw eres ingin"gl etu s exterminatthee m".576 The witneslsa terr eferrteod t hesmee na sA5 b7a7kiga. 476.T heA bakigtar iedt oe nlisott herast ther oundabotuot a ssistth emi nt heirc ause. Thew itnessd id not see the Accuseidn the crowd.H e did not see any officials attemptitnog c ontrotlh isa ctivi5t7ys.H e hurrieadw ay.N ote veryofnoel lowseudi t,w ith ther esultth ats omeo f thosep resen(t" banditsa"c,c orditnogt hew itnessw)e ref orced to joint he Abakig5a7.9 Thew itneswse ntt o theG itesib ureauc ommunawlh ereh e stayefdo rt wot ot hreeh ours. 477.W itnesCsP didn otg o to theS tadiuumn til1 8 April1 9945.80A s he walkedb ack pastt heS tadiuhme sawt hatt heg atesw ereo pen.T herew eret wog endarmegsu arding thee ntranc5e8.1T herew eren o vehicleasb out5.82T hew itnesnso ticeldi vestowcikt ht he refugeeisn sidet heS tadiu5m8.3O neo f ther efugeecsa lledo utt o WitnesCsP from withint he StadiumI.t was a formers

choolmateH.i s frienda skeda gendarmfeo r p5e8r4missitoons peakt o thew itnesasn d,o ncea uthorisehde, w asa blet o stepo utside. Thew itnestse stified: 577 Ibid.p p.7 0a nd7 6. 578 Ibid.p p.2 1 and8 6-88. 579 Ibid.p p.1 5a nd2 4. 580 Ibidp.. 3 6. 581 Ibid.p p.3 1 and3 9. 582 Ibidp.. 3 8. 583 Ibid.p p.4 7,5 7 and7 1-72I.n a statementta keno n 27 Februar2y0 00,W itnesCsP declareadb outt he divisioonf refugeeast thet ownr oundabou"tO:n a rrivinign Kibuyet,h osew hoo wneds mallo r major livestocmko vedt owardtsh e stadiumT.h erew ase noughs pacef ort heirl ivestocikn the stadiumT.h e otherwse ntt o thec hurcphr emiseasn dt o ’HomeS t.J ean’.("D efencEex hibiNto .7 9.) 584T ranscripotfs 2 4 May2 000p p.3 9-40. 585I bidp.. 3 2. 166

:~’~* ICTR-95-1A-T I¢ot( ............................................................................................................................ "Fromw hatI knowI, k nowp eopleo,t herp eoplIe kneww hoc ouldg o in ando uto ft he stadiuwmi thouatn yh indrancIe d.o notk noww hethetrh esep eoplnee edeadu thorization beforlee avintgh es tadiubmu tI knowt hatw herew el ivedt herwee rep eoplweh oc amet o s5ese5u sa ndg ob ackw ithouatn yh indrance". 478.T hew itnesasd dedt hatr efugeecso uldl eavet heS tadiumg,o to theirh omes,a nd thenr eturn(.H ed idn otr efetro h iso wne xperientcoei llustrahtiess tatemenHte)a .l so statetdh ats omer efugeecsa met o hish ouse5.86T hew itnesnse vertheleascsk nowledged thatt herem usth aveb eenc onstrainotns t her efugeesf’r eedoomf movemen"to,r t hey w5o8u7ldh aveb eena blet o goe lsewherIe .d on’tk nowh owa llt hisw aso rganised". 3.2.5C onditionast theS tadiu-m GeneraFli ndings 479.T heC hambewri lln owc onsidetrh et hreeq uestionsse to uta t theh eado f this sectio(ns eep aragra4p6h3 ). (i)W eret heR efugeedse taineadt theS tadium? 480.I t is cleart hat the refugeesf romM abanzac ommunew ho endedu p at the Stadiuwme red irectetdo go to there.W itnesAs t estifietdh ato n approachiKnigb uye townh e and othersw eres teeredt o the Stadiubmy gendarmewsh o had blockeodf f otherr outeasn dw eref orcibldyi rectitnhge c rowdT.h ise arlya ssumptioofn

c ontrol overt her efugeewsa sc onfirmeadl sob y WitnesseAsC andG . 481.E ntryi nto,a nde xitf rom,t heS tadiuwme res trictlcyo ntrolleWdi.t nessAe sa nd AC testifietdh atg endarmesse archeodr removedw eaponsf romr efugeeass they enteredt he StadiumG.e ndarmerse maineodn guarda t the gates.T o obtainw ater refugeehsa dt o leavet heS tadiusmu rreptitiousTlhyo.s ed iscoverewde reb eateno r killedT.h er efugeewse ren ota llowetdo go outt oo btaifno od.T heiro nlyo ptionwse re to eat theirc attleo r to eat grass.A ccordintgo WitnesAsC , somer efugeewsh o attemptteod f ollotwh eA ccuseodu to f theS tadiuwme reb eatebna ckb y theg uards. 586 Ibidp.. 6 6. 167

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482. WitnesCsP ,w how asa residenotf Kibuyet own,s aidt hatr efugeecso uldl eave the Stadiuma s theyw ished.H e did not providea concreteex ampleo f suchf ree movementH.e concedetdh ata uthorisatimoany h aveb eenn ecessaryT.h isi s indeed apparenftr omt hew itnesso’nsl ye xamploef c ontacwti tha refugeaet t heS tadiumh:i s formers choola cquaintanhcaed t o obtaitnh ep ermissioofn a gendarmbee foreh e was alloweodu tt os peakt ot hew itness. 483.A rmedg endarmerse maineadt theg ateo f theS tadiuump untilt hed ay of the attack( WitnesCsP ).T heyw erej oinedb y soldierosn thes econdd ay,p olicemeann d civilianosn thet hirdd ay( WitnesAsC ).O n thed ayo f thea ttackt heS tadiuwma s sealeodf f( seeV .3.4b elow). 484.I n the Chamber’vsi ew,i t has beene stablishetdh atr efugeefsr omM abanza communwee ree ffectivedleyt aineadt theS tadiufmr omt hem omento f theira rrival theroen 1 3 Apri1l9 94u ntitlh ed ayo f thea ttacko,n 1 8A pril1 994. (ii)T heT reatmeonftt heR efugees 485.T het hreeP rosecutiwoint nesswehso w erer efugeeast theS tadiutme stifieads to difficullitv incgo nditiotnhse reI.t appeartsh ata largen umberp,e rhaptsh ousandosf, refugeehsa db eend irectetdo theS tadiuomn andf ollowi1n3g April1 994.F ood,w ater ands anitafrayc ilitiweesr ei ns horstu pployr n on-existent. 486.W itnesAs testifietdh ats omer efugeewsh oa ttemptetdo fetchw aterf romt he nearbyh ospitawle rec

hasedd owna ndb eateno r killedW.i tnesseAsC andG testified thatt heg uardwse rev iolentA.c corditnog WitnessAe sa ndA C,t hea uthorititeoso kn o measurteoss temt hisv iolenocret op rovidfeo rt hes afetoyf refugees. 487.T hoser esponsibfloer t he detentioonf ther efugeedsi dn ots upplyt hemw ith foodo r water.W itnesseAs, AC andG testifietdh ats omer efugeewse rea blet o feed offl ivestoctkh eyh adb roughwti tht hem.H owevero,t hersw enth ungrya ndt hirsty 587I bidp.. 6 4. 168

ICTR-95-1A-T ....:.. ............ .........................-.................................................................... overt hef ived aysp riort ot hea ttackW.i tnesAsC saidt hatt her efugeecsh ewegdr ass fori tsj uicaen df ors ustenanTchee.r wee ren os anitafrayc ilitiaetst heS tadium. 488.T heC hambeirs convincebdy thee videncteh att het reatmenotf refugeeast the Stadiuwma su nacceptable. (iii)W ast heM altreatmeInntf licteudp ont heR efugeessu cha s to Reacht heL egal Thresholodf "InhumanAec ts" ?

489. TheC hamberd’esf initioofn" inhumaancet s"w asp resentaebdo ve( seeI II.3.2): "’[O]thienrh umaancet si’n cludaecst st hata reo fs imilagrr avitayn ds eriousnteost sh e enumeraatcetds o fm urdere,x terminateinosnl,a vemednetp,o rtatiiomnp,r isonmteonrtt,u re, rapeo,r p ersecutoinop no liticarla,c iala,n dr eligiogurso undTsh.e swei llb ea ctso r omissiotnhsa dte liberactaeulsyse e riomuesn taolrp hysicsaulf feroirni gn juroyrc onstitute a serioautst acokn h umadni gnitAys.f orw hicahc tsr iset ot hel eveolf i nhumaancet st,h is shoulbde d etermionnea d case-by-cbaassei s." 490.T hec onfinemeonft a largen umbero f peopleo n exposegdr oundw ithouwta ter, foodo rs anitafrayc ilitiweisl la mountto a ni nhumaancet i ft hea cti sd eliberaatnedi ts consequencaerse s erioumse ntalo r physicaslu fferinogr a seriouast tacko n human dignity".S eriousneisss t"o be understoaosd b eingo na parw itho thera ctsp roscribed byA rticl3e o ft heS tatute. 491.I n thep resencta se,t hec onfinemelnats teadt leastf ived ays.I n thisa mounotf timea personm ayd ieo f thirsto,r mays uffers eriouslfyr omh ungerT.h erei s no evidentchea ta nyr efugeaec tualdliye df orl acko fw atero rf ood,a lthougahc,c orditnog WitnesAs, somep eoplew erek illedw hilet ryingt o fetchw ater.N everthelestsh,e evidencseu ggesttsh atb y thef ifthd ayt hep hysicaslu fferinogf mostr efugeemsu st haveb eene xtreme.

492. Moreoverc,o nfinemeonft a largen umbero f peopleu nderc onditiodness cribed abovenecessaricloyn stituat esse riouast tacokn h umand ignity. 169

~.~~ ~* ICTR-95-1A-T 493.T herei s no doubtt hatt her efugeeosf Mabanzwae rec onfineadt theS tadium deliberatelTyh.e rei s no evidencoef anyc aree xtendetdo the refugeesO.n the contrartyh,e e videnicseo f ani ntensifyaisnsga ulotn t hep hysicaanld m entaclo ndition andh umand ignitoyf t her efugeecsu,l minatiinng a na ll-ouatt tacokn 1 8 April1 994. 494.T heC hambetrh ereforfei ndst hatt hem altreatmeonft r efugeeast the Stadium duringt hep eriod1 3 April1 994u p untilt hed ayo f the attacko,n 18 April1 994, amounttso " inhumaancet s"a,s coverebdy A rticl3e ( i)o f theS tatute. 3.2.6W ast he AccusePdr esenatt theS tadiu1m3 -17A pril1 994?- Deliberations 495.I n view of the abovef indingt,h e Chamberw illn ow considerw hethert he Accusewda sp resenatt theS tadiuimn thep eriodo f 13-17A pril1 994a ndw hethehre in any way contributeodr consentetdo the maltreatmenoft the refugeesA.s a preliminarpyo int,t he Chambern otest hatW itnesseGs and CP, two of the five witnessegsi vinge videncree levantto thisp eriodd,i d nots ee the AccusedT.h e Accusedr’ess ponsibilfiotryt hec onducotf otherp ersonwsi llb e considerfeudr ther below.T heC hambewri lln owc onsidetrh ee videncaes to thel ocatioann da ctionosf theA ccuseidn t hep erio1d3 t o 17 April1 994 Wednesda1y3 April1 994 496.W itnesAs testifietdh att heA ccusefdo llowetdh e refugeeisn a vehiclfer om Mabanzac ommunet owardsK ibuyet

own.A t somep ointa longt he way the witness passetdw ob usesc arryingge ndarmeT5sh8.e8 A ccusesdt oppeadl ongsidteh emt o talk. WitnesAs confirmetdh ath e had witnessetdh iss cene5.89( WitnesAsB , a fellow refugeee,n counterae bdu st ransport"isnogl diercso"m infgr omt hed irectioofn Kibuye town5.9°)I t woulds eemt hatt hisw ast hel astt imet hatW itnesAs sawt heA ccused 588 Transcriopf1t 7sN ovemb1e9r9 p9. 3 1. 589 Ibipd..7 4. 590 Transcriopf1t 5sN ovemb1e9r9 p9. 5 9. 591 ,,[Q.D]i dM r.B agilishfeomlal oywo ua llt hew ayt oK ibuySet adiounmt he1 3th[?A .]Y es,h e

ICTR-95-1A-T ............................................................................................................................ beforer eachingt he Stadium5.91 Whileh e was waitingf or the Stadiumg atest o be o5p9e2neda,t around2 p.m.b y hise stimatiohne, sawt he Accused.

497. Lateri n the courseo f his testimonyW,i tnessA insistedt hat therew as no questioans to hisa bilittyo recognitshee A ccused: "[Q.]W itnessh,o w can you be so suret hati t was Bagilishemyao u saw on all these occasionwsh,a tm akesy ous o sure? [A.]I knewh imb eforteh en. [Q.]H ow welld idy ouk nowh imb eforet hen? [A.]I t’sn otp ossiblteh atI wouldn otk nowo urB urgomastaenrd I wass o closet o these p’e’o5p9l3teh atI coulidd entitfhye ifra ces.

498. WitnessA ’s earliers tatementso f 1 February1 996 and 29 June 1999 do not a5l9l4eget hatt he Accusedf ollowetdh e refugeeasn y parto f the way to the Stadium. Nor do theys tatet hatt hew itnesss awt he Accuseadt the Stadiuomn 13 April1 994. 499.W itnessA C testifietdh ata t around3 p.m.o n thisd ay,s he was in the Stadium closet o the gatesw hens he saw the Accusedi,n civiliacnl othinga,n d Semanzaa rrive in the communalv ehicle.T he Accused,w ho was unarmed," at one pointa ttemptedt o entert hes tadiubmu t he didn’t"S.h et estifietdh ath e "spoket o thep eoplew ho werei n t5h9e5 stadiuamn d askedi f the peoplew hoh e senth ada rrived". followuesdt oK ibuyeb,u ta lontgh ew ayw ee ncountetrweodb usetsr ansportgienngd armeHse.s topped tos peakH.e thenj oineuds i nK ibuyeB.u tt hatw asb eforteh eg ateso ft heS tadiuwme reo pened." Transcriopft1 s7 N ovemb1e9r9 9p .3 1.T heE nglivsehr siohna sb eena lignetdot heF rencthe xt( p.3 7). 592I bid. 593I bidp.. 5 6.M oreoveirn,h iss tatemeonft2 9J une1 999W,i tnesAs d eclartehda tt heA ccuse"dw asa familfyr iend("D efenEcxeh ibiNto .7 ). 594D efenEcxeh ibi6t asn d7 ,r espectively. 595T ranscriopft1 s8 N ovemb1e9r9 9p .3 9.F rencvhe rsio"nB:a gilishae fmaai tq uelqupeass ,c ommse’ il voulaietn trearu s tadem,a isi ln ’ye stp ase ntr6M.a isp,a rc ontrei,ls ’esatd ressa6n xg endarmqeusi gardaileens tt adeet l eura dernan’de6s:t -qcuee l esg enqsu ej ’aein voys6osn ta rriv6s?’"

ICTR-95-1A-T ,,~ ~"*’~ ............................................................................................................................

500. The witnessm arkeda photograpihn dicatintgh e locationw heres he was standinwgh ens hes awt heA ccuse5d9.6S hes aid:" Hec amea ndh e enteredh,e tooka fews tepsi ntot heS tadium.’’597 Shea lsoi ndicatetdh ep lacew heret heA ccused’s vehiclwea sp arkeodu tsidteh ew alle nclositnhge S tadiumS.h ee xplaine"dT:h ew alli s not veryh igh,b ut someonweh o is insidec annots eea personw ho is outsidteh e wall"5.98A skedh ows hec ouldh aves eena carp arkedo n ther oado utsides,h er eplied thatt heA ccusecda mei n andw ento uta gain,a nda s he lefts omer efugeeisn cluding herselffo llowehdi mt owardtsh ee ntranceT.h eg endarmehsi tt hem.A t thee ntrance shes awt heA ccusegde ttinign tot hev ehicl5e9.9" Aftehri sd epartutrhee g endarme[s] saidn o onew ast o geto uto f thes tadium6"°.°A partf romt heg endarmegsu ardintgh e gatet,h ew itnessst atetdh ats hed idn ots eea nyo thesre curipteyr sonnoenlt hatd ay. 501.W itnesGs testifietdh ats hed idn ots eet heA ccusewdh ent her efugeelse ftf or Kibuyet own:" Wel efth ima t thec ommunaolf ficeH.e hadj ustt oldu s to leavef or K6i°b1uyeH.o wc ouldI haves eenh imo n ther oad?"s hee xclaimed. 502.O therP rosecutiwoint nessesw,h od idn otg o to Kibuyet owno n 13 April1 994, testifiaesd t o theA ccusedp’rse sencien Mabanzcao mmunaet varioutsi mesd urintgh at day.W itnessA B, withouts pecifyinag t ime,s aidt hatf romh er hidingp lacea t

Gitikininsih e saw theA ccuseidn citinpge oplet o attack Kanlngt6l0.2 WitnesHs testifitehda ta t around8 a.m.o n 13 April1 994,h e sawt heA ccuseidn thec ommunal vehiclew ithI nterahamwgeo ingi n the directioonf Kartmgu’hso use( seeV .4.1 b6e°l3ow). 596I bid.p p.6 3-67a,n dP rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .6 0.T hem arkepdh otograipsh i n thep ossessioofn t he Chamber. 597I bidp.. 67.F rencvhe rsio"nI:1 e stv enui,l este ntr~i,l a faitq uelqupeass v ersl ’interideuu srt ade" ~.8 3). 8 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 67. 599I bidp.. 68.F rencvhe rsio"nL:e b ourgmesBtargei lishielme as tv enui,l este ntrri,l a ditl esr ootdso nt j6e vousa id it..p,a rlre,n suiitlee sts orti(ep". 8 4). 00I bidp.. 3 9. 601 Transcripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00p . 49. 602 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p . 74. 603 Transcripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p p. 37-38a nd 40 and2 2 Novembe1r9 99p p. 9-10. 172 ~. ~1/

503.W itnesKs allegetdh ats hea ndh erf amilyw eres tilli n Mabanzcao mmunoen 13 April1 994,w hena t around1 0 a.m.o r,a t any rate," a longt ime"a ftert heo ther refugeedse partefdo rK ibuyet own,t heye ncountertehde A ccuseddr ivinag vehicle with many personso n board,i ncludinga ssistantb ourgmestreSse manzaa nd Nsengiman6a°.4 The witnesass sumedt hatt he Accusedw ash eadedf or Kibuyet own a6n°d5r equestetdh ats heb e takent heret oob ecausteh ea ttackerwse rec loseb y. However",t heyt oldm e theyw eren otg oingt here".606 WitnesKs boardetdh ev ehicle anywaya ndw ast akena shortd istancteo a placec loset o KibilizCih urchw,h eret he Accusetdo ldh ert o "getd6 o0w7n". 504.P rosecutioWni tnesJs testifietdh ato n 13 April1 994I nterahamwfer omt he Gitikininneii ghbourhaorordi veadt herh ousei n Rubengeraan dp roceedetdo beath er andl ooth er house.608 Aftert hei ncidentw,h ent he lnterahamwhea dr emovehde r propertoyu tsidteh eh ouset,h ew itnesssa wt heA ccuseadr rivoen footi n thec ompany of CommandeJra boa ndt wop oliceme6n°.9S hec oulds eet hec ommunavle hiclien the distancTeh.e t imew asa roun1d0 a .m6.1°T hew itnesssa id: "Ont hatd ay,p eoplew entt o thes tadiumT.h ey[ referenicnec ludetsh eA ccused] accompantiheedp eoplael lt hew ayt ot hes tadiuTmh.e yc amet o. ..m yh ousaef tehra ving a6cHcompantiheedp eoplteo t hes tadium". 505.W itnesJs a llegetdh att heA ccuseadr

riveadt herh ousew hent heI nterahamawned thep roperttyh eyh adt akenw eres tilla t thes cenea nd" theB urgomastseari dt hatt he propertoyf t heT utsis houlsdt ayt herew,h ile. ..t heT utsiwsh ow eret o bek illewdo uld be sento ff’.’612T heA ccuseddi spatchoende o f theI nterahamtwoe f etchW itnesJs’ s h6u1s3banda,f terw hicht heA ccuseadn dJ abo" lefti mmediately". 604 Transcripotfs 2 5 Januar2y0 00p p.9 0-91. 605 Ibidp.p .5 2-53. 606 Ibidp.. 5 3. 607 Ibidp.. 9 2. 608 Transcripotfs 3 1 Januar2y0 00p . 4 (closesde ssion). 609 Ibidp.p .5 -6a nd4 1. 610 Ibidp.. 4 3. 611 Ibidp.. 4 5. 612 Ibidp.. 6 . 173

506.I n here arliewrr ittesnt atemenotf 8 July1 999,w hichw asg eneralcloyn sistent withh ert estimonWyi,t nesJs d escribtehde s amei ncidenwti thoubte ingp recisaeb out thet ime( frotmh ec ontexitt i sc learh,o wevetrh,a ti to ccurrbeedf or2e p6 .1m4.). 507.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ato n 13 April1 994h e wokeu p intendintgo resignh is post6.15 At 6 a.m.h e receivead callf romt he bourgmestroef the neighbouring communeo f Rutsirow,h o informehdi m thatt he Abakigaw ereh eadedf or Mabanza communwei tht hei ntentitoon k illt her efugeeast thec ommunaolf ficaen da lsot o kill theA ccusefdo rh isp racticoef hidingT utsi6.16T heA ccusewde ntt o thec ommunal officteo warnt her efugeeosf thed ange6r1.7H e assembltehde ma nda skedt hemt o flee south,t owardKsi buyet own6.18H e assignetdw op olicemetno accompantyh emp arto f thew ay,w hileh e remainewdi tho ne policemaant theb ureauc ommuna(ls eeV .3.1 a6b1o9ve). 508.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ata ftert hed eparturoef ther efugeesa,t around6 .30 a.m.,h e telephontehde P refectF.r omt hec ommunaolf ficeh e wentt o PastorC yuma’s houset o ask forh is adviceI.n the meantimea,c cordintgo the AccusedM,a banza communw6ea2 s°i nvadebdy a largen umbero f attackerfsr omR utsiro. 509.T heA ccusesda idt hatf romt heP astor’hso useh e saw,a t Gitikininai ,cr owdo f peoplea rmedw itht raditionwaela pongso ingi n thed irectioonf theb ureacuo mmunal.

TheA ccusewde nth omet o hisf amily6.zIT heA bakigao,n theirw ayt o thec ommunal officef,o unds ome" peasantisn" hidingw,h ot henf ledt owardtsh eb ureauc ommunal ands eveno r eighto f themw erek illedt here6.22W hent heA bakigfao undt hec ommunal officeo therwisdee sertedt,h eys pliti ntos everaglr oupss,o meg oingo fft o find 613I bidp.. 8 . 614D efencEex hibiNto .6 3. 615 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p p.3 2-33. 616I bidp.. 3 3. 617I bidp.p .3 5-36. 618I bidp.. 3 7. 619I bidp.. 4 0. 620I bidp.p .1 4-15. 621 Ibid.p p.4 7-48a nd1 06;t ranscripotfs 8 June2 000p . 195. 622T ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p p.1 25a nd1 29;8 June2 000p p,1 96-197. 174

~ ~*’* ICTR-95-1A-T ! ....................._.._..- . ..................................................|.............................................. Karung(ns eeV .4.1b elowa)n do thercso mintgo theh ouseo f theA ccused.623 51 0. In fronto f hish ouse,a bouto neh undreAdb akig’a‘ threatenmeed,t ellinmge I am an Lnyenzia,n Inkotany6i2"4.T heA ccused’fsa milyw asi nsideT.h eA bakz’gwae re askingh imw hereh e hadh idt heT utsiw hoh adb eena t thec ommunaolf fice.625 The Accusetde stifie"ds:e einhgo wf erocioutsh eyw ere,I gavet hemt ent housanFdr ancs fort hemt ol eavem yh ousea ndt heyl6 e2f6t". 511.D efencWei tnesRsJ ,a Tutsi,w ho at thet imew asl ivingw ithh erh usbanidn Kigalib,u tw hoh adr eturnetdo Mabanzcao mmunien March1 994,t estifietdh ato n 8 April1 994,w hens omeo f herf amilyw entt o theb ureauc ommunals,h ea ndt woo f her childresno ughtr efugaet theh ouseo f theA ccuse6d2.7T hew ifeo f theA ccusewda sa childhofordi enodf t hew itnes6s2.8T heyh idi n thes ervantqsu’a rteirnst hec ourtyaorfd them ainh ouse.A ftert wod aysa cousino f WitnesRsJ namedC hantala,l soa Tutsi, joinedt hem9Y Shew asp regnantT.h eyr emaineidn hidingi n theA ccused’hso usef or onem onth6.3°W itnesRsJ saidt hato ned ay( shed idn otg ivea date)t heA ccuse"dc ame tos eeu s. ..b ecausteh eA bakigwae rec omintgo attacakn dh e wantetdo w arnu s": "Hea dviseudst oc losteh ed oora,n dt hat’wsh atw ed

id. ...W eh eartdh en oisteh att hey werem akindgu rintgh ea ttackasn,d w ec ouladl soh eart hew histltehse yw ereb lowinbgu,t wed idn’ste et hemw itho uro wn e’y’e6s3.1 512.A ccordintgo theA ccusedt,h eA bakigbar ough"tt otalc haos"t o Mabanza6.32 As theyd epartetdh ec ommuned,e linquenatnsd t hievebse ganp illaginegv erywherTeh.e Accusesda idt hath e wentf romp lacet o placet ryingt o stopt hem6.33A t thes chool complexh e met WitnessJ , who had beena ttacked";w hent he banditss aw me they 623 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p p.4 8;8 June2 000p p.2 06-207. 624 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p p.1 07a nd1 08. 625 Ibid.p p.1 08-109. 626 Ibid.p p.1 07a nd1 09. 627 Transcripotfs 2 3 May2 000p p.6 -8,1 0 and1 2-13. 628 Ibidp.. 2 1. 629 Ibidp.. 1 7. 63o Ibidp.. 1 4. 631 Ibid.p . 15.S eea lso( ina nothecro ntexItV). 4.o7f thep resenJtu dgement. 632 Transcripotfs 2 3 May2 000p . 113. 175

fled".634 Thet imew asb etwee1n1 a.m.a ndn oon.635 TheA ccuselde fta policemwaint h WitnesJs to fendo ffa nyf urtheart tacksH.e thenw entt o theb ureauc ommunawlh ere he hopedt o findm orep olicemetno helph imw itht hes ituatio6n3.6A t theo fficeh e cameu ponM ajorJ abo,t heg endarmericeo mmandebra sedi n Kibuyet own.J abot old him" thatt her efugeehsa dg ott o Kibuyaen dt hath e wasc omintgo assestsh es ecurity situatiionn Mabanza"6.37 (TheA ccusesdo ughtto d iscredWiitt nesJs’ sa llegatitohna t Jabow asw ithh imw henh ec amet o herh ousee arlietrh at d6a3y8.) 513.T heA ccusedt estifieads to havingg onet ogethewri thJ abot o theK ibilizi commercicaeln trei n Rubengeraan,d l ateri n thea fternootno Mushubattio see" the damagetsh at[ theA bakigah]a dc aused6"3.9W henh e reacheMdu shubatait, a round1 or 2 p.m.,J abot ookt heg endarmsetsa tiontehde reb ackt o Kibuyteo wn,e xplainitnog t he Accusetdh att heg endarmeh6sa4 d°a nothemri ssion. 514.L ater,t he Accusesde ntt he communadlr iverw itha messagteo the "Chinese camp"t o borroawn excavattoor buryt her efugeeksi lledi n them orninrga id:" wed ug a holei n fronto f theb ureauc ommunaaln d we buriedt he eightb odies"(seael so V.4.36)4.1T hroughotuhte r esto f thea fternoounn,t ilt hee veningt,h eA ccuserde mained at thec ommunaolf ficew hereh e listenetdo "complaintasb"o utl osti dentitcya rds. T6h4e2nh e wenth ome,a tea ndr

ested. Thursda1y4 April1 994 515.W itnesAs t estifitehda to n Thursda1y4, Aprilf,r omt het opo f thel argesrt and of the Stadiumh,e saw the Mabanzac ommunev ehicleb ringinmgo rer efugeesH.e 633I bidp.p .1 13-114. 634I bidp.. 1 14. 635T ranscripotfs 8 June2 000p . 198. 636T ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p . 115.S eea lso( ina nothecro ntextI)V .5.o3f thep resenJtu dgement. 637I bidp.. 115;a lsop .5 6. 638T ranscripotfs 8 June2 000p p.2 01-202. 639T ranscriopft 5s June2 000p . 116;a lsop . 49. 640T ranscripotfs 1 June2 000p . 137a nd5 June2 000p p.1 17-118. 641 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p . 131. 642 Transcripotfs 8 June2 000p . 203, 176

ICTR-95-1A-T twices awt hec ommunavle hiclter ansportirnegf ugeetso theS tadiuomn this d6a4y3. Thew itnesdsi dn ots peciftyh et imeo f day.

516. At somep oint,W itnesAs saw the AccusedS,e manzaan d Dr.L eonarcdo met o theS tadiumT.h er efugeeisn sidteh eS tadiucmr iedo ut:t heya re" comintgo kill U6S4"4. The Accuseda nd the otherse mergedf romt he communavle hiclea nd wentt o the entrancoef theS tadiuwmh eret heys poket o gendarmesT.h ew itnessst atedt hath e couldn oth earw hatw asb eings aid6.45T hev isitormso vedi ntoa positiofnr omw here t6h4e6yc ouldo bservteh er efugeeisn sidteh eS tadium. 517.W itnesAsC testifietdh ato n thisd ayg endarmecso ntinuetdo allowr efugeetso entetrh eS tadiumw,h ilper ohibititnhgo sea lreadiyn sidfer oml eavin6g4.7S oldielrast er joinetdh eg endarm6e4s8.T hew itnesssa idt hata t 9 a.m.s hew asc loset o theg ateso f the Stadiumw hens he saw the Accusedw ithS emanzat,h e communadlr ivera ndt wo communalp olicemeanb oard" Bagilishemav’esh icle"s,t oppinga nd speakingt o gendarm6e4s9.T hew itnesast firsts aidt hatt hisv isito ccureodn a FridayL.a ters he c6o5r°rectietdt oT hursday. 5 1 8. Accordintgo WitnesAsC ,t heA ccusewda sd resseidn civiliacnl othinagn dw as unarmedt;h ep olicemewne rea rmedT.M Thew itnestse stifietdh ats hec ouldn oth ear whatw asb eings aid6.52F romh erl ocationt,h ec ommunavle hiclaen di tsp assengers werev isibleU.s inga photograpthh,e w itnesisn dicatetdh att hev ehiclwea sp arked alongsitdhee w allo f theS tadiumf,u rthearw ayf romt hee ntrancteh ano n thep

revious day( seea6 b5o3ve). 643 Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p p.2 1-22. 644 Ibidp.. 2 8. 645 Ibidp.p .2 2,2 7-2a9n d4 8-4(9f ort hep ositioofn t hep arkevde hicle). 646 Ibidp.p .2 8-29. 647Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 41. 648 Ibidp.. 4 3. 649 Ibidp.p .4 3-44. 650 Ibidp.. 6 8. 651 Ibidp.. 9 5. 652 Ibidp.p .4 3-44. 653 Seei bid.p p.6 8-69,a ndP rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .6 0.T hem arkedp hotograipsh i n thep ossessioofn the Chamber. 177 ~

519.O therP rosecutiwoint nessetse stifieads to theA ccused’psr esencien Mabanza communaet varioutsi mesd uringT hursda1y4 April1 994.A ccordintgo WitnesAsB , thea ttacka gainsKta rungcuo ntinueodn thisd ay.I t wasl aunchebdy theA ccuseadn d lastetdh ew holed ay,f rom9 a.m.t o 5 p.m.( seeV .4.1b elow6)5.4W itnesHs t estified thatt heA ccusefdo llowetdh e attackerhse adinfgo rK arungu’hso useo n 14 April 19946.55W itnesZs testifietdh ath e wasp resenotn them orninogf thatd ayw hena communaplo licemadne liveread m essagfer omt heA ccusetdo thee ffectt hatP astor M6u5g6angsah oulbde kille(ds eeV .4.2b elow). 520.T he Accusetde stifietdh ato n 14 April1 994t heA bakigrae turnetdo Mabanza communien greatenru mbertsh ant hed ayb efore6.57T heya rriveadt aroun8d a.m.T he Accusedw as at home6.5s Somep olicemewnh o werea t the bureauc ommunalt ried withoustu ccestso repelt heA bakigbay shootinign tot hea ir.T hep olicemreent reated, andt heA bakiga6ag5 a9inw entt o Karunguh’osu se. 521.A t aroundt hes amet ime,a nothegrr oupo f "peasantsw"h o hadb eeni n hiding returnetdo the bureauc ommunaaln dw eret akenb y surprisbey theA bakigaW.h ile attemptitnog f leet owardtsh eK ibilizmia rkett,h eyw erea ttackefdr omt hef ootball fielda nds eveno r eightw erek illedi,n cludinga,c cordintgo theA ccusedP,a stor Mugang(as eeV .4.2b elow)6.6°L ater,a s theA bakigwai thdrefwr omt hec ommunet,h ey looteda nda ttackepde oplew ithoudti scriminatiTohne.y a llegedleyv enl ootedt he houseo f theA ccused’psa rentsf,r omw heret heys toles ofas,c hairsf,o oda ndo ther i6t6e1ms.

522. The Accusedt estifieda s to havinga skedp olicemena nd memberso f the Kamuvunycie llulceo mmitteteo callo n thep eoplet o helpb uryt hosek illedi n the 654 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p . 85. 655 Transcripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p p.3 9-40. 656 Transcripotfs 9 Februar2y0 00p . 72. 657 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p p.1 13a nd1 21. 658 Ibidp.. 1 21. 659 Ibidp.. 1 22. 660 Ibid.p p.1 25-12a6n d1 29;t ranscripotfs 8 June2 000p . 225. 661 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p . 125. 178

IO9T5 1AT morning’rsa id.P astorM uganga’bso dya nd thato f anotherw erec laimed.T he bodies t6h6a2tw eren otc laimewde reb uriedc loset o thef ootbalfli eld.

523. The Accuseds tated that on this day a Tutsi named ChantalM ukasanoa nd another( unnamedT)u tsiw ho was an officero f the communala dministraticoanm e wellt o seekr efugea t the Accused’rse sidenc6e6.3 Mukasanaol legedlsyt ayedw itht he Accusedu ntilh e arrangefdo r her to be takent o safetyi n Gitarama(.A s mentioned above,W itnessR J testifietdh ath er cousinC hantals oughtr efugea t the houseo f the Accusetdw od aysa fters heh erselhfi d thereo n 8 April1 994.) Friday1 5 April1 994 524. No witness testifieda s to having seen the Accused, Mabanzac ommunal authoritieso,r the communalv ehiclea t the Stadiumo n this day.T he onlya lleged sightingo f the Accusedo n 15 April1 994w as at the bureauc ommunaolf Mabanza,b y WitnessA B, in connectiowni tht he killingo f PastorM uganga( V.4.2). 525.T he Accusedo fferedn o accounto f his actionso n thiso r the nextd ay.O ther p6o6t4entiaslo urceosf informatiosnu,c ha s theA ccused’dsi ary( tow hichh e referred), or thec ommune’rse gisteorf incominagn do utgoinmga il6,65a lsoa reo f no assistance. 662 Ibidp.. 1 33. 663 Ibidp.p .1 9-24. 664 ProsecutEixohni biNto .8 5c onsisotfsp hotocoppiaegde osf t hed iarkye ptb yt heA ccuseidn1 994I.n factt,h ep rintdeida riys f ort hey ear1 991b,u tt heA ccusaedda ptietdf oru sei n1 994b yd atinhgi se ntries - ora tl eassto meo ft hem- byh and( seet ranscriopft6 s J une2 000p .2 9).T hed iardyo esn

ota ppear contaiann ye ntriefso rt hep erioidn q uestioOnn.t hep agem arke1d0 7( tinbse inag filer eference numbert)h eraer ee ntriefso r8 ,1 0a nd9 Apri1l9 94i,n t hats equencTeh.en extd ateedn triys o np .1 08 andr elatteos2 0A pri1l9 94. 665 Durintgh ee xamination-ino-fct ihneeA fc cusetdh,e roec currtehde f ollowienxgc hang"e[:Q .H]o w doy oue xplaitnh isg apb etweetnh ed ateo f1 2A pri1l9 94a nd2 7A pri1l9 94[?A .]B etweetnh e1 2a nd2 7 April1 994t hati ndicattehse c haosw inchw asp revailiinngt hec ommuneT.h ec ommunwea st otally paralyseTdh.es ecretarwiaastn otf unctioniAnlgl.t hec ommundaelp artmewnetrse p aralyseTdh.a ti s whyb etweetnh e1 2a nd2 7t heries n ol ettert,h eries n oo thelre ttewri ncwhe nto uto ft hec ommune." (Transcroifp6 t Jsu ne2 000p .1 00;s eea lso8 June2 000p .2 60.) 179 ~, ~

526.A ccordintgo WitnesAsC ,i n the afternooonf thisd ay,t heM abanzcao mmunal vehiclaer riveadt theS tadiutmr ansportitnhgr eep olicemeann d" armedH utusw ho werep lannintgo kill"6.66 Amongt hemw eref iveo r six Interahamwewh,o moved aroundb randishimnagc heteasn ds pearsT.h ev isitordsi dn ots tay- they" wentb ack thew ayt heyc ame. ..t hati s towardMsa banza"a,t around5 p.m6.67S oona ftert heir departurteh ew itneshse ardg unshotcso mingf romt he" catholicch urch"l;a tert hat evenings omew oundepde oplec amef romt he churcha nds aidt hato thersh adb een k6i6lsletdh ere. Sunday1 7April1 994 527.W itnesZs testifietdh ath e wass tationeadt theT rafiprroo adblocikn Mabanza fromt hed ayi t wase recteodn 14 April1 994u ntili t wasd ismantlbeyd t heF rencihn July( seeV .5.4 below)6.69H e saidt hatt heA ccuserde gularlsyt oppetdo exchange greetingwsi tht hosew orkinagt ther oadblocEka.c ht imet heA ccusewde ntt o Kibuye townh e woulda sk theT rafiprsot afft o tella nyonel ookinfgo rh im whereh e had gone6.7°T hise ncountearn dr equesatl soo ccurreodn thed ayo f thea ttacko n the Compleoxr - thew itnescso uldn otr emembecrl earl-y o n thed ayo f thea ttacokn the StadiumO.n thisd ay (whicheveirt was)t he Accusewda s in thec ommunavle hicle withS emanzaan ds omeA bal~’gaT.h eA ccusewda sa rmeda ndo neo f theA bal~’gwaa s alsoc arryina gg un.671 WitnesZs’ st estimownays g eneralcloyn sistewnitt hh ise arlier s67t2atemenotf 18 Septemb1e9r9 9. 528.W itnessA A indicatetdh ath e arrivedw itht he Accuseda t the Kibuyet own roundaboiunt thea fternooonr eveninogf 17 April1 994.T hew itnesdsi dn ota llege 666T ranscriopf1t 8sN ovemb1e9r9 p9p .4 6-47. 66I7b idp..4 8. 668I bid. 669 Transcroifp8 t Fse brua2r0y0p 0. 5 0. 670 Ibidp..5 3. 671I bidp.p .5 3-54. 180

.e:~M" ’~’~¢ ICTR-95-1A-T thatt heA ccusevdi sitetdh eS tadiuomn t hisd ay( see3 .3.2b elow). 529.T heA ccusetde stifietdh atv erye arlyi n them orninogf 17 April1 994P astor Eliphaasn ds omeT utsin unsc amet oa skf orh isp rotectioHne.h idt hemi n ano fficoef theb ureacuo mmunaAlt.a roun9d p.m.t heyr eturnetdo t heir p6a7r3ish. 530.I n thisc onnectioDne,f encWei tnesRsA testifietdh atv erye arlyo n 17 April 1994,a ftert heA bakighaa dt hreatenteodk illt heT utsin unsi f theyw eres tilla round whent hatg roupo f attackerrest urnesdh,e w entt ogethewri tht hef iven unsa ndP astor Elephatso thec ommunaolf ficeT.h eA ccuseddi scouragtehde mf romg oingt o Kibuye townb ecausoef ther oadblocaklso ngt hew ay.I nsteadh,e providetdh emw itha room in the IGA buildinwgh eret heyr emainehdi ddent he wholed ay.H e changedt he identitcya rdo f oneo f then uns.A t nightt hef ugitivewse ntt o theh ouseo f Pastor Elephaasn,d f romt heret heyw enta gainin to h6i7d4ing. 3.2.7F indingosn theA ceused’Rse sponsibility (i)G eneraOlb servations 531.T heq uestiownh ethetrh eA ccusewda sp resenatt theS tadiuims criticatlo all thec hargecso verintgh ep erio1d3 to1 8 April1 994.I t followfsr omc asel awt hatm ere presenactet hes cenoef c rimineavle ntiss noti ni tselifn criminat(isnegeI II.l.1O)n.e obviousr easonf or thisi s thatp resencmea yh avet he purposoef preventintgh e commissioofn crimesN.o

nethelesisf, t heP rosecuticoann e stablisthh att heA ccused wasa tt heS tadiudmu rintgh ec riticpaelr ioidn questioont,h ere lemenotfs p articipation in thec rimem ayb e presumabloer imputableA. p ersoni n authoritys,u cha s the Accusedr,u nst her isko fb eingi dentifiweidt ht hep erpetratoofr tsh ec rimeusn leshse is seent ob e activelayn dd emonstraobplpyo sintgh ec rimesT.h ereforteh,e P rosecution mustl eads ufficienetv idencteo convincteh eC hambebre yondr easonabdloeu btt hat theA ccusewda sp resenatt t heS tadiuamt somep ointd urintgh er elevanpte riod. 672D efenEcxeh ibNiot.6 5. 673T ranscroifp5 t Jsu n2e0 0p0p .1 34-1a3n5d8 Jun2e0 0p0. 2 48. 18I

~ ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ............................................................................................................................ 532.I n viewo ft his,t heC hambewri llh avet o treata barea llegatioofn p resencwei th cautionP.u td ifferentlay l,a cko f detailw illr aised oubtsT.h eC hambewri llt hen examinteh et estimonoife sot hewri tnesseosr,l ookt op riors tatementtosc larifoyr t est a witnessa’lsl egatioInfs c.o rroboratiison no tf oundt hrougthh isp rocessd,o ubtwsi ll remaiann dp resencwei lln oth aveb eene stablishIetd i.s incumbeonnt theP rosecution to adduces ufficieenvti dencteo convincteh eC hambetrh att heA ccusewda sp resent and,i fs o,t od emonstrhaitser oled urintgh ee vents. (ii)P resencoef theA ccuseodn Wednesd1a3y April1 994 533.T wo Prosecutiowni tnessesA, a ndA C, testifietdh att he Accusewda sa t the Stadiuamt aroun2d p.m.a nd3 p.m.,r espectiveilny t,h ea fternooonf 13 April1 994. Otherw itnessecsl aimetdo haves eenh imi n Mabanzcao mmunoen thisd ay,a ndt he Accuseds tatedt hath e was theret he wholed ay.T he Chamberw illf irste xamine whethetrh e evidencree latintgo theA ccused’psr esencien Mabanzcao mmunreu les outt hep ossibilitthya th e wasa t theS tadiumI.n thisc ontextt,h eC hambeorb serves thatt hed istancbee tweeMna banza’bsu reauc ommunaaln dK ibuyet owni s onlya bout 16 km.T heC hambewri llt hena ssesst hee videncoef thet wow itnessewsh oa llegedly sawt heA ccuseadt theS tadium. 534.A ccordintgo theA ccusedh,e spentt hea fternooonf 13 April1 994d ealinwgi th thea ftermatohf thea ttacbky theA bakigaH.e wasi n Mushubaatti around1 or 2 p.m. anda t theb ureacuo mmunadlu rintgh er esto f thea fternoon.

535. With regardt o the morning,W itnessJ testifiedt hat the Accuseda nd CommandeJra boc amet o her housea t around1 0 a.m.,a fteri t had beenl ootedb y Interaham6w7e5.T heA ccusesda idt hath isv isitt o WitnesJs o ccurrebde twee1n1 a.m. and noono f thatd ay.O f otherP rosecutiowni tnessesW,i tnesKs claimetdo have encounteretdh e Accusedi n Mabanzac ommunea round1 0 a.m.,w hileW itnesseAsB and H implicatetdh e Accusedi n the attacka gainstK arungut,h e formerw ithout specifyitnhget imea ndt hel attesrt atintgh ati tw asa roun8d a .m.B et hata si tm ay,t he 674T ranscroifp2 t Msa y2 00p0p .4 9-51. 182

~,~)~ ICTR-95-1A-T IGOO Chambeorb servetsh att herea re no confirmesdi ghtingosf the Accuseidn Mabanza commundeu ringt hea fternoon. 536.O f the two witnessewsh oc laimedt o haves eent he Accuseda t the Stadium, WitnesAs m adet hes ightinagt a roun2d p.m.,a s ther efugeewsa itefdo rt heg atest ob e openedA.c cordintgo thisw itnesst,h eA ccusehda df ollowetdh er efugeefsr omt he communaolf ficien MabanzaN.o otherw itnestse stifietdo havinsge ent heA ccuseodn thew ayt o Kibuyteo wn( seeV .3.1)I.n theC hamberv’ise wt hisi s nots ignificanTth.e witneswsa sa t ther earw hent her efugeelse ftt hec ommunaolf ficeI.f theA ccused followetdh ec rowd,t hisw oulde xplaiwnh yW itnesGs, whow asi n thef ront,d idn ot seeh im.M oreovera,c cordintgo WitnesAs’ st estimonya,l ongt hew ayt her efugees cameu pong endarmeisn twob uses,w ithw homt heA ccusesdt oppetdo talk6.76I t is possiblteh att heA ccuseda,f terf irsth avinfgo llowetdh ec rowdt,u rnebda cka ndt hen rejoinietdl aterw,h ent her efugeweesr ei nf ronotf t heS tadium. 537.T he Chambenro test hatW itnesAs’ so bservatioofn theA ccusewda sr ecounted witht he minimuma mounto f informationT.h e witnessd id not mentionw hatt he Accusewda sd oing,w hethehre wasa ccompanioerd a lone,w hethehre wass tandinogr sittinign a vehiclew,h ethehre wasa rmedo r unarmedI.n f act,t heP rosecutiaodnd uced nota singldee tailo vera nda bovet hem erea

llegatitohna tW itnesAs s awt heA ccused in thep roximiotfyt heS tadiugma tes. 538.I n thisc onnectiotnh e Chambero bservetsh ati n noneo f his two previous statementtos investigatodirdsW itnesAs mentioann ys ightinogf theA ccuseodn 13 April1 994.H is seconds tatementd,a ted2 9 June1 999,d ealtw ithi nformation specificaalbloyu tt heA ccusedT.h ew itnestsh eres tatetdh at" wew alketdo t hes tadium and[ theA ccusedj]o inedu s theret hef ollowindga y,t hati s,T hursday6"7.7T hus,a statementta kenl esst hanf ivem onthsp riort o his testimonbye foret he Chamber indicatetsh att he Accusedc amet o the Stadiumn ot on the Wednesdawyi tht he refugeeass,W itnesAs t estifiebdu,to nT hursdatyh,e d aya ftetrh eira rrivaTlh.i sw ould 675T ranscripotfs 3 1 Januar2y0 00,i n-camesreas sionp,p .4 -7a nd4 3. 676A lsoi n hiss tatemenotf 1 Februar1y9 96,t hew itnessst atedt hatt her efugeepsa ssed" twob uses transportsionlgd ier(sD"e fencEex hibiNto .6 ). 183

IoTR951AT coincidwei thh ist estimotnhya to n 14 Aprilh e sawt heA ccusedC,r lestiSne manzaan d Dr.L eonaradr rivaet t heS tadiu(ms eeb elow)I.n hisf irsts tatemendta,t ed1 February 1996,t hew itnesisn dicatetdh at" by1 6 April"h e hads eent heA ccusedS,e manzaan d DoctorH itimanLae onaradn do thersa boarda ToyotaH iluxa roundt heS tadiu6m7.sI t waso nlyd uringh ist estimontyh atW itnesAs statedt hath e sawt heA ccuseodn both 13 and1 4 April.T heC hambefri ndst hatt hisc reatesso med oubta s to whethetrh e recollectoifot nh ew itneswsa sc orrecwth enh et estifitehda th e sawt heA ccuseadt the Stadiuomn 13 April1 994. 539.A lso,W itnessA C testifietdo seeingt he Accusedo n 13 April1 994a t the Stadiumb,u ta t aroun3d p.m.T heC hambedro esn ota ttacshi gnificatnoc teh ef actt hat WitnesAs madeh iso bservatiaotn 2 p.m.,w hereaWsi tnesAsC apparentslayw h ima t 3 p.m.W itnesAs testifietdh ath e wasg ivingo nlya n estimatea,s he hadn o watch. Moreoveirt,i s quiteu nderstandaibflb eo thw itnessheasd d ifficultiiner se callitnhge exactt imeo f theiro bservatiaolnm osts ixy earsa ftert hee vent.H oweverW,i tnesAs testifietdh att heA ccusejdo inedt her efugee(s" nousa retrouvra"t) a round2 p.m. beforet heg ateso f theS tadiuwme reo penedw,h ereaWsi tnesAsC observehdi ma rrive at aroun3d p.m.a ftert her efugeewse rea lreadiyn sideM.o reoveirf, theA ccusewda s presenwth ent he refugeefsr

omM abanzwae rea boutt o entert heS tadiumi,t seems unlikeltyh ath ew ouldr eturant a laters taget o askw hethetrh er efugeehse hads ent hada rriveda,s suggestbeyd WitnesAsC . 540.W itnesAsC providesdo mewhamto red etaila bouth era llegesdi ghtinogf the Accuseodn 13 April1 994.H owevert,h ed etaili s inconsistebnott hi n hert estimony andw henc omparewdi thh ere arliesrt atemeonft 21 June1 999,w heres hed eclared: "Ata round3 :00p .m.,B ourgmestBrAeG ILISHEaMnAd h isd eputyS,E MANZAa,r rived att hes tadiuimn a communvee hiclTeh.e ye nteretdh es tadiuamn ds toppead f ewm etres fromt heg ate.A ddressitnhgeg endarmehse,t oldt hem":W eh aves enty out hep eoplyeo u requesteHde.l "e fta ftesra yintgh att ot heg endarmIe sh.e arhdi mm aket hosree marks."679 677 DefencEex hibiNto .7 9 (emphasiasd ded). 678 DefencEex hibiNto .6 . 679 DefencEex hibiNto .8 . 184

._ .~,.T~,, ICTR-95-1A-T ............................................................................................................................ 541.D uringh ert estimontyh,e w itnesast firsts aidt hatt heA ccuseadt temptetdo entert heS tadiubmu td idn ot.L ateri n testimosnhye s aidt hatt heA ccusetdo ok" af ew stepsi"n tot heS tadium(.H ers tatemeonft 21 June1 999a lsoh ast heA ccuseedn tering theS tadiumM.o)r eovearc,c ordintgo thes tatementth,e w itnesosv erheartdh eA ccused tellg endarmetsh at" [w]eh aves enty out hep eopley our equestedA"c.c ordintgo her testimonhyo,w evert,h eA ccuseidn steaads keda questionna,m elyw hethe"rt hep eople whoh e senth ad arrived"W.i tnessA C testifietdh ats he and othersw ereh it by gendarmeass theya ttemptetdo followt heA ccusedt owardtsh e entranceb,u tt he witneswsa sn ota skedw hethetrh eA ccusehda dn oticetdh ec ommotioonr theb eatings. Thee videncaed ducebdy theP rosecutiionn r elatiotno thisv isiti s a bares ketchI.n manyw aysi t is similatro thes ketcphr ovidebdy WitnesAsC fort hea llegevdi sito n 14 April1 994( seeb elow)I.n thea bsencoef detailt,h isc oincidenicne i tselifs concernf,o ri t raisetsh er easonabploes sibilitthya tt hew itneswsr onglrye memberaed singlvei siats t wos eparavties its. 542.T hef actt hatW itnesGs didn otm entiosne eingt heA ccuseadt theS tadiuomn anyd ayp riort o 18 April1 994d oesn otc astd oubto n

thec laimso f WitnesseAs a nd AC.D ependinogn a person’lso catiowni thint heS tadiumt,h ec rowdecdi rcumstances therweo ulndo tr uleo utt hata brievfi sicto ulgdo u nnoticed. 543.F ort he abover easonst,h eC hambefri ndst hati t has notb eenp rovedb eyond reasonabdloeu btt hatt heA ccusewda sp resenatt theS tadiuimn Kibuyeo n 13 April 1994.E vena ssumintgh ath e wast heret,h et estimonioefs t hew itnessperso videldi ttle informatiaobno utt hep urposoef thev isit.W itnesAsC ’st estimosneye mst o indicate thath e simplcya met ov erifwyh ethetrh er efugeehsa da rriveadt t heS tadiumT.h erei s insufficieenvti dencoef criminailn tent.N o crimesu ndert heS tatuteh ad been committaetd t heS tadiubmy thats tageT.h ereforteh,e rcea nb en o questioofn l iability. (iii)P resencoef theA ccuseodn Thursda1y4 April1 994 544.W itnesseAs a ndA C testifietdo seeingt he Accuseadg aino n 14 April1 994a t theS tadiumW.i tnesAsC allegetdh ats hes awh ima rrivei n thec ommunavle hiclwei th 185 "~/LV .

ICTR-95-1A-T ............................................................................................................................ Semanzaat 9 a.m.W itnesAs claimetdo haves eent heA ccuseadn dS emanzaar rivea t a timeh ed idn ots pecifyD;r .L eonarwda sw itht hem. 545.T wo Prosecutiowni tnesselso catedt he Accusedi n Mabanzac ommuneo n this day.W itnesAsB testifitehda tt hea ttacka gainsKta rungwua sl aunchebdy theA ccused at around9 a.m.W itnesHs t estifitehda tt heA ccusefdo lloweKda rungua’tst ackeorns them orninogf 14 April1 994. 546.T heA ccusedd idn ot accounfto r hism ovementosn 14 April1 994,a sidef rom locatinhgi mselaft hish omea t 8 a.m.a ndt endintgo theb urialo f victimosf the Abakigaat s omeu nspecifiteidm el ateri nt hed ay. 547.T hec ircumstancoefs W itnesAs’ ss ightinogf theA ccuseodn thisd ay aren ot clearH.e purportteod haves eent hec ommunavle hiclaer rivtew icec arryinrge fugees. It is uncleafrr omt hew itness’asc counwth ethetrh eA ccusewda so n boardo n oneo r botht heseo ccasionso,r whethehre camea t anothetri me.T hew itneswsa so n the largers tand( acrosfsr omt heS tadium’msa ine ntrancew)h enh e sawt heA ccused. hasn otb eene stablishwehde ret hew itnessst ooda longt hel engtohf t hes tanda,n di n particulwahre,t hehre w asc losetro t heg ate-siodreh ill-siedned o ft hes tand. 548.A sf ort heA ccusedc’osn ducatn do therd etailcso ncernitnhge c

oursoef h isv isit, thei nformatisounp pliebdy WitnesAs wasv eryl imitedT.h eA ccusewde ntf romt he communavle hiclteo them aine ntrancweh,e reh e spoket o gendarmeAst. t hisp ointt he refugeecsr iedo ut:t heya re "comingt o killu s".F romt he gatest he Accused repositiohniemds el(ft oa n unspecifipelda ces)o ast o havea viewo f ther efugees. fu_n_hdeert ailwse rep rovided. 549.I n thea bsencoef detailst,h eC hambehra sl ookedi ntot hew itness’psr evious writtesnt atementTsh.e c hronoloogfy visitsb y theA ccuseads foundi n WitnesAs’ s testimondyo esn ot coincidwei tht hato f hiss tatemenotf 29 June1 999.I n this statemenWti,t nesAs mentionead v isito n Thursda1y4 April1 994b y theA ccusetdo theS tadiuma,p pearitnog s uggestth att hisw ast heA ccusedf’isr sts uchv isits incet he refugeedse parteMda banzcao mmune: 186

"Wew alketdo t hes tadiuamn dh ej oineuds t herteh ef ollowidnagy ,t hati s,T hursdaHye. wasw ithh isd eputyS,e manzaan,d D r L6onar.d. .T heys toppeadt thes tadiuemn trance. Whent her efugesehso ute’dT:h ehya vec omet ok illu s’t het hremee nl eftT.h ef ollowing day,t heB ourgmestcraem eb ack,t hist imeo nlyw ithh isd eputyb,u tt heyl eftw ithout e’n’t6e8r°itnhges tadium. 550.T hes econvdi sita,c corditnog t het estimonayp,p eartso be thes amea s thef irst visit,a ccordintgo thes tatemen(tb othm entioDnr .L eonaradn dt her efugeesv’o cal reaction)I.n thee arlieorf WitnesAs’ st wos tatementdsa,t ed1 Februar1y9 96, referenacpep arenttloyt hisv isits tatetsh ati t tookp lace" by1 6 April"t;h ev isitors include"da fewI nterakamwaen"d;t her efugeepse ltetdh emw iths tones6.8 1 551.W itnesAsC testifietdh att he AccusedS,e manzat,h ec ommunadlr ivera ndt wo communaplo licemeanr rivedi n a car at the maine ntrancoef the StadiumT.h ey stoppedt o speakt o gendarmesT.h e Accusedw as unarmeda nd dresseidn civilian clothinTgh.e w itnesosb servetdh ise ventf romh erg round-levpeols itiocnl oset o the gatesI.t is notc leart o theC hambehro ws hew asa blet o seet heA ccusetdh rougthh e Stadiugma tes,o r indeedh ows hes awt hec ar,w hichw asp arkedo n theo thers ideo f theS tadiuwma ll.W itnesAsC ’st estimondyo esn otc onvincingcloyr roboratthea to f WitnessA . Apartf romS emanza,t he personsw

ho arrivedw ith the Accuseda re differeinnt eacha ccountA.n dW itnesAsC didn oti ncludae m osts trikinagn dr elevant detaiall legebdy WitnesAs, nameltyh er efugeecsr’i est hatt hev isitorhsa dc omet o killt hem. 552.W itnesAsC atf irstt estifitehda tt hev isiti nq uestiotno okp laceo n Fridayt,h at is, on 15 April1 994.L aters he changedt he day to ThursdayT.h e doubti n the Chamberm’isn di s notd ispellbeyd consideratoifo tnh ew itnesss’tsa temeonft 21 June 1999.T heres hed eclaretdh ati t wast heP refec(tr athetrh ant heA ccusedw)h oc ame theS tadiuomn 1 4 Aprile,n circliintg w iths oldierasn dg endarmeIsn. o therw ordsf,i ve monthbse forhee rt estimoniyn, a statemetnhta ts pecificarlellya tetdo t heA ccusetdh,e witnesdsi dn otm entiohni sp resencoen thatd ay.A ccordintgo thes tatementt,h e Accused’sse condv isitt o theS tadiuamf ter1 3 April1 994d idn oto ccuru ntil" 16 680D efenEcxeh ibNiot.7 . 187

.......:.. ......................... .......................... :. .............................................. pnl. Howevert,h lsd atea lsoc reatemsl ce~mntays, thew itnesdse claretdh att he attacokn theC ompleoxc curreodn t hisd ate,w hereatsh ef actso f thec aser eveatlh ati t occurreodn 17 April1 994. 553.I n lighto f thea bove,t heC hambedro esn otf indt hati t hasb eene stablished beyondr easonabldeo ubtt hatt he Accusewda s presenatt the Stadiuomn 14 April 1994.T he paucityo f the evidencaes to the Accused’psr esenc(ei ncludintgh e conditionosf observatiionn a crowdeSdt adiuma)d ducedb y theP rosecutiofnr om WitnesseAs a ndA C,w henc onsiderteodg ethewri tht hel acko f mutualc orroboration, thes ignso fu ncertaiinntt yh ea ccounotfsb othw itnessaesst o thed ateo ft hes ighting, and the suggestiobny two otherP rosecutiowni tnessetsh att he Accusedw as in Mabanzcao mmunea t 9 a.m.o n the day in questionm,e anst hatt he Prosecution’s evidencoef theA ccusedp’rse sencaet theS tadiuomn 14 April1 994f allss horto f the applicabsltea ndaorfd p roof. 554.T herei s no witnestse stimonbye foret heC hambeorf sightingtsh eA ccuseadt theS tadiuomn 15-17A pril1 994.C onsequenttlhye,C hambefri ndst hati t hasn otb een establishbeedy ondr easonabdloeu btt hatt heA ccusewda sp resenatt theS tadiuomn 15-17A pril1 994. (iv)C onclusion 555.T hef actt hatt heP rosecutihoans n otb eena blet

o demonstratthea tt heA ccused wasa t theS tadiuamt somep ointd urintgh ep eriod1 3 to 17 April1 994m eanst hatt he Accusecda nnobte ard irecrte sponsibilfiotryt hed etentioofn ther efugeeosr f ort he conditioonfst heidre tentioInn.a latesre ctio(nV .3.4.4(iitih)e)C ,h ambewri llc onsider furthegrr oundosf l iabiliotfy t heA ccuseidn t heK ibuye-toewvne nts. 681D efencEex hibiNto .6 . 682D efencEex hibiNto .8 . 188

3.3 Attacko n Refugeeast HomeS t. JeanC omplexK,i buyeT own,1 7 April1 994 3.3.1I ntroduction TheI ndictment 556. Paragrap4h.s2 5a nd4 .28o f theI ndictmerneta d: "4.25O n1 7A pril1 994t hosei ndividuwahlosw ereo rderebdy I gnacBea gilishteoms ae ek refugaet t hec omplewxe,r ea ttackbeyda combinfeodr coef attackecrosn sistionfgt he GendarmeNraitei onalceo,m munpaoll iceI,n terahamawneda rmecdi vilianTsh.e a ttackers usedg unsg,r enademsa,c hetessp,e arsc,u dgelasn do thewre apontsok illt hep eoplien t he Complex. 4.28I n orderintgh eT utsim enw omena ndc hildretno t hec ompleaxn ds tadiumI,g nace Bagilishkenmeawo rh adr easotno k nowt hata ttackastt hesleo catio[nwse rei]m minent." Submissioonfs t heP arties 557.T heP rosecutiaolnl egetsh ato n 17 April1 994M abanzrae fugeedsi rectetdo the Complewxe rea ttackeadn d killedb y gendarmesc,o mmunaplo liceI,n terahamwaen d armedc ivilia6n8s3.T heP rosecutiaopnp earnso tt oa llegteh att heA ccusepda rticipated in killingast theC omplexT.h isi s evidenftr omt hew ordinogf paragrap4h.s2 5a nd 4.28o f theI ndictmenatn,df romo rals ubmissio"n.s.:. i t is theP rosecuticoans et hat noto nlyd idt heA ccuseedn suret hatt heT utsisr eachK ibuyes tadiuamn d the. .. complexb,u ta lsot hath e participatiend t hea ttacko n the Tutsisa t theK ibuye stadium"6.84 TheP rosecutidoone s,h owevers,u ggestth att heA ccusemda yh avev isited theC ompleoxn 17 April1 994,a ftert hea ttachka de nded6.85T heP rosecuticohna rges t6h8e6A ccusewdi thg enociidne r elatitoont hise vent. 683 684P rosecutorw’rsi tteCnl osinRge markps. 32 paras2.0 0-203. Transcripotfs 4 Septemb2e0r0 0( oralc losinagr gumentps.) 7 5,e mphasiasd ded. 685 Transcripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00( oralc losinagr gumentps.) 5 8. 189

~) "~"~’ ICTR-95-1A-T ~ f’l~ ! m 558.T heD efencaer guest hatt heP rosecutihoans f ailedt o presenatn ye videncteo provet hatt heA ccuseodr dererde fugeetso go to theC omple6x8.7T heA ccuseddi dn ot in any way participatien thea ttacko n theC omplexO.n 17 April1 994h e was in Mabanzcao mmunaes sistian gp astoarn df iveT utsis istertso hidef romt heA6 b8a8kiga. 3.3.2D eliberations 559.O f all Prosecutiowni tnesseso,n lyW itnessA A suggestetdh att he Accused foundo uta boutt hem assacraet theC ompleoxn thed ayi t occurredn,a melyo,n the afternoboenf orteh ea ttacokn t heS tadium. WitnesAsA 560.W itnessA A claimedt o havej oineda numbero f Abakigaf or the purposeo f killinrge fugeegsa thereidn Kibuyteo wn.H es aidt hato n thed ayb eforteh ea ttacokn the Stadiumo,n his way backf romw orka t around2 p.m.,h e visiteda ssistant bourgmestrSee manza’hso use,w hereh e founda boutf ortyA bakiga6.89 Theyw ere armedw ithg renadesc,l ubsa nds ticks6.9°F romS emanza’hso uset heya llw entt o the bureauc ommunalT.h e witnessw as armedw itha club.H e saidt hatt he Accused distributfeidr earmtso "soldierfsr"o ma stockb roughtto thec ommunbey a certain Munyampun6d9u1.I n cross-examinattihoenw ,i tnesisn dicatetdh ath e didn ota ctually seet hea llegeddi stributitoank ep lace,f orh e wass tandinogu tsidteh ec ommunal o6f9f2ice. 686 Prosecutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markps. 90 paras6.9 and7 1. 687D

efencCel osinBgr iefp6.9 para.5 82. 688I bidp.a ras5.8 3-584. 689 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 24.T hew itnesasc tuallsya id" 18o f April"L.a teri n examination- in-chie(fp .3 3),i t transpirtehda tt hew itneshse rew asr eferrintgo thed ayb eforet hea ttacokn the Stadiumw,h icha ccorffmtgo theP rosecutionc’hsr onoloogcyc urreodn 18 April1 994.L aters till,t he witnesasf firmetdh att hea ttacokn theS tadiuomc curreodn 18 Aprilt,h ed aya fterh isr ecruitmebnyt t he Abakigaw,h icht herefomrues tb e dated1 7 April1 994( p.5 1). 690T ranscripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 16. 691I bid.p p.2 1-22a nd1 1 Februar2y0 00p p.2 1-25. 692 Transcripotfs 1 1 Februar2y0 00p p.2 0-21. 190

icw1RA9T5 561.W itnesAsA and hisc ompanionisn,c ludintgh eA ccuseadn dS emanzaa,l legedly leftM abanzfao rK ibuyet owni n twoc ars.T hew itnestsr avelleidn a bluec ommunal vehicled rivenb y Nshimyimanath;e Accusedw as in the secondv ehiclea, green Daihatsout;h er-s thew itnesess timatead t otalo f "10t housanadt"t acke-r sw ento n foot.693 Thew itnestsh enc larifitehda th e andt heA ccuseidn factt ravellteodg etheirn, thec ommunavle hicleS.e manzbao ardetdh eo therv ehicl6e9.4T hew itnescso uldn ot r6e9csaltlh et imeo ft heidre parture.

562. On reachingK ibuyet own roundaboutW,i tnessA A and his companionssa w manyb odieso n ther oad:" Thew holer oadg oingt o theH omeS t. Jeanw as fullo f bodie’s’.69T6h ev ehiclhea dt o stops oa sn ott or unt hemo ver.T hew itnesgso to ut.T he Accuseddr oveo ffi nt hec ar" int hed irectioofn t hes tadiu.m. .M aybeh e wentt owards theP refectur6e9"7.T hew itnesasn do therwsa lketdo theC omplexT.h eret heys awm ore bodiesa nd woundepde opleI.n sidet he churcht he witnesesn counterseodm eo f the killersw,h ow erec ookinrgi cea ndb eans.T hew itnesasl sow entd ownt o LakeK ivu, w6h9e8reh e sawm oreb odiesF.r omt hereh e returnetdo ther oundabout. 563.W itnesAsA duringt hist imed idn ot see the Accuseda t the Complex6.99 He spentt hen ighta tt hec ourtb uildinnegx tt o theS tadiuTmh.e " authoritideisr"e ctheidm ando thertso stayt here°]° He wast oldb y thec ommunadlr ivetrh att heA ccusewdo uld o7v°e1rnigahtt t heB ethanhioet eli n Kibuyteo wn. WitnesAs 564.W itnesAs testifietdh ato n then ighto f Sunday1 7 April1 994,w hilea t the Stadiumh,e heardg unshotasn de xplosioannsd s awv ehicleosn ther oadt ransporting 693 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p p.1 8 and2 7-28. 694 Ibid.p p.2 9-30a nd1 1 Februar2y0 00p . 30. 695 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 30. 696 Ibidp.. 3 2. 697 Ibid.p . 33 and1 1 Februar2y0 00p p.3 3-34. 698 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 32. 699 Transcripotfs 1 1 Februar2y0 00p . 33. 7o0 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 35 and1 1 Februar2y0 00p . 35. 191

ICTR-9-5 1A-T ¯ ~(’~ t~ .........................t.r.’.q./.............................................................................................. gendarmepso,l icemeann,d p eoplea rmedw ithc lubsa nds ticksT.h ew itnesssa idt hat twop eoplec amef romH omeS t.J eant hrougthh eb usht o theS tadiusma yingt hatt hey w7e°r2et heo nlys urvivoorfs a na ttacokn theC omple-x t heo therhsa db eens hot. WitnesAs C 565.W itnesAsC testifietdh ato n "Saturdaya"t, a round5 p.m.,s he" heardg unshots andp eoplew ho werew ithm e saidt hoseg unshotcsa mef romt hec hurch7"°.3D uring then ight,w oundepde oplec amet o theS tadiumT.h eys aidt hatt heyc amef romt he CatholiCch urcahn dt hats everaolt herp eoplhea db eenk illetdh ere7.°4T hew itnesssa id thatt he arrivalwse re" manyi n number"b,u t wasn ota blet o givea n approximate figur7e°.5S hed idn otm entiosne eingt heA ccuseodn thed ays heh eardg unshotfsr om thec hurch. WitnessC P 566.A fterr etreatinfgr omK ibuyer oundabouotn 17 April1 994( seeV .3.2.4), WitnesCsP wentt o hidea t theG itesib ureauc ommunalw,h icha ffordehdi ma viewo f thes urroundianrge a,i ncludintgh er oundabou7t°.6T het imew asb etwee1n0 and1 1 a.m.H e stayedt heref ort wot o threeh ours7.°7H e sawt heg roupo f Abakigaat the roundabosuptl iti ntot wo.O neh alft ookt her oadt o theP refecturteh,e o therh eaded towardLsa keK ivu.T hew itnessst atedt hath e didn ots eet

heA ccusedt,h eM abanza communvee hicloer anyo therv ehicloen ther oada t thatt ime7.°8N ord idh e seet he Prefec7t°.9F romh isv antagpeo intt hew itnesasl soh ada partialolbys tructveide wo f 701 Transcriptso f 10 Februar2y0 00p p.3 5-36. 702 Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p p. 29-30. 7o3 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 48.S aturdawya s1 6 April1 994,t hed ayb eforet hea ttacko n the Complexa,c cordintgo theP rosecutiocnh’rso nology. 704T ranscripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 48. 7o5 Ibidp.. 9 2. 706 Transcripotfs 2 4 May2 000p . 22. 707 Ibidp.. 2 6. 7o8 Ibid.p p.2 3-24a nd8 3-84. 709 Ibidp.. 7 8. 192

the churchc ourtyaradt HomeS t. Jean.H e knewt hatr efugeewse rel odgedt here becaushee livedc loseb y andh adv isiteadc quaintanocfe hsi sw how eres helteriantg theC omple7x1.°H e hadn ott hens eena nyg endarma7et1s 1 theC omplex.

567. Fromt he groundso f Gitesi’sc ommunalo ffice,W itnessC P heardg renade explosioncso mingf romt he directioonf the Complex7.12 He saw peoplef romt he c7h1u3rcrhu nnindgo wnt heh illt o LakeK ivu,w herea ttackewresr ew aitinfgo rt hem. Thew itnesasd ded:" ...w e coulds eep eoplef ightinwgh ereawsh atw ash appeninign theH omew asn otv eryc learlvyi siblbee causoef t hel ocatio.n. .H oweve.r. ..youc ould s7e1e4p eoplteh rowitnhge mselviensL akeK ivua ndi t isc leart hatp eoplwee rek illed". 568.T he Accused’asc counto f his whereaboutosn 17 April1 994w as considered unders ectioVn. 3.2.a6b ove.( Hew asa t theb ureauc ommunailn Mabanzeaa rlyi n the morningw,h enf iveT utsin unsw ereb roughtto himf orh idingT.h isc onformwsi tht he testimonoyf DefencWei tnesRsA .) 3.3.3F indings 569.T hep artieasg reet hato n 17 April1 994t her efugeeast theC omplecxa meu nder attackI.t st ime-periiosd n otc learf romt hee videnceW.i tnesAs indicatetdh att he attacks tarteadt "night"W;i tnesAsC saida roun5d p.m.W itnesCsP hada viewo f the unfoldinagt tackf romG itesi’bsu reauc ommunalw,h ereh e indicatetdh ath e remained untila bout2 p.m.W itnesAsA ’st estimodnoye sn otg ivet het imeo fh isa llegeadr rival in Kibuyteo wno n 17 April1 994,b uti n hisw rittesnt atemeonft 22-23S eptemb1e9r9 9 he declaretdh ati t wasa round3 p.m.B y thet imeW itnesAsA arriveadt theC omplex, thea ttacwka sa lreadoyv er. 710 Ibid.p p.3 4a nd6 2. 711 Ibidp.. 3 1. 712 Ibidp.p .3 3-34. 713 Ibidp.p .2 8 and3 5. 714 Ibidp.p .2 8-29. 193

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ ~ 570.T heP rosecutihoans n otd emonstratbeedy ondr easonabldeo ubtt hatt heA ccused ordererde fugeegsa thereadt Mabanza’bsu reauc ommunatlo assemblaet theC omplex in Kibuyet own( seeV .3.1a bove)N.o ri s therea nye videncteo showt hatt heA ccused knewi n advancteh ata n attacko n theC omplewxa si mminen(ts eeV .3.2a bove). 571.N o witnessa llegedt hatt he attacko n theC omplexw as conducteudn dert he authoriotry w itht hep articipatoifot nh eA ccusedW.i tnesCsP o bservetdh ea ttacfkr om a distanceH.i sa ccoundti dn oti mplicatteh eA ccuseidn anyw ay.W itnesAsA wasn ot presendtu ringt he attackH.e merelyw itnesseidt s aftermathA.c cordintgo the testimonoyf thisw itnessa,t thet imeo f thea ttacokn theC omplehxe wase itheri n Mabanzcao mmuneo r travellinfgr omt hec ommunet o Kibuyet owni n the companoyf theA ccused. 572.M oreovert,h e Accusedw as not at the Complexa,c cordintgo WitnessA A’s testimonyT.h erei s no testimoniaelv idencteh att he Accusewda s presenatt the Compleaxt any timed uringt he period1 3 to 17 April1 994.E quallyt,h erei s no evidencteh ats ubordinaotfe tsh eA ccusepda rticipaitnet dh ea ttacokn theC omplex. 573.T hereforet,h e Chamberf indst hatt he Prosecutiohna s not shownb eyond reasonabdloeu btt hatt heA ccuseids liablfeo rt hea ssembloyf anda ttacokn refugees at theC omplexT.h eC hambewri llp ostponuen tils ectioVn. 3.4i tsc onsideratioofn

WitnesAsA ’sa llegatitohna tt heA ccusewda si n Kibuyet owno n 17 April1 994. 3.4 Attacko n Refugeeast GatwaroS tadiumK,i buyeT own,1 8-19A pril1 994 3.4.1I ntroduction TheI ndictment 574. Paragrap4h.s2 6a nd4 .27o f theI ndictmerneta d: "4.26O n1 8 April1 994,I gnacBea gilisheamcat,i nign c oncerwti tho thersi,n cluding, ClemenKta yishemaS,e manzCae lestinN,s engimanAap ollinairNez,a nanEam ilea nd Munyampunbdruo,u ghtto Gatwarsot adiumt,h eG endarmerNiaet ionalceo,m munaplo lice, 194

~~ ICTR-95-1A-T/~~ Interahaamnwdea rmedc ivilianasn,d d irecttehde mt oa ttactkh ep eoplsee ekinrge fuge there. 4.27I n additioIng,n acBea gilisheomna1 ,8 a nd1 9A pril1 994p,e rsonalaltyt ackaendd killepde rsonsse ekinrge fugaet G atwarsot adiuKmi,b uyteo wnT.h ea ttacokn r efugeaets Gatwartoh eS tadiucmo ntinuoend1 9A pril1 994." Submissioonfs t heP arties 575.A ccordintgo the Prosecutiont,h e Accusedw as presenta t the Stadiumo n Monday1 8 April1 994,t hef irstd ayo f thea ttacko n ther efugeecso nfinetdh ere. Actinign concerwti tho therst,h eA ccuseddi rectlpya rticipatiend t hea ttackw,h ich continuetdo a lessere xtento n 19 April1 9947.15T heP rosecutiaolnl egetsh att he Accusecdo nsultewdi thg endarmeasn do thera ttackertse,l lintgh emw heret o position themselvdeusr ingt hea ttack7.16T housandwse rek illedT.h eP rosecuticohna rgetsh e A7c1c7usewdi thg enocidaen dc rimeasg ainshtu maniitny relatiotno t hise vent. 576.I ni tsc losinagr gumentthse P rosecutisotna tetdh at" [b]yh isb eingp resentth ere, we say,h e knewo r oughtt o havek nownt hatt herew asg oingt o be an attacka t the Stadiusmh ortlayf tert woo ’cloc’km;Sa ndt hat" byh isp resencael oneb,e foraen da tt he beginnionfg t hea ttackt,h eA ccusekdn owingalnyd w illinglleyn th isa uthorittoy the saida ttack7"1.9B ut besideksn owinagn da pprovinpgr esencet,h eP rosecutiaolns o arguefdo ra morep otenfto rmo fl

iabilitcyo,n sistewnitt ht heI ndictment: "Now,w hatw asB agilishdeomian gt hereH?e w aso bviousdliyr ectitnhge a ttackHse.w as nota ni nnocebnyts tandwehroj usth appenteodb ew alkinbgy ,a ndt hati sw hyw es ay,t hat if youn owc onsidehri sp resencaet K ibuySet adiuomn the1 8tha ndy oun owr ewintdo whatI havet oldy oua boutt he1 2tho f Aprili,t clearlsyu pportwsh atw e saya bout genocidianlt entI.t c learldyo esY.o ue nteirn toa na greemenyto,ua ctp ursuatnott hat agreemetnhte f ollowidnagy ;t hredea ysl ateyro ua ret herteo s eet hatt hea greemeinst e,x,e7c2u0ted. 715 Prosecutiworni’tstC elno siRnegm arpkps.3 3-3p6a ras2.0 6-227. 716 Ibidp.p .3 4-3p5a ra2s1.6 -219. 717 Prosecutiworni’tstC elno siRnegm arpkps.9 0-9p1a ras6.9 -76p;p .1 09-1p1a0r as2.0 5a nd2 10-212. 718 Transcroifp1 t8sO ctob2e0r0 p0. 8 0. 719 Transcroifp4 t Sse ptem2b0e0rp0 p .7 5-76. 720 Transcroifp1 t8sO ctob2e0r0 p0p .8 2-83. 195

~#~M ~r~,~ ICTR-95-1A-T 577.T heD efencseu bmittsh att he Accusewda s noti n Kibuyet owna t them aterial times7.2II n fact,t hep ositioonf theD efencies t hatt heA ccuseddi dn otg o toK ibuye t7ozw2na t allb etwee9n a nd2 5A pril1 994. 578.M oreovert,h e Defencceo ntendtsh att heP rosecutihoans notp rovedt hatt he Accuseadc tedi nc oncerwti tho therdsu rintgh ea ttackNso.n eo ft hew itnessteess tified as to havings eent heA ccuseids sueo rdertso thosew hoa ttacketdh er efugeeast the Stadiu7m2.3I t submittsh atn oc leara ccounotf theA ccuseda’lsl egepda rticipatiinon thea ttacke mergefsr omt het estimonioefs Prosecutiwoint nesse7s2.4A t best,t he evidencaed ducebdy someu nreliabwliet nessepsl acetsh eA ccuseadt theS tadiuimn a passivreo le7.25T hisd oesn ote stablisthh att heA ccusehda da nyc ontrowlh atsoever overt hea ssailanntosr,d oesi tp rovei,f i tw eree stablisthheadt h ew asp resentth,a th e wasn oti n facta ttemptitnog p ersuadoet hertso desisftr oma ttacki7n2g6.N ord oest he evidencaec,c orditnog theD efencep,r ovet hatS emanzpaa rticipatiend t hea ttacko,r that communalp olicemeno r gendarmesb asedi n Mabanzac ommunew ere present d7u2r7intgh ea ttack. 3.4.2D eliberations 579.T heC hambewri llc onsidetrh ee videncoen thea llegekdi llinogf refugeeast the Stadiuomn 18 and1 9 April1 994.I t willa lsoe xaminteh ee videncoen thel ocatioann d actionosf theA ccuseodn thosed ays. 721 DefenceC losingB riefp.7 0 paras.5 85-588R;e joindepra ra.2 49. 722 Seet ranscripotfs 6 June2 000p . 101. 723 DefenceC losingB riefp.6 9 para.5 85. 724I bid.p p.7 0-71p aras.5 89-604. 725T ranscriptosf 19 October2 000p p.9 4-95. 726D efenceC losingB riefp.1 23 para.7 6. 727I bid. 196

IO9T5 1AT WitnessA A 580.P rosecutioWni tnessA A testifietdh att he decisiotno attackt he refugeeast the Stadiumw as taken on 18 April 1994. Soldiers,g endarmes,p risonw ardensa nd policeme"na,l lt hesep eopldee cidetdo killt heT utsisI. t hinki t is theo fficiailn charge o7f2 8thist ownw hod ecided’.

581. The witness estimatedt hat at around 1 p.m the attack on the Stadium commenced7.29 Among the attackersw ere officials,s oldiers,g endarmesc,o mmunal policemena,n d Abakiga7.3° Some of them were from Mabanza7.31 A certains oldier Muzehe,s tandinga heado f the witnessf,i redt he firsts hot7.32 The refugeesi n the Stadium- about2 ,000b y the witness’sr eckoning- begant o defendt hemselvebsy throwinsgt ones7.33T hisr esistanclee dt he attackertso changet heirt acticsw,i ths ome movingo n to the hillb orderintgh e StadiumF.r omt hish eightt heyc ontinuesdh ooting at the refugeesa,n dt hrewg renadeasn d spreadt earg as intot he crowd7.34 The witness was with Semanzaa nd some Abakigaa t the entrancet o the Stadium7.35 The Abakiga werec ryingo ut," Kille veryone!"T.h e witnessc lubbedt o deaths omeonea ttemptintgo flee7.36 Afterm osto f the refugeehsa d beenk illed,A bakigas,o ldierasn d ordinary civilianesn teretdh e Stadiutmo finisho ff thes urvivor7s3.7 The "hutuk illersw"o rea r7o3p8ea roundt heirn ecks o as to bee asilyi dentifiable.

582. WitnessA A testifieads to the presencoef the Accuseda t the Stadiuamf tert he attach7ka3d9 begun.T he witnessw as positioneodu tsidet he gateso n a smallm ound. 728 TranscriopftI s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p .3 4. 729 Ibidp.p .3 8a nd4 0. 730 Ibidp.p .4 1-42. 731 Ibidp.. 4 2. 732 Ibidp.p .3 8-39a;n d1 1F ebrua2r0y0 0p .3 8. 733 Transcriopft1 s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.3 9-40a;n d1 1F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.4 1-42. 734 Transcriopft1 s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p .3 9;a nd1 1F ebrua2r0y0 0p .3 9. 735 Transcriopft1 s1 F ebrua2r0y0 0p .3 7. 736 Transcriopft1 s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.4 9-51a;n d1 1F ebrua2r0y0 0p .4 2. 737 Transcriopft1 s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.4 1a nd5 1-53. 738 Ibidp.p .5 3-54. 739 Transcriopft1 s1 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.4 3a nd4 5. 197

.~,,~’~ "~- ICTR-95-1A-T H7e4s °awt heA ccusepda ssi nf ronto f him,g oinign thed irectioofnt hec ourbtu ilding. Thew itnesssa idt hatt heA ccusewda sw earinag militarjya cketH.e didn ots eeh im carryinag w eaponT.h eA ccusecda met o a stopc loset o thec ourtb uildinvg4,1H e and thea ttackersi,n cludinKga yishemaan ds omes oldiersc,o nsulteadm ongt hemselves. The witnessh ad not seen Kayishemab efore,b ut came to know who he was by overhearoitnhge rs.7T4h2e w itnesdsi dn ots eep recisewlhye ret heseo fficiamlest 7.43H e saidt hata ftert he consultatitohne rew asa changei n strategtyh atl edt o the redeploymoefnf to rcetso theh illa bovet heS tadiu7m4.4T hew itnesesx plained: "Ib elievteh isn ews tratewgays t her esulotf a consultabteitowne tehne K ibuyaeu thorities. I didn’ktn owt hemm yselbfu t[ I]s implsya ws oldieorfsh ighr ank. ..i nt hec ompanoyf personwsh ol ookerde spectaabnldeI sawt hemc onsulatn dI thoughtth eyw ered iscussing thes trateagnyd I believteh es tratewgays t her esulotf t heicro nsultat.i.o.nh se [ the Accusewda]sp art g’r’o7u4p5. of the 583.T hew itnesssa idt hath e leftt heS tadiuamf tert hea ttackt,o go home.M any otherp eoplel eftw ithh im.H e reacheMda banzaat around6 p.m7.46T hen extt imeh e sawt heA ccusewda sa t thel atter’hso use.T heA ccusewda st ellinSge manztao take p7o4s7sessoifot nh ep roperotfyT utsia,n dt or ento utt heifri elds. 584.W

itnesAsA ’ss tatemendto esn ot mentioKna yisheman,o r doesi t refert o any changoef tacticasc hievetdh rougcho nsultatiionnv olvintgh eA ccusedO.r dersa ppear toh aveb eeni ssuebdy soldierasn db yS emanza7.4 8 WitnesAs 585.P rosecutiWoint nesAs saidt hatb etwee1n and 2 p.m.o n 18 April1 994p eople camet o collectth et raditionwaela ponlse ftb y ther efugeeosu tsidteh eS tadiumT.h e 740 Ibidp.. 4 4. 741 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p p.4 4-45. 742 Ibid.p . 44;a nd1 1 Februar2y0 00p . 47. 743 Transcripotfs 1 1 Februar2y0 00p . 51. 744 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p p.4 3-44a nd4 6-48a;n d1 1 Februar2y0 00p . 40. 745 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 48. 746 Ibid.p . 54;a nd1 1 Februar2y0 00p . 55. 747 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 54. 198

............................................................................................................................ attackepross itiontehde mselv"eosn t hes idew heret herew ereh ouseasn da lsoo n the sideo f theh illw heret herew asa forest"7.49 Thew itnesdse scribseede inga ttackers wearindgr iedb ananal eavess,h ootingt,h rowintge arg asa ndg renadesa,n ds houting whilet ryingt o entert he StadiuTmM. Amongstth e attackerwse rea lsog endarmes, pTMolicemepnr,i sognu ardasn da rmedc ivilians. 586.W itnesAs descendetdh el argers tand,f romw hereh e hadb eeno bservintgh ese eventst,o joinh isf amilyT.h er efugeweesr ea tf irsta fraitdh att heirc attlweo uldb e stolena,n dr espondteod t hea ttackebrys t hrowinsgt onesP.e oplaen dc attlwee res hot. Someo f ther efugeewse re,a ccorditnog thew itnessk,i llebdy stampedicnagt tleT.h e attaclka steudn tiln ightfalwlh,e nt hea ttackerwse nth ome.W itnesAs t estifitehda t afterh avinge xplainetdo his motherw hy he wantedt o escapes,h e gaveh im some m7o5n2eya ndh e fledt o GatwarHoi ll. 587.W itnesAs testifietdh ath e sawt heA ccusewdi thS emanzaan d policemeinn a vehicloen them orninogf 18 April1 994,b eforteh ea ttacokn t heS tadiumT.h ev ehicle camet o a stopo utsidteh eS tadiuamn dt hew itnesasn do thersr ant o thet opo f the largers tandt o look.T hew itnesesx plainetdh atw hent heA ccusehde ardt hep eople shoutinhge

left.753 WitnesAs d idn ots eet heA ccuseddu rintgh ea ctuaalt tacTkM. Nor d7i5d5h es eet heP refecotr a nyo thearu thorit-i ehsew ast oob usyt ryintgo t akec over. WitnesGs 588.P rosecutiWoint nesGs testifietdh att her efugeeast theS tadiuwme rea ttacked on 18 April1 9947.56B etwee9n a.m.a nd2 p.m,a ttackerasr medw ithm achetess,p ears andg unsa rrivedL.a teri n examination-in-cthhiewe ift,n esssa idt hats hed idn ots ee 748D efencEex hibiNto .6 6. 749 Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p p.3 1-32. 750I bidp.p .3 2-33. 751I bidp.p .3 5-36. 752I bidp.. 3 3. 753I bidp.p .3 6-37. 754I bidp.p .5 2-53. 755I bidp.. 8 5. 199

~ ~’w~ ICTR-95-1A-T anya ttackeurnst ilt hea fterno7osn7.T hea ttackenrusm berebde twee1n, 000a nds everal thousandasc,c orditnog thew itnes8s YTheye ncircltehde S tadiumT.h ea ttacbke gana t aroun2d p.m.a ndl asteudn tiln ightfa-l l" wheno new ouldn’bte ablet os eew hethear persowna sa liveo r dead"7.59T hea ttackedrisd n ote ntert heS tadiumR.a thetrh eyu sed guns,g renadeasn dt earg ast o killt heirv ictimsP.e oplea ttemptitnog escapet he g7r6o°undwse rek illewdi tht raditionwaela pons. 589.W itnesGs indicatetdh att hreeq uarterosf the2 0,000r efugeeast theS tadium werek ille7d6.1I t was" purec hancet"h ats hes urvived7.62 In thec oursoef then ighto f 18 April1 994,W itnesGs fledt heS tadiuamn dh idi n GatwarHoi ll.S hel eftw itha groupo f aboutf iftyp eoplew,h od ispersaesd t heyw erep ursue7d6.3S het estifiaesdt o havinsge ena largey ellovwe hiclceo met ot heS tadiutmh en extd ayi n ordert o collect d7e6a4db odies. 590.W itnesGs identifiePdr efecKta yishemaan d theA ccuseda mongt he attackers positionoend G atwarHoi ll.T heyw eret ogethebre forteh ea ttacks tartedT.h ew itness was not far fromt hem.S he saw the Accuseadl sow hent he attackb egan:" He was standi’n’g7.65S hed idn ots eeh imc arryinagn yw eapo7n6.6A ccorditnog t hew itnesst,h e Prefeclta unchetdh ea ttacakn d" theo therfso llowebdy doingt hej obt heyh adc omet o do andt heys hott heir guns"7.67T hew itnesmsa

rkead photograsphho winhge rl ocation andt hato f theA ccuseadn dK ayishemoan GatwarHoi ll7.68I t appeartsh ats hew aso n thef irsrta nko ft hes mallesrt ando,n t hee asteemd geo ft hef ield. 756T ranscripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00p . 15. 757I bidp.p .1 7-18. 758I bidp.. 2 0. 759I bidp.. 1 7. 760I bidp.p .2 4-25. 761I bidp.. 1 7. 762I bidp.. 2 2. 763I bidp.. 2 1. 764I bidp.p .1 8-23. 765I bidp.. 1 6. 766I bidp.. 1 7. 767I bidp.. 1 5. 768P rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .6 5;s eet ranscripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00p . 31.T hem arkepdh otograipsh i n the possessioofn t heC hamber. 200 ~ ~1~ ~

591.P rosecutiWoint nesAsC didn ots eet heA ccuseodn thed ayo f thea ttackS.h e testifitehda to n1 7 (apparentilny r eferentcoe 1 8)A pril1 994,a t about1 0a .m.,a rmed Interahamwseu rroundetdh e Stadiu7m6.9 Someo f themw erei n vehicleso,t herso n foot.A t around3 p.m.,s oldiercsa met o joint heI nteraham7w7e°.T heyw erec arrying guns.O thera ttackerwse rea rmedw ithg renadesg,u ns,b ladedw eaponasn ds ticks.TM A whistlwea sb lown,a ndt hes oldiercso mmencetdh ea ttackb y shootinagn dt hrowing grenadeisn tot heS tadiumA.c cordintgo thew itness":T hosew hoc oulde scapef rom thes tadiuwme rea ttackewdi thb ladedw eaponbsy thei nterahamwe"7.72 Thea ttackers weres ingin"gl etu s exterminatthee m"P.e oplew erek illedT.h ew itneshsi du ndert he deadb odyo f a victimo f a grenadeH.e ro wn leg was injuredb y shrapneflr oma grenade. 592.W itnesAsC saids he sawS emanzian theM abanzcao mmunev ehicleb,e foret he attackt,r ansportiInngt erahamfwreo mM abanzcao mmuneT.h e vehiclset oppecdl ose t7o7t 3hee ntrantcoet heS tadium. 593.W hent hea ttackw aso ver,a t around8 p.m.,W itnesAsC wasa blet o leavet he Stadiuimn thed arkT.M (Inc ross-examinattihoewn i,t nesssa idt hats hel efta roun1d0 pTM.)m. WitnesCsP 594.A s mentioneadb ove( see4 .3.2)o,n 18 April1 994,a fterl eavinhgi sh ouse around1 p.m.,D efencWei tnesCsP stoppetdo converswei tha n acquaintanocuet side 769 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 49. 770 Ibid. 771 Ibidp.. 5 0. 772 Ibidp.. 4 9. 773 Ibidp.. 5 0. 774 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 52. 775 Ibidp.. 9 7. 201

,/~, ~x2~ .-f~’, ICTR-95-1A-T ............................................................................................................................ thee ntrancteo theS tadiu7m%. Theirc onversatiwoans a lmositm mediateilnyt errupted by the approacohf a largeg roupo f Abala’gcao mingf romt he directioonf the roundabouItt. w ast hes ameg roupt hatt hew itneshsa ds eeno n thed ayb eforew,h en theC omplewxa s attacked7.77 He didn ots eet heA ccuseadm ongt hec7 r7o8wd. 595.T he witnessse t offh omea ndh isa cquaintanrcee- enteretdh e StadiumA.b out one hundremde tersa wayf romt heS tadiurmo ad,o n a patho n thes lopeo f a hill, WitnessC P heardg unshotsc omingf romG atwaroH ill,o n the others ideo f the StadiumH.e testifietdh ath e wass urprisetdo hearg unshotass thoseh e hads een advancinogn theS tadiudmi dn oth aveg uns7.79H7 e8 °alsoh eardg renadeex plosions. TheS tadiuwma ss urroundbeyd a largen umbero f attacker7s8.1H e couldn oti dentify thep eoplweh ow eres hootinngo,r c ouldh e identifayn yo f thep eoplset andinign front of theS tadiumT.h ew itneswsa st oof ara wayt o seet heirf aces7.82F romh isv antage pointh e coulds eeg eneraclo mmotioinn sidet heS tadiuamn dt hep eopler unnintgo takec over.B y thist imei t wasl atea fternoobne,t wee3n and4 p.m7.83T hew itness estimatetdh att hea ttackc ommencebde twee2n and3 pTM.m. 596.W itnesCsP t estifitehda th e didn ots eea

nya uthoritiaets t heS tadiuamp artf rom thet wo gendarmesst ationeodu tsidteh eg ates7.85H e didn ots eet heA ccusedt,h e Mabanzcao mmunvee hicleo,r anyo therv ehiclien thep roximitoyf theS tadiudmu ring thea ttac7k8.6T7 h8e7w itnesss’tsa temeonft 2 7 Februar2y0 00p aintas similapri cture. On 19 April1 994,t hew itnesrse turnetdo theS tadiumH.e noticemde mberosf theR ed Crosst ryingt o gets urvivorosu to f theS tadiuamn di ntov ehicle7s8.8H e saw" dead 776 Transcripotfs 2 4 May2 000p . 40. 777I bidp.. 4 0. 778I bidp.. 4 3. 779I bidp.p .4 3-44. 78oI bidp.. 4 6. 781I bidp.. 5 1. 782I bidp.p .5 2a nd5 5. 783I bidp.p .4 7a nd5 0. 784I bidp.. 5 0. 785I bidp.p .5 3-54. 786I bidp.p .4 0-435,5 ,5 9 and8 3-84. 787D efencEex hibiNto .7 9. 788 Transcripotfs 2 4 May2 000p .

57.

ICTR-95-1A-T (~) tS’ o b7o8d9ieasl lo vert hep lace"t,o okf righatn dw enth omea gain. TheA ceused’Asc counotf hisW hereabout1s8,- 19A pril1 994 597. The Accusedd id not contestt he allegatiotnh atr efugeesf rom Mabanza communwee rek illeda t theC ompleaxn dt heS tadiu7m9.°H e saidt hato n them orning of 19 April1 994h e receiveidn formatitohna tk illinghsa do ccurreidn Kibuyet own, althougthh ei nformatiwoans n ots pecificalalbyo utt hee ventsa t theC ompleoxr the S7t9a1dium. 598.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ato n 18 April1 994a t 8 a.m.,i n thec ompanoyf two policemePna,s toErl ephaosf Rubengepraar isahn dt woe onseillerhse, w entt o askt he Abakigat o withdrawf romM abanzac ommune7.92 The Accuseda nd his companions camea crosst woh undredo r so Abakigaat RubengeraT.h eA ccusedc laimetdo have admonishetdh em" nevert o comeb acka gaint o Mabanza"a,n di n additiotno ldt hem: "Youa rel ookinfgo re nemiesa,n dt here[ are]n o enemieisn Mabanza7"9.3T heA bakiga refusetdo liste-n accorditnog t heA ccusedt,h eyr evolteTdh.e ys aidt hatt heA ccused hadn o rightt o stopt hemf romu singt her oad.794 TheA ccusetde stifietdh ath e felt humiliatehda,d n o authorityt,h ath e "wasn othinign fronto f my people7"9.5T he Abala’gcao ntinuiend t hed irectioofnK ibuyt7eo9 w6n. 599.I n thisc onnectiotnh,e C hamberre calltsh et estimonoyf DefencWei tnesRsA , whot estifitehda ta roun1d0 a.m.o n 18A pril1

994,P astoErl iphacsa met ot ellh ert hat theA ccusehda dt riedt o stopt heA bakigeaa rlietrh es amem ornin7g9.7T heP astowra s presenatt thec onfrontatwiiotnht heA bakigaH.e toldt hew itnestsh att heA ccuseadn d hisf ollowinagt temptetdo convincteh eA bakigtao desistf romf urtherra vageisn 789I bidp.. 5 6. 790 Transcripotfs 8 June2 000p . 253. 79lT ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p p.5 3 and5 7-58a;n d8 June2 000p . 250. 792T ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p p.1 35-137. 793I bidp.. 1 39. 794I bid.p p.1 39-140. 795I bidp.p .1 40-141. 796I bid.p p.1 41-142. 203

l~/~ -’~!~ "- ICTR-95-1A-T ............................................................................................................................ Mabanzcao mmuneT.h e Abakigaap pearetdo honourh is requestb,u t "thatd id not preventth emf romg oinge lsewherev"9,8 DefencWei tnesAsS referretdo a similar incidenitn volvintgh e Accuseda ndt he Abakigab,u t did notp reciseldya tet he incide7n9t9.( SeeC hapteIrV .4.7.) 600.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ath e remaineadt the communaolf ficeu ntilm idday. Peoplcea met o seeh ima boutt heirp roblemasn,d e specialtloy a skh imt o reissuteh em withi dentitcya rds8.°°I n thea fternoohne returnehdo me.H e continuteod seep eople aboutt heirp roblem(sh ed idn ots peciftyh en aturoef t hesep roblemasn)d w rotel etters toc ouncilloarnsdt o memberosf t hec ellulc8eo° mtmitteeass,k intgh emt os tandu nited. 3.4.3F indingosn theA ccused’Rse sponsibility (i)G eneraolb servations 601.T heC hambewri llf irstb rieflsyt atei tsf indingosn theb asiso f thee videncaes summarisaebdo veT.h erec anb e no doubtt hata massivaet tacakg ainsrte fugeeast the Stadiuomc curreidn thea fternooonf 18 April1 994.E ssentialtlhye s amet imeo f commencemenits foundi n the testimonieosf WitnesseAs, AC, G, AA and CP - namelyb,e twee1n a nd3 p.m.A llw itnessaegsr eet hatg unsa ndg renadewse reu sedt o killt her efugeeOsn.o thepro inttsh eries l essc oincideinnct eh eitre

stimonies. 602.W itnesAs testifitehda tt hea ttackecrosn sistoefd gendarmepso,l icemepnr,i son guardasn dc ivilianWsi.t nesAsA addeds oldierasn dA bakigtao thisl ist.W itnesAsC spokeo f Interahamswuer rounditnhge S tadiums,o onj oinedb y soldiersW.i tnesGs did notc ategoritshee a ttackebrust s aidt hatt heirn umbewra sv eryh igha ndt hatt heyh ad encircletdh eS tadiumW.i tnesCsP maintainetdh atA bakigaan du nidentifipeedo ple withf irearmosn thes lopeosf GatwarHoi llw eret hem ainp erpetratoorfs t hea ttack. 797T ranscripotfs 2 May2 000p p.6 2-64. 798I bidp.. 6 3. 799 Transcripotfs 2 5 April2 000p p.3 0-32( closesde ssiona)n;d .2 6 April2 000p p.5 -8. 8ooT ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p . 142. sotI bidp.. 1 43. 204

Thew itnescsl aimendo tt o haves eena ny" peacoef ficerss"u,c ha s soldierpso,l icemen or gendarmeesx,c eptf ort het wog endarmegsu ardintgh eg ateso f theS tadiu8m°.2T he attackecrasm ef romt hed irectioofn theK ibuyteo wnr oundabo(uAt, C P). 603.O n thet acticesm ployedi,t seemst hatt hes lopeso f GatwarHoi lls erveda s a kindo f shootignagl lerfyo rt hea ttackerEsv.i dentiltyw ast hes afesotp tiofno rt hem, givent hatt her efugeepsr ovedw illintgo defendt hemselvweist hs tonesT.h osea rmed onlyw itht raditionwaela ponrse maineodn thep eripheorfy t heS tadiumk,i llinagn yone whoa ttemptteodf leeT.h ef irsdta yo ft hea ttaclka steudn tinli ghtfall. 604.O nlyt wo witnesse(sG and CP) had anythintgo say abouta ctivitya t the Stadiumo n 19 April1 994.W itnessG saw a truckr emoveb odies- survivorwse re killedW.i tnesCsP sawm emberosf theR edC rossr emovinsgu rvivorHse. sawt hatt he deadw eree verywherTeh.e rei s no testimonieavli dencbee foret heC hambetrh att he attacko f 18 April1 994c ontinueidn tot hen extd ay.I t followsi,n theC hamber’s opiniont,h att hem ajoritoyf refugeeast theS tadiumn,u mberinmga nyh undredsw,e re killedi n thea fternooonn 18 April1 994.T hisi s a crimeu ndert heS tatutoef the Tribunal. (ii)P resencoef Accuseadt theS tadiuomn 18 April1 994 605.T o a largee xtentt her esponsibiloift yt heA ccusedde pendosn whethehre was presendtu rintgh ea ttacakt thes tadium(.O thepro ssiblger oundosf l iabiliwtiyl lb e considerbeedl ow.) 606.T heC hamberre calltsh att hreew itnessetse stifietdh att heys awt heA ccuseadt theS tadiuomn 18 April1 994:W itnesAs, WitnesGs andW itnesAsA . 802T ranscripotfs 2 4 May2 000p p.5 3-54. 205

- ~ ’~*’~* ICTR-95-1A-T WitnesAsA 680°73.W itnesAsA hasb eend etaineidn Rwandas ince1 996o n chargeosf genocide. TheC hambewri lla sseshsi st estimonayn da nyc redibiliitsys uest hatm aya risea s a wholei n chronologicoradle r.H iss tatemenctosn cernitnhge p resencoef theA ccused on 18A pril1 994w illb ed ealtw itht owardtsh ee nd. 608.I n relatiotno thee arlieerv entasl legeidn theI ndictmenWti,t nesAsA testified thatw hent he refugeesf irsta rriveda t Mabanza’bsu reauc ommunalt herew ere gendarmeasn ds oldierpsr esenwth ow antedt o killt hema t thec ommunaolf fice";b ut Bagilishesmaai dI willb e sendinygo ut o Kibuyaen dt hati s wheret heP refeits going to resolvyeo urp roblem8"°.4H owevern,o otherw itnesssp okeo f gendarmoers soldiers beingp resenatt theb ureacuo mmunaolr aboutt heirw isht o havet her efugeeksi lled ther(es eeV .3.1). 609.W itnesAsA is alsoa lonei n hisc laimt hatS emanzlae dt her efugeeosn foott o Kibuyet owns.°5 The witnestse stified":T heyl efto n foot.B agilishemsap oket o Semanzaan dS emanz[aw enti nf ronto f]t hesep eoplaen dt hent heyl eft’.’s°6H e further added:" Semanzwaa sa heado f ther efugeesB,a gilishermeam aineidn theo fficeb utI don’tk noww hethehre followetdh eml atero n.’’8°7A s indicateadb ove( 3.2.4), ProsecutioWni tnesseAs, AC and G, who,u nlikeW itnessA A, actuallmya det he journetyo Kibuyet ownw itht her efugeesd,i dn otm entioSne

manzaas beingp resent, e8v°e8nt hougahl lw itnesskense wh ima ndW itnesGs w asa t thef ronto f thec rowd. 610.O f greatesri gnificanicne ,t heC hamber’vsi ew,i s thed oubtfuall legatimoand e by WitnesAsA aboutt heA ccused’dsi stributioofn w eapontso personass sembleidn Mabanzcao mmunien preparatifoonrt hea ttacokn theS tadiumT.h ew itnestse stified: 803T ranscroifp1 t0sF ebrua2r0y0p0 . 1 2. 8o4I bidp.. 1 3.I nt hicso nnectiWoint,n eAsAs’ esa rlisetra temoefn2 t2 -2S3e ptem1b9e9rr9 e fertso ~endaromnelsy n,o ts oldie(rDse fenEcxeh ibNiot.6 6). 805T h e witne’ss esa "rlisetra temednetc lartehsa tt heA ccusoerdd erSeedm anaznad t heg endarmteos accomptahneyr efugeteoKs i buyteo w(ni bid.). 806T ranscroifp1 t0sF ebrua2r0y0p0 . 1 3.( ThEen glivsehr sihoansb eecno rrected.) 8o7I bipd..1 5. 808Transcroifp2 t6sJ anua2r0y0 p0. 4 9. 206

"[A.]. ..w henw e got to the BureauC ommunable forel eavingf orK ibuye,B agilishema distributweeda pontso thosew hod idn’th avef irearmsT.h esef irearmcsa mef roma stock whichh ad beenb roughtb y a certainM unyampund[u. ..]B agilishemwaa s therefore distributtihnegr emaindoefrt hew eapontso t hosew hod idn’hta vea ny. ... [Q.]D idB agilishedmias tributthee sew eaponisn person? [A.]A ctuallyt,h ere[ weres]o mes oldierasm ongt hosew how erep resent.t.h,e ya skedh im f’o’r8w9 °eaponasn dh ew entt o fetcht hemh imselafn dd istributtehde w eapontso them. 611.W itnessA A’s testimonys uggestst hat he saw the Accusedp ersonallhya ndo ut armst o the prospectiavtet ackersI.n cross-examinatiito enm ergetdh att hisw asn ot the case: "...I sawp eoplel eavet heb ureacuo mmunatlo gethewri tht hew eaponsI. d on’tk nowf rom wheret he weaponsc ame.I ... simplys aw peopleb ringingt hemo ut of the bureau communa.l. ..I can’tt elly oue itherf romw hichr oomo r officet hesew eaponhsa db een store"d8.1 0 612.I n his statementto investigatorosf 22-23S eptembe1r9 99t he witnessd id not mentiont hatt he Accusedd istributewde apons: "We wentt o the communaolf ficei n Mabanza,w herew e wereg ivent wo vehiclest o transpourstt o KibuyeT.h osew ereT oyotvaa ns,a ndo neo f them,t heb lueo ne,b elongetdo Mabanzcao mmuneB.e forew e wentt o Kibuye,B agilishesmaai d:" Wea re goingt o Kibuye now."H e didn ots ayw hy,b utw e knewt her easobne for.e. .B agilishejmoai neuds ,e ntered t’h’e8b1 1lueT oyotvaa n,w el eftM abanzaan da rrivetdo Kibuyaet aroun1d5 ,00h rs.

613. WitnessA A was asked in directe xaminationw hy he had not mentionedt he distributioofn w eaponisn hisw rittesnt atemenHte. replied: "Ir emembetrh atI saidt his.I don otk noww hethetrh en otesw eret akend own.I n anye vent thei nvestigatoprrso misetdh att heyw ouldc omeb ack.W hent heyc ameb ackt heym adeu s s’i’g8n1t zhes tatementIs d.o nt knoww hethetrh eyi ncludetdh isi nformatioornn ot. 614.A skeda gaind uringc ross-examinatihoen a nswered:" I said nothinga boutt he rapeo f womeno r girlso r the distributioofn w eapontso girlsb utI did sayt hatI knew 809 Transcriopft1 s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.2 1-22. 810 Transcriopft1 s1 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.2 0-21. 811 DefencEex hibiNto .6 6. 207

ICTR-95-1A-T :~!~ a’b’o8u1t3d istributoifow ne aponast t hec ommunaolf fice. 615.T heC hambedro esn ot findt heser esponsecso nvincinWgi.t nessA A’sw ritten statemesnpte cificalrleyl atetdo theA ccusedI.t sl asts entencree ads":I do notk now anythinagb outt het raininagn dw eapond istributioorn v,i ctimosf ...r ape( emphasis added’)’.814H adt hew itnesisn thec oursoef thei ntervieawl legetdh att heA ccused distributweeda ponst,h erei s everyr easotno b elievteh att hei nvestigatwoorusl dh ave recordetdh isi mportaenlte ment. 616.I t followfsr omt hes tatementth att hei nterviewwa sc onducteidn Englisahn d Kinyarwandat,h att he statemenwta s recordedi n Englisha nd translateidn to Kinyarwandian the presencoef the witnessw,h o acknowledgtehda tt he factsa s recorderde flectwehda th e knew.A sh e wasa ni lliterathee, s ignebdy addinhgi st humb psr1i5ntto t hed ocument, 617.W itnesAsA at firstc ouldn otr emembetrh ed ateo f thea llegeddi stributioofn weaponsT.h eP rosecutisoung gestetdh att hed istributimoanyh aveo ccurreodn thed ay on whicht hew itnestsr avelletdo Kibuyet own,t o whicht hew itnesasg reedH.e was thena skedw hethehre recalletdh ed atew henh e arriveidn KibuyeH.e answeretdh ati t waso n 18A prils.16T hisw asc orrectbeyd f urtheqru estionibnygt h eP rosecution: "[Q.M]r .W itnesdso,y our ecaltlh ed ateo ft hea ttacakt K ibuyset adium? [A.I]t w ast he1 8thA pril. [Q.]W

henI askeydo ue arliewrh atd atei tw ast haty oul eftM abanzIa r,e caltlh aty out old met hati tw ast he1 8tho fA prialn dt hisw ast hed ayb eforteh ea ttackW.e rey out herefore mistakwehne ny oum entiontehde 1 8tho fA priiln r etrospect? [A.]N o,I ’mn otc onfusianngy d ateast a ll.W el eftt heb ureacuo mmunoanlt he1 7tha nd thea ttacoknt hes tadituomo kp lacoen t he1’ 8’t8h1.7 812 Transcripotfs 1 1 Februar2y0 00p p.2 6-27. 813 Ibidp.p .2 7-28. 814 DefencEex hibiNto .6 6. 815 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p p.6 -8. 816 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 24. 817 Ibidp.. 5 1. 208

618.T heC hambenro test hatW itnesAsA did,i n fact,c onfusteh ed ates;a ndt hath e refusetdo acknowledtghee m istakeT.h isw ouldb e of littliem portanwceer ei t notf or thea dditionfaalc tt hatt hew itnessi,n hisc onfessioofn 11 Novembe1r9 99t o the Rwandaanu thoritieisn,d icatetdh ath e madet hej ournetyo Kibuyet owno n thes ame dsaiysa st hea ttacokn t heS tadiu(mt haits ,o n1 8A pril1 994)a,n dn ott hed ayb efore, 619.T he assessmenotf WitnesAsA ’st estimonsyo farh as shownt hati t shouldb e treatewdi thc autiona,n dt heC hambewri lls eekc orroboratfiroonm o thers ourcesT.h e witness’cso ntentiotnh att he Accusedt ravellewdi thh im and otherp rospective attackertso Kibuyet owno n 17 April1 994i s onlyw eaklyc orroboratbeyd h earsay evidencfer omt het estimoonfy WitnesZs: "Iw illn ota lwayrse calclo rrectbluytI knowt hath ew oulpda ssb yt her oadbloacnkd h e wasi nt hec ommunvee hiclIet.w asa Hilupxi ck-uapn dh et oldu sh ew asg ointgo K ibuye. I knowt hath e wasi n thec ompanoyf assistabnotu rgmestrSee,m anzaA.t thatm oment therew eres omeA bakigwah ow eres tayinwgi thS emanzaan da t thet ime. ...theyw ere l’e’a8v1i9tnogg ethoenrt hev ehicle. 620.T he Chambern otest hat whereasW itnessA A statedt hat the Accuseda nd Semanzlae fti n separatvee hicleWsi,t nesZs m entionoendl yo nev ehiclien whichb oth travellteodg ethaetra nu nspecifdiaetde . 621.W itnesAsA testifietdh ath e

spentt hen ightb etwee1n7 and1 8 April1 994i n Kibuyteo wn,a t theT ribunoaflF irstI nstan(cael sor eferrteod as" thec ourthouse"). wast oldb y theA ccused’dsr ivert hatt heA ccusewdo uldo vernighatt the Bethanie Hotel8.2° Thisi s hearsaya nd mustb e treatedw ithc autionN.o othert estimony corroborattheesa llegatioMno.r eoveirt, is difficutlotr econciwliet ht heA ccused’s statementth ath e mett heA bakigeaa rlyi n them orninogf 18 April1 994,w hichi s corroboratebdy otherw itnesses( see above,T he Accused’sA ccounto f His Whereabout1s8,- 19A pril1 994.) 818 DefencEex hibiNto .1 14. 819 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p p.5 3-54. 820 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 35. 209

622. The courthousew as situatedv ery closet o the Stadium,a nd WitnessA A was askedt hef ollowinqgu estion: "[Q.]A rey oua blet ot ellu sw hetheorr nota s youp roceedferdo mt her oundabotuot t his courthouysoeu w erea wareo f thep resencoef a nybodiyn thes tadiuamt thist ime? [’A’.8]2A 1tt hatt imeI, wass tilnlo ts urei ft herwee rep eoplien t hes tadium. Howeveri,n his writtens tatemenotf 22-23S eptembe1r9 99h e declared: "We cameb ackt o the roundabouta,n d proceedetdo wardst he Tribunal’bsu ildingW.e passedb y Gatwarsot adiumw,h ichw asa lreadpya ckedw itht heT utsir efugee(se mphasis added).T he stadiumw as surroundebdy the militarayn d gendarmewsh o carriedt he g,u,n8s2.2 623. The two versionss uggesta contradictiobne tweenW itnessA A’s testimony beforethe Chambearn d his writtens tatement. 624.T he Chamberw illn ow addressW itnessA A’sd escriptioonf the initialp haseo f the attack.T he followingk ey paragraphi ntroducetsh e themeo f an earlyt actical changew,h ichi s uniquet o thisw itness’asc count: "Thes ituatiaosn i tw asi st hata tt het imeo ft hea ttacke,v erybogdayt hereadn da certain soldie.r. .f ireda shota ndt hent heo therss tartesdh ootinbgu tt hosew how erei n the stadiusmt artetdo defentdh emselvbeys t hrowinsgt onesW.h ent hea ttackerrse alisetdh at theyw ereb einga ttackewdi ths tonest,h eyr ealisetdh att her efugeecso ulde scapseo they decidetdo go on

topo f theh illa ndf romt here,t heys tartesdh ootinign tot hes tadium, throwignrge nadienst ot hes tadiuamn dt earg as., ,823 625. The gisto f WitnessA A’st estimonyi s thatt hereo ccurreda repositioninogf assailantass a resulto f a strategmye etinign whicht he Accusehdi mselpfa rticipated. Such a tacticalc hangew ouldi mplyt hatt he Accusedw as implicateidn the overall planninagn de xecutioonf thea ttack: 821 Ibidp.. 3 8.T hisp ositiiosnc ontradicbtyWe idt nessAe,sA Ca ndG . 822 DefencEex hibiNto .6 6. 823 Transcriopft1 s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.3 8-39. 210

ICTR-95-1A-T :N@ Ig z ........................................................................................................................ "[Q.]W hate xactldyi dy ous eeB agilishdeomian g? [A.]I sawh ima tt het imew henh ew asg oingu pt ogethewri tht hes oldiertso c onsult becausbee forteh at,t hea ssailanhtasdp ositiontehde mselvoepsp ositthee e ntryt ot he stadiuamn da ccorditnogt hei[rn ews]t rategoyn,ep arto ft hems houlhda ver emainaetdt he entrancteo thes tadiuwmh ereatsh eo therwso ulds hootf romt heo thers idei ntot he s’t’a8d2i4um. [A.]I believteh isn ews trategwya st her esulotf a consultatbieotnw eetnh eK ibuye authoritiIe dsi.d n’ktn owt hemm yselbfu tI [simplsya]w s oldieorfsh ighr anka ndi nt he companoyf p ersonwsh ol ookerde spectaabnldeI sawt hemc onsulatn dI thoughtth eyw ere discusstihnesg t rateagnydI belietvhee s tratewgayst her esulotft heicro nsultations. [Q.]W asM rB agilishpeamrato ft hisg routph atw asb eincgo nsulteYde?so rn o?... [’A’.8]2Y 5es,h ew asp arotf t heg roup. 626.W itnesAsA ’st heoryt hata forceo f attackerwsa sd irecteadw ayf romt her oad- sideo f theS tadiumt o takeu p a newo ffensivpeo sitioonn GatwaroH illi s made doubtfubly t hee videncoef otherw itness8e2s6.W itnesAs, likeW itnesAsA ,r eferretdo refugeetsh rowinsgt onesi n theird efenceb,u ta ccordintgo WitnesAs attackerwse re positioneodn GatwaroH illa lreadyf romt he

beginnin8g2.7 DefenceW itnessC P testifietdh att he attackc ommencewdi ths hotsf iredf romG atwarHoi ll8.28 And ProsecutioWni tnessG locatedt he Accusedw ithK ayishemaam ongt he attackers pso2s9itionoendG atwarHoi lli mmediatebleyf oraen da ftert heb eginnionfg t hea ttack, Shet estified: "The[yt hea ttackerrse]m ainoendG atwarhoi lla ndi t’sf romt herteh att heyl aunchtehde attac.k. .T hea ssailandtisdn otc omed ownf romt heh illb uto nt hec ontrartyh,e yw ere k"i8l3l°inpge oplweh ow antetdo l eavteh es tadium. 627.T hatW itnesAsA ’sa ccouncto nflictwsi tht hato f WitnesGs is apparenatl so fromt hef ollowinegx changewsi thh im: 824 Ibidp.p .4 5-46. 825 Ibidp.p .4 7-48. 826 Then ews tratedgoye nso ta ppeairnh iss tatemoefn2 t2 -2S3e ptem1b9e9r(9 D efenEcxeh ibNiot.6 6). 827 Transcriopf1t 7sN ovemb1e9r9 9p .3 2. 828 Transcriopf2t 4sM ay2 00p0p .4 3-44. 829 Transcroifp2 t6sJ anua2r0y0 p0p .1 5-16. 830 Ibidp.p .2 4-25. 211

._..,.._ ... ....... ..... ....... ..................................................................................... "[Q.]W herew eret hea ttackesrtsa ndinagt t het ime[ oft hea ttack]? [’A’.8]3T Ihea ttackewresr ei nf ronotf t hes tadiugma te. "[Q.]A tw hats tageo f thea ttacdki dy ous eeB agilishema? [A.]I sawh imw hent heg unshotsst artebde causteh eo therrse sisteadn dt herew asa kindo f confrontatiaonnd allt hea uthoritireasn up so thatt heyc oulda dviset hosew ho were shootintgo movea waya ndp lacet hemselvoens t heh illo verlookitnhge s tadiuamn dt hat’s w’h’e8n3I 2 sawh im.

628. Anotheru ncorroborateads pecto f WitnessA A’sa ccounti s his claimt hat the attackercsa mec loset o losingt heb attlwei tht her efugees: "[Q.]Y ouj usts aidt hate verythiwnags d onea ccordintgo a welld esignesdt rategyW.h o wast hem asteorf s uchs trategtyh at[ youw eret]a lkinagb out? [A.]T hea uthorosf thats trategwye ret hes oldierasn dt hep refetE.v eryonwea ss ayintgh at theyw ereg ointgo bes eeintgh ep refebre causteh eyw erea boutt o loosteh eb attlwei tht he r’e’f8u3g3eedse spitteh ef actt hatt heA bakighaa ds urroundtehde s tadiucmo mpletely. 629.N o otherw itnesss uggestedt hat the refugeese ver had the upperh anda t the Stadium. 630.A n importanatl legatioinn WitnessA A’s testimoniys that the Accusedw as at the Stadiumi n the companyo f KayishemaT.h e witnessw as engagedi n the following exchange: "[Q.]W asB agilishewmiat hy oua s well? [A.]H ew ast herbee causien o rdetro c hangoeu r- thes trateagnyd t og oo nt op[ of]t hish ill closet o thes tadiumw,e neededt o consulatn dB agilishecmoan sultewdi thK ayishemaan d othersI. s awt hemm ovintgo wardtsh es tadiumd,i scussintgr,y intgo d ecidoen a strategtyo attack." [Q.]D id you say you saw Bagilishemwai thK ayishemaI. thoughty ou didn’tk now Kayishema? [A.]T he soldierssa idt hatt heyn eededt o consulta mongstth emselveasn dt heym oved towardtsh ec ourthoutsoem eett hep refearn dt hati sh owI explainietd. [Q.]D idy ous eeM r.B agilisheymoau rself?. [A.]I sawh im.T heo nlyp ersoIn didn ots eew ast hep refet.’834 831 Transcriopft1 s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p .4 1.T heE nglisthr anslathiaosbn e enc orrected. 832I bidp.p .4 5. 833T ranscriopft1 s0 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.4 6-47. 212

14~ ~*’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ................................................................................................................. 631.A ftert he clarificatiotnh atW itnessA A did not actuallys ee Kayishem(aa s he did not knowh im),t he witnessw as askedh ow he couldc laimt hatK ayishemtao okp art in thep lanninmge etinnge art heS tadiumr,a therc loset o the courthouse: "[Q.]H ow do youk nowt hatK ayishemwaa st hereb ecausey ou toldu s earliert haty ou didn’tk nowh im? [A.]I heardi t saida roundm e thatt heo rdert o attackw ass upposetdo be givenb y the PrefetT.h es oldiedrisd n’tta ket hei nitiatitvhee mselvteosa ttackT.h ereforief,,a sh adb een saidi f theya ttackeidt musth aveb eenb ecausteh eP refewta st herea ndh e gavet heo rder." [...]W heny ouh earp eoplsea y:" Goa nds eet heP refet’y,o us eet hemc omeb ack,y ouh ear peoplsea y:" TheP refeits rightt hereb,u ty out hinkt herew erek ilometesresp aratiunsg. Theyw erer ightth ere,., 835 632. The witnessw as not able preciselyt o locatet he allegedm eetingo f the authorities: "I havea lreadeyx plaintehda tt o you.A llt hesea uthoritiweesr ec alleudp ont o got o the courtrootmo looki ntot hes trategwyh ichm ighth elpt hemc omet o finisho fft hep eople whow erei n thes tadiumI. d on’tk noww hetheirt wasi n thec ourtrooomr notb utI know t’h’ast3t 6hespee opllee fta ndt heyd iscussed.

633. On the basis of this analysiso f WitnessA A’s testimonyt he Chamberm ust concludet hat WitnessA A did not actuallys ee Kayishemai n the presenceo f the Accuseda,s he did notk nowt he PrefectA.l so,t hew itnessd id not see or overheatrh e meetinogf high-rankionfgf icials. 634.I n thisc onnectiont,h e Chambero bservetsh ati n WitnessA A’sw rittens tatement of 22 and 23 June1 999,w hichs pecificalrleyl atest o the Accusedn,o mentioni s made of Kayishemao r of the Accusedc onsultinwgi th him. Therei s no referencet o any meetinogr changeo f strategyT.h e onlyr eferencteo the Accusedi s the following":A t [a] certainm oment,B agilishemwaa lkedb y the stadiumw hilet he shootingw as going 834I bidp.p .4 3-44T.h ew itneshsa dp reviousilnyf ormtehde C hambetrh ath ed idn otk nowK ayishema (p.3 5). 83sT ranscriopft1 s1 F ebrua2r0y0 0p p.4 7-48T.h eE nglitsrha nslathiaosbn e ena lignteodt heF rencthe xt, whicrhe ads":Q uanvdo use ntendleezs g ensd ire<:< Allevzo irl ep r~fet>v>o,u sl esv oyerze venivro,u s entendleezsg endsi re<:< Lep r~feets tj ustec/6~t 6>m>a,i sv oupse nseqzu ’iyl a vaidte sk ilom~ternetsr lee s deuxe ndroiCt’s6?t ajiuts t~e c 6t6." 836T ranscriopft1 s1 F ebrua2r0y0 0p .5 1. 213 ~..,L -

..............,._._.,.. .... ..................................-.~.. ........................................~.........¢.~.Y. ..~. .I. on,a ndh e sawt hek illing’s’.837H ere,i nc ontraswti tht het estimontyh,e A ccuseids depictaesd a passivoeb servaenrd n ota no rchestraotfot rh ea ttack. 635.A dditionallWyi,t nesAsA ’sc onfessionsatla temenotf 11 Novembe1r9 99t o the Rwandaanu thoriticeosr roborattehse statemenotf 22-23S eptembe1r9 99a boutt he passiver oleo f the AccusedsY No mentioni s made thereo f Kayishemao,r of a consultatiionnv olvihnigm a ndt heA ccused: "Ata bou3t pro,s oldiearnsd t heI nterahasmhwoeta tt her efugeeWse.w erej usto nlookers, forw e discovertehde ret hato therp eoplhea db eend ispatchferdo mB utare-Cyanagnudgu otherre gionTsh.e yt oldu st os tanadt t hee ntrantcoet hes tadiuamn dt ok illw hoevecra me out.B agi[1]ishseamwwa h atw ash appeni.n.g. .W henn ighfte llt,h eyl ocketdh es tadium. Bagi[l]isshpeemnatt h en ighatt B ethanained w ea tt heC ourotf F irsItn stan.c.e. .I nt he mornintgh,e yr esumtehde k illinagnsdt oldu st ob ev igilaanntdn ott om ove. ..A.to ra bout 8’a’m8,3w 9er eturnteodR ubengeirnal argneu mberosnf oot. 636.I n viewo f the considerabnluem bera ndv arietoyf difficultiperse sentebdy WitnesAsA ’st estimontyh eC hambeirs unablet o accepta nyo f itse lementusn less theya re stronglcyo rroboratebyd others ourcesN.o otherw itnesss tatedt

hat Kayishemaan dt heA ccusecdo nsulteidn thep roximitoyf thec ourthousdeu ringt he earlys tageso f thea ttackW.i tnesAs testifietdo seeingt heA ccuseadt theS tadium priort o thec ommencemeonft t hea ttackW.i tnesGs allegetdh ats hes awt heA ccused andK ayishemsat andintgo getheorn GatwarHoi lla t aroundt hes tarto f thea ttack. Theset estimonideos n otc orroboratthea to f WitnesAsA . 637.C onsequentltyh,e C hambedro esn ot findt hato n 17 Aprilt he Accusewda s in Kibuyaen do n 18 April1 994a t theS tadiuomn theb asiso f WitnesAsA ’st estimony. WitnesAs 638.W itnesAs testifietdh ath e saw theA ccusewdi thS emanzaan d policemeinn a vehicloen them orninogf 18 April1 994,b eforet hea ttacko n theS tadiumA.c cording 837 DefencEex hibiNto .6 6. 838 DefencEex hibiNto .1 14. 839 Ibid. 214

to thew itnesst,h eA ccuselde ftw henh e heardt her efugeessh outinga,n dt hew itness didn ots eeh ima gaidnu rintgh ea ttackC.o nsequenttlhyi,st estimoonfyf ernso b asisf or findintgh eA ccusepdr esendtu rintgh ea ttack. 639.R egardintgh eA ccused’asl legepdr esencbee foret hea ttackt,h eC hambenro tes thatW itnesAs’ st estimownays v eryb riefH.e simplsyt atetdh ath e ando therrsa nt o thet opo ft hel argesrt andi no rdert ol ook,a ndt hatt heA ccuselde ftw henh eh eardt he refugeessh outinNgo. otheri nformatiaobno utt heA ccusedb’rsi efv isitw asp rovided. Moreoveri,n an apparenrte ferencteo theA ccusedD,r .L ronaradn dS emanzah,e said thatb etwee1n3 and1 8 April1 994" theyc ameb ackt o sayt hatw e couldg o home,w e couldg o backh omeb ecauspee aceh adb eenr estore8d4"°.I n hisw rittesnt atemednatt ed 29 June1 999t hew itneswsa sm ores pecific: "On1 8 AprilB,a gilishecmaam eb ackw itht hed octo[rD r.L ronarda]n dh isd eputayn d askeuds t og oh omec,l aimitnhga tc almh adb eenr estoreWde.r efusetdo l eavaen ds hortly thereaftienrt ,h ep resenocfet hesoef ficiatlhse,a ssailalnatusn chaenda ttackT.h ea ttack whicsht arteadr oun2d p .m.d,i dn ote ndu ntialr oun6d: 30p .m.A sw ast hec asef orm ost peoplea,l lm yf amilmye mberwse rek illetdh ereI; a mt heo nlys urvivoIr l.e ftt hes tadium atn ighwth ent hea ttacskt oppeId .h idi na foresatn dr emaintehde ref ora week.A ta distancIe

,c oulds eet hec ommunvee hiclmeo vinagr ounbdu tc ouldn otr ecognitshee p’e’o8p4il1nei t. 640.T hise lemenotf informatigoinv enb y WitnesAs is difficutlot interpreOtn. t he oneh and,s ucha n "invitatiotno" g o homem ayb e seena s an expressioofn c onceronn behaloff theA ccusedT.h isw ouldg o againsat f indintgh att herew asc riminailn tent behintdh eA ccuseda’lsl egepdr esencaet theS tadiumO.n theo therh and,t her efugees seemt o haver ejectetdh e Accused’ssu ggestioann dr efusetdo leave.T he alleged invitatiiosna lsod ifficutlotr econciwliet ht hei nformattihoant a semblanocfep eacei n Msa4b2anzaw asn ot restoremdu chb efore2 5 April1 994a ccordintgo the Accused. Furthecro nfusioins addedb y thef actt hata ccordintgo WitnesseAsB and J, the announcemetnhta t" peachea sb eenr estoredw"a sa rusep ractisaetd thatt imet o lure 840T ranscripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p p.2 3-24. 841D efencEex hibiNto .7 . 842 Seet ranscripotfs 6 June2 000p p.9 6-97a nd6 Septembe2r0 00p p.1 3-14. 215

- .................................................................................................................... Tutsoiu to fh idinign o rdetro killt hems.43O nt heo therh andt,h ise xplanatdiooens n ot applyt o the circumstancoefs the Stadium.I t is indeedd ifficultto see why representativoefs M abanzac ommunes houldu se thism ethoda gainsta n already detainegdr oupo fr efugeewsh ow erea boutt o be killeidn a majoro ffensivTeh.e refore, thea llegerde marbky theA ccusedi,r respectoifvt eh ed ateo nw hichi t wasm adet ot he refugeecsa,s tss omed oubto vert heP rosecutiocna’sse t hatt heA ccusewda sc omplicit inc rimecso mmittaegda instth er efugeeast t heS tadium. 641.C onsequentltyh,eC hambefri ndst hatt hee videncper ovidebdy WitnesAs about thep resenocfet heA ccuseadt t heS tadiubme forteh ea ttaciks unclear. WitnesGs 642. Thek eyp assagfer omW itnesGs’ st estimonrye ads: "[Q.M]a damc,a ny oub riefldye scritbhea ta ttacwkh ictho okp lacoen t he1 8th? [A.]Y es,o n the1 8tho f April. ..a roun2d a.mt herew erem anya ttackewrhso c ame carryidnigf ferewneta ponmsa,c hetessp,e arasn dd iffereontth ekri ndosf w eaponisn cluding guns.S o thesea ssailanctasm ea ndt heyc ircletdh es tadiuamt t hee ntrancaen de ven towardtsh eG atwarhoi llsitdhee rwee rem anya ssailanatnsdw itht hemw asK ayishewmhao wast heK ibuyPer efecats wella so url eadeBra gilishweamsaa lsow itht hemW.h ent

hey arriveeda,c ohn et oohki sp ositiaonndt hep refesctta rttehde a ttaclka,u nchtehdea ttacakn d theo therfso llowbeydd ointgh ej obt heyh adc omet od oa ndt heys hott heigru ns. [Q.]M adaWmi tneswsh,e rwea sM r.B agilishbeemfao rteh ea ttacskt arted? [A.]H ew ast ogethweirt ht hep refect. [Q.]M adaWmi tneswse,r et heyi nsidteh es tadiuomr o utsidteh es tadium? [A.]T heyw ereo nG atwarhoi ll. [Q.]M adaWmi tneswsh,a tw ast hed istancteh,e a pproximdaitset anbceet weeyno ua ndM r. Bagilishbeemfao rteh ea ttacskt arted? [A.]I cannogti vey out hee xacdti stanicnem etrebsu tt hed istanwcaesn otg reat. [Q.]M adaWmi tneswsa,s M r.B agilishsetmial tlh eraet t het imet hea ttacskt arted. [A.]Y esh,e w ass tiltlh eraet t heb eginnoifnt gh ea ttack. [Q.]M adaWmi tnesdsi,d y oun oticMer B agilishdeoma an ythidnugr intgh atp eriod? 843S eet ranscriopf1t 5sN ovemb1e9r9 p9p .1 11-1(2f oWri tneAsBs) a nd3 1J anua2r0y0 0p .1 6( closed sessi(ofno)Wr i tneJs)s. 216 f/~ L "

............................................................................................................. [’A’.8]4H 4e wass tanding. 643.W itnesGs testifietdh att he Accusewda s togethewri thK ayishembae foret he attacakn da lsoa ftert hea ttachka ds tarteSdh.e s aid:" Hew asn extt oK ayishemqau,i te closet o Kayishem’a’.845N o otherw itnesosb servetdh eA ccusewdi tht heP refecotn G8a4t6warHoi llb eforoer d urintgh ea ttack. 644.T heC hambewri llf irstc onsidecre rtaipno intst hatg o to ther eliabiliotfy WitnesGs’ st estimonSyh.e s tateidn correcttlhya tt her efugeewse ntt oK ibuyteo wno n 11 - not1 3 - April1 9948.47W hilet het ransfeorf ther efugeetso theS tadiuwma sa significeavnetn ta,n dt herefolriek eltyo ber ememberietdd ,o esn otf ollotwh att hed ate of thee ventw illb e rememberweidt hp recisioanf tera lapseo f moret hans ixy ears. Thereforteh,e C hambeart tachenso weightto thisd iscrepancy. 645.W itnesGs testifietdh att heA ccuseda’tst itudteo wardtsh eT utsic hangeadf ter thec ommencemeonft t hew ari n Octobe1r9 90: "Iw ass ayintgh ata fte1r9 90h,e d idn otl iket het utsiasn ym oreH.e h atetdh emH.e t hrew pse4o8plien top risoann dc alletdh em- referrteodt hema sa ccompliocfet sh eI nkotanyi".

646. Askedt o clarifyh er position,W itnessG explainedt hat the Accused, accompanibeyd t hep oliceo r assistantsse,a rchehdo usesf orw eaponesa rlyi n the mornin(ga bou6t a.m.)o f an unspecifideadya ftert heb eginnionfg thew ari nO ctober 1990,a ndt hatp eoplwee rea rresteedv eni f weaponwse ren otf oundS.h et estifitehda t he targetteidn, particula"ri,n tellectualTsh"e.w i tnessst atedt hath eru nclew as arresteda,n d thath ero wn homeh ad alsob eens earche8d4.9 Documentareyv idence supportWsi tnesGs’ st estimoanbyo uts earchefso rw eaponsa,l thougnho ta bouta rrests 844 Transcripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00p p.1 5-16.T heE nglisvhe rsioinn correctrleyf erretdo assailants arrivinagl readfyr om9 a.rn.T hish asb eenc orrected. 845I bidp.. 8 (closesde ssion). 846W itnesGs’ se arliesrt atemenotf 19 June1 999i s evenm orec ategorica"lI: w ouldl iket o underscore thef actt hatd uringt he attacko f 18 April,B ourgmestBraeg ilishemwaa sw ithP rdfetK ayishemoan Gatwarhoi ll." 847 Transcripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00p . 11-12. 848 Transcripotfs 2 6 Januar2y0 00p p.1 4-15( closesde ssion). 849I bidp.p .1 5-17. 217

....... ........................................................................................... (seeI V.2)T.h eC hambeorb servetsh att woo f herc loser elativewse rea ffectebdy the measureasd opteidn 1 990.8 50 647.D uringc ross-examinattihoenD ,e fencter iedt o castd oubtsu pont het estimony of WitnessG . She was questioneidn connectiowni thc ertainp arts( whichw ere hearsayi)n herw rittesnt atemeanntd a lsoa bouth ert estimotnhya tt heA ccusecda rried a guna t theb ureacuo mmuna8l5.~T heC hambefri ndsn o reasotno go intot hesei ssues, butw illi nsteacdo nsidheerr o bservatiaotnt sh eS tadiuomn 18A pril1 994. 648.U singa photograpWhi,t nesGs markedh ero wn( pre-attacpko)s itiowni thint he Stadiuma,s wella s thel ocatioonf Kayisheamnad t heA ccuseodn thes ideo f Gatwaro Hills.SzT hew itnesisn dicattehda ts hew ass tandinogn thef irsts tepo f thes malleorf thet wos pectatsotra ndsA.s explainaebdo ve( seeV .3.2.3t)h,e e astersnt andi sa low- roofedc olonnadebdu ildinwgi tha six-metrleo ngp orchp rojectintgw om etreso ut midwaya longt hes tructureT.h ew esterend geo f them ainr ooff ormsa downward- slopinogv erhantgh,e p orch’osw nr oofc ontinuionng t hisd ownwarsdl opeA.s a matter of appearanrcaet hetrh anf unctiotnh,e s mallesrt andi s bestd escribeads a 25-metre long,f our-metwried es hed.A persons tandinign sidies affordegdo odp rotectiforno m thee lementbsu tr athepro orv

isibiliotfy t hes urroundianrge asW.i tnesGs’ sp osition wasi nsidteh em ainc overeadr eao ft hes tandc,l oset ot hec ornefro rmebdy t hes tand’s westerend gea ndt hes outhesrind eo ft hep rotrudipnogr ch( thati s,t hec ornefru rthest fromG atwarHoi ll). 649.I n lookintgo wardGsa twarHoi lla ndt hea llegeldo catioonf theA ccuseadn d KayishemWai,t nesGs’ sl ineo f sightw ouldh aveh adt o travealt a gentluep waradn gle througthh el ow-roofaendd p resumabclryo wdepdo rcha ndi tss upporticnogl umnso,u t overa 50-metrset retcohf equallcyr owdefdi eldb,e forei t reachetdh es teepv erdant (andt husd ark-colourbeadc)k droopf Gatwaro5,5 to 65 metresa way,w hereh undreds of attackerwse res aidt o havea ssembledA.l thouguhn derf avourablceo nditionosf observatioan ,f amiliafra cem ay be easilyr ecognisablael,b eitn ot necessarily 850 ProsecutioEnx hibitsN os.9 0 and9 1. 851 Transcripotfs 26 Januarpyp .4 4-47. 852 ProsecutioEnx hibitN o. 65. 218

.................................................................................................................. distinctivteh,e C hambeirs concerneads to howt hew itneswsa sa blet o specifically identiftyh eA ccuseadn dK ayisheammao ngstth ea ttackeorvse rt hisd istance. 650.A ccordintgo WitnessG , she knewt he Accusedw ellp riort o the eventsi n questio3n TYheC hambearc cepttsh ath e wasf amiliatro thew itnessT.h es amec annot be saida boutK ayishemaT.h eP rosecutiaodnd ucendo evidencaeb outt hew itness’s priork nowledogfe t heP refect. 651.A s to thec onditionosf observatioWni,t nesGs saidt hatt hea ttackb egana t around2 p.m.,a t whicht imet hel ightm ayb e assumetdo haveb eenf avourablTeh.e witnesass sertetdh att hed istancbee tweehne ra ndh ers ubject"sw asn otg reat"a,n di n an importanste nset hatw ast rue.T her efugeewse ref ullye xposeadn dw ithine asy reacho f ther ifleasn dg renadeosf t heh illsidaet tackerWsi;t nesGs, t houguhn dert he coveorf t hes hed,m usth avef elta cutelvyu lnerable. 652.T he Prosecutiodni dn ot adducea nyf urtheri nformatioanb outo bservational conditionast the time.B asicq uestionsr,e ndereeds sentiably the particular circumstancseusc,h a s whetheort herp ersonosr structurcaolm ponenotfs thes tand werei nterposebde tweenW itnessG and her subjectsw,h ethert he Accusedf aced WitnesGs or wasl ookinign anothedri rectiownh,e thetrh ep resencoef

thousandosf terrifireedf ugeewso uldh aveo bstructheedr v iewa ndq uestionasb outt het ime-period andf requenocfyv isuaclo ntactw,e ren ota skedI.t wasi ncumbeunpto nt heP rosecution to disperle asonabdloeu bti nr elatiofni,r stt,o t hes pecifciocn ditioonfs o bservation, whichg rowi n relevancteh eg reatetrh ed istancbee tweeonb servearn do bserveadn,d , secondt,o WitnesGs’ sa bilittyo recognisKea yishemaT.h ew itnesmsa yh aveb een ablet o recognitshee A ccuseidn characterisstiigcn so f conducotr attireb,u ta gain thesem atterwse ree xplorebda reloyr n ota t all." Hew ass tandinigs" nota behaviour thatw ouldh elpd istinguitshheA ccused. 653.N o otherw itnesosb servetdh eA ccuseadl oneo r witht he Prefecotn Gatwaro Hillb eforeo r duringt hea ttacks,o WitnesGs’ sa llegatiiosn uncorroboratHeedr. observatiwoans m adeo vera longd istancaen dt hed escriptioofn w hats hes awl acked 219

~V~ ,~, ICTR-9-5 1 A-T ...._..,.. ....................... .....!.......a.’...................................................................... detailT.h ereforteh,e C hambedro esn otf indb eyonrde asonabdloeu bt,o n theb asiso f hert estimontyh,a to n 18 April1 994t heA ccusewda so n GatwarHoi ll,i n thec ompany of Kayishemaat, a rountdh et imew hent hea ttacko n theS tadiuwma sl aunched. (iiOC onclusion 654.H avinga ssessetdh et estimonioefs WitnesseAsA , A, andG , theC hambedro es notf indb eyondr easonabldeo ubtt hatt heA ccusewda sp resenatt theS tadiuomn 18 April1 994. 3.4.4C onclusions (i)C umulatievfef ecotf evidence 655.I n an earliesre ctio(nV .3.2.7t)h,e C hambecro ncludtehda tt herew asd oubta lso as to whethert he Accusedv isitedt he Stadiumo n 13 and 14 April1 994.T hese conclusiownesr eb asedn oto n a findintgh att heA ccusewda se lsewhearte t hem aterial timesb,u tr atheorn thep aucitoyf e videnclee db y theP rosecutiionn r elatiotno each ande verya llegesdi ghtinogf t heA ccused. 656.I t is cleart hatt wos ketchayc countmsa yg aini n strengtwhh eret herei s mutual corroboratiTohne.C hambehra sa lreadcyo nsidertehdi sp ossibiliitny r elatiotno each of thep airso f sightinogns 13,1 4 and1 8 April1 994.T heq uestiorne mainwsh ethear serieso f inconclusisvieg htingosf theA ccusedo,v era numbero f days,w hoseo nly commone lemenits thep resencoef theA ccuseadt theS tadiumc,a nb e combinetdo provet hep roposititohna tt heA ccusemdu sth aveb eena t theS tadiuamt somet ime durintgh er elevapnetr iod. 657.I n theC hamber’vsi ew,t hisc annotb e done.B y definitiona,n inconclusive sightingc annotg ain supportf rom anotheri nconclusivsei ghtingu nlesso ne 853T her easonasr ei ndicatiend t het ranscriopft 2s6 Januar2y0 00p p.1 4( closesde ssion). 220

............................................................................................................................ corroborattheeso therT.h ep roposititohna tt heA ccusemdu sth aveb eena t theS tadium "ats omet ime"n ecessarimluys tb e understoaosd p resencoen oneo r moreo f thet imes allegebdy thew itnessesN.o othert imesf ormp arto f theP rosecutionc’ass e.T he Chambehra sa lreadsyh ownt hatt hea llegesdi ghtinagrse i ndividuailnlcyo nclusiavned mutuallnyo n-corroboratiTvhee.r eforteh eirc ombinatioins alsoi nconclusive. Consequentlthye,e videnclee db y theP rosecutioenv,e nw henc onsideraesd a whole, doesn ots upporat findintgh att heA ccusewda sp resenatt the Stadiudmu ringt he perio1d3 to 18A pril1 994. (ii)S ummaroyf findinignsr elatitoon paragrap4h.s2 1-42.8 o f theI ndictment 658.I n thesec oncludipnagr agrapohfs s ectio3n. 2,t heC hambefri rstt akess tocko f theP rosecutiona’lsl egatioinns t heI ndictmepnetr tainitnog attackasg ainsTtu tsi detaineidn Kibuyteo wnb etwee1n3 and1 9 April1 994. 659.T heP rosecutihoans n otp rovedt hatt heA ccusegda there"da th isr equestT"u tsi inhabitanotfs Mabanzcao mmunaet the communaolf ficea ndt hen" orderedt"h emt o go to GatwarSot adiu(m4 .21)I.t hasn otp rovedt hatu pona rrivailn Kibuyteo wnt he Accused",a ctinign concertw"i tho thersd,i videtdh er efugeeisn tot wog roupss,e nding oneg roupt o theC ompleaxn dt heo thert o

theS tadiu(m4 .22)I.t hasn otp rovetdh at "personusn der[ theA ccused’sc]o ntrols"u rroundetdh et wo locationsc,a usintgh e detentiaonnd s ufferionfg t her efugee(s4 .24)T.h eP rosecutiaolns oh asn otp rovetdh at theA ccuse"da ctinign concertw"i tho thers",b roughta"r medg roupst o theS tadium and" directetdh"e mt o attactkh er efugee(s4 .26)N.o rh asi t provetdh att heA ccused "personaaltltya ckaendd k illedr"e fugeaetst heS tadiu(m4 .27). 660.T heo nlyr emainianlgl egatiionn t hisc ategoriys t hatt heA ccused",i no rdering" ther efugeetso theC ompleaxn dt heS tadium",k newo r hadr easotno knowt hata ttacks at thesel ocatio[nwse rei]m minen(t4". 28)T.h ist oom ustb es eta sidea su nproved. 221

iuOr trhoeou,r na bi,i Presencoef otherM abanzcao mmunoef ficialast theS tadium 661.T woa llegationmsa deb y WitnessA C didn ot directliym plicatteh eA ccused, althougthh eyc ouldf orma basisf orp ossibllei abiliotfy theA ccuseudn derA rticles 6(1)o r 6(3)o f the StatuteT.h e firsta llegatiowna s WitnesAsC ’ss ighting "Saturda(y1"6 A pril1 994)o f theM abanzcao mmunavle hicl(es eeV .3.2.4)I.t arrived at theS tadiutmr ansportitnhgr eep olicemaennd a rmedH utnc iviliainnsc ludifnigv eo r sixI nteraham8w5e4.T hei ncidenwta sr ecountebdy thew itneswsi the xtrember evity. TheP rosecutidoind n otp ressf ord etailsN.o rw ast hew itnesass kedw hethesrh eh ad recognisaendy o f thep olicemeTnh.e v isitorssh ortldye parte"dt,o wardMsa banza".855 662.F romt hee videncoef WitnesAsC ,i t is uncleaerx actlwyh ow eret hep ersons aboartdh ev ehicleT.h ep olicemweenr en oti dentifiaesd b eingf romM abanzao,r under thec ontroaln da uthoritoyf the AccusedH.u tuc ivilianasn dI nterahamawree n on- specifiicn dividualasn,d n o evidencwea sp resenterde gardinagn yr elationshtihpe y mayh aveh adw itht heA ccusedM.o reoveri,t hasn otb eens hownw hethetrh eA ccused knewo r shouldh avek nowno f the usea ndw hereabouotfs the communavle hicleo,r whethehre laterc amet o knowt hatt hec ommunavle hiclwea ss o used.C onsequently, theries i nsufficieevnitd entcoel inkt heA ccusetdo t hisi ncident. 663.W itnesAsC

’ss econda llegatiroenl atetso thed ayo f thea ttacokn theS tadium. Accordintgo the witnessi,t wasa Sunday8.56 Shet estifietdh ats hes aw Semanza aboardt hec ommunavle hiclaen d thath e was transportitnhge Interahamcwoem ing fromM abanz8a5.7H owevera,g ain,i t hasn otb eens hownw hethetrh eA ccusekdn ewo r shouldh avek nowno f thea llegepdr esencoef Semanzaat theS tadiumo,r whethehre laterc amet o knowo f suchp resenceC.o nsequenttlhye,A ccusecda nnoitn curc riminal responsibiolni tthye b asiosf t hisa llegatiboynW itnesAsC . 854 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p p.4 6-48. 855 Ibidp.. 4 8. 856 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 49. 222

~/g@, ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-TI~ ..........~.. .................... ............................A...~.E._.......’-.Z-.=..... .................................. 664.I n relatiotno evidencceo ncerninagl legepdr esencoef others ubordinatoers collaboratoofr st heA ccuseadt theS tadiumt,h eC hamberre calltsh atc ommunaslt aff cannobte regardeads subordinautnedse rA rticl6e( 3)o ft heS tatuteR.e gardiAnrgt icle 6(1),t heC hambehra sa lreadgyi veni tsr easonfso rf indintgh att hee videnclee d relatitoont hesael legatiiosni sn sufficiteone ts tablitshhec riminraels ponsibiolfit thye Accused. Couldt heA ccusehda ved onem ore? 665.Q uestionrse maina boutt hec onducotf theA ccusevdi s-a-vitsh ei nhumanaec ts andm assacrewsh icho ccurreadt thes tadiuimn KibuyeT.h ef actt hatt heP rosecution hasf ailedt o makea casef ort hed irectr esponsibiloift yt heA ccusefdo rc rimes committeadt theC ompleaxn dt heS tadiudmo esn ote xcludteh ep ossibilitthya tt he Accused’cso nducotv ert her elevanpte riode ncouragetdh osec rimeso r madeh ima n accomplitchee retoF.i rstlyi,t is arguablteh att heA ccusewda sr esponsibfloer t he securitayn dw ellb eingo f theM abanzrae fugeehse sentt o Kibuyea,n d,a s theyw ere inhumaneltyr eateadn d subsequentkliyl ledh,e failedi n his dutyt owardtsh em. Secondlyi,t couldb e contendetdh atb y nott akingt hen ecessarfyo llowu p actions, includinign vestigatiaonndsc ondemnatioofn

t hek illingso,n findinogu ta boutt he massacreast the Stadiumt,h e Accusedf ailedi n his dutya s a localg overnment representative. 666.T herei s no specificch argei n thei ndictmernetl atintgo theA ccusedp’u rported failurteof ulfihli sr esponsibilaittt iheest imeo ft hee ventsL.i abilictoyu lbde i ncurred on theb asiso f paragrap4h. 13o f theI ndictmenwth,i chi s generailn itsc ontent. Accordintgo thisp aragrapht,h roughouAtp ril,M ay and June1 994,t he Accused "encouragoetdh ertso capturet,o rturaen dk illT utsim en,w omena ndc hildresne eking refugef roma ttackwsi thint hea reao f ...K ibuyeP refectureE"n.c ouragemecnotu ld includveo luntarayn dp ubliicn actioinn circumstanwcheesr et herei s a dutyt o act. Suche ncouragememnaty represenat formo f aidinga nd abettinigf then ecessary requiremeanrtesm et.T heP rosecutidoindn ots pecificalrlayi set hisi ssued urintgh e 857I bidp..5 0( "i6lt ai~tb ordde c ev 6hicule"). 223

(~~ ICTR-9I5 A-- T trialo r in itsc losinagr gumentIsn.i tsc losinagr gumentthse P rosecutioonnl ys tated thata s theA ccuse"dd ide nsurteh ata llt hesep eoplweh ow ereg athereidn theK ibuye stadiumt,h ey[ werea]l la tt heH omeS t.J ohn,a ftert he1 2tho f Aprilw,h eret heyw ere subsequentmlays sacreTdh.e g enocidteh,e m assacrceo ntributitnog t heg enocidbee ing t8h5esu ltimactrei me". 667.A possiblaer gumenits thatt heA ccuseadc tedi n extremcea relessnesins ,o ther wordsw asn egligenbty, sendintgh er efugeetso Kibuyea,n df orn otf ollowinugp on theirw ell-beinDgu.r intgh et rialt,h eC hambears keda numbeorf questioanbso utt he Accused’bse haviouirn thisr egardT.h eC hambenro test hate veni f suchn egligence weret o be demonstrateitd ,w ouldn ots ufficteo meett hem ensr ear equiremenftosr liabiliatsya principfaolr g enociadned c rimeasg ainshtu manitRya.t heri,t wouldg ot o establishitnhga tt heA ccuseids liablea s an accomplicuen,d erA rticl6e( 1)o f the Statutet,o thei nhumanter eatmeanntd m assacraets t heS tadium. ¯ Responsibifloirtt yh er efugees 668.A s theP rosecutihoans n ots hownt hatt heA ccusewda sa t theC ompleoxr at the Stadiuamt thet imeo f thea ttackst,h eq uestioonf hims toppintgh osea ttackdso esn ot ariseL.i kewisiet, hasn otb eene stablishtehda tt heA ccuseodu ghtt o havek nownt hat ther efugeehse sentt o Kibuyew ereg oingt o be inhumaneltyr eateadn de

ventually killedT.h eP rosecutiaolns oh asn ots hownt hatt heA ccusewda sp uto nn oticteh att he attackwse rei mminenatn d,t hereforpeo,t entialplrye ventabblye h isi nterventiTohne. issuet,h en,i s to whate xtentth eA ccusewda sr esponsibfloer t hew ell-beionfg t he refugeeosn cet heyh adl eftK ibuyeT.h eD efencdei dn ots pecificaaldldyr estsh isi ssue butr athesrt ategde neraltlhya tt heA ccuseddi da lli nh isp oweart t het imeo ft hee vents to prevenmta ssacres. 669.I t hasb eend emonstrattehda tb etwee1n, 000a nd1 ,500r efugeeasr riveodf their ownv olitioant theM abanzcao mmunaolf ficeb etwee8n and1 2 April1 994.D uet o the numbero f refugeest,h es anitatiaonnd t hef oods ituatiowno rsenedA.c cordintgo the Accusedh,e struggletdo copea nd soughth elpf romt he localc ommunityO.n the 858 Transcripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p . 41. 224

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ ~"~’~ :C a.s.;.o. ............. -m;’~l;n-g--’-; "f -" ’th;-- --" "’hi;--c~";y urgmestrei,n structetdh e refugeetso go to Kibuyet own.H e assignetdw op olicemetno escortt hemm id-way. 670.I t is cleart hatt heA ccusewda sr esponsibfloert her efugeewsh ilstth eyw erea t theb ureauc ommunalT.h ef actt hatt heA ccuseads signetdw op olicemetno accompany themp arto f thew aya lsog ivesr iset o a dutyo fc ared urintgh isp arto ft her efugees’ journeyT.h er emaininqgu estioins whethetrh eA ccusewda sa lsor esponsibfloer t he refugeeso nce they had left Mabanzac ommunea nd arrivedi n Gitesic ommune, specificalilny K ibuyteo wn.F romt het estimoonfy theA ccusedi,t woulda ppeart hat heb elievtehda th eh andeodv ert her esponsibifloirtt yh es ecuriotfyt her efugeteost he PrefectT.h eA ccusewda sa skedi n cross-examinatwihoent heorf ficialfsr omG itesi communwee rem eantt o assumer esponsibilfiotryt hes afetyo f ther efugeeosn cet he policee scortf romM abanzwai thdrewT.h ef ollowinegx changoec curred: "[A.I] r equesotuerdP r6fettoe nsurteh es ecuriotfyt hesree fugees. [Q.]A ndd idy ouf ollow-tuhpa,ti st hroutghhe o fficetrhsa ty oud etachfeodrt hist askd,i d youf ollow-tuopf indo utw hethetrh es ecuriwtays i nsurebdy r elayt eamt hatc amef rom Gitesi? [A.]Y es,I dids ayt hati n thea fternotohne c ommandoefr theg endarmerciaem et o M’a’b8a5n9zaan dr eassurmeedt hatt hep

eoplaer riveidn K ibuye. 671.A s such,b y hiso wn accounte,v ent hought hem eetingw ithM ajorJ abow as a chanceen countetrh,e A ccusewda sr eassurtehda tt her efugeerse achetdh eird estination safelyI.t mightb e arguedt hatt heA ccusesdh oulhda vev erifiehdi mselafn dt hath e shouldh avee nsuretdh att heP refecwta si ndeeads sumintgh er esponsibilfiotryt heir securitHyo.w evetrh,e e videnocfet heP rosecutioonnt h isi ssuei si nsufficieIntt d.o es notr efutteh et estimoonfyt heA ccusetdh att heP refechti,s d irechti erarchiscuaple rior, wasg oingt o assumer esponsibilfiotryt her efugeeso,r thatt heA ccusesdh ouldn ot havea ssumeds o. The Chambera lson otest hato utsidteh e boundarieosf Mabanza communet,h eA ccusehda dn o formalp owersI.n Gitesic ommunet,h esep owersf ellt o theb ourgmestorfe G itesia ndt o theP refecotf KibuyeC.o nsequentltyh,e C hamber cannotf indt hatt heA ccusewda sr esponsibfloer t her efugeeosn cet heyh adr eached Gitesic ommunes,p ecificalKliyb uyteo wn. 859T ranscriopft 8s June2 000p . 34. 225

672.I t coulda lsob e contendetdh att heA ccusesdh ouldh avev isitetdh er efugeeisn Kibuyet own,a s manyo f themw eref romM abanzac ommuneD.u ringt he trial,t he Accusewda s askedw hy,a ccordintgo hisa ccounth,e had notv isitedK ibuyet own betwee1n3 and1 7 April1 994i n ordert o seew hatc ouldb e donef ort hes ecuritoyf civiliadniss placferdo mh isc ommuneT.h eA ccuserde plied: "Durintgh ist imeI, wasc onfrontweidt ha ttackfsr omt heA bakigwah ow eret hreatentihneg communeev erydaTyh.e yw erel ootinagn da ttacki.n.g. S o I wasd ealinwgi tht hosew ho werlee fti nM abanzbau,ti nK ibuyIe ,w ass uret hatth ep refeatn do theprr efectuorfafli cials wouldde alw itht hes ecuriitsys u.e. ,.,8. 60 673.T heA ccusesdt atedt hato n everyd ayo f ther elevanpte riodt hec ommuncea me undera ttacbky theA bakigaH.e didn ots pecificalalsys ertth atA bakigcaa rrieodu t attackisn Mabanzcao mmunoen 15,1 6 or 17 April1 994,b utt hee videncseu ggestas reasonablliek elihotohda ta ttackosv ert hatp eriocdo ntinueWdi.t nesAsS t estified: "[Q.H]o wm anyd aysd idt hesaet tacklsa st? [A.I]t i sd iffictuold te termitnheen umbeorfd aysb,u tI dor ecaltlh att heyl astefdo rs ome time. [Q:]W erey ou,y ourselaft,t ackeWdi,t nesAsS ? [A.]I wast hev ictiomfa ttacoknss everoaclc asions. [Q.]W heny ous ayo ns everaolc casionsse,v eradla ysi,s t hatw haty oum ean? [’A’.8Y]6e ~si,n deeIdn.f acti,t w asf ors everdaaly

s. 674.T heP rosecutihoans n otr efutetdh eA ccused’cso ntentitohna tf rom1 3 Aprilt o 18 April1 994h e wasp reoccupiweidt ht heA bakigaan do therp ressinmga tterisn the communaen dt hat,f ort heser easonsh,e wasu nablet o rendera nya ssistancteo the refugeeisn Kibuyet own.T heP rosecutiaolns oh as nots hownt hatt heA ccusewda s notifieodr shouldh avek nowna boutt hei nhumanceo nditioants t heS tadiumo,r about thea ttacko n theC omplexo,r aboutt hei mminenatt tacko n theS tadiumU.n dert hese circumstanctehsee, x planatioofn t heA ccusecda nnobte r ejecteads implausible. 860T ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p . 42. 861I bid.p .9 . 226

675.A notheqru estioins whethetrh e Accuseadc quiescetdo them assacrebsy not takingn ecessarfyo llow-uapc tionisn hisc apacitays bourgmestrLei.a bilitwyo uld comeu nderA rticl6e( 1),w herebayc quiescenbcye a seniorp ublico fficiatlo crimes whichh e or sheh asa dutyt o punischo uldc onstituat ef ormo f aidinagn da bettinigf thes tandaerlde men-t sn amelyt,h ea ctusr euso fs iabstantcioanlt ributtioot nh ec rimes, andt hem ensr eao fk nowinsgu pporfto rt hea ctso f thep rincipaelvse,n e x postf acto-, couldb e demonstratTehde.a etusr eusm ayb e a positivaec to ra n acto fo missiosnu,c h asa ni ntentiodneacli sinoont t op erforam l egadlu ty. 676.A skeda boutt he attacko n the Stadiumt,h e Accuseds aidt hath e foundi t "stranget"h atn oto nlyA bakigbau ta lsog endarmheasd a ttacketdh er efugeesH.e was askedi f he hadt riedt o findo utw hyt hisw ass o.A ftera ll,a largen umbeorf p eople whoses ecuritoyr iginalfleyl lt o theA ccusewde rea ttackeadn dk illesd6,2T heA ccused answered: "Ir ealiztehda tt hes uperiaourt horithiaedsb eeni nformaendd t heyc amet ov isiKti buye. AndI thoughtth att heyw ereg ointgo t aket hen ecessamreya suraetst heilre velT.h ati s whaIt expect.e.d. .I thougihttw asu pt ot hes uperimoyrs ,u peritoort sa ket hei nitiattiove follouwp o nw hath appeniendt hep refectuTrhea.tw asn ott hef irstti met hats ucha trocities hado ccurrebdu,tn oto nt hats caleO.n e acho ccasiotnh,e rwee re. ..d ecisiotnois n vestigate andf ollouwp ;a ndI thoughtth atw ase xactlwyh atw asg ointgo b ed onea,n dt hatI wasa lso gointgo t estifiynt hem atterb,e causpea rto ft hei nformatoinow nh ath appenweads w ithin m’y’k6 8n3owledge.

677. The Accuseda dded:" I denouncewdh ath appenedi,n the meetingtsh atw ere helda fter Hes aidt hato n2 5A pri1l9 94h ea ttendae dm eetinagt t heP refecture that,’’864 of Kibuyse6.5M oret hant wow eeksh ade lapsedb,y hisa ccounts,i nceh isl astv isitt o theP refectusr6e6.A skedw hethetrh ek illingast theS tadiuhma db eena subjecotf discussiaotn t hep refecturmaele tingh,e responde"dD:u rintgh atm eetingw,e really deploredw hat happeneda nd we made recommendatioinnst endedt o informt he 862 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p p.6 0-61. 863 Ibidp.p .6 1-63. 864 Ibidp.. 6 4. 865 Transcripotfs 6 June2 000p p.1 00-101. 227

ICTR-95-1A-T ~ : ~/g@~ ~~ ...................................................................................................................... s’u’pse6r7iaourt horittioea sv erstu chs ituatiionnt sh ef uture. 678.T he Accusedw asa lsoa skedi f the Prefecth ad explainewdh y gendarmehsa d participaitnet dh ea ttacokn t heS tadiu8m6.8H er eplietdh att hem eetinwga sb rie(fl ess thano neh our)b ecausteh erew ast ensiobne tweetnh eP refecatn dt heb ourgmestorfe GitesiE.a chb ourgmestgraev ea securitsyt atusr eporto n hiso wnc ommuneT.h en, whent heb ourgmestriensq uireadb outw hath adh appeneidn Kibuyet owni n thep eriod 17 to 19 April1 994,t heP refectto ldt hemt hatt hea ttackast theS tadiuhma db een carrieodu tb y gendarmeAsb,a kigaan dd elinquenftrso mK ibuye: "TheP refecetx plainteodu st hatt hel ocaClo mmandweern tt ot heb attlefioenl1 d5 A pril andt hata ftehri sd epartutrhee rwea sa meetinwgi thitnh er ankosf t heg endarmaensdt hat hse6h 9imselwfa st hreatened", 679.T he Accuseda ddedt hath e "didn ot havea ny authoritoyv ert he peopleo f Kibuye,a nd I had no authoritoyv ert he bourgmestroef GitesiC ommuneI. only denouncwehda t. ..w ash appenitnhge re[ inG itesi]s"7.°A skedi f he enquireadb outt he numbeorf p eoplkei lledt,h eA ccuserde plied":W ed idn’ats kf ort hee xactn umbe.r. .. We understootdh ati t was horriblaen d no one mentioneadn y figures8"7.1 About Kayishemtah

eA ccusesda id: "[Hew]a ss ayintgh ath ew asg ointgo b er esponsifbolrew hath appeniendh isp refecture andt hati s whyh eh adp roblewmist ht heB urgomasotfe rGi tesih,e w asa skinhgi mw hat h’a’p8p7e2needx,a ctlwyh ath appenetdh,e nh eh adp robleemxsp lainiwnhga th appened. 680.O n 3 May 1994,t heA ccusewde ntt o Kibuyet ownt o attenda meetinwgi tht he PrimeM inistero f Rwanda’isn terimg overnmentJ,e anK ambanda8.73 The Accused maintaintehda th ep ursuetdh em atteart them eetinwgi tht heP rimeM inister: 866I bidp.. 1 01. 867 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p . 69. 868T ranscripotfs 6 June2 000p . 102. 869I bid.p . 103;a nd8 June2 000p . 254. 87oT ranscripotfs 8 June2 000p . 252. 871I bidp.. 2 56. 872I bidp.. 1 04. 873T ranscripotfs 9 June2 000p . 60. 228

ICTRi5-1A’T ~~ ..................................................................................................................... ~. ~ ~1~ "’Is pokaeb ouwth ats houlbde d one,w hatn eedst ob ed onef ort hep eoploef K ibuyweh o werev ictimosft hea trocitpieersp etraitnet dh er egio.n. ..[ T]hper immei nistreerp liebdy sayinhgew asg ointgo d oe verythpionsgs ibtloep unisthh ep erpetraotfot rhse a ctsa,n dt hat sucahc tssh oulsdt opf’,o’ r8t7h4with. 681.T heA ccusesdt atedt hath e "expectedh"i ss uperiortso followu p on whath ad happeneIdt. couldb e arguedt hatt heA ccusecdo uldn oth aver easonabbleyl ievetdh at hisd uty,a t leastt o callf ora n investigatiinotno t hec rimecso mmitteadg ainstth e formeri nhabitantosf Mabanzac ommune,w as dischargeidn the courseo f his conversatwiiotnh t heP rimeM inister. 682.T heP rosecutihoans n otd iscredittehde see lementosf theA ccused’dse fence. Althougthh e defencei,t couldb e argued,m aya ppears omewhaqtu estionablteh,e Prosecutihoans notr efutetdh em.A dditionalltyh,e P rosecutihoans p resentendo argumenatss t o whatf urthearc tiontsh eA ccusecdo uldh avet akeni n thec ircumstances in thef ulfilmeonfth isd uty.A ss uch,h ist estimorneyg arditnhge m eetingosf 2 5 April and 3 May 1994,c astss omed oubto n the propositiotnh ath e did not do enough followintgh em assacreIsn. p articulatrh,e P rosecutihoans n otd emonstrattehda tt he

Accused’isn actioanm ountetdo an acquiescencpoes itivelcyo ntributintog the commissioonf theseo r laterc rimesA.c cordingliyt, h asn ot beens hownt hatt he Accusehda dt hem ensr eao fa n aidera nda bettor. 683.I n lighto f thea bovea,n dc onsideritnhga tt hesei ssuewse ren ota ddressbeyd t he partiest,h eC hambeirs notp reparetdo makea n adversfei ndinagg ainstth eA ccused forn oth avingd onee nought o punishc rimesc ommitteadg ainsrte fugeeisn Kibuye townb etwee1n3 and1 9 April1 994. 874T ranscroifp5 t Jsu n2e0 0p0p .6 6-67. 229

4.1K illinogf Karungu TheI ndictment 684.T he killinogf Karungua, Tutsi,i s allegetdo havet akenp lacei n Mabanza communaer oundt hem iddleo f April1 9948.75T heP rosecutiborni ngst hise ventu nder paragrap4h.s1 2a nd4 .13o f theI ndictment: "4.1I2n a dditioIng,n acBea gilishpeemras onalaltyt ackaendd k illepde rsonrse sidionrg seekinrge fugien Mabanzcao mmune. 4.13T hroughoAuptr ilM,a ya ndJ une1 994,I gnacBea gilisheimna c,o ncerwti tho thers, committaecdt so fM urdearn de ncouragoetdh ertso capturteo,r turaen dk illT utsim en, womena ndc hildresne,e kinrge fugfer oma ttackwsi thitnh ea reao f MabanzaG,i tesi, Gishyitaan dG isovcuo mmuneKsi,b uyPer efecture." Submissioonfst heP arties 685.A ccordintgo theP rosecutiotnh,e A ccusewda s involveidn an attacko vert wo days againstK arungu.T akingp art,i n additiont o the Accused,w ere Mabanza communeo fficialNss engiman(aa n assistanbto urgmestreN)z,a nana( thec ommunal accountant),N shimyimana( the communald river),a communalp oliceman, InterahamwAeb,a kigaan do thersK.a rungwua sk illedd uringt hea ttacka ndh ish ouse wasd estroyeTdh.e P rosecutiaolnl egetsh att heA ccusewda sa n armedp articipainnt thea ttack. 686.I n responsteo theA ccused’cso ntentitohna th e wase ngagewdi tho therm atters ont hed ayso ft hea ttackt,h eP rosecutairognu etsh at,i ft hati ss o,t heA ccuseadt l east knewa boutt hea ttacwkh icho ccurreodn 13 April1 994b utt ookn o measuretso protect Karungoun thef ollowindga y. 687.T heP rosecutiaosns erttsh ata llp ersonwsh ot ookp arti n thea ttaceki thewre re civilianasn swerablteo the Accusedi n his capacitays bourgmestroer wereh is 230

................................................................_.,._._._.. ............................ subordinateTsh.e Prosecutiocnh argest he Accusewdi thg enocidec,o mplicitiyn g8e7n6ociadned c rimeasg ainshtu maniitnyr elatitoont hise vent. 688.T heD efencceh allengetsh e credibiliotfy ProsecutiWoint nesseAsB , H and O on theg roundt hatt heirt estimoniweesr ei naccuraatned i nconsistenTth.eD efence allegesf,o re xamplet,h att hew itnessegsa ved iffereanctc ountasb outt hem anneri n whicht heA ccuseadc companitehde a ttackertso Karungu’hso use.F urthermorneo,n e of thet hrePer osecutiwoint nessaecst ualslayw t hea ttacokn theh ouse. 689.I n relatiotno thea dditionaall legatiotnh att he Accusefda iledt o provide protectiotnh,eD efencree plietsh att heP rosecutihoansl edn o evidencteo s how,f irst, thatt heA ccusekdn ewt hatK arungnue edeads sistanocne t hef irstd ayo ft hea ttacko,r thath e knewt hatt hea ttackewrosu ldr eturtnh en extd ay;s econdt,h erei s noe vidence thatt he Accusehda dt hen ecessarmye ansa nd wasi n a positiotno providKea rungu withp rotectioorn,,h avintgh em eanst,h att heA ccuserde fuseodr f ailetdo d o S8O7.7 Deliberations 690.T heC hambewri llc onsidetrh et estimonioefs P rosecutiWoint nesseAsB ,H and O,f ollowebdy thato f theA ccused. WitnesAsB 691.I n directe xaminatioWni,t nesAsB testifietdh ato n 13 April1 994,f romh er hidinpgl acei n thea

reao f Gitikininsih,e s awt heA ccusedt,o gethewri thI nterahamwe and policemena,b oardt hec ommunvee hiclien citinpge oplet o attackK arunguT.h e vehicled,r ivenb y Nshimyimantah,e communadlr iver,p assedc loseb y wheret he witnessw as hiding,o n the way to Karungu’hso use.A megaphonwea s heldb y a policemanM,u nyandamutswah,o w as callinogu t thatK arungwua s a veryi mportant 875T hef irstn ameo f thea llegevdi ctimi s noti n evidencbee foret heC hamber. 876 Prosecutionw’rsi ttenC losingR emarksp . II para.7 5,p . 13 paras.8 8-89,p . 53 para.3 10,p p.6 3-64 paras.3 51-353,p . 88 para.5 9, p. 92 para.8 6,p . 103p ara.1 50,p . 108 para.1 95,p . 115p ara.2 59 and p. 118p ara.2 78. 231

ICTR-95-1A-T [nkotanyB8iy7. 8t hisa,c corditnog t hew itneshse, meanat dangeroTuust si. 692.W itnesAsB maintainetdh atu ponh earintgh esee xhortatiotnhse I nterahamwe rushetdo Karungu’hso useH.e rh idinpgl acew asn otc loset o hish ousen;e vertheless, fromw heres hew as,a t an elevatepda rto f a sorghufmi eld,s he" coulds eea llt hose goingt o theh ouse"8.79 Thea ttackerwse ren ota blet o killK artmgoun thatd ay.T he witneshse arda boutt hisf romh erh idinpgl ace,f ort hel nterahamowne t heirw ayb ack fromK arungu’hso usew eret alkinagm ongstt hemselvess,a yingt hatt heyh ad been preventferdo mk illinKga rungbuy hisn eighbours. 693.W itnessA B testifietdh ato n 14 April1 994s he was stilli n hiding,n ow alongsidteh er oadg oingt owardGsi senyia,t a placec alledK uibagi8r8o°.D rumsw ere beateni n the courseo f the nightt o summonp eople.E veryonea,c cordintgo the witnessi,n cludincgh ildrenh,u rrietdo theh ouseo f KarunguT.h ew itnesssa id:" I witnesstehde a ttactkh atw asl auncheadt K arunguh’osu se’.’881S hea lsot estifitehda t theA ccusehda d" inviteadl lt hesep eople"t,h ath e" launchtehde a ttack"a,n dt hath e "playead r olei nt hea ttack8"8.2H owevelra,t eirn e xamination-in-tchheiw eift,n esssa id thats hed idn ots eet heA ccusetda kep arti n thea ttacikt self":I onlys awh imo n the vehiclteh atw ast ransportitnhge I nteraham’w’e8.83W ithinh earindgi stancoef her hidinpgl

acet,h eA ccuseadl legedmleyt t heA bakigaan da skedt hemt o assishti m. 694.W itnesAsB thend escribetdh ea ttacko f 14 April1 994.I t lasted" thew hole day",f rom9 a.m.t o 5 p.m8.84M anyp ersontso okp art.T heyw erea rmedw itha lls orts of weapons,a nd some woreb ananal eaves.W histlesw ereb lowna nd drumsw ere beateinn t hec oursoef t hea ttackT.h ew itnesdsi dn ots eet hea ctuaalt tackS.h ed idn ot witnesKsa rungbue ingk illeda,l thougho,n cea gain,s hew asa blet o overheatrh ose 877 See,f ori nstancDee,f encCel osinBgr iefp p.3 3-36p aras2.2 3-266. 878 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p . 75. 879 Ibidp.. 7 8. 88o Ibidp.. 8 4. 881 Ibidp.. 8 1. 882 Ibidp.p .8 0-82. 883 Ibidp.. 8 3. 884 Ibidp.. 8 5. 232

ICTR-95-1A-T ~5~ "~" ....................................................................................................... returninfgr omt he attacki n theirv ehiclebso astinagb outw hatt heyh ad done. Karungu’hso usew as destroyedT.h e Abakigao,n theirw ay backf romt he attack, destroyeodt herh ousesa longt hew aya ndk illedw hoevewra si n then eighbourhood. WitnesAsB admittetdh att herew asa "bigd istanceb"e tweehne rh idinpgl acea ndt he placeo f thea ttackb,u ts tatetdh ata ftert hea ttacskh ec oulds eet hatK arunguh’osu se w8a8s5i nr uins. 695.A ccordintgo thew itnessI,n terahamkwiel ledK arungub,u rninhgi sh ousew ith himi nsideH.i sf amilya ndt woH utu,w how ered efendinhgi m,w erea lsok illedT.h e samee veningP,r efectK ayishemgaa vet hosew ho had participateidn the attack vehiclerse quisitionferdo mt heC hinesreo adc onstructicoonm panyT.h e jubilant a8t8t6ackedrrso vteh ev ehiclaewsa yf romt hes ceneo ft hea ttacks,i nging. 696.I n cross-examinatWiiotnn esAsB testifietdh ats he couldn ot see Karungu’s housef romh erh idingp laceo n 13 April1 994.A skedh ows hek newt hatt hep ersons goingp asti ntendetdo stopa t theh ouses,h ec laimetdh att heyh ads aids o themselves. Thew itnesasd dedt hatb y 14 April1 994,s heh adc hangehde rh idingp lace,m ovinga littlef urtheurp fromK uibagirFor.o mt heres hew ass tillu nablet o seeK arungu’s house8.87T hew itnesasp pearetdo

hesitatteo a nswetrh eq uestiownh ethesrh eh ads een theA ccuseadt t heh ousei nt hec oursoef thea ttacke,v entualalcyk nowledgtihnagts he wasn ota witnestso it.s88 Shea lsoe xplainetdh ats heh adn ot seenK ayishemaat Karungu’hso useb utr athers awh imi n hisv ehiclder ivinpga sth erh idingp lace.H e wasb eingt hankebdy theI nterahamf8wo8er9 g ivintgh ema vehiclteo go homei n. 697.A lreadtyh eC hambehra se xpresseidt sd oubtsa boutt her eliabiliotfy W itness AB’st estimo8n9y°.H ert estimoonnyt hek illinogf Karungaud dst ot hosed oubtsF.i rst, thew itnesgsa vec onflictiancgc ountsc,l aimintgo havew itnesstehde a ttackasg ainst 885 Ibipd..8 6. 886 Ibipd..9 0. 887 Transcriopft1 s6N ovemb1e9r9 9p p.6 9-71. 888 Ibidp.p .7 2-73. 889 Ibidp.p .7 9-80. 233

Karungut,h end enyintgh isi n cross-examinatSieocno.n dt,h ew itnescso uldn ots ee Karungu’hso usef rome ithero f herh idingp lacesT.h ird,w hilea t firstt hew itness testifitehda tt heA ccuselda unchetdh ea ttacks,h et hena ssertetdh ats heh ads eenh im onlyp assb y on ther oadi n thed irectioonf Karungu’hso use.H erd escriptioofn t he actuaalt tacokn 1 4 April1 994m aden o referentcoe t heA ccused. 698.T he Chamberd oesn ot overlootkh e possibilittyh atW itnessA B couldh ave reconciloerd f urtheerl ucidateelde mentosf hera ccounotf thise vent.H oweverh,e r testimonlye ftt hei mpressitohna ts hew ishetdo convemyo ret hans heh adw itnessed. TheC hambedro ubtsf,o re xamplet,h att hew itnescso uldh aveb ecomep rivyt o sucha remarkablaem ounto f informaticoonn cernintgh ea ttacks implyb y overhearitnhge conversatioofnt sh osep assinbgy herh idinpgl aceI.t cannobte saidt hatt hew itness wasw ellp lacetdo overheadri stanutt terancsepso keanb ovet hed ino fa largeg roupo f attackerYse.t ,a ccorditnog t hew itnesss,h eo btaineidn formatiionn t hism anneorn at leasfti ves eparaotcec asions. 699.I n viewo f the doubtsr aisedb y WitnessA B’st estimonyt,h e Chamberh as compareidt withh ere arliesrt atementtos P rosecutiionnv estigatoIrns t.h ef irsts uch statemenotf, 1 Februar1y9 96,t hew itnesnsa meds ixteevni ctimasn dt hep lacesa t whicht heyw erek illed8.91K arungwua sn ot amongt

hem.T hew itnesmse ntionetdh e Accuseodn lyi n relatiotno the meetinwgi thK ayishemoan 12 April1 994a nd the departuorfe t her efugeefso rK ibuy(eV .2.a6n d3 .1).I nh ern exts tatemenotf, 2 2 June 1999,w hichw asf ocuseodn actionosf theA ccusedt,h ew itnesdsi scusstehde a ttacokn Karungiun detai8l9.2T hisv ersioins generalilny a ccorwdi thh ert estimonayl,t hough the witnesss tatedt hat the Accuseda nd PrefectK ayishem"aw erep resentw hen Karungwua s attackeadn dm urdered". 700.T he Chamberi s mindfult hatW itnessA B did not see the actuala ttackso n KarunguH.e rs tatementthsa tt heA ccuse"dp layead r ole"a nd" launchaend attacka"r e 890S eeV .2.5a ndV .2.6.S eea lsoV .3.1,w hereo n onep ointW itnesAsB ’st estimodniyf ferfsr omt hato f allo thewri tnesses. 891 DefencEex hibiNto .2 . 234

of a generanla tureH.e rt estimoniys markedb y internavla riatioannsd e lementosf speculatiaonndh earsatyh atc astd oubto nh erc redibiliatsya n eyewitnetsos t hee vents shed escribeHde.r v iew,h iddeans shew asi n a fielda ndc oncernneodt t o be seenb y thoses hew aso bservinwga,s m uchl esst hani deala,n dt hism ustb e takeni ntoa ccount by theC hambewrh ena ssessihnegr a bilittyo identipfays sers-by. WitnesHs 701.W itnesHs testifietdh ati mmediatefloyl lowintgh ed eparturoef refugeeosn 13 April1 994,A bakigaar riveidn Mabanzcao mmunaen d proceedetdo Karungu’hso use. Thew itneswsa ss tandinogn a hill.H e testifitehda th e "didn ots eem uch.I onlys aw peoplteh ere8"9.3T hea ttackewresr eu nablteo findK arungoun thef irstd ayb utw ere successfounl thes econdw,h ent heyt orchehdi sh ouse,b urninhgi ma live.W itnesHs c8o9u4lhde art hea ttackesrhso utinagn,d s ingin"gl etu s extermintahteem ". 702.A t thisp ointi n thee xaminatioWni,t nesHs’ s timingo f theK arungeup isode becameu nclearT.h e Prosecutiroenf erretdh ew itnestso his statemenotf 14 July 19998.95T hereh e statedt hatt her efugeelse ftM abanzcao mmunoen 13 April1 994. Thes tatemencto ntinued: "Aftetrh eyl efta, g rouopf k illerresf errteoda sA bakiagrar ivferdo mR utsiraon dG isenyi. ...T hats amed ay,I sawB agilishegmoa t o Karunguh’osu set wicei n a vehicleT.h e Abakigoan lyf oundK arungoun ew eekl atera ndk illehdi

m8.96T woo f theH utush iding him. ..w erea lsok illefdo rc onspirwiintght hee nemy." 703.A skedt o commenotn thed ateo f thek illingW,i tnesHs reiterattehda tK arungu wasf ounda ndk illeidn thew eekf ollowitnhge d epartuorfe ther efugeeAss.k eda gain, he gavet hes amea nswerF.o urr oundso f questioniwnegr en ecessabreyf oret hew itness indicatetdh atw hath e meantw ast hatt hea ttacko n Karungu’hso useo ccurreodn the 892 DefencEex kibiNto .3 . 893 Transcripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p . 18. 894 Ibidp.. 1 9. 895 DefencEex hibiNto .1 0. 235

dayo f ther efugeedse’p arturfeo rK ibuyteo wn.T hew itnesfsi nallsya idt hatK arungu wask illedo n then extd ay,a Thursda8y9.7T heC hambenro test hati n hisw ritten statemenotf 14 July1 999,W itnesHs declarewdi thouatm biguittyh atK arungwua s foundh idinwgi thH utuo new eeka ftert hew itneshsa ds eent heA ccuseodn thew ayt o Karunguh’osu sen,a melyo,n ew eeka ftert hed ayo f ther efugeedse’p arture. 780948.W itnesHs confirmetdh ath e sawt heA ccuseodn thef irstd ayo f thea ttack. He was followintgh e Abakigai n the communavle hiclew,h ichw as drivenb y the communadlr iver,N shimyimanTah.e rew as a communaplo licemaonn boarda nd more thant enI nterahamwDeu.r incgr oss-examinattihoewn i,t nesesx plaintehda th e sawt he Abakigpaa ssa t around6 a.m.,w hereatsh eA ccusecda mea ftert hem( "less uivait") somet imea fter8 a.m8.99T hew itnestse stifitehda th e sawt heA ccusetdr aveiln the directioofn Karunguh’osu sea lsoo n thes econdda yo f thea ttackT.h eA ccusewda si n thes amec ar,a ccompanibeyd t hes amep erson9s°.°T hew itnesdsi dn otp rovidaen y mored etailasb outth es econdda yo ft hea ttack. 705.W itnesHs saidt hata lthougKha rungu’hso usec ouldn otb e seenf romw heret he witneswsa sl ivingh,e knewo f a locatiofnr omw hereh e couldv iewt heh ouseI.t was fromt hisl ocatitohna th ew itnesstehde f irsdta yo ft hea ttackH.e saidt hath es awt he Abakigpaa ssi n fronto f hish

ousew,h ichw asb y ther oadsidFer.o mt hereh,e m ovedt o hiso bservatipooni ntt o seew hatw ash appeniantg Kartmguh’osu se. 706.O n the secondd ay,h e saw the same scenef romh is house,n amelya large numbero f Abakigat,o gethewri thl ocalH um,w alkinpga sto n thew ayt o Karungu’s house.T hey were singing.B ehindt hem came the communalv ehicled rivenb y N9s°h1imyimana. 896 Frencvhe rsion":L esA bakigna’ ontt rouve6t tu6K artmgquu ’aub outd ’unes emaine." 897 Transcripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p p.3 1-36a nd4 0. 898 Ibidp.. 3 7. 899 Transcripotfs 2 2 Novembe1r9 99p p.8 -9. 9oo Transcripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p p.4 0 and8 4-86. 901 Transcripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p p. 85-86. 236

....................................................................................................... 707.I t hasb eene stablishtehda tW itnesHs w asn ota closee ye-witnetsost hea ttacks on Karunguh’osu seH.i st estimodniyd n otc ontaiann yd etailasb outt hea ttackse,x cept fort het orchinogf theh ouseE.v eni ft heC hambearc cepttsh atW itnesHs o bservetdh e attackfsr omh isv antagpeo into n theh ill,t hew itnescso uldn otc onfirtmh att he Accusewda sp resenatt t hes iteo ft hea ttackosn K arungIun.r elatitoont hef irsatt tack, thew itnestse stifietdh att heA ccusefdo lloweidn thep atho f theA bakigoan lyt wo hoursl ater.D espitsee eing" personsa"t thes ite,h e didn ots eet heA ccusedT.h is createdso ubta s to whethetrh eA ccuseadc tuallfyo llowetdh eA bakigtao Karungu’s house.R egardintgh es econda ttackt,h ew itnesosn lys awt heA ccusetdr avel" int he directioofnK arunguh’osu se"T.h isi,n i tselfi,s i nconclusive. Witnes0s 708.W itnesOs testifietdh ats ometimbee twee1n5 and1 8 April1 994,a t 10 a.m.,a n attackw asm ountefdr omG itikinintio killK arungua, Tutsi.T hew itnessw,h ow as hidingi n a sorghufmi eld,s awt heA ccuseadm onga crowdo f peoplem ovingt owards Nyarugensgeec teurs,i ngin"gl etu s exterminatthee m"P.r esenwti tht heA ccusewde re assistantb ourgmestreSse manzaa nd Nsengimanaa,n d the communala ccountant NzananaT.h eA ccusedw asc arryinag gun9.°2 Duringc

ross-examinatiWoint,n esOs testifietdh att he crowdn umbereda pproximateolnye hundred.T he Accusedw as followintgh ec rowd,o n foot.T hew itnesdsi dn ote xplaihno ws hec amet o knowt hat t9h°i3sg rouopf peoplwea so n itsw ayt ok illK arungu. 709.T heC hambehra sa lreadfyo undr easont o doubtt her eliabiliotfy W itnesOs’ s testimoinny relatiotno thea llegemde etinogn 12 April1 994b etweetnh eA ccuseadn d Kayishem(aV .2.6)I.n thisc onnectiotnh,e C hambenro test hatt he witness’fsi rst writtesnt atemenotf, 17 Octobe1r9 95,d idn ote xplicitrleyf ert o Karung9u°.4T he episoddee scribetdh erei s of theA ccuseda,r medw itha gun,i n thec ompanoyf three assistant-s Nzanana,N sengimanaan d Anthere- armedw ithc udgels.T heyw ere 902T ranscripotfs 2 4 Novembe1r9 99p p.4 4-46. 9O3I bid.p p.1 15-116. 237

-’~ ~ ~ ICTR-95-1A-T 5"4 "lookinfgo rp eople". 710.T hew itnesrse ferretdo thek illinogf Kartmgoun lyi n hers econidn terviweiwt h Prosecutiionnv estigatoonr2 s3 and2 4 Februar1y9 989.°s( Ins omer especttsh isa ccount resembltehse e pisodmee ntioniend herf irsts tatemenitn; o therist is similatro her testimonyT.h)e w itnesdse clareidn her seconds tatementth ats ometimbee twee1n5 and1 8 April1 994,f romh erh idinpgl acei n a sorghufmi elds,h es awt heA ccuseadn da crowdo f betweefni ftya ndo neh undreadt tackecrosm ef romG itikininSih.e d idn ots ee any communalp olicemen.T he Accusedc arrieda gun, but so did Semanza. Nsengimahnaad a club.T hew itnesdsi dn otm entioNnz ananoar AnthereS.h es aidt hat upont heirr eturnt,h eg roup( herd eclaratidoone sn otc larifwyh etheirt includetdh e A9c°c6usedw)a ss ingintgh atK arunghua db eenk illed. The Accused 711.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ato n 13 April1 994,h avingo verseetnh ed eparturoef ther efugeefsr omt heb ureauc ommunalh,e turnedh ism indt o thee xpecteadt tackb y theA bakigaA.f terv isitinPga storC yumaf ora dvicet,h eA ccusesda wa largen umber of peoplea rmedw itht raditionalw eapon9s0.7T hesea ssailantfsi,n dinngo onea t the communaolf ficed,i spersesdo,m eo f themg oingt o lookf orK arunguo,t herhse adintgo theh ouseo f theA ccusedT.h eA ccusetde stifietdh ath e hearde xplosionfsr omt he directioonf Karungu’hso use,a t a timet

hath e himselwfa s undert hreatb y the AbakigaT.h eA ccuselda terr eceiveidn formatiforno mt hec onseilleorf thes ecteur whereK arunglui vedt hatK arunghua dd efendehdi mselrfe markabwleyl l;h e hade ven 904 DefencEex hibiNto .1 1. 905 ProsecutiEoxnh ibiNto .6 2. 906 WitnesOs’ ss tatemenotf Februar1y9 98c ontaintsh ef ollowinsge ntence":A nothepre rsonw hoc ould testifayb outB agilishemaac’tsi ondsu rintgh atp eriodi s named[ WitnesAsB ]. ..W e weren ot together durintgh osee ventsb,u tI believseh ew ouldb ew illintgo testifyA.s" i ndicataebdo veb,y thisd ate( 1998) WitnesAsB hada lreadmya dea generaslt atemen(tF ebruar1y9 96)i n whichs hem aden o referencteo the Kartmgeup isodeK.a rungfui rsta ppeareidn hers tatemenotf June1 999,t hati s,s ubsequetnot W itness O’ss econds tatemenItt. h asn ote scapetdh eC hamber’nso ticet hatt herei s a possibiliotfy c ollusion betweetnh et wow itnesses. 907T ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p p.4 7-48.

712.O ncet hea ssailanthsa dl eft,t heA ccuserde turnetdo the bureauc ommunatlo seew hath ado ccurretdh ereH.e triedt o contacpte oplei n Mushubattio seeh owt hey werec opingT.h eA ccusetde stifietdh ath e didn ot visitK arungua,l thoughhe had learneodf t hea ttaclka tero nt hes amed ay.H e testifitehda t" tot hec ontrarIy w,e ntt o seep eoplweh ow eres tillu ndert hreatw,h ow eren oti n Karungu’hso use. ...I went towardtsh en orthj,u stf ollowitnhge A bakigwah ow ereg oingt o theiro wnh omesw,h o wereg oinga way"9.°9 The Accuseds aida boutK arungut hath e was knownt o the Abakigaw,h oh adb randehdi m" ana ccompliocfe t heI9 n1k°otanyi". 713.T heA ccusetde stifitehda th e didn ote xpectth eA bakigtao returnt o Karungu’s houseo n 14 April1 994.H e wast oldt hatK arungwua sn ota t homew hent heya rrived on the secondd ay - he had gonei ntoh idingH.e was alsot oldt hatt he Abakiga proceedteod searcht heh ouseisn Kabugsae cteuru,n tilK arungrua nb ackt o hish ouse sayintgh ath isd ayh adc ome.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ath e wasi nformetdh atK arungu hadc ommittseudi cidbey settinhgi sh ouseo n firea ndt hats ubsequenttlhye,A bakiga attackKeadr nngsu ’n eighboursa.91 714.I n cross-examinattihoen A ccusewda sa skeda boutt he stepsh e had takent o ensuret hatK arungwuo uldb e protectefdr oma follow-uapt tackT.h eA ccuserde plied thath e didn otk nowt hatt heA bakigwae reg oingt o

returtnh en extd ay;t hatK arungu hadd efendehdi mselwfe ll,s o theA ccuseddi dn ots eet hen eedt o visith im;a ndt hat therew erem oreu rgentm attertso attendt o in thec ommun9e1.2T heP rosecutiaolns o askedt heA ccusetdo explaiwnh yh e hadp rovidepdo licper otectitoon WitnesRsA and PastorE liphaosn 14 April1 994b utn onet o Karunguc,o nsideritnhga th e wast heo ne w9h1o3h adb eena ttackeTdh.e A ccuseddi dn otp rovidae d irecatn swetro thisq uestion. 908 Ibid.p p.4 8,1 06-1071,1 2-113a;n dt ranscripotfs 8 June2 000p . 215. 909 Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p . 49. 9t0 Ibidp.. 1 23. 911 Ibid. 912 Transcripotfs 8 June2 000p p.2 15-218. 913 Ibidp.. 2 24. 239

Findings 715.F romt he aboves ummariyt is evidentth atn oneo f thet hreew itnesssa wt he Accusepda rticipaitne t hep hysicaalt tacokn Karunguh’osu seE.a chw itnescsl aimetdo haves eent heA ccusegdo in thed irectioonf theh ouse,b utn oner eportesde eingh im retur(nW itnesAsB t estifiteods eeinKga yishermeat urn)T.h ea bsencoef thisd etaiils significainnt t hep resencto ntextw,h erew itnesseosc cupievda ntagpeo intasl ongt he routteo t hes iteo ft hea ttacbkust w eren otp reseanttt hes itei tself. 716.A n additionsaolu rceo f doubtr elatetso ther eliabiliotfy t het estimonioefs WitnesseAsB andO . Theu nderlyirnega sonwse res eto uta bovea nda lsoi n sections V.2.a5n d2 .6.T hisd oubnte cessariilmyp lietsh ati n thea bsencoef corroboratdientga il the Chamberw illb e unablet o accepta n assertiomna deb y eitherw itnessT.h e Chamberd oesn ot findt hatt he testimonieosf WitnesseAsB and O are strongly mutualcloyr roboratianvdeb ,o thd iffesri gnificanftrloymt hato fW itnesHs. 717.O nly limitede videncew as led on the role of possiblec ollaboratorosr subordinatoefs t heA ccusedT.h ew itnessedsi dn oti dentiftyh es ames eto f persons seekingK arungu.W hileW itnesseAsB and H mentionetdh e communald rivera nd policemenW,i tnessO saw the Accusedw alkingi n the companyo f two assistant bourgmestraensd t hec ommunaalc countanatn,d ,i n hers econds tatementth,e w itness explicitdleyc laretdh

ats heh adn ots eenc ommunaplo licemeTnh.u st hei dentitoyf any subordinatoefs t heA ccusewdh op articipatiend a ttackasg ainsKta rungrue mainisn doubtT.h ee videncoen theirr olesl eadinugp to thea ttackwsa se venm ores parsteh an thatc oncernitnhge A ccusedA.g ain,n o witnesssa wt hesep ersonpsa rticipaitne t he physicaatlt ackasg ainsKta rung-u t heyw eres eeno nlye n routea,l legedtloyt hes iteo f thea ttacks. 718.F urthermoraes, e xplaineudn derI V.4.6a nd4 .7,u nlesst he evidencien the particulianrs tancien dicatoetsh erwisteh,e C hambewri lln otb e in a positiotno find

ICTR-95-1A-T ...............................................................".2.2.2.. .............................. thatp ersonrse ferretdo as Abakigaan dI nterahamwweer es ubordinatoefs t heA ccused. Thee videnchee rei si nsufficiteon dte viatfer omt hisp ointo fd eparturNeo.r d oest he evidences upportt he notiont hatA bakigao r lnterahamwaet tackedK arungua s collaboratoofrt sh eA ccused. 719.T hereforteh eC hambecra nnotf indb eyondr easonabdloeu bt,o n theb asiso f the testimonioefs W itnessAeBs, H andO , thatt heA ccuseodr ganiselde,d ,p articipatiend ori so therwilsiea blfeo rt hea ttackrse sultiinngK arungud’esa th. 720.I n itsf inalw rittesnu bmissiotnhse P rosecutiaodno ptead two-prongaepdp roach to theA ccused’lsi abilitOyn. t heo neh and,a s discusseadb ove,i t allegetdh att he Accusepdh ysicaltloyo kp arti n thea ttackasg ainsKta rungu9.14 On theo therh and,i t arguetdh att heA ccusekdn ewo r hadr easotno knowa boutt hea ttacokn 14 April1 994, butt ookn o measuretso protecKta runguI.n steadh,e providepdo licep rotectitoon WitnesRsA andP astorE liphasI.n theP rosecutionvi’es w,t heA ccusewda su nablet o e9x1p5laitnh eb asiosf thisa ctiownh enq uestiondeudr intge stimony. 721.T hee ssencoef thes econds ubmissioonf theP rosecutiiosn thatt heA ccused remainepda ssivweh enh e shoulhda veb eena ctivei n hisd utyt o protectth ec ivilian populatioofn M abanzcao mmuneT.h

iss uggesttsh att heA ccusedb,y omittintgo actt o helpK arunguo,r by committinhgi sl imiterde sourcetso peoplei n lessern eedo f protectione,f fectivelhye lpedK arungu’ast tackersT.h isa rgumenits of course diametricalolpyp osetdo thef irsts ubmissioonf theP rosecutionna,m elyt hatt he Accusewda sa principapla rticipanptr,e senatn da ctivei n thec ourseo f thea ttack leadingt o Kartmgu’dse ath.T he evidencea dducedb y the Prosecutiofnr om its witnessreesl atetdo thisf irsts ubmissioTnh.e s econadr gumenbty, contrasrte,s tso n theA ccused’osw na dmissiontsh,a th e wasi nformeadb outt he1 3 April1 994a ttack andt ookn o measuretso p rotecKta rtmgfur oma n attactkh en extd ay. 914 Prosecutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge marksf,o ri nstancpe., 8 8 paras5.8 -59a ndp . 95 para.1 08. 915I bid.p p.6 3-64p aras3.5 1-353. 241 4~ l@,

" ~ ~’V~*i ICTR-95-1A-T t;41 ....................................................................................................... 722.L eavinags idet hed ifficulotfy reconcilitnhge t woa pproachaedso ptebdy the Prosecutiotnh,e rei s no evidencien thec aset hatt heA ccusewda sa ctualliyn formed, on1 4 April1 994,t hata seconadt tacwka st akinpgl acea gainsKta runguT.h eq uestion, therefories, w hethetrh e1 3 April1 994a ttacskh ouldh avea lertetdh eA ccusetdo the likelihooofd a furtheart tacokn t hen extd ay,a nd,i fs o,w hethetrh eA ccusefda iletdo taken ecessarayn dr easonablmee asuretso preventth ea ttacko r otherwisper otect Karungn. 723.T he criminarle sponsibiliotfy t he Accusemdu stb e assesseidn viewo f the particulacri rcumstancoefs M abanzcao mmunien April1 994,w hena largen umbero f Tutsiw ereb eingt hreateneodr killed.T he Chamberi s mindfulo f the dangero f retrospectivaeplpyo rtionibnlga met o theA ccusefdo rh isa pparennte glecotf Karungu in a situatiwohne reh e hadt hed uty- butf ewr esourc-e st op rotecat l argen umbeorf persons. 724.T heA ccusetde stifietdh atK arungu’ssu ccessfusle lf-defendcuer ingt hef irst attaclke dt heA ccusetdo believteh att heA bakigwao uldn otr eturnA.t anyr ate,t here werem oreu rgentm attersf or the bourgmestrteo attendt o in the communeT.h is explanatiiosnn o t,i ni tselfi,m plausibBluet.e veni f theA ccusewda sf orewarnoefdt he

repeaatt tackt,h eP rosecutwioounl ds tilln eedt os howt hath e deliberatuetliyl istehde resourceasv ailablteo himo n 14 April1 994i n sucha waya s to exposeK arungtuo an unacceptarbilsek ,o rt hath e withhelpdr otectiionn o rdert o ensurteh atK arungwuo uld bek illedT.h erei s evidencteo s upportth eP rosecutiocno’nst entitohna tt heA ccuseodn 14 April1 994a ssigneda policematno protectW itnessR A and PastorE liphas. Howevera,c corditnog WitnesRsA ,t hisw asi n responsteo a threabty theA bakigtao killa communitoyf about4 0 personsi,n cludinHgu tua ndT utsi9.16 Therei s no evidentchea tt hisw asa caseo fs electipvreo tection. 916T ranscroifp2 t Msa y2 00p0. 4 6. 242

Conclusion 725. Consequenttlhye,P rosecutiofni’rss ta nds econsdu bmissioinns r elatiotno the killionfg Karunghua ven otb eenp rovedb eyondr easonabdloeu bt. 4.2 Killinogf PastorM uganga TheI ndictment 726.T heP rosecutiiomnp licattehse A ccuseidn thek illinogf PastoArl bertM uganga, whicha llegedloyc curreodn 14 or 15 April1 994a t a footbalfli eldn otf arf romt he bureauc ommuna9l1.~P aragra4p.h1 5o f theI ndictmerneta ds: ,’IgnaBcaeg ilishbeemtaw ee9n A prialn d3 0J une1 994d etainoevde r1 00T utsrie fugeaets thec ommunoef ficjea ilhouasteM abanzOan. ora bout1 5A pril1 994I,g nacBea gilishema alloweIdn terahammiwlei tiamaecnc,e stso t hes aidj ailhoufsoel,l owiwnhgi cshe veraTlu tsi refugedeest aintehde reiwne,r et orturaenddk illed." Submissioonfs t heP arties 727.T heP rosecutimoand er eferencteo thet estimonioefs WitnesseAsB , O and Z. Accordintgo thef irstw itnesst,h eA ccuserde movetdh reep ersonsi,n cludinPga stor Mugangaf,r omt hec ommunajla ilhousef,r omw heret heyw erel eda wayt o be killed. Thes econdw itnestse stifietdh att heA ccuseodr deread communaplo licematno guard Mugangwah ileh e wentt owardtsh eT rafiprroo adblockf,r omw hereh e returnewdi th sixI nterahammwiel itiameTnh.e w itnesssa wt hem ent akeM ugangaaw ayt owardtsh e footbalfli eldw hilet heA ccusefdo lloweidn a vehicleA.c cordintgo WitnesZs, the 917P rosecutiworni’tstC elno siRnegm arpkps.2 2-2p3a ras1.3 4-142. 243

Accuseodr deretdh ek illinogf MugangaT.h ew itnesasn dh isa ssociatweesn tt o the communajla ilw herea policemahna ndeodv ert heP astorH.e wast akenb y theg roupt o a footbaflile ladn dk illed. 728.T he Defencer elieso n WitnesseAsS and RB, accordintgo whomt he Accused maintaingeodo dr elationwsi thP astorM ugangaan dh isw ife.O nen ight,a fewd ays followintgh e deatho f PresidenHta byarimanMau,g anga’wsi fea nd childretno ok refugei n the Accused’rse sidenceO.n 14 April1 994t he Accusehde lpedM uganga’s wifea ndc hildretno fleef romM abanzcao mmuneA.c cordintgo the Defencei,t is difficutlot a cceptth att heA ccusecdo uldo,n theo neh and,a ssisMtu gangaw’isf ea nd childreann,d ,o nt heo therh and,s endt heP astotro h isd eathT.h eD efencpeo intosu ta numbeorf inconsistenicni tehse t estimonioefsw itnessceasl lebdy theP rosecutiaonnd claimtsh att herei s muchi mprecisiionn t heA ccuseda’lsl egerde sponsibilfiotryt he o9f1fsencaeg ainsMtu ganga. Deliberations WitnesAsB 729.P rosecutiWoint nesAsB testifietdh ato n 15 April1 994s hew itnesseadn attack on Tutsid etaineadt theb ureauc ommunalT.h e personwse rel ockedu p in the IGA buildinagn d elsewheroen the groundosf the communaolf fice.T he perpetrators consisteodf theA ccusedc,o mmunaplo licemeann dA bakigaF.r omb ehinda redm etal dooro f a roomi n theI GAb uildintgh eyl eto utP astorM ugangaH,i timanaan da third perso(na g

irl)A.c corditnogt hew itnestsh,e A ccusefda cilitattheedr eleasoef t het hree person9s1.9D uringc ross-examinatitohnew, i tnessst atedt hats hes awt heA ccused actualluyn lockt hed ooro f theh oldinrgo om9.2°T hep risonerwse ret akena waya nd killedn eart heM abanzcao mmunfeo otbalfli eld.T hew itnesdsi d nots ayw ho took thema way.S heo bservetdh ei ncidentssh ed escribferdo mh erh idingp lacei n a nearby 918S ee,f ori nstancteh,e D efencBer iefp p.5 7-58p aras4.7 1-483. 919 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p p.9 1-93;a nd 16 Novembe1r9 99p p.8 8-89. 920T ranscripotfs 1 6 Novembe1r9 99p . 95. 244

dJ.~ ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T s9ozrIghufmi eldS.h ed idn ots eet hep risonebresi nkgi lled. 793202.T heC hambehra sn otedt hatW itnesAsB ’st estimoniys notg enerallrye liable. Inr elatiotno thep resenitn cidenWti,t nesAsB ’sf irsts tatemetnot i nvestigatdoartse d 1 Februar1y9 96m aded etailerde ferentcoe s everailn cidentthsa ta llegedolcyc urreidn April1 994.D espitteh ef actt hatt heA ccusedn’asm ew asm entioneidn connectiwoint h s9o2m3eo f thesei ncidenttsh,e rew asn o referentcoet hek illinogf P astoMru ganga. 731.I n hers ubsequesntta temenotf 22 June1 999,w hichd ealts pecificalwliyt ht he Accusedt,h ew itnesmsa der eferencteo MugangaT.h es tatemenrte vealosn lyt hats he heardf romt hec ommunadlr ivert hatt heA ccuseodp enedt hej aild oora ndg avet he Interahamawcec estso t hep risonerTsh.i si s inc ontraswti thh ert estimonrye,f erretdo above,a ccordintgo whichs heh erselsfa wt heA ccuselde to utM ugangaF.u rthermore, thes econds tatemenmta den o mentioonf communaplo licemeonr A9b2a4kiga. WitnesZs 732.P rosecutioWni tnessZ testifietdh ato n the morningo f 14 April1 994a communaplo licemadne liveread m essagteo Semanzfar omt heA ccusetdo thee ffect t9h2a5tt heA ccuseddi d" notw antt o see"M ugangwah enh e returnetdo his office. ThereafteSre manzac ame upon WitnessZ and othersi n the neighbourhooodf Gitikininwih,e reh e repeatetdh eA ccused’isn structioannsda skedt hemt o taket

heir weaponsa nd accompanhyi m.A t the bureauc ommunatlh e groupf ounda policeman. Semanzaas kedh imt o opent hep risond oor,a ndM ugangaan do therd etaineewse rel et out (seea lsoV .4.2).S emanzah andedt he prisonerosv ert o the groupw itht he instructi"otno w orko n them"9.26T heg roupt ookM ugangtao a footbalfli eldw here aboutt wentyb odiesl ay. A membero f the groups truckM ugangaw itha sword. 921 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p p. 92-93. 922 SeeV .2.5,2.63,. 1a nd4.1. 923 DefencEex hibiNto .2 . 924 DefencEex hibiNto .3 . 925 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 45. 245

........................................................................................... Accordintgo WitnesZs, "[w]et henf ollowehdi se xamplaen dw e finishehdi mu p with c9l2u7basn dt henl efth imt hered,e ad". 733.I n cross-examinatiWoint,n esZs saidt hatM uganghaa dg onet o theA ccused’s houset o seekp rotectioFnr.o mt hereh e wasl edt o theb ureacuo mmunaaln dd etained. Thew itnesesx plainetdh ath e hadn oth imselsfe ent hish appena ndt hath e wasn ot presenwth ent heA ccuseadl legedlgya vet hem essagteo thep olicemanH.o wevert,h e witnescsl aimedt hath e was presentw hent he Accused’mse ssagwea s conveyetdo SemanzaT.h isi si n contraswti thh isa ccounitn direcetx aminatiwohne,r eh es aidt hat S9e2msanzfao undh imi n Gitikiniannid c onveyetdh em essagteo him. 734.T he witnessa ddedt hatP astorM ugangaw as takenf romt he bureauc ommunal barefoobtu to therwifsuel lyc lothedH.e wasw earinag p airo f trouseras ,s hirta nda jacket.W itnessZ said:" Afterw e killedA lbertM ugangaw e did not undressh im ourselvbeust t heA bakigdai ds o. ...In ourg roup,i n otherw ordst heg roupw hichh ad leftG itikininiin, t hatg roupn obodtyo okp arti n theu ndressionfg M uganga9"2.9( The significaonfc teh iss tatemewnitl lb ecomaep parenwti thW itnessOe sa ndB ,b elow.) 735. The Chambern otest hatt he role of Semanzai s confirmeidn WitnessZ ’s statementto investigatoorfs 1 8 Septembe1r9 99.W

itnesZs saidt hat:" Bagilishema askedh is deputyS,e manzat,o looki ntoA lbertM uganga’csa se.S emanzac amet o Gitikiniannid a skedu s (thet hreep eoplen ameda bovea ndm yselft)o accompanhyi m to. ..M ugangaat t hec ommuneo’ f’f9i3c°e. Witnes0s 736. Followintgh e departuroef refugeesf or Kibuyet own on 13 April1 994, 926I bidp.. 4 6. 927T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00.T he witnesnsa medt hem emberosf the groupa s Ntirugiriba(mobre NtirugiribamzSea)m,u elE,z ekieKlu bwimanaA,m zaG atsats(io rG atsatsaa)n d HamdaM kobori. 928S eet ranscripotfs 9 Februar2y0 00p . 72 and8 Februar2y0 00p . 45,r espectively. 929T ranscripotfs 9 Februar2y0 00p p.9 4-95. 930D efencEex hibiNto .6 5.I n thisv ersiotnh erei s no intermedimaersys eng(eir. e.t hep oliceman). 246 //~~ -V¯

ICTR-95-1A-T ProsecutiWoint nesOs hidi n fieldsS.h et estifietdh ats her eturnetdo thec ommune office" aboutt wow eeks"l ater,a fterw hichs hew itnessetdh ek illinogf Pastor MugangTaM. (Thea forementiownietdn essegsa vea muche arliedra tef ort hei ncident: 14t o 15A pril1 994.) 737.W itnessO testifietdh ats he returnetdo the bureauc ommunawli tha male relativaen,d a tf irsts oughrte fugien a nearbsyo rghufmi eldT.h er elativceo nvincaed policematno openo neo f thec ommunaolf ficefso rt hem,w heret heyg ainedt emporary s9h3e2lterT.h ef ollowimnogr ninWgi tnesOs l eftt heb uildinHge.r r elativree mained. 738.N extt imet hew itnesssa wh err elativfer,o mh erh idinpgl acei n a fieldh,e was in thec ommunajla ilhousOen. t hisd ayt hew itnesssa wt heA ccuseadt thed ooro f the prisonw itha policemaHne.r r elativaen dP astorM ugangeam ergefdr omt hed oor.T he witnestse stifitehda th err elativwea sw earinag j ackesth er ecogniseTdh.eP astowra s wearinag blackj acketA.t thisp ointt heA ccuselde ftt heb ureauc ommunaaln dw ent towardtsh eT rafiprroo adblockT.h et wod etaineerse mainewdi tht hep olicemaTnh.e witnesssa wa conversatitoank ep laceb etweetnh e Accuseadn d thep eoplea t the roadblockT.h eA ccuserde turnewdi ths ixa rmedI nterahamwweh,o l edt hew itness’s relativaen dM ugangtao a footbalfli eld.T heA ccusefdo llowetdh emi n thec ommunal vehicleT.h ew itneswsa sn ota blet o seew

hath appeneadt thef ootbalfli eldI.n due courset,h eI nterahamrweet urnetdo ther oadblocikn a vehiclew,h ereuptohne w itness n9o3t3icetdh att woo f them enw erew earintgh ej acketosf herr elativaen dM uganga. 739.I n hers tatementto investigatoorfs 2 3-24F ebruar1y9 98,W itnesOs declared thata ftert hep risonewresr et akena wayb y theI nterahamwteh,eA ccuse"dr eturnteod hiso ffice"S.h ef urthesrt ated":I sawt hes ameI nterahamrweet urnifnrgo mt hes occer fiel.d. .L.ater,I sawB agilishetmaak intgh eI nterahambwaec kt o ther oadblocikn the 931Transcriopf2t 4sN ovemb1e9r9 p9. 3 5. 932Ibidp.p .3 5-37. 933I bidp.p .3 7-43T.h em embeorfst heg roupa,sr ecallbeydt hew itneswse,r eA ther(eo rI ntare), GilberRtu,s him(boarL ushimbLau)k,a no(soirR ukanusSea)n,a n(eo rS ananain)d F inish. ~. lq/. 247

bluec ommune Hilux.’’934 WitnesOs didn otm entiotnh ei ncidenwti thM ugangian her earliesrt atemeonft1 7 Octobe1r9 95. OtherP rosecutiWoint nesses 740.F ort hes akeo f completenestsh,e C hambewri llm entiotnh eo therP rosecution witnesswehso r eferretdo thek illinogf Mugangae,v ent hougthh eP rosecutidoind n ot relyo nt heirt estimoinnyi tsc losinagr guments. 741.W itnesBs saidi n cross-examinattihoants hes awP astorM ugangaw,e arinogn ly a briefa,n da girln amedE speranbceei nge scorteadw ayf romt heG itikinirnoia dblock (V.5.8)T.h e witnesssa id:" He wasu ndresseadn d wast akent owardtsh ec ommune. L’a’t9e3or5n ,t heyw entt ok illh imo nt hef ootbaflile ld. 742.W itnesJs, alsoi n cross-examinatwiaosna ,s kedw hethesrh ew asp resenwth en, asa llegeidn herw rittesnt atemeonft 8 July1 999,t heA ccusebdr oughMtu gangtao the bureauc ommunals,u pposedltyo protecth im,b ut insteada llowedt he communal policemteonh andM ugangoav ert o hisk iller9s3.sT hew itnesrse plied":E veni f I were notp resentw,h ath appenewda sk nowns ubsequentlsyu"g,g estitnhga tt hee videncien hers tatemewnats h earsayA.b outM ugangad’esa tht hew itnesssa id:" Hel efth ish iding placea ndh e wasp ursuebdy thea ssistaSnetm anz.a. ..Thosew ho werec hasingh im, theI nterahamw’wh’eo9 w7 3erea ccompanyiSnegm anzat,o okh imt o theb urgomaster. 743.W itnesAs t estifetdh ath e sawt heb odyo f PastorM ugangian thef

ootbalfli eld of Mabanzcao mmuneT.h e witneslse ftt hec ommuneo n 13 April1 994w itht hem ass of refugeesH.e wasa survivoorf thea ttacko n GatwarSot adiuomn 18 April1 994.B y thew itness’osw n accounta,b outa weeka ftert hea ttackh e returnetdo Mabanza communeH.e sawM uganga’bso dy" as soona s I returnefdr omK ibuye"H.e explained 934 ProsecutiEoxnh ibiNto .6 2. 935 Transcripotfs 2 4 Januar2y0 00p . 94. 936 DefencEex hibiNto .6 3. 937 Transcripotfs 3 1 Januar2y0 00p . 36 andp p.3 8-39. 248 t

DefencWei tnesses 744.W itnesAsS testifietdo thea ssistancper ovidebdy theA ccusetdo thew ifeo f PastorM ugangaT.h e witnesss aidt hatf or somet imeM uganga’csh ildrewne rei n hidingi n his( AS’s)h ouse,w hileM uganga’wsi feh idi n then eighbourihnogu se PastorE liphasT.h e witnesast the timed idn ot knowt he whereabouotfs Muganga. Followian gs pateo f attackosn himselafn dh isn eighbourhse, w entt o theA ccusetdo askf orh ish elpw ithM uganga’fsa milyT.h eA ccusevdi sitetdh eP astor’wsi fea nd childreann d wasa blet o findt hema vehiclei n whicht heye scapedT.h ew itness recallesde eingt hev ehiclbeu tw asn ota blet o identiftyh ed riveorr providoet her d9e3t9ailHse.s aidt hatt woy earlsa terh e agaisna wM ugangaw’isf e. 745.W itnesRsB did nott estifbyu tt heC hambearc ceptehde rw rittesnt atemenotf 26 March2 000a s evidencien thet rial9.4°T heres hea ffirmetdh atM uganghaa dg ood relatiownist ht heA ccuseadn dh isw ife.941 Shes tatetdh ato n a certainni ghti n April 1994,s oona ftert hed eatho f HabyarimanMau,g angaw’isf ea ndh erc hildrehni di n the residenocfe theA ccusedO.n anothenri ghtt heyh idi n theh omeo f PastoErl iphasO.n thed ayf ollowintgh ed eparturoef ther efugeefso rK ibuyet own,M uganga’wsi fem et the Accuseda ccompaniebdy two soldierisn a vehicleW.i tnesRsB saidt hatt he soldiertso okt heP astor’wsi fea ndc hildretno a communien Gitarampar efecturIen. thee

vent,t hes oldierrso bbedt hema nda bandonetdh emo n ther oadsideF.r omt here theP astor’fsa milwya sa blet or eacht her efugecea mpa t Kabgayi. 938 Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p . 112. 939 Transcripotfs 2 6 April2 000p p.2 0-24. 940 Orald ecisioonf 8 June2 000( seet ranscripotfs s amed ate,p p.1 32-136T)h.e C hambesrt atetdh at accordancwei thR ule8 9,a ny relevanetv idenchea vingp robativvea luem ayb e admitteidn toe vidence providtehdi si s consonawnitt ht her equiremeonft as fairt rialH.e arsaeyv idencseu,c ha st hes tatemeinnt ~uestioins, n oti nadmissipbelres e,b utm ustb e considerweidt hc aution. 941D efencEex hibiNto .1 09. @’ l~b, 249

The Accused 746.I n thec ourseo f hist estimonyt,h eA ccusesda idt hatP astorM ugangwaa sh is frienda ndt hatM uganga’wsi few ast het eacheorf thes ono f theA ccusedH.e stated thatd urintgh ep erio7d- 13A pril1 994,M ugangaw’isf eh adt akenr efugien hish ouse. At thist imet heA ccuseddi dn otk nowt hew hereabouotfs M ugangaH.e testifietdh at he camet o knowo f theP astor’dse atho n 14 or 15 April1 994.T heA ccuseadd ded:" It wash orriblbee caushee wasa frienadn dI wouldh aves avedh im,h elpehdi mi f I had foundh im but unfortunateIl yd idn ot findh im’.’942A ccordintgo the Accused, Mugangaa nd seveno thersp ersonsi n hidingw ered iscoverebdy the Abakigau pon theirr eturtno thec ommunoen 1 4 April1 994.T heyw eret akent ot hef ootbalfli elda nd k9i4l3led. Findinzs 747.W hilet he Chambearc ceptst hatP astorM ugangaw ast akenf romt hec ommunal officaer eat ot hec ommunfaolo tbaflile lda ndk illedt,h ee ventlse adinugp t oh isd eath areu nclearT.h eo nlyp urporteedy e-witnestso the killinwga s WitnesZs, whose testimotnhye C hambehra sf oundt o be unreliabilner elatiotno allegatiotnesn dintgo incrimintahteeA ccuse(ds eei,n p articulVa.r5,. 5a nd5 .6). 748.W itnessZ admittetdo killingM ugangaa,n d the Chambers eesn o reasont o doubtt hisc laimH.o wevero,t hera spectosf WitnesZs’ se videncdeo nots eemr eliable. Accordintgo hisc onfessitoon t heR wandaanu thoritieMsu,g angsao ughrte

fugea t the houseo f theA ccused9.44 At thed irectioonf SemanzaA,b akigaar riveadt theh ouse. The Accusedb ecamef rightenebdy the disturbanceasn d took Mugangat o the communajla il.T hisa ccounts eemst o portrayt he Accuseda s a persont o whom Mugangwao uldg o forp rotectioInn. h ist estimonyb,y contrastW,i tnesZs didn ot 942 Transcroifp5 t Jsu n2e0 0p0. 1 7. 943 Ibidp.p .1 25-126. 944 DefenEcxeh ibNiot. 1 12. 250

,~¢~ "~ ~ ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... mentiotnh atM ugangsao ughtr efugea t theA ccused’hso use.H e statedo nlyt hatt he Accuseddi d" notw antt o see"M ugangwah enh e (theA ccusedr)e turnetdo hiso ffice. (Ast hec onfessionsatla temenwta so btainebdy theC hambeorn a dates ubsequentto WitnesZs’ st estimontyh,e rew asn oo pportunittoy q uestitohne w itnesosn thism atter.) 749.M oreovera,c cordintgo WitnesZs’ st estimonyS,e manzrae ceiveadn orderf rom theA ccusetdo killM ugangaT.h ew itneswsa sn otp resenwth ent heA ccuseadl legedly gavet hiso rder.B utt hew itnesgsa vet wov ersionass to howh e foundo uta bouti t. Firsth,e saidt hatS emanzcaa met o Gitikininwih,e ret hew itneswsa s,a ndr epeatetdh e ordero f theA ccusedI.n thes econdv ersiont,h ew itneswsa sp resenwti thS emanza whena policemacno nveyetdh eA ccused’osr derT.h iss hifti n accountbse tweedni rect examinatiaonnd c ross-examinagtiivoens t hei mpressioofn an attempbty thew itness to claimt hath isk nowledgoef theo rdera llegedliys suedb y the Accusewda sm ore immediatthea ni ti n factw as.T hise fforcto ulds ternf roma desirteo incriminatthee Accusemdo red ecisivelayl,t hougho,f courset,h eh earsanya tureo f thea llegation remaintsh es ame.W itnesZs’ st estimoonnyt hisp ointi s notc orroboratIetd c.a nnobte acceptewdi thoucto

rroboratiTohnu.s t heC hambefri ndst hati t doesn otd emonstrate thatt hew itnesksi lleMdu gangpau rsuantto an ordero f theA ccused. 750.A s illustrataebdo vet,h et estimonioefs W itnessAeBs andO , althougshi milairn broado utlined,o notc oincidien detailT.h ec redibiliotfy b othw itnessehsa sb een question9e4d5.N eithewri tnesssa wM ugangbae ingk illedT.h eyt estifietdo hisb eing releasedf romd ifferenbtu ildingisn the communaclo mpoundT.h eyl ocatedt he Accuseadt theb ureauc ommunala,l legintgh ath e handedo verM ugangtao thep ersons whoe ventualkliyl ledh im,i n contraswti thW itnesZs whos trongliym plietdh att he Accusewda sn otp resenatt theb ureauc ommunalT.h eC hambearl soo bservetsh att he nameso f them emberosf theg roupt hatk illedM ugangaa,s recallebdy WitnesseZs andO , ared ifferenatl,t hougthh erei s a possibilitthya tW itnesZs wasa mongt he personnsa medb y WitnesOs. 251

ICTR-95-1A-T 751.T het estimonioefs ProsecutiWoint nesseBs, J and A are sketchyT.h ef ormer twow itnesscelsa imetdo haves eenc ertaienv entlse adinugp to thek illinogf Muganga, butt heira ccountasr eq uited ifferenWti.t nesAs s awt heP astor’bso dya t thef ootball fieldb,u tt hed ateh eg avef ort hiss ightin2g4,- 25A pril1 994,i sm uchl atert hant hat givenb y WitnessesA B and Z. Assumingt hat WitnessA saw the body and was mistakeanb outt hed atesh ist estimondyo esn oti mplicatteh eA ccuseidn relatiotno thise vent.

752. The lack of mutualc orroboratioanm ong Prosecutiowni tnessesm ay be contrastweidt ht hec oincidenicne t hee videnclee db y theD efenceT.h ea ssertioonf WitnesAsS ,a boutt hes upporetx tendebdy theA ccusetdo Muganga’fsa miliys ,i n the Chamber’osp inionc,o rroboratbeyd t hew rittesnt atemenotf WitnesRsB ,w how asa closer elatioofnt heP asto9r4.6T hel attewri tnessst atetdh atM ugangaan dh isw ife" had goodr elationsw"i tht he Accuseda nd hisw ife.S oona ftert he attackso n Tutsi commenceidn earlyA pril1 994,M uganga’wsi feh idw ithh erc hildreant ther esidence of theA ccusedE.v eni f it wasn otu ncommodnu rintgh ee ventosf 1994f orT utsit o be selectiveslpya redi,t is doubtfutlh att heA ccusewdo uldh aveo rdereMdu gangkai lled ands imultaneouhasvleyt akena ctivset epst os aveh isf amily. 753.T heP rosecutiaorng ueidn thea lternatitvhea tt heA ccusefda iledt o prevenotr puniswhr ongfualc ts,i ncluditnhge k illinogf M ugang9a4.7T hisa llegatisoung gesttsh at a subordinaotfe theA ccusekdi lledM ugangian circumstanctehsa tw ouldm aket he Accusedr esponsiblaes a superiourn derA rticle6 (3).T herea re threep ossible subordinatoefs t heA ccuseidn thep resencto ntextW:i tnesZs, assistanbto urgmestre Semanzaa,n dt he unnamecdo mmunaplo licema(na ccordintgo Z and O) or policemen (AB). 945S eei,n p articuVl.a2r.2,5. ,6 3,. 1a nd4 .1. 946 DefenEcxeh ibNiot. 1 09. 252

ICTR-95-1A-T ~,~ ,o~,~ 754.T heC hambearc cepttsh atW itnesZs wasa subordinaotfe theA ccusefdo rt he perioddsu ringw hichh e staffetdh eT rafiprroo adbloc(kV .5.4)A.s explainebde low, thee videncceo ncernitnhga tr oadblockd’ast eo fe stablishmiesn cto nflictiWnigt.n ess Z testifitehda th ew aso rderebdy t heA ccusetdo s eti t upo n1 4 April1 994a,n dt hath e staffeidt thereo9n4.8T heC hambehra sf oundt hatt hish asn otb eenp rove(dV .5.4.1). anyr ate,a ccordintgo WitnesZs’ sa ccountS,e manzcaa met o findh ima nd hisc o- perpetratoarts G itikiniannid n ota t thes iteo f theT rafiprroo adblocwkh,i chw as proximattoe theb ureacuo mmunalT.h eP rosecutihoans n otl ede videncoef a superior- subordinarteel ationshsiupb sistibnegt weeWni tnesZs andt heA ccusepdr iort o the establishmoefn tth er oadbloactkT rafipro. 755.A s forS emanzat,h eC hamberre callist sd iscussiionn I V.4.t2h att hef actt hath e wasa n employeoef thec ommunaald ministratuinodne rt hea uthoriotfy theA ccuseids nots ufficietnot g rounad superior-subordrienlaattei onshbiept weetnh et wom en.M ore is needetdo demonstratthee l egalr elationsheinpv isagebdy Articl6e( 3).M oreover andt hisg oesa lsot o the likelihootdh att he Accuseadn d Semanzwae rea ctingi n concerstu,c ha st ob ej ointllyi abluen deArr ticl6e( 1)- theries e videntcoes uggestth at a strainreedl ationsehxiips tebde tweetnh et wom eno vert hisp erio(dI

V.6). 756.B e thata s it may,f or theA ccusetdo be liablef orS emanza’asc tionusn der Article6 (3)h e wouldh ave to haveh ad knowledgoef Semanza’lse adingr ole (accorditnog theu ncorroboratteesdt imonoyf WitnesZs) in thek illinogf Muganga. Therei s no evidencteh atS emanzhai mselifn formetdh eA ccusedI.t couldb e argued that,u ndern ormalc ircumstanctehse,A ccusemdu sth avef oundo utt hath is deputy removeMdu gangfar omt he communajla il,f romw hereh e was takena waya nd killed. Butt hec ircumstancweesr ef arf romn ormalO.n 14 April1 994( whichi s WitnesZs’ s datef ort hei ncidentth)e rew erea ttackbsy Abakigian then eighbourhoofot dh eb ureau communa(lV .4.3)T.h erei s evidencteo suggestt hata numbero f refugeeisn and aroundt he communaolf ficew ered iscovereadn d killedb y AbakigaT.h e Accused 947 Prosecutiworni’tst eCnl osiRnegm arkps.9 7p ara1.0 1( genociadned)p .1 16p ara2.7 0( crimes a~saihnusmta nity). Transcroifp8 t Fse brua2r0y0 p0p .3 8-39. 253 ~,~"

stitfhihaeebtd e litehvauetgd aw naagsma ° en-;g --Eti ii2mE;-; il a-ub -l e andh asn otb eenr efutebdy t heP rosecution. 757.T hatb eings aid,t heC hambeirs notp reparetdo findt hatS emanzpal ayeda role in the killingo f MugangaW.i tnessZ ’s allegatiotno thise ffecti s not only uncorroborabtuetdi s contradictbeyd W itnesseAsB andO , whod idn otp laceS emanza at theb ureauc ommunaalt thet imew henM ugangwaa sh andeodv ert o hisk illers. 758.F inallyW,i tnesseAsB , Z andO testifietdo the involvemenotf oneo r more policemeinn the eventsl eadingu p to Muganga’dse ath.T herei s no doubtt hat communaplo licemewne ret rues ubordinatoefs t heA ccuse(dI V.4.3). 759.T heC hambenro test hatn o witnescsl aimetdh ata policemawna s amongt hose whoe scorteMdu gangtao thef ootbalfli eld,m uchl esst hata policemakni lledt he PastorI.t mayb e thoughtth att heo ffencfeo rw hicht heA ccusemda yb e liablea s a superiourn derA rticl6e( 3)i s thata policemcaonl laboratiend t hem urdeorf Muganga by agreeitnog releasteh ep risonekrn owintgh ath ew ast ok illedT.h ep roblewmi tht his lineo f reasoninigs thatt heP rosecutionc’ass ei s thatt hep olicemasnu rrendered Mugangtao noneo thert hant heA ccuseodr ,a lternativeSleym,a nzaS.u periolri ability woulda riseo nlyi n thel attecra se( int hef ormecra set heA ccusewdo uldb e liablaes principauln derA rticl6e( 1)).B utf ort her easongsi vena bove,t heC

hambecra nnot acceptth atS emanzpal ayetdh er olei n thisi ncideanstc ribetdo h imb yW itnesZs. 760.T heC hambewri shesi,n conclusiotno, e mphasisteh ati n relatiotno thef acts leadinugp to thed eatho f Mugangat,h eP rosecutihoans o nlyp rovedt hats ometimien mid-Apri1l9 94,M ugangaa,f tera briefs tayo n thep remiseosf theb ureauc ommunal, wast akena waya ndk illebdy a groupo f peoplpeo ssibliyn cludiWnigt nesZs, hisb ody thenl efta t a footbalfli eldT.h ea ccountgsi venb y theP rosecutiowni’tsn essdeisf fer significanotnleyf romt heo thera,n di nt hef inala nalysitsh eC hamberp,r esentweidt h an arrayo f incompatisbtloer iesc,a nnofti nds ufficieenvti dencteo concludteh att he Accuseids criminalrleys ponsibfloert hed eatho f Muganga. 254

~ "~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T .......................................................................................................

761. TheC hambetrh ereforfei ndst hatt he Prosecutionc’hsa rgeosf genocidaen d crimeasgainshtu maniitny r elatitoont hise venatr eu nsubstantiated. 4.3 Killinogf Refugeeast CommunaOlf ficeB;u riali n MassG rave TheI ndictment 762.P aragra4p.h1 5o f theI ndictmecnotv eresv entasl legetdo havet akenp lacea t or aroundM abanza’bsu reauc ommunaflo llowintgh e departuroef the maing roupo f refugeefso rK ibuyteo wno n 13 April1 994: "4.15I gnacBea gilishebmeat wee9n A prila nd3 0 June1 994d etaineodv er1 00T utsi refugeeast thec ommunoef ficej ailhousaet MabanzaO.n or about1 5 April1 994, Bagilisheamlal oweIdn terahammwiel itiameanc,c estso thes aidj ailhousfeo,l lowing whicshe veraTlu tsrie fugedeest aintehde reiwne ret orturaendd k illed." 763.P aragrap4h.s1 6a nd4 .17o f theI ndictmeanltl eget hatt heA ccuseodv ersatwh e digginogf a massg raveo,n theg roundosf theb ureauc ommunawlh,e reh e interretdh e bodieosf T utsrie fugekeisl leddu rinagt tacks: "4.16I gnaceB agilishebmeat wee9n Aprila nd 30 June1 994o rdereIdn terahamwe militiamteodn i ga massg ravwei thitnh ep recinocftt hec ommunoef ficien M abanza. 4.17T her emainosfs everaTlu tsrie fugekeisl leddu rinagt tackastb otht hec ommunoef fice ande lsewhewriet hiMna banzcao mmunew,e reb etwee9n A prila nd3 0J une1 994,w itht he knowledgceo,n senatn da cquiesceonfcI eg nacBea gilishebmuar,i eidn a massg ravwei thin thep recinocftt hec ommunoef ficien Mabanza." Submissioonfs t heP arties 764.A ccordintgo theP rosecutioanf,t ert her efugeedse parteodn 13 April1 994f or Kibuyet own,o therT utsir efugeeasr riveadt theb ureauc ommunalT.h eyw erel ocked up int heI GAb uildinagn do therr oomsT.h eP rosecutiaolnl egesf,i rstt,h att heA ccused wasr esponsibfloer t hek illinogf theser efugeeasn,d s econtdh ath e supervistehde

I S"2":F ....................................................................................................... digginogf a massg ravei n fronto f theb ureauc ommunailn tow hichs everaolf the victimwse reb uriedT.h eP rosecuticohna rgetsh eA ccusewdi thg enocidceo,m pliciitny g9e4n9ocidaen dc rimeasg ainshtu maniitny relatitoont hesee vents. 765.T heD efencseu bmittsh atr efugeewse res heltereidn varioubsu ildingosf the bureauc ommunalb,u tw eren otl ockeudp in thej ail,a ndi n anyc ased eniest hatt he Accuseda llowedI nterahamwaec cesst o the jail.R egardintgh e massg rave,t he Defencaer guest hatn o chargem ayb e leveleadg ainstth eA ccusedI.n buryinvgi ctims oft heA bakigh9ae5 °wasm erelpye rformihnigs d uty. Deliberations WitnesAsB 766.P rosecutiWoint nesAsB testifietdh att her efugeetsh ata rriveadf tert hem ain groupl eftf orK ibuyet ownw eren ota llowetdo stayi n thec ourtyarodf theb ureau communablu t werel ockedu p in variousr ooms,i ncludinagn officeo f the IGA buildinTgh.e w itnesdse scribtewdo i ncidenitnsv olvintgh osew how erel ockeudp .T he first,o n 15 April1 994,w as discusseadb ove( V.4.2).T he witnesss aw armed policement,h eA ccuseadn dA bakigrae leasaen dl eada wayP astorM ugangaH,i timana a9n5d1a girlT.h eyw eret aketno a footbaflile ladn dk illed. 767.W itnesAsB addedt hata t somep ointb etwee1n5 and1 7 April1 994t heA ccused andp olicemeanl loweadt

tackearcsc esst o ther oomsw ithinw hichr efugeewse reb eing held.S hew asa blet o witnestsh ed ooro f a particulraoro mo f theI GAb uildinbge ing openeadn dt her efugeelse to ut.T hew itnestse stifitehda ts hed idn otk nowi ft hed oor 949SeeP rosecutiworni’tst Celno siRnegm arpkps. 2 2-2p3a ras1.3 8-14p1p,.2 3-2p4a ras1.4 4-14p9p,. 88-8p9a ra6s0.- 6p1.,9 3p ara9.7 ,p .9 6p ara1.0 9p,. 9 9p ara1.1 6p,. 1 05p ara1.6 8p,. 1 08p ara1.9 8a nd ~5’1 15p ara2.6 0R;e butpt.a1 l5 p ara5.0a ndp .1 6p ara5.4 . 0 SeeD efenCcleo siBnrgi ef5p6.p aras4.6 3-47p0p,.2 9-3p0a ras2.0 0-2a0n8d p p.5 8-5p9a ra4s8 4- 493R;e joinpdpe.r2 2-2p3a ras2.2 3-227. 95ITranscriopf1t 5sN ovemb1e9r9 p9p .9 1-93. 256 @. /t.~/..

ICTR-95-1A-T wasl ockewdi tha keyo r a padloc9k5.2S hed idn ots eea nyk illingfsr omw heres hew as hidingb uth eardg unshotfsr omt heb ureauc ommunalI.t is notc learw hens heh eard thes hots.S hee stimatetdh ata bouto neh undrepde rsonwse rek illeda,n dl aters aw bodiebse ingp uti ntoa massg ravien fronotf thec ommunoaflf ice9.5 3 768.A ccorditnog thew itnessa, b ulldozebre longitnog theC hineswea su sedt o diga holei nf ronto f thec ommunaolf fic(eb yt hea vocadtor ees)A.b outt hirtIyn terahamwe, wearindgr iedb ananal eavesp,l acedb odiesi ntot heh ole.T hew itneswsa sa skedw hy shet houghtth ats omeo f thoseb odiesw ereo f peoplek illeadt theb ureauc ommunal. The witnessa nswered":I am sayingt hatb ecauset herew as a day whenw e heard sustainegdu nshotsa,n d clearltyh eseg unshotmsu sth avec omef romt hec ommunal office.T"h ew itnesasd dedt hatt hep eoplec arryintgh eb odiesc amef romb ehindt he communoaflf ic(eh erh idinpgl acwea si nf ronotf i t).9 54 769.T hew itnesesx plaintehda ta ftert hew ars hew ast oldt hat" withr espectto those whow erea t theb ureauc ommuna.l. .i t wasB agilishewmhao o rderetdh att her oomi n whicht heyw erel ockedu p be opened9"5.5T he witnescso nfirmetdh ats heh adh eard gunshobtust t hati tw ast wod aysl atert hats hes awb odiebse ingb uried. 770.W itnesAsB ’sw rittesnt atementto investigatoorfs 2 2 June1 999s upplements hert estimonTyh.e res

hed eclartehda to n1 5 April1 994: "...I sawt hel nterahaamrwrei vaet t hec ommunoef ficaen dg oinugp t ot hej ailT.w od ays thereaftIe rs,a wp eopldei gginag d itcuhs intgh ee xcavatboerl ongitnogt heC hines.e. . ThereaftIe rs,a wt heI nterahatmhwreo twh eb odieosf t hep eoplweh oh adb eenl ockeidn thej aili ntot hed itchT.h erwee rea pproximat1e0l0py e oplien thej ailt;h eyw erea ll exterminaIttew da.s r eporttehda ti tw ast heB ourgmesBtargei lishwehmoao penetdh ej ail ande nabletdh eI nterahatmowc eo mmitth eihre inoucsr imeI. g ott hati nformatfiroonma mann amedN shimyimawnhao,w ast heB ourgmestrd’er’’i9sv5 e6art t het ime. 952 Transcripotfs 1 6 Novembe1r9 99p . 95. 953 Transcripotfs 15 Novembe1r9 99p p.9 4-97;a nd1 6 Novembe1r9 99p p. 94-95. 954 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p p.9 7-100. 955 Transcripotfs 1 6 Novembe1r9 99p p.9 8-100. 956D efencEex hibiNto .3 . 257

WitnessH 771.P rosecutiWoint nesHs t estifitehda tt her efugeetsh ata rriveadf tert hed eparture of them aing roupe xpectetdh at" int heb ureauc ommunatlh eyc ouldb e ablet o find securityT"h.e ser efugeesa,l lT utsic,o ntinuteod arriv"ew ithitnh ats amem onth"i n "dribasn dd rabs"9.5 7T heyn umberfeidf tiyn t otal. 772.T hew itnesasd dedt hatt her efugeewse rek illeadt a playinfgi eld.T heA ccused musth avek nowna boutt hesek illingfso rt he bureauc ommunaclo ntinuetdo operate and "nothincga nh appeno r takep lacew ithint he communwei thoutth eb ourgmestre beinga ware"9.58 The refugeewse rek illedw ithb ladedw eapons9.59 The wimess explaintehda th e hadw itnessetdh ee ventf roma placec loset o a mosquew hichh ada g9o6o°dv iewo ft hep layinfgi eld. WitnesZs 773.P rosecutiWoint nesZs testifietdh ato n them orninogf 13 April1 994,k illings begana roundt heG itikininair ea.A bakigfar omM ushubatain dG ihara" camec hasing theT utsiasn dk illinagl lT utsitsh eym eto n theirw ay.T heye venc hasetdh emi ntot he busha ndi ntos orghufmi eldasn da longt her oadt heyk illead loto fp eoplep,a rticularly neart he parisha ndC ommunaolf ficeo f Rubenger.a. ..,,961T hew itnescsl aimetdo haves eenb etweefno rtya nds ixtyb odieso n ther oadb etweeRnu bengercah urcha nd the commune. 774.T hew itnestse stifietdh ati n thea fternooonf thes amed ayt heA ccusecda met o GitikininiO.n seeingt hem anyb odies,h e sentp olicemetno theC hinesec ampt o collecat m achinteo buryt hem.T hew itnesesx plainetdh att hem achinaer rivead few 957 Transcripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p . 43. 958 Ibidp.. 4 4. 959 Ibidp.. 9 1. 960 Ibidp.. 9 0. 961 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 21. 258

~ ’q~*~ ICTR-95-1A-T minutelsa tera nda holew asd ugi n fronto f thec ommuneb,y thef lagpolaen da vocado trees9.62 Thew itnestse stifitehda ta llp assers-wbeyr eo rderetdo placteh eb odieisn to theh ole,a fterw hichi t wasc overeodv er.T heb odiesw erec ollectefdr omt hea rea betweeGni tikininain d thec ommunaolf ficeW.i tnesZs was unablet o estimatteh e numbeorf b odie9s6.3I nh isw rittesnt atemetnot i nvestigatoofr1 s8 Septemb1e9r9 9,t he witnesdse claretdh att heA ccuseidn structtehde p opulatitoonb uryt hev ictimosf the Abakigbau tt hatn o massg raveh adb een d9u6g4. 775.A s stateadb ove( V.4.2)W,i tnesZs t estifitehda to n 14 April1 994,h e ando thers tookP astorM ugangfar omt hec ommunjea ilt o killh ima t thef ootbalfli eld.T hey foundt wentyb odiest here,s omeo f whichh adb eenu ndressedT.h e witnesdsi d not knoww heret heseb odiesh adc9 o6m5e from. WitnesAsS 776.D efencWei tnesAsS testifietdh ath e ando thersc ollectetdh eb odyo f Pastor Mugangaat nightf roma footbalfli eld.H e estimatetdh att herew erea nothetre n c9o6r6pseisnt hev icinity. WitnesAsA 777.W ithougti vinga n exactd ate,P rosecutioWni tnesAsA testifietdh ath e saw bodieso f peoploef alla gesn otf arf romt heT rafiprroo adblocIkn. h iso piniotnh e bodiesw eret hoseo f refugee"sw how eren ota blet o go to Kibuyea ndw hoc amel ate andw eret herefokriel letdh ere9"6.7H ed idn otc ountt heb odie"sb utI saws omeo n the 962 Ibidp.. 2 7. 963 Ibidp.. 2 8. 964 DefencEex hibiNto .6 5. 965 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p p.4 6-47a;n d9 Februar2y0 00p . 92. 966 Transcripotfs 2 6 April2 000p p.2 2-23a nd8 4-90. 967 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 58. 259

ICTR-95-1A-T ,~¢~ ~i ....................................................................................................... roada ndw heret heyw ereg atheretdh ati s,c loset o theb ureauco mmunal"9.6s He saw "peoplcea rryitnhge sed eadb odietso a ...m assg ravet hatw asd ugc loset ot hef ootball pitch"9.69 He estimatetdh atd uringt he timet hatt heT rafiprroo adblocwka s in operatiohne, s awt hirtoyr so bodiecsl oset o theb ureacuo mmunaTlh.e w itnessst ated thath ed idn ots eea nya ctuakli llings. The Accused 778.T heA ccusedde niedt hatp ersonwse rel ockedi n thec ommunajla il.H e stated that,t o thec ontrarhye, w asl ookintgo protecpte ople":[ W]eh adt riedt os heltetrh e refugeeesv erywhewrhee rew e could,w e hado peneda llo urd oors,w e didn’tp utt hem in prisoant a ll"9.7°H ea lsot estifitehda tn op risonewrhsa tsoevweerr ep resenatt the bureacuo mmunadlu rintgh ist imeb ecausael lp ersonasr restepdr iort o thed isturbances hadb eent ransferdrierde cttloy Kibuyt9eo7 wIn. 779.A ccordintgo the Accusedo,n 13 and1 4 April1 994,a numbero f personwsh o had beeni n hidingw eref ounda ndk illedb y AbakigaA.f tert he departuroef the Abakigoan 13 April1 994,t he Accusedc amea crosss eveno r eightb odiesa t the bureauc ommunalH.e senta drivert o the "Chinescea mp"w itha requestf or a bulldozetro helpb uryt he bodiesw hichw ere" beginnintgo decompose9"7.2 A mass gravew as dug in

fronto f the bureauc ommunalb etweent wo avocadot rees.T he Accusecdl aimetdh att hisl ocatiowna sc hosebne caus"ew ew eren ota blet o toucht he propertbye longintgo individualasn"d" becausiet wast heo nlyp lacew hichb elonged to thec9 o7m3mune". 780.T heA ccuseadl sot estifietdh ato n 14 April1 994m orep eoplew hoh adb eeni n hidinwge ref oundb y theA bakigaT.h er efugeetsr iedt o fleet owardKsi bilizmia rket but" theyw eres urprisferdo mt hes ideo f thef ootbalfli elda ndt heree ightp eoplwee re 968I bidp.. 6 0. 969I bidp.. 5 9. 97o Transcripotfs 5 June2 000p . 130. 971~ xranscnpotfs 8 June2 000p . 225. 972T ranscripotfs 5 June2 000p . 131. 260

~/,.~.:~’~ "~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T killedi,n cludinMgu ganga9"7.4A ftert heA bakighaa dl eftt heA ccuseads kedp eoplteo claimt heb odieosf theirr elativeHse. t estifietdh ath e didn oth avet hec ouragteo identiftyh ev ictimss,o he askedp olicemeann dm emberosf thec ellulceo mmitteteo h9e7l5pb uryt heb odiesU.n claimbeodd iewse reb uriecdl oset ot hef ootbaflile ld. InvestigatAolrl agouma 781.T he Prosecutioinn vestigatoird entifieldo cationosf massg ravesa round Mabanzac ommune.H is knowledgoef the locationwsa s basedo n informatiohne receivedd uringi nterviewrsa thert hanf rom excavationosr exhumationsT.h e investigasttoart etdh att herew asa massg ravaet eacho ft hef ollowipnlga cesi:n f ront of thec ommunaolf ficeu,n dert hen ewlyb uiltp olicceo mpletxo ones ideo f theb ureau communably, theR ubengefroao tbalpli tcha ndi n a septitca nko n landb elongitnog a certaiHni timan9a7.6A numbero f exhibitwse ref iledb y theP rosecutitoon s howt he l9o7c7atioonf massg ravefsr omt hep eriodi,n cluditnhge o nea t thec ommunaolf fice. TheC hambenro test hatp aragrap4h.s1 6a nd4 .17r efero nlyt o "a massg rave"w ithin thep recincotf theb ureacuo mmunal. Findings 782.W itnesAsB is theo nlyw itnestso haver eferretdo oneh undrerde fugee(st he figurei n paragrap4h. 15o f theI ndictmentb)e ingk illeda t theb ureauc ommunal followintgh ed eparturoef them aing roup.W itnesHs testifitehda ta totalo f

fifty personasr riveadt theb ureauc ommunaoln 13 April1 994o r after.A ccordintgo the Accusede,i ghtp eoplew eref ounda ndk illedi n thep roximitoyf theb ureauc ommunal on 13A pril1 994a nda notheeri ghto n thef ollowidnagy . 973I bid.p p.1 30-131. 974I bid.p p.1 25-126. 975I bidp.p .1 32-133. 976T ranscripotfs 2 8 Octobe1r9 99p p.9 6-114. 977I ncludiPnrgo secutiEoxnh ibitNso s.1 3,3 8(b)3,8 (c)3,8 (d)3,9 (c)3,9 (d)3,9 (e)4,1 (a), 42(b)4,2 (c)4,3 (a)4,3 (b)a nd 261 ~.~

783.A lthougthh esev ersiondsi fferi,t seemst hata numbeorf refugeecso ntinuetdo streami ntot heb ureauc ommunaalf tert hed eparturoef them aing roupi n thee arly morninogf 13 April1 994. 784.T heA ccuseadd mittetdh ats omep eoplew eres heltereidn them ainh allo f the communaolf ficea ndi n the IGAb uildinbgu t thata ll thed oorsw ereu nlockedB.y contrastW,i tnesAsB maintainetdh atr efugeewse rel ockedu p in roomso f theI GA buildinIgn. cross-examinathioowne,v ert,h ew itnesasd mittetdh ats hed idn otk nowi f ther oomf romw hichs hes awc ertairne fugeecso meo utw asl ocked. 785.T heo nlyo there videncaeb outp ersonbse ingu nderl ocka t theb ureauc ommunal relatetso thek illinogf PastoMru gang(aV .4.2)H.o wevere,v enh eret het estimonies theP rosecutiwoint nesseasr en otc onsistenWti.t nesAsB testifietdh atM ugangwaa s takeno utf roma roomo f theI GAb uildinwgh ereaWsi tnesseOs a ndZ maintaintehda t hew asb einhge ldi n thec ommunja la ll. 786.W itnesAsB wast heo nlyw itnestso testiftyo seeingt heA ccuseadn dp olicemen facilitaattet ackerasc’c estso ther oomso f theI GAb uildinwgi thiwnh ichT utsiw ere held.H oweverc,r oss-examinatrieovne aletdh att hew itnesdsi dn oth erselsfe et he Accuseodp ent hed oorb utr athetrh ats heo btainetdh isi nformatiforno mt heA ccused’s driver.H er hearsaeyv idencies not corroborateTdh.e C hamberr ecallst hatt he credibiliotfy W itnesAsB hasb

eenc alledi ntoq uestio9n7.8T hea llegatioinn the Indictmetnhta tt heA ccuseadl loweIdn terahammwiel itiamaecnc estso buildingosf the bureauc ommunahla s not beene stablishebde yondr easonabldeo ubt.T he related allegatiotnh atI nterahammwiel itiametno rtureadn dk illedT utsir efugeehsi ding thereianl sor emainusn proved. 787.A s fort hea llegatitohna tp ersonwse rek illeidn or arountdh eb ureacuo mmunal, thee videncdeo esn oti mplicatteh eA ccusedN.o witnesssa wt heA ccusetdh ered uring thek illingsN.e itheWri tnesAsB norW itnesAsA claimetdo haves eenk illingast or 262

~ ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T aroundt he communaolf ficeb etween1 5 and1 7 April1 994.W itnesZs wasa lonei n associatitnhge A ccusewdi tht hea bovee ventsH.e explaintehda tt heA ccuseadr rived int hea fternooonn1 3A pril1 994a,p parentalfyt etrh ek illinhgasd e nded. 788.T hee videncaes tot hei dentitoyf thek illeriss s cantW.i tnesZs a ndt heA ccused testifietdh att her efugeewse rek illedb y AbakigaT.h erei s no evidencteh att he Accuseodr anyo f hiss ubordinatweassa mongt hosec ommittitnhge k illings. 789.I t hasb eene stablishtehda tt heA ccuseodr ganizetdh ed igginogf a massg rave outsidteh eb ureauc ommunalA.t leaste ightb odiesp,o ssiblmyo re,f oundb etweetnh e communaolf ficaen dG itikiniwneir ei nterreidn theg raveT.h eC hambeorb servetsh at interripnegr sonisn a massg ravdeo esn oti ni tselefs tablicsrhi minlaila bilitHyo.w ever, accordintgo WitnessA B, Interahamwwee aringb ananal eaves( possiblAyb akiga) participatiend t hem assb urialo rderebdy theA ccusedT.h isw ouldi ndicatteh att he Accuseedx ertecdo ntroolv era groupo f possiblaes sailantAsg.a int,h iso bservatiboyn WitnesAsB givesc ausef or doubt.I t doesn otc oincidwei tht he accoungti venb y WitnesZs, whoi n hist estimosnpyo keo f passers-absys istiinng t heb uriaaln di n his previowursi ttesnt atemernetf errteodt he" peoploef G itikininpie"r formitnhge t9 a7s9k. Therei s alsor easont o doubtt hatW itnesAsB actualloyb servetdh em assb uriali n questionS.h ec laimetdh ati t tookp lacet wod aysa ftert hed ateo n whichs heh eard gunshotfsr omt hed irectioofn thec ommunaolf ficem,o ret hanf ourd aysa ftert hed ate advancebdy theA ccuseadn dW itnesZs. Consequentltyh,e C hambecra nnotf indt hat thea llegatioinns p aragrap4h.s1 6a nd4 .17o ft heI ndictmehnatv eb eenp roved.

790. The questionw hethert he Accused,a s bourgmestret,o ok necessarya nd reasonabalcet iotno protectth er efugeewsh oa rriveadf tert hed epartuorfe them ain grouph as not beena rguedb y the ProsecutionT.h e Chambern everthelesmsa kes referentcoe evidencceo nsideriend varioupsa rtso f thisC haptetrh ats uggesttsh at Mabanzac ommunew as besiegebdy Abakigao9 n8 oor before1 3 and 14 April1 994. 978 See,i np articulVa.r2,. 52,. 6,3 .1a nd4 .1. 979 DefencEex hibiNto .6 5. 980 See,i n particulIaVr.,4 .a7n d5 .2;a nd3 .1-3.4. 263

ICTR-95-1A-T Thise videnacded su pt o a reasonabploes sibiliatty l,e astt,h att heA ccusewda sn oti n fullc ontroolf thes ecuritsyi tuatiionn Mabanzcao mmundeu rintgh et imei n question. TheP rosecutiaolns oh asn ota ddressetdh eq uestiownh ethetrh eA ccusesdh ouldh ave attemptteodf indt hep erpetrataonrdst akem easuraegsa instth em.

791. For the abover easons,t he Chamberf indst hatt he chargeso f genocide, compliciitny g enociadned c rimeasg ainshtu maniitny relatitoon thee ventrse ferretdo inp aragrap4h.s1 5t o 4.17o f theI ndictmemnuts tb e dismissed. 4.4A ttackast Bisesero TheI ndictment 792.A ccordintgo theP rosecutiobny, l ateA pril1 994,m anyT utsih adt akenr efuge int heh illso f Biseserwoh,e ret heyw eres ubsequenattltya ckeIdt. i s allegetdh att he Accusesdu pporteadt tackosn ther efugeeast Biseseroa,s a resulotf whicht housands lostt heilri vesP.a ragra4p.h3 0o ft heI ndictmerneta ds: "ThroughAopurti lM,a ya ndJ une1 994I,g nacBea gilishaecmtai nign c oncerwti tho thers, includiCnlge menKta yishemSae,m anzCae lestiNns,e ngimaAnpao llinaiNrzea,n anEam ile andM unyampunbdruo ughtto t hea reao fB iseseraor medi ndividuailnsc,l udimnegm bers of theG endarmerNiaet ionalceo,m munaplo licemeann dI nterahammwiel itiamaennd directtehde mt oa ttactkh ep eoplsee ekinrge fugteh ereI.n a dditioIng,n acBea gilishema personaaltltya ckaendd k illepde rsosnese kinrge fugoen G itwhai lli nt hea reao fB isesero." Submissioonfst heP arties 793.R eferrintgo testimonietsh,e P rosecutioanl legetsh att he Mabanzcao mmune drivetrr ansportaetdt acketrosB isesertoo k illt her efugeetsh ereI.t w asa lsoa lleged thatt heA ccusewda s presenatt a meetindgu ringw hicha ll able-bodiyeodu ngm en weree ncouragteod g o toB isesertoo attacrke fugeeAsn.o thewri tnesssa idt hata t the end of April1 994,s heh eardI nterahammwiel itiamebnr agginagb outw hatt heyh ad donea t BiseseroT.h eP rosecutiaolns oc ontendtsh atw hent heA bakigbae gans tealing 264 ~/t.~.

ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... cattlef romH utui n Mabanzat,h eA ccuseidn structtehde mt o go to Bisesertoo assist thosef ightintgh eT utsit here.F urthermorree,f erenicse madet o onew itneswsh os aw twob usl oadso f attackedrrsi vep asth iss ecteura,n ds ubsequenltelayr netdh att hese vehiclehsa d gonet o BiseseroF.i nallyt,h e Prosecutioanl legest hata rmsa nd ammunitiowne red istributeudn,d ert he supervisioonf the Accusedt,o Abakiga, Interahamwmee,m berosf thes ecuritfyo rcesa ndo therH utuc ivilianpsr eparitnog go to Bisesertoo takep arti n thea ttacksT.h eP rosecuticohna rgetsh eA ccusewdi th genocidceo,m pliciitny g enocidaen dc rimeasg ainshtu manit9y8.1 794.T heD efencaer guest hatn oneo f theP rosecutiwoint nessewsa sa n eyewitnetsos thee ventsa t BiseseroT.h e witnessewsh or eferretdo Bisesereoi therh eardt he Interahambwoea stinagb outh avingc ommittecdr imetsh ere,s awb usest ransportitnhge Interahamwteo wardB iseseroor heardt he Accusede xhortintgh e Abakigao r the populatiotno go to BiseseroH.o wevera,c cordintgo theD efencet,h e Prosecution providendo evidencteo showt hata nyo f thesep ersonasc tuallwye ntt o Biseseroo,r whatt heym ayh avep ersonaldloyn et hereI.t hasn otb eenp rovetdh ata nyc rimewse re committtehde reT.h ereforteh,e a llegatiownist hr espectto Bisesermou stb

e discarded f9o8r2l acko fe vidence. Deliberations Witnesses 795.W itnesHs, a Hutu,t estifitehda ta ftert hed epartuorfe ther efugeefso rK ibuye (V.3.1a)n dt hes ubsequeanttt acka gainsKta rung(uV .4.1)A,b aikgal efMtabazna communeT.h ew itnesasd ded: 981 Seef,o ri nstanPcreo,s ecutiworni’tstC elno siRnegm arpk.s1 2p ara8.3 ,p p.3 7-3p8a ras2.3 2-23p8., 94p ara9.4 ,p .1 00p ara9.7 ,p .1 03p aras1.4 3-14p5.1, 0 6p ara1.7 7a ndp .1 03p ara2.4 6R;e buttpaalr as. 12a nd1 7. 982Seef,o ri nstanDceef,e nBcrei ef2p6.p aras1.7 2-17R4e;j oinpdaerra s1.2 1-126.

ICTR-95-1A-T I 17- ....................................................................................................... "TheA bakiglae ftM abanzcao mmunbee causbeo urgrnesBtargei lishehmaadh elda meeting inR ubengesreac toarn dh eh adt oldt heA bakigtao c ontinauned t og oo nwardtso B isesero toa ssistth eH utusw how eref ightitnhge T utsisB.u tt het ruer easofno rw hichh ew as sendintgh eseA bakigtah erew asb ecausteh eseA bakighaa ds tartetdo eatt heH utu livestocTkh.eH utui nM abanzsat artetdo c omplaainnd s o theb ourgmesatsrkee dt hemt o leavhei sc’ o’m9m8u3ne. Thew itnesssa idt hath eh ada ttendtehdi sm eeting. 796.O n 13 April1 994,W itnessA , who was then1 6 yearso ld,l eftt he bureau communaflo r Kibuyew itht he otherr efugeesH.e was presenatm ongt he refugees duringt hea ttacka t KibuyeS tadiuomn 18 April1 994,f romw hereh e escapedA.f ter spendinsgo med aysh idingi n thef oresto n GatwarHoi ll,t he witnesrse turnetdo Mabanzac ommune,w here he soughts heltera t the houseo f Nshimyimanat,h e communald river,w ho gave the witnesss ome food but refusedt o hide him. Nshimyimasnaai dt hat" he wasg oingt o carryp eoplew how ereg oingt o killo ther peoplien BiseseroT.h"e w itneslse fti mmediateLlayt.e rt hes amed ay,f romh ish iding placei n a forestt,h ew itnesssa wt hec ommunavle hiclter ansportiInngt erahamwe: "’T’h9e8v 4ehiclwea so nt heK ibuyreo ada ndi t ist hes

amer oadt hatl eadst oB isesero. 797.W itnesOs soughtr efugea t thec ommunaolf ficeo n 9 April1 994a ndl aterw ent intoh idingi n sorghufmi eldsi n Mabanzcao mmuneO.n ed ayi n April,a t 9 a.m.,t here wasa publimce etinhge lda t a placec alleMdu kunyenyTih.e w itnesdsi dn ota ttenodr observiet ,b uts hew asa blet o hearw hatw asb eings aid.T hem eetinwga sl edb y the Accused’ass sistanSte,m anzaw,h o,u singa megaphonien,t roductehde b ourgmesttroe thosep resentT.h ew itnesrse calletdh eA ccusesda ying":T heT utsisw hoi ntendetdo killt heH utush adb eend iscovereadn,d t hatw herevetrh ee nemyw as,h e wasg oingt o be killed."F ollowintgh is,M unyampunduw,h o was introduceads a Membero f Parliamenetx,h ortetdh osep resentto looke verywhefroer T utsia ndk illt hem.H e then statedt hat" alla ble-bodiyeodu ngm en shouldm eeti n them orninagt thec ommune 983T ranscriopf1t 9sN ovemb1e9r9 9p .4 1.S omeo bviomuiss takienst heE nglitsrha nscrihpatvsbee en rectifFireedn.vc ehr si"oMna:i .s. .l av rairea ispoonu lra queillle en voycaeistA baki1g/at -bca’se,s pta rce quec esA bakigaav aiencto mmen/c~6m angelre b &aidle sH umsl,e urc ong~nailrees,H umsd el a commundeeM abanzeatc eux-acvia iencto mmencs6e/p ll aindrAel:o rsl,e b ourgmeslturiae demand6 deq uittsearc ommu(npe.5 1). 266 ’~ ~.

-’ *~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T Jitt .,... ." officet o moveo n to Biseser’o’.985T hen extd ay,W itnesOs sawm eng athera t the bureauc ommunalA.s theyw alkedp ast the fieldi n whichs he was hiding,s he o9v8e6rheatrhde mt alka boutth eiri ntenddeeds tinatiBoins,e sero. 798.T heC hambern otest hati n her earliesrt atementto investigatoorns 2 3-24 Februar1y9 98,W itnessO explainewdh ath ad happeneodn the morninga ftert he meeting: "Then extm orninIg s,a wa largcer owgdo b y,s ingin.g. .’ Letu se xtermintahteem .T’h ese peoplcea mef romR ambaa ndR utsiraon dw ereh eadinfgo rt heM abanzcao mmunoef fice, whereI coulsde ea largneu mbeorf v ehicl.e.s. .I knewt hev ehiclweesr ef romK ibuye. Someo f themw erea lsos houtintgh atM tmyampunhdaud a skedt hemt o come.I do not knoww hatt hespee oplaes semblaetdt hec ommunoef ficdei d’.’98(7E mphasaidsd ed.) 799.W itnesZs testifietdh atw henh e wasa t theT rafiprroo adblocikn May1 994, EliezeNri yitegeaknad C yprieMnu nyampunadtu c ertaitni mesp assedb y on theirw ay to theb ourgmestreo’fsfi ce.988 Thew itnesssa idt hato n one occasioNni yitegeka broughtw ithh im a numbero f weaponsi n a vehicleT.h e Accusedo rderedt hose presenti,n cludinWgi tnessZ , to offloadt he weaponsw,h ichi ncludead box of grenadeasn,d t o placet hemi n hiso fficeT.h en extd ay,t heA ccusetdo gethewri thh is assistaCn6t1 estiSne manzaw,h oa t thet imep rovidehdo usintgo m anyo f

thea ttackers, begant o distributthee w eapontso theA bakigaW.i tnesZs saidh e wasp resenatt the distributainodnr eceivetdh reeg renadewsh,i chh et ookw ithh imt o ther oadblocekv,e n thought he bourgmestrhea d orderetdh ata ny personr eceivinwge aponsw ast o go directltyo B isesertoo k illt heT utsig atheretdh ereT.h ew itneswsa su nablteo c onfirm t9h8a9tt heA ccusehdi mselwfe ntt o Biseseartot het ime. 984T ranscripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p . 54. 985 Transcripotfs 2 4 Novembe1r9 99p . 49 andp . 50,r espectively. 986I bidp.. 120. 987P rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .6 2. 988T he witnesbse lievetdh atN iyitegekwaa st he Ministeorf Informatiownh,e reaMsu nyampunwdaus a secretaorfy t heN ationaAls sembly. 989 Transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00. 267 ,~ ..

.~, ~ ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... 800.I n hiss tatemetnot i nvestigatoofr1 s8 Septemb1e9r9 9,t hew itnesisd entifitehde persondsi stributiwnega pontso theA bakigaas theA ccusedC,o nseillDearn ield,e puty bourgmestArpeo llinairaen,d o neN tirugayTah.e C hambenro test hea bsencfer omt his accounotf hisa ssistanSte manzab,u tt hew itneswsa sn ota skedt o accounfto rt he a9p9p°arenotm ission. 801.T hreeo therw itnessemsa dem inorc ontributioonns t he subjecotf Bisesero. WitnesAsB saidt hatw hilei n hidincgl oset o a roada t thee ndo f them ontho f April sheo verhearIdn teraham"wber aggianbgo utw hatt heyd idi n Biseser.o. .,,.9D9e1f ence WitnesBsE saidt hata roun1d3 April1 994h eh eardt hatt wof ullb usesp assintgh rough Mabanzcao mmunfer omt hed irectioonf Gisenywie reh eadedf orB iseseroA.s fara s he knew,t heyd id nots topa t thec ommunaolf ficeH.e didn ot seet heA ccuseodn boardt hem9.9zW itnesAsC m adep assinrge ferentcoe the" battloef Biseserot"o, w hich s9h9e3w asa ne yewitnebsust,g aven oe videnrceel atitnogt hise vent. The Accused 802.I n hist estimonyt,h eA ccusedde niedt hath e hadg onet o Biseserdou ringt he perioidn questioHni.s r eferretdo hisd iarya ndt her egisteorf i ncominagn do utgoing mail.A ccordintgo theA ccusedn,o mentiowna sm adet hereo f travetlo thatl ocation. As

forG itwaH illi n Biseseror,e ferretdo in paragrap4h. 30o f theI ndictme(nste e above)h,e saidt hath e had neverb eent herea ndd idn ot evenk nowt hep lace.H e challengaeldl a llegatiornesl atitnogt hep arth e playeadt B iseserHoe. i ndicattehda t, on thec ontrarhye, hada ttemptteod prevenatt tackeprass sintgh rougMha banzaan dt o protectth ep opulatioofnh isc ommuneI.n thisc onnectitohne A ccusetde stifitehda to n 23 June1 994,a bus fullo f Interahamwfer omG isenyip assedt hroughM abanzao n theirw ayt o Biseseros,t oppintgo commit" somea trocitieisn" M abanziat selfH.e 990 DefencEex hibiNto .6 5. 991 Transcripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p . 103. 992 Transcripotfs 2 7 April2 000. 993 Transcripotfs 1 8 Novembe1r9 99p . 58. 268

~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T claimetdh ath e hadw rittetno theP refecotn 24 June1 994r equestinhgi mt o stop "thesaec tso fb arbaribsemi ngc arrieodu tb y theI nterahami9wn9e 4M abanza. 803.I n relatiotno thea llegatitohna th e distributweeda ponwsh ichh e hadr eceived fromM unyampundaun dN iyitegekat,h e Accuseds aidh e believetdh atM unyampundu wasn oti n thec ountrayt ther elevantti me.I fNiyitegeak am,e mbeorf theM DRp arty, had broughtw eaponst o Mabanza",h e wouldn’gti vet hemt o me, his opponentH.e wouldg ivet hemt o anothepre rsonw how asf romt hes amep arty. ..S emanza9"9.5T he Accuseddi d,h oweverr,e callh avinlge ntt wow eapontso thep arisheosf Mushubaatnid Rubengertao,b eu sedb yr eservisttosp rotectth ep opulatitohne re. Findinzs 804.T heC hambenro test hatp revioucsa sel awh ase stablishtehda ta largen umber of Tutsiw erea ttackeadn d killeda t Biseserion 1994.R eferencies madet o the Kayishemaa nd RuzindanaJ udgementp aras.4 05-472a nd the MusemaJ udgement paras3.6 2-49a7n d6 49-796T.h isi s noti n disputbee tweetnh ep artiesA.c cordingly, theq uestiaotni ssuien t hep resencta sei st her oleo ft heA ccuseidf,a ny,i nr elatitoon thosaet tacks. 805.A ccorditnog thel asts entencoef paragrap4h. 30i n theI ndictmentth,e A ccused personallayt tackeadn dk illedp ersonsse ekinrge fugeo n GitwaH illi n thea reao f BiseseroN.o neo f the witnessewsh o testifiebde foret he Chamberh ad

seent he Accuseidn thata reao fB iseseroor k newt hath e hadb eent hereA.s t heP rosecutihoans notl eda nye videnfcoer t hisa llegatitohne,A ccusemdu stb ea cquittoendt hisp oint. 806.I nt hef irsts entencoef paragra4p.h3 0i ti s allegetdh att heA ccusedi,n c oncert witho thersi,n cludinfgi ven amedp ersonsb,r oughatr medi ndividuatlos B iseseraon d directetdh emt o attackt her efugeetsh ere.T herei s no evidencteh att heA ccused 994T ranscriopft 7s June2 000p . 92. 995I bidp.. 1 71. 269

himselbfr oughatn yonteo Bisesero. 807.H owevert,h eP rosecutihoans o ffereedv idencteo thee ffectt hatt heA ccused instructpeedr sontso g o to Bisesearnod a ttactkh er efugeeSsp.e cificalWliyt,n essHe,s O and Z gavee videncteh att he Accusedo rderedo r was presentw henH utuw ere instructteod g o to BiseserWoi.t nesHs r eferretdo a meetinhge attendeidn Rubengera sectora,t whicht heA ccuseodr deretdh eA bakigtao go to KibuyeW.i tnesOs t estified to a meetintgh ats he overhearadt Mukunyenyiin,v olvintgh eA ccusedS,e manzaan d MunyampundWui.t nesZs explainetdh att heA ccuseddi stributweeda ponasn do rdered thatT utsbie k illeidn B isesero. 808.T hesew itnessdeess cribeddi fferenetp isodesI.f theA ccuseids to be convicted pursuantto paragrap4h. 30o f theI ndictmentth,e P rosecutimouns ts howt hatT utsi werea ttackeadt Biseserboy personwsh oh adb eeno rderetdo do so by theA ccusedI.n thisc onnectiotnh,e C hambenro test hatt heP rosecutihoans n otc hargetdh eA ccused withd irecatn dp ubliicn citemetnot c ommigte nocidbeu tw ithg enocidaen dc omplicity in genocideT.h ew ordinogf theI ndictmeinst thatt heA ccuse"db roughtp"e rsontso Biseseraon d" directetdh"e mt o attackT.h eP rosecutihoansn otl eds ufficieenvti dence int hirse spect. 809.W itnesOs testifietdh ats hew asp rivyt o a meetindgu ringw hicht heA ccused calledf or thee nemyt o be soughto ut.S hes tatedt hats he alsoh eardM

unyampundu instrucyto ung,a ble-bodiemde nt o gathera t the bureauc ommunatlh en extd ay. Howevert,h ew itnesdsi dn ota ctuallsye eo r observteh ism eetingS.h eo nlyh eardi t, andw asa blet o identiftyh es peakerass theyw erei ntroducbeedf orea ddressitnhge crowd.I t is notm entioneidn hert estimonwyh etheSre manzwaa si ntroducetdo the crowdI.t i st herefodroeu btfutlh att hew itneswsa sa blet o identihfiym .I nt heo pinion of theC hamberu,n lesst hew itneswsa sc ompletelfya miliawri thh isv oice,i t is questionabtlhea ts hec ouldi dentifSye manzsao a ssuredwliyt houhta vinagc tuallsye en or observetdh em eetingW.i tnesOs alsot estifitehda tt hed aya ftert hem eetings,h e overhearmde nw how ereg atherinagt theb ureauc ommunatla lka boutB iseseraos their intendedde stinatioYne.t ,i n her1 998s tatemensth em aden o mentioonf BiseseroT.o

....................................................................................................... thec ontrarys,h ei ndicatetdh ats hed idk noww hyt heyw ereg atherinagt theb ureau communalH.o wevert,h erei s no evidencteh att hesem ena ctuallwye ntt o BiseserHoe.r testimoinsy t herefoirnec onclusive. 810.W itnesHs testifietdh ata lthougthh eA ccusehda d toldt he Abakigtao go to Bisesetroo assisIt- tutfui ghtintgh eT utsit,h er ealm otivoef t heA ccusewda st o have theA bakigal eavet he communea,s peoplei n Mabanzaw ereu nhappyw itht hemf or appropriatainndge atintgh eirl ivestocAkg.a int,h erei s no evidencteh ata nyo f the Abakigaw hop articipatiend thatm eetinagc tuallwye ntt o BiseseroW.i tnessH ’s testimoinsy t herefoirnec onclusive. 811.W itnesAs testifietdh att he communadlr iverN,s himyimansaa,i dt hath e was goingt o transporatt tackertso BiseseroN.o mentioins madeo f theA ccuseidn this regardT.h ef actt hatt hec ommunavle hiclwea sl aters eenb y WitnesAs transporting Interahamowne t her oadl eadintgo B iseserios n otc onclusivaes, t hatr oada lsol edt o KibuyeT.h erei s no furtheerv idencteh att hisv ehicloer t hep eoplaeb oarddi di n fact got oB isesero. 812.W hileW itnessZ testifieads to weaponsd istributebdy the Accusedw ith instructiotnos t hosei n receiptto go to Biseserot,h erei s no evidencteh ata nyone followetdh esei nstructioTnos t.h ec ontraryW,i

tnesZs, whos tatedt hath e received threeg renadedsu ringt hisd istributiostna, yedi n MabanzaR.e gardinWgi tnesseAsB , AC andB E,t herei s insufficieevnitd encteo concludteh atp ersonasl legedrleyc eiving instructiofnrso mt heA ccusecdo mmittecdr imesa t BiseseroM.o reoverW,i tnesAsC , whoa lonew itnesstehde " battloef Biseserod"i,d n otm entioann yp articipanctosm ing fromM abanza. Conclusion 813.F ort hea bover easonst,h e Chambecra nnotf indb eyondr easonabldeo ubtt hat theA ccusecdo mmittecdr imeusn dert heS tatutien connectiwoint ht hea ttackasg ainst refugeiens Bisesero. 271

814.K anyabugoswia s a Tutsi,w ho was killedi n Mabanzai n May 19949.96 The Prosecutiobnr ingst hise ventu nderp aragraph4s. 12a nd 4.13o f the Indictment, reproducaebdo ve( V.4.1). Submissioonfs t heP arties 815.T he Prosecutiorne ferst o the testimonoyf WitnessH , who describehdo w Kanyabugoswia s takent o the Accusedb y two communalo fficers,c onseiller Nkiriyumwamanid the accountanNtz ananaT.h eyc laimedt hatK anyabugoswia s an InkotanyTih.e A ccusehda ndedh imb ackt o hist wos ubordinatewsh,o k illedh im.A s theyh adr eferretdo thev ictima s an Inkotanywih,i cha,c corditnog theP rosecution, meant" collaborawtiotrh t heR PF";a ndi n viewo f thec ontexotf widespremaads sacres of Tutsii n Mabanzac ommune,t he Accusedk newo r shouldh ave knownt hath is subordinatweosu ldp roceetdo killK anyabugosTih.e P rosecuticohna rgetsh eA ccused withg enocidaen d violatioonf Articl3e commont o the GenevaC onventionasn do f AdditionParlo tocol ~.997 816. The Defencen otest hato nly WitnessH testifieadb outK anyabugosiH.i s testimoinsy u nreliabalse a wholea nds houlbde seta sideA.t anyr ate,t heP rosecution has not provedb eyondr easonabled oubtt hat a crimew as committeda gainst KanyabugosTih.e w itnestse stifietdh att heA ccusemde relyh andedK anyabugoosvie r to thec onseillaenrd t hea ccountanTth.ew itnesdsi dn ots eet hea ctuakli llinogr the body.T herei s not sufficienptr oofo f

commanrde sponsibilitAyc.c ordintgo the Defencet,h ep reponderanocfe t he evidencree vealst hatt heA ccusedt ooka ction againsti llegalc onducotf communaelm ployeese,v enf orm inoro ffencessu cha s stealingI.t followst hath e couldn ot havec ondonedt he allegedk illingo f 996T hev ictims’usr namiesa lsos pel"tK anyabugionyt ih"e t ranscriTphte.C h ambehra sn otb een informaebdo uhti sf irsnta meI.n t hep resecnats eh,e h asb eedne scriabset dh ed riveorfG enerRaolm eo DallairCeo,m mandoeftr h eU NAMIpRe ackee epinfgo rces,e eb elow. 272

Deliberations 817.P rosecutiWoint nesHs testifietdh atG eneraDla ilaire’dsr iverK,a nyabugosi, wasa Tutsia nda Muslimf romG acacas ectorM,a banzcao mmuneH.e soughtr efugea t a mosquei n Mabanzsao metimien May1 994.T hew itnesasn do thersl ookeda ftert he refugebeu,t n eart hee ndo f Mayh ef elli ll.A ccorditnog t hew itnesasf,t erp rayerosn e eveningK,a nyabugossia idt hatD allairhea d telephonehdi m to informh im that Kanyabugosim’osn eyw as at the bureauc ommunaaln d thath e shouldg o theret o collecitt .T hew itnestsh oughtth atK anyabugomsuis th aveb eend elirioausst herew as no telephonaet them osqueT.h eC hambenro test hata ccordintgo hiss tatemenotf 14 July1 999g ivent o investigatoKrasn,y abugowsein tt o theb ureauc ommunaals he "gott iredo f remainiinng hidinagn dw entt o thec ommunoef ficteo seekh elpf romt he Bourgmest’r’e9.99T herew asn o mentioonf a telephocnael lf romD allairoer them oney saidt o bea t theb ureacuo mmunal. 818.W itnessH testifietdh att he nextm orningK anyabugoswie ntt o the bureau communaaln df oundt heA ccusedW.h ent hew itneslse arnta boutt his,h e followehdi m tot hec ommunoaflf iceI.n h ist estimontyh,e w itnessst ated: "Hea rriveadt theM abanzbau reacuo mmunaaln dh e foundt heb ourgmesttrhee reT.h e bourgmesstarweh im,t heyd idn’dto a nythienlgs eT.h eyo nlys aidt hatt heyh adf ounda majoIrn kotanyTih.e yw entt o seew hot hisI nkotanwyais ,t

hec onseill[eNrk iriyumwami] ...w asp resenats w ella ss taffo f thec ommunTeh.e b ourgmestdriedn othinegl se.H e simplgya ve[ himb]a ckt ot hec onseillaesrw ella st ot hea ccountaonftM abanzcao mmune. Theyt ookh ima waya ndk illehdi m.T hen ameo f thea ccountawnats N zananaT.h eyt ook h’i’m1a° °w°aya ndk illehdi m. ...W el efti mmediatbeelcya usweec oulddo n othinfgu rther. 997 ~ . , vrosecutxso wnr itteCnl osinRge markps. 11 para.7 6,p . 89 para.6 3 andp . 116p ara.2 72;R ebuttal ~gara2.9 . 8 DefencCel osinBgr iefp3.9 paras2.9 0-29a3n dp . 119p aras6.1 -62R;e joindpe.r 1 7 paras1.7 0-172. 999D efencEex hibiNto .1 0. 1000 Transcriptosf 19 Novembe1r9 99p p. 48-49.T he Chambern otes,i n particulart,h e following sentenceisn theF rencht ranslatio"nL:e b ourgmestnr’ea r ienf aitd ’autrei,l a simplemepnrto miasu conseillaeirn siq u’auc omptabldee la commundee Mabanzai,l sF onta men6e t Fontt u&E t, le nomd u 273 @,/b,~,.

819.W itnesHs s aidt hath e didn otg o to looka t theb ody.H e alsos aidt hath e did nots eeK anyabugoasgia in. Findings 820.W itnesHs, theo nlyw itnesisn them attero f Kanyabugoside’as th,p rovidendo detailasb outt hek illingD.u ringh ist estimontyh,e w itnesfsi rste xplaintehda tt he conseillaenrd t hea ccounta"ntto okh ima waya ndk illedh im".T heP rosecutitohne n askedw hethehre sawt heb ody.T hew itnesrse spondtehda th e "didn’gto to looka t his body’’S.u bsequentltyh,e P rosecutiaosnk edw hethehre hads eenK anyabugoasgia in sincet hatd ay.T hew itnesasn sweretdh ath e didn ots eeh ima gainT.h esea nswergsa ve thei mpressitohna th e didn ota ctualsleye t hek illinTgh.e B encht hens oughtto c larify matterbsy askintgh ew itneswsh ethehre hads eent hee venthse justh add escribeHde. answereyde s,b utn o furtheirn formatiwoans p rovidede,i therd urinegx amination-in- chiefo rc ross-examination. 821.A ccordintgo WitnesHs’ ss tatementto investigatoorfs 1 4 July1 999,t het wo municipaolf ficerksi lledK anyabugo"sbie hintdh e communoef ficew iths mallh oes, and the fatalb loww as givenb y Nzananai n the presenceo f the conseilleorf Gacaca1"°.°1A s mentioneadb ove,t heP rosecutidoind n otf ollowt hisu p beforet he Chamberf,o ri nstancbey clarifyiwnhge thetrh ev ersioinn thes tatemenrte flected eventasc tuallsye enb y thew itnesosr wash earsayD.u rintgh eo ralc losinagr guments,

theP rosecutiwoansa skedw hyi t didn otl eadd etaileedv idenacbeo utt hek illingA.f ter severaelv asivaen swerist wasf inallcyl arifitehda tt hew itnesdsi dn ots eet hek illing, butt hatt hei nformatiionn t hes tatemenwta sp urelyh earsaays thep ersonw asn ot there.l°°2 coupabl6et aitN zananaI.l sl ’onta mende t l’ontt u6.N ouss ommetso utd e suitep artipsa rceq uen ousn e ~0ouviornise nf aixde’ autre." 01 DefencEex hibiNto .i 0. 1002 Transcripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p p.1 49-158. 274 e

.....................!._._.$.-.o..._........................................................... 822.A ssumintgh att hee ventsu nfoldeidn them annerd escribebdy thew itnessi,t doesn otf ollocwl earlfyr omh ist estimotnhya ti tw ast hec onseillaenrd t hea ccountant whoc alleKda nyabugoasni I nkotanyais,a llegebdy theP rosecutioInt. i sa lsou nclear for what purposeK anyabugoswia s "handedo ver’’b y the Accusedt o the two communaolf ficialasn,d w hethehre wask illepdu rsuantto an instructigoinv enb y the Accuseodr withh isk nowledgaen da cquiescencThee.e videncseu bmitteidn courtd id notc learleys tablitshha tK anyabugowsaisk illebdy communaolf ficerosr, thath e was killeadt all.N o furtheerv idencwea sp rovidebdy theP rosecutiownh,i chd idn ote ven addrestsh ei ssueo f thek illinogf Kanyabugodsuir ingi tsc ross-examinaotfi othne AccusedT.h eC hamber’dso ubta boutt her oleo f theA ccuseids increasebdy thef act thatW itnesHs i n relatiotno othere ventsse emetdo implicatthee A ccusetdo a larger e1x°t°e3ntth ant hatb aseodn hisa ctuaolb servations. Conclusion 823.C onsequentltyh,e C hamberm ustc oncludteh att he Prosecutiohna sn ot shown beyondr easonabldeo ubtt hatt he Accusedc ommittecdr imesu ndert he Statutei n connectiwoint ht hek illinogf K anyabugosi. 4.6K illinogf theS onso f WitnesBs 824.W itnessB , a Tutsi,d escribehdo w her threes onsw erek illedi n Mabanza communeT.h eP

rosecutiborni ngst hise ventu nderp aragrap4h. 13o f theI ndictment, reproducaebdo ve( V.4.1)A.c cordintgo theP rosecutiotno,w ardtsh ee ndo f May1 994, WitnesBs andh erf ivec hildrewne rei n hidingi n a fieldi n Mabanzcao mmuneF.r om thisl ocatiotnh e wimesso bservesde veralm eetinghso stedb y the Accuseadt his residenceA.t tackosn Tutsiw ouldi ntensiffyo llowinega chm eetingT.h e witness returnetdo herh ousew ithh erc hildreinn theh opet hatt heyw ouldb e killebdy her neighbouwrist houbte ingt orturedW.h ent heA ccusewda si nformeodf thish e ordered thatt hew itness’tsh rees onsb e killedT.h eyw erem urdereidn hisp resenceT.h e Prosecuticohna rgetsh eA ccusewdi thg enocidec,o mplicitiyn genocidaen dc rimes looS3e eV .4.a1n d4 .3. 275

ICTR-95-1A-T ,¢f~ ’~,, ~’Z~, a°g°a4inshtu maniitnyr elatitoont hise ventJ Submissioonfs t heP arties 825.T heD efencmea intaintsh atW itnesBs’ st estimoniys vaguea ndi naccuratIet. i s notp ossiblteo determinweh ow asp resenwth ent hec hildrewne ret akena wayt o be killedo,r whot hep erpetratoorfs t hea llegecdr imewse re.T hew itnescso nfirmtehda t shew asu nablet o hearw hatw asb eings aida t thea llegemde etingast theA ccused’s house.S hec oncedetdh ats heh adn ota ctuallsye ent hosep articipatibuntgw ast old aboutt hemb y somebodeyl se.S hea lsot estifietdh att hem eetinghsa dt akenp lace everye veninfgr omm id-Aprtiol e arlyJ uly,e vent hougho,n hera ccounts,h eh adh idi n thef ielodn lyu ntitlh ee ndo f May.N o othewri tnessceosr roborattheeds eev ents1.0 05 Deliberations 826.A round7 April1 994,w heno therT utsio f Mabanzcao mmuneh adb egunt o seek refugea t the bureauc ommunalW,i tnesBs togethewri thh erf ivec hildreann dh er h1u°s°b6anwde ntt o hidei n theM usliqmu arter. 827.A bouta weekl atera,n ds hortlayf tert her efugeeast thec ommunaolf ficlee ftf or Kibuyet own,W itnesBs’ sh osts,r eturninfgr oma meetinign thec ommunei,n formed hert hatt heA ccusehda dt oldt hemt hat" allt het utsihsa dt od ie"a ndt hata llp rotectors of Tutsiw ouldb e killeda longw itht heT utsip eople1.°°7S hew ast herebfyo rcedt o leavet hish idingp laceH.e ri ntentiowna st o takeh erf

amiltyo Kibuyteo wnt o find securittyh ereH.o wevero,n ther oadc loset o theb ureacuo mmunaslh ec amea crostsh e AccusedH.e wasi n a vehiclcea llinugp onH utut o armt hemselvaensd t o killT utsiH.e 10oP4r osecutwiroint’tsCe lno siRnegm arpk.s1 4p ara9s1.- 94p,.8 9p ara6.4 ,p .9 3p ara9.0 ,p .9 6p ara. 112p,. 9 9p ar1a1 7p,. 1 09p ara2.0 0p,. 1 13p ara2.3 7a ndp .1 15p ara2.6 1;R ebuttpaalr a3.0 . lo05S ee,f ori nstancDee,f encCel osinBgr iepf. 3 9p aras2.9 4-2a9n9d p p.4 5-4p6a ras3.4 7-363; Rejoinpdaerra s1.7 3-174. 100T6r anscroifp2 t4sJ anua2r0y0 p0p .5 6-57. 100I7b idp..5 8. 276

was usinga megaphon1e°.°8T he witnessa dded: "It was the marketd ay and everybodwya s in the marketa nd the bourgmesthraed just addresstehde p eoplien t hem arkeatn dt heh utusw how eret herel eftt hep lacev erya ngry... Theyw erei n a hurryt o go backh ome,l ookf ort heirw eaponasn ds eekt het utsish’o uses a’n’d1k° °i9llt hem.

828. In cross-examinattihoewn i tnesqsu alifiehde re arliearc count: "I do notr eallrye membewrh etheirt wasa marketd ayo r notb ecausIe w as. ..u ndergoing difficuslitt uatio.n.s. I didn ote veng ett ot hem arkebtu tw henI sawh ims peakintgo t he peoplei,t waso n ther oadl eadinfgr omt hem arketa ndh e wast hent alkintgo peoplew ho c1o°u1l°ndo tg ett o them arket". 829.W itnessB testifietdh erew erem oret hans ix gendarmeisn the vehiclew itht he AccusedS.h e statedt hatt he gendarmewse re" insultinugs . Theyw erep ointintgh eir fists at us and they were sayingt hat they were going to exterminateu s". She maintainetdh at theyw ereg endarmesa° nId1 not communalp olicemen) 830. Insteado f going to Kibuyet own,W itnessB and her familya gain went into hiding,i n a fieldc loset o theirf ormerr esidenceF.r omt heret he witnessa nd her childrenf ound shelteri n the houseo f the eonseiIleNrk iryumwami(.W itnessB ’s husbandw as chaseda nd killedb eforer eachintgh ish ouse.)W hent he councilloro,u t of fear,a skedt hemt o leaveh isp lace,t heya gaint ookr efugei n a field.T hec ouncillor’s wifec ontinuetdo assistt hem.W itnessB testifietdh ats he and her childrerne mained hidingi n thef ield" fora longt ime",u ntilt hee ndo f May1.°12D uringt hisl astp haseo f hiding,W itnessB allegedloyb servedn umerousm eetingtsa kep lacea t the Accused’s house: "Thec onsellierw’isf ec ontinueedn

couragimneg a nde ache veninsgh et ookm e to a place wherew e coulds eep eopleg oingf orm eetingwsi thB agilisheamnad s het oldm e thatt hey wereg oingf ora meetinagn dt hatt heb ourgmestwroeu ldt ellt hemt o stopk illinagn dt hen shea ndh erh usbancdo uldh elpt hem.W e realisetdh ata ftere achm eetintgh ingsb ecame 100I8b idp.p .5 8-59. 100I9b idp.p .5 9a nd8 7. I01IOb idp.p .8 6-87. I01I1b idp.. 8 4. 101I2b idp.. 6 2. 277

ICTR-95-1A-T worsea nda nyonew how asf oundw ask illedi n a veryw ickedm annera nda search c’o’n1t°i1n3ueevde rywheirnae n yp lacweh eraen yonceo ulhdi de. 831.I n cross-examinattihoewn i tnestse stifietdh att hesem eetingwso uldn ormally commencaet 6 p.m.a nde ndb etwee9n and1 0 p.m.S hec ouldn oth earw hatw asb eing discussebdu,t t hec onseillewri’fse g aveh err egularrep orts1.014 In attendanwceer et he twoa ssistanbto urgmestrNesse ngimaannad S emanzat,h ec onseilleNrk iryurnwa(miin whoseh ouses heh ads oughsth elter)a,n do ther" leaderosf thea ttackerIs°"1.5" Iti s possiblteh att heyw entt or eporotn t heira ctivitioers t od rawu p a newp rogrambmuet in anyc ase,e verye venintgh eyw entt here’.’1°1T6h ew itnesass sertetdh att hem eetings continuuendt iJlu ly1 994w,e lla ftesrh eh adl eftt hisp articuhliadri npgl ace. 832.A t thee ndo f May1 994,n otb einga blet o beart hes ituatiaonny l ongerW,i tness B decidetdo takeh erc hildrebna ckt oh erf ormerre sidenbceec ausseh et houghtth ata t leastth erseh ec oulda rrangfeo ra llo ft hemt ob ek illewdi thoubte ingt ortur1e°d1.7S he foundh ern eighbouarnsd a skedt hemt o killh era ndh erc hildreinn a humanmea nner. Hern eighbourasc,c ordintgo thew itnesst,o okp ityo n them,b utn onetheleisnsf ormed theA ccusedT.h ew itnescso ntinued: "Theb ourgmestdriedn ots endp eoplteo killm e.I nsteadh,e h elda meetinwgi thh is assistawnhto w

ast hec hiefo ft heI nterahamHwies.n amew asA ppolinaNisreen gima.n.a. andh ew ass ayintgh att heys houlndo tp ityt hem alesT.h ep eoplaes kedt hatt heys hould havec ompassioonnm ea ndt heb abyI wasc arryionngm y backb utt heys aidt hisw asn ot possibbleec ausPea ulK agamweh ow ast hec hiefo ft heI nkotanwyais a babyw henh el eft ...T heyt herefotroeo km yb oys,m ys ons,t heyt ookt hemt ot her uinso fo urh ousea nd k’i’l1l°e1tdsh etmh ere. 833.T hisi st hef ulle xtenotf t hew itnesst’ess timoonnyt hek illinogf h ert hrees ons. TheP rosecutidoindn oti nvitteh ew itnestso supplfyu rthedre tailsn,o te vene ssential 101I3b idT.h eF renvcehr sioofnt hel aspta rotf t hes ecosnedn tenrceea d"sE:t c ettfee mmdeu c onseiller med isa<ictP eut-c~otmrmeiel sv onetn r 6uniloenb ,o urgmevsatl reeu dri rde’ arrSdteet ru eert a insmio,i etm onm arnio upso urrovnosucs a chevro,u asi der>(>p".6 3). 101I4b idp.p .8 9-90. 101I5b idp..8 9. 101I6b idp..9 1. 101I7b idp..6 2. 1018Ibidp.p .6 3-64T.h et ranslahtaisob ne einm provweidt rhe feretnoct eh eF rencthr anscri~ts.f 278 /~l/--,

informatisounc ha s who" they"w ere.T hei nexactneosfs t hee videncies apparenatl so in thef ollowinpga ssag(ea gaiint is notc learw ho" theyd"e notes)w,h ereW itness explainheodw s heh erselwfa ss pared: "Ii mplortehde mt ok illm et oob utt heyr efuseBda.g ilishaesmw ae lla st hec hieoff t he Interahamtwoel,dt hep eoplteh ati ft heyd idn otk illm ei tw oulbde o nt heihre adbse cause theyc ouldl eavem ea ndI wouldb ecommea d.I continuweadn derianbgo utl,o okinfgo r somebowdhyo c oulhda vep ityo n mea ndk illm eb utt heyr efusebde causteh eyw eret old nott o killm e becausteh eyt houghtth atI wouldb ecommea d,a ndt hati s howc omeI s’u’r1v0i1v9ed. 834.T heC hambeirs uncleaarl soa s to thes equencoef eventsc ompressiendt ot hese excerptfsr omW itnesBs’ st estimonOyn.e p ossiblsee quencies thef ollowinFgi:r stt,h e witness’nse ighbourasp proachetdh e AccusedT.h isa llegedlwya s followebdy a meetinbge tweetnh eA ccusedh,i sd eputya ndt he" people("t hen eighboursa?t) w,h ich Nsengimasnaai dt hatn o maleT utsis houlbde sparedT.h ep eople’csa llf orc ompassion wast o no availa nd WitnesBs’ ss onsw eret akena waya ndk illedT.h ew itnestsh en pleadefdo rh ero wnd eathT.h eA ccuseadt t hisp ointg avet hep eoplteh eo ptioonf not killinhge r,w arnintgh em,h owevert,h ats hew ouldg o madi fs hew eres pared. 835.I n cross-examinattihoenw ,i tnestse stifitehda ts heh adh eardt heA ccusesdp

eak at an open-aigra therionfg a largen umbeorf peopleH.i sw ordsw eret o thee ffectth at it didn otm atteri f WitnesBs weren otk illedb ecausseh ew ouldg o mada nywayH.e didn ots pecificarlelfye rt o hers ons.T hem eetinwga sh elda ta placec alleRdu pango andt hes peakeruss eda megaphon1e°.2°T hew itnesdsi dn ots ayw hot heo thers peakers wereo r whoe lsew asp resentA.t thet imes hew asw ithh erc hildrens,t andinogn a roadl,o okinfgo rs omeonteo k illh er.I ti sn otc leairf h ert hreseo nsw eres tilall ivaet thiss tageT.h em eetintgo ucheodn a numbeorf t opics: "Itw asv eryc losteo w herIe was.I knewt hatw ew eret heo bjectosft hatm eetinsgoI was curiotuosk nowt hed ecisiotnhsa tw ereg ointgo b et akeant t hatm eeti.n.g. .Peoplaes kead loto f questiopnasr ticularrelgya rdiHnugt uw omenw how erem arrietdo Tutsim en.T he answewra st hatt heys houlkdi llt heh usbanedvse ni f theys houlpdi tyt hem,t hatt hey shouldde strotyh eh ouseasn da lsok illt hec hildrleena vintgh eg irlasn de veni fa woman 1019I bidp.. 6 4 ("J’asiu ppli6.i.n.F "r encvhe rsion). lo20I bidp.p .9 7-98. 279

werep regnaanntd t heyd idn otk nowt hes exo ft heu nborcnh ildt,h ent heys houlodp enu p theb elloyf t hew oman.o"211 836.I t is noto bvioutso theC hambehro wt o reconcilteh e versionpsr esenteidn direcetx aminatiaonnd i n cross-examinasthioounl bde reconcileFdo.r e xamplei,n the latterc aset hew itnestse stifietdo havingo verheartdh ep roceedinogfs a meeting apparentalty s omed istancaew ay.I nt hef ormecra ses he" implortehde mt o killm e too butt heyr efused". Findings 837.T hei ssuef ort heC hambeirs whethetrh eP rosecutihoans l eds ufficieenvti dence to demonstratthea tt heA ccuseodr deredi,n citedp,a rticipaitne,do r is in someo ther wayr esponsibalsep rincipoarls uperiofro rt hea llegekdi llingosf t hes onso fW itness B. 838.T heC hambeorb servetsh ati n relatiotno thism osth orrifiocf blowsa llegedly sufferebdy WitnesBs, theP rosecutiloendw hata mounttso s evenl ineso f evidencaes, reproducaebdo ve. 839.W itnesBs’ sa ccounotf them urdero f hers onsi s scanta ndu ncorroboratTehde. Chambecra nnofti ndf romt hee videncteh att heA ccusehdi mselpfa rticipatiend o r was presendtu rintgh ek illinogf t hec hildreInn. W itnesBs’ so piniona,s surmisferdo mh er testimontyh,e A ccusewda sa t thev eryl eastr esponsibfloero rderintgh ek illinogf her sons.B ut thew itnesdsi dn oti ndicatheo ws hec amet o knowo f thea lledgerdo le playeda,c corditnog h er,b y theA ccuseidn thec

rimeI.n cross-examinatthieow int ness testifietdh ats heo verhearad p ublicg atherinagt whicht heA ccuseadd dressetdh e questiownh ethesrh es houlbde killedS.h ed idn ots tatec learltyh att hisw asa lsot he meetinagt w hicht hef ateo f hers onsw asd eterminSehde.d idn ota ssertth ats heh erself heardt heA ccuseids suea no rdert hath ers onsw eret ob e killedI.f t hew itneswsa sn ot 1021I bid.p p.9 7-98T.h et ranslatihoansb eeni mprovewdi thr eferentcoet heF rencthr an~criPtts. /4L 280 o

; ~ ~ ICTR-95-1A-T , I ....................................................................................................... presenwth ent heA ccuseodr deretdh ek illinogf hers ons,h erc ontentiiosn b aseda t mosto nh earsayG.i venm oreovetrh ati t isn otc leart hatt heA ccusewda sp resenatt the siteo f thek illingast a rountdh et imew hent heyo ccurreodr,t hata subordinaotfe t he Accusecdo mmitttehde o ffencetsh,e l iabiliotfyt heA ccusehda sn otb eenp roved. 840.T heC hamberw oulda lsop ointt o anothesro urceo f doubt.W itnesBs claimed thatt heA ccusepdu blicclayl lefdo rt hed eatohf allT utsi".H ew ass ayintgh ata llh utns shouladl ls tandu p,t akeu p armsa nds eeko utt hee nemyH.e alsos aidt hatt hee nemy wasn otf ara nd thee nemyw asi n factt heirn eighbou’r’.1°z2S hec laimetdh att he Accusecdo nvokendi ghtlsye ssionast hish ousew hosee ffecwta st o fortiftyh ew illo f thea ttackerbse,c ausaen yT utsif ounda fters uchs essionwse rec ruellkyi lledT.h e sessiornasn ,a pparentwliyt houitn terruptiforno,mm id-Aprtiol J uly1 994.I na ddition, "therwee reo ftenm eetingbse tweetnh eb urgomastaenrd t hel eadero f theI nterahamwe .I.°.2t 3heyw oulds pendt hed ayl ookinfgo rp eoplweh oh adb eeni n hiding". 841.T heses tatementmsu stb e assesseidn lighto f thef actt hatn o otherw itness testifiteods eeinogr hearinagb outn ightlsye ssionast theh ouseo f theA ccusefdr om mid-Apritlo

July1 994.T hisi s remarkabelsep ecialsliyn ce,a ccorditnog WitnesBs, such meetingsi nvolved" all leaders",i ncludingt he Accuseda nd assistant bourgmestreTsh.e h ouseo f theA ccusedw,h eret hed ailye veninmge etingasl legedly tookp lacew,a ss ituateidn an areaf requentbeyd m anyo f thew itnessiens thisc ase. Accordingltyh,eC hambewro ulde xpecott herw itnessetso testifayb outs uchm eetings. MoreoveWri,t nesBs’ st estimontyh att hem eetingcso ntinuefdo rt wom onthsa fters he hadl efth erh idingp lacei n then eighbourhoofo dt heA ccuserda isesf urthedro ubts abouth err eliabiliMtoyr.eg eneralltyh,e C hambehro lds( IV.5t)h att hee videnicnet his cased oesn ots upportth ec onclusitohna tt heA ccusepdu blicilnyc itetdh ek illinogf a ll Tutsi. Conclusion 102I2b idp..8 2. 102I3b idp..6 6. 281

ICTR-95-1A-T 842.I n conclusiotnh,e C hambeirs notc onvinctehda tt heA ccusepda rticipatiend t he killinogf thec hildreonf WitnesBs. Thee xtenatn dq ualitoyf t hee videnclee dc annot supporstu cha findingT.h e Prosecutorc’hsa rgeso f genocidaen d crimesa gainst humaniitnyr elatitoont hise ventth erefomrues tf ail. 4.7K illinogf Tutsic oncealeadt theH ouseo f Habayo 843.T he Prosecutiobnr ingst hise ventu nderp aragraph4s. 12a nd 4.13o f the Indictmencti,t eadb ove( V.4.1). Submissioonfs t heP arties 844.A ccordintgo the Prosecutioonn, t hem orninogf 16 June1 994,a n attackw as launcheodn the Muslimq uartero f Mabanzcao mmuneT.h ea ttackerdsi scovereadn d arrestesde veraTlu tsic iviliansi,n cludinsgo meh idingi n theh ouseo f Selemani HabayoS.o ont hereafttehre T utsif romH abayo’hso usew erek illedi n thep resencoef theA ccusedT.h eP rosecuticoonn tendtsh att hee xactn umbera ndt hen ameso f the peoplek illedi s notm ateriable causteh eA ccuseadd mittetdh att heT utsiw how ere foundi n theM uslimq uartewre rek illedT.h eP rosecuticohna rgetsh eA ccusewdi th g1e°n2o4ciadned c ompliciitnyg enociidner elatitoont hise vent. 845.A ccordintgo the Defences,o mep eoplei n Mabanzac ommuneb elieveHda bayo to be an RPFa ccomplicTeh.e ys earchehdi sh ousea ndf oundT utsih idingt here.T he Tutsiw erek illeda ndH abayow ast akent o theb ureauc ommunalT.h eA ccusende ither playeda parti n the

searchesn,o r was he presentw hent he Tutsir efugeewse re discoveraendd k illedT.h eD efencceo ntendtsh atW itnesseHs a ndO generallayr en ot crediblaen dt hatt heirt estimonisehso uldb e discounteTdh.e D efencaer guetsh att he testimonioefs w itnesseHs a ndO arei ncompatibilne r elatiobno tht o then umbero f T1u°t2s5kii lleadn dt ot hen ameosf t hev ictimasn dt heiars sailants. 102P4r osecutiworni’tstC elno siRnegm arpkps.1 1-1p3a ras7.7 -87. 102D5e fenCcleo siBnrgi epfp .3 6-3p8a ras2.6 7-289. 282

WitnesHs 846.W itnesHs testifietdh ato n 16 June1 994,t heM uslimq uartewra sa ttackebdy a groupl edb y thec onseilloefr G acacas ecteurN,k iriyumwaTmhie.a ttacikn cludetdh e brigadieorf thec ommunet,h es ecrgtairHea kizimanaan,d others°)26T he attackers encircltehde q uartearn db egans earchifnogr T utsiF.r omt hew itness’osw nh ouset he attackertso oka wayh isw ife,a Tutsi,a lthougshh em anagetdo escaped uringt he commotioenn suinfgr omt hes ubsequenste archesW.i tnesHs followetdh ea ttackers, who wento n to searcht heh ouseo f SelemanHia bayoT.h eret heyf oundf ourT utsi hidinign e laboratecloyn cealheodl esP.e oplweh og atheretdo watcht hise vents aidt hat hidinTgu tsiin t hism annewra sa militatrayc tic. 847.T he witnesnsa medt he fourT utsif ounda t Habayo’ass MatabaroN,t aganira, Mazimpakaa,n d a youngg irl,U za Mukunda".I nt hisc rowd,t herew erea lsoN hawita Kamabadaas wella s thep eoplew how eref oundi n hish ouse’.’1°2T7h ea ttackearlss o searchedt he houseo f one HamadaN tawuhiganumugawbhoe ret hey foundh is two Tutsib rothers-in-lTahwew. i tnesssa idt hata llt hosef oundh idingw eret akena way togethewri thH amadaa ndH abayoT.h eT utsiw erek illedo n thes amed ay,t hought he witnesdsi dn otc laitmo h aves eent hek illintgask ep laceI.n h isw rittesnt atemeonft1 4 July1 999,W itnesHs declaretdh att hef ourT utsic oncealebdy Habayow erek illed neart heh ouseo fM atabarof’ast heirn Kamuvuns1ye°ic2 t8eur. Witnes0s 848. WitnesOs t estifiteod a n events hew itnessaetd thee ndo f June1 994,f romh er hidinpglacei n Gacaccae lluleK,a muvunsyeic teurn,e ar" Kinihir-a ""a place. ..w here 1026T ranscripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p . 54. 1027I bidp.. 5 5. I028D efencEex hibiNto .1 0. 283

ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... theyn ormallkyi lledp eople"1.°29T he witnesss aidt hats he saw fiveT utsia nd a Hutu beingl ed to Kinihirfar omt he Muslimq uarterb y a largen umbero f people,i ncluding the Accused,w ho was carryinga gun, his assistantsS emanzaa nd Nsengimanaa,n d conseillerN kiriyumwami.S he named the Tutsi detaineesa s Eugene,M atabaro, NtageniraM,u kasinea,n d Ramazania,n d the Hutua s Habayo.T he witnesst estifietdo seeings omeo f thesep eopleb eingk illed.S he saidt hatN sengimanhaa d carriedo ut one of the murdersb,u t she did not furtheri mplicatteh e AccusedS.h e testifietdh att he militiamaNnt arek illedM atabaro.A skedw hethert he Accusedh ad punisheda nybody for takingp arti n any attacki n the April-Junpee riod,t he witnessa nswered’:" He p’u’n1i°s3h°endo body.H ow couldh e do thatw henh e himselfw as witht hem? 849.W itnessO , whoset estimonym ustb e treatedw ith caution( V.2.6),g avea more detaileadc counto f thise venti n her statementto investigatodrast ed2 3-24F ebruary 1998.1°3H1e ret he detaineMeu kasinies describevda riouslays "daughteorf Ntaganira" and "Mukasine’dsa ughter"T.h e fiveT utsia nd Habayow eret akent o a septict ank" at Kinihira"i,n tow hicht he Tutsiw eret hrowna s theyw ereb eingk illedT.h e bourgmestre was present,t ogetherw iths omea rmedg

endarmest;h esem en did not killa ny of the victimsN.s engimansat ruckE ugenew itha larges tick.N tarea ttackehdi s victimwsi tha clubs tuddedw ithn ails.T he witnesss aw the militiamaSna nanec uttingM atabarot o pieces.T he girlw as killedb y one Musabyimanaw,h o useda machete. 850.I n her earliers tatemenotf 17 October1 995,W itnessO did not mentiont he Tutsi hidinga t Habayo’hso use,o r theirs ubsequenkti llingO.n beinga skedw hethers he ever s1a°w3 2theA ccuseds,h ed eclaretdh ats hes awh imo ncei n Aprilw itht hreea ssistants. WitnessB lO29T ranscriopft2 s4 N ovemb1e9r9 9p .5 1.E videnicnet hisc ases uggestthsa t" Kinihiwraas"t hen ame noto fa particupllaarc ien M abanzcao mmunbeu tr atheorf p lacewsh erTeu tswie rek illeadn db uried. Seei bidp.p .5 4-5a5n da lsot ranscriopft1 s5 N ovemb1e9r9 9p .1 12( WitneAsBs) ;2 8O ctobe1r9 99p p. 108-10(9A Uagoum2a5)J ;a nuar2y0 00p .6 0( WitneKs)s; a nd9 June2 000p p.8 2-8(3t heA ccused). 1030 Transcriopft2 s4 N ovemb1e9r9 9p .5 9. t031P rosecutEixohni biNto .6 2. I032D efencEex hibiNto .1 1. 284

ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... 851.T hee xtento f WitnesBs’ st estimonoyn thism atteri s thats hek newa Muslim man namedH abayow ho,i n June1 994,w asf oundt o be hidingf ivem aleT utsi.T he witnesssa idt hatH abaywoa sk illetdo gethewri tht hep eoplhee h adb eenh idin1g°.33I n thep reviousse ctio(nV .4.6)t,h eC hambeerx pressietds c onceranb outt her eliability WitnesBs’ st estimonIyn. h erw rittesnt atemeonft 23 June1 999,t hew itnesdse clared thats he was presentw henc ommunes taff,s entb y the Accusedc,a met o Habayo’s housew heret heyd iscoverfeodu rT utsib oysa ndt heirs isterT.h eb rotherwse ret aken to theb ureauc ommunawlh eret heyw erek illedt;h eg irlw ass paredo n theA ccused’s instructibountsl atewra sk illebdy a nI nteraham1w0e3.4 The Accused 852. The Accusedt estifiedt hat Habayow as accusedb y the people( "parl a populatioonf" b)e inga n accompliocfe t heR PF,a ndt hatt hep eoplsee archehdi sh ouse andf oundT utsih idintgh erea sw ella s a certailne tte1r°.35T heA ccusesda idt hatt he Tutsiw erek illeda nd,o ncea gain," thep eoplet"o okH abayot o theb ureauc ommunal. TheA ccuse"dt riedt o convincteh ep eoplet hatH abayos houldr emaina t home. ..b ut tIh°e3y6[ insisttehda]t t heyk illh imi nf ronotf m e". 853.I n cross-examinattihoenA ,c cusewda sa skedi f he hadi

nvestigattehdek illings of theT utsit akenf romH abayo’hso usei n ordert o findt hep erpetratoofrt sh ec rimes. TheA ccuseadn sweretdh ata n investigatihoand i ndeedb eenc onductedH.e described itso utcomien thesew ords: "TheM oslemtsr iedt o helpa s mucha s possiblteh ep eoplaer oundt hec ommuneb,u t unfortunattheelyyk illesdo meboidnyt heR ubengesreac tors,os ubsequenttlhyef, a miloyf thisp erso.n. .t rietdo r eveng[et hek illinbgy]l ookinfgo ra ccompliicnet sh eM oslem quarterTsh.a ti sw hent heR ubengepreao plmeo unteadn a ssaulotn H abayoh1’o°su3 s7e".

854. TheA ccused’asn sweirs in thef ormo f an explanatioofn w hyc ertaiang grieved 1033T ranscripotfs 2 4 Januar2y0 00p . 70. 1034P rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .6 3. 1035T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p .8 3. 1036I bid. 285

Hutub rokei ntot heh ouseso f Hutul ivingi n theM uslimq uarterT.h eC hambenro tes thatt heA ccuseddi dn ota nswetrh es econpda rto f theP rosecutioqnu’ess tionn,a mely whethehre soughtth oser esponsibfloert hem urdeorf theT utsi. Findings 855.T he Chamberf indst hato n or around1 6 June1 994,a numbero f Tutsiw ere takenf rom Habayo’sh ousea nd otherh ousesi n the Muslimq uartero f Mabanza communbey a groupo fa ssailantSso.o nt hereaftseorm eo f theseT utsiw erek illed. 856.T he evidencoef thet wo mainw itnessedsi vergeisn otherr espectsT.o some extentth isi s understandagbilvee nt hatW itnesHs w asa n eye-witnetsos t hea ttacokn theM uslimq uartebru tn ott o thek illinogf theT utsiw,h ereaWsi tnesOs claimetdo haves eent hek illinogft heT utsbiu tn ott hea ttack. 857.H oweverw,h ereaWsi tnesOs placedt heA ccuseadm ongt hek illerast Kinihira, in WitnessH ’s accountt he Accusedw as not amongt hema t the Muslimq uarter. WitnesHs declareidn hiss tatemenotf 14 July1 999t hatH abayow as takent o the AccusedT.h isi s in conformiwtiyt ht heA ccused’cso ntentitohna tH abayow asb rought to hima t theb ureauc ommunal. 858.M oreoverW,i tnessH namedt he brigadieorf the communea nd Hakizimanaas beinga mongt he attackerwsh o camet o the Muslimq uartersW.i tnessO did not mentioeni thenra me,b uti nsteaidd entifiSeedm anzaas beingp resenatt t hes iteo ft he killingsS.h ed idn ot testiftyo

seeingH amadao r Nhawit(at het hirdM uslimH utu mentionebdy WitnesHs) beingb roughtto KinihiraS.h es aw onlyH abayoa ndf ive Tutsi.Y et accordintgo WitnessH , noto nlyw ereH abayo,H amadaa nd Nhawitaal l takena wayb yt hea ssailanbtust s o werea t leaste ightT utsi( fourf romH abayo’hso use, Hamada’tsw ob rothers-in-laanwd,a t leastt wo personfso undh idinga t Nhawita’s house). 1037T ranscripotfs 9 June2 000p p.8 0-81. 286

859.T he abovei nconsistenciecso,u pledw itht he Chamber’cso ncerna boutt he reliabiliotfy t het estimonoyf WitnesOs ( V.2.6)r,e nderd oubtfuWli tnesOs’ sc laim thats hew asp resenatt "Kinihirwah"e nt heT utsif romH abayo’hso usew erek illed, and,m ores o hera llegatitohna tt heA ccusewda sa lsop resenatt thes cene. 860.T heC hambetra kest hiso pportunittoy n otet hatW itnesOs, whilei n hidingo r otherwisceo ncealeds,u rrepticiouwsalsya blet o observoer overheaar s ignificant numbero f key eventsi mplicatintgh e Accused( amongt hem the meetingw ith Kayishemtah,e k illinogf Karungut,h ek illinogf Mugangaa,n dt hep reparatifoonrst he expedititoon B iseseroT)h.i si s alsot rueo f ProsecutiWoint nesAsB .T heC hambeirs naturallhye edfuolf witnessewsh o,w hilep urportedilny h idinga ndi n fearo f their livesn,o netheleasrse a blet om ovea rounfdr omo nec rimes cenet o then ext,g athering intelligenacleo ngt hew ay.T hisi s notp hysicalliym possibloef, c ourseb,u tt he Prosecutiwohne nl eadinsgu cha n opportunwei tnesmsu stb e especialclayr efutlo rub outg reya reaso fh ert estimonNyo.t o nlyw ast hisn otd onei n thisc ase( theP rosecution hurrieWdi tnesOs t hroughhe re videncaeb outt hea ttacokn Habayoi,n sistionng "very briefo"r "veryq uick"a nswers1°3b8u)t,a nothePrr osecutiwoint nessW,i tnesHs, gave evidentchea tw asn otc onsistewnitt ht hato fW itnesOs. Conclusion 861.I n lighto

f thea bovet,h eP rosecutiocnh’asr goef genocidpeu rsuantto Article 6(1)m ustf ailb ecausteh eC hambecra nnofti ndt hatt heA ccusewda sp resenwth ent he Tutsid etaineddu ringt hea ttackw erek illedT.h es amec onclusiiosn inevitabfloer liabilituyn derA rticl6e( 3).T hep ossiblseu bordinatoefs t heA ccusemde ntioned WitnesOs a s participatiinn tgh ek illinogf theT utsic annobte considerbeedc aushee r testimoonnyt hisp ointc annobte c onsiderreedl iablAes.t o thea uthoritiideesn tifibeyd WitnesseHs, sucha s conseilleNrk iriyumwaomri t hec ommunasle cretaryt,h eyh ave notb eens hown,i n WitnesHs’ st estimontyo, havec ommitteadn yc rime.T heira rrest 1038T ranscripotfs 2 4 Novembe1r9 99p p.5 2-53. 287

of Tutsoin suspicitohna tt heyw erea ccomplicoefst h eR PFi s noti nitsealcft ionabilne thisc ontext. 862.T her emaininqgu estioins whethetrh eA ccuseda,s bourgmestrteo,o ks ufficient measuretso identifoyr punisht hep ersonwsh ok illedt heT utsid etaineddu ringt he attacko n theM uslimq uarterI.t is reasonabtloe a ssumet hatt hek illerwso uldh ave been amongt he "Rubengerpae ople"w ho (in the accounto f WitnessH and the Accusehdi mselfd)e livereHda bayot o the Accuseadt the bureauc ommunalA.t the veryl east,t hek illerwso uldh aveb eenk nownt o them.B uti f theA ccuselde arnto r madea ne ffortto leartnh ei dentiotfyt hek illerosr,i fh ep unishoerdt ookm easurteos punisht hep erpetratornos ,e videncaeb outt hisw asb roughbte foret heC hamberT.h e Accused’osn e-sideadn swert o theq uestiownh ethehre investigattehde k illingwsa s notf olloweudp byt heP rosecution. 4.8 TheD etentioann d Fateo f Habayo 863.T he Prosecutiobnr ingst hise ventu nderp aragraph4s. 12 and 4.13o f the IndictmeTnhte.s ep aragrapwhesr er eproduceeadr lieirn thiss ectio(nV .4.1). Submissioonfs t heP arties 864.A s discusseadb ove( seeV .4.7)t,h eP rosecuticoonn tendtsh ati n them orning 16 June1 994,a n attackw asl auncheodn theM uslimq uarteorf Mabanzcao mmuneA.t theh ouseo f Habayos,e veraTlu tsiw eref oundh idinagn dw erek illesdo ont hereafter. Habayoa, Hum,w asd etaineadn d drivent o Kibuyei n the

communavle hicleb y the communald river,N shimyimanaa,c companiebdy the Accused,g endarmesa nd a communalp olicemanT.h e Prosecutiocno ntendst hat the Accusedr eceivedn o guarantetehsa tH abayow ouldb e safei n KibuyeH.a bayoh asn otb eens eens ince.T he Accusetdh usf ailedt o protecat Hutuf oundt o be hidingT utsi.F arf romp rotecting Habayot,h eA ccusesde nth imt o certaidne ath.T heP rosecutiaorng uest hatb ecause Habayow asa prominenMtu slimt,h eA ccusecdo uldn ota llowf orh imt o be killedi n 288

ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... Mab~a.D oings o wouldh avej eopardiztehde c ontinuatioofn t heg enocidwei thint he commune.1 039 865.T heD efencee mphasisetsh ato nlyW itnesHs providedde tailso n the fateo f HabayoI.n relatiotno thew itnessa’sss ertiotnhsa tt hep olicemeasnc ortiHnagb aytoo Kibuyew asw earinag uniformt,h att hed riverw asd rivintgh ec ommunavle hiclea,n d thatt hise ventt ookp laced urinogf ficheo urst,h eD efencree fertso certaienx hibits purportedelsyt ablishitnhga to n thed atei n questiotnh et won amedc ommunaolf ficers had beens uspendefdr omd uty,a nd thusc ouldn ot be in uniformo r drivingt he communavle hicleT.h eD efencael soc ontendtsh att heA ccused’tsr eatmenotf Habayo wase ntirelpyr operH.a bayow asa ccusebdy thep eopleo f beinga n RPF accomplice. Tutsiw eref oundh idingi n hish ouse.T heyw erek illeda ndt hea ssailantbsr ought Habayot o the bureauc ommunali,n dicatintgh att heyw antedt o killh imt oo.I n responsteo thist hreatt,h eA ccusesde ntH abaytoo thec ommandeorf theg endarmerie in Kibuyef ori nvestigatoifo tnh ea llegatioonfs c omplicitTyh.i si nvestigatwiaosn continuiwnhge nt heA ccuselde ftf orZ a’ireT.h eD efencaed dst hatt heP rosecution failedt o adducea nye videncteo establisthh ec ircumstancuensd erw hichH abayo’s allegemdu rdeorc curresdu,c ha s

thel ocatioann dt imeo f hisd eatha,n dt hep ersoonr p1e°r4s°onbsy whoma llegedhleyw ask illed. Deliberations WitnessH 866.I n hist estimonbye foret he ChamberW,i tnessH referretdo threep ersons, SelemanHia bayoH,a madaa nd Nhawitaas havingb eend etaineodn 16 June1 994,t he dayo f thea ttacko n the Muslimq uarte°r4)1B othH amadaa nd Habayow ere" asked" (thew itnesdsi dn ots ayb y whom)t o paya ransofmo rt heirr eleaseT.h ep ricet of ree Habayow ass eta t thirtyt housanfdr ancsW.i tnesHs saidh e paidh alft hata mount, which" they"t ook.C onseillNekri riyumwatnhie ns aidt hath e wouldh avet o consult 1039P rosecutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markpsp .1 1-13p aras7.7 -87. 1040D efencCel osinBgr iefp p.3 6-38p aras2.6 7-289. 289

867.H oweverH,a bayow asn otf reed.T hew itneswsa sg ivent o understa(nadg aini,t is notc learb y whom)t hatH abayoh ad to be sentt o Kibuyeb ecaushee hadh idden Tutsii n a "militarmya nner"T.h ew itnesssa idh e thenw entt o theb ureauc ommunal, sawt heA ccuseda,n dr equestheidm t o collectth er eceipfto rt hep art-paymeonft t he ransomw,h ichw asi n thep ossessioofn thec onseilleBru.t t hew itneswsa sn either givenh isr eceiptn,o rw ash e returnehdi sm oneyT.h ew itnesasd ded":I e vend idn’ste e Habayob ecauseh e was sent to Kibuye. .. aboarda vehicle. .. the communal v’e’h1i0c4l3e. 868.L atero n,d urinegx amination-in-cthhieew fi,t nescsl aimetdo haveb eenp resent whenH abayow asb eingt akent o KibuyeO.n 17 June1 994,a ccordintgo thew itness, he saw the communalv ehicled rivenb y Nshimyimanac,o ntainingH abayo,t he Accused,g endarmesa,n d the policemaMnu nyandamutsaT.h e Chambern otest he differednatt inogf t hise ventg ivenb yW itnesHs i nh iss tatemetnoti nvestigatoofr 1s4 July1 999.1 044T hereh e saidt hatt heA ccusetdo okH abayot o Kibuye" oneM onday’’. TheM ondayf ollowintgh ea ttacko n Habayo’hso usew asn ot1 7 Juneb ut2 0 June.T he lattedra tei sc losetro t hatg ivenb yt heA ccusedn,a mel2y1 JuneI.n anyc ase,t herei s uncertaianstt yo t hed ate. 8°6495.I n cross-examinattihoen w itnesasd dedt hatt hep olicemawna si n uniform] Confrontbeyd t heD efencwei thl etterpsu rportitnog s howt hatt hep olicemaann dt he drivehra db eens uspendferdo md utyd urintgh er elevanpte riodW,i tnesHs s aidt hati n timeo f wars uspendweodr kercso uldr eturtno work. 1041 Transcripotfs 1 9 Novembe1r9 99p p. 55-56. 1042I bidp.p .5 6-57. 1043I bidp.. 5 7. 1044 DefencEex hibiNto .1 0. 290

870.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ato n 20 June1 994,H abayow asb roughtto theb ureau communalT.h eA ccusesda idh e triedt o convinc"et hep eoplet"h atH abayos houldb e returnetdo h ish ome,b uth isc aptorisn sistetdh att heyw ouldk illh imt herea ndt hen. That,a ccordintgo theA ccusedw,a sw hyh e hadH abaytor ansferrteod K ibuyet hen ext day,s o thatt heo ffencehse allegedlcyo mmitte(dc omplicitwyi thR PF)w ould investigabtye tdh ec ompeteanutt horitieIsn. t hisc onnectiotnh,e D efencree ferretdo thec ommune’rse gisteorf outgoinmga ilw hichi ndicatetsh ata letterd ated2 1 June 1994w as sentb y the Accusedt o the commandeorf the gendarmeriien Kibuye, regardiHnagb ayot’rsa nsfer.I°46 871.T heA ccusesdt atetdh ati t wash isp racticteo addresmsa tterrse latintgo thew ar againstth eR PF to thec ommandeorf the gendarmeriine Kibuyet own.H e indicated thath e hadd ealtw itht hiso fficebre forea,n dk newh imn ott ob ec orrupt. 872.T heA ccusefdu rthetre stifietdh att hep olicemaunn dertakitnhge t ransfeorf a detaineien sucha situatiowno uldr eturnw itht hec ommunarle gistewrh ichw ould show( byw ayo ft her ecipieanutt horitym’asr k)t hatt hed etainehea db eent ransferred. HoweverK,i buyea uthoritideisd nota lwaysi nformt heA ccuseodf thep rogresosr outcomoef matterrse ferretdo themf romM abanzcao mmunee,s pecialnloyt d uringt he perioidn q uestioTnh.e A ccusetde stifitehda ta tt het imew henh ef ledt oZ a’frien J uly 1994h e believtehda tH abaywoa ss tillu nderi nvestigation. Findin~ 873.T heC hambefri ndsi t establishtehda tt heA ccusesde ntH abayot o Kibuyet o be investigatiend c onnectiwoint ha llegatiobnys u nspecifipeedr sontsh ath e wasa n RPF accomplicTeh.e A ccusecdl aimetdh ath e transferrHeadb ayot o thec ommandeorf the I045 Testimony of 22 November 1999. 291

~ ~’~**~ ICTR-95-1A-T gendarmeriine compliancwei ths tandarpdr oceduraen df or hiso wnp rotectioTnh.e Prosecutihoansn otl ede videntchea ts eriousclayl lst hise xplanatiionnt oq uestioTnh.e argumentosf theP rosecutitohna tt hec ommunree gistemra yh aveb een" doctorehda"s notb eens upportbeyd anye vidence. 874.T herei s no evidencbee foret heC hambears to whatb ecameo f Habayoa fterh is transfteor Kibuyteo wn.F ort heA ccusetdo b e founldi ablfeo rt hek illinogf H abayoi,t mustb e provedb eyondr easonabldeo ubtt hatH abayow ask illedb y thosew hot ook himi ntoc ustodiyn KibuyeH.o wevert,h erei s no evidencbee foret heC hambetrh at Habaywoa st husk illed. 875.T hereb eingn o evidencoef death,l eta lonem urderi,t is unnecessafroyr t he Chambetro considewrh ethetrh eA ccusekdn ew,w henh e decidetdh et ransfero,f the riskt hatH abayow ouldb e killed.T he Prosecutiowno uldh avet o provet hatt he Accusepdr oceedewdi tht he transfeirn recklesdsi sregarodf Habayo’wse lfare, knowintgh ati n thep revailincgi rcumstancae pse rsona ccuseodf concealinTgu tsi wouldm ostp robablbye killedb y memberosf theg endarmeriIen. t hea bsencoef actus reust,h ism enst ea,e veni fd emonstrabdloee,sn oti ni tselafm ountto a crime.

876. Consequentlyt,h e Prosecution’csh argeso f CrimeA gainstH umanitya nd Violatioonf CommonA rticl3e ando f AdditionaPlr otocoIlI ,i n relatiotno the Accuseda’lsl egepda rticipatiinot nh ek illinogf H abayoc,a nnobte sustained. 104D6e fenEcxeh ibNiot.1 8a t0 351T.h eF rencrhe ads":E nvoyHearb aypoo uerx pliqlueec ro ntedneul a lettqrue’ olnu ia a ddreestss 6e lolna quellelste u tssiesr otnut6 s." 292

ICTR-95-1A-T 5. Roadblocksi n MabanzaC ommune 5.1I ntroduction 877.I t is allegebdy theP rosecutitohna tr oadblocokpse rateidn Mabanzcao mmune throughotuhte r elevanpte rioidn 1994.T hel egala ndf actuails suersa isebdy this allegatiaorne m oste ffectivealdyd ressteodg etheurn,d era separathee adingr,a ther thani nt hec hronologisceaqlu enocfe eventfso llowetdh usf ar. TheI ndictment 878.O nlyo nep aragrapohf theI ndictmenetx plicitlrye ferst o thee xistencoef roadblocikns Mabanzcao mmuneP.a ragrap4h. 14r eads: "Inp articulaIrg,n acBea gilisheamcat inign concerwti tho therisn cludiCnlge ment KayishemaS,e manzaC elestin,N sengimanAap ollinaireN,z ananaE milea nd Munyampundub,e tween9 Aprila nd 30 June 1994p ermitteda nd encouraged Interahammwiel itiamteon s etu p roadblocakts s trategliocc atioinns anda round Mabanzcao mmunTeh.e p rimarpyu rposoef t hes aidr oadblocwkasst os creeinn dividuals in ordert oi dentifayn ds ingloeu tT utsisB.e twee9n A prila nd3 0 June1 994I gnace Bagilisheomrad eretdh ed etentioofns everaTlu tsiast thev ariourso adblocwkist hin MabanzSau.c hd etaineweesr eh andeodv ert oI gnacBea gilishaenmdaw eres ubsequently killedb y thec ommunaplo licet,h eG endarmerNiaet ionalIen,t erahamawned a rmed civiliuanndse hri sa uthoriatnydc ontrol." Submissioonfs t heP arties 879.T heP rosecutisounb mittsh atr oadblockisn Mabanzcao mmunwee res et up to screeonu ta ndk

illT utsi;t hatt heA ccusekdn ewo f thee xistencoef manyo f these roadblockasn;dt hath e sett hemu p or acquiescteod t heirs ettinugp .I t rejecttsh e Defencec’osn tentitohna tt herew asa differenbceet wee"no fficiaaln"d " unofficial" roadblockasl,l egintgh ata llr oadblocwkesr eo fficialslayn ctioneIdt. c hargetsh e Accusedw ithg enocidec,o mplicitiyn genocidaen d crimesa gainsth umanitiyn relatiotno thee stablishmaenndto peratioonf ther oadblockasn,d i n particulianr relatitoont hek illinogfst wop ersonBsi,g irimaannadJ udith.I°47 104S7e ei,n p articulParro,s ecutiworni’tst Celno siRnegm arpkps. 1 9-2p1a ras1.1 4-13p2p,.7 1-78 para3s8.2 -41p0.8, 7 p ara5.2 ,p p.9 1-9p2a ra7s7.- 8p5.,9 3p ara9.3 ,p .9 7p ara1s1.7 -12p0p,.1 02-103

880. TheP rosecutioinn, i tso ralc losinagr gumentssu,m meudp itsp ositioinn the followinwga y: "Weh aven otl eda nye viden.c.e. t hati ndicattehsa tt heA ccusehdi mselwfa ss tandiantg anyo ft hesreo adblomcaknsn intgh emp ersonalWleys .a yt hath isr esponsibilliietsiy n thef actt hati nf urtheraonfca e p lana ndi nt hee xecutioofnt hisp lano,r i na idinagn d abettiinngt hee xecutoifot nh ipsl ano,r t hep lannitnhge reohfe,,a ts omes tage[,i nA]p ril 1994,a greedt o setu p theser oadblockIsn. d oings o,h e gotc iviliawnhso t ook instructifornosmh imt om ant her oadblo.c.k. .t hee videnicned icattehsa ti ti st hese civiliatnhsa ta rer esponsifbolrme a nyo ft hea trocittiheastt ookp lacaet t her oadblock actinognh isi nstructiTohnastp. o setsw ot ypeosf r esponsib.i.l.i6 t(y1 a)n d6’ (’31)0.48 881.T he Defenced oesn ot disputet he claimt hatr oadblockwse res et up in Mabanzac ommuned uringt he eventsi n questionT.h e Accuseda dmittetdh ath e ordereodn e" officiarlo"a dblockkn,o wna sT rafiprtoo, b e erecteidn April1 994.T he Accusedd eniedt hath e encourageodr was awareo f crimesc ommittebdy those staffitnhge T rafiprrooa dblo1c0k4.9 882. The Accuseda lso deniedh avingo rderedt he settingu p of any other roadblockWsh.e nevehre receiveidn formatiaobno utt hee xistencoef "unofficial" roadblocekrse ctehde rea ndt hereb y "recalcitranbtes t"o okp rompta ctioang ainst them1.°5°T heA

ccusetde stifiteod a lettehre wroted,a ted1 2J uly1 994,a ndr ecorded in thec ommunarle gistears referenc0e3 76,1°5t1o twop ersonnsa medR ukaraa nd Ngangoa,s kintgh emt o removreo adblocekrse cteudn officially. paras.1 38-142p,. 105 paras.1 63-164p,. 110p aras.2 13-214p,. 112 paras.2 32-233p,p .1 13-114 paras.2 46a nd2 52-253p,. 115p aras.2 57-258p,. 116p aras2.6 8-269a,n dp . 117p ara.2 75;R ebuttal ~0aras4.1 -49. 48 Transcripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p . 99. 1049S ee,i n particulaDre,f encCel osinBgr iefp p.8 -9p aras2.7 -29,p p.2 3-24p ara.1 58,p p.4 7-56 ~0aras3.7 5-462a,n dp . 120p aras6.6 -74R;e joindpearr as1.9 4-206. 50 Transcripotfs 7 June2 000p p.1 32-133. lO51 DefencEex hibiNto .1 8. 294

5.2 GeneralO bservationosn Roadblocks 5.2.1 Roadblockasn d the Civil DefenceP rogram 883. In early 1994, the Rwandan Governmenti nstituteda system of "civil defence"A.s parto f thiss ystem,s ubordinataeu thoritiewse rei nstructetdo set up roadblockisn an effortt o preventi nfiltratiobny memberso f the RwandanP atriotic Front1.°52T hism uchi s evidenti,n particulafrr,o mt heP rimeM inisterc’isr culaorf 27 April1 994,e ntitle"dI nstructiotnos restores ecuritiyn the country"w,h ichw as addressteod allP refectPsa.r agrap3h sa nd4 of thatl etterre ad: "3. The enemyw hicha ttackeRdw andai s known:i t is the RPF-INKONTANYYIo.u are thereforreeq uestteode xplaitno t hec itizentsh att heyh avet oa voiedv erythitnhga tc ould leadt o discorbde tweetnh em,o n thep retexotf ethnicitrye,g ionsr,e ligionpso,l itical partiesh,a treedt c.,b ecausseu chp roblemwsi thitnh ep opulatiporno videosp portunities fort hee nemyN.e vertheletshse,p opulatimouns tr emaivni gilanitn ordert od iscovetrh e enemya ndh isa ccomplicaensdt od elivehri mt ot hea uthoritiaensd,t ob ea ssistebdy t he nationaalr myw herevepro ssibleT.h e communaalu thoritiesse,e teurasn d cellules, assistebdy t hen ationaalr myw herpeo ssiblaer,e a skedt od etermisniet esw heroef ficially sanctionerdo adblocmkasy be erecteadn dt o decideh own ightp atrolcsa nc ontinuteo effectivoepleyr atseo t hatt hee nemdyo esn otf indo

pportunitfioeris n filtratiAotnt .h ese roadblocaknsd d urinngi ghtp atrolcsi tizenmsu sta voidt akinagn ya ctioang ainsitn nocent persons. 4.A ctso fa ggressiaogna insitn nocenpte rsonsp,i llagaen do therc riminaalc tsm ustc ease immediateTlhyi.s i sw hyt hen ationaalr my,t hep rosecutaonrd o therj udiciaalu thorities mustp unishs everelayn yonew how illb e foundg uiltyo f sucha cts.E veryt imei t is necessaryyo,u m ayr eceivaes sistanfcreo mt hen ationaalr mya ndt hej udiciaalu thorities ino rdert os upprespsr oblemtso, f ighatg ainsctr imea ndp illagaen dt o teacchi tizentso maintatihne g oodt raditioofnr eciprocsaulp poratn ds elf-defenc1e0.5"3 884. On 30 April1 994,P refectK ayishemtar ansmittetdh e PrimeM inister’lse tter 1052R oadblocwkesr ea lsos etu pw hent heR wandaPna triotAircm yi nvadeRdw andfar omU gandai,n Octobe1r9 90S.e et heA ccusedt’ess timotnrya,n scriopft7 s J une2 000p .1 42. I053P rosecutEixohni biNto .7 7b. 295 ~- L."

to the bourgmestroefs h is prefecturei,n cludintgh e AccusedT.h e Prefect’cso vering letters tated,i nter alia:" You are requestedt o communicatet hem [the Prime Minister’isn structiontso] t hep opulatiionn a meetinags it hasb eens uggesteddu ring t’h’e1m5 °e4etinwge heldt ogetheorn 25/04/94. 885.I n a secondl etterd ated3 0 April1 994,e ntitle"dP rotectioonf the civilian populationa"l,s oa ddressetdo allb ourgmestretsh,e P refecwtr ote: "Inv iewo f thep revailisnegc uritsyi tuatiionn thec ountryt,h eR wandaGno vernmehnats decidetdo s etu pa systeomf c ividle fencfeo rt hep opulation. Thisc ivild efencwei llb e carrieodu tb yt hep opulatiiotns elifn t hec elluleasn di nt he secteuarnsd w illa ssisitn,p articultaor:, - organisaen dc ontronli ghpta trolasn dr oadblocks; - bep articulavrilgyi lanatg ainsItn kotaniynif iltrattihorno ugrhe gulacro ntroolf s ecret passageways. Consequentalsya , m atteorf u rgencyy,o ua rea skedt or ecruipte rsontso b et rainedT.h is recruitmsehnatl alb ovael lr elatteo p ersons: - in goodp hysicaaln dm oralc ondition - of goodc haracter - witha certaicnr edibilwiittyh itnh ep opulation. Regarditnrga iningi,t shallb e ensurebdy reservisstesl ectefdr omt hec ommuneI.t is expectetdh atf ollowirnegc ruitmetnhte rew illb e meetingtso e xplaitnh eo peratioofn t he ¯ .1 ¯ ~ , .1055 ClVltle rencsey stem. 886.T hesed ocumentfsr omt he end of April1 994s

houldn ot be takent o implyt hat roadblockdsi d not existi n Mabanzac ommunep riort o thisd ate.R ather,e vidence suggesttsh atr oadblockhsa d beeni n operatioinn Mabanzac ommunea t varioust imes sinceO ctober1 990,a nd thatf ollowintgh e eventso f 6 April1 994r oadblockwse re againe stablishe°d5J6 The Accusedt estifietdh at" followintgh e directiveosf the primem inister.g.e,n erallsyp eakintgh eser oadblockwse rem adeo fficial1"0.5 7 105I4b id. 1055P rosecutEixohni bNiot. 7 7a. 1056S eea lsof ootno1t0e5 2. lo57T ranscriopf9t sJ une2 000p .4 1. 296

I/-S4 6 5.2.2R oadblockSsi ghtedi n MabanzaC ommune 887.E videnchea s beena dducetdh ata numbero f roadblockesx isteidn Mabanza commundeu ringt hee ventsi n questionP.r osecutiWoint nesseAs, A.A,A B,B , Y and Z, as well as DefenceW itnessesK A, KC, RA, RJ, ZD and the Accusedg ave testimorneyg arditnhge ser oadblocks. 888.S omer oadblockwse rer eferretdo by multiplwei tnessesW.i tnesseAsA ,A B, KA,R _A,Y , Z, andt heA ccusetde stifieidn relatiotno the" Trafiprroo"a dblock, whichw as closet o the bureauc ommunalW.i tnesseAsA , B, RA, Z and ZD gave evidencceo ncerninag r oadblocakt Gitikininin,e art he Gitikininmia rketT.h e Accuseedx plaintehda th e triedt o setu p a roadblocakt Muregeyaa,n dW itnesseZs andZ D testifiteodk nowinogf a roadbloactkt hiss ite.W itnessAeBsa ndZ referred to a roadblocakt theR ubengerCil inicW.i tnesRsJ sawa roadblocakt Gashyushya, andw itneszs s aidt hath eh adh earodf a roadbloactkt hats ite. 889.O therr oadblocksrweafse rretdo butw ithouatp parenotv erlaipn thew itnesses’ testimonieWsi.t nesAs mentionead r oadblocakt Gacacac,l oset o theh ouseo f the Accuseda;t Kibiriziin; fronto f theh ouseo f Rwagamaa;t Kunyenyeirni G iharaa;t Mukabugaa;t Mushubatain;d a t Kiuria,t theK iurir iverW.i tnesAsB sawr oadblocks at Gisenycil oset o RubengerCah urcho;n ther oadg oingt owardtsh eP resbyterian Churcho;n ther oadl eadintgo Gisenyia;n do n theB

utare-Kigarloia d.W itnesZs testifietdo roadblocakts N yanyirakabaanndoa t theN yanzac rossroadasb,o utf ive kilometrefsr omt he bureauc ommunalW.i tnessA A testifietdo a roadblocakt Kukabugac,l oset o theC hinescea mp.W itnesKsC statedt hath e passeda roadblock on the borderb etweenM abanzaa ndK ivumuc ommunes. 890.T he Chambearc knowledgtehsa tt wo witnessemsa y havei n factr eferretdo one and thes amer oadblocuks ingd ifferennta meso r landmarktso describiet s location. 891.H avingc onsideretdh ee videncet,h eC hambefri ndst hatt herei s onlyp rima faciee videncteh atk illingosc curreadt or in connectiwoint ht hreer oadblocikns Mabanz-a t her oadbloactk Trafiproa,t Gitikininain,d a t GacacaT.h eC hambewri ll 297

"~ "~*~ ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... addresst heset hreer oadblockbse lowo n the basiso f all availableev idence concernintgh eire stablishmeanntd o peratioann d decidew hethetrh eA ccuseids liabluen dero neo r moreo ft het hreef ormso fl iabilitTyh.i sw illa llowt heC hamber to concludew hethert he Accused" permitteda nd encouraged"In terahamwe militiametno set up roadblockass, allegeidn theI ndictmenatn,d w hethetrh e purposwea st o ’"screeinn dividuailns o rdert o singloeu ta ndi dentifTyu tsi’T.h e Chambewri lla lsod ecidweh ethetrh erei s evidencteh ath e "orderetdh ed etentioofn severaTlu tsia t thev ariourso adblockst"h,a tt heyw ere" "handeodv er"t o hima nd "subsequenktillyl edb"y personusn derh isa uthoriatnyd c ontro(lb eloVw. 5.11). 5.3L iabilitfyo rR oadblock-RelaCtreidm es 892.U nderc ertainc onditioncso nsidereidn detailb elow,t he Accusedm ay be foundl iablfeo rc rimesc ommitteidn connectiwoint hr oadblockTsh.e P rosecution’s charge-s genocidaen d crimesa gainshtu manit-y limitr elevanctr imesi n this contextto murdeorr thei nflictioofn s erioumse ntaolr physicaslu fferionngT utsi civilians. 5.3.1L iabiliutnyd erA rticle6s( 1)a nd6 (3)o f theS tatute 893.I n relatiotno anys pecifierdo adblocikn Mabanzcao mmunet,h eP rosecution mustp rovet hef ollowienlge menotfsc riminlaila

bilitFyi.r stt,h ato neo rm orec rimes of ther elevankti ndw erec ommittiend connectiwoint ht hatr oadblocTkh.i sd oesn ot meant hata crimem usth aveb eenc ommittaetd t her oadblocIkt. i s sufficietnhta tt he crimew asc ommittbeyd personsst affintgh er oadbloicnkt hec oursoef ,a ndp ursuant tto°t8 5heiurs uaolp eratioofnt her oadblock, 1058 Toe labortahtieps o initf,t hep urpoosfea roadblioncckl udtehdes creenoiuntag n dk illionfg" the enemya" T,u tscii viliraenf ugweheo w asc apturaenddb rougthott her oadblforcokm a neighbouring fieladn dl atetra keanw abyy r oadblsotcakf afn dk illeadts omdei stanfcreo tmh er oadblwoiclkbl e considebryet dh eC hambetroh aveb eent hev ictiomf a crimceo mmittiendc onnectwiiotnh t he roadbloCcokn.v ersieflt yh,e ries d oubtth atth ec rimwea sc ommitptuerds uatnott h eu suaolp eration oft her oadbltohcakit,s ,i fi ti sr easonparbolbya tbhlaett h ec rimwea sc ommitftoerad p urpoesnet irely unrelattoet dh ep urposoefts h er oadbloocrkf ,o rp urelpye rsonmaolt ivoensl yt,h etnh ec rimcea nnot havbee ecno mmititnec do nnectwiiotnth h er oadblock. 298 "/~, ~k

~ ~ ~*~ ICTR-95-1A-T ......................................... - ............................................................. 894.T hes econde lementth att heP rosecutimouns tp rovei s thatt he Accusewda s "responsibfloer"t heo peratioofn t her oadbloicnkq uestioann,d t husr esponsibfloer crimesc ommitteidn connectiowni thi t.T wop rimarfyo rmso f responsibilairtey relevahnetr ec,o rrespondriensgp ectivteolA yr ticl6e(s1 )a nd6 (3)o ft heS tatute. 895.U nderA rticl6e( 1),t heA ccusewdi llb e responsibfloer c rimesc ommitted connectiowni tha roadblocikf ,i n the firstp lace,h e was instrumentianl t he roadblocke’sst ablishmeonrt -, s houltdh er oadblohcakv eb eens etu p byo ther-s he endorseodr acquiescteod itsc ontinuionpge rationno,t withstandhiinsgp owert o havet her oadblocdki scontinueTdh.e P rosecutimouns ts how,s econdlyt,h att he Accusekdn ewt hatt her oadblochka da criminaplu rpos(ee veni f thisp urposwee re noti tss olep urposet)h,a ti s,k newt hati tw ase stablisheexdp resstloy m urdeTru tsi civilianosr knewt hati t operateidn facta s if thatw erei tsp urposeT.h eset wo elementwso ulds ufficteo showt hatt heA ccusedi,n e stablishionrg p erpetuattihneg roadblocki,n tendetdh atT utsic ivilianbse killedt hereo r actedw ithr eckless indifferetnoct eh ato utcome. 896.I n thes econdc ase,u nderA rticl6e( 3),t heA ccusewdi llb e responsibfloer crimecso mmitteidn

connectiwoint ha roadblocikf personsst affinagn dc ommitting crimesa t thatr oadblocwke reh iss ubordinateTsh.e Prosecutimouns tp rovet he standartdh reee lementosf superiorre sponsibilintaym;e lyi,n additiotno the existencoef a superior-subordirnealtaet ionshikpn,o wledgoef thei mminenotr completecdr imesa ndf ailurteo prevenotr to punisht hem.I n accordanwciet ht he discussiaobno ve( III.1 .2.2)t,h ek nowledeglee menotf s uperiroers ponsibilwiiltyl fulfilliefd theA ccuseadc tuallkyn ewo f oneo r morec rimecso mmitteodr aboutt o be committiend connectiwoint ha roadblocokr, a lternativwealsyp uto n noticaen d failetdo i nquifruer ther. 897.A thirbda siosf l iabiliitnyt hisc ontexits g rossn egligenTchei.si s a specieosf liabilitbyy omissiono,m issiohne ret akingt hef ormo f criminadle relictioofn a publidcu ty.I t wouldb ea vailabilne t hep resencta sei f theP rosecutiwoenr et os how thatt heA ccusehda db eeng rosslnye gligenitn hisa dministratoifo no neo r more 299

- ~ ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... roadblocuknsd erh isc ontrols,u chn egligenccaeu sintgh em urdero f Tutsic ivilians (byr oadblocskt aff)H.a dt heA ccuseda,s bourgmestraen, o bligatitoon maintain ordera nds ecuritiyn Mabanzcao mmunei,t wouldh aveb eena grossb reacho f this dutyf orh imt o havee stablishreoda dblocaknsd t henf ailedp roperltyo supervise theiro peratioants a timew hent herew asa highr iskt hatT utsic iviliawnosu ldb e murdereidn connectiwoint ht hem.T heC hambeorb servetsh att hisf ormo f liability hasn otb eene laboratoerd a pplieidn previoujsu dgemenotfs t hisT ribunaOln.l yo ne judgemenotf theI CTYt oucheosn them attera;n d therei s someg uidancien the Tokyoj udgemenotf theI nternationMaill itarTyr ibunaflo rt heF arE ast( IMTFE). Thisj urisprudewniclelb e discussbeedl ow( V.5.10). 5.3.2D istinctiboent wee"nO fficiala"n d" UnofficiaRlo"a dblocks 898. As mentioneda bove,t he Defencedistinguishbeedt weeno fficiaaln d unofficiarlo adblockTsh.e d istinctiwoans emphasisebdy the Accusedi n his testimony: "Therwee reu nofficiraola d-bloaclklso vert hep lacaen dw hicwhe w eref ightiangga inst ass oona sw ew eret olda boutth em. ...T hep eoplteo okt hei nitiattiove er ecrto ad-blocks i’n’f° 1r5o9notf h ouseosnv arioruosa dosf t heS ector. "[D]uritnhgi sp erioodf c risist,h ep

eoplwee ree rectirnoga dbloaclklso vert hep lacteo extormto nefyr omp eopleA.n dI dids ayt hatt herwee reu nofficrioaald blocaknsd,t h atI w’a’s1a6 °g°aintshta t. 899.T he Prosecutiodno esn ot acceptt hatt herew ere,i n fact,t wo kindso f roadbloicnk M abanzcao mmuneI.t submittsh att hed istinctiiosn a n inventiaonnd i n any case immateriatlo the responsibilitoyf the Accused.T he Accuseda s bourgmesterxee rcisegde neraclo ntroaln da uthoritiyn Mabanzcao mmuneI.n this sensee,v eryr oadbloicnkt hec ommunceo uldb e labell"Ieo°df6 f1icial". 1059T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p p.1 41-142. 1060T ranscripotfs 9 June2 000p . 28 anda lsop . 25. 106tT ranscripotfs 1 8 Octobe2r0 00p . 108.A ccorditnog t heP rosecuti"oTnh:e ries no distinctiaosn t o whati s an officiarlo adblocokr unofficiraola dbloc.k. ..As bourgmestreh,e had the controla nd authoritoyv ere verythitnhga tw ento n in Mabanzcao mmunaen dI do nota cceptf oro nem inutet hat therwea sa singlreo adblomcoku ntebda sedo na froli.c. ."( ibid.). 300

~, ~’*’~ ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... 900.D efencWei tnesRsA wast heo nlyw itnesisn thisc aset o distinguibseht ween government-ereacntdea dd hocr oadblocks: "Therwee rer oadblocekrse ctebdy g overnmeonftf icialasn,dt herwee rei nstructitoons thee ffectth att heys houlcdh ecikd entificadtoicounm enatnsd,t oc hecikf . ..t hosweh o wentt hrougcha rriewde aponsT.h erew ereo therr oadbloctkhsa tt hep eopleer ected, particulaartln yi ghta ndt hesea ret her oadbloctkhsa tw erem ored angerotuhsa nt he o’t’h1e°r6ts2h,a tnh eo fficiraola dblocks. 901.T heC hambenro test hatn oneo f thej udgementdse liverebdy theT ribunatlo dateh asd istinguisbheetdw eeonf ficiaanld u nofficiraola dblock1s0.6 3M oreovetrh,e re isn o documentatiino tnh ep resencta set hate xplicitdliys tinguisbheetsw eeonf ficial andu nofficiraola dblockTsh.eP rimeM inisterd’isr ectirveef erretdo roadbloctkhsa t were" officialrleyc ognise(dV". 5.2.1T)h.i sf ormulatiaolnl owfso rt hep ossibility thatt herew erer oadblocikns M abanzcao mmunteh atw eren oto fficialrleyc ognised. At thes amet ime,h owevert,h et estimonoyf theA ccuseadt onep ointa ppeartso suggestth att hee ffecotf theP rimeM inisterl’est tewra st om akee xistirnoga dblocks ,1,0o6f4ficial,,. 902.N otwithstandtihnegd esignatioofn a roadblocaks "officiaolr" " unofficial",

theA ccusecda nnotb e heldr esponsibfloer c rimesc ommittiend connectiwoint ht he roadblocikf he didn otp ersonalsleyt i t up,i f he didn otl endi t hiss ubstantial supporto,r if he didn ot acquiesc(ed espithei sp owerso f terminatiotno) i ts continuionpge ratioTnh.e P rosecutimouns tp rovea tl easto neo ft hesec onditions. 5.4 TrafiprRoo adbloc-k Establishmeanntd Purpose 903.T he Trafiprroo adblocwka s erectedc loset o the bureauc ommunaoln the Kigali-Kibuyreo ad. ProsecutioWni tnessesA A, AB, Y and Z, and Defence WitnesseKsA ,R A andt heA ccusegda vee videncien thisr egard. 1062T ranscripotfs 2 May2 000p . 55. 1063 See,f ori nstanceR,u tagandpaa ras.2 02-261a;n dK ayishemaan dR uzindanpaa ras.2 94a nd2 95. 1064T ranscripotf9s June2 000p . 41. 301

Deliberations 904.P rosecutioWni tnessZ testifietdh ato n the eveningo f 13 April1 994, conseilleNrk iriymwamtio ldh im thatt he bourgmestrhea d giveni nstructions accordintgo whicht hew itnesssh ouldl ookf oro therp eoplew ithw homt o erecta roadbloactkt hel ocatioonf Trafipr1o°.65W antinmgo red etailst,h ew itneswse ntt o theA ccused’hso me.T heA ccuseads kedh imt o findo therp eoplei ncludian gc ertain Rushimb(aw hoser ealn amew as FidelC yakubwirwaan)d to set up the roadblock very earlyt he next morningi n ordert o apprehendt he "enemies"w ho were escapin1g°.66I n hisp riors tatemeonft 1 8S eptemb1e9r9 9,t hew itnesisn dicattehda t bIo°t6h7h e andR ushimbwae ntt o seet heA ccuseodn thee veninogf 13 April1 994. 905.P rosecutiWoint nesYs testifietdh ati n April1 994t wom en namedR ushimba andS aidiR ukanoass kedh imt o helpt hems tafft heT rafiprroo adblocwkh,i chh e did. He explainetdh att het wom enh ads aidt hati t wast heb ourgmestwrheo h adg iven themt heo rder1.°68T hew itneswsa sa t theT rafiprroo adblofcrko mA prilu ntilJ uly 1994.1°H6e9 d idn ots pecifwyh eni n Apriilt wase rected. 906.T heA ccusetde stifietdh att heT rafiprroo adblodcakt edb ackt o theb eginning of thew ar,i n Octobe1r9 90,w hens oldiersse ti t up.I t wass ubsequentrleym oved duringt he negotiatiopne riodo f theA rushaA ccordsT.h e Accusesda idt hath e orderetdh eT rafiprrooa dblotcok b ee recteadg

aina roun2d7 A pril1 994.1°7° 907.T he Accusefdu rtheerx plainetdh att heo bjectivoef theT rafiprroo adblock wast o checkf orR PFi nfiltratipounr,s uantto t hei nstructioofn t heP rimeM inister (V.5.2.1a)n,d t hath ea ndt heC ommunaClo uncidle cidewdh os houlsdt affi t1.°71T he Accuserde ferretdo documentareyv idencien supporto f his assertiotnh att he lO6T5r anscroifp8 t Fse brua2r0y0p0 . 3 8. lO6I6b idp.p .3 8-39. 106D7e fenEcxeh ibNiot.6 5. 106T8r anscroifp7 t Fse brua2r0y0p0 p .2 7a nd3 2. 106I9b idp.p .3 2-33. 107T0r anscroifp7 t Jsu n2e0 0p0. 1 42. 302

ICTR-95-1A-T ..................... m ................................................................................. roadblocwka s "official1"°.72H e testifietdh ati t was the onlyr oadbloctkh att he CommunalC ouncile stablisheadn d for whichi t issuedi nstructionsT.h e Accused added: "Ther oad-blocwka ss et up becauseI toldy ou thatt he Mabanzcao mmunew as at the crossr oadso fs everarlo adsS.o ,w eb elievetdh att hisc rossr oadw asa necessaprays sage way,f or anybodgyo ingt o Kibuyeo r to Gisenyoir Nyanzat,h ati s why we thoughwte shoulcdh eckt his. ..c ross-rokaede pinign m indt he. ..d irectiviesss uetdo t hep eoplweh o weres upposetdo mant her oad-bloccokn trartyo whatw ash appeninign othera reas,w e did not wantt o maket he samem istakeass whatw as happeninign the otherr egions whicpha sserswbeyr et ellinugs a’b’o1u0t7.3 908.T he Accusedt estifietdh att hosew ho staffedt he roadblocwke res electedo n theb asiso f theirc onducta,n da lsot heir" goodc haracterl,e velo f trainingt,h att hey had completeda t leastp rimarys choolo r post-primarlye velo f educatioann d so on".1074 He statetdh ato rali nstructiownesr eg ivent o thes taffa t ther oadblock. 909.A ccordintgo the Defence,t he instructiongsi veno rallyi n April1 994,w hen the Trafiprroo adblocwka s re-establishewde,r el aterc onfirmeidn writing1.°75T he Defencper oducead lettere ntitle"dA ttestationa"d,d ressetdo

fivep ersonsd,a ted3 June1 994a nd signedb y the AccusedI.t reads: "[Fivaed dresse.e.s. ] I am writintgo authorisyeo ut o mant heT rafiprroo adblockC.o nsequentlnyo, o ther persohna st her ightt ok eepg uartdh eraen dt ol eadi tw ithoupte rmission. Durintgh ec heckyso ua rer equiretdo conducty,o ua rek indlrye questneodt t o ill-treat passers-bays, s omeh avea lreaddyo ne.I t is preciselfyo rt hisr easont hata fivem an commissihoans b eens etu p to verifwyh etheorr notp assers-hbayv eb eenm altreataendd whethetrh ee nemyh asi nfiltrattehdr ougthh isp assagewaTyh.e s aidc ommissiiosn a lso r’e’q1u0i7r6etdo o ffery oua dvicweh ichw ille nablyeo ut o perforymo urt asks uccessfully. 107I1b idp.p .1 42-143. 1072S eeP rosecutEixohni biNtoss .9 2a nd9 4a sw eUa sD efencEex hibiNto .6 2.T hesdeo cumenatrse discussbeedl ow. 1073T ranscriopft7 s J une2 000p p.1 50-151. 1074T ranscriopft9 s J une2 000p .3 0. 1075D efeucCel osinBgr iefp1.2 1p ara6.9 . 1076P rosecutEixohni biNto .9 4. 303

ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... 910,A secondd ocumente,n title"dC ertificatioanl"s,o d ated3 June1 994a nd signedb y the Accuseda,u thorisead commissiocno mposedo f fivep ersonst o supervisteh osew hoh ad beenp lacedi n chargeo f the Trafiprroo adblockT.h e Certificasttiaotne s: "Iw oulhde reblyi ket o. ..a uthoriysoeut oc hecwkh ethepre oplien c hargoef T rafipro roadblodcok t heiwro rkw ellw;h ethearn yonies u njusttlrye ateadn do bservaen ything whichp revent[tsh]e r oadblocfkr oma ccomplishiitnsgw ork.Y ouw illi nformt he assistabnutr gomas(t.e.r. AffaiSroecsi aleetsC oop6rativNesse)n gimaAnpap olinaainrde thec ounsellNokri liyumwDa.m oif whaty ouw illh avea chievesdo thaty ouc anl ook togethfeorr [ a]s olutioYno.uh avet og ivem ea reportT.h ism eantsh ati tw oulbde g ood fory out o selecatm ongy ourselvae lse ade.r. .w how illm akea plano f work.T he followipnegr soanrse i nc hargoef r oadbloc[k.s.:.f iven ames.] N’.’B1.°N7 7oo nee lsem usta ppeaart t her oadblowcikt houcte rtification. 911.W itnessY wass pecificalnlaym edi n the Certificatiaosn o ne of thef ive persons" in chargeo f’ the roadblockN.e ithert he nameo f WitnessZ nor of Rushimbaap pearisn thed ocumentH.o weverd,u ringh ist estimonyt,h eA ccuseddi d note xcludteh ep ossibiltihtayt o neo ft hef ivep ersonlsi steads b eingi nc

hargoef t he roadbloc-k FideleK ubwiman-a couldb e the samep ersona s Rushimb(aF idel Cyakubwirwa): "[A.]T heF idelem entionehde rei s KubwimanIa .d on’tk noww hethetrh erew asa confusiwoint hC yakubwirbwuat,. .. [Q.]W how ast heo new how asa uthorizteoda cta sl eader? [A.]I fi t wasC yakubwirtwhaa,t m aybei st heo new how ask nowna s Rushimbmaa,y be. OtherwisIe w,o uldn’ktn owv eryw ell.F idelCey akubwirwFai,d elCey akubwirwbau,t herew e haveF idelKeu bwimanIa .d on’tk noww hethewre ared ealinwgi tht hes ame p,e,r1s0o7n8. 912.T he Accusedt estifietdh att he fiven amedp ersonss taffedt he Trafipro roadblocfkr omt het imei t wasf irste stablishiend A pril1 994.N o membero f the five-masnu pervisicnogm missiotne stifieadt triala nd,a partf romW itnesYs, no otherp ersonna medi n theA ttestatiaopnp earebde forteh eC hamber. 1077DefenEcxeh ibNiot.6 2.T heE ngli~sahn slathiaosbn e einm proved. 1078Transcroifp9 t Jsu n2e0 0p0p .4 5-46. 304

~ ~ ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T Findines 913.I t is not clearf romt he evidencew hent he Trafipror oadblocwka s re- establishbeyd t heA ccusedT.h eC hambenro test hatn o otherw itnescso rroborated thet estimoonfy WitnesZs t hatt her oadblowcaks e recteodn 14 April1 994.W itness Y datedi t to them ontho f April,w ithoubte ings pecificD.e fencWei tnesRsA ,w ho visitetdh eA ccuseadt theb ureauc ommunaoln 17 April1 994,t estifietdh att he Trafiprroo adblochka dn otb eene recteadt thats tage1.°79T het estimonoyf this witneswso ulds uggestth atT rafiprwoa se stablishseodm etimien thes econdh alfo f April1 994. 914.A s to the staffinogf theT rafiprroo adblockt,h eC hambern otest hatt he presencoef WitnessY is uncontesteAdc.c ordintgo his own and the Accused’s testimonhye, w asg iveno rali nstructioinns A pril1 994t o stafft her oadblocTkh.e Attestatioofn3 June1 994,i ssuebdy theA ccusedc,o nfirmtsh att hew itneshsa dt his taska lsoi n Juneo f thaty ear.T heC hambetrh ereforaec cepttsh atW itnesYs was presenatt ther oadblofcrko mA pril1 994,a nda lsoo no r after3 June1 994. 915.T hes tatuso f WitnesZs andR ushimbias not so certainT.h eP rosecution’s evidencseu ggesttsh atb othw erep resenatt theT rafiprroo adbloactk certaitni mes duringt hee ventsO.n theo therh and,t heA ccusedde niedt hath e hada uthorised W1i°t8n°esZs o r Rushimbtao staffthreo adblock. 916.W itnesZs’ sc onfessioonf 22 June1

998t o theR wandaanu thoritireasi sesa questioanb outt hec redibiliotfy h isc laim,r eferretdo above,t hatt heA ccused orderehdi mt o establisthh eT rafiprroo adblowcikt ho thersI.n thatc onfessitohne witnessst atetdh ata roadblo(cakl moscte rtainrleyf erritnog T rafiprwoa)s s etu p WitnesYs andR ushimbaW.i tnesZs didn otn ameh imselafs oneo f thosed irectly involveidn itss ettinugp ,a ndh e maden o mentioonf theA ccusedH.e simplsyt ated t1h°a8t1" manyo f us mountegdu arda"t ther oadblock. 1079T ranscripotfs 2 May2 000p p.5 2-53. 1080 Transcripotfs 8 June2 000p . 229a nd9 June2 000p p.3 5-36. 1081D efencEex hibiNto .1 12. 305

917.R egardintgh er egulariotfy WitnesZs’ sp resencaet theT rafiprroo adblock, thew itnestse stifiteods taffinigt f rom1 4 April1 994" throughotuhtep eriodu"n til July1 994,b ut alsot hath e ’~ouldm ovea boutf or one reasono r another"H.e "wasn’tth eret hroughou1t°"8.2T hew itnessst atetdh at" [I]rowmh atp eoploeb served or said,i t wast houghtth atI myselwfa st hel eadebru ti n fact,i tw asR ushimbwah o wasi n chargeo f marmintgh er oadblocIk°"8.3I n hiss tatemenotf 18 Septembe1r9 99 he contendtehda tf rom1 4 April1 994h e "onlyl eftt hatp lacet o go fora beer,g et somethitnog e ato r takea napi n theT rafiprbou ildinga"n;d t hatt her oadblowcaks staffebdy severaple opleR,u shimbaW,i tnesYs and himselbfe ingt heo nes" most regularolnyd utyt here1"0.8 4 918.I t followsf romt he testimonieosf WitnesseYs and Z thatW itnessZ was presenta t theT rafiprroo adblocdku ringt he incidentrse latintgo Juditha nd Bigirima(nVa. 5.5a nd5 .6).W itnesYs didn otp rovideev idencwei thr egardt o the regulariotryd uratioonf W itnesZs’ sp resentchee reI.n hiss tatemeonft1 7 September 1999,W itnesYs didn ota ssertt hatW itnesZs hads ummonehdi mt o ther oadbloocrk wasi n chargeo f it.H oweverh,e dids tatet hatW itnesZs was" alsom annintgh e roadblotchka td ay’’w henB igirimawnaas k ille1d°.85I n hiss ubsequecnotn fessioofn 24 March2 000t o theR wandaanu thoritieWsi,t nesYs wasa skedt o identiftyh ose

"[w]hom ountedg uard"a t the Trafiprroo adblockH.e answeretdh att hey" were m1a°n8y6’’a ndt hath e remembereadm,o ngo thersW,i tnesZs. 919.W itnesseOs and AA alsot estifietdh at WitnessZ was at the Trafipro roadblockW.i tnesOs saidt hatW itnesZs, WitnesYs andR ushimbfao rmedp arto f theg roupo f Interahamtwaek enf romt heT rafiprroo adblocbky theA ccusetdo kill PastorM ugang(aI V.4.2~)°.87I t is alsoa pparenftr omW itnesAsA ’st estimonayn d 1082T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 75. 1083I bidp.. 5 9. 1o84D efencEex hibiNto .6 5. 1085D efencEex hibiNto .6 4. 1086D efencEex hibiNto .1 13. 1087T ranscripotfs 2 4 Novembe1r9 99p . 40. 306

920.R egardintgh ep resencoef RushimbaW,i tnesseZs a ndY testifietdh ath e was a1t° 8t9heT rafiprroo adbloactk thet imeo f thek illingosf Bigirimaannad J udith. Accordintgo thet estimonoyf WitnesZs, citeda bove,R ushimbwaa st hel eadero f theT rafiprroo adblocTkh.i si s in conformiwtiyt hW itnesZs’ sc onfessiotno the Rwandaanu thoritieisn, w hichh e gaveR ushimbaan dW itnesYs centrarlo lesa t the roadblockI.t followfsr omW itnessY ’ss tatementto investigatotrhsa ti t was Rushimbwah oa skedh imt o be parto f theg roupa ndt hatR ushimbwaa st hel eader: "Rushimbaan, o rdinarpye asantw,a si n chargoef ther oadblo’c’k1.°9°A s mentioned, WitnesOs a lsoi dentifiReuds himbaas beinga t theT rafiprroo adblock. 921.T hust het estimonireesf erretdo above,s upportebdy witnessst atemenatnsd confessionssu,g gestth atW itnesZs andR ushimbwae rer egularlpyr esenatt the Trafiprroo adblock. 922.A s foro therT rafipraot tendanttsh,e C hamberre calltsh atW itnesYs t estified thatR ushimibnav iteSda idiR ukanotso joint hes taf1f°.91H e alsor eferrteodt eachers andg endarmeass beingp resen°t9J2I n hisc onfessionsatla temenrte,s ponditnog a questioanb outt hei dentifoyf thosea t TrafiprWoi,t nesYs a nsweretdh att heyw ere many,b ut that he only remembereWdi tnessZ , Rushimba,R ukamosiS ayiie, MusabyimanJae and ’AmourN,s himyimanAat hanasaen d gendarme1s°.93T hisi s in accordw ith WitnessZ ’s

testimonyt,h at "therew ere many people"a t the roadbloc1k°;94a nda ccordintgo hisc onfessio"nm,a nyo f us mountegdu arda t this roadblocpka,r ticulamrel,y. ..a sw ella sm anyo therp eoples,i ncet herew asa tavern 1088T ranscriptosf 10 Februar2y0 00p . 57 and DefenceE xhibitN o. 66 (statemenotf 22 and 23 Septembe1r9 99), 1089T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 61 and7 Februar2y0 00p . 36,r espectively. 1090D efencEex hibiNto .6 4.R ushimbwaa si n chargeo f ther oadblocakl soa ccordintgo WitnesYs’ s confessioofn 2 4 March2 000( DefencEex hibiNto .1 13). I091 Transcripotfs 7 Februar2y0 00p . 28. 1092I bidp.. 2 9. 1093D efencEex hibiNto .1 13. lO94T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 58. 307

ICTR-95-1A-T ~"¢t~t.~. i~ a1t°t5 9hes pot". 923.A s indicatebde low,i n connectiwoint ht hek illingosf Bigirimaannad J udith, FrancoiMsu gish(io rS emushegia)n dA lexisM utigandaal soa ttendetdh eT rafipro roadbloactk v arioutsi mes( V.5.a5n d5 .6). 924.O n the basiso f the availableev idencet,h e Chamberc annota cceptt he Accused’cso ntentiotnh att heA ttestatigoinv esa completpei cturoef thosew ho regularlwye rep resenatt theT rafirproo adblopcrki ort o 3 June1 994.O f thef ive personlsi stedi n theA ttestatioofn t hatd ate,o nlyW itnesYs wasi dentifiebdy witnessaessb eingp resenatt t her oadblocTkh.i sd oesn ote xcludteh ep ossibiltihtayt theo therf ours taffetdh er oadbloactkv arioutsi mesb eforoer after3 June1 994.B ut whilet herem ay haveb eena coreo f personsw ho had been mandatedt o staff Trafiprtoh,e e videncien dicattehsa ta numbeorf otherp ersonwse rea lsoi n regular attendance. 925.I nc onclusioenv,e nt hougiht hasn otb eenp ossiblteo e stablitshhe d ateso f the presencaet Trafiproof Rushimbaan dW itnesZs, theC hambefri ndst hatt heyw erea t ther oadblocwki thc onsiderabrleeg ularitMyo.r eovert,h eC hambedro esn ota ccept thatt heA ccusewda su nawarteh atp ersonost hert hant he fivei n questiowne re regularplrye senatt ther oadblocTkh.e c losep roximiotfy t her oadblotcokt heb ureau communamlu stb e takeni ntoa ccounwth ena ssessintgh ek nowledgoef theA ccused. 5.4.2P urposoef TrafiprRoo adblock Submissioonfs t heP arties 926.I n itsc losinogr ala rgumenttsh,e P rosecutiaolnl eged: "Ino rdetro e nsurteh atn oT utsrie mainaeldi veb,e i tt hosfer omw ithionr o utsidteh e communet,h eA ccusesde tu p roadb lockwsi thiMna banztao helps creetnh osef leeing f’r’o1m°a6 9sf ara waya sG itaraamnad K igali. 109D5e fenEcxeh ibNiot.1 12. 308

927. TheA ccuseda,s keda boutt hep urposoef theT rafiprroo adblocrke,p lied: "Followtihnegd irectivoefts h eP rimMei nistewre,n eedetdo c hecikn filtratoifot nh e RPF,p articulatrrlyay n di dentiofryf indo utv ehiclwehsi cahr eb einugs edt ot ransport ammunitiaonndsg renad-e sa ndw eapons1"0.9 7 Deliberations 928.A s mentioneadb ove,W itnesZs allegetdh ato n 13 April1 994,t he Accused told him that a roadblockw as neededt o apprehendt he "enemies"w ho were escapin1g°.98H e wasi nstructaelds ot o checkt hep aperso f thosew hoc amet o the roadblockW.i tnesZs explainewdh ath e understootdh e Accusetdo havem eantb y "enemy"; "Hed idn’nte edt o explaiann ythitnogm eb ecauswee h adb eenm adet ou nderstaonvde r a longt imet hatth ee nemwya st het utsiasn dh ei nf actu sedt he[ termI]n yenaznid a tt hat poinitn t imeI,n yenzrie ferreeidt hetro t utsiosr a membeorf t heR PFo ra sympathiser t,h,e1r0e9o9f. 929.A ccordintgo WitnesYs, Trafiprwoa ss etu p forw artimsee curitpyu rposes. Vehicldeo cumentasn di dentitcya rdsw erec heckedA.s kedw hethehre wass earching forT utsia tt her oadbloctkh,e w itnesasn swered: "Att hatp oinitn t imea nyonweh osied entiptayp erwse ren oti no rderi,f t heyd idn oth ave a photograwphho,e vetrh atp ersowna s,w ass entt ot heb ureacuo mmun.a.l. .T heT utsis a’t’t1 1h°a°tt imed idn’wta ntt ob es eenb ecausteh eyw eret heo nesw how eres ought. 930.T hep ointt hata nyonweh od idn oth avea n identificatcioounl db e sentt o the bureauc ommunaall sof ollowfsr omW itnesYs’ sw rittesnt atemenotf 17 September 1999: "Wew eren otg iveann yp articulianrs tructiaosnr se gardest hnibca ckgrounAdlslt. h ose withp ropeird entificactairodns r,e gardleosfsw hethetrh eyw ereH um,T utsoir T wah ad nop roblwehma tsoe’v’eIr1 .0I 1096T ranscripotfs 4 Septemb2e0r0 0p .

49. I097T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p p.1 42-143. lO98T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p p.3 8-39. lO99I bidp.p .4 0-41. 1 lOOT ranscripotfs 7 Februar2y0 00p p.3 4-36. 309

931.P rosecutiWoint nesAsA testifietdh att heA ccusehda d" roadblocskest u p to controtlh em ovemenotf theI nkotanywih ow eret ryingt o infiltratthee c ommunbey usinvge hicles".1102 932.D efencWei tnesKsA testifietdh ath e passedt hrougthh eT rafiprroo adblock on severaolc casio"ndsu rinogu rc risitsi me"H.e s aidt hat" ther oadblowcaks o nt he roadi tselbfu tb y ther oadsidteh erew asp lacew herep eopleo n footw ouldp ass". Accordintgo the witnessa, vehiclweo uldb e stoppeadn dt he" normadlo cuments" wouldb ec heckeadf,t erw hichi tc ouldp ass.1103 933.D efencWei tnesKsC , a Hutu,t estifietdh ath e passedt hrougthh e Trafipro roadblocokn 23 May1 994o n hisw ayt o seet heA ccuseadb outl aissez-passeTrhse. witnesdsi dn otr ecognizaen yonaet ther oadblocHke. s tatedt hatn o onea skedh im forh isi dentitcya rda ndt hath e" justw entt hroughn,o rmall1y1"°.4T hew itnesdsi d nots eet hoses taffintgh er oadblocchke ckintgh ei dentitcya rdso f otherp eopleT.h e witnestsh ough"tt heyw erec heckinvge hicletsh atw ereg oingt hrough1"1.o 5 934.O f relevancael soi s a documenetn title"dI nstructioonns h owt o maintain securityd"a,t ed9 June1 994a nds ignedb y theA ccusedI.t relatetso roadblocks generalliyt; d oesn ots pecificalmleyn tiotnh eT rafiprroo adblocIkt. e xplainvse ry succincthloyw v ehicleasn dd riverast a roadbloschko ulbde checkedI.t statetsh at paperss,u cha st hei dentictayr

d,m issioonr dera ndl icencoef thed rivera,s wella s vehiclree gistratitoanx,a ndi nsuranfcoer mss,h oulbde examinetdh;e v ehicliet self s1h1o°u6lbde carefulsleya rche"db,e cautshee yh idet hergeu nsa ndc artridges". li0D1e fenEcxeh ibNiot.6 4. 1 lO2T ranscroifp1 t0Fs e bru2a0r0yp0 . 5 6. 110T3r anscroifp2 t2sM ay2 00p0p .9 1-93. 110T4r anscroifp2 t8As p ri2l0 0p0. 4 7. 110I5b idp.p .4 6-47. 1106ProsecutEixohni biNto .9 2.F rencvhe rsio"nL:e sR 6glemecnotnsc emalnatp rotectdieol na s6curit6". 310

Findings 935.T o startw itht heP rosecutiondo’cs umentaervyi dencoen roadblockwsh,i chi s scantt,h et exto f theP rimeM inisterd’isr ectiovfe2 7 April1 994( V.5.2.d1o)e sn ot supporat f indintgh att heo fficiaplu rposoef roadblocwkass c riminaIln.d eedt,h e letteard monishaegsa insvti ctimisatoifo inn nocenpte rson1s°J7T hew ordinogf the Prefect’lse ttero f 30 April1 994t o theA ccuseadn do therb ourgmestr(eVs. 5.2.1) alsos eemtso b el imitetdo l egitimsaetceu rictoyn cern1s1.0 8 936.O f thed ocumentatiaotnt ributteod theA ccusedn,e ithetrh eA ttestatiaonnd Certificatoifo 3n J une1 994,n ort he" Instructioofn s9" J une1 994,s upporat f inding thatt hep urposoef roadblocikns Mabanzcao mmunwea sc riminalO.n thec ontrary, theC ertificatpiuornp orttso creatae safeguaargda insutn justtr eatmennta,m eltyh e five-macno mmissioTnh.e A ttestatieoxnp laintsh att hep urposoef thec ommissiiosn "1t1o°v 9erif.y. .w hethetrh ee nemhya si nfiltrattherdo ugthh isp assageway". 937.T het woP rosecutiwoint nessewsh or egularlayt tendetdh eT rafiprroo adblock gaved ifferiancgc ountosf itsp urposeW.i mesZs testifitehda tt heA ccuseads kedh im to erecta roadbloc"kb ecausteh ee nemieasr ee scaping1"1J°T hew itnesusn derstood theA ccusetdo be referritnog T utsii n generala,s wella s to memberosf theR PFa nd RPF-sympathiseWrist.n essY , on the otherh and,s aidt hata nyonew ithp roper

identificatwihoent,h eTru tsiH,u tuo r Twa,c ouldp asst hrougthh er oadblowcikt hout experiencinprgo blemsH.e explainetdh atR ushimbaa nd Rukanosh ad givenh im relevanitn structionwsh,i cht heys aidh adc omef romt heA ccusedW.i tnesAsA ,w ho wasn ota staffm embeart theT rafiprroo adbloctke,s tifitehda tt heA ccusehda ds et up roadbloctkos controtlh em ovementosf Inkotanyait temptintgo infiltratteh e commune. 1107P rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .7 7b. 1108P rosecutiEoxnh ibiNto .7 7a. 1109T he Chamberh asn otedt hatt he Kinyarwandwaonr df or" enemy"h erei s "mwanzia"n d not the derogato"rIyn yenzoir" " Inkontanysie"e;t ranscripotfs 9 June2 000p p.4 6f. 1110T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 39 311

( ICTR-95-1A-T ~~~ ....................................................................................................... 938.T heC hambeirs , of coursea,w aret hatt he truep urposoef Trafiproor any otherr oadblocikn Mabanzcao mmunies bests oughtn oti n documentatoiro nr ecalled orali nstructipoenrst ainitnogi tso peratiobnust r atheirn t heo peratiotnhse mselves. The evidencoef killingasl legedlcyo mmitteadt the commune’rso adblockiss examiniendd etaiiln t hec ominsge ctionAsl.l t hatc anb es aida tt hisp oinits t hatt he Prosecutihoans nots hownb eyondr easonabldeo ubtt hatt hea im of theA ccused, whenh es etu pt heT rafiprrooa dblocwka,st os creeonu ta ndk illT utsic ivilians. 5.5T rafiprRoo adbloc-k A ceused’Cso mplicitiyn Killinogf Bigirimana Submissioonfst heP arties 939. Accordingt o the Prosecutiona, man namedF ran£oisB igirimanaw as apprehendaetd t heT rafiprroo adbloc1k1.11H e wast hent akens omed istancaew ay andk illedb y Rushimbaan dW itnesseZs a ndY . Thep erpetratowresr en otp unished or suspendbeyd t heA ccused.Ill2 940.A sm entioneeadr lieirn, relatiotno t hisa llegekdi llinagn dt hato f Juditht,h e Prosecuticohna rgetsh eA ccusewdi thg enocidec,o mpliciitny genocidaen dc rimes againshtu manitpyu,r suatnotA rticl6e(s1 )a nd6 (3)o ft heS tatute. 941.T heD efencceh allengtehse a llegatitohna tB igirimawnaas i n facta rresteadn d murdereidn Mabanzcao mmuneI.n

itsv iew,B igirimanwaa s murdereadt Bisesero, as statedi n thet rialo f Kayishemaan dR uzindan1a1.13A lternativetlhye,D efence submittsh att heA ccusewda sn otp resendtu rintgh ea rresotf B igirimantah,a th ew as not awareo f his murder,a nd thatt he testimonieosf WitnesseYs and Z are inconsistent.l114 1111 Bigirimanan’asm eo ccasionalhlays b eenr ecordeads "BigilimanaI"t. a ppearst hath e was a drivere,i thero f a bus( WitnesZs - transcripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p . 56)o r at OCIRC af6,K ibuye (WitnesZs’ s Rwandacno nfessionsatla temenotf 22 June1 998,D efencEex hibiNto . 112),o r perhaps both. 1112 See,i n particulaPrr,o secutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markps. 18 para.1 20,p . 77 para.4 03,p . 78 para4.1 0,p .9 1 para7.8 ,p . 93p ara.9 3,p . 97p ara.1 17,p . 102p ara.1 39,p . 105p ara.1 63,p . 107p ara. 191,p . 110p ara.2 13a ndp . 116p ara.2 67;R ebuttapla ras4.6 -48. 1113T ranscrip(tKsa yisheamnad R uzindatnrai alo)f 24 April1 997p . 65. 1114 See,i n particulaDre,f encCel osinBgr iefp p. 54-56p aras.4 46-46a2n dp . 122p aras.7 3-74; Rejoindepra ras2.0 7-211. 312 "@. 4 .

Deliberations 942.P rosecutiWoint nesZs testifietdh ato nee veninBgi girimacnaam ei n a pick-up vehiclfer omK igalia,c companibeyd h isw ife,a ndw ass toppeadt TrafiprAo .c ertain AlexisM utigandsaa idt o WitnesZs thath e knewB igirimantah,a th e "wasa Tutsi andh e wasw orkintgo gethewri tht heI nyenzi1"1.15W itnesZs foundt hatB igirimana hadt woi dentitcya rds,o nei ndicatitnhga th e wasa Hutu,t heo thert hath e wasa TutsiB.i girimanaw’isf ep leadeodn herh usband’bse halwfi tht heA ccusedw,h ow as thenp assingb y the roadblocokn his way homef romt he communaolf fice.T he Accuserde spondetdh at" itw asa matterw hichw asu p to thep ersonmsa nnintgh e roadblocwki thw homs he shoulds peak"u,16 WitnessZ testifietdh at" whent he womanc ameb ackt o us,w e chasedh era wayt ellinhge rt hati f shec ontinuewde w1e1r1e7g oingt ok illh era sw e wereg oingt o dow ithh erh usband". 943.L ater,a ccordintgo WitnesZs, he, WitnesYs and Rushimbtao okB igirimana to a placec loset o theT rafiprroo adblocwkh eret heyk illedh imw ithm achetes. WitnesZs s tructkh ef irstb low1.118T hew itnestse stifitehda tB igirimawnaas k illed becaushee wasa Tutsia nda n accomplicaen,d b ecausae certaiFnr angoiMsu gishi (orM ugeshih)a dg ivent hems omem oneyt o killh im.T hew itnesesx plainetdh at ordert o retaina largep arto f them oney,h e choseo nlyt woo therp eoplef ort he killingB.u th e addedt hate venw

ithoutth em oneyh e andh isa ccomplicsetsi llw ould havek illeBdi girimana.l119 944.P rosecutiWoint nesYs testifietdh atB igirimawnaas s toppeadt theT rafipro roadblocakn d,i n variancwei tht het estimonoyf WitnesZs, wasf oundt o haven o documentsA. m an namedF rangoiSse mugeshsia idt hatB igirimanwaa sa n enemyo f thec ountrya,n Inyenzi".H ea skedu s to go andd ealw ithh ima ndt hath e wasg oing 111T5r anscroifp8 t Fse brua2r0y0p 0p .5 6a nd5 8. 111I6b ipd..5 7. 111I7b id. 1118I bidp.. 60. 1119I bid.p p. 59-60.W imessZ , in his confessionaslt atemenotf 22 June 1998,n otedt hat aftert he murdero f Judith,M utigandhaa d said" I am leavingb ut therei s one persons tillr emaininfgo r me to havep eace";t hes tatementth eng oeso n to addrestsh e murdero f Bigirimana. 313 @..~/ .

ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... to buyu s tea’.’m°B igirimawnaas t aken1 50m eterfsr omt her oadbloacnkd k illebdy WitnesseZs and Y (WitnesYs did notm entionR ushimbian connectiowni tht his incidentW)i.t nesZs s tructkh ef irstb low.W itnesYs t estifitehda th ep articipaitned thek illinbge causSee mugeshhia dp romisetdo payh imm.l In contradictitoon t he evidencper esentebdy WitnesZs, WitnesYs testifietdh att heA ccusehda dn otb een p1r1e2szenatt ther oadblowchke nB igirimawnaas a rrested. 945.T heA ccusedt estifietdh ath e had no knowledgoef the killinign Mabanza communoef a personn amedB igiriman1a2]3 Findings 946.T he Chambedro esn ot acceptt he Defencaes sertiotnh att hisi s a caseo f mistakeind entityT.h et woc onfessepde rpetrato(rWsi tnessYe sa ndZ ) consistently havem aintaintehda tt heyk illeFdr angoiBsi girimanTah.i sf ollowfsr omt heirw ritten statementsc,o nfessionasn d testimoniesTh.e Defenceh as not demonstratead sufficiencto nnectiobne tweent heB igirimanrae ferretdo in the Kayishemaan d Ruzindacnaas ea ndt heB igirimainna t hep resencta se. 947.T he onlye videncoef the Accused’dsi recti nvolvemenitn the killingo f Bigirimanias the testimonoyf WitnessZ , accordintgo whicht he Accusedw as presendtu rintgh ei ncidenatn ds pokew ithB igirimanaw’isf ew ithouitn tervenitnog prevenhte

rh usbandd’esa thT.h ist estimoinnyc riminattheesA ccusedf,o ri t suggests thath ew asa n accomplitcoe t hec ommissioofn t hec rime1;124a lternativethlay,th e is liablea s a superiofro rn ot avertinhgi ss ubordinatferso mc ommissioonf the offence.1125 948. TheC hambehra sa lreadeyx presseddo ubtsa boutt her eliabiliotfy W itnesZs 1120T ranscripotf7s Februar2y0 00p 37.W itnesYs t estifie"dR:e garditnhge f ~rstp ersoIn participated in killinhgi mb ecausIe wasp romisesdo mef inanciarle wardi,t wasM ugeshwih op romisetdo payu s" (ibidp.. 4 0). 1121I bidp.. 3 8. 1122I bidp.p .4 8-49. 1123T ranscriopft 7s Junep p.1 67-68. 1124P rosecntiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markps. 103p ara.1 39,p . 105p ara.1 63a ndp . 110p ara.2 13. 1125I bidp.. 1 16p ara2.6 7. 314 ;.L

~’~’- ICTR-95-1A-T /t46¢ (V.5.4.I1n)t hep resenitn stancteh,e o nlyo thewri tnestso testifayb outth ek illing BigirimainsaW itnesYs, who,i n direccto ntrastto thet estimoonfyW itnesZs, stated thath e did nots eet he Accuseadt the Trafirprroo adblocwkh enB igirimanwaa s arrestevd2,6W itnesYs’ sa ssertitohna tt heA ccusewda sn otp resenatt ther oadblock is consistewnitt hh iss tatementto investigatoofr 1s7 Septemb1e9r9 9.112T7h isi s significiannsto faars t hei nvestigationrt sh,e i ntroducttioot nh es tatemenitn,d icaate specifiicn teresitn informatipoenr tainitnog t heA ccusedT.h ew itnesmse ntiontehde Accuseidn connectiwoint ht heT rafiprroo adbloicnk g enerala,n dw itht hek illinogf Juditihn particulabru,tn oti n connectiwoint ht hek illinogf BigirimanWah.e ret he onlyo therd irecwti tnestso t hek illinogf Bigirimapnrae sentas v ersioonf eventast variancwei tht hato f WitnessZ , a doubti s castu pont he latter’tse stimony implicatitnhge A ccuseidn thee ventlse adinugp tot hek illinogf BigirimanTah.e re area lsoi nconsistencbieetsw eeWni tnesZs’ st estimoannyd h isw rittesnt atemeinnt relatitoon B igirimana. Conclusion 949.T he Chambecro ncludetsh att he testimonoyf WitnesZs is uncorroborated. Therefoar es erioudso ubts ubsistrse garditnhge i nvolvemeonft t heA ccuselde ading up to thek illinogf BigirimanTah.e A ccuseids thereforneo tl iableu nderA rticle 6(1)H.i sl

iabiliatsya superiwoirl lb ec onsiderbeedl o(wV .5.7). 5.6T rafiprRoo adbloc-k A ccused’Cso mplicitiyn Killinogf Judith Submissioonfs t heP arties 950.A ccordintgo the Prosecutioan ,w omann amedJ udithw,h ow asw ellk nowni n Mabanzac ommune,w as murderedi n the ruinso f her houseb y Rushimbaa nd WitnesYs, havingb eenl edt hereb y thet wom enf romt heT rafiprroo adblocpka,s t the bureauc ommunalw,i thW itnessZ trailinfgi vet o ten metresb ehind.T he Prosecutisounb mittsh att heA ccusesda wt hek illerlse adinJgu ditahw ay,k newt hat 1126 Transcripotfs 7 Februar2y0 00p p.4 8-49. 1127D efencEex hibiNto .6 4. 315

.... ’~*’~ ICTR-95-1A-T 146 ....................................................................................................... Judithw asa boutt o be killeda,n d encourageodr acquiesceidn herm urderT.h e perpetratwoerrse n otp unisheodr s uspendbeyd t heA ccused1.1 28 951.T heA ccusedde nietdh ath e knewt hatJ udithw asa boutt o be killedo,r thath e foundo uta bouth erm urdearf tert hee ventT.h eD efencaer guetsh att heP rosecution hasf ailetdo s peciftyh er oleo ft heA ccuseidn t hek illinogf J udithI.t a lsoc hallenges the evidenceo f WitnessesZ , Y and AB as internalliyn coherentm,u tually inconsistaenndtu nreliablAec.c orditnog t heD efencet,h ec laimt hatJ uditwha sw ell knowni n Mabanzcao mmunies incorrect.1129 Deliberations 952. ProsecutioWni tnessZ testifiedt hatJ udithh ad beenf oundb y Alexis Mutigandaa,p parentliyn a bananap lantationa,n d thats hew as draggetdo the Trafiprroo adblocbky RushimbIan. hisc onfessionsatla temenotf 22 June1 998,t he witnessst ated: "SincIe k newh er,I interceodneh de rb ehalbfu tt hed rive[rM utiganrdeaf]u seudn der thep retextth atJ udithha dr efusehdi mt og etm arrietdoh erd aughtwehre nh isw ife dieda,n ds heh adi nsultheidmb ys ayinag ,h e-gocaatn n evemra tew itha shee.p. .. [He]i nsmactReuds himabnad [ WitneYs]st ok illh eri mmediateplryo,m isitnogb uy t’h’e1d°m~r 3inks. 953.J udith’csa ptordse cidetdo takeh ert o herp lota ndk

illh ert hereW.i tnesZs explainehdo wh e trailefdi vet o tenm etersb ehindR ushimbaan dW itnesYs as they walkedw ithJ udithw,i thouhto ldinhge r,p astt hec ommunaolf fice.I13I WitnesZs saidt hat,a tt hatp ointt,h eA ccusecda meo uto f hiso fficaen da skedh im," Wherdei d youf indt hato ne?"T.h ew itnesrse plietdh att heyf oundh eri n a bananpal antation andt hatt hey" wereg oingt o worko n her".A ccordintgo thew itnesst,h eA ccused 1128 See,i n particulaPrr,o secutiownr’ist teCnl osinRge markps. 16 para.1 01,p p.1 9-20p aras1.2 1a nd 124,p . 53 para3.0 9,p . 77 paras4.0 4-405p,. 78 para4.1 0,p . 92 para8.4 ,p . 97 para.1 20,p . 103p ara. 142,p . 105p ara.1 64,p . 110p ara.2 14a ndp . 115p aras2.5 6-8R;e buttapla ras4.6 -48. 1129S ee,i n particulaDre,f encCel osinBgr iefp5p0 -54p aras4.0 8-445R;e joindpearr as2.0 3-206. 1130D efencEex hibiNto .1 12. 1 I3lT ranscriopft 8s Februa2r0y0 0p .6 7. 316 /~- ~l/ ~

~!i ~ ~ ~’~ ICTR-59 - 1A-T ~¢" :’~k~) ....................................................................................................... said," That’fsi ne,g oo n"1.132T heA ccusetdh enw entb ackt o hiso fficeO.n a rriving at Judith’psl ot,W itnesZs foundt hats heh ada lreadbye enk illedb y Rushimbaan d W’i’t1n1e3s3Ys. "Theyc overehde rw ithe artahn dt henw el eft. 915143.4W itnesZs t estifitehda th ed idn ot" recaltlh ed ayo rt hed ateo"f t hek illing. Howeveri,n hisR wandacno nfessionsatla temenotf 22 June1 998,h e indicatetdh at thei ncideonctc urr"ebdy t hee ndo fA pril"1.1 35 955.P rosecutiWoint nesYs admittetdh ath e,t ogethewri thR ushimbah,a dk illed JudithT.h ew itnestse stifietdh atJ udithw asb roughtto theT rafiprroo adblocbky Rushimbaaf terb eingf ounds omewherael ongt her oadt o Gitikini1n1i3.6H e stated thatR ushimbdae cidetdh atJ uditwha st o be killeadn df orceWdi tnesYs t ot akep art: "Rushimbtao ldm e thati f I didn otp articipahtee w asg oingt o killm e andh e was c’a’p1a1b3l7oef d oingi tb ecaushee w ase venc arryian gg un. 956.W itnesYs testifietdh ath e andR ushimbhaa d walkedp astt hef ronto f the bureauc ommunawli thJ udithv,e ryc loset o the buildinga,n dt hatt hrought he windohwe sawt heA ccuseidn hiso fficeA.l thougthh ew itnestse stifieidn response to a questiofnr omt heB encht hatt heA ccusesda wt hemp ass,i n cross-examination hes aid: "[Q.T]h

ereforyeo,ud idn’mte eth imo ny ourw ay? [A.]I meant hatw herhee w asw ec oulsde eh im. [Q.]C oulhde s eey ou? [A.]T heo ffichea dg laswsi ndowIs c,a nt herefonroets tatcee rtainwlhye thheers awu s orn otb utw ec oulsde eh im. ...S incwee p asseidn f ronotf h imw ithosupte akitnog h’i’m1I3 1 8cannotte lly out hath ek neww hatw ew ereg ointgo d o. 957.W itnesYs e xplainetdh att hek illintgo okp lacea bouto neh undremde tresf rom ther eare nclosuorfe theb ureacuo mmunal. 1132I bidp.. 6 4. 1133I bid. 1134I bidp.. 6 2. 1135D efencEex hibiNto .1 12. 1136 Transcripotfs 7 Februar2y0 00p p.3 6-37. 1137I bidp.p .4 0-41. 1138 Ibidp.. 5 3. 317

~ ~’~t** ICTR-95-1A-T 958.P rosecutiWoint nesAsB testifietdh att her oadblockisn,c ludiTnrga fiprow,e re setu pt o identifTyu tsiS.h es tatetdh at" [w]heTnu tsiwse ref oundt,h eyw erek illed or if youh ada facet hatl ookedl ikea Tutsi’fsa ce,y ouw erek illed’.’113A9s an examploef this,J udithw,h o had beenh idingw ithh er,h ad beena rresteadt a roadblockt,a kent o theb ureauc ommunatlo seet heA ccuseda,n ds ubsequenttloy "KinihiraT"h.e w itneslsa terh eardt hosew ho cameb ackb raggintgh att heyh ad killehde r.114° Findings 959.O ncea gain,t he onlye videncoef theA ccused’dsi recti nvolvemenitn the killingo f Judithi s the testimonoyf WitnessZ . He claimedt o have had a conversatwiiotnh t heA ccuseidn fronto f theb ureacuo mmunajlu,s ta fterJ uditwha s escortpeads t. 960.T heC hambearc cepttsh atW itnesZs wasi nvolveidn thek illinogf Judith. (Accordintgo WitnesYs’ s statemenotf 17 Septembe1r9 99,W itnessZ , Rushimba andh e ledJ uditht o herh ousew,h eres hew ask illebdy Rushimb1a1.41)H owevert,h e Chambecra nnorte lyo n othera spectosf WitnesZs’ sa ccounotf thei ncident. 961.I n hisc onfessioofn 22 June1 998,W itnesZs admittehdi si nvolvemeinnt t he murdero f Judithb uts aidn othinagb outa n encountewri tht heA ccusedi,n spiteo f mentionihnigm i n relatiotno thek illinogf P astoMru gang1a1.42H e firstr eferretdo meetintgh eA ccuseidn hiss tatemenotf 18 Septembe1r9 99,w hereh e

declared":H e askedu s wherew e hadf oundJ uditha,n db eforew e coulda nswerh,e wento n to say: ’That’so kay’.’’114T3h isi si n contradictwiiotnhh ist estimo(nays e xcerptaebdo ve), accorditnog w hicht hew itneshsa dt heo pportunittoy r eplyt ot heA ccusedq’use stion beforbee ingt old," That’fsi ne"O.t heri nconsistencaireeas p parenbtu tn eedn otb e 1139T ranscripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p p.1 09-111. I14°I bid.p p.1 11-112. 1141 DefencEex hibiNto .6 4. 1142D efencEex hibiNto .1 12. 1143D efencEex hibiNto .6 5,e mphasiasd ded. 318

~, ~’!t~ ICTR-95-1A-T entereidn toh ere.1 144T hep ointi s thatt hes upposecdo nversatbieotnw eeWni tnesZs andt heA ccuseids notc orroborateWdi.t nesYs who,a ccordintgo WitnesZs, was onlys omem etersa headd idn otr efert o anyc onversatiboent weeWni tnesZs andt he AccusedI.t is possibloef,c ourset,h att heA ccusewdh ow as,a ccorditnog W itnesYs, in hiso fficweh enJ uditwha st akenp ast,t ookn oticea ndc ameo utt o thee ntrance whereh e metW itnesZs. Howevert,h ism erep ossibilictayn nofto rtiftyh ea ccounotf a witneswsh oseu nreliabiliist qyu estiona(bVl.e5 .4a.n1d 5 .5). 962.I t is arguablteh ati f theA ccusehda ds eent heg roupp assb eforeh isw indow he wouldh avea ppreciattehdel ikelihooofd a ni mminenotf fenceI.t m ayw ellb et rue, asW itnesZs t estifiiendr eferentcoeJ uditht,h ats hew asn otb eingh eld1.145B ute ven if Judithw asn otb eingl eda s if shew erea prisonert,h es ighto f twor oadblock attendant-s at leasto ne of whom( WitnesYs) was formallayp pointebdy the Accuse-d followincgl oselbye hinda lonew oman,i n thec ircumstancofe st het ime, shouldh avea lertetdh e Accusetdo thed anger.H oweveri,n the absencoef any evidencteh att heA ccusendo ticetdh ep rocessiotnh,i sl ineo f argumentatlieoand s nowhere. 963.I t is alsoa rguablteh att heA ccused’cso mpliciitny t hem urdeorf Judithm ay be foundi n the veryf actt hats he wast akenp astt he bureauc ommunawli thn o

apparenatt temptto conceatlh isa ctf romt hee yeso f theA ccusedW.i tnesYs was askedw hy he hadc hosent hisp articularro utet o Judith’psl ot,a longw hicha n encountewri tht heb ourgmestwraes p robableT.h ew itnesrse plietdh at" [a]tt hat pointi n timeI woulds ay thatp eopleh adl ostt heirh eads.R easoninwga sn ot a commonc ommoditya nd no one reallyt houghta bout that.’’1146 Thus the Prosecutioonw’nsw itnesse,f fectiveilnyv itetdo alludteo a toleranfcoer c riminal conducitn the proximitoyf theb ureauc ommunals,p okei nsteaodf his own and othersu’n reasonceodn ducatt t het ime. 1144F or exampleW,i messZ did not mentiotnh ath e was witha nyonew henh e met the AccusedB.u t accordintgo hisc onfessionsatla tementW,i tnesZs was withM utigandwah enh e followeWdi tnesYs andR nshimbtao the homeo f Judith":T hey[ Rushimbaan dW itnesYs] tookh ert o herh ousei n ruins andk illehde rt hereM.u tigandaas kedm e to accompanhyi mt o thes poti n ordert o makes ure.W e went andf oundt hatt heyh adj ustk illehde rw ithb ludgeoannsd m achetes." I145 Transcripotfs 9 Februar2y0 00p .

86. II46 Transcriopf~ 7 Februar2y0 00p . 59. 319

964.T he testimonoyf WitnessA B, thatJ udithw as takent o meett he Accused beforeb eingk illeda,p peartso be speculati-o nt hew itnesdsi dn ots ees ucha meetinng4,7T hew itness’tse stimoniys on thisp ointa t variancwei tht hato f the confesskeidl lerW,i tnesYs, and,f ort hatm attero,f WitnesZs. Here videnccea nb e givenn o weighhte re. 965.F ort he abover easonst,h e Chambeirs not convincetdh att he Accusewda s involviendt hee ventrse sultiinngt hem urdeorf J udithT.h eP rosecuthiaosnf ailetdo provet hatt heA ccusewda sa n accomplitcoe t heo ffenceT.h erefohree is notl iable underA rticl6e( 1).T heq uestioofn s uperiroers ponsibiilsi ctoyn siderneedx t. 5.7K illingosf Bigirimaannad J udith- Accused’Rse sponsibilaist yS uperior 966. As mentionedt,h e Accusedd eniedt hat he knew that eitherJ uditho r Bigirimawnaas t ob e killeodr hadb eenk illeidn connectiwoint ha nyr oadblock. Deliberations 967.T heC hambehra sd iscussetdh ee lementosf superiorre sponsibiliint Cyh apter III." Knowledgies" a n indispensaeblleem enotf thisf ormo f liabilitmye,a nintgh at thel iabiliotfya superifoorr c rimeosf h iso rh ers ubordinaitsen so ts trictT.h em ental elemenotf knowledgmeu stb e demonstratbeedy ondr easonabdloeu bt.I f therei s no direcetv idencoef a superiork’nso wledogfe offencecso mmittebdy subordinatiets, mayb e possiblheo,w evert,o establitshha th e ors hek newo ft hei llegaalc tsb y way ofc ircumstanteviiadl ence. 968.T heC elebicTir ialC hambedre claretdh ati n determiniwnhge thear superior, despitpel east o thec ontrariyn, f actm usth avep ossesstehde r equisiktneo wledogfe offencetsh,ef ollowiinngd iciian,t earl iaa,r er1 e1l4e8vant: 1147S eet ranscripotfs 1 5 Novembe1r9 99p . 112. 1148C elebici1,6 Novembe1r9 98,p ara.3 86. 320

ICTR-95-1A-T ~~ (~ "(a)T hen umbeorf i llegaalc ts; (b)T het ypeo fi llegaalc ts; (c)T hes copoef i llegaalc ts; (d)T het imed urinwgh icthh ei llegaalc tso ccurred; (e)T hen umbearn dt ypeo ft roopisn volved; (f)T hel ogistiicnsv olveidf,a ny; (g)T heg eographilcoacla tioonf t hea cts; (Ix)T hew idespreoacdc urrenocfe t hea cts; (i)T het actictaelm poof o perations; (j)T hem oduosp erandoif s imilairl legaalc ts; (k)T heo fficearnsd s tafifn volved; (1)T hel ocatioonf thec ommandaetrt het ime." 969.T he TrialC hamberi n Celebicwie ighedu p someo f thesei ndiciai n the course of inferrintgh e intentionaslt ateo f the accusedc ommandeorf the Celebicpir ison camp: "Theries a plethoroaf evidencoef thek nowledgoen t hep arto f ZdravkMou cict hatt he guardsu nderh is commandw erec ommittincgr imes..T.h e crimesc ommitteidn the Celebicpir ison-cawmepr es o frequenatn dn otorioutsh att herei s no wayt hatM r.M ucic couldn ot havek nowno r hearda boutt hem.D espitet his,h e did not institutaen y monitorianngd r eportinsgy stemw herebvyi olatiocnosm mitteidn thep rison-cawmopu ld be reportetdo him,n otwithstandhiinsgk nowledgteh atH azimD elic,h isd eputyh,a da penchanatn dp rocliviftoyr m istreatidnegt aineeTsh.e rei s no doubtt hatM r.M ucicw as fullya wareo f thef actt hatt heg uardsa t theC elebicpir ison-cawmepr ee ngageidn v’i’o1l1a4t9ioonfsi nternatiohnuamla nitarliaawn.

970. The Trial Chamberi n the Aleksovskic ase, in referencet o the list of knowledge-indipcrieas enteidn CeIebieis,t ated: "TheT rialC hambedre emsh owevetrh ata n individuals’usp eriopro sitiopne rs e is a significainntd iciutmh ath e hadk nowledogfe thec rimecso mmittbeyd hiss ubordinates. Thew eightt o be givent o thati ndiciuhmo wevedre pendisn tera liao n theg eographical andt emporacli rcumstancTehsi.s m eanst hatt hem orep hysicaldliys tantth ec ommission oft hea ctsw as,t hem ored ifficuilttw illb e,i nt hea bsencoef o theirn dicitao,e stablish thatt hes uperiohra dk nowledgoef them.C onverseltyh,e c ommissioofn a crimei n the immediatper oximitoyf thep lacew heret hes uperioorr dinariclayr rieodu th isd uties 1149 Ibidp.a ras7.6 9-770. 321

ICTR-95-1A-T 14-61 "~ ~’~’*~ ....................................................................................................... woulds ufficteo establias hs ignificainntd iciutmh ath e hadk nowledogfe thec rime,a fortiori’if’ ti 1hse°c rimewse rer epeatedcloym mitted. 971.A significanitn diciunme edn ot,o f course,b e a sufficienitn diciumT.h ef inal clauseo f thea bovee xcerpitn dicatetsh ato theri ndici(as ucha s then umbero f illegal actsc ommitteadt the givenl ocationm)a y be necessarfyo r the mentale lementt o be establishewdi ths ufficiencte rtaintyT.h isi s confirmedb y the TrialC hamber’s explanatioonf its findingisn relatiotno AleksovskiT.h ea ccusedw as the commander of Kaonikp risoni n Bosnia-HerzegoviHnea .l ivedi nsidet he closeda nd controlled environmenotf the prison.T he indiciumo f proximityt o the sceneo f the crimes consequentlwye ighedh eavilyw itht he TrialC hamber1)51 But thatw as not the only indiciutmh e Chamberr eliedo n to infert he knowledgoef the accusedi n relatiotno crimesc ommittebdy his subordinates: "Thea ccusehdi mselafd mitte.d. .t hats omeg uardwsh oseb rotherhsa db eenk illeadt t he frontt endetdo t aker evengoen thed etaineeTsh.i sw asf urtheart testetdo b y WitnesIs’ s accounto f havingb een beateno ne eveningb y an HVO soldiera nd summonedt he followindga y by the accusefdo r questionianbgo utt hec auseo f hisi njuriesF.i ve

witnessmeosr eovesrt atetdh att hea ccusehda dw itnesstehde irb einga busefdi rst-ha.n.d. TheT rialC hambetrh erefofrien dso n theb asiso f thee videnctee ndereadt t rialt hatt he a’c’c1u1s5e2kdn ewt hatc rimewse reb eingc ommittiend Kaonikp rison. 972.T he Celibicia nd Aleksovskjiu dgementcso ncernr epeatedo ffencesc ommitted in prisonc amps.T hisi s not thes ituatioinn the presencta se.N everthelesosn, t he specificq uestiono f a superior’sk nowledget,h e Chamberf inds that the legal reasoninogf the two judgementasp pliesm utatism utandis. Findin~ 973.I n relatiotno killingcso mmitteidn connectiowni tht he Trafipror oadblock, onlyt he circumstancseusr roundintgh e murderso f Bigirimanaan d Judith,c ommitted by at least one true subordinatoef the Accused( WitnessY ), are known to the llS0A leksovs2k5iJ ,u ne1 999p,a ra.8 0,e mphasaidsd edT.h eA ppealCsh ambeorf t heI CTYi,n i ts JudgemeonntA ppeailn t heA leksovsckais en,o tetdh at" theA ppelladnote sn otc hallentghee T rial Chamberi’nst erpretaotfit ohne e lemenotfsc ommanrde sponsibiltihteay p,p licatoifow nh icbhy t he TriaClh ambehra sn otb eens howtno b eu nreasona(b2l4eM "a rc2h0 00p,a ra7.7 ). 115I1b idp.a ra1.1 4. 115I2b id. 322

ICTR-95 -1A-T t46 (~ Chambeirn any detailA.s indicatebde low,u ncertaintsyu rroundost hera lleged killings. 974.W itnesZs t estifietdo thee ffectth att heA ccusewda sp uto n noticaeb outt he impendinmgu rdersa,n dm aye venh avee ncouragetdh eirc ommissioInn. t hec aseo f Bigirimanaan,d f ort her easongsi vene arliert,h eC hambecra nnoatc cepWti tnesZs’ s testimoanbyo utt hep resencoef theA ccuseadt theT rafiprroo adbloschko rtlbye fore Bigirimanwaa s takena waya nd killed;n or is the Chamberc onvincetdh att he Accusewda sn otifieodf thei mminenotf fencbey Bigirimanaw’isf e.I n thec aseo f Judith,W itnessZ claimedt o havec onversewdi tht he Accusedm omentsa fter WitnessY and Rushimbal ed Judithp astt he windowo f the Accused’osf fice. Howeverf,o r ther easongsi vena bove,t he Chambehra s decidetdo disregarhdi s evidence. 975.T hereb eingn o otherd irecte videncaes to the Accused’ksn owledgoef the twoo ffencest,h eC hambewri llc onsidetrh ec ircumstanteivaild enceg,u idedb y the listo fi ndicisae td owni nt heC elebiccais e. 976.B igirimaannad J udithe videntlwye rek illedi n closep roximittyo Mabanza’s bureauc ommunalt;h ati s,i n the wordso f Aleksovsknie,a rt hep lacew heret he Accuseodr dinariclayr rieodu th isd utieass bourgmestre. 977.I t mustb e saidi n connectiwoint ht hei ndiciuomf proximitthya tt hek illings of Bigirimanaan d Juditho ccurreodn datesu nknownt o the

Chamber- the only testimonbyy, W itnesZs, i ndicatitnhga tt hey" tookp lacei n April1 994"1.153T hus,i n thec aseo fB igirimaniat,i s notp ossibfloer t heC hambetro l ookt oo therk nownf acts in an effortt o determinweh ethetrh eA ccusewda sa t hiso fficeo r at theb ureau communal,o r at any ratec loseb y, when the offencew as committedA.s the Accused’lso catioins unknowfno r thed ateo n whichB igirimanwaa s killedt,h e correspondiinndgi ciuomf knowleddgoee sn ote nteri ntot heC hamberc’asl culations. 1153T ranscripotfs 9 Februar2y0 00p p.1 5-16. 323

978.B y contrasitn, thec aseo fJ udithW,i tnesYs t estifitehda tt heA ccusewda si n hiso fficea t thet imet hev ictimw alkedp ast.T heC hambehra sn o reasont o doubt this. 979.O f additionsailg nificanacreet hei ndicioaf geographiclaolc ationt,i mea nd moduso perandiT.h e factt hatt het wo offencewse rec ommitteidn the immediate neighbourhooofd the bureauc ommunalc,o mbinewdi tht he factt hatt heyw ere committemdo reo r lesso penlyc,e rtainlwyi thouste crecyi,n daytimea,n dw itht he direcotr indirecpta rticipatoifo tnh reeo r morep ersonast a time,g oess omew ayt o showt hatt heA ccusekdn ewo r foundo uta boutt heo ffences. 980.H oweveri,n theC hamber’osp iniont,h e above-mentioinneddi cidao notg o far enoughi n the presentc ase.I f the murderso f Juditha ndB igirimanwae re instancoefs a largenru mbeorf v ictimosf t heT rafiprroo adbloctkh,e i nferentchea t theA ccusekdn ewa boutt heo ffencemsi ghth aveb eenp lausibleB.u tt herei s no evidentcoes howt hatt het wok illinwgesr en otj usti solateodr e xceptioinnacli dents, rathetrh ani llustratioofn as routinoef w hicht heA ccusecdo uldn otp lausibhlayv e remaineudn aware. 981.T her ecorids ,a t thev eryl eastu,n cleaarb outo therk illinghsa vinogc curriend connectiowni tht he Trafiprroo adblockW.i tnessY testifietdh ath e and his companioknisl ledt hreep eopldeu rintgh em assacreIst. i s notk nownt o theC hamber who thet hirdv

ictimw as,a lthougpho ssiblWyi tnesYs meantt o refert o Pastor Mugang(aV .4.2)A.t a nyr atet hei dentiotfy thet hirdv ictiamn dt hec ircumstances hiso r herd eathi,n cludiwnhge thetrh eo ffencwea si nc onnectiwoint ha nyr oadblock, weren ot explorebdy the Prosecutio(nM ugangdao esn ot appeart o haveb een victiomf T rafipro).1154 982.W itnesZs testifietdh ati n thep eriodd uringw hichh e staffetdh er oadblock approximat1e,l0y0 0p eoplpea ssetdh rougiht eachd ay.A ccorditnog thew itnes"s. .. [T]hewye reh ums,a s tutsicso uldn otp assb y ther oadbloacsk theyw erei n hiding. 1154 Transcriptso f 7 February2 000 pp. 23-24. 324

~~-~~ ~’~ , ICTR-95-1A-T ta S’oma5 5t thatp ointi n timei tw aso nlyt heh utust hatw erep assinagt t her oadblock. He statetdh atb esideBsi girimaannad J udithhe "didn’ste ea nyo therT utsibse cause theT utsisa lreadkyn ewt hatt her oadblocwka s in placea ndt hereforteh eyw ere a’f’r1a1i5td6op asbsy i t. 983.O n theo therh and,P rosecutiWoint nesAsA claimetdo haves eenb odiesc lose tot heT rafiprrooa dblocHke.t estified: "Therwee red eadb odieasl soc losteo t hec ommunoaflf icbeu ti nf actt hei nstructioorns theo rdertsh atw ereg ivewne ret hatt her efugesehso ulbde k illeadt K ibuyeS.o t hese deadb odieast t her oadblocokris n t hec ommunoaflf icwee rer efugewehso w eren ota ble ¯ ¯ ,1157 tog ot oK lbuyaen dw hoc amel atea ndw eret herefokriel letdh ere. 984.W itnesAsA was askedf or morei nformatiorne gardintgh e locatioonf the bodiesH.e saidt hatt heyw ere" closet o thatr oadblocwkh ichi s notf arf romt he communaolf ficeI.t ’sl ikea distancfer omw hereI ’ms ittintgo wheret hep rosecutor is standi’n’g1.15A8s kedw hethetrh eb odiehse saww erea tt heT rafiprrooa dbloctkh,e witnesasn sweretdh att heyw ereg atherecdl oset o theb ureacuo mmunal.1159 985. The Chamberi s not persuadetdh at the bodiess eenb y WitnessA A were victimosf theT rafiprroo adblockI.t is reasonablpyo ssiblteh att he remaining refugeewse rev ictimosf attackisn anda roundt he communaolf ficep,o ssiblbyy

Abakig(aV .4.3)S.u cha ttackasr ek nownt o haveb eguns hortlayf tert hem aing roup of refugeewsa s dispatchetdo Kibuyet owno n 13 April1 994.E veni f WitnesAsA meantt o linkt heb odiesh e sawt o theo peratioonfs theT rafiprroo adbloctkh,i s wouldn otb e in conformiwtiyt ht het estimonioefs W itnesseYs a ndZ , whos taffed ther oadbloacnkd t estifitehda to nlyt woT utswie rek illeidn c onnectiwoint hi t. 986.T heP rosecutiaolnl egetdh ate veni f theA ccuseddi dn otk nowo f them urder ofJ uditaht t het imeo ft heo ffenchee, wouldh avef ounodu ta bouti t latera,n d,u pon beingi nformeodf thec rimes houldh avei nitiataend investigattioo ind entifayn d 1155T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p p.5 5-56. 1156I bidp.p .7 5-76. 1157T ranscripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 58. 1158I bidp.. 5 9. 1159I bidp.. 6 0. 325

"" ~ ICTR-95-1A-T punisthh ep erpetratoBrust.t heC hambebre lievetsh att hec laimt hatJ udith’msu rder wasp ublick nowledgien Mabanzcao mmunlea ckss ufficienfto undatioTnh.e record revealosn lyt hatW itnesZs s aidt hatJ uditwha st hew ifeo f a "medicadlo ctora"t t he Rubengermae dicacle ntre1.16°W itnesYs testifietdh atJ uditahn dh erh usbanwde re familfyr iendsT.h eh usbanhde lpetdh ew itneswsh enh isc hildrebne camiel l1.161I n hiss tatemetnot i nvestigattohresw itnesssa idt hatJ udith’hsu sbanwda sa "medical assistant".1162 987.M oreoverW,i tnesYs testifietdh at" I didn ots peakw ith[ theA ccuseda]b out thism atte[rt het wok illingbse]c aushei sl evelw asn ott hes amea s minea ndt here w’a’s1n6 1o3 chaino f communicatbieotnw eehni mselafn dm yself. 988.I n summaryt,h e indiciuomf theA ccused’cso ntemporaneporuess encien the vicinitoyf t hec rimei nt hec aseo f Juditht,o gethewri tht hei ndicioaf geographical locatiotni,m ea ndm oduso perandiin relatiotno thek illingosf bothB igirimaannad Judithc,o mbinewdi tht hef actt hatn o moret hant wop eoplwee rek illeidn a period whena ttackosn civilianwse rea llegetdo be commo-n tellintgh ought hesei ndicia mays eemw hent akeni n combinati-o nar ei n theC hamber’ass sessmennetv ertheless nots ufficietnot p rovet hatt heA ccusehda dt her equisimteen sr ea.T hef indingisn Celebicain dA leksovswkeir em adeo n a muchf irmerf oundation.

989.I t followtsh att heP rosecutihoans f ailedt o proveb eyondr easonabdloeu bt thatt heA ccuseids responsibalse a superiofro rk illingcso mmitteidn connection witht he Trafiprroo adblocbky Rushimbaan dW itnesseYs and Z. Thereforteh e Accuseids n otl iabluen derA rticl6e( 3)f ort hem urderosf B igirimaannad J udith. 116T0r anscroifp8 t Fse brua2r0y0p 0. 6 6. 116T1r anscroifp7 t Fse brupa.r4 y1 . 116D2e fenEcxeh ibNiot.6 4. 116T3r anscroifp7 t Fse brua2r0y0p0 . 6 0. 326

5.8G itikininRio adblock 990.T her oadblocakt Gitikiniwnais s ituatende art heG itikinimnair ketn,o tf ar fromt heb ureauc ommunaFli.v ew itnessperso videtde stimoanbyo utt hisr oadblock. Deliberations 991.P rosecutioWni tnesBs testifietdh ats hes aw roadblockast Gitikininain d TrafiproT.h eyw eres taffe(ds hed idn otd istinguibseht weetnh e two)b y local citizensc,o mmunaplo licet,h ea ssistanbto urgmestrNesse ngimaannad S emanzaa,n d WitnesYs. Shen evers awt heA ccusewdo rka t ther oadblockasl,t hougahc cordintgo herh e passedb y or througthh emo n hisw ayb acka ndf orthb etweetnh ec ommunal officea ndh ish ome1]64 Thew itnessst atedt hatp ersonsst affintgh er oadblocks specialiisnec de rtaitna sks: "Whesno meonpea ssebdy a ndt heyd idn otr ecognitshee p ersont,h eyw oulads kf ort heir identictayr da ndw hent heyr ealistehda tt hep ersowna sa Tutsit,h ep ersowna sp assetdo anothepre rsorne sponsifbolreu ndresstihnegp ersonH.e reo nt hisr oadblopceko plwee re killeadf terb eingu ndresseSdo. therew eres omew hoh adt her esponsibilfiotry u’n’d1r1e6ssstihnegp eoploet,h erwsh oh adt her esponsibiolfki itlyl itnhge m. 992.W itnesBs t estifietdh atn o onew ask illeadt roadblock"sP:e oplwee rer ather threatenebde,a teann dt heyw erek illedn extt o a massg rave.S"h ea ddedt hatw hen shes awp eopleb eingk illedt,h eyh adb eena pprehendaetd theb arriearn dt aken e1l1s6e6wherDee.a db

odiewse ren otw anteda rountdh er oadblocks. 993.W itnesBs didn oti ndicatweh ichi f anyo f thep ersonmse ntioneadb ovew ere responsibfloer undressinagn dk illinTgu tsid etaineadt ther oadblockasn,d i n particulaatr G itikininDiu.r incgr oss-examinatthieow ni,t nesesx plaintehda ts heh ad witnesseodn lyt wod etainepde rsonsP,a storM ugangaan da girln amedE sperance. Shet estifitehda ts heh ads eenE speranlceed a way,h avinfgi rstb eenu ndressebdy, "thosew hom annedt her oadblocakt" GitikininTih.e w itnesdsi dn otc laimt o have 1164 Transcriptosf 24 January2 000p p. 66-67. 1165I bid.p . 68. 327

ICTR-95-1A-T ¢(~,~\Nj seenE sperankciel leadn dp rovidendo evidencteh ats hew asi n factk illedS.h es aid that" aparftr omt heset woo ccasioontsh erp ersonwse ret ellinugs t hatt hisi sh owi t happened1"1.6 7 994. In relatiotno PastoMru gangaW,i tnesBs s aid: "[A..]. .I sawh im.H ew ase scorteHde.w asu ndressaendd t aketno wardtsh ec ommune. Lateorn t hewye ntto k illh imo nt hef ootbaflile ld. [Q.]Y ous ayh ew asu ndressaettd h er oadbloicskt ,h atc orrect? [A.]N o,I didn ots eeh ima tt her oadblobcukt I sawh imw alkinfgr omt her oadblock accompanbiyep de oplweh ok eptt hatr oadbloscokI drewt hec onclusitohna tt hoswee re thep eoplweh ou ndressheidm ." [Q.]S oy oud idn’ste eh imk illeadtt her oadbloIcskt .h atc orrect? [’A’.1]1N8 6o,n oo new ase vekri lleadt t her oadblock. 995.W itnessZ , one of the admittekdi llerso f Muganga( V.4.2)s,t atedt hat "Mugangdai edb efore[ Gitikininrio]a dblocwka sm ounteadn da llt hosep eoplew ho accompaniemde , noneo f them was withm e at the roadblock1"1.69A skedm ore generallayb outt heG itikininrio adblockW,i tnesZs answeretdh at" therew asa roadbloactkG itikiniinnit hee arlyd ays,b utt hatd idn’lta sta nda ta givenp ointi n t1i1m7e°i,t w asd ismantled". 996.P rosecutiWoint nesAsA mentionetdh reer oadblockast: K ukabugai;n fronto f thec ommunaolf ficea;n da t GitikininHie. t estifitehda tt heA ccusehda dt hems etu p to prevenitn filtratiboyn

I nkontan1y1i7;1h e addedt hat" a youngm anw hom ountead roadbloscaki dt hati t wasB agilishewmhao s et up"1.172W itnesAsA declareidn them his statemenotf Septembe1r9 99t hatW itnessZ toldh im thatt he Accusedh ad I166I bid.p 96 andp.1 01. 1167I bid.p p.9 3-949,6 and1 01-102. 1168I bid.p p.9 4 and1 01. 1169T ranscripotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p p.4 9-50. 117oI bidp.. 7 8. 1171 Transcripotfs 1 0 Februar2y0 00p . 56. 1172I bidp.p .5 6-57. 328

ICTR-95-1A-T t4s’4 ....................................................................................................... orderetdh er oadblocakts TrafiproG,i tikiniannid K ukabugtao be set up.1173T he witnesdsi dn otc laimt o haves eena nyk illingosr bodiesi n thep roximitoyf the Gitikinirnoia dblock. 919177.4T heA ccusedde niedt hath e hads etu p anyr oadblocokt hert hanT rafipro. DefencWei tnesZsD testifitehda tw henh e passedt hrougGhi tikinianrio un1d7 April 1994,t herew asn o roadbloctkh ere1J75D efencWei tnesRsA claimeidn relatiotno theG itikinirnoia dbloctkh at" therwea sn o ruleg overninwgh eni t wase recteadn d wheni t wasn ot,b uti n anyc ase,i t wasn otp ermanen’t’.1176T hew itnespsa ssed througthh er oadbloocnkc ea ndt estifitehda tc iviliawnhso s taffetdh er oadblodcikd notc heckt hew itnesosr thep eoplew how erew ithh er.W itnesRsA didn otm ention seeinagn yo fficiaaltst heG itikinirnoia dblock. Finding_s 998.W itnessA A claimedt hath e was told thatt he Accusedh ad orderedt he establishmoefn Gti tikinrio adblocakm,o ngo thersT.h isi s hearsaeyv idencaen dm ust be treatewdi thc autionW.i tnesZs, whos eemst o haveb eenW itnesAsA ’ss ourceo n thisp oint,m entioneGdi tikininais a roadblocikn the earlyp eriodw,h ichw as dismantleadt an unspecifietdi me.H e did not mentiont he Accusedi n this connectioanl,t houghhe s tatetdh att heA ccuse"dw asa wareo f thee

xistenocfe these roadblockbse"c austeh eyw eren otf arf romt hec ommunaolf fice1.i 7 7 999.W itnesBs’ st estimondyo esn ota llowt hec onclusitohna tP astorM ugangwaa s apprehenduendd,r essoerd killeadt theG itikinirnoia dblocTkh.i sw itnesiss at any ratec ontradictbeyd W itnesZs, whos aidt hatM ugangdai edb eforet her oadblocakt Gitikininwia se rectedO.t herw itnessewsh ot estifieadb outM ugang(aW imesses andA B)d idn ot mentioGni tikininrio adblocikn connectiowni thh isd eath.T hey locatetdh ei ncidenwti thitnh ec ompounodf theb ureacuo mmunaaln da t thef ootball 1173 DefencEex hibiNto .6 6. 1174T ranscripotfs 7 June2 000p . 141. 1175 Transcripotfs 3 May2 000p . 21. 1176 Transcripotfs 2 May2 000p . 96 329

ICTR-95-1A-T i ~’!~*~ stadiu(mV .4.2)C.o nsequentltyh,e Chambecra nnotc oncludteh att he killing Mugangwaa sr elatetdo theo peratioofn t heG itikinirnoia dblock. 1000.W imessB wast heo nlyw itnestso refert o EsperancSeh.e t estifietdh ats he sawE sperancbee ingl eda way,b utt hee videncaed duceodn thisp ointl acksd etail andi s incompletTeh.e P rosecutidoind note stablisthh ei dentitoyf thosew ho allegedllye dt heg irla wayf romt he roadblocki,n particulawrh ethetrh eyw ere ordinarcyi vilianosr personasc countabtloe the AccusedN.o ri s it clearw hat happenetdo E sperancTeh.e rei sn o cleare videncteh ats hew ask illed. 1001.F ort heser easonst,h eC hambefri ndst hatt heP rosecutihoans f ailetdo prove thatr elevanotf fencewse rec ommitteadg ainstP astorM ugangoar Esperanceo,r againsta ny otherp ersonsi,n connectiowni tht he Gitikininrio adblockT.h e Prosecutihoans a lsof ailedt o demonstratthea tt heA ccusewda sr esponsibfloer settinugp ,o ra cquiescitnogt hec ontinuionpge ratioofn, t her oadbloicnkt hep eriod coverebdy t heI ndictment. 5.9 GacacaR oadblock Deliberations 1002.O nlyW itnesAs referretdo thisr oadbloc"ka,t t hej unctioonf ther oadt hat leadst o GacacSae ctoarn dt heo therr oadt hatl eadst o Bagilishemhao’uss e"H.e said thatt her oadblowcaks c loset o theo fficiarle sidenocfe t heA ccuseddu rintgh ew ar. In April1 994,p olicemeann d Interahamwset affetdh e

roadblocakt GacacaT.h e witnesisd entifieodn er oadblocakt tendanats Sanania,n InterahamwHee. f urther testifiteod s eeinpge oplbee ingk illeadt G acacaH.i sa nswetro theq uestiownh ether he couldi dentifayn yo f thev ictimwsa su nclear":P eoplcea med ownf roms ecteurs thatw eref urtheurp andI wast owardtsh eb ottoma nde verydaIy s awb odiesw hich wereb roughdto wn. ..a nde atenb y dogs’.’117N8o otherw itneslso catead r oadbloactk 1177 ~ . ¯ 1178l ranscrlpotfs 8 Februar2y0 00p .

78. Transcripotfs 1 7 Novembe1r9 99p p.5 6-58,a t p. 57.T heo riginaEln glisthr anslatihoans b een improvewdi thr eferencteo theF rencthr anscripatt, p . 77:" Desg ensd escendaiednets s ecteurqsu i 330 ~,~’V.

~~ ~’* ICTR-95-1A-T @ 14 ’2 ....................................................................................................... Gacacao r describead r oadblocikn termss imilatro thato f WitnesAs. TheA ccused deniehda vinogr deread r oadbloactkG acactao bes et u1p1.79 Findines 1003.W itnesAs testifietdo havings eenb odiesa t Gacacar oadblocbku td idn ot providcel earo r detaileedv idencoen thisp ointW.h ena skedw hethehre wasa blet o recogniasney o f thosek illedh,i sr esponsaep pearetdo suggestth att heb odiewse re broughtto ther oadblocakf tert hev ictimhsa db eenk illede lsewherTeh.e w itness suppliendo furthedre tailasb outt heI nterahamcwael ledS anani",w hoc amet o that roadbloqcuki teo ften"u,s 0N ord idh e nameo r describteh ep olicemheen claimetdo haves eent here.T hew itnesdsi dn ott estiftyh att heA ccusewda si n anyw ayl inked to theG acacrao adblocFko.r t heser easonst,h eC hambeirs unablet o findt hatt he Accuseids r esponsibfloerc riminaalc tivitiaelsl egeidn a pparencto nnectiwoint ht he Gacacar oadblock. 5.10R oadblockGse nerall-yA ccused’Rse sponsibiliitny N egligence 1004.T herei sn o doubtt hata roadbloscekt u p durintgh ep erioidn q uestiocna rried a highr iskf orT utsic ivilianTsh.e A ccusewdo uldh avek nownt his.H e testifiewdi,t h referentcoet hew arnincgo ntainiendt heA ttestatihoena d dressteod f ives taffo ft he Trafiprroo adbloc(kV .5.4)t,h at"

contratroy whatw ash appeniinng othera reas, didn otw antt o maket hes amem istakesu"8,1D efencWei tnesRsA testifietdh ato n 17 April1 994,s hew entw itho therst o seet heA ccuserde gardintgh es ecuritoyf TutsiS istersT.h eA ccuseadd visetdh emn ott o go to Kibuyea s roadblochkasd b een setu pa longt hew ay( iti s notc learw hethetrh er oadblocrkesf erretdo werew ithin 6taienntn peup lush autse t chaqujeo urm oij ’rtaicsa ch6p lusb ase t chaqujeo urj e voyaidse sc orps, desc adavrqeusi 6 taienttr ainrest emport~psa rd esc hiens." 1179 Transcripotfs 7 June2 000p . 141. 1180 Sananwia sa lsom entionbeyd WitnesOs in connectiwoint ht hek illinogf PastoMru ganga. 118l Transcripotfs 7 June2 000p . 151. 331 ~

Deliberations 1005.A s indicateeadr lie(rV .5.3)t,h eA ccusemda yb e foundr esponsibfloer c rimes committedi n connectiowni th roadblockisn Mabanzac ommunei f he (as the commune’osf ficiailn chargeo f ordera nds ecuritye)s tablishoerd p ermittetdh e establishmeonft a systemo f roadblockwsi thouta dequatelsyu pervisinigt s operationAs c.o nvictiwoonu ldl iei n criminnaelg ligence. 1006.T hisb asisf orc riminarle sponsibiliwtays nota rguede xplicitlbyy the Prosecutioinn itsw ritteann do rals ubmissioun8s3, Howeverp,a ra.4 .14o f the Indictmenatl legest hatt he Accused" permittedt"h e operatioonf roadblocks. Moreoverq,u estionass to whatt heA ccusesdh ouldh aved onew ereg enerallrya ised by theC hambedru ringt hep roceedings. 1007.I nt hec asel awo ft hisT ribunaAlk,a yescuo ntaionnsl yp assinrge ferentcoe t he leveolf n egligetnhcaet m ustb ep rovefno rl iabiliitnyr elatitoona statutocrryi me: "TheC hambheorl dtsh ati ti sn ecessatroyr ecaltlh atc riminianlt enits t hem oraell ement requirfeodra nyc rimaen dt hatw,h erteh eo bjectiivste o a scertatihnei ndividcurailm inal responsibiloifta y p ersoanc cuseodf c rimefsa llinwgi thitnh ej urisdictoifo tnh e Chambesru,c ha sg enocidcer,i measg ainshtu maniatnyd v iolatioonfsA rticl3e C ommon tot heG enevCao nventiaonndos f A dditioPnraolt ocIoIlt heretiot,i sc ertainplryo petro ensurteh att herhea sb eenm alicioiunst ento,r ,a tl

easte,n surteh atn egligenwcaess o serioausst ob et antamotuona tc quiescoerne cvee nm alicioiunst en’td.1 84 1008.F romt he ICTY,t o dateo nlyt he BIaskicc aseh as touchedu ponc riminal negligencTeh.e T rialC hambeirn thatc asew asc oncerneidn,t era lia,w itht hree Bosniavni llagewsh ichc ameu ndera ttackb y troopsu ndert hec ontroolf General 1182T ranscripotfs 2 May2 000p p.4 9-50T.h eF rencvhe rsiorne ads":I 1n ousa faitd 6conseildl’6a ller/i Kibuye~,t causeq u’oanv aitm isd esb arri~rseusr l a routev,e rsK ibuyeI.1 nousa dit:’ Siv ousy rendrez I/t,[ less]o eursse ronttu 6e~st l ab arri~reS.e’ep" . 5 7. 1183I n itsw ritteCnl osinRge markcso ncernicnogm pliciitny g enocidteh,e P rosecutiaorng uetdh att he Accused" musth aveb eena ware"o f the roadblockasn d "oughtt o havek nown"t hatt he principal offendeirn tendetdh ed estructioofn theT utsig roup( paras1.9 0-193)T.h e argumentrse lating Articl6e ( 3)o ft heS tatutdei dn ots pecificaaldldyr estsh ei ssu(ep .9 7p ara1.0 1). 332

~ ICTR-95-1A-T ~ ....................................................................................................... BlaskicT.h eC hambearc ceptetdh att hev illagewse reo f militariyn teresstu cha s to justiftyh eirb einga ttackedH.o wevert,h ea ttacklse dt o destructiopni,l lagaen d forciblter ansfeorf civilianTsh.e T rialC hambefro undt hatt hea ccuseuds edf orces whichh e kneww ered ifficutlot c ontrola,t thev eryt imew hent heyw ereb eingc alled intoq uestiofno rt hep erpetratioofn e arliecrr imesT.h eC hambecro ncludetdh at Blaski"ci sr esponsibfloert hec rimecso mmittiendt het hreev illageosn theb asiso f his negligencei,n otherw ordsf or havingo rdereda cts whichh e couldo nly r1e1a8s5onabhlayv ea nticipatweodu ldl eadt oc rimes". 1009.T hep resenCth ambehra sa lsoc onsideretdh eT okyoJ udgemenotf theI MTFE, whichf ounda numbero f accusegdu iltyo f warc rimesa risinfgr omt heirn egligent administratoifo np risoner-of-cwaamrp sa ndc onstructiporno jectust ilisincga mp labourl,e adintgo t hed eatohf p risoneorfsw ar.1 186I nr elatitoono neo f thea ccused, HeitaroK imura,w ho was Commander-in-Chiofe ft he BurmaA reaA rmy and who approvetdh ee mploymeonft prisonerosf waro n thec onstructioofn t heB urma-Siam railwayt,h eT ribunahle ldt hata n Armyc ommanderd’ust yi n suchc ircumstances: "...i sn otd ischargbeydt hem erei ssueo fr outinoer dersi,f i ndeesdu cho rderwse re

issueHdi.s d utyi st ot akes uchs tepasn di ssuseu cho rderass w illp reventth ereafttheer commissoifow na rc rimeasn dt os atisfhyi mseltfh ats ucho rderasr eb eincga rrieodu t. Thish ed idn otd o.T hush ed eliberatdeilsyr egarhdiesld e gadlu tyt ot akea dequasttee ps top revebnrte achoefst hel awso fw ar."1187 1010.I n testinfgo rn egligencteh,e o rdinarpyr inciploefs thel awo f negligence applyt o determinweh ethera n accusedp ersonw as in breacho f a dutyo f care towardhsi so rh erv ictimT.h en extq uestioins whethetrh eb reaccha usetdh ed eatho f thev ictiamn d,i fs o,w hetheirt s houlbde characteriasses do s eriouass t o constitute a crime. 1184A kayespua ra.4 89. 1185B laskipca ras5.6 0-562. 1186 Seet he Tribunalm’asj oritJyu dgementa,s reprinteidn TheT okyoJ udgmentR,6 1inga ndR ~iter ted.)( AmsterdaUmn:i versiPtrye sso f Amsterda1m9,7 7)v,o l. lS7Ibidp,. 452;s eea lsot hed ecisioonns T ojo( pp.4 62-63)S,h igemit(spu. 4 58)a ndH ata( p. 333 ~- ~V r

t~/~ ~’!~ ICTR-95-1A-T 1011.F ort heP rosecutiionn t hep resencta set o establischr iminanle gligenicne relatiotno roadbloocpke ratioints w ouldh avet o provet hef ollowifnogu re lements, ina ddititoont heA ccusedp’usb lidcu tyi nm atterosf s ecurity: (i) thato ne or morec rimesw erec ommitteidn connectiowni thi dentified roadblocks; (ii)t hatt heA ccusewda sr esponsibfloer t hea dministratoifo tnh oser oadblocks becaushee wasi nvolveidn theire stablishmeanctq,u iescteod theirc ontinuing existencoer, m oreg eneralbleyc austeh eyc ameu nderh isc ontroals bourgmestre; (iii)t hatm easureisf, any,t akenb yt heA ccusetdo detecatn dp revenctr imes connectionw ith the statedr oadblocksw ere clearlyi nadequatei n the circumstances; (iv)a ndt hatt hec rimeisn questiowno uldh aveb eend etecteodr p reventheadd t he Accuseadd ministertehde r oadblockwsi thr easonabldei ligenceo;r , in other wordst,h att hec rimefsl owefdr omt heb reacohf dutya t( iii). 1012.I f theP rosecutifoani lst o provea nyo f thesee lementbse yondr easonable doubt,t heA ccusefda llst o be acquitteodn thisg roundI.t is fort heC hambetro decidew hetheri,n allt hec ircumstancaensd,h avingr egardt o ther isko f death involvedt,h e Accused’cso nducti n relationt o the roadblockwsa s grossly negligent.1188 1013.S ixP rosecutiwoint nessehsa ds omethinogf substancteo saya boutc riminal activitoyr evidencoef crimesi n thev

icinitoyf roadblocikns Mabanzcao mmune. Thise videnwcaes c onsideriend f ulld etaialb ove. In summary: WitnessYe sa ndZ testifiteod t hek illingosf t won amedi ndividua(lJsu ditahn d Bigirimanian) c onnectiwoint ht heT rafiprroo adblocWki.t nesYs c laimeadl so toh avek illead t hirpde rson. WitnesAsA t estifiteods eeinbgo dielsy ingc loset o theT rafiprroo adbloacnkd theb ureauc ommunal. WitnesBs describead m ethobdy whichT utsid etaineadt roadblocwkesr e processeadn dk illeds;h en amedt wop erson(sM ugangaan dE sperancew)h,o m 1188InR .v .A domak[o1 9943] W .L.R2.8 8,L ordM ackasya idt hati,n C ommoLna wj urisdictions, "[t]ehses enocfet hem attwehri cihs s upremae jluyr qyu estiioswn h ethhearv irnegg artdot her isokf deatihn volvtehdec, o nduocftt hed efendwaansts ob adi na llt hec ircumstaanstc oea sm ouinntt heir judgmetnoat c riminaaclto ro missi(opnp"2. 9 5-296). 334 @ ~t,[~

i¸~ ~’L~ ~ ICTR-95-1A-TI44g :~:~~ ~ ..... ....................................................................................................... sheb elievewde rev ictimosf thatm ethodb,e ingl eda wayf romt heG itikinini roadblock. WitnesAsB asserttehde g eneraplr oposititohna tT utsiw erek illeadt roadblockfsr;o mh ere xperienschee w asa blet o nameo nlyo nes uchv ictim (Judith). WitnesAs, in ana pparenrte ferentcoe t heG acacrao adblocska,i dt hate very dayh e sawb odiebsr oughdto wnb y peoplef romt hes ecteurs. Finding.~ 1014.O nc loseirn spectiotnh,et rialr ecorrde vealtsh ato nlyt wok illing-s t hoseo f Bigirimanaan dJ udith- canb e ascribewdi thc ertainttyo a roadblocikn Mabanza communeF.o rr easongsi vene arliert,h e Chambeirs notc onvincebdy WitnesBs’ s testimontyh atM ugangaan dE speranwceer ek illebdy personsst affintgh eG itikinini roadblocNko.r c ani t findt hatt hec orpsesse enb y WitnesseAsA andA werel inked to thef imctioonfs ther oadblocakts T rafipraon dG acacar,e spectiveTlhye.C hamber hasg iveni tsr easonfso rb eingu nablteo findt heA ccusegdu ilteyi theorf aidinagn d abettinogr of havingc ommanrde sponsibilfiotryt hek illingosf Bigirimanaan d Judith. 1015.T heq uestiotnh atr emainiss whethetrh eA ccuseids nonethelelsisa blei n negligenfcoer t het wod eathsT.h ee videncdeo esn otj ustiftyh isc onclusioInn. t he firstp laceg,i vent hatt heP rosecutihoansm

adeo uto nlyt wor oadblock-reldaetaetdh s inM abanzcao mmunien thew holeA pril-to-Jpuelryi oodf 1 994,i t isd ifficuflotr t he Chambetro findt hatt hes ystemo f roadblockpsu rportedelrye ctebdy theA ccused wasp oorlsyu pervised. 1016.S econd,t he Chamberi s bounda lsot o considetrh e documentareyv idence whichd emonstrattehsa tt heA ccusetdo okt hea pparentrleya sonabmleea surea,l beit in thef irstw eeko f June1 994,o f settinugp a commissitoon m onitotrh ec onducotf staffa ssignteodT rafiprToh.e A ccusesda idi n thisc onnection: "Amongstth ep eoplwei thw homI wasw orkingt,h erew eret hosew how ouldg o beyond whatt heyw eres upposteodd oa ndw ew antetdo b ringt hemb ackt oo rdera,n dy ouw ill seet hati nm yl ettecro ncerntihnegc ommittfeoerr estoripnega ceW.e t rietdo d ealw ith thisi ssueI. d on ott hintkh at[ iti s]s urprisiifnt gh eries o nep ersoanm ongstth ist eam 335

"-’ ~*’~ ICTR-95-1A-T 144/- ....................................................................................................... whom adem istakeBsu.t ,t heyk newt hatt heyc oulbde p unisheTdh.i si sw hyI setu pt his v’e’rIi1f8i9cactoimomni sssioot nh att heyc oulddi recatn ds upervitshee spee ople. 1017.H owevert,h e Chambera lsoo bservetsh atw hent he Accusedw as askedt o recountth eo rali nstructihoen gsa vet ot heT rafipraop pointeiensl ateA prilo re arly May,h e answereads follows: "[Q.D]i dy oug ivea nyi nstructbieofno rteh ise ndo fA prilb,e ginnionfgM ayt op eople mannintgh er oadblocaknsd,i nt hisc ontextth eT RAFIPrRoOa dbloc.k.?. [A.]I issueidn structiaocncso rditnoig n dicati[oinnts h eP rimMei nistecri’rsc uldaart ed 27A pril1 994]I. wasi mplementwihnagt i nstructiIo nhsa db eeni ssuebdy t hep rime ministtehrr outghhep rrfe.t. .. [Q.]M r.B agilishedmiad,y oui ssuea nyi nstructitoona n yr oadblockisn,p a rticular TRAFIPRaOr,o untdh es tarto f [May]? [A.]Y es,M r.P resident. [Q.O]r alloyri nw riting? [A.]V erbally. [Q.]W hatw asy ourw ordinwgh eny oud idt hat.?. . [A.]I spokwei tht hec ommuncaolu nci.l. .b ecauswee h adt alkeadb outth isd urintgh e meetinogf thec ommunaclo unciwle determintehde c riterifao rr ecruitmenatn,d furthermIo rree,l aytehde d irectitvoea sl lt hec onseillaenrdsi ,t w asd urintgh atm eeting thatw ei nvitepde oplweh ow eres upposteodm ant

her oadbloacnkd w ew eret ellintgh em whatt heifru nctiownosu lbde ."t9Io 1018.E veni f thei ndirectnoefs tsh isr eplyi st akent om eant hatc learlfyo rmulated instructio(nisna dditiotno a formarle portisnygs temw)e rel ackinpgr iort o3 June 1994,t hel acko f suchs tandaredl ementosf a prudentlryu ns ystemmi ghth aveb een offsetb y frequentm onitorinogf the roadblocbky the Accusedh imself.T he Accused’osf ficew aso nlya shortd istancfer omT rafiproa,n di n cominga ndg oing fromt heo ffichee shoulhda veh add ailyc ontacwti thT rafiprsot affN.e edlestso s ay thisa rrangemdeindtn ots ufficteo r epresisl licicto nducatt t her oadblocbku,ti td oes inhibitth ec onclusitohna tt heA ccusesde tu p a danger-frausgyhstt emt o whichh e simpltyu rnead b linde ye. 118T9r anscroifp9 t Jsu n2e0 0p0. 5 0. 119I0b idp.p .4 2-43. 336

~~’~’~"~ " ~’~ ICTR-95-1A-T 144 ....................................................................................................... 1019.T hirda,n ya ssessmeonft t heA ccusedc’usl pabiliftoyrd erelictioofn d utym ust be informebdy thes tateo f affairisn Mabanzcao mmunaet thet imeo f thea lleged breachi,n cludintgh er esourceasv ailablteo theA ccusedT.h eC hambehra sa lready discusseedv idencteo thee ffectth ati n thes econdh alfo f April1 994t hec ommune was at varioust imeso verrunb y Abakiga( IV.4.7)W.i thoutk nowledgoef when Bigirimaannad J udithw erek illedt heC hambecra nnote xcludteh ep ossibilitthya t theird eathso ccurreodn daysw heni t wouldh aveb eenu nreasonabtloe e xpectt he Accusetdo h aveb eenf ullyi nc ontroolf hisa dministratioopne’rsa tiontsh,eT rafipro roadbloicnkc luded. 1020.F inallys,o mee videnccei teda boves uggesttsh atB igirimaannad J udithw ere killefdo rp ersonarle asonast, theb iddinogf Mugishain dM utigandIat. i sc leart hat thee xistenocfe p ersonamlo tiveiss n ots ufficietnot c hangteh en aturoef thec rime fromg enocidteo thel esserc rimeo f murdern,o ri s it sufficietnot absolvteh e Accuse1d1.91I t wasf oreseeabtloe theA ccuseadt thet imet hata n inadequately superviserdo adblocmki ghth aveb eens taffebdy personisn teresteidn settling personaslc oresN.o nethelesdso,u btr emainass to whetheBri girimanaan dJ udith wouldh aves urvivebdu tf ort

heA ccused’asl legende gligencTeh.e P rosecutimouns t demonstrnaotteo nlyd erelictbiuotna lsot hatt heo ffencfelso wefdr omi t. 1021.I n viewo f thea bove,t heC hambefri ndst hatt heP rosecutihoans f ailedt o proveb eyondr easonabldeo ubtt he Accused’wsa ntond isregarfdo r high-risk activitiaetsr oadblocIkns .pa rticultahre,P rosecuthiaosnf ailetdo p rovteh ath aving establishtehde T rafiprroo adbloctkh,e A ccusende glectteod regulatteh ec onducotf thosset affiintg, t husc ausintgh ed eathosf B igirimaannadJ udith. 5.11C onclusions 1022.T heC hamberre calltsh eb asice lementosf paragrap4h. 14o f theI ndictment, whoseo peninsge ntencree ads: "IgnacBea gilisheamcat ingi n concerwti tho thersi ncludinCgl emenKta yishema, SemanzCae lestiNns,e ngimaAnpao llinairNez,a nanEam ilea ndM unyampundbue,t ween 1191SeeT adi(cA Cp)a ra2s3.8 ff. 337

1/445 9 Aprila nd3 0 June1 994p ermittaendd e ncouragIendt erahammwiel itiamteon s etu p roadblocaktss trategliocc atioinnsa nda rounMda banzcao mmune." 1023.T hisp ropositiiosn p artialsluyp portebdy documentaervyi dencei,n thef orm of a lettefrr omP refecKta yishetmoa theA ccusedd,a ted3 0 April1 994,i nstructing himt o setu p ands taffr oadblock1s1.9 2T heP rosecutihoansn ots hownt hatt heo ther allegeda ccompliceosf the Accusedw erea ssociatewdi tht he establishmeonft Trafiproor anyo therr oadblocTkh.e C hambeirs preparetdo infert hatt heA ccused "permittetdh"e s ettinugp of roadblocakts G itikiniannid G acacab,u tt herei s no evidencteh ath e activel"ye ncouragetdh"e ire stablishmoern cto ntinuionpge ration. Them eaninogf "Interahamhwaes"b eend iscusseadb ove( IV.4.6)T.h erei s no clear evidencet hatr oadblockisn Mabanzac ommunew eres taffedb y memberso f the MRNDy outhw ingo r itsm ilitiaT.a kingt het ermi n itsb roadesre nse,o f "armed Hutuc iviliansi"t, c ouldb e inferretdh atT rafipraon do therr oadblocwkesr ei ndeed staffebdy "lnterahamwbeu"t,t hent hei ncriminatcionngn otatioonfs t het ermw ould be muted. 1024.T hen exte lemenotf paragra4p.h1 4s tates: "Thep rimapruyr posoeft hes aidr oadblowcaksst os creeinn dividuianlo sr detro i dentify ands ingloeu tT utsis." 1025.T heA ccusetde stifietdh att hep urposoef theT rafiprroo adblowcaks t o block thei nfiltratioofn R

PFp ersonnealn dw eapon1s1.93I t wasa featuroef language employeadt thet imeo ft hee ventisn Rwandtah ata statemeanptp arentrleyf erritnog memberosf theR PFc oulda lsob e understotood connotTeu tsip ersonisn general. WimesZs assertetdh att heA ccuseidn tendetdh isb roaderre ferencweh enh e toldh im thatt her oadbloactk Trafiprwoa sn eedetdo apprehe"nedn emies1"1.9 4H oweverf,o r reasongsi vena lreadyt,h eC hambeirs notc onvincebdy WitnesZs’ si ncriminations of the Accused.I t has not beene stablishetdh att he Accuseda ctuallyg ave instructitoons sc reeann dk illT utsia,n dt hee videnccoen cernitnhgea ctivitiaets t he TrafiproG,i tikiniannid G acacar oadblocdkose sn otd emonstratthea tt hisw ast he 1192P rosecutioEnx hibiNto . 77a. 1193 Transcriptosf 7 June2 000p p. 142-143. 338

1026.P aragra4p.h1 4f urthesrt ates: "Betwe9e nA prialn d3 0J une1 994I gnacBea gilishoermdae retdh ed etentioofns everal Tutsiast t hev ariourso adblocwkist hiMna banza." 1027.T heP rosecutihoans nota dduceadn ye videncaep artf romt hato f WitnesZs thatt heA ccuseodr deretdh ed etentioofn" severaTlu"t sic iviliaants r oadblockTsh.e testimonoyf WitnesYs doesn otg ives upporfto rt hisv iew1.195I n thec aseso f Bigirimaannad J uditht,h erei sn o evidentchea tt heA ccuseodr deretdh eird etention. 1028.P aragrap4h. 14c oncludes: "Sucdhe taineweesr eh andeodv ert oI gnacBea gilishaenmdaw eres ubsequenktillyl ebdy thec ommunpaoll icet,h eG endarmeNraitei onalIen,t erahaamnwdea rmecdi viliaunnsd er hisa uthoraintdyc ontrol." 1029.T heP rosecutihoans l edn o evidencien supporotf thisa llegatioTnh.e o nly relevanetv idencceo mesf romt he Accusehdi mselfw hot estifieadb outa person havinbge enb roughtto himf roma n unspecifireoda dblocTkh.e c aptivwea sf oundt o have" anti-personmnienle s": "Weh andedh imo vert o theg endarmerwihei chw asb aseda t theC hinescea mp. .. becausien J unea ndt heb eginnionfgJ uly,t heg endarmweesr ea tt heC hinescea mpH.e w’a’s1s9 1u6pposteodb eq uestioanneddh ew asc onsidearsea d prisonoefrw ar. 1030.T her ecorcdo ntainnso f urtheirn formatiaobno utt hisp ersoonr h isf ate. 1031.T heP rosecutiono’rsi ginacll aimw ast hati t wouldl inkt heA ccusewdi th "deatthr aps. ..i nt hef ormo fr oadbloc.k.s.e recteadt orn eara llj unctiotnoss creen identitcya rdsf ort hep urposoef nettinTgu tsis1"1.97I n thef inala nalysist,h e Prosecutiowna s able to show that only one roadblocki n Mabanzac ommune, 1194 Transcriptosf 8 Februar2y0 00p p.3 8-40. 1195D efenceE xhibitN o. 64. 1196T ranscripotfs 9 June2 000p . 120. 339

" ~* ICTR-95-1A-T ....................................................................................................... Trafiprob,e camea trapa nd thec auseo f deatho f two personsT.h eC hambehra s explortehde r elevabnats eso fl iabiliitny A rticl6e(sI )a nd6 (3)o ft heS tatutaen d notc onvinctehda tt heP rosecutiocnh’asr geasr es upportbeyd s ufficieenvti dence. 1197T ranscripotfs 2 7 Octobe1r9 99p . 33. 340

VI. VERDICT FOR THE FOREGOINGR EASONS,h aving considereda ll the evidencea nd the argumenotfs t heP artietsh,e T rialC hambefri ndst heA ccusedI,g nacBea gilishema: Unanimously, Count1 : NotG uiltyo f Genocide Count6 : Not Guiltyo f SeriouVsi olationosf Articl3e commont o theG eneva Conventiaonndso fA dditionParlo tocIoIl( Artic4l e( a)o ft heS tatute) Count7 : Not Guiltyo f SeriouVsi olationosf Articl3e commont o theG eneva Conventiaonndso fA dditionParlo tocIoIl( Artic4l e( e)o ft heS tatute) Bya majoritJyu,d gGet tnedyi ssenting, Count2 : NotG uiltoyf Compliciitny G enocide Count3 : NotG uiltoyf Crimeasg ainsHtu manit(yM urder) Count4 : NotG uiltoyf C rimeasg ainsHtu manit(yE xtermination) Count5 : NotG uiltyo f Crimeasg ainsHtu manit(yO therI nhumanAec ts) Accordinglyth,e AccusedI gnaceB agilishemias acquitteodn all countsi n the Indictment. 341

ICTR-95-1A-T Pursuantto Rule9 9 (A)o f theR uleso f Proceduraen d Evidencet,h eT rialC hamber orderst hei mmediatree leasoef IgnaceB agilishefmrao mt he Tribunal’Dse tention Facilitiaensdd irecttsh eR egistrtaorm aket hen ecessaarryr angements. Thiso rderi s withouptr ejuditcoea nys uchf urtheorr dert hatm ayb em adeb y theT rial Chambepru rsuantto Rule9 9 (B)o f theR uleso f Proceduarned E vidence. JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardaanpap endas S eparatOep iniotno thisJ udgement. JudgeM ehmetG aneya ppendsa Separataen d DissentinOgp iniotno thisJ udgement pertaintionC go unt2s, 3 ,4 and5 . Arusha7 June2 001 aLL" *" ErikM ose Asokad e Z. ~t{nawardana MehmetG ttney PresidiJnugd ge Judge Judge (Seaolf t heT ribunal) 342

InternationaClr iminalT ribunalf or Rwanda TribunalP 6nalI nternationaplo ur le Rwanda UNITEDN ATIONS TrialC hamberI NAT[0NSU NIES ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Before: JudgeE rikM ose,P residing JudgeA sokad e ZoysaG unawardana JudgeM ehrneGtt iney Registry: Mr Adama Dieng Delivereodn :7 June2 001 O ~" THE PROSECUTOR Versus IGNACE BAGILISHEMA ICTR-95-1A-T SeparatOep iniono f JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana TheO fficeo f Prosecutor: Ms Jane AnywarA d0ng Mr CharleAsd eogun-Phillips Mr WallaceK apaya Ms Boi-TiSat evens Counseflo rt heD efenee: Mr FrangoiRso ux MrMaroufaD iabira Ms H61eynU fiac Mr WayneJ ordash

Prosecutovre rsusI gnaceB agilishemIaC,T R-95-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana CONTENTS PART I The Aeeused’Psl eao f Inadequacoyf Resources 1. TheF actualS tatemenotf the Plea 2. TheL egalP ositioonf theP lea PART II TheC onducotf the AccusePdr iort o the Eventsi n 1994 1. TheP riorC onducotf theA ccuseads Testified to by Witnesses 2. TheR esponsoef the Accusetdo theT hreato f RPFI nfiltration 8 3. The ActionT akenb y the AccusedR egardintgh e Attacks 10 on Tutsib y HutuG roups 4. TheS ignificanocfe t heP reviouCso nducotf the Accused 11 PART III The Conducto f the AccusedD uringt he Eventsi n 1994 12 1. The AllegedC hangeo f Conducto f the Accused 12 2. TheU seo f theS ecuritRye sourcebsy the Accused 14 2.1 TheS ecuritRye sourceAsv ailablteo theA ccused 14 inA prilt o July1 994 2.1.1T heR equesbty the Accusefdo r MoreR esources 16 2.2 TheS ituatiotnh att heA ccusehda dt o ContenWdi th 19 2.2.1TheC onditiontsh atP revaileidn Mabanzcao mmune 19 from6 to12A pril1 994 2.2.2T heI nvasioonf theA bakiga1;3 to 24 April1 994 20 2.2.3TheC onditiontsh atP revaileidn Mabanzcao mmune 21 from2 5 April1 994t o July1 994 ..¢__

Prosecutovre rsusI gnaceB agilishemIaC,T R-95-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 2.3 TheU seo f theA vailablRee sourcebsy theA ccused 22 2.3.1UsingC iviliafnosr S ecurity 23 2.3.2HoldinPga cificatiMoene tings 24 2.3.3ProvidiAnsgs istanicne t heF aceo fA ttacks 26 2.3.4HidingT utsisi n HisH ome 27 2.3.5IssuinFga lseI dentificatDioocnu mentation 28 2.3.6Punishitnhge P erpetratoorfs C rimes 29 2.3.7Appealintgo HigheAru thorities 30 2.4 SomeA dditionFaalc tortsh atI mpairetdh eA bility 31 of theA ccusetdo Uset heR esources 2.4.1TheA ttackosn theA ccusebdy theA bakiga 31 2.4.2T heA ccuseCdo nsidereads an Accomplicoef theR PF 33 2.4.3T heR elationshoifp t he Accusewdi thS emanza 34 2.4.4T heR elationshoifp S emanzwai tht heA bakiga 37 PART IV DocumentarEyv idencteh atC orroboratethse Position 38 TakenU p by the Accused 1. TheL etterD ated2 4 June1 994( Prosecutieoxnh ibi8t4 ) 39 The ConfessionSatla temenotf ProsecutioWni tnessZ o 43 (Defenceex hibi1t1 2) Conclusion 44

Prosecutvoerr suIsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R -95-1A-T SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ASOKA DE Z. GUNAWARDANA 1. I agreew itht heJ udgmenotf JudgeM oset hat,f ort her easonsst atetdh ereint,h e Prosecutihoansf ailetdo p rovei tsc asea gainstth eA ccusebde yonrde asonabdloeu bt, andt herefotrhee A ccuseids e ntitlteoda na cquittoanl a llt hec hargecso ntainiend t he indictment. PART I The Accused’Psl eao f Inadequacoyf Resources TheF actuaSlt atemenotf theP lea . 2.I n additiotno thed efenctea kenu pb y theA ccusetdh at,t heP rosecutihoansf ailed to provei tsc aseb eyonrde asonabdloeu btt,h eD efenchea sa lsor aisead pleat hatt he Accusedl ackedt he necessarmye ansa nd the resourcest,o preventt he alleged commissioofn t hea trocitieisn, M abanzcao mmunea,n dt hath e actedt o maintailna w ando rder,w itht hem eansa vailablteo him.T hisp leaw ast akenu p in theD efence Rejoindaetr p aragra2p4h8 ,i n thef ollowitnegr ms, [Thed]e fenciess tiltlh ath ed idn otp articipiantt eh ea llegecdr imeasn dt hath e lackeadd equamteea ntso p revenstu chc rimes.1 Thisp leaw asf urthebru ttressebdy thec ontentioonf theD efencCeo unseiln his closinagr gumenbtys s tatintgh at, Butt heries alsoa nothedri mensiotnh,a ti s importatnotu nderscobreec austeh at highligahnta ss pecotf o ura rgumeinntr elatitoont hei nnocenocfeM r.B agilishema, andt hati st hath ed idw hath ec oulwdi thitnh el imitosf t hem ean[sa ndr]e sources availabtlohe i m. ...2 1 DefencRee joindebrr ief2,9 Septembe2r0 00,a t paragrap2h4 8 z Transcrip4t Sse ptembe2r0 00a t page1 84

Prosecutvoerr sulsg nacBea gilishelmCaT,R -95-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 14 ~ 3. Howevert,h e Prosecutiaolnl egedt hatt heA ccusehda d controolv ert he Hutu assailantasn,d t hath e failedt o maintailna wa ndo rdero r to protectth eT utsi p3opulatiforno,m t hea ttacks.

4. Inm y view,i t is appropriattoe t reatt hisp leaa s an independecnhta llentgoe t he Prosecutciaosne i,n t hef actsa ndc ircumstanocfet sh isc ase.

2. TheL egalP ositioonf theP lea 5.T hisb einga pleat hati nvolvtehse a dducinogf e videncaek,i nt oa pleao f alibio r accidentth,e A ccuseids requireidn thef irstp lacet,o a dducseu fficieenvti dencteo put them atteri n issue.I n commonl awt ermsw hati s describeads an evidential burdeni s casto n the AccusedT.h isb urdenm ayb e dischargebdy theA ccusedb,y relyinogn thee videncceo minfgr omt heP rosecutiwoint nessoers by callinegv idence on hisb ehalfo r by a combinatioofn b oth,a ndt herebpyl acinsgu fficiemnatt erial beforceo urtt,o maket hep leaa livei ssuef,i tf orc onsideratbiyo cno urtW.h ent he pleah asb eenp roperlrya isedt,h eo nusi so n theP rosecutitoon d isproviet ,b eyonad reasonabldeo ubt4. A failuret o do so wouldr aisea reasonabldeo ubti n the Prosecuticoans e. 6.I nc ommolna wj urisdictiiotin sss ettletdh ati,n r elatitoont hist ypeo fp leaw,h ile thee videnti’ablu rderne’s tosn t heA ccuseidt,r emainast a llt imefso rt heP rosecution 3 Counseflo rt heP rosecutisotna ted" YourH onourt,h e issueh erei s not as to whetheorr not the Accusehda dp owert o actt o stopt his.T hei ssuei s thath e nevert riedT.h ef acti s thath e nevert ried, andt herei s enoughe videncteo provet hisb eyondr easonabdloeu btT.h erei s alsoe videncteo prove thath e actualleyn couragaendd t ookp arti n thea ttacktsh att ookp lacei n Mabanzcao mmunaen da lso wasp resendtu ringt hea ttacka

t the KibuyeS tadium.P"r osecutorC’lso singA rguments1,8 October 2000a t page2 19 4 SeeS tuartC,a nadiaCnr iminaLla w,3 ra Ed.,( 1995)":I nt hec aseo f generajlu stificatoiro enxsc uses is consistenthleyl dt hatt heo nlyb urdeonn thea ccuseids thee videntioanle o f pointintgo evidence puttintgh ed efencien issue.T herei s no departurfer omt heg enerarlu let hatt heC rownm ustp rove guiltb eyonad reasonabdloeu bta ndt hereforneo reversaolf theo nuso f proofw hichw ouldb e subject to Charterre viewT.h eC rownm ustn egativae j ustificatoiro enx cuseW.h eret hed efencies notp uti n issueb y theC rownc ase,t hea ccusehda s a dutyo f adducinsgo mee videncael thougthh isd oesn ot meanh e hast o provea nythinogr to testify(.p"a ge4s2 5-436S)e.e a lsot heE nglisCho urto f Appeal Gill( 1963)2, A llE .R.6 88( C.C.A)":T hea ccusede,i thebry thec ross-examinaotfi tohne p rosecution witnesseosr by evidenccea lledo n hisb ehalfo,r by a combinatioofn t het wo,m ustp laceb eforteh e courts uchm ateriaals makesd uresas livei ssuef ita ndp ropetro be leftt o thej ury.B ut,o nceh e has succeediend d oingt his,i t is thenf ort heC rownt o destrotyh atd efencien sucha mannears to leavei n thej ury’msi ndsn o reasonabdloeu btt hatt hea ccusecda nnobte absolveodn theg roundosf thea lleged compulsion(.p"a ge6 91).

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana to provei tsc aseb eyonrde asonabdloeu bt( thati s,t hep ersuasibvuer derne mainwsi th theP rosecutio5n T)h.isp rincipwlaes a rticulatiend t heH ouseo f Lordsb y Viscount SankeLy. C.,i n theE nglischa seo f Woolmingtvo.n D PP( 1935)i,n a passagteh ath as beenq uotedw itha pprovailn commolna wj urisdictions: Throughotuhte w ebo ft heE nglisChr iminLaalw o neg oldetnh reaids a lwaytso b e seent,h aitt i st hed utoyf t hep rosecuttiopo rno vteh ep risonegru’isl ts,u bjetcotw hat I havea lreadsya ida st ot hed efeneoef i nsaniatnyd s ubjecatl sot oa nys tatutory exceptiIofn,.a tt hee ndo fa ndo nt hew holoef t hec aset,h eries a reasonadbolueb t, creatbeydt hee videngciev eeni thebry t hep rosecutoirot nh ep risonears,t ow hether thep risonkeirl letdh ed eceasweidt ha malicioiunst entiotnh,ep rosecuthiaosnn ot madeo utt hee asea ndt hep risoniesre ntitlteoda na cquittaNlo.m attewrh att he chargoerw herteh et rialt,h ep rincitphlaet t hep rosecutmiuosntp rovteh eg uilotf t he prisoniesrp arto ft hec ommolna wo fE nglanadn dn oa ttemptto w hittliet d ownc an b6ee ntertained.

7. In Englislha w,t hep rinciplteh att hea ccuseodn lyb earsa n evidentibaulr den appliesi n defencessu cha s self-defen7c ed,uress8, alibi9, automatislm°, and provocati1o1n e,t ceteraE.x ceptionalal hyi,g hebru rdeni s placeodn an accusedi,n thec aseo ft hed efencoef insanitayn,d o thers tatutodreyf encewsh,e ret hea ccuseids requiretdo adduces ufficieenvti dencteo establissuhc ha defenceo,n a balancoef probabilitIyn.C 1a2n adaa,c corditnogS tuart",[ i]tnh ec aseo fg enerajlu stificatoirons excuseist i sc onsistenhtellydt hatt heo nlyb urdeonn t hea ccuseids t hee videntioanle ¯ . .,,13;s eef ore xamples,e lf-defenacned p rovocati1o4n a,libi1,5 duress1,6 and 5 Civill aws ystemsa,p plyintgh ep rincipdlueb iop ror eo,a lsoo peratteo givet heb enefiotf thed oubt in the prosecutionc’ass et o the accusedF.o r examplei,n Frenchl awt he prosecutomru sta dduce sufficieenvti denc-e p reuvseu ffisan-t et o convincteh ec ourto f theg uilto f thea ccusedU.n dert he Germacno deo f criminaplr ocedurlaalw t hej udgef,i mctioniinng a n inquisitorciaapla citiys, r equired to considearn yd efencteh atm aya risef romt hee videncien thec ase,a ndt heb urdeno f provintgh e caser estsu pont hep rosecutinoon ,m attewrh ichd efenchea sb eenr aised. 6 Woolmingtvo.n D PP( 1935)A .C.4 62,( HL),a t pp.4 81-482 7 Seee .g.,R v FoIley[ 1978]C rim.L.R.55R6 v; A braha[m1 973]1 W.L.R.1 270 8 Seee .g.,R v Gill[

19634]7 Cr.App.R1.6 6;R vBone[ 19685]2 Cr.App.R5.4 6 9 Seee .g.,R .vD enney[ 1963]C rim.L.R.19R1.; v Wood[ 1968]5 2 Cr.App.R7.4 10 Seee .g.,R v Dervis[h1 868C]r im.L.3R7.; R v Strip[p1 9786]9 Cr.App.3R1.8 11 Seee .g.,C hanK auv R [1955]A .C.2 06;R v Wheele[r1 968C]r im.App.2R8. 12 SeeC rossa ndT appeorn Evidenc8et,h e d.,1 995,( Butterwortahts p)a,g e1 31 ~3 SmartC,a nadiaCnr iminaLla w,3 rd Ed.,( 1995a)t page4 25.S tuarftu rthenro tedt hata nyr equirement thata n accusemdu stp roveh isp leao n theb alancoef probabilithiaessb eens pecificalrleyj ecteidn CanadaI.n thec aseo f Whyte( 19886)4 C.R.( 3d)1 23( S.C.C.)C,h iefJ usticDei cksorne marked: exactc haracterisaotfi ao fna ctoars an essentiealle menta, c ollaterfaalc tora,n excuseo,r a defence

roe cutorvceeTr sus SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana necessi1t7y .Withr egartdo thel awi n SriL ankai,t is statetdh at;" Int hec aseo f defencelsi kea ccidenatn da libiw hichd estroeys sentiealle mentosf thep rosecution case,a llt hatt hea ccusende edd o is to raisea reasonabdloeu bti nt hem indso f the jurya s to thea pplicabiloift oyn eo f thesed efenceTsh.i sm ayr equirteh el eadinogf somee videncbeu,t i td oesn oti nvolvteh eo bligatitoon e stabliasnhy f act’.’18T his Tribunali,n thec aseso f Prosecutvosr Kayishemaan dR uzindanaan dP rosecutvosr AlfredMusemh1aa9,s a lsof ollowetdh ea bovea pproach. 8.I na caseb eforae j uryi,t i sf ort hej udgteo determiwnhee theorn, t heb asiso ft he evidencteh,e ries a livei ssufei ta ndp ropetro b el eftt ot hej uryf ori tsc onsideration. If thec asei s triedb y professionjauld gest,h ej udgesw illn everthelecsosn sider whethetrh erei s sufficienetv idencteo raiset he pleat o a levelt hatr equires consideratbiyot nh ec ourt. 9.O ncet hec ourits s atisfitehda tt heries s ufficieenvti dentcoec onsidtehre p leat,h e courtw illt hene valuatteh ee videncree lieodn by theD efencien supporta,n db y the Prosecutitoon n egativteh ep lea,i n ordert o ascertawihne thear r easonabdloeu bth as beenc reateidn theP rosecutieoans e. shoulndo ta ffectth ea nalysiosf thep resumptioofn i nnocenc[e... .]I f an accuseids requiretdo prove

somef acto n theb alancoef probabilittioe asv oidc onvictiotnh,ep rovisivoino latetsh ep resumptioofn innocenbceec ausiet permitas c onvictiionn s piteo f a reasonabdloeu bti n them indo f thet riero f fact as tot heg uilotf t hea ccused." 14 Seee .g.,L atou[r1 951S]. C.R1.9 ;L inne[y1 9773]2 C.C.C2.9 4 is Seee .g.,R . vLizott[e1 951S]. C.R.1 15;R . vLaniga[n1 984]5 3 N.B.R3.8 8( CA) ~6 Seee .g.,B ergstr[o1m9 801]3 C.R.( 3d)3 42 ~7 Seee .g.,P erka[ 19844]2 C.R.( 3d)1 13a t 137 18 G.L.P eirisT,h eL awo f Evidencien SriL anka(,1 974)a,t page4 29 ~9 In thesec asest heb urdepnl aceudp ona n accusehda sb eena ddressoendl yi n relatiotno thep leao f alibi.I n Prosecutvosr K ayishemaan dR uzindanTar,i alC hambeIrI stated":T heb urdeno f proofr ests upont heP rosecutitoon p rovei tsc aseb eyonad reasonabdloeu bti n alla spectnso twithstantdhiantgt he Defencrea iseda libi. ...Thea ccuseids onlyr equiretdo raiset hed efencoef alibi. ... " (Prosecutor vs Kayishemaan dR uzindan(aI,C TR-95l-- T)J udgment2,1 May1 999,a t paragrap2h3 4).S imilarly, Prosecutvosr A lfredM usemaT,r ialC hambeIr held:" Theo nusi s on theP rosecutitoon p roveb eyonda reasonabdloeu btt heg uilto f theA ccusedI.n establishiintgsc ase,w hena n alibii s introducetdh,e Prosecutimouns tp rove,b eyonda reasonabldeo ubt,t hatt heA ccusewda sp resenatn dc ommittetdh e crimesf orw hichh e is chargeadn dt herebdyi screditth

ea libid efenceT.h ea libid oesn otc arrya separatbeu rdeonf proofI.f thed efeneies reasonabploys sibltyr ue,i t mustb e successfu(lP.r"o secutor vs AlfredM usema(,I CTR-96-13-JTu)d,g ement2,7 Januar2y0 00a t paragrap1h0 8).T hisa pproach supporteidm plicitlbyy the Statutea nd Ruleso f the Tribunalw,h erebyt heA ccusedi s presumed innocenutn tilp rovegnu ilty( Articl2e0 (3))a,n dw herea fendinogf guiltm ayb e reache"do nly them ajoritoyf theT rialC hambeirs satisfietdh atg uilth asb eenp rovedb eyondr easonabdloeu bt" (Rule8 7 (A)).

SeparatOep iniono f JudgeA sokad e Z Gunawardana 10.I nt hei nstancta se,w hatt heA ccuseids seekintgo d o by raisintgh es aidp leai s to showt he absencoef mensr eai n respecotf thea ctsa nd/oro missionasl leged againshti m.A s statebdy Counseflo rt heD efencien hisc losinagr guments: Wea rea sserting...tthheaP tr osecutinoenv ere verd emonstrattheadtt herew asa voluntaatrtyi tuodnet hep arto fI gnacBea gilishmeomraes, o ,i n[ regatrod] t hei ntent toc ommigte nocidteh,e ries n oe videnc[e... .O]u re videnscheo wtso t hec ontrary, t°hath ed ide verythwiintgh ihni sp owergsi vetnh em eanast h isd isposal7 11.I t is to be observetdh ata failuroen thep arto f theP rosecutitoon p rovem ens rea,w hichi s an ingredienotf theo ffensepsr eferreadg ainstth eA ccusedw,o uld negatiavney l iabiliotny t hep arto ft heA ccused. 12.I willn owp roceetdo analysteh ee videncien thec ase,t o determinweh ether therei s sufficieenvti dencteo sustaitnh ep lear aisedb y theA ccuseda,n dt hereby creatae r easonabdloeu bitn theP rosecutieoans e. PART II The Conducotf the AccusePdr iort o the Eventsi n 1994 13.I n ordert ou nderstatnhde m atterrse latintgo thep lear aisebdy theA ccuseidn thisc ase,i t wouldb e appropriattoe b eginb yc onsideritnhge c onducotf theA ccused priort o April1 994,i n regardt o them anneri n whichh e actedt o enforclea wa nd orderi n Mabanzac ommunei n generala,n d to

protectt he Tutsip opulatioinn particular. 14.T heD efencaes sertetdh atB agilishewmaas a lwaysa mano f goodc haractebro th beforaen da ftert hee ventosf 1994.T heA ccusecdo nsistenatcltye di n goodf aithf or thep rotectioofnt hel awa bidinTgu tsiasn dH utusa like. 15.T hes tandt akenb y theP rosecutiionn r egartdo thep riorc onducotf theA ccused varieda t differentti mes.A t ones taget heP rosecutiroenj ectead r equesbty the Defencteo makea formaald missioans to theg oodc haractoefr theA ccusepdr iort o

Prosecutvoerr sulsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R -95-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 14 ~2 April1 9942.1 Howevera,t anothesrt aget,h eC ounseflo rt heP rosecutisotna tetdh at theP rosecutidoindn otc hallentghee ," impeccabclhea ract[eorf t heA ccusedp]r iort o thee ventisn thei ndictme’n’t2.2F urthermotrhee,P rosecutidoindn ots eekt o cross- examinet he evidencoef Defencew itnesseisn regardt o the characteorf the Accuse2d3.I n additiosno,m eo ft heP rosecutiwoint nesstehse mselvteess tifiteod t he goodc onducotf theA ccusepdr iort o 1994. 16.I n thisc ontexti,t is pertinentto recallt her emarkm adeb y Counseflo rt he Prosecutitohna t,t heA ccuseadc tedi n goodf aithp riort o 12 April1 994," Wea ccept thatm orel ikeltyh ann ot,u pu ntitlh att ime[ 12A pril1 994]h,e d idt hati ng oodf aith. We maken o bonesa boutt hat.A nd I wantt hatt o be crystalc lear.T herei s no e’v’i2d4entcoes uggesott herwise.

1. The PriorC onducotf the Accuseads Testifietdo by Witnesses 17. The DefenceW itnessB E saido f the Accused," I can mentions omeo f his achievemenTthse.f irsti s thatu nityw asi nstalliend h isc ommuneS.e condltyh erew as developmenitn the communityt,h irdlyt,h erew as no discriminatioonn e thnic groundsi n thatc ommune’.’25D efenceW itnessT P, in describintgh e Accused’s performancoef his duties,s tated:" IgnaceB agilishemwaa s a devotedm an who carriedo ut his workw itha senseo f commitmenatn d fairnessS.o meonweh o was listenetdo , who had goodr eputatioinn hisc ommune’.’26A ccordintgo Defence WitnessR A, the Accusedw as a tolerantm an and Mabanzaw as a communew here Hutusa nd Tutsish ad livedt ogetheirn peace.D efencWei tnesseAsS , KC and ZD 20 Transcrip1t9s O ctobe2r0 00a t page1 44 21 Whent hism atterw as raisedd uringt he testimonoyf a Defencew itnesst,h e Counself or the Prosecutigoanv et he followinrge sponse":W ep roposet o maken o admission[s... .]T he admission referretdo in thisd ocumenatr ea lreadrye ferretdo in thec ourtr ecorda,n dm y learnefdr iencda nr efer to thoset ranscripitns h isc losinagr gumentasn dc onsidetrh ema s admittedi,f he needst o;. ..." Transcrip2t Jsu ne2 000a t page7 22 Transcrip2t Msa y2 000a t pages1 2-13 23 See e.g.i n relatiotno Mr.F rancoiRso ux,a n expertw itnesfso r he DefenceC,o unself ort he Prosecutisotna ted":I proposoen behaloff

theO fficoef theP rosecuttohra tt hiss tatemecnatn s imply be admitteidn evidencaes an exhibitW.e do notp roposteo cross-examtihnies w itnesisf it is solely characteerv idenc.e. ..W e canm oveo n to otherm attertsh ism orningi,f it is establishoefd c ourse thath e is nota witnesosf facti n relatiotno eventbse tweeAnp rila ndJ une1 994.T"r anscrip4t Msa y 2000a t page7 24 Transcripotfs c losinagr gument1s8, O ctobe2r0 00a t page6 5 2s Transcrip2t7s A pril2 000a t page3 5 z6I bida tp age1 33 6 2____

Prosecutvoerr suIsg naeBea gilisheImCaT,R -95-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana gave similar accounts of the good relationshipo f the Accused with the entire populationo f Mabanza.

18. Prosecutionw itnessesa lso testifiedt o Bagilishema’gso od conductp rior to the events in 1994. When asked how the Accused was perceived by the general populationP,r osecutioWni tnessI testified: Bagilishemwaa s someonew ho was lovedb y all the peopleb oth Hutusa nd Tutsis. When they had problemst hey wouldg o to him for advicea nd he wouldp rovides uch advice.A nd duringt he war wheni n 1994h ousess tartedt o be destroyepde oplef led towardst he bureauc ommunali n largen umbers.T his meanst hat he was lovedb y a lot of people and nobody thoughtt hat any harm would come to himselfi n the p2r7esencoef Bagilishema.

19. ProsecutionW itnessK , in his writtens tatemento f 10 July 1999, 28 stated that Bagilishema" was on good terms with all the peoples,i .e. until the President’s d,e,a2t9h.

20. That the Tutsi members of the populationt rustedt he Accused is borne out by theirconduct;w hen the attackso n Tutsis and their propertys tarteda round7 April z7 Transcrip2t3s N ovembe1r9 99a t page2 5 28 Defenceex hibi1t4 29 A minoritoyf witnessehse lda differenvti ew.W itnesGs statedt hatt heA ccuse"ds toppeldo ving" theT utsiisn 1990,a ftert heo utbreaokf thew ar.H oweverW,i tnesGs appeartso haveb asedh erv iew on a personale xperiencree latintgo her fathera nd unclew hich,o n examinatioonf relevant documentatiaopnp,e artso be objectiveulnyj ustifie(dS.e e,C hapteVr (3.4)o f theJ udgmenotf majorityP)r.o secutiWoint nesJs s pokeo f ethnidci scriminatiino Mna banzap,a rticulairnl yt hea reao f educatiobnu,t d ocumentaervyi dencseu ggesttsh at,i f therew ase thnicd iscriminatiino Mna banzai,t wasn oto n thep arto f theA ccusedS.e ef ore xamplei,n 1992,t hei ssueo f ethnicd iscriminatiinon educatioanr osei n connectiowni tht he Directoorf the schooli n Mushubatsie cteur,M abanza communeI.n thati nstanceH,a kizimanat,h e CommunaSle cretaryw,a ntedt o removet he Director claimintgh ath e had allegedlbye enf avourinTgu tsisi n the schoolT.h ei ssuew asa ddressebdy a Commissiocnh airebdy the AccusedI.t is clearf romt he Commissionr’esp ort,d ated2 1 September 1992a nds ignedb y theA ccusedt,h atB agilishehmaad ( unsuccessfulaltyt)e mptetdo reconcilteh e differencbeest weetnh e

Directoarn d Hakizimanwai thouftu rtheirn vestigatiohna,v ingg ivenb oth partieasn opportunittoy presentth eirc ase.T herei s no indicatiotnh att he Accusesdi dedw ith Hakizimannao twithstandtihnagt h e was theC ommunaSle cretarayn d had allegetdh att heD irector was" favourionnge o f thee thnicg roupisn Mushnbattio sucha n extentt hat,p racticallayl,lp eople foundt herew ereT utsi.F"o llowinag h earingt,h eC ommissionf’isn dingwse rea s follows":O urw ish hasb eent o lightetnh ei ssuea ndt o reconciyloeu ,b utw e notet hatn eitheorf youh ast hew illt o be reconcilweidt he acho therC.o nsequentsliyn,c ey oud o notw antu s to helpy our econcilwee, a reg oing to refert hism attetro thec ourtss,i ncei ti s beyonodu rp owersI.t willt henb e up tot hemt o resolviet andp unisthh ep ersoant fault.T"h us,h avinegx haustheids e fforttso reconcitlhee p artiest,h eA ccused properrleyf errtehde m attetro thec ourts.

rosecauc’aieo , rivTse, hrlesAmu1Tos4 gZ 1994,m anyo f theT utsisw hoh adf ledf romt hesea ttacksg,a thereadt theM abanza bureauc ommunaflo rs afety. 21.T hee videncoef expertw itnessessu ggesttsh atB agilishehmaad b eeno neo f the mosts uccessfublo urgmestreisn the areao f developmentP.r osecutioenx pert ProfessoGru ichaoutae stifietdh at,i n hisa ssessmentth,e A ccuserda nkeda s the seconmdo ste fficiebnotu rgmestirne r egartdo theh andlinogf developmeinsts ueisn the commune3s°. Defencee xpertF rangoiCsl rmencto nfirmetdh att he Accusehda d madea positivceo ntributitoon d evelopmeonft h isc ommuneD.e fencwei tnesJse an FrangoiRso uxw ho,u p to April1 994,h adb eena projeclte adero n a development projecitn KibuyeP refecturoep inedt hatt heA ccusewda sa ’goodb ourgmestraen’d followedd evelopmenptr ojectsv eryc losely.T he witnessd id not noticea ny discriminatioonn e thnicg rounds3.1 He addedt hatt he Accusedh ad managedt o maintaicna lmd uringt he turbulentti mesb etwee1n9 92a ndA pril1 994,w heno ther communew3se2 ret roublebdy ethnicco nflict.

2. TheR esponsoef theA ccusetdo theT hreato f RPFI nfiltration 22.D ocumentaervyi denctee nderebdy theP rosecutiiotns elfs howst hat,o n several occasionst,h e Accuseidn vestigatpeedr sonssu specteodf illegalp ossessioonf firearomrso fc ollaboratwiintght heR PF.I na letterd,a ted9 Octobe1r9 90w,r ittebny theA ccusetdo thep r~feto f Kibuyet,h eA ccusesde nta ’Reporotf PeoplSeu spected of HoldinRgi fleIsl legallayn’d a ttachead l isto f suchp erson3s3. Thel isti ncluded predominan’tilnyt ellectuablustt’ h ee thnigcr oupo f manyw asn oti ndicateIdn. t he introducttioot nh el etteri,t w ass tateads f ollow"sG:i vetnh ec urrensti tuatioIn w,r ite to yout hisl etteirn ordert o givey oua listo f peoplweh oa res uspectoefd having rifles.A"n dc oncludbeyd statintgh at," A searcohf riflesh asb eenc arrieodu ti n almosatl lt heirh ousebsu tn os inglrei fleh asb eenf oundW.e ares tilli nvestigating buti ti s note asyt o findr iflewsi tht hosep eopleT.h ep opulatihoanv ec onfirmtehda t they( thospee oplem)i ghpto ssesrsi fles." 30 Transcrip1t4s F ebruar2y0 00a t page4 3 3~ Transcrip4t sM ay2 000a t page2 3 3z Ibida t page2 7 8

Prosecutvoerr sulsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R -95-1A_T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana ~ 4 ~ 23.I n a seconlde tterd,a ted2 0 Octobe1r9 903,4 theA ccusesde nta listo f "persons whoa res uspectebdy thep opulationt,o" t heP residenotf thes ecuritcyo unciolf KibuyeA.g ain,t hel istw asp redominantmaldy eu p of ’intellectuaalnsd’, a lthough somew ered escribeads Tutsist,h ee thnigcr oupo f othersw asu ncertaiTnh.e l etter endedb y stating",I sendt hem[ then ames]t o youf ollowinwgh atp eoples ay and knowa boutt hemb utI do notc onfirfmo rs uret hatw hatt heya rec hargewdi thi s realltyr ue." 24.T heP rosecutiporno ducefdo urf urthelre ttersw,r ittebny theA ccusetdo the prdfeotf Kibuyea,t tachilnigs tso f personssu spectoefd j oinintgh eI nkontanydia;t ed 23 October1 992,3 0 Decembe1r9 92,1 4 January1 993,a nd 12 March1 9933.5 The openinpga ragraopfht hef irstl etterd,a ted2 3O ctobe1r9 92n oteads follows:- Withr eferentcoet hep revailirnugm ortsh ats omey ounmge nj oint heI nkontanIyi, woulldi ket ol ety ouk nowt hatI assigntehde" conseillteorf so"l louwpt hisi ssuaen d theys ubmitttoem de t hea ttachleids t. 25.I t is apparentth atb y ’Inkontanytih’e,A ccusewda sr eferritnog thosep ersons whoc ollaborawtietdht heR PF,r athetrh anT utsip ersonisn generaIln.d eedi,n t hel ist attachetdo thel ettedra ted2 3 Octobe1r9 92,w hichw ast heo nlyl istt o indicatteh e ethnigcr

ouopf thes uspecttsw,o o f thef ives uspecwtesr er ecordaesd’ Hutu’. 26.W henq uestionaebdo utt hea bovel etterst,h eA ccuseedx plainetdh atm emberosf theH utup opulatihoand s uspectecde rtaiTnu tsiso f beingR PFc ollaboratoanrdso f possessiwnega ponsa,n dt hereforwea ntedt o attackt hem.T heA ccusesdu ccessfully diffustehdi ss ituatiboyns ettinugp a verificatcioomnm itteteo,s earcthh ep remisoefs suspectceodl laboratfoorrsw eapon3s6. He addedt hatt heh ighearu thoritiiens K ibuye hadu rgentlrye quirtehde l istso f personssu spectoefdc ollaboratwiintght heR PF,a nd thati sw ash isd utya s bourgmesttroe r eporstu chm attertso h is superio3r7sT .hisi s evidencebdy a letterd,a ted1 4 April1 992,f romt hei ntelligensceer vicoef Kibuye Prefectutroe a llt heb ourgmestrreesq,u irintgh eb ourgmestrteos p rovidae listo f 33 Prosecutieoxnh ibi9t1 34 Prosecutieoxnh ibi9t0 35 Prosecutieoxnh ibit8s0 ,8 1,8 2 and8 3 respectively 36 Transcrip8t Jsu ne2 000p ages4 3 - 50

Prosecutvoerr suIsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R 9- 5-1AT- SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana personwsh oh adg onei nton eighbouricnogu ntriessh ortlbye foreo r duringt hew ar, andw hoh adr eturneTdh.e s aidl etterre quiretdh eb ourgmestrteos f urnisdhe tailosf suchp ersonisn cluditnhge n ame,a ge,e thnigcr oupt,h ep laceo f origint,h ep resent locationa,n dw hethetrh erew eres uspiciotnhsa ta nyo f themh adu ndergonmei litary trainiwnigt ht heR3 P8F. 27.I t is importatnotn otet hatt het wol etterdsa tin9gt ha nd2 0thO ctobe1r9 90w ere writteinn thew eeksi mmediatefloyl lowitnhge i nvasioonf Rwandai,n Octobe1r9 90, by theR PF.T hef ourl etterdsa tingf romO ctobe1r9 92t o March1 993w eres enti n a perioodf continuihnigg ht ensioann do ngoincgo nflicwti tht heR PF. 28.I am of thev iewt hatt he Accusetdo okr easonablaen d properm easurewsh en responditnog t hreatsw,h ethepre rceiveodr real,o f RPFi nfiltratioThne.A ccused properlpyo inteodu tt hat,w hent herew asn o evidencteo c onfirtmh es uspicioonfs t he populatiohne, d idn otc onfirtmh et rutho f thei nformatiTohne.l istsd on oti ndicate an ethnicb iaso n thep arto f the AccusedI.t may be notedt hatt heA ccusewda s merelyp erformitnhge o fficiadlu tieso f theo fficeh e heldu ndert hef unctioning governmeonft thed ay,i n Rwanda. The ActionT akenb y the AccusedR egardingt he Attackso n Tutsisb y o Hutu Groups 29.T hes

ecuritiys suesf acintgh eA ccuseidn they earsl eadinugp to 1994w eren ot limitetdo thet hreaotf RPFi nfiltratiHoen w.a sa lsoc onfrontweidt ht hep robleomf individuaatlt ackosn T utsip ersonasn dp roperbtyyH uma ssailantIsn.a letterd,a te7d January1 993,f romB agilishemtao preferK ayishemat,h e Accusedo utlinetdh e specifiact tackbsy theH utuso nT utsip ersonasn d/otrh eirp ropertieasn,dr equested thea ssistaonfct eh ep r~fetto r estorsee curitTyh.el ettesrt ateads f ollows:- ¯ . . I regretto i nforymo u,o ncem oret,h ati nt hen ighotf 4 /1/199H3u,t uasg ain attacketdh eh omeo faT utsiG,A FARANGbAr,e akintgh ed ooro f hish ouse. 37 Transcrip1t Jsu ne2 000p age1 47 38 Defenceex hibi8t8 10

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana In then ighto f 6/1/199i3n, s piteo fy ourp romisteo p rovidues soldiernso, s oldiers came.I leftw itht hreep olicemeann do neI PJa ndw e laida mbusha t a placec alled MUGOTE,K abilic ellulew;e werea blet o apprehend.[.n.a medp ersonsw]h o were armedw ithc lubs,b ludgeoannsd h oes.T heyw ereh eadinfgo ra n attackW.e arrested thema t 12:00m idnightW.e deploretdh e factt hato n reachinagn othehri ll,w e noticetdh att heH utuh ada ttacketdh e houseo f SEKABUND.I. .. Thesea ttackasr e perpetratwehdi let heT utsih avel eftt heirh omesa nda rea fraitdo callf orh elp,f or fearo fb einlgo cateadn dk illedT.h isd oesn ota llows ecuriotfyf icetrosc omet ot heir assistancsei,n cet heya ren otw elli nformeodf thes iteso f thea ttackasn da lso becausteh es ectoirs immense. Int hen ighotf 6 to7 /1993t,h ep olicea,s sistbeyds oldiertsr,i etdo e nsursee curiitny MUBUGAc elluleB,U I-IINGsAe ctorT.h eyw erea ttackeadn dh adt o firei ntot hea ir. On accounto f theirl imitedn umber,i n KAGANOc elluleK,I GEYOs ector,a man calledS EBACOGOZwAa s attackedh;i s housew as destroyeadn d his cattlew ere stolen... I thanky ouf ort hea ssistanwcee hopey ouw illc ontinuteo affordu s in ordert o r3e9stores ecurity.

30. Thea bovel etterp rovideas picturoef the securitsyi tuatiotnh att he Accusehda d to facei n early1 993.I t is apparenftr omt he contentosf thel ettert hatt heA ccused attemptetdo use the availablsee curitrye sourcetso protectth e Tutsip opulatiofnr om attackbsy Hutus,i ndeedh,e personallsye archefdo ra nd arresteHdu tua ttackers.

31. Thuso n an analysiosf the abovee videnciet is cleart hatt he Accusedp erformed thef unctionosf hiso fficep riort o 1994,w ithouatn ye thnicd iscriminatitoon p,r event the attackosn theT utsip opulatiobny the Hutus.

4. The Significancoef the PreviousC onducto f the Accused 32. It may be notedt hat,b y the natureo f crimest hatm ay be committeddu ringa nationaolr internationeamle rgencyp,e rsonsw ithn o priorc onvictionosr historyo f 39 Defencee xhibi9t0 11

rosecsau ct,eote rimvso,e ,lrCAs T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana violencmea yc ommits uchc rimes4.° Howevert,h e probativvea lueo f thee vidence relatintgo priorc onducwti lld epenodn thec ircumstanocfe tsh ei ndividueaals e.I n thep resencta se,t hee videncseh owsm oret hanm erep riorg oodc haractoerr lacko f previoudsi spositiboyn t heA ccusetdo commistu chc rimesI.t indicattehsa t,p riort o thee ventisn 1994,t heA ccusehda dc onsistentcloyn ductehdi mselifn a mannetrh at isc ompletealty o ddsw itht hec onducatl legebdy theP rosecutidounr intgh ee ventisn 1994. 33.I n additioint mayb e observetdh att heP rosecutidoind n ota dducaen ye vidence of thec onducotf theA ccusedp,r iort o April1 994,u ponw hicht heP rosecuticoann relyt o showt hatt heA ccusehda da propensittoy c ommitth ec rimewsi thw hichh e is chargedT.h usi t becomeasl lt hem orei mportanfto,r t heP rosecutitoon p rovet hatt he Accusedf ormedo r manifestetdh e requisitmee nsr ea,a s wella s committetdh e requisictrei minaaclt sa,t l easdtu rintgh ee ventisn 1 994. PART III The Conducto f the AccusedD uringt he Eventsi n 1994 1. The AllegedC hangeo f Conducto f the Accused 34.I n relatiotno the mensr ea of theA ccusedt,h eC ounseflo rt heP rosecution submittetdh ati t wasa t thea llegemde etinogf 12 April1 994,b etweetnh eA ccused andp r~fetK ayishemaa,t the Mabanzbau reauc ommunalt,h att heA

ccusecdh anged fromh avinga bonef idei ntentt o protectth eT utsis,t o a genocidailn tentt o exterminattheeT utsip opulatioonn e thnigcr oundsI.t i s significatnotn otet hatt he Counseflo rt heP rosecutiionn h isc losinagr gumensttsa teads f ollows: Yous ee,I thintkh atm yl earnefdr ien[df ort heD efencsee]e mtso g ett hei mpresstihoant we[ ...a]r es ayintgh att hew itnessweesr ed eliberatgealtyh eraetdt heM abanzCao mmune officaes a schemteo e liminatthee mW.e d on’sta yt hatW.e a cceptth atm orel ikeltyh an not,u pu ntitlh att imeh,e d idt hati ng oodf aithW.e m aken ob oneasb outth atA.n dI want thatt ob ec rystacll earT.h eries n oe videntcoes uggeostth erwiNsoee .v identcoes uggest 40 See" Decisioonn Evidencoef theG oodC haracteorf the Accuseadn dt he Defencoef Tu Quoque", of 17 Februar1y9 99,i n thec aseo fKupreskeitc a l,I CTY.

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana thatu pu ntitlh att imeh,e w asg atheripnego plteh erwei tha viewt o,y ouk now- -n o,n o, no,n o.W es ayt hate verythcihnagn geadt t hatt imea,f tetrh atm eetin[go ft he1 2A pril 1994]a,n de verythitnhga th appenfsl owosn f romt hereW.e m aket hatc leadri stinction. Sow hent heyc omea nds ayw ell,h ei s a mano f goodc haracte[r.,. .]I maken o bones a4b~outth at.

35. Inherenitn the abovea ssertioonf the ProsecutinCgo unsela,r e several weaknessIenst .h ef irsptl acei,s i tr ealistfiocr s ucha drasticch angoef attitutdoe occuri n sucha shorta ndi mpromptmue etingT?h erei s no evidencteo showt hati t wasa pre-plannmeede tingA.n dt hem eetinigs allegetdo havel astedo nlyf ora few minutesT.h erew asn o suggestioofn a significapnetr suasievfef ortb y Kayishemtao changteh ep revioushleyl dd ispositioofn t heA ccusetdo wardtsh eT utsis. 36.S econdltyh,e rei s no clearp rooft hats ucha meetinegv ert ookp laceI.n factt he findinmga dei nr egartdo t hem eetinign t heJ udgmenotf them ajoritiys thatt herei s n4o2c redibleev identchea ts ucha meetintgo okp lace. 37.T hirdlyt,h ec onducotf theA ccuseddo esn otb earo utt hath e hada changeo f attitudeT.h eP rosecutisoonu ghtt o interpretth es endinogf ther efugeesb,y the Accusedt,o Kibuyet own,t o suggesat changeo f conductH.o wevert,h isa ctionh as beenc learleyx plainaendd d ealtw ithi n theJ udgmenotf them ajoritwyh,e rea finding is madet hatd irectitnhge r efugeteos Kibuyteo wnd oesn ote ntaialn yl iabiliotny t he p4a3rto ft heA ccuseadn,d t hati t wasd onef oro therr easons. 38.F ourthltyh,e a llegemda nifestatoifo an genocidianlt enta,n dt hee xistenocfe a conspiratcoy commitg enocidei,s negatebdy thee videncoef ProsecutiWoint nesAs who statedt hat,w henh e was in KibuyeS tadiumi n April1 994,t heA ccusedh ad invitetdh er efugeetso go backt o Mabanzas,i ncep eaceh adb eenr estoreWdi.t nesAs testified, 41 Transcripotfs c losinagr gument1s8, O ctobe2r0 00a t pages6 5 - 66 4z See,J udgmenotf them ajorityC,h apteVr 43 See,J udgmenotf them ajorityC,h apteVr

Prosecutvoerr suIsg nacBea gilishe1mCaT,R -95-1A-T ff q SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana Followitnhga t,b etweetnh e1 3tha ndt he1 8th,t hey[ theA ccusedS,e manzaan dD r Leonardc]a meb ackt o sayt hatw e couldg o home,w e couldg o backh omeb ecause p4e4achea db eenr estored. 39.I nt hisc ontexitt,i s alsot o ben otedt hatW itnesAs, i n hisw rittesnt atemetnot investigatodrast,e d2 9 June1 999,m akesm entioonf ther equesbty Bagilishefmoar the refugeetso comeh omet o MabanzaY 40.T o sayt hel easti,t is inconsistefnotra persownh oh asj oineidn a conspiracy with Kayishemtao take the refugeest o KibuyeS tadiuma nd HomeS t. Jeant o exterminatthee m,t hereaftteor invitet her efugeebsa ck,b eforet heo bjectivoef exterminattihnegm h asb eena chieved.

2. TheU se of theS ecuritRye sourcebsy the Accused 2.1 TheS ecuritRye sourceAsv ailablteo theA ccuseidn Aprilt o July1994 41.T heD efencaer guedt hatt heA ccusecdo uldn otc ontrotlh e eventsd uet o the inadequaocfy r esourceTsh.e D efenchea ss ubmitttehda t, Becausoef t hes canmte anast h isd isposBaalg ilishweamsan ota blet or eestablish securiitnyh isc ommunfeo ra llt het imet hatt heA bakigwae ret herei,. e.u ntialb out 25A pri1l9 94A.f tetrh atd atet,h es ituatiiontn h ec ommuwnaes a bitl essc haotaincd Bagilishdeimdaa llh ec ouldt or esumhei sa ctivitiaessb ourgmestdrees pitteh e difficulatnidte hsr easttsi lmla daeg ainhsitm 4.6 42.T he Prosecutiaorng uedt hatt he Accuseddi d note vena ttemptto controtlh e situatibount ,r athere,n couragaendd t ookp arti nt hea ttackisn Mabanzcao mmune. 43.T hea vailabrlees ourcmeuss tb e consideriend l ighto f theg eographicsailz ea nd populatioonf Mabanzac ommuneM.a banzac ommunew as 160 squarek ilometerisn 44 Transcrip1t7s Novembe1r9 99a t page 45 Defenceex hibi7t 46 DefencCel osinBgr iefa t page1 14

+o+++++++++ e+ ++++a+++ +,-+++ t+.?,.,++ SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana extent4.7 It hada mixedp opulatioonf Hutus,T utsisa ndT was.A ccordintgo the statistiacvsa ilabfloer 1 988,t hep opulatiwoans a roun4d9 ,25408. Thisn umbewro uld havei ncreasceodn sideradbuleyt o thei nfluoxf r efugeefsr omA pril1 994. 44.I t is noti n disputteh at,a tt het imeo f thee ventst,h erew ereo nlys ixc ommunal policeo fficersa, brigadiearn da n assistanbtr igadiers,t ationeidn Mabanza. Accordintgo theA ccusetdh eres houldh aveb een,a t least,o nec ommunaplo lice officepre rs ecteurM;a banzcao mmunhea vingf ourteesne cteursI.t is alsow orth notingt hat,A rticl1e0 7o f theL oiS urO rganisatiCoonm munaldea,t ed2 3 November 1963,c ontemplatheasv ingo ne communaplo liceo fficepre r one thousanodf the populatioTnh.e s aidA rticlfeu rtheprr ovidefso rt hatn umbert o be increaseodr decreasedi,n exceptioncailr cumstancewsi,t ht hea uthorizatioofn t hei nterior ministe4r9. Hence,t he legalr equiremenwto uldb e aboutf iftyc ommunaplo lice officerfso rM abanzcao mmunew,i tht hep ossibiliotfy t hisn umbebre ingi ncreasiend exceptioncailr cumstancHeosw.e vera,t ther elevantti met heA ccuseodn lyh ada bout one-tenotfht hisf igured,e spitteh ea ddende edf ors ecuripteyr sonndeule t ot hei nflux of ther efugeeisn April1 994.T husi t is apparentth att heA ccusewda st horoughly handicappbeyd t hel

acko f personnteol m aintailna wa ndo rder. 45.T herew asn o specifiecv idenclee d at thet rialw ithr egardt o thea rmsa nd ammunitioanv ailablteo thes ecuritfyo rcesi n Mabanzcao mmunaet the time.T he positiotna kenu p by theA ccusewda st hatt hea rmsa nda mmunitiowne ret horoughly inadequattoe c ontrotlh es ituatioAnc.c orditnog t heA ccusedt,h eB rigadiheard a bout twelveE nflelrdi flesA.n dt hee videncien dicatetsh att herew ereo nlyo neo r two vehiclebse longintgo Mabanzcao mmunaolf ficea,n dt hatt hep oliced idn oth avea vehicl5e°. Hencei t isc leart hatw ithr egartdo a vailabiloift ayr ms,a mmunitioannsd thev ehicletsh,e s ituatiwoans e quallvyu lnerable. 47 Defencee xhibi8t0 is a map of Mabanzac ommune 48 Defenceex hibi8t5 49 The Loi Sur OrganisatioCno mmunaled,a ted2 3 Novembe1r9 63i s one of the mainl egalt exts updatintgh oseo f thef irstR epublicS.e eE xpertR eportb y ProfessoGru ichaou"aL ocalG overnmeinnt Rwanda"d,a tedA ugus1t9 98,a t page8 . Prosecutieoxnh ibi7t1 . 50 Seee .g.,F rancoiCsl ementt,r anscrip2t9s M ay2 000a t page2 2 15 ~_

Prosecutvoerr suIsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R _95_T1A. Ij~ ~e~l SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 46. It is evidenftr omt hel etterm entioneeda rlierd,a ted7 Januar1y9 93,f rom Bagilishemtao pr$fetK ayishem5a], thatw hent he Mabanzac ommunee xperienced ethnisct rifien 1 993,a lthoulgehs ss erioutsh ant hate ncounteirne1 d9 94,t hes ecurity resourcaevsa ilabelvee na t thatt imew erei nsufficiteon etf fectivemlayi ntalianw a nd orderT.h isw asb ecausteh ee normiotfy thes izeo f thea reat o bec overe(d" thes ector is immense"t)h;e f actt hatT utsiwse rea fraitdo callf orh elp( "forf earo f being locateadn dk illed"a)n;d ,t hel acko fs ecuritpye rsonn(e"lo na ccounotf t heirl imited number")I.n January1 993,t he Accusedh ad requestedf,r omp r~fetK ayishema, soldierst o help provides ecurityf rom the Hutu attacks.A pparentlyt,h ese reinforcemewnetrsen evers upplie"di,n s piteo f yourp romisteo providues soldiers, no soldiercsa me." 2.1.1TheR equesbty theA ccusefdo rM oreR esources 47.I n thew akeo f thed eterioratoifo tnh el awa ndo rderd urintgh ee ventisn 1994, theA ccusehda ds pecificalalsyk edf orr einforcemefnrtosm h isi mmediatseu perior, ClemenKta yishemtah,e p r~feotf KibuyeI.t mayb e notedt hatt hep r~feits thep roper authorityf rom whom such assistanchea d to be requesteda ccordingt o the administrathiievre archy. 48.T heD efencpeo inteodu tt hatt hep owert o

callf ora ssistancfer omt hea rmed forcesa,c cordintgo theD ~cret-Ldoait ed1 1 March1 975,i s clearlvye stewdi tht he prdfeta,n dt hatt heb ourgmestdried n oth aves uchp owers,2 TheD efencaed dedt hat, at thatt ime,t herew as a wari n Rwandaa,n d the Armyw as engageidn the fight againstth eR wandaPna triotiFcr ont’asr myo n thef rontl ine.H encet heA ccused coulndo tc allf ora ssistandcier ectflryo mt hea rmefdo rces. 49.T heA ccusetde stifitehda th em adeh isf irstr equesfto rr einforcemeonnt9 s A pril 1994,d uringa securitmye etingc hairedb y pr~fetK ayishemaa,n d attendebdy 5i Defenceex hibi9t0 5z SeeA rticl1e1 of thed dcret-loofi 1 975,w hicha ddresstehse r equisitipoonw ero f thea rmedf orces by thep rdfetA.r ticl1e0 3o f theL ois url ’organisateioomnm unaolfe 1 963s tatetsh att hep r~fecta np ut at thed isposaolf theb ourgmestreel,e mentosf theg endarmerniaet ionalAer.t icl7e o f thed ~cret-loi portanctr datiodne la gendarmerniaet ionaloef 1974s tatest hata nyc ommandeorf gendarmemsa y,i f facedw ithi nsufficireensto urcerse,q uirteh ea ssistanocfe d etachmenotfs t heR wandaanr my. 16 y__

ProsecutorversuslgnaoeBagilishema,]CTR-95.1A_T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana memberosf UNAMIR5.3 He hadr equestetdh ea llocatioonf sufficienmte anst o fend offt hea ttacksH.o weverb,e causael lt heb ourgmestrreesq uestreedi nforcementthse, securitcyo uncilh ad allocateodn lya limitedn umbero f gendarmeasm ongstt he communesT.h ereforea,l thougthh e Accusedi nsisteodn beinga ssignead large numbero f gendarmesi mmediatelyt,h e Accusedw as providedw ith only five gendarmetso helps ecurteh es ituatioinn thew holeo f Mabanz5a4. Furthert,h ef ive gendarmesw ere onlyp rovidedf or four or fived ays,a nd were subsequently withdrawonn 13 April1 994. 50.T heA ccusedde cidetdo ensurteh es ecuritayt theb ureauc ommunawli tht hes ix policemewnh,o w eret o taket heirt urno n daya ndn ights hiftsg,u ardintgh eb ureau communaaln d the refugeewsh o had gathereidn largen umbersT.h e Accusedh ad wantedt heg endarmeasl sot o be placeda t theb ureauc ommunalb,u tt heg endarmes hadp referrteod b e at Mushubabteic ausoef thes ecuritpyr oblemisn thats ecteuarn d due to the availabiliotfy accommodatioOnn. S aturday9, April,h e hadw orked togetherw ithg endarmeisn KibingoR,u kagarataan d Nyagatovsue cteursw here refugeecsa met hrougfhr omK avoyes ecteurO.n Sunday1,0 April,t heB uhingaan d Mushubatsie cteursw erea ttackedt;h e Accusedp ostedt wo gendarmeasn d one policematnh ere.T he

Accusetde stifietdh ath e and thes ecuritfyo rces" worked continuousdlayy a ndn ights o as to go roundt heses ectorbsu tw e weren ota blet o diffusteh es ituation."ss 51.T heA ccuseadd dedt hat,o n no lesst hant hreec onsecutidvaey sv iz,t he1 0th, 1 ltha nd1 2thA pril1 994,h e hadr equestreedi nforcemefnrtosmt hep r~fet’osf ficien Kibuyeb,u tt hat" evertyi meI called.t.h,e p refectuIr wea st oldt hatt heyw eres ent to otherp lace’s’.56O n Sunda1y0 Aprilh,e calleddu rintgh ed aya ndi n thee vening gavea securirteyp ortto pr~feKta yishebmyap honea;t t hatt imeh es pecificasltlayt ed thata largen umbero f gendarmewse rer equiredO.n Monday1 1 April,h e spoket o Gashongoret,h es ub prOfeto n twoo ccasionsW.h ena skedi f thesew eret he only occasiontsh ath e phonedt heA ccuserde plied",I phonedt hemu p alwaysa ndt heni n thee veninIg h adt o makea reporotn t hep honeI. couldc allt woo r threet imesa day 53 It is noti n disputteh att heA ccuseadt tendetdh es aidm eeting. 54 Transcript2s J une2 000a t page7 4 ss Ibida t page8 2 17 .~____

Prosecutvoerr suIsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R -95-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana I~ whenI cameb ackt o thec ommunaolf ficef romt hev ariousse cteurs5.7" T hats ecurity reportwse rep rovideids evidencebdy a letterd ated1 0 April1 994,f romp refer Kayishemtao theM inisteorf theI nteriorw,h ereitnh ep rdfeptr ovideadn accounotf ther eportfsr oma ll bourgmestriens K ibuyeP refecturdeu,r ingt hep eriodf rom6 Aprilt o 10 April1 9945.8 TheA ccusetde stifitehda th e wasc onsistenitnlfyo rmetdh at therew eren o moreg endarmeasv ailable. 52.A fter1 3 Aprilt,h eA ccusehda dg ivenu p askinfgo rr einforcemenptasr,t icularly sincet heg endarmewsh ow erea lreadays signetdo himo n 9 April1 994,h adb eenr e- calledT.h eA ccusesdt atetdh ath e hadp ostetdh eg endarmaetss trategpioci ntisn t he communeb ut they werei neffectivaes they werec learlyo ut numberedb y the attackerasn,d a lsob ecausteh eyd idn oth avet heiro wnt ransport. 53.T heA ccuseadg ainr equesterde inforcemefnrtosm t hep rdfetb y wayo f a letter, dated2 4 June1 9945.9 In thatl ettehre hadi nformetdh ep refeorf impendiantgt acks fromH utusf romK ayovea ndR utsircoo mmunesa,n dh adr equesteudr genta ssistance fromt hep r~feti n ordert o preventth ea ttackH.e testifietdh ath e receivendo assistance. 54.I t is apparentth att her esourctehsa tw erea vailabtloe t heA ccuseidn midA pril 1994w eref arf roma dequatteo,

bringa boutp eacei n Mabanzoar to maintailna wa nd ordero n anys ignificalnetv el.H oweverf,r om2 5 Aprilt o lateJ une1 994,a ftert he Abakigaat tackhsa ds ubsidedt,h ea vailablree sourcweesr eu tilisetdo maintailna w ando rdert o somed egreeT.h es ecuritmye asureism plementbeyd t heA ccuseddu ring thisp erioda ree xaminebde low.H owevere,v end uringt hisp eriodo f relativcea lm, thel imiterde sourcweesr en ots ufficietnot p olicteh ee ntirceo mmuneI.t is evident fromt he letterd ated2 4 June1 994,t hatt heA ccusedc onsiderehdi s resources inadequatteo preventt he imminenta ttacksb y Hutusf romK ayovea nd Rutsiro communeIst. is seenf romt hee ffortmsa deb y theA ccuseads referretdo abovet,h at theA ccusehda de xhaustaeldl t heo ptionasv ailabtloe himt o obtairne inforcements, butw ithoustu ccess. s6 Ibida tp age8 6 s71biadt page8 8 58 Prosecutieoxnh ibi7t6 18

Prosecutvoerr sulsg nacBea gilisheImCaT R-95-1A_T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e ZI Gunawardana 2.2 TheS ituatiotnh att heA ccusehda dt o ContenWdi th 55.I n ordert o geta clearp icturoef thes ituatiotnh atp revaileidn Mabanza communed,u rintgh ep eriodf romA prilt o July1 994,i t is appropriattoe r eviewt he eventtsh att ookp laced urintgh atp erioda,s t heyu nfolded. 56.T hatm assivaet tackbsy Hutusb egani n Mabanzfar oma boutm idA pril1 994i s not in dispute.W hile the Defencea rguedt hat Mabanzaw as overrunb y an uncontrollambalses o f invaderksn owna s theA bakigat,h eP rosecuticoonn tended thatt heA bakigdai dn oto verwheltmh ec ommuneH.o wevert,h e standt akenb y the P6r0osecutrieogna rditnhgi si ssuvea rieadt d ifferetnitm es. 2.2.1TheC onditiontsh atP revaileidn MabanzCao mmunfer om6 to12A pril1 994 57.T heP rosecutiaonnd D efencwei tnessteess tifietdh atf ollowintgh ec rasho f the Presidentp’lsa neo n6 April1 994,T utsic iviliawnesr ea ttackeadn dt heirp roperties destroyedi,n Mabanzcao mmuneD.u et o thesea ttacktsh ousandosf men,w omena nd childrenp,r edominantTluyt siss oughtr efugei n, amongsott herp lacesM,a banza bureacuo mmunaTlh.e sef actsa ren oti n dispute.

58. TheA ccusedde scribetdh es ituatiodnu ringt hisp eriodi n thef ollowinwga y, "It]hpeeople[ ofMabanzoar]g anisebdy facingu p to thea ttackerwsh oc amef romt he 59 Prosecutieoxnh ibi8t4 60 For examplew,h enr espondintgo questionisn relatiotno the ’" " , Counseflo rt heP rosecutiporno videad c onfusirnegs pons"eW:e llf,i rsto f all,w e havet o acceptth at mvaslono n 13 April1 994,t he bothh e [theA ccuseda]n dh is colleagu[et hef ormerb ourgmestorfe Rutsirol]a ckedt hen ecessary controolv ert heseA bakigtah,a ti s if theye vere xisteda,n yway. theyd id,¯. . I taket he view,r ather,t hatt herei s noth I i d n o gt n h ’ a ta tw c a c s t d -" o , n ei n Mabanzat hatM r Bagilishewmaas n oti n controolf .I d ’ ~t,~m att heyd id.A nde veni f [...]T herew eren o Abakigac omingot no t o vaecrcwehpettlh aman tyh oen weaa nsyo wvheerrwehT.eh lemrbeeywd ta hsep A lbaanik ni gpoalr a acney,tt hheirneg. wasn o needf ora nyA bakigtao go anywhere". T ranscripotfs c losinagr gument1s8, Octobe2r0 00a t pages4 5-46¯T hust heC ounseflo r theP rosecutiaosns ertetdh att he Accuselda ckedt he necessary controolv ert heA bakigaan dt heni mmediatecloyn tradictheidm selbfy statintgh ath e didn ota ccept thatt heA bakigao verwhelmtehde A ccusedT.h e Prosecutionc’osn tentiotnh att he Abakigdai d not ’existw’a s madef or thef irstt imei n theP rosecutorc’lso sinagr gumentasn,d i s contrartyo the Prosecution’osw n witnessesw ho speako f Abakigaa ttackingT utsis,i n Mabanzac ommune. Notwithstandtihneg a bovea ssertiobny theP rosecutioint, p resentendo evidencteh att heA ccused solicittehde p resencoef theA bakigdau rintgh ee vents¯ 19

SeparaOtpei nioonfJ udgAes okdae Z .G unawardana river.. In any event,t he peoplet riedS unday,M ondaya nd Tuesdayb ut up to Tuesdaye vening[ 12 April],t he wholec ommunew’ a’s6 1on fire. 2.2.2 The Invasioonf the Abakiga1;3 to 24 April1 994 59. The evidencei ndicatest hatt he Abakigai nvadedM abanzac ommuneo n 13 April 1994 and thereafterP.r osecutioann d Defencew itnessesd escribedh ow hordeso f Hutua ttackerfsr omt he northernr egion,i dentifieads Abakigab,e sett he commune. The attackerwse red istinctivedlrye ssedi n bananal eaves,a nd carriedt raditional weapons.P rosecutioWni tnessI describetdh e Abakigaa s "peoplew ho comef romt he highlands. ...These are the peoplew ho came to our commune,w ho.. launcheda n attackT.h eyl ooteda ndk illed’.’62A skedi f he had an opportunittoy see the Abakiga comed ownf romt he hillsi ntoM abanzaW,i tnessI repliedt hath e saw the attackers comed ownf romt heh illsi n groupso f no lesst hant wo hundre6d3. Askedi f thea rrival of theA bakigah ada ny connectiowni tht hed eatho f the PresidentW,i tnesIs replied, Yes,t hea rrivaolf theA bakighaa ds omek indo f relatitoon thed eatho ft hep resident becausteh eyw eres ayingt hatt hep residenwta sk illedb y theI nkotanysio the Abakigac amed ownt o fightt he InkotanyiT.h erew as a war and theyw antedt o r6e4vengteh ed eatohf t heiprr esideanttt heh andosf t heI nkotanyi.

60. DefenceW itnessR A, who agreedt hati t seemedl ikea n invasiond,e scribetdh e eventi n similatre rms: Fromo urh omew e can seea hillt hatf acesn orth,a nda t a pointi n timew e saw peoplec omingd owna nd we werew onderinwgh atw asg oingo n there,a nd yes,t his is howI camet o knowt hati t was theA bakigwah ow erec omingT¯h erew erem any. [O]nt hen extd ayt heyc amev erye arlya ndt hisc ontinueadl most..e,v erym orning. ¯..T heyw eren o longerp eopleT.h eyw erew ilda nimal.s. ..Theyw eres houting, t6hseyw erec arryinmga cheteasn dt raditionwaela pons. 61 Transcript2s J une2 000a t page8 6 62 Transcript2s3 November1 999 at pages 31-32 63 Ibida t 33-34 64/rbdi at 35-36 65 Transcript2s M ay2 000a t pages4 2-43 20

Prosecutovre rsusI gnaceB agilishemIaC,T R_95_lA_T 1B4 ~ m~l SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 61.D efencew itnesseRs_ A,B E, ZJ and TP confirmetdh at,a round1 2 April1 994, therew erer umourosf an imminenatt tacko n ther efugeeast theb ureauc ommunailn Mabanzab,y theA bakigaw,h ow erec omingf romR utsiroT.h eA ccusetde stifietdh at in them orninogf 13 April1 994,h e receivead phonec allf romt heb ourgmestorfe Rutsiroi,n forminhgi m of thea dvancoef theA bakigtao Mabanzcao mmunea,n di t waso n thatb asist hath e hada skedt her efugeetso go south,t o Kibuyet own,f or protection. 62.T hee videncseh owst hat,f ollowintgh ei nvasioonf theA bakigat,h eyp roceeded to killT utsisa nd lootp ropertieisn Mabanzaan d neighborinGgi tesic ommune. Prosecutiaonnd D efencwei tnessetse stifiteod theA bakigaat tackitnhge r efugeeast the bureauc ommunaoln 13 and 14 April1 994.T heyk illedP astorM ugangaa nd attackeKda rungu’hso useo n 13 and1 4 April1 994.T heyl aids iegeo n ther eligious communitoyf nunso n 14 and1 6 April.I n Gitesic ommunet,h eA bakigpaa rticipated in attackast the HomeS t.J eanC ompleoxn 17 April1 994,a nd thea ttacko n the Stadiuomn 18 April.I n all eventsw,i tnesseisd entifietdh e Abakigbay their distinctidvree ssa ndt estifietdh att heya ttackeidn largen umberso,f teni n the hundreds.

63. Accordintgo thee videncel,o calb anditsa,n dt hoses ometimedse scribeads interahamjwoei,n etdh eA bakigian t heira ttackosn t heT utsiasn dt hel ooting. 64.T hus,f roma n analysiosf thee videncei,t appeartsh atM abanzcao mmunwea s overruno,n the1 3 April1 994a ndo n subsequednatt esb,y murderouhso rdeso f Hutu menf romt hen orthk,n owna s theA bakigaa,n dt heirc ollaboratoArss a. c onsequence, Mabanzcao mmunsea nki ntoa confuseadn dc haotisct ate. 2.2.3TheC onditiontsh atP revaileidn MabanzCao mmunfer om2 5 April1 994t o July1 994 65. Witht he easingo f theA bakigaat tackisn the area,a round2 5 April1 994,a periodo f relativcea lme nsued.T hisi s evidencebdy the communaRle gisteorf

Prosecutovre rsusl gnaceB agilishemIaC,T R-95-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana I ~ ~ ~ OutgoinMga il6,6 whichs howsa n increasien thea dministrataicvtei vitieosf the communaolf ficef rom2 5 April1 994,c omparetdo a lulli n sucha ctivitdyu rintgh e perio1d3 to 25 April1 994.I t wasd urintgh isp eriotdh at,a ccorditnog theA ccused, he managetdo restorseo meo rdera nda rrestc ertaipne rsonisn volveidn criminal activities.

66. However,d uringM ay and June1 994,M abanzas tills ufferefdr omi solated attacksb y localH utum ilitiaT.h isi s apparenftr omt he evidenclee d by the Prosecutiionn r elatiotno thek illingosf Kanyabugotshie,s onso f WitnesBs, ando f Tutsisc oncealeidn Habayo’hso use,a longw itht hea rresto f HabayoT.h eA ccused testifietdo threatosf furtheirn cursionisn toM abanzab,y groupso f Hums,f rom neighboricnogm muneisn, June1 994.H ise videncies supportebdy a letterd,a ted2 4 June1 994,f romh imt ot heprdfewth,i chs tated, Accorditnogt hei nformataitoo nu rd isposatlh,ep reparatioofna ss erieosf a ttacks are reportedluyn derw ay in ZONE MURUNDAa nd ZONER UTSIRO( Northern Rutsiroo)f Rutsircoo mmunet;h ea ttacktsa rgeMtA BANZcAo mmunbee twee1snt and5 thJ6 u7ly1 994u,n detrh ep retextth ata ccompliacreess t ilhli ddeinn M abanza. 67.I t is importatnot notet hat,a ccorditnog thee videncbey, lateA pril1 994,t he bulko f theT utsip opulatiionnM abanzhaa df ledt hea reao rh adg onei ntoh iding. 2.3 TheU seo f theA vailablRee sourcebsy theA ccused 68.T heD efencseu bmittetdh at,t hef actt hatt heA ccusehda du sedt hea vailable securitrye sourcetso, t hem aximumt,o maintailna wa ndo rders,h owsh isb onefides. In particulatrh,e A ccusehda du sedc iviliantso maintailna wa ndo rdera s night patrolasn dt o mant her oadblocHke. a lsoh adh elda numbeorf pacificatimoene tings throughouMta banzac ommune.O n numerouso ccasiontsh e Accusedh ad usedt he availablree sourcteos protecpte rsonasn dp ropertbyy, preventicnrgi mea ndt aking actiotno p unisthh ep erpetratoofrc sr ime. 66 Defencee xhibi1t8 67 Prosecutieoxnh ibi8t4

Proseeutovre rsusI gnaeeB agilishemIaC,T R-95-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana t 41~ 69.C ontrartyo theD efencet,h eP rosecutiaolnl egetdh att heA ccusehde ldm eetings wherebyh e encouragetdh e attacksA.l thougthh e Prosecutioanc ceptetdh att he Accuseads sistecde rtaiTnu tsidsu ringt hee ventsi,t arguedt hatt heA ccuseadc ted s6e8lectively. 2.3.1UsingC iviliafnosr S ecurity 70.I n thew akeo f thea ttackst,h eA ccusesdu pportetdh ef ormatioonf cross-ethnic nightp atrolg roupsa ndo rganisecdi viliadne fencmee asureisn Mabanzcao mmune, initialflryo m7 to 12A prilT.h en ightp atrolwse res etu p to protectth ep opulation, irrespectoifve et hnicitiyn, t hec ommuneT.h ee videnscueg gesttsh att hen ightp atrols didn otc ontinuaef ter1 2 April1 994,d uet o thei mminenatt tackbsy theA bakiga. DefencWei tnesBsE stated: [B]ecauiste w asf romt hatd ay,p eoplfer omR utsirtoh,a t’tsh eA bakigsat,a rted sayintgh att her efugewehso w erea tM abanzcao mmunoaflf icei,n cludiHnugt uwsh o weren oth elpintgh eA bakigwae,r eg ointgo b ek illedI.tw aso nt hatd ay[ 12A pril] thatt herew asa majora ttaccka rrieodu tb y theA bakigwah oc amed ownf romt he h6i9llasn dp eoplwee rea fraiadn dt heg roupcso llapsaenddp eoplrea na way. 71.A skeda bouts pecifimce asuretsh ath adb eent akent o strengthetnh es ecurity afte2r5 A prilt,h eA ccusetde stifitehda ta,t t hatp oinitn t imet,h eyh

adt rietdo e lecitn each cellule,p eoplew ho wouldb e addedt o the fivem emberso f the cellule committeTeh.e nt hec ellulewso uldh avef ifteepne oplei n all,r esponsibfloer t he maintenanocfe l awa ndo rdert o faceu p to attackfsr omt heA bakigai,f theyw eret o comeb ack. 72.T heA ccuseadl som adeu seo f civiliavno lunteetros mant heT rafiprroo adblock thatw asl ocatecdl oset o theb ureauc ommunalT.h eA ccuseadd mittehda vings etu p theT rafiprrooa dblocakn,da uthorisicnigv iliatnos o peratiet .T heP rosecutiaolnl eged thatt hisr oadblochka db eens etu p on 14 April1 994,h owevera,c cordintgo the Accusedt,h ism easurwea sn ott akenu ntilt hee ndo f April1 994.T hism easurwea si n linew itht heP rimeM inisterr’esq uestto prdfetsi,n a lettedra ted2 7 April1 994, 68 ProsecutorC’lso sinBgr iefa t pages4 9 - 54 23 3____

Prosecutvoerr suIsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R -95-lA-T 1414 SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana referrebdy pr~fetK ayishemtao, theb ourgmestorne 3 0 April,i n whicht he Prime Ministehra dr equesteidn,t era lia,t hato fficiraola dblocskhso ulbde s etu pt op revent infiltratbiyom ne mberosf t heR PF.7° 2.3.2HoldinPga cificatiMoene tings 73. The Chamberh as alreadya nalysedi n lengtht he Prosecutioann d Defence evidencree latintgo them eetinghse ldi n Mabanzdau ringt hee vents7.1 Therefore, onlya briefr eferentcoe t hee videncoef p acificatmieoent ingisn, t hec ontexotf t his plea,w ouldb e appropriate. 74.T heA ccusetde stifietdo holdinpga cificatimoene tingisn Maya ndJ une1 994, aftert hem ajora ttackosf Abakighaa ds toppeadr oun2d5 April1 994.I n particular, theA ccuseedx plaintehda th e hadw rittetno t hec onseilloefrK ibilizsie cteura,s king himt o organisien Kamusangancyeal lulea, m eetinogn 5 May1 994,f ort hee lection of a committeet o restorep eace.72 Anotherm eetingo n 6 May 1994 with representatiovfe tsh eC hurcheasn dp oliticpaalr tiefso lloweIdn. hist estimotnhye Accusesdt ateads follows:- I wantefdi rsotf a llt op utm yseltfo gethweirt thh ep olitipcaarlt rye presentastoives thatw e cans peakt hes amel anguagbee forteh en extm eetinogf a llt heseo ther people.[.t.h.ei] n tenwta st oe nsursee curiwtiyt hitnh ec ommunaen da lsot of aceu p tot hep ossibaltet

acktsh atw oulcdo mef romo utsidYeo.u s houlndo tf orgetth ef act thatt hec ountrwya sa tw ar.W ew antetdo k eepa wayt hei nfiltratbiyot hne R7 P3F. 75.I n accordw itht het estimonoyf theA ccuseidn respecotf thea bovem eeting, DefencWei tnesZsJ t estifitehda th e attendead m eetincgh airebdy theb ourgmestarte theb eginninogf May.H e explainetdh atm emberosf allt hep oliticapla rtiewse re presenatn dt hatt hem eetintgo okp lacea t theb ureacuo mmunalT.h es ubjecatt that meetinwga sh owt o restorsee curitayn dp eacei n thec ommuneT.h eW itnesZsJ stated that, 69 Transcrip2t7s A pril2 000a t page4 8 70 Prosecutieoxnh ibi7t7 71 SeeJ udgmenotf them ajorityC,h apteVr 72 Defenceex hibi1t8 ,c orrespondennoc.e0 303 24

Prosecutvoerr susI gnaceB agilishemIaC,T R-9 5-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana [t]heB ourgmesterxep lainetdh es ituatiwohni chw asp revailiwnigt hitnh ec ommune, andh e saidt hats incee verybohdayd s eent hisa ndw asa waret,h es ecurithya db een disturbebdy thosew hoc amef romo utsidteh ec ommunea,n dh e insistetdh atp eople comet ogethera,n dt heys houldn o longerf ighto nea gainstth eo ther. ...He said thatt hosew hoh adn otb eenk illeda,n dw how erei n hidinsgh ouldb e keptw ell,a nd hes aidt hath en o longewra ntetdo hearo f anyk illingHse. s pokeo f a projecwth ich wouldi nvolvsee ttinugp committeiens s ectorasn dc elluleisn ordert os afeguatrhde properotfyt hespee opl.e7 4 76. A numbero f witnessest estifiedt hat they heard the Accusedm ake public speecheosn similarl ines,i n Aprilt o June1 994.W itnessA S was witht he Accusedo n about1 3 April1 994,w hent he Accuseda ddresseda groupo f Abakigaa nd exhorted themt o stopl ootingW.i tnesWsE testifietdh at,t owardtsh e endo f April,h e attended a meetingh eldb y the Accuseda t whichh e was urgingt he audiencet o distinguish betweent he RPF,t he reale nemyo f the people,a nd the Tutsis.A t thatm eetingt he Accusedt oldt he peoplen ot to listent o the propagandfar om the Abakigaa nd the interahamwew,h o camet o killa nd loot7.5 WitnessZ D attendetdw o meetingsi,n May or June 1994, where the Accusedi

mploredt he peoplet o stop pursuingT utsis. WitnessK A spokea bouta meetingi n Giharas ecteura t the end of May or earlyJ une, at whicht he Accusede ncouragetdh e peoplet o do everythinpgo ssiblteo preventt he Abakigaf romk illinga nd looting7.6 WitnessK C had attendedt wo meetingisn June, wheret he Accusedh ad urgedt he peoplet o ignoret he Abakigaw ho were tryingt o d7i7videt hem,a nd affirmetdh att he onlye nemyw as the RPF.

77. The ProsecutioWni tnessQ , a Tutsiw omanm arriedt o a Hutum an, statedt hat she surviveda ttacksa fters eekingh elpf romt he Accused.S he explainetdh at the Accusedh ad held a meetinga t the bureauc ommunalw here he statedt hat Tutsi women marriedt o Hutu men should not be killed.T he Accusedl ater gave the husbando f WitnessQ two letterst o be reado ut to the assailantsw,h ichs tatedt hat 73 Transcript6s J une2 000a t page1 19 74 Transcript3s May 2000a t pages8 0-81 7s Ibida t page4 1 76 Ibida t page5 8 77 Transcript2s8 April2 000a t page2 7

Prosecutvoerr susI gnaceB agilishemIaC,T R-95-1TA- SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana theys houlndo l ongepra rticipiantt eh ek illingasn dt hatt hosweh os earchefdo rT utsis tob e killewdo ulhda vet oa nswefro rt heira ctions. 78.T hea bovew itnesseasr ec onsistewnitt hr egardt o them essagteh atB agilishema soughtt o delivetro hisp eopleI.t is apparentth att heA ccusedi,n holdinsgu ch meetingsa,d vocatesdo lidariatmyo ngstth ep eopleo f Mabanzian twom aina spects. Firstt,h att hep eoplseh oulds topa ttackintgh eT utsisA.n ds econtdh att hep eople shoulrde cognitshea tt her eale nemyi s theR PFa ndn ott heT utsigse nerallTyh.i si s consistewnitt ht hep osititoank eunp b yt heA ccuseadt t het rial. 2.3.3ProvidiAnsgs istanicnet heF aceo f Attacks 79. The Accusedt estifietdo the assistancteh ath e had givent o a religious communitoyf nuns,i n April1 994.W itnesRsA ,w hoi s a seniorn uni n a religious communitcyo,r roborattehde A ccuseadn df urtheerx plaintehda t,i n thea fternooonf 14 April1 994,t he religioucso mmunitwya s providewdi tht he assistancoef a policemabny, theA ccusedO.n thatd ay,t heA bakighaa dl eft,a ftert her eligious communithya dg ivent hemm oney.T hew itnestse stifietdh at,o n them orninogf 16 April1 994,t he Abakigarse turneidn theirh undredsO.n thiso ccasioanl so,t he religioucso mmunithya da gaing ivenm oneyt o theA bakigasa,n dt hep

olicemehna d firedi n thea irt od ispersteh em.I nt hea fternooofn1 6 Aprilt,h eA bakighaa dc ome againa nds aidt hati,f ont hef ollowidnagy t heT utssii sterwse res tillt heret,h ent he entirer eligioucso mmunitwyo uldb e wipedo ut.W itnesRsA explainetdh ato n 17 April1 994s he,a longw ithf iveo therT utsis istersw,e ntt ot heb ourgmestfroerh elp. TheA ccusepdr ovidead f alseH utuI D cardf oro neo f thes isterast theirr equesta,n d offeredt hema placet o hidei n the IGA buildinogf the bureauc ommunalT.h e P7r8osecutidoone sn otd isputteh esem atters. 80.T heA ccusehda da lsor equestecdi vilo fficialosf Mabanzcao mmunteo provide protectifoonr T utsist,h eirp ropertoyr,t hosew hoh ada ssistTeudt sisF.o re xamploen, 5 May1 994,t heA ccusesde nta lettetro thec onseilloefr M ushubasteic teuru,r ging 78 ProsecutorC’lso sinBgr ief,P artI at paragraph2s9 8-300 26

Prosecuvteorrs uIsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R -9I5A-- T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 14 r I h7i9mt o providsep eciaplr otectifoonr a familwyh oh adh iddean Tutsii n theirh ome. On 9 May1 994,h e wrotet o thee onseilloefrB uhinsgeac teura,s kinhgi mt o protecat Tutsiw omanw hoh adb eent hreaten8e0d .Ando n 19 and2 0 May1 994,h e sentl etters to thee onseilloefr G ihersae eteuarn,d t oa committtehea th adb eens etu p tor ecover propertrye,q uestitnhge mt o ensurteh att hep ropertayb andonbeyd displacTeudt sis, wasn otm isappropriated.81 2.3.4HidingT utsisi n HisH ome 81.T heA ccuseadl sot estifietdo hidingT utsisi n hish ome,i ncludinWgi tnesRsJ andh ert woc hildrena, g irln amedC hantalt,w oo rphansa,n dP astorM uganga’wsi fe andc hildrenD.e fencwei tnesseRs J , AS,a ndR B corroboratheids e videnceW.i tness R J, a Tutsid,e scribheodw s heh ads oughrte fugien theb ourgmest"rse h ousea ndw as hiddebny theA ccusefdo ra bouta montha,l ongw ithh ert woc hildreann da Tutsig irl namedC hantalE.v entualtlhye A ccuseids suedW itnesRsJ witha falseI D card,a nd Chantawli tha laissez-pasbsoetrh,d ocumensttsa tintgh att heh oldewra sa Hutu,t hus enablintgh emt o travelD.e fencWei tnesAsS confirmetdh at,a rounmdi dA pril1 994, he hads eenC hantala, T utsih,i dinign theh omeo ft heA ccused.

82. Accordintgo WitnesAsS , who was a Pastorh imselft,h e Accusehda d helped PastorM ugangaa,n dh ada ssistePda storM uganga’wsi fea ndc hildretno escapeI.n herw rittesnt atementD,e fencWei tnesRsB statedt hati n April1 994,i mmediately aftert hed eatho f PresideHnatb yarimanPaa,s toMru gangaw’isf ea ndh erc hildrehni d in ther esidencoef the AccusedA.n d thatt heA ccuseudl timatelhye lpedP astor Muganga’wsi fea ndh erc hildretno escape. 83.T heR wandacno nfessionsatla temenotf ProsecutiWoint nesZs showst hatP astor M8u2ganghaa dh iddeni n Bagilishemah’osm e. 79 Defenceex hibi1t8 ,c orrespondennoc.e0 291 80 Defenceex hibi1t8 ,c orrespondennoc.e0 294 8~ Defenceex hibi1t8 ,c orrespondennocse. 0 308a nd0 311,r espectively

Prosecuvteorrs uIsg nacBea gilisheIm CaT,R -59- 1AT- SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 2.3.5IssuinFga lseI dentificatDioocnu mentation 84.T he Accusetde stifietdh ath e hadi ssuedf alseH utuI D cardst o Tutsisf rom Mabanzaan dl aissez-passteor Tsu tsisf romo utsidMea banzaH.e explainetdh att his wasd oned eliberatbeylc ye rtifyiTnugt sip ersonass H utusi,n o rdert os avel ivesH.e hadi ssueda bout1 00s uchd ocumentdsu ringt he events3? The Prosecutidoind n ot disputteh att heA ccuseids suefda lseI D cardsa ndl aissez-pasbsuetrc so ntendtehda t t8h4isd emonstrahtoewsh eu sedh isp owera nda uthoritsye,l ectively. 85.D efencWei tnesWsE testifietdh att heA ccusegda veh ima HutuI D cardt o be givent o a certailna dy,a ndt eno therb lankI Dc ardss,i gnebdy t heb ourgmesttroe b,e filleidn byT utsifsr omM abanzwah ow ere,a tt het ime,r esidenitn KigaliT.h ea cto f issuintge nb lankI D cardsg oesc ontrartyo thea ssertiboyn t heP rosecutitohna tt he Accuseadc teds electivelWyi.t nesKsC testifitehda tt heA bakighaa dl aids iegeo n a housew hereh e hadb eens tayingl,o okinfgo rt heT utsiwsh ow eret hereT.h ew itness explaintehda t,f earintgh er eturonf theA bakighae, hadg onet o seet heb ourgmestre, whoh adi ssued" Hutul"a issez-passfeorrsf ourp ersonsw,h ol atere scapetdo Zaire. WitnesRsA testifietdh att heA ccusepdr ovidead f alseI D cardt o oneo f theT utsi sisterfsr omt her eligiocuosm munity. 86.I n thisc ontexitt mayb e notedt hatt heP rosecutiaodnd ucendo evidencteo indicatthea tt heA ccuseadc teodn a selectibvaes isa ndr efusetdo i ssuei dentification documentattioo an Tutsip ersond,e scribihnigm a s a Hutu,u pons ucha requesbte ing made.

87. The Accuseda lsot estifietdo orderinfga lsee ntriesi n the Registrdee s Resident8s5, in regardt o thee ttmicitoyf theT utsir efugeesw,h oh adt o obtain resident’pse rmitsf romt he bureauc ommunalH e explainetdh ata personf rom anothecro mmunew,h or emaineidn Mabanzcao mmunfeo r moret hant hreed ays,h ad tob e recordiendt heR egistdrees R esidenitns o rdetro obtaian r esidentp’esr mitT.h e residentp’esr miitn dicattehde e thnigcr oupo f theh olderT.h eA ccusesdt atetdh ath e 8z Defenceex hibi1t1 2 83 Transcrip6t Jsu ne2 000a t page5 9 84 ProsecutoCrl’oss inBgr iefP artI at paragrap2h9s4 -298

Prosecutvoerr sulsg nacBea gilisheImCaT,R -95_lA_T SeparatOep inioonf dudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana /4 0 ~ hada uthoriseendt rieisn theR egistrdee sR esidenatnsd h adi ssuerde sidentp’esr mits, whichi ndicatetdh att hep ersonwse reH utus,w hereaisn factt heyw ereT utsisi,n ordert o savel ives.A ccordintgo theA ccusedu,p to 60%o f thee thnici dentities recordeidn theR egistrdee sR esidenthsa db eenf alsifieudp,o nh isi nstructioHne. addedt hata llt heT utsiwsh oh adb eeni ssuerde sidentp’esr mitdsu rintgh ee ventisn 1994,i n Mabanzaw,e rei ssuedr esident’pse rmitsw,h ichi ndicatetdh att heyw ere ’8H6utus’. 2.3.6Punishintgh eP erpetratoorfs C rimes 88.A ccordintgo theA ccuseda,f tera round2 5 April1 994,h e hadr e-gaineedn ough controiln hisc ommunteo arresta ndt ransfetro theP rosecutoirn Kibuyet,h ose personssu specteodf murdero r otherc rimesa gainsTtu tsisN.o twithstandtihneg inadequaocfy securitpye rsonnetlh,e A ccusetde stifietdh at,b etweeMna ya ndJ une 1994,h e hadt ransferrseidx teepne oplteo theP ubliPcr osecutionrK ibuyef,o ra lleged crimes. 89.E videncoef theset ransferiss containeidn thec ommunaRle gisteorf Outgoing Mail.F ore xamplet,h eA ccuserde ferretdo a letters ento n 27 April1 994,t o the Prosecutoofr theR epublicw,h ichi s recordeidn thec ommunaRle gisteorf Outgoing Mail8,7 concernintgh e transfeorf the suspectisn respecto f the murderso f Biziyaremayned B

ampunirineFzuar.t heri,n a letteorf 3 May1 994,t o theP rosecutor of theR epublisc8, theA ccusesdt atedt hath e is transferrifnigv en amedp ersons accuseodf killinag c ertaiKna ngabeo,n ethnicg roundsN.u merouost hera rrestasn d transfearrse d ocumentiendt heR egistoefr OutgoiMnagi l,w hichi ndicattehsa tl etters of transfedra,t infgr om2 4 Mayt hrougtho 12 July1 994,w eres entb y theA ccusetdo t8h9eP rosecutoirn,K i buye. 8s Defenceex hibi9t3 86 It is apparentth ata llt hosew hoh adb eenr ecordeidn theR egistrdee sR esidentisn, M abanzad,u ring 1994,w erer ecordeads beingf romt he’ Hum’e thnigcr oupS.e eD efenceex hibi9t3 s7 Defenceex hibi1t8 ,c orrespondennoc.e0 279 88 Defenceex hibi1t8 ,c orrespondennoc.e0 286 s9 Seee .g.,D efenceex hibi1t8 ,c orrespondennocse. 0 135,0 320,0 332,0 340,0 341,0 353,0 367,a nd 0368 29

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 90.T he Accusedf urtherp ointeodu t that,b y lettersd ated2 May 1994,h e had suspendedh is own communald river,E phraimN shimyimanaa,n d a communal policemanA,n astasMeu nyandamutsbae,c austeh eyh ads tolent he enginef romt he caro f a Tutsir efuge9e°. TheA ccusehda dp lacetdh ema t thed isposaolf t heO fficoef theP ubliPcr osecutoirn,K ibuyea,n dh adr equestaend i nvestigation. 91.T heP rosecutiaocnc eptetdh ats ixteepne oplwee rea rresteadn dt ransferrteod t he Prosecutionr K ibuyeb,u tp ointeodu tt hatn o sucht ransfewresr er ecordefdr om8 to 25 April1 9949.t In thisr egardt,h eA ccusetde stifietdh atd urintgh atp eriodt,h e administrataicvtei vitioefs thec ommunwee rep aralyseHde. addedt hat,f roma bout 13 to 25 April1 994,t herew eret housandosf attackercso mingf romt heN orth,w ho couldn otb e identifiebdu,ta ftert hatp erioidt w asm uche asietro i dentiftyh osew ho hadc ommittetdh ec rimes9.2 Thise xplanatioofn t heA ccuseids consistewnitt ht he evidencree latintgo thei nvasioonf Mabanzcao mmunbey theA bakigaf,r oma bout1 3 Apri1l9 94a,n dt hel eveolf v iolentchea te nsuedt,h ereafter. 2.3.7 Appealintgo HigherA uthorities 92.T heA ccusetde stifietdh at,o n 25 April1 994,h e attendead m eetinign Kibuye town,w ithp rdfetK ayishemaan d theo therb ourgmest9r3e swhereh e deploretdh e massacretsh ath ad occurredi n Kibuyet own,a

nd had requestetdh e superior authorittioea sv erstu chs ituatioinnst hef utur9e4.S oont hereaftoenr 3, May1 994t,h e Accusedw entt o Kibuyet owna gaint o attenda meetingw ithJ eanK ambandat,h e PrimeM inist9e5r .Att hatm eetintgh eA ccuseads sertetdh at,h er aisetdh ei ssueo f the massacrweist ht heP rimeM inistearn d,i n particulatrh,er equiremetnota ttentdo t he n9e6edso ft hev ictimosf t hea trociticeosm,m ittiendt her egion. 90 Defenceex hibi9t4 and9 5 arel ettersd,a ted2 May1 994,f romt heA ccusetdo thes aidd rivearn dt o the communaplo licemanr,e spectively 91 ProsecutoCrl’oss inBgr iefP artI at paragra2p7h6 92 Transcrip6t Jsu ne2 000a t pages1 16-117 93 Ibida t pages1 00- 101 94 Transcrip5t Jsu ne2 000a t page6 9 95 Transcrip9t Jsu ne2 000a t page6 0. 96 Transcrip5t Jsu ne2 000a t pages6 6-67 30 ~.._

14"07" SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 93.T herei s no independeenvti dencteo supportth ea bovet estimoonfy theA ccused, howevetrh eP rosecutihoans n otp roveodt herwisIef. i t weret o be acceptetdh att he Accusemda det hesea ppealtso highera uthoritieist, w ouldr eflechti sb onef ide intentiotno helpt her efugeesH.o weverw,h ethesru che ntreatiewso uldh aveb orne fruith,a st o bea ssessiend thel ighotf ther ealitoyf t hes ituatitohna tp revailiend KibuyPer efectuartet hatt ime.A ccorditnog t heP rosecutitohne,c ivila uthoritioefs Kibuyea nd the GendarmeriNea tionapll ayeda centralr olei n them assacreisn Kibuyet own.I ndeedt,h e pr~feto f Kibuye,K ayishemaw,h o is the hierarchical superioorf the Accusedh,a s beenc onvictebdy thisT ribunaflo r leadingt he massacreast the KibuyeS tadiuma nd HomeS t Jean.97 The PrimeM inisterJ,e an Kambandah,a sc onfessetdo hisr olei n supportitnhge g enocid9es. Thisw ouldh ave obviouslliym itetdh ea bilitoyf theA ccusetdo seekp unishmefnotr t hosei nvolveidn the massacreisn Gitesic ommunew,h eret heK ibuyeS tadiuamn d theH omeS t.J ean ares ituateAdl.t hougthh ea ppealmsa deb y theA ccusetdo thep rOfeotf K ibuyaen dt o theP rimeM inistewre ret hea ppropriasttee pst ot ake,a ccorditnogt hea dministrative setu p thate xisteadt thatt ime,h owevetrh em atteorf favourabrlees ponwsaes o utside hisc ontrol. 2.4 SomeA dditionFaalc

tortsh atI mpairetdh eA bilitoyf theA ccusetdo Uset he Resources 94.I n additiotno thei nadequatree sourceasv ailablteo the Accuseddu ringt he eventst,h eD efencaed duceedv idencoef severaolt herf actorsw,h icha ffectetdh e abilitoyf t heA ccusetdo p rotectth eT utsiasn dt om aintalianw a ndo rder. 2.4.1TheA ttackosn theA ccusebdy theA bakiga 95. TheA ccusetde stifietdh at,o n 13 April1 994,t heA bakigac amee vent o his housei n ordert o seeko utT utsitsh ath e wash idintgh ereH.e explainetdh,e A bakiga "threatenmeed,t ellinmge I am an Inyenzia,n Inkotanyia"n,d t heya skedw hereI had hiddetnh eT utsiast thec ommunaolf ficeH.e added," seeinhgo wf erociotuhse yw ere, 97 See Prosecutovrs ClementK ayishemaan d ObedR uzindana(,I CTR-95l-- T),J udgment2,1 May 1998 9s SeeP rosecutovrs JeanK ambanda(,I CTR-97-23-JSu)d,g menatn d Sentence4, S eptembe1r9 98

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana I gavet hem1 0.000F rancsf or themt o leavem y housea nd theyl eft. ... " The evidencoef WitnessR J appeartso corroboratteh ise vent.W itnesRsJ , a Tutsi, testifitehda t,f rom8 April1 994,s heh ads oughrte fugien theb ourgmestrheo’uss e. Shew ash iddenb y theA ccuseidn thes ervantsq’u artersa,l ongw itha Tutsig irl namedC hantalT.h ew itnestse stifietdh att heA ccuse"dc amet o seeu s onceb ecause theA bakigwae rec omingt o attacka ndh e wantedt o warnu s.H e adviseuds to close thed oor,a ndt hat’sw hatw e did.[ ...]W e heardt hen oiset hatt heyw erem aking durintgh ea ttacksa,n dw e woulda lsoh eart hew histletsh eyw ereb lowin.g. .. ,,99 96. Furthesru pporfto rt hisi ncidenits containeidn the Rwandacno nfessional statemeonft P rosecutiWoint nesZs, dated2 2J une1 998,w hereihne stated, On1 4/4/94...ftohrem ears sistabnotu rgmest[rSee manzoar]d eretdh osew how ere withh im( theA bakighae wasl odgingt)o bringa longt heT utsi[sw]h oh adt aken refugaet t heB ourgmestrheo’uss eI.m mediatetlhye,ya llw entt ot heB ourgmestre’s homew herteh eyc auseddi sturbancwehsi,c fhr ightentehdeB1 o°u°rgmestre. 97.W itnesKsA testifieidn courtt hat,h e hadb eent old,b y twop eoplea,b outa n attacokn theb ourgmestrheo’uss e. 98.T hisi s thef irste xamploef thed ireccth allentgoet hea uthoriotfyt heA ccused by theA bakiga. 99.A seconcdo nfrontatoicocnu

rread f ewd aysl aterT.h eA ccusesdt atetdh at,o n 18 April1 994a t abouta t 8 a.m.h e,e scortebdy two policemena,n da ccompanibeyd someP astorasn dc onseilleorfs t hen eighbourhocoodn,f ronttehde A bakigaa,t the RubengerPaa rishH.e addressetdh eg roupo f about1 00-20A0b akigaan da skedt hem "nevert o comeb acka gaint o Mabanzaa"n da dded" [y]oua re lookinfgo re nemies, andt herea ren o enemieisn Mabanza.H"o wevert,h eA bakigdai sregardheids p lea. TheA ccusewda sh umiliataendd ,a ccorditnog him,f eltt hath e was" nothinign front of [his]p eopl’e’.1°1W itnesRsA ,c orroborattihnegA ccusedt,e stifiiend courtt hat 99 Transcrip2t3s M ay2 000a t page1 5 (inc amera) tooD efenceex hibi1t1 2 ~olT ranscrip5t Jsu ne2 000a t pages1 40-141 32

Prosecutvoerr suIsg naceB agilishemIaC,T R-9 5-1A-T SeparateOpinionofJudgeAsokadeZ. Gunawardana Ii~O~[l" PastoErl iphasweh,o h adb eenw itht heA ccuseadt thet ime,h adi nformehde ro f this incident. 100.P rosecutioWni tnessZ testifietdo a similarc onfrontatiboent weent he Accuseadn dt he Abakigaa,l thougiht is uncleawrh ethehre wasr eferrintgo the confrontationo n1 8 April1 994.H e statedt hato nem orninbge forek illingast the GatwaroS tadium,t he Accusedh eld a meetinga t RubengeraP arishw hereh e addressetdh eA bakigaT.h eA ccusehda dt oldt heA bakigtah ath e had" hade nougho f theikri llinagnsdt hatt heys houlsdt opt hek illin[g.s. .],,.102 101. As wella s the abovec onfrontatiotnhsa th e had experiencewdi tht he Abakigat,h eA ccusefdu rthetre stifitehda t,o n 14 April1 994,t heA bakiglao otetdh e homeo f hisp arentsH.e addedt hatt heA bakigtao ok" everythintgh,e s ofas,t he c’h’a1i°r3sf,o ode,v erything. 102.T hus,t he evidencfer omb othP rosecutioann dD efencwei tnessessh owst hat the Accusedh ad beent hreatenebdy the Abakigai n his own home and had been confrontbeyd t hemo n othero ccasionisn, M abanzaT.h esei ncidenitlsl ustratthea tt he Abakigdai dn otr espectth ea uthoritoyf theA ccuseadn dw eren ota menablteo the commandosf the Accused. 2.4.2TheA ccuseCdo nsidereads an Accomplicoef theR PF 103.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ath e wasc onsideretdo be an accomplicoef theR PF

bys omeo f theH utua ttackerHse.d enietdh ath e wasi n facta n accomplicaen,ds tated thath e alwaytsr iedt o defenhdi sc ommunaeg ainstth eR PFi nfiltratainodni nvasion. In thel etterd,a ted2 4 June1 994,f romB agilishetmoa p rdfeKta yishemtah,e A ccused referretdo a serieso f imminenatt tackso n Mabanzaf,r omR utsiroc ommunea,n d emphasisetdh at" theyh avea lsod aredt o includmey selfa mongt he accomplices statintgh atI amm arrietdo a Tutsiw oman’.’1°4H ee xplainiendh ist estimoinnyc ourt that," therew eres everalr easons[ whyI was suspectetdo be an accompliceI] 102T ranscript8s F ebruar2y0 00a t pages2 1-23 io3T ranscript5s J une2 000a t page1 25 104P rosecutieoxnh ibi8t4 33

reoc usto’oc revBeor,g ,iA, ishemo,C 140’ SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana mentionetdh ato f havingb eenc ongratulatone dR adioM uhaburat,h erew asa lsot he factt hatI wasm arrietdo a Tutsiw oman. ..." In responsteo a questiofnr omt he Bench",y ourp ositiotnh att hep eoplien theN orths uspecteydo ua s an accompliicse statedi n thisl ettecrl earl.y. ..T hati s yourp ositioenv ent odayh ere’?’1°5T he Accuseadn swereidn thea ffirmativIen. m y view,t hisl etterw,r ittednu ringt he eventsl,e ndss trongs upportto thea ssertiobny theA ccusetdh ath e himselwfa s considerebdy,t hea ttackefrrso mt heN ortha,s a n accompliocfe t heR PF. 104.A ccordintgo the Accuseda, furtherr easonw hy he was considereads an accomplicwea sb ecausoef thea nnouncemenotns t heR adioM uhaburaw,h ichw as a radios tationt hat supportedt he RPF. WitnessB E testifiedt o bearinga n announcemenjuts,t b eforet her efugeewse res entt o Kibuyeo n 13 April1 994,w hich congratulattheedA ccusebdy statintgh at," allo therb ourgmestrsehso ulfdo llotwh e examploef theb ourgmestorfe M abanza.W"i tnesZsD testifietdo hearinogn Radio Muhaburab,e twee1n1 and1 7 April,a n announcemenwth,i chs tatedt hat," theyw ere gratefuflo r. . . howI gnacbee haveidn ordert o contaitnh es ituatioann da lsot o protechti sp eopl’e’.1°6T hise videncies consistewnitt ht hep ositioonf t heA ccused that RadioM uhaburah ad made

positivea nnouncementsi,n mid April 1994, concernihnigm .T hisa lsoc onfirmtsh eP rosecutiaodnm issitohna t,t heA ccuseadc ted ing oodf aithp,r iotro 1 2A pri1l9 94. 105.T herec an be littled oubtt hata bourgmestrseu pportintgh e genocidwea s likeltyo wieldm orei nfluencoev ert hea ttackerasn dt hereforbee ablet o control them,t hana bourgmestwrheo w ass eena s neutraolr opposetdo theg enocideT.h us thee videncsee emst o indicatteh att heA ccuseda,s a bourgmestfrael linign tot he lattecra tegorwyo,u ldn oth aveb eena blet oi nfluenocrec ontrotlh eA bakiga. 2.4.3TheR elationshoifp t heA ccusewdi thS emanza 106. TheD efencseu bmitttehda tb eforaen dd urintgh ee ventsB,a gilishehmaad l ost controolverh isa ssistabnotu rgmestrCer,l estiSne manzad,u et o politicpaolw ert hat 105T ranscrip7t Jsu ne2 000a t pages1 10-111 ~06T heD efencset ateidn itso ralc losinagr gumentthsa ti t hadr equesttehde set ranscripftrso mR adio Muhaburaw,h ichr equeswta s denied.

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z Gunawardana Semanzhaa db uiltf orh imselafn dh isa ssociatiwoint ht heA bakig1a°.7I n addition, Semanzwaa sp lanninagn dp lottintgo getr ido ft heA ccusefdr omh isp ositiosno, t hat Semanzcao uldb ecomteh eb ourgmestrTeh.i ss trugglpee rsistuendt ilt hed epartuorfe theA ccuseidn July1 994,w henS emanzaac hievehdi so bjectivea,n ds ucceedetdh e Accuseda s bourgemestroef Mabanza.T he Defencea rguedt hat this further undermintehde a bilitoyf theA ccusetdo maintailna wa ndo rder. 107.T he Prosecutioanr guedt hat the Accusedh ad deliberatelcyr eatedt he impressitohna th e hadp roblemwsi thS emanzai,n ordert o distanchei mselffr omt he alt°rsociticeosm mittbeyd S emanzaf,o rw hichh ei s responsible, 108.T heA ccusetde stifietdh at,p riort o 1994,h e wantedt o sendS emanzbaa ckt o theM inistorfyI nterior: Mr.S emanzCae lestibne cameu nmanageablIe t.r iedt o manageh im,s o I had suggesttheadt h eb es enbta ckt ot heM inisttrhye,c ivisle rvibcuet t hep r~fedti dn ot, yest hep refedri dn otc omplwyi thm y requestH.e didn otw antt o suppormty p1r°o9poswahli cIh h ads enti n. TheA ccusegda vea s reasonst hatS emanzhaa de mbezzlemdo neyl,a° attendewdo rk onlyw henevehre wantedb,e comiel ld isciplineadn,dw asu ncontrollable. 109.E videncoef thisf ractiourse lationshciapn b e foundi n letterwsr itteenv en befor1e9 94;t hes ubstanocfe whichw asn otd

isputebdy theP rosecuti1o1n~.A letter dated1 6 Decembe1r9 92,11f2r omB agilishetmoa Semanzaa,n dt he replyt hereto, dated1 7 Decembe1r9 92l,l3 concerneSde manza’asb sencfer omw ork.T he letters indicatteh att het wom enh ada relationshoifp d istrusitn; thes aidr eplyS,e manza 107D efencCel osinBgr iefa t pages1 02-108 108P rosecutoCrl’oss inBgr iePfa rtI at paragra2p7h8 t09T ranscrip1t Jsu ne2 000a t pages7 2-73 110I n a documenetn title’dE valuatiSohne etC overinPge riod1 April1 993t o May 1994’,s ignedb y Bagilishemrae,f erencies madet o them isappropriatoifo cno mmunaflu ndsb y SemanzaS.e e,D efence exhibi2t0 111P rosecutiCoonu nseslt ated",a llt hesed ocumenctosn cerniSnegm anztaa kinogv era ren otd isputed." SeeT ranscrip1t Jsu ne2 000 112D efenceex hibi2t4 1~3D efenceex hibi2t3 35

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z Gunawardana state"di fy ouw eren ots ettinag t rapf orm e,i t wouldb e incomprehenstihbaltey ou shoulbde denyintgh aty oua ctuallgya vem e permissiyoonu rself." 110.I n anotherl etter,d ated1 9 Decembe1r9 92,f romB agilishemtao Semanza, B agilishewmrao te: I ams orrtyo i nforymo ut hati ti sn otg oodt ol iea nde speciatloll yi ei no rdetro incriminyaotuers uperio[r... .S]i ncyeo uh avea lwaytsr ietdo o utsmayrotu rs uperior ands hya wayf romo theirm portanotf,f icidault iesI, a mf orcetdo s endy oub acka t thed isposoaflt hes upervismoirnyi striwehsi cehm ployyeodu )14 TheA ccusetde stifietdh ati t wasn otw ithinh is powert o dismistsh ea ssistant bourgmestrTehse.r eforhee, h ads entt hisl ettetro t heM inistorfy Interiwoirt ha view to havingS emanzas entb ack,b ut he had not receivead responseT.h e Accused explainetdh at,f ollowintgh er efusaolf hiss uperiortso removeS emanzaS,e manza felt" untouchaabnlded idw hateveprl easehdi m’.’115T hee videncoef theA ccuseids in accordw itht heo pinioonf Prosecutieoxnp ertw itnesAsn dreG uichaouwah,o o pined that,a bourgmestrpeo’wse rwse rep roportiontaol t hei nfluentchea th e wieldewdi th theh ighegro vernmeonftf icialast,t hen ationlaelv el. 111.T he evidencien dicatetsh att he politicarli valrbye tweetnh e Accuseadn d Semanzbae gani n 1992a ndc ontinureidg htu p to thee ventisn 1994.A ccorditnog the

Accusedi,t was followintgh e introductioofn multipartyiisnm 1992t hath is relationshiwpi th Semanza,w ho was the secretaryo f the rivalM ouvement DOmoeratiqRu~ep ublica(iMnD R)P arty,d eteriorateEadc. ho f thep oliticapla rties wantedt o havea representatiinv teh ec ommuneW.i tnesZsD ,w how asa t thet imeo f thee ventas s enioorf ficioafla no ppositipoonl iticpaalr tys,t atetdh ati n1 994m osto f thep eoplei n Mabanzbae longetdo theM DRp arty.H e addedt hatt hes trategoyf the oppositiopna rtiewsa st o replacBea gilishe(mtah eM RNDc andidatew)i tht heM DR candidatSee,m anzaa,n dt hatS emanzhaa dt hes upporotf thet opM DRp artyo fficial. WitnesZsD agreetdh atS emanzwaa sa ctin"gi na n irreveremnatn nerp,a rticularilny 1~4D efenceex hibi2t2 llsT ranscrip1t Jsu ne2 000a t page8 5

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana 1994’.’116D efencWei tnesKsA testifitehda ti n midA prili,t wasS emanzwah ow asi n controolf thec ommun"ed urintgh atp eriodt heM DRw as strongebre causteh eM DR memberwse ret hem ajorit[y. ..]S emanzwaa s,t hereforteh,e f avouriotfe thep eople, so tos peaka,n dh ada ne yeo n thep ositioonf bourgmest’rde t.7 Hea ddedt hat,d uring theM DR meetingst,h em emberuss edt o singt hatt he bourgmestsrheo uldr esign. Expertw itnesJse an-FrancoRoius xw ho,u p to April1 994,h adb eena projeclte ader on a developmepnrto jecitn KibuyeP refecturael,s oc onfirmetdh att hereh adb eena conflicbte tweeBna gilisheamnad S emanzaH.e addedt hath e hadp ersonalrleyc eived a lettefrr omS emanzaw,h ereiSne manzqau estiontehde a uthoritoyf Bagilishema. 112.T hea ssertiobny the Accusetdh ath isf ractiourse lationshwiipt hS emanza continutehdr oughotuhte e ventsu,n tilJ uly1 994,i s evidenitn a lettedra ted2 4 June 1994,f romB agilishetmoa p rdfetK ayishe1m1a8.T hereint,h eA ccuserde ferretdo his problemwsi thh isp oliticrailv als":I wouldl iket o inforymo ut hatt hisr tunouirs spreadb,y my politicoaplp onentwsh,o sei ntentiiosn t o takem y place.H"e explained in testimotnhya th e hadi n mind,a mongsott hersS,e manzaI.n responsteo a question fromt heB ench" [a]ntdh ati s thep ositiotnh aty oua ret akinugp in thisc ourte ven today,t hatS emanzwaa sd esigninogr plannintgo takeo verf romy ou?"t heA ccused answeriendt hea ffirmative.

113. The Prosecutiodni d not disputet hat Semanzau ltimatelayc hievedh is objectivoef becomintgh eb ourgmestorfe M abanzaf,o rh e succeedetdh eA ccuseads bourgmestirnew ,h ichp osth e remaineudn tilh isa rresitn Novembe1r9 94.X9l 2.4.4TheR elationshoifp S emanzwai tht heA bakiga 114.P rosecutiaonnd D efencwei tnessetse stifietdh at,d uringt hee ventsS,e manza hadb eenc loselays sociatewdi tht heA bakigaT.h eA ccuseadn dW itnesKsA stated thatS emanzcaa mef romt he samer egiona s theA bakigaT.h eP rosecutiodni d not n6 Transcrip3t Msa y2 000a t page2 9 (inc amera) ll7T ranscrip2t2s M ay2 000a t page1 05 118P rosecuteixohni bi8t4 119I n thisr egardt heA ccuseads sertetdh atS emanzhaa d appointehdi mselafs bourgmestrweh,e reas thel awp rovidetdh at,i n suchc ircumstanctehseb, o urgmestsrheo ulbde replacebdy a conseiller. 37 _,~___

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e 7..G unawardana disputteh esea ssertionIsn.d eedi,t wasp arto f theP rosecuticoans et hatS emanzwaa s actinign c oncerwti tht heA bakigaan do thera ttackers. 115.W itnessK A testifietdh at,i n mid April1 994,h e had observead meeting outsidteh eR ubengerSac hoolw hereS emanzwaa sa ddressinag g roupo f Abakigaan d others.S emanzae xhortetdh e othery oungm en fromM abanzat o helpt he Abakiga killt heT utsiasn dt o loot.A ccordintgo thes aidw itnessS,e manzwaa sa ctinga s a politiclaela deorf t heA bakiga. 116.E videncael sos uggesttsh atS emanzhaa db eenl odginAgb akigian hish ome, duringt hee ventsW.i tnesZs, in theR wandacno nfessionsatla temendta,t ed2 2 June 1998,s tate"d[ o]n1 4/4/9.4 . .thef ormera ssistanbto urgmestorred eretdh osew ho werew ithh im( theA bakighae wasl odgingt)o bringa longt heT utsiw hoh adt aken refugaet theb ourgmestrheo’uss e."1(2E°m phasaidsd ed) 117.I t is apparenftr omt hea bovea nalysitsh att her elationsohfi tph eA ccusewdi th hisa ssistanbto urgmestSreem anzwaa so neo f distrusatn dr ivalryT.h ereforiet, i s reasonabtloei nfert hat,d urintgh ee ventst,h eA ccusehda dn o significcaonntt roolv er Semanzaw,h ichd ebilitatheidsa uthority. PART IV DocumentarEyv idencet hat Corroborates the PositioTna kenU p by the Accused 118.I t is to be observetdh ats everaals pectosf thep ositiotna kenu p by the Accuseadr ec orroboratbeyd i ndependednotc umentaervyi denceI.n thatr egardt wo of thed ocumenatlsr eadmye ntionedde,s ervfeu rthearn alysissi,n cet heyl ends upport to thed efenccea sea s a wholev:i a,t hel ettefrr omB agilishetmoap r~feKta yishema, dated2 4 June1 994,a ndt hec onfessionsatla temenotf ProsecutiWoint nesZs, dated 22 June1 998. ~z0D efencee xhibi1t1 2 38 ~___

Prosecutvoerr suIsg naceB agilishemIaC,T R-9 5-1A-T SeparatOep iniono f JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana The LetterD ated2 4 June 1994 (Prosecutioenx hibit8 4) 119. The letters ent by the Accusedt o theprdfetK ayishemad,a ted2 4 June1 994, bearss uchs ignificantcoe t he defenctea kenu p in thisc ase,t hati t requirecsa reful consideratioInt. i s importantto notet hat,a lthougthh isl etterw as writteni n June 1994,i t lendsc orroboratitoon t he defencet he Accusedh as takenu p in thist rial, almosts ix yearsl ater.T he Accusecde rtainlcyo uldn ot havee nvisagefda cinga trial of thisn aturea t thet imet hath e wrotet hel etterH.e ncei t enhancetsh ec redibiliotfy the mattersu rgedt hereinT.h e Accusedh ad writtent hisl ettero n 24 June1 994,t o Kayishemaw,h o was the prdfeto f KibuyeP refectures,t atingt hath e was considered to be an accompliceb,y the Hutua ttackerfsr omt he north,b ecauseh e was marriedt o a Tutsiw oman.T he mattersa risingf romt hisl etterw erec larifiedw,h ent he Accused gavee videncien court,o n 7 June2 000.

120. The Accusedh ad assertedi n the said lettert hat the rumor that he is an accomplichea d beens preadb y his politicaolp ponentsw,h osei ntentioint was to take his place.O n beingq uestionebdy theB enchh e explaineads follows; Q.I nt hatl etteirn t hef irspta ragratphhe,l asts entencyeo,uh avea sserttehda t thatt he--t heyh avea lso[ daredt]o includmey selfa mongt hea ccomplices statintgh atI amm arrietdo a Tutsiw omanY.o uh aves tatetdh at. A. Yes,Y ourH onour. Q. Thati se xactltyh ep ositioyno ua res tatinign t hisC ourtt odaya lso,t hat youw eres uspecteads an accomplice? A. Therew ere,t herew eres everarle asonsI, m entionetdh ato f havingb een congratulaotne Rda dioM uhaburat,h erew asa lsot hef actt hatI wasm arried to a Tutsiw omana nd so on ands o forth.B uti t wass upposetdh atm y wife wasT utsi.B uta s I haves aidm y wife,m y wife’sm otherw asT utsia ndh er fatheirs H utu. Q.T hati sc learB.u ty ourp ositiotnh att hep eoplien then orths uspectyeodu asa na ccompliiscs et ateidn t hisl ettecrl earliys,n ’tth atw haty ouh aves tated in?T hati sy ourp ositioenv ent odayh,e re? A. Yes.

Prosecutvoerr sulsg nacBea gilishemIa C,T R-9 5-1A-T SeparateOpinionofJudgeAsokadeZ. Gunawardana 1~9~ Q. Thent hes econds entencien thes econdp aragraphw,e do notw antt o be considereads defeatesdo thatp eoplef romK ayovea nd Rutsircoo mmunes needt o comet o loota ta nyt ime.W hatd o youm eanb y defeatetdh,e re? A. I wantedt o sayt hatw e wereu nders iegeb y thisp opulatiownh oc ame undert hep retexotf lookinfgo ra ccomplicaensd t heyc amea ndt heyl ooted in anym annetrh att heyw ish. Q. What,w hatd o you understanbdy the terma ccompliceW?h atd id you reallym eant o convey? A. In my understanditnhgi,s i s someonweh ow asw orkinwgi tht heR PF--f or theR PF. Q. So, thati s what you intendedt o conveyw heny ou used the word accompliicnet hel etter? A. Yes,i ndeedY,o urH onour. Q. Theno n the thirdp aragrapyho uh avee xplainetdh ep robleamb outy our wife,a ndy oug oo n to assertt haty oua re[ accuseodf beinga]n accomplice becauset heyt hinkt haty ou supportt he Hum who are marriedt o Tutsi women,t hati s oner easonT.h es econdr easoins thaty oua res upportitnhge Tutsip opulation? A. Yes,t hati s so,Y ourH onour. 121.T he Accusedp ointedo ut thatt herew erei mminenatt tacksf romt he north.I t is to be observetdh att he mainc omplainitn the saidl etterw as the imminenatt tacks fromz oneM urundaa nd zone Rutsiro( NortherRnu tsiro).H e specificallrye quested thepr~fetto do his,"

utmostto stopt hesea ttacks..a.n"d s tated" ...t hati s whyy our assistancies urgentlsyo licitedT.h"e A ccuseidn his evidenceex plainetdh es ituation in thef ollowintge rms; Q. Theni n thef inalp aragrapthh,e reforIe w,o uldl iket heh onourabplrek fet to requests o and so. And you are theni n the finalp aragraphs,e cond sentencyeo,u h avet akenu p a particulpaors itiotnh ats houlbde prevented, thati s whichc anr esulitn confrontatbieotnw eeHnu ms,y oua rer eferritnog theH utusi n then orth,t henH umsi n Mabanzcao mmuneA.n di n thatc ontext youh aves tatetdh atw hatw ep resentnleye d,t hem osti s,t heu nittyo f acet he Inyenzi/InkotaWnhyait.d idy oum eanb y that? A. WhatI meantw as thati f thesep eoplef romt hen orthw eret o attack Mabanzcao mmunien particulairf, t heyw eret o attackm e in personI, had

SeparatOep iniono f JudgeA sokad e Z Gunawardana my familyI, hadm y familya ndm y friendsw,e couldb e involveidn killings and thent herew erep eoplew how ereo n theo thers idei n Gitaramat,h ey couluds et hist ok illa llo fu s.S o,I wast hinkitnhga ti tw oulbde a goodi dea thatw e comet ogethebre causteo gethewre stand,s o thatw e canf aceu p to theR PFI nkotanaytit ack. Q. So...w asi t youri ntentiotno pointo utt hec ommoenn emy? A.Y es,t hat’qsu itseo . Q. And the commone nemyy ou havei dentifieidn thisl ettert o be the Inkotanaynid t heI nyenzi? A. Yes,Y ourH onoury,o ua rer ight. Q.A ndt hati st hep ositiyoonu a ret akinugp i nt hisC ourte vent odayt,h atn ot theT utsip opulatibount t heI nkotanyain dI nyenzair et hee nemieosf the people? A.Y es,i t’ss tiltlh es amep ositiaonnd I ’ms ayintgh ati fp eoplfer omi nside hadc omet ogethewre wouldn’hta veh adt ol eaveo urc ountry. 122.A lthought he said requestw as made for urgenth elp in earnest,i t was the evidencoef theA ccusedt hatn o sucha ssistancwea sg iven; Q. Now,w as therea ny actiont akenb y the prefecto f the Kibuyei n consequenocfet hisl etter? A.I gaveh imt hisr eporbtu th en everg avem ea nyr eply. Q. In otherw ords,h e didn’tg ivey oua nys upporotr pursuteh ec omplaint, [or]t akea nys uitablaec tioinn p ursuanocfey ourr equest? A. He didn’tt akea nym easurebsu ta s fara s I am concerneId ,w ast o give hima

warninign cases omethinhga ppeni,n caseI die so thatp eoplea re awareo f thec onditiounnsd erw hichI wask illedT.h atw asm ya im. Q. Havey oum ades imilarre presentattioo ann yo thera uthoriatty aboutt hat time? A.N o,t hisi st heo nlyl ettetrh atI wrotea,n dt hen earesatu thorittoym ew as thep r~fett,h eo thersi,t w asn’eta syf orm et or eacthh em. 123.I t is discemiblfer omt hea bovea nalysiosf thes aidl ettera s testifietdo by the Accusedt,h att he positiohne takesu p in courtn ow in regardt o the followinmga tters is thes ame. 41 @___

SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z Gunawardana 1. Thef actt hatt her esourcaevsa ilabtloe h imi n June1 994w erei nadequate.

2. Thatt herew asa n imminenatt tacfkr omt heN ortha t thatt ime.

3. Thath e believedt hath e was considereadn accomplicbey the Hutu attackers.

4. Thath is communaelm ployeeusn derminehdi m. 124.T he Prosecutioinn terpretetdh e letterd ifferentlyA.c cordintgo the Prosecutiotnh,eA ccusewdr otet hel ettetro Kayishetmoa inforhmi mt hata dditional Hutua ttackerwse ren o longern ecessariyn Mabanzcao mmun2e1) Thei nterpretation placebdy theP rosecutiiosnu nsupportaendd,d oesn otb ears crutiny. 125.T heP rosecutifounr thearr guetdh att hes tatemenctosn tainiend t hel ettetrh at Mabanzwaa s" self-sufficiaenndtw "o uld" defenidt selfi"n dicatetdh att heA ccused hadc ontroolv ert hee vents.1H2o2w evert,h es tatemenbty theA ccusetdh atM abanza was" self-sufficimeanytb "e interpretteodm eant hatt hep eoploef Mabanzwae rea ble to checkf or RPFa ccomplicersa,t hert hanh avingt hea bilittyo fightt heH utu attackefrrso mo therr egionsA.n d,t hes tatemetnhta tM abanzwao uld" defenidt self", appearetdo predicta n unwantecdo nfrontatiboent weeHnu tusa t a timew hent he availabrlees ourcaerse n eedetdo defenadg ainstth eR PFt hreatI.t is cleart hatt he mainp urposoef writintgh es aidl etterw ast o outlinteh ep roblemisn regardt o securitiyn Mabanzaa,n dt o requesutr genth elpf romt heK ibuyea uthoritieIsf. Bagilishehmaad b eeni n controolf thes ituatiotnh,e rew ouldh aveb eenn o reasotno makes ucha n urgenrte questto thepr~fet. 126.T hust he positioonf the Accusetda kenu p in courti s corroboratbeyd t he contentosf thes aidl ettewrh ichw

asw ritteans farb acka s June1 994.A lthougthh e saidl etterw asw ritteinn June1 994,i t appeartso mirrort hes ituatioinn Mabanza communed,u ringt hep eriodA prilt o July1 994.A ndi t mayp roperlbye deducetdh at thes ecuritpyr oblemfsa cedb y theA ccuseidn April1 994w eree veng reatert,h an thosfea ceidn lateJ une1 994,w hent hes aidl ettewra sw ritten. ~z~P rosecutoCrl’oss inBgr iefa t paragra7p2h ~z2P rosecutocrl’oss inagr gumenttr,a nscrip1t8s O ctobe2r0 00a t pages2 20- 239

Prosecutvoerr suIsg naceB agilishemIaC,T R-9 5-1A-T SeparatOep inioonf JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana The ConfessionSatla temenotf ProsecutioWni tnesZs t (Defenceex hibi1t1 2) 127.C orroboratiofo nt heD efenccea sei s alsof oundi n thec onfessionsatla tement of ProsecutioWni tnessZ .123 WitnessZ made thisc onfessiotno the Rwandan authoritieosn, 2 2 June1 998,l ongb eforeh isf irstw itnessst atementto Tribunal investigatoorns 1 8 Septembe1r9 99,a nd hist estimonbye foret hisC hambeorn 8 Februar2y0 00.A t no pointi n hisc onfessionsatla temendti d WitnesZs directly implicatteh eA ccusedI.t is reasonabtloe assumet hata t thet imew henW itnesZs madeh isc onfessionsatla temetnot theR wandaanu thoritiehse, d idn otk nowt hath e wouldb et estifyiangga instth eA ccuseIdn.t hec oursoef h isc onfessiionn ,re latitoon hisr olei n thek illinogf P astoMru gangWai,t nesZs s tatetdh ef ollowing: On1 4/04/9a4t, a bout9 am,h e cameo uto f theR ubengesrcah ooclo mplewxh ereh e workeda nds oughtr efugei n theh omeo f BourgmestBraeg ilisheImgan aceb;u t beforeh e arrivetdh ere,h e wasf irsts toppebdy a mann amedS emanzat,h en BourgmesAtsrsei stant;. a.n.d l aterh,e w ass avebdy a mann ameGda furafuIrsaa ie. Fromt hereh,e w entt ot heB ourgmesthroeu’sse A.t a bouotn eh ourl atert,h ef ormer assistaBnotu rgmest[rSee manzoar]d eretdh osew how erew ithh im( theA bakighae wasl odgintgo)b rinagl ontgh eT

utsi[wsh]o h adt akerne fugaet t heB ourgmestre’s houseI.m mediatetlhye ya llw entt o theB ourgmestrheo’mse w heret heyc aused disturbanwcheisc,fh r ightetnheedB ourgmes[t.r.e..] 128.T he aboves tatemenbty WitnesZs, a Prosecutiwoint nessl,e ndsi ndependent corroborattioot nh ep ositioofnt heA ccuseidn r elatitoont hef ollowing; Thata Tutsih adt akenr efugien theA ccusedh’osm e. , 2. ThatA bakigwae rel odginign assistanbto urgmestrSee manza’hso me andt heyo beyehdi so rders. ThatA bakigcaa usedd isturbancaets t heA ccused’hso meo n 14 April .

1994. ThatA bakigfar ightentehde A ccused. . 123D efenceex hibi1t 12 43 y~__.._

Prosecutvoerr susl gnaeeB agilishemIaC,T R-95-1TA- SeparatOep iniono f JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana ~ ~~ 129.F urtheri,t is impliciitn thea cto f Semanzoar derintgh eA bakigtao bringt he Tutsih idingi n theb ourgmestreh’osu set hatS emanzdae fiedt hea uthoritoyf the Accuseadn dt hatt heyw erea t crossp urposeTsh.i si ncidenhti ghlightthse a nimosity thatp revailebde tweent heA ccuseda nd SemanzaT.h e factt hatS emanzah ad the audacittyo ordert heA bakigtao trespasusp ont heh omeo f theA ccusetdo seizet he Tutsir efugeweh oh ads heltertehde res,h owst hatS emanzhaa dl ittloer no respecfto r thea uthoriotfy t heA ccused. Conclusion 130.I t is clearf romt hea bovea nalysiosf thee videncien thisc ase,t hatt he Accusedh as establishetdh e pleas et up by him,t hatt he resourcewsh ichw ere availabtloeh imw erei nadequattoe p reventth em assacroefs t hes calet hatt ookp lace in Mabanzcao mmunef,r omA pril1 994,a ndt hath e actedt o maintailna wa ndo rder in the communew,i tht he meansa vailablteo him.M oreovert,h e Prosecutihoans failedt o disprovteh isp ositionT.h us,t he Accusedh as negativeodn e of the ingredienotfs theo ffencetsh ath e is chargewdi thv iz.,m ensr ea.T herebya, reasonabdloeu bth asb eenr aisedi n theP rosecuticoans e,w hichs houledn uret o the benefiotf t heA ccuserde,s ultiinng t heA ccusebde inge ntitlteoda n acquittaoln,t his grountdo o. 131.A ccordinglyI ,h erebya cquitt he AccusedI gnaceB agilishemaof, all the chargecso,n tainiend t hei ndictment. Donea t Arusha On thiss eventdha yo f June2 001 Asokad e Z. Gunawardana Judge IntemationCarli minaTlr ibunaflo rR wanda Sealo f theT ribunal 44

InternationaClr iminalT ribunalf or Rwanda Tribunalp ~nali nternationaplo ur le Rwanda UNITEDN ATIONS NATIONSU NIES TRIAL CHAMBER I ENGLISH ORIGINAL: FRENCH Before: JudgeE rikM ose,P residing JudgeA sokad e Z. Gunawardana JudgeM ehmetG tiney Registry: Mr Adama Dieng Opinioonf : 7 June2 001 THE PROSECUTOR versus IGNACE BAGILISHEMA ICTR-95-1A-T SEPARATE AND DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MEHMET GUNEY Officoef theP rosecutor: Ms Jane AnywarA dong Mr WallaceK apaya Mr CharleAsd eogun-Phillips Ms Boi-TiSat evens Counseflo r theD efence: Mr FrangoiRso ux Mr MaroufaD iabira Ms H61eynU fiac Mr WayneJ ordash BAGI(C)00-39-GE I’l’mnslactearotna tblyeL dC gblt,( 51R

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLOEFC ONTE.N.T.S. .............................................................................................. 1 I.P relimicnoamrmye notnss o mpeo intosfl aw. ........................................................ 4 A. Violatoifot nh ep rinciopfld eu ed iligenocrec ,u lpabnleeg lige.n.c.e. .................... 4 B. Presencoef a respectaeudt horiatty t hes ceneo f thec rime- formo fc omplicibtyy encoura.g.e.m.e.n.t. .................................................................................................. 9 C. Standardsf or the assessmento f evidence. ..................... 12 IID.e fenAcreg um.e.n.t.s. ............................................................................................. 15 IlLF actuaaln dl egalf indingrse latintgo allegatioinns p aragrap4h. 14o f the Indict.m.e..nt. ........................................................................................................... 19 A. Trafiprroo adblo:c kS ettinugp ,S taffinagn dP urpose.,. ..................... 19 1. Settingu p of roadblock.s. .................................... 19 2. Instructions .......’ ""’"’"’.". ....".’"-..... ........-.........¯ .. .......................21 3. Individausaslisg tnoem da nt her oadbl.o.c.k.s. ................................................. 23 B.P urposoef t heT rafiprrooa dblo.c.k. ............................................... 27 C.T

heA ccusedC’osm pliciitnyt hem urderosf J uditahn dB igirima.n.a. ................. 31 1.T hmeu rdoefrJ udi.t.h. ...................................................................................... 31 2.T hem urdoefrB igiri.m.a.n.a. ............................................................................ 35 D.F indi.n.g.s. ............................................................................................................. 38 BAGI(C)00-39-GE Ilranslalcaeo~nt iebdy L tS~SI,C ’1"1~ 1

IV. TheA ccused’cso mplicitiyn the detentioann d maltreatmeonft r efugeeast Gatwarsot adiu(mp aras4.. 234,2 4a nd4 .31o ft heI ndictme.n.t.). ..................... 42 A. Monitoribnyg t heA ccuseodf thes ituatiwoint hr espectto theM abanzrae fugees inG ite.s.i. ................................................4.3.............................................................. B. Regardintgh ep resencoef theA ccuseadt Gatwarsot adiuomn 13a n1d4 A pr1i9l9 .4. ..........................................4.7................................................ 1. 13Ap1r9i9.l4. ................................................................................................... 47 2. 14Apri.l.1.9.9.4. .........................................4.9.....................................................

3. Findingso nthepresenocfet heAccusedattShtea diumo n 13and1 4Apri11994oann dt hea ssessmeonftt hetestimonialevi.d.e.n.c.e. .. 50 V. Complicitoyf theA ccusedi n thea ttacko n GatwarSot adiuomn 18 April1 994 (para4s..1 34,. 2a6n d4 .2o7f t heI ndictm.e.n.t.). ..................................................

1. Evidenocfet heA ccusedp’rse senicne theS tadiuomn 1 8 April1 994. ............ 54 2.T hAec cusetde’sst im.o.n..y ............................................................................... 57 VIF.i ndi.n.g.s. ..................................................6.2............................................................. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslateleornt ltibeydL CN~I,C 1 ’1~ 2

1. I agreew itht hef indingisn t heJ udgemenrte,g arditnhge a cquittoafl t heA ccused onc ertaicno untsb,u tI begt od iffewri tht hef indinignst hem ajoriotpyi nio(nh ereinafter "them ajorityt"h)a tt herei s insufficieevnitd encoef t hei nvolvemeonftt h eA ccuseads a n accomplicien thec rimesc ommitteadg ainsTtu tsic ivilianisn connectiowni tht he activitiaets T rafiprroo adbloicnk Mabanzcao mmun(ep ara4.. 14o f theI ndictmenta)n,d in them assacrecso mmitteadg ainstth ousandosf Tutsic ivilianisn Kibuyeo,f whom nIearly1 000to1 500 were nativeso f Mabanza,a s testifiedt o by the Accused (paras4.. 21t o 4.28a nd4 .31o ft heI ndictment).

2. Withr espectto t hea ctiviticeasr rieodu ta tt heT rafiprrooa dblocIk f,i ndt hati t hasb eenp rovedt hatt he Accusehda d fullr esponsibiliftoyr t he operatioonf the roadblorcikg htf romt het imei tw ass etu p,t hath e hadt hed utya ndp owert o controtlh e operatiotnh ereoafn dp ossibltyo havet hes aida ctivitideiss continuWehdi.l eI concur witht hef indintgh att hee videnctee ndereddo esn ots upporat f indintgh att her oadblock wass etu p forc riminaplu rposeIs ,a m satisfiewdi tht hee videncaed ducetdo showt hat theA ccusehda ds ufficierneta sont o knowt hatt hes creeninsgy stemi nstitutaetd the roadbloecnkt ailepdo ssiblrei sksf ort heT utsic iviliapno pulatioCno.n sequentIl aym,o f thev iewt hatt heA ccusedr’ess ponsibilmiutsytb ea ssesseodn theb asiso f negligenocne hisp artw ithr egardt o thes ettinugp andr unninogf ther oadblocIk .f indt hats uch willfunle gligenrceen derhsi ma n accomplitcoe thec rimesa gainshtu manitcyo mmitted througthh ek illinogf J uditahn dB igirimana.

3. Withr espectto thea ttackosn andm assacroef Tutsic iviliaants G atwarsot adium, KibuyeI, a m satisfitehda tt herei ss ufficieenvti dencteo establitshhe p resencoef the Accuseadt thes tadiuomn severaolc casionbse twee1n3 and1 8 April1 994,b eforea nd duringt hea ttackT.h iss tandsi n contrastto thet estimonoyf theA ccusewdh od enied havingg onet o Kibuydeu ringt hep eriofdr om9 to 25 April1 994.C onsequentilty i,s my viewt hat,b y suchp resencaen dg ivent hath e wasa n officialt,h eA ccusedw,h oh ada well-establirsehpeudt atiionn K ibuyea ftera 14-yeamra ndataes Bourgmestraei,d eda nd abettetdh ec ommissioonf crimesa gainshtu manit(ye xterminatainodn otheri nhumane i Transcripotf theh earinogf 5 June2 000,p .

43. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [Translacteartoant iebdy LCNS,It lSTtl

acts)a,n dt herebiyn currreeds ponsibilaista yn accomplitcoet heg enocidpee rpetrataetd GatwarSot adiumb,y providimnogr als upportto thea ssailants. I# Preliminarcyo mmentosn somep ointso f law 4. Fore acho f thea bove-mentiocnoeudn tsi,t appearsf,r omt hee videncper esented at triali n supporotf theP rosecutora’lsl egationtsh,a tt heA ccuseids liableu nder Articl6e( 1),n ots o muchb ecausoef hisd irectp articipatiaosn a principaolr co- perpetratoars, b y reasono f hisc ontributitoon c rimesc ommittebdy othersa,s an accomplice. A. Violatioofn thep rincipolfe dued iligencoer, c ulpablnee gligence 5. In my opinioni,t hasb eenp rovetdh att heA ccusewda sn egligebnyt s ettinugp an intrinsicadlalnyg erosuyss temt,o wit,t heT rafiprrooa dblocIkt.i s appropritaotd ei scuss thee xtenotf suchn egligenicne l ighotf a dutyt o act,r eflectbeyd t hec ontinuidnugt yo f theA ccusefdr omt hee rectioonf ther oadblotcok theo rganizatioofn i tso peratioTnh.e Accusefda iletdo providteh ec ontrosly stewmi ths uchs afeguaradnsd g uaranteaegsa inst any formo f recklessnes(sS eet he notionso f doluse ventualiisn CivilL aw and "recklessnesisn" CommonL aw2),a s dictatedb y his publica nd administrative prerogativIe st.h ereforfei ndt hatt hec riminalli abilitoyf theA ccuseadr iseosu to f negligenfcoer d eliberatfealiyl intgo addrestsh er isksa ssociatweidt ht hee rectioofn a roadbloicnkt hep revailicnogn texotf t hep eriotdr adecro nsideration.

6. Althougthh e Prosecutodri dn ot specificalaldyd restsh isp articulakri ndo f responsibilaitt tyr ialI, amo f theo piniotnh atg rossn egligenmcaey b e considerteodb e one of the numeroufso rmso f individuaclr iminarle sponsibiliptryo videfdo r by Articl6e( 1)o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal.

7. The principleo f criminaln egligenceb y which an accusedm ay incur responsibilfiotryc rimecso mmittbeyd otherwsa sa pplieidn theB laskiJcu dgement, 2 The Prosecutovr. Blaskic,I CTY,J udgemenotf 3 March2 000,p ara.2 67. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 11 ranslatlcoenr tatlbeydL (SSS1,C TI~ 4

aftert heT rialC hambeorf theI ntemationCarli minaTlr ibunaflo rt heF ormeYru goslavia (ICTY)h eldt hatG eneraBll askiucs edf orcesu nderh isc ontrowlh ichh e knew,a t least inp art,w ered ifficutlotc ontroaln,d t hath avinigs sueodr derfso rc ertaianc ts,h ec ould reasonabhlayv ef oreseetnh att hes aida ctsw ouldl eadt o thec ommissioofn c rimes3.

8. Thea bovep rinciploen thev ariougsr oundfso ra ssigninign dividuaclr iminal responsibilwiatsyi llustratiend P rosecutvo.r Tadiew,h eret heT rialC hambeorf ICTY affirmtehda t: "(..a)i dinagn da bettiinngc ludaelsla ctso fa ssistabnycw eo rdosr a ctst hatl end encourageomres nutp porats,l onga st her equisiitnet enits p resenUtn.d etrh is theoryp,r esenacleo nei sn ots ufficieinfti t isa ni gnoraonrta n unwilling presencHeo.w eveirf,t hep resenccaen b es howonr i nferrebdy,c ircumstantial oro theerv idencteo,b ek nowianngd t oh avea direcatn ds ubstanteifafle cotn t he commissoifot nh ei llegaalc t,t heni ti ss ufficioennw th ictho b asea findinogf participaatnidao sns igtnh ec rimincaull pabiltihtayta ccompaniite.s"4 9. TheI CTYC hambearf firmefdu rthera,f terr eviewintgh er elevancta se-lawt,h at actualp hysicaplr esencaet thet imet hec rimei s committeids notn ecessarsyi,n cea n accusecda nb e considerteod h avep articipaitne tdh ec ommissioofn a crimeo,n t heb asis of thep recedenste tb y theN ttrnberwga rc rimest rialsi,f he is to be foundt o be "concernweidt ht hek illing"I.n thes amec ase,t heA ppealCsh amberre calletdh att he Statutoef t heT ribunadli dn otl imiti tsj urisdicttioo tnh ep rosecutioofn p ersonwsh o allegedplayr ticipatdeidr ectliyn crimeosr who,i n someo therw ay,p ersonalaliyd edo r abettetdh eirc ommissioTnh.e C hambepro inteodu tt hati t is apparenftr

omt hew ording of Articl7e( 1)o f theS tatutaen dt hep rovisisoent tinfgo rtht hec rimeosv erw hicht he Tribunahla sj urisdicttihoant s uchr esponsibilfiotrsy e riouvsi olatioonfsi nternational humanitarilaanwi s nots impllyi mitetdo thosew hoa ctuallcya rryo utt hea ctusr euso f thec rimese numeratebdu,t a lsoe xtendtso othero ffenderisn,c ludintgh osew hoo rder themt o do so or area ccomplictehse reto: 3 The Prosecutovr. Blaskic,J udgemenotf 3 March2 000,p ara.5 60 to 562. Prosecutovr. Tadic,J udgemenotf 7 May 1997,p ara.6 89. Prosecutovr. Tadic,I CTYA ppealsC hamberJ udgemenotf 15 July 1999,p aras.1 89 and 190. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [rlranslactelrotna tb~yeL dC SS1,~ ’11~

10. Thus,i t wasp ointeodu ti n theA kayesJuu dgementth atm ensr eao r thec riminal intenotf t hep erpetratoofr a crimem ayb ei nt hef ormo f"negligetnhcaeti ss os eriouass to bet antamoutnota cquiescenc6e." 11. In Frenchc riminalla w,t he generalp rinciploen complicitpyr esupposetsh e performanocfe a n affirmatiavcet ,a nde xcludeas ,p rioric,o mplicibtyy f ailurteo act. Howeverc,a se-lapwr ovideas broadenro tiono f complicitwyh ichc oulda llowf ort he existencoef actusr euso r mensr ea,o n conditiotnh atm erep resenc7e o r omissioins construeads assistancmeo,r als upporotr encouragemeIntt i.s no longera questioonf meref ailurteo act,b uto f accomplilciea bilitSyu.c hw ast hec aseo fa n officewrh od ida roundt,h usa llowinag c olleagtuoe stealo neo f theo bjectosv erw hichh e hada dutyt o watchs, Belgiacna se-lmaawk esa distinctiboent weedne liberaftaei lurteo a cta nda form of "abstentidoann sl ’actiownh"e rei,n t hep erformanocfe a duty,w illfufla ilurteo t ake then ecessasrtye ptso prevenhta rmi se quatetdo a na ffirmataicvteo fp articipat9ion.

12. In CommonL aw, the exceptiont o the principlew herebyn o criminal responsibilsihtayl la risef roma n omissiohna sb eend evelopeidn successicvaes esi n relatitoon then otioonf d utyt oa ct.T hea ssessmeonfta dutyo fc areo rd ued iligenicne thec ontexotf criminarle sponsibilwiatsyc onsiderbeyd theH ouseo f Lords( criminal sectioonf the AppealC hamberi)n Reginav . Adomako1,0 wherea qualifiemde dical employewea sc hargewdi thh omicidfeo rf ailurteo act.I n thatc ase,L ordM ackasyt ated asf ollows: 6 TheP rosecutvo.r A kayesuJ,u dgemenotf 2 Septembe1r9 98,p aras4.8 6t o 489. 7 Thus,i t wash eldt hata passivsep ectatwohro h ada n affirmatilveeg ald utyt o intervetnoe p reventth e offencweh ichb e witnessepda ssivel-y m silenc-e committeadn offencceo nstrueads complicibtyy givinmgo rals upport. s Tribunaclo rrectionnAeilx ,1 4 Januar1y9 47,D . 1947.S omm.1 9,R ev.s cienccer im.1 947,5 81.J.C. P. 1947.I3I4 65 9 Cass.B eige,2 3 Octobe1r9 50a nd 24 Septembe1r9 51,r ev.d r.p dn.E t criminologi1e9,5 1- 952.77[41 947.II3,4 65. to [199511A ppealsC ourt7 1. "171. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 6 [l’ranslcaetrltoabnty iL etO2 ~1S(,.2 11~

"....imny opiniotnh eo rdinaprryi nciploefst hel awo fn egligenacpep lyt o ascertawihne theorr nott heD efendahnats b eeni nb reacohf a dutyo f care towardtsh ev ictiwmh oh asd iedI.f s uchb reacohf d utyi se stablisthheedn ext questiiosnw hethetrh atb reacohf d utyc ausetdh ed eatohf t hev ictimI.fs o,t he jurym ustg oo nt oc onsidwehre thetrh atb reacohf d utys houlbde c haracterized asg rosnse gligeanncdet herefoirsea crimeT.h isw illd epenodn t hes eriousness oft heb reacohf d utyc ommittbeydt heD efendainnta llt hec ircumstanwcheisc h theD efendawnats p lacewdh eni to ccurred." 13. The abovec aseh ighlighttsh ec riteritah ej urym ustc onsideirn ascertaining whetheorr nott herei s a breacohf dutyw hichm ayb e regardeads grossn egligencaen,d thusb e considerae cdr ime. 14.I n thei nstancta se,I deemi t appropriattoe a ssestsh es tatuasn df unctioonfst he Accusedw hichd efinet he naturea nd extento f his dutiesu nderR wandanL aw. ProsecutiEoxnp ertW itnessA,n dr6G uichaouar,e ferretdo theL awo f 23 Novembe1r9 63 on communaolr ganizatio1n1, w hichw asi n forcei n Rwandaa t thet imeo f thee vents. ThatL awp rovidetsh att heB ourgmestirse t her epresentatoifv teh ec entraalu thoriitny thec ommunaen dt he embodimenotf communaalu thorit(yA rticl5e6 of theL aw).A s representatoifv teh ee xecutipvoew ert,h eB ourgmestirser esponsibfloert hee nforcement of lawsa ndr egulatio(nAsr

ticl5e7 of theL aw).A dministratoifo tnh ec ommunies under thed irecatu thoriotfy t heB ourgmest(rAer tic6l0e oft heL aw)w ho,i np articulahra,st he powert o recruits,u spenadn dd ismiscso mmunaslt affa fterc onsultatiwoint ht hec onseil communa(lc ommunaclo uncil()A rticl9e3 of the Law).S uchp owera lsoe xtends communaplo liceo fficerso,v erw homt he Bourgmestrhea s solea uthoritye,x cepti n exceptioncailr cumstan(cAerst icl1e0 4o f theL aw).A rticl1e0 9o f theL awd efinetsh e functioonfs communaplo licoef ficerpsl aceudn dert hea uthoriotfy theB ourgmestarned , in particulatrh,e dutyi mposeodn the Bourgmesttroe contributteo maintainionrg restorinlga wa ndo rdert,o ordert hea rresotf troublemakoerr osf fenderasn dt o bring themb eforteh ec ompeteanutt horities.

15. Thed ecisiobny theA ccusetdo setu p ther oadblocokn, t heo neh and,a ndt o have it mannebdy civilianosn, t heo therh and,e ntailst,o my mind,v arioutsy peso fc riminal H ProsecuEtxihoinb Niot. 7 I,f ootno3t oef t her eporbtyA ndrG6u ichaoonu" aL ’ autorciotmdm uneatle lesp rdrogatdiubv oeusr gmesTthriels.a "wi sa lscoi teidn A rtic8l oef t heP residenOtridaeolrf 25N ovemb1e9r7 5o nt hes tatuosf c ommunpaelr sonnDeelf,e nEcxeh ibNiot. 9 7. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 7 [l’ranslactelrotnl tiebcyLt C S~5I,U II~

responsibilBietsyi.d etsh er esponsibilinictyu rrfeodr s ettinugp t her oadbloictks elft,h e Accuseds houldh ave knownt hat,u nders uch circumstanceass recountedb y the witnessecso,n tinuitnhga ta ctivitwyo ulde ntairli skse,s pecialcloyn sideritnhgec onduct of the untrainecdi vilianwsh o werep ostedt here.H ence,t he culpablnee gligence connectewdi tht hes ettinugp of ther oadblocbke comecso ntinueadn da ggravatiefd t he Accusekdn owso r hasr easont o knowt hatc rimesw erec ommitteadf teri t wass etu p.I n thatc ase,t hep hrase" hek newo r hasr easont o know"u seda s a conditiofno ra ssigning superiroers ponsibiluintdye Arr ticl6e( 3)o f theS tatutceo,u ldb e usefuiln assessitnhge continuonuast uroef thatc rimeS.u chk nowledgcea nb e ascertainferdo md irecetv idence or byi nferencIen.A leksovsktih,eT rialC hambeorf ICTYl aidd ownc ertaiinn dicia: "Thimse antsh att hem orep hysicadlilsyt antth ec ommissoifot nh ea ctsw as,t he mored ifficuilttw illb e,i nt hea bsencoefo theirn dicitao,e stablitshha tt he superiohra dk nowledogfet hem.C onverseltyh,ec ommissioofn a crimei nt he immediaptreo ximiotfyt hep lacweh erteh es uperioorrd inariclayr rieodu th is dutiewso ulsdu fficteoe stablias shi gnificianndti cituhma th eh adk nowledogfe thec rimea,f ortioriif, t hec rimewse rer epeatedcloym mitte(dE"m phasis added1)2.

16. Withint hec ontexotf theo peratioonf theT raflprroo adbloctkh,e P rosecution allegetdh att he Accuseidn currerde sponsibilibtyy r easono f hisp ositioans the hierarchicsaulp erioorf thep ersonmsa nnintgh er oadblocHko.w everI, n otet hati n the Kordica nd CerkezJ udgementt,h e ICTYC hamberp ointedo ut thatt he distinction betweelni abiliutnyd erA rticl7e( 1),o n theo neh and,a ndu nderA rticl7e( 3)o n theo ther hand,( equivaletnot Article6s( 1)a nd6 (3)o f theS tatutoef ICTR),d epends evidencper esenteIdn. t hei nstancta se,i f thes uperiowra sn ots impliyn formetdh ath is subordinatheasdc ommittcerdi mesb,u t,i n thee xercisoef hisp owersh,e hado therwise aidedo r abetteidn anym annewrh atsoevtehre p reparatioorn e xecutioonf thosec rimes, "(...)t he typeo f criminarle sponsibiliitnyc urremda y be betterc haracterised Articl7e( 1).W heret he omissionosf an accuseidn a positioonf superioaru thority contribu(tfeo ri nstancbey encouragitnhgep erpetratotro) t hec ommissioofn a crime a subordinatteh,e c onducotf thes uperiomra yc onstituat eb asisf orl iabilituyn der 12 The Prosecutorv . Aleksovski,I CTY Judgemento f 25 June 1999, para.

80. BAGl(C)00-39-GE [lranslatcaeornt ifibeyd L CSSI,C ’l’lq 8

Articl7 e( 1)’.’I3I ti sm yo pinioinn,l ighotf t hee videnpcreo duciendt hei nstancta set,h at thet ypeo f criminarle sponsibiliintcyu rrebdy theA ccuseids betterd efineudn der Articl6e( 1)o f theS tatutbee causteh ei ngredienftosr a ccomplilciea bilihtayv e,t o mind,b eene stablished. Presencoef a respecteadu thoritayt thes ceneo f thec rime- formo f complicitbyy encouragement. 17.T hisf ormo f indirecpta rticipatiino nt hec rimesa llegeidn theI ndictmernati ses someq uestionass to thea ssessmeonft ther equisitlei nkb etweetnh ep resencoef the Accuseadn dt hec rimesw,h icha ssessmentto, d ate,h ash ardlyb eenc onsiderbeyd the courtsb,u tw hichi,n my opinionm,u stb e applietdo thee venttsh ato ccurreadt Gatwaro stadium.

18. In CommonL aw,t hel aidd ownp rinciplies thatm erep resencoef a persona t the sceneo f thec rimei s nots ufficietnot e ntailh isc riminarle sponsibiliHtoyw.e veri,n Reginav . Coney,t heH ighC ourt( DivisionCaolu rto f theQ ueen’Bse nch)1 4 foundt hat thep resencoef a spectataotra n unlawfuplr ize-figchotn stitutae sdi gno f encouragement by thea ccusepde rsonwsh ow erea mongt hec rowdo f spectatoresv,e nt hought heyd id notd irectlpya rticipaitne t hec rimeo,r verballeyn couraigte. T heC ourta,c cordingly, heldt hat,e veni f presencien itselwfa sn ots ufficienitt, w ase videncoef aidinagn d abettinbge causew,i thoutth eses pectatortsh,e rew ouldh aveb eenn o incitemetnot f ight. In thatc ase,J udgeH awkin1s5 madet hef ollowinsgt atementw,h ichb ecamea leading opinioinn CommonL awj urisdictio:ns TheP rosecutvo.r Kordica ndC erkezI,C TYJ udgemenotf 26 Februar2y0 0,p ara.3 71. 14 [1882]8 Queen’Bse nchD ivisio5n3 4. PerH awkinsJ,. at 557.

"Inm y opiniont,o constitutaen aidera nd abettosro mea ctives tepsm ustb e takenb yw ordo,r a ctionw,i tht hei ntentto i nstigatthee p rincipaolr,p rincipals. Encouragemednote sn oto f necessitaym ountt o aidinga nd abettingi,t mayb e intentionoarl u nintentionaa mla,n m ayu nwittingelnyc ouraagneo theirn factb y hisp resencbey, misinterprewtoerdd s,o r gestureso,r by hiss ilenceo,r non- interferencoer, h e may encouragien tentionalblyy e xpressiogne,s tureso,r actionisn tendetdo signifayp provaIln. t hel attecra seh ea idsa nda betsi,n t he formehre doesn ot.I ti sn oc riminaolf fencteo stanbdy ,a merep assivsep ectator of a crimee,v eno f a murderN.o n-interferteonp cree venat c rimei s noti tselaf crime.B utt he factt hata personw as voluntarialnyd purposefulplrye sent witnessitnhge c ommissioofn a crime,a ndo fferendo opposititoon i t,a lthough hem ightr easonabbley e xpectetdo prevenitt andh adt hep owers o to do,o r at leastt o expreshsi s dissentm,i ght,u nders omec ircumstancaefsf,o rdc ogent evidencuep onw hicha juryw ouldb e justifieidn findingt hath e wilfully encouragaendd s o aideda nda bettedB.u ti t wouldb e purelya questiofno rt he juryw hethehre d ids oo r not." 19. In guidingt he jury,J udgeH awkinsu nderscoretdh e requirementfso r accomplice liabilitya: p ersonv oluntariplrye senatt the sceneo f thec rimea nd,w ithf ullk nowledge of the facts,w itnessedt he commissioonf a crimea nd offeredn o oppositiotno it, althoughhe mightr easonablbye expectetdo preventi t, becauseh e had the powert o do so, or at leastt he possibilittoy expressh is disapprovailn the faceo f the prevailing events.

20. In the BlasldJcu dgementt,h e TrialC hambesrt ateda s follows: "Thea ctusr euso f aidinga nda bettinmga yb e perpetrattehdr ougahn omission, providetdh isf ailurteo a cth ada decisiveef fecotn t hec ommissioofn t hec rime andt hati t wasc ouplewdi tht her equisitmee nsr ea.I n thisr espectt,h em ere presencaet t hec rimes cenoef a persowni ths uperioaru thoritsyu,c ha sa military commanderi,s a probativien dicatiofno r determininwgh ethert hatp erson encouragoerds upporttehde p erpetratoofrt sh ec rime.1"6 21. In the AleksovsMJ udgementt,h e TrialC hambers tatedt hatp articipationne edn ot be manifestetdh roughp hysicaals sistanceb,u t couldb e morals upporto r encouragement expresseidn words," or evenb y merep resencaet the siteo f thec rime"i f suchp resence had a significanetf fecto n the commissioonf the crimea nd thatt he personp resenth ad the required mens rea. 17 Moreover, the mens rea may be deduced from the circumstanceasn,d "thep ositioonf authoritcyo nstituteosn e of the circumstancwehsi ch 16 TheP rosecuvt.oB rl askiJcu,d gemeonft3 Marc2h0 00p,a ra2.8 4. 17 TheP rosecuvt.oZ rl atkAol esksovsJkuid,g emeonft2 5J une1 999p,a ra6.3 a ndf ollowing. BAGI(C)00-39-GE ItIranslatcleornt atibeydL CSSl,l S’Nl 10

canb e considerwehde ne stablishitnhga tt hep ersoang ainswth omt hec laimi s directed knewt hath isp resencweo uldb e interpretbeyd t hep erpetratoorfs t hew rongfualc ta s a signo f supporotr encourageme1n8t." 22.I n theS ynagogucea se1 9 (mentioneidn theF urundzijJau dgementz,0 )t heG erman SupremCeo urtf oundo neo f thea ccusegdu iltyo f a crimea gainshtu manitfyo rp roviding morals upportto thosew hop erpetrattehde c riminaalc ts.T heC ourtp ointeodu tt hat althougthh eA ccusehda dn otp hysicaltlayk enp arti n thed evastatioofn t hes ynagogue witht heo thersn,o rp lanneodr ordereidt ,h iso ccasionparle senacte thec rimes ceneh,i s statusa s a long-timree spectemdi litanotf theN azip artya ndh isk nowledgoef the criminaeln terpriswee,r ed eemesdu fficiebnyt t heC ourtt o convichti m.T heC ourth eld, in respecto f the aetusr eus,t hath is entirec onductc onstitutesdu pporta nd encouragemeinnt t he commissioonf thec rimese veni f it was not shownt hats uch supportc overede acho f the crimesc ommittebdy others.R egardintgh e occasional presencoef theA ccusedt,h eC ourth eldt hats uchp resencceo uldn otb e consideraesd a formo f curiositsyh ownb y a personu nconcernaebdo utt hee ventst akingp lace.W ith respectto them ensr ea,t heC ourth eldt hatt heA ccusehda di nf actw ishetdh att hea cts be committ"eads t hought heyw ereh iso wn"( alse igengee wollhta t).F inallyt,h eC ourt foundt hatt heA ccusekdn ewo f thep lana t leastt woh oursb eforteh ec ommissioofn t he crime.

23. In the Furundzijcaa se,t he TrialC hambeorf ICTYt ooki ntoa ccountth e above decisioann df oundt hata n "approvisnpge ctatwohro i s heldi n suchr especbty t heo ther perpetratotrhsa th is presenceen couragetsh emi n theirc onductm,a y be guiltyo f compliciitny a crimea gainshtu manity2.i" A s regardtsh en aturoef assistanpcreo vided byt hea ccompliicteh ,e ldt hati ti sn otn ecessafroyr t hea ssistantcoeb et angibolret ob e directlliyn ketdo t hec rimbey a causarle lationshzi2Ap s,t ot hee ffecotf s ucha ssistance, 18 Ibid.p,a ra.6 5. ~9 StrafsenatU.r teilv om 10. August1 948g egenK und A StS 18/48,O bersteG erichtshodfe r Britischen Zone( EntscheidungeVno,l . I, pp. 53 and 56) Judgemenotf the GermanS upremeC ourti n the British OccupiedZ one. The Prosecutovr. Anto FurundzijaI,C TYJ udgemento f 10 December1 998 paras.2 05 and following Ibid.,p ara.2 07. Ibid.p,a ra.2 32. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 11 Ilranslactem~nt ibeydL C~N1,( 2"1"1~

theC hambetrr iedt o summaritzhee c ase-laown t hes ubjecbty statintgh at" thea ssistance shoulhda vea substantieaflf ecotn thec ommissioofnt hec rime"b,u tt hati t couldb e in thef ormo f morals upport2.3 Whent hea ctusr euso f an omissiocno nsistesf fectiveilny morals upporhta vinag substantieaflf ecotn thec ommissioofn t hec rime,t her equisite ands ufficiemnetn sr eai s knowledogfe t hef actt hatt he" actsa"s sistth ec ommissioofn theo ffencea,n dt hereforreen detrh ea ccuseadn accomplic2e4. I nt heB laskiJcu dgement, theT rialC hambehre ldt hatt hea ccomplicmeu sth ave," asa minimuma,c ceptetdh at sucha ssistanwcoeu ldb ea possiblaen df oreseeabcloen sequenocfe h isc onduct2.5" 24. In theA kayesJuu dgementth,e T rialC hambefro undt heA ccusegdu iltyo f crimes againshtu manitfyo ra idinagn de ncouragiontgh ertso commiatc tso f sexuavli olencbey , intera lia,a llowintgh att hes aida ctsb e committweidt hitnh eb ureacuo mmunawlh ileh e wasp resenta,n db ecaushee knewo r hadr easont o knowt hata ctso f sexualv iolence wereb eingc ommittedT.h eC hambefro und,o n theset wop ointst,h att heA ccusehda d facilitattehde c ommissioofn t hec rimetsh rougwho rdso f encouragemienn ott hera ctso f sexuavli olenwchei chb,y v irtuoef h isa uthorit"ys,e nat cleasri gnaolf o fficitaoll erance, withouwth icht hesea ctsw ouldn oth avet akenp lace.2"6 25.I hadt o reviewt hea bovec ase-laww,h

ichI considerre levanfto rt hea ssessment of thec riminarle sponsibiloift tyh eA ccusedw,h ow asp resenatt Gatwarsot adiudmu ring thep eriotdh er efugeewse reh elda ndm assacrtehde re. C. Standardfso rt hea ssessmenotf evidence 26.I ssuesr egardintgh ea ssessmeonft testimonieavli dencien thes pecificco ntexotf thec asesb roughbte forteh isT ribunahla veb eent hes ubjecotf progressidveev elopment sincet heA kayesJuu dgemenfto,r t heT ribunails notb oundb y anya pproacmho deleodn nationarlu leso f evidenc(eR ule8 9o f theR uleso f Proceduarned E vidence). Ibid.,p aras.2 34a nd2 35. Ibid.,p ara2 49. 25 The Prosecutovr. Blaskic,J udgemenotf 3 March2 00,p ara.2 86. 26 The Prosecutovr. Akayesu,J udgemen2t Septembe1r9 98,p ara.2 93 and 294. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslactetrotnt tblyeL d~ S~1,1 2l ’l~ 12

27. Regardintge stimoniaelv idencwei thr espectt o the eventsw hicho ccurreadt Gatwarsot adiumI, h oldt hev iewt hatt hem ajoritayp pliesdt ricta ssessmesntta ndards whichw eren otr elatetdo t hen aturoer r eliabilibtuyt,t o theq uantiatnyd a ccuracoyf,t he informatiporno videbdy witnessewsh osec redibiliitsy n otb eingq uestion(ecdf .T he testimonioefs W itnesAs, WitnesAsC andW itnesGs in ChapteVr. 3o f theJ udgement). Inf act,i na ssessitnhge set estimonitehse,m ajoriatpyp liesdt andartdhsa th avet o dom ore withp recisiroenq uirefdo ri ssueosf identificatoifo an p ersohni thertuon knownr,a ther thanf orr ecognitioofna persoanl readkyn ownt o thew itnessI.n thisc ase,g ivent hatn o evidencwea sa dducetde ndintgo showt hatt hew itnessepsr esenatt thes tadiumma yh ave beenf acedw itha probleomf mistakeind entityI, h oldt heo piniotnh att hes tandarodf proofa ppliebdy t hem ajoritiys e rroneouIst. s eemst om e thats aids tandairsd artificial andf ar-fetchiend t hes enset hat,a lthougiht is mainluyp to thep artietso examinteh e witnessdeusr intgh et riali n adversariparlo ceedintghse,C hambeirs alsoa llowetdo put anya dditionqaule stiotnost hew itnessaetsa nys tagien t hec oursoef t het riali,n o rdetro clarifoyr speciftyh ei ssuersa iseda,s p rovidefdo ri nA rticl8e5 03)o ft heR uleso n the presentatoifo env idenc2e7. In my opiniont,h em ajoritdyi dn otd rawt hea ppropriate

conclusiofnrso mt heo rale videncper esentteod establitshhe p resencoef theA ccuseadt Gatwarsot adiubme twee1n3 and1 8 April1 994. 28.R egardintgh ed ifficulotfy m osto f thew itnessetso providsep ecifiicn formation, I wouldl iket o recallp reciseltyh er equisitset andaridn takingo rale videncea,s expoundeidn theA kayesJuu dgement: "[...S]i milcaurl turcaoln straiwnetrseev ideinntt heidri fficutlotb ye s pecifaisc to datest,i mesd,i stancaensd l ocatio[n.s. .]T heC hambedri dn otd rawa ny adversceo nclusiroengsa rditnhge c redibiloiftw yi tnessbeass eodn lyo nt heir reticeanncdet heicri rcuitroeussp ontsoeq su estion2s8." 29.A s to thea ssessmenotf thed iscrepancibeest weepnr iorw itnessst atementasn d theirt estimonibeesf orteh eC hambero,n cea gain,I concurw itht hes tandt akeni n the AkayesJuu dgemen:t z7 Rule8 5 (B)o f theR uleso f Proceduraen dE videncsep ecificalplryo videtsh at:" Its hallb e fort hep arty callinag witnestso examineh imi n chief,b uta judgem aya t anys tagep uta nyq uestiotno thew itness" 28 The Prosecutovr. Akayesu,J udgement2 September1 998,p ara.

156. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [tfranslaelearotn~ tliaeyLd C bS1,1 2111 13

"TheC hambenro tedt hatd urintgh et rialf,o ra numbero ft hesew imessetsh,e re appearetdo be contradictioonrs i naccuracibeest weeno,n theo ne hand,t he contenotf theirt estimoniuensd ers olemdne claratitoon t heC hambera,n do n the othert,h eire arliesrt atementtos t heP rosecutaonrd t heD efenseT.h isa lonei s nota groundf orb elievintgh att hew itnessegsa vef alset estimonIyn.d eeda,n oftenl eviecdr iticiosfmt estimoinsy itsf allibilitSyi.n cet estimoinsyb ased mainlyo n memorya nds ight,t woh umanc haracteristwihcisc ho ftend eceivteh e individuatlh,i sc riticisims to be expecte[d. ..]M oreoveri,n accuraciaensd contradictiboentsw eetnh es aids tatemenatnsd t het estimongyi venb eforet he Courta rea lsot her esulto f thet imel apseb etweetnh et wo.M emoryo vert ime naturalldye generatehse,n cei t wouldb e wronga ndu njustf ort he Chambetro t’r’e2a9tf orgetfulneasss beings ynonymouwsi thg ivingf alset estimony. (Emphasiasd ded) 30. I thereforet otallya gree with the followinga ssessment,m ade in that same Judgemento,f the impacto f the peculiacri rcumstancaensd the widenintgi med ifference on thet estimoni:es "TheC hambeirs unablet o excludteh ep ossibilitthya ts omeo r all of these witnessdeisd a ctuallsyu ffefrr omp ostt raumatoirc e xtremset resdsi sorderasn,d hast herefocraer efulpleyr usetdh et estimonioefs t hesew itnessetsh,o seo f the Prosecutaosr wella s thoseo f

theD efenceo,n thea ssumptiotnh att hism ight possiblhya veb eent hec ase.I nconsistencoire ism precisiionn t het estimonies, accordinglhya,v eb eena ssesseidn the lighto f thisa ssumptionp,e rsonal backgrounadn dt he atrocitietsh eyh avee xperienceodr haveb eens ubjected t,o,.30 31. Lastly,r egardintgh e unust estis,n ullust estisp rinciplet,h e Chamberi,n the AkayesJuu dgementd,e liberaterleyf usetdo applyi t, statintgh at" it canr uleo n theb asis of a singlet estimonpyr ovidesdu cht estimoniys ,i n itso pinionr,e levanatn dc redible3"1. The AppealsC hambere ndorsedt hiss tandi n the Aleksovskcia sew heni t affirmedt hat "Similarlyt,h e testimonoyf a singlew itnesso n a materiafla ctd oesn ot requirea,s a mattero f law,a nyc orroboratio3n2." 32. In lighto f the variouss tandardfso r assessinegv idencdei scusseadb ove,I have drawnc onclusiondsi,f ferenftr omt hoseo f the majorityr,e gardintgh e individuaclr iminal responsibiloift yt heA ccusewdi thr espectto thet wo eventsr eferretdo above. 29 Ibidp,a ra1.4 0. 3o Ibidp,a ras1.4 2a nd1 43. Ibidp,a ra1.3 5. TheP rosecutvo.rZ latkAol eksovsIkCiT,Y A ppealCsh ambeJru dgemen2t4,M arch2 000p,a ra6.2 . BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslactearotnl lblyeL dt ..;SISt,Sl tCq 14

II. DefenceA rguments 33. Throughoutth e trial,t he Defencaer guedt hatt he powersa nd dutieso f the Accuseda,s Bourgmestrwee,r et o be viewedi n concretoi,n lighto f thec ircumstances thatp revaileadt thet imeo f thea ctsw ithw hichh e is chargedO.n theo neh and,t he Defencseu bmittetdh att heA ccusedg,i venh isp ersonaliatnyd c haractears a moderate manw hoh ada greatl oveo f justices,e tu p a securitsyh ielfdo rt hep eopluen dert hreat, byo rganisipnagc ificatmieoent ingiss,s uinfga kei dentitcya rdst o theT utsia ndb y even meetinwgi tht heA bakigtao dissuadteh emf romp ursuintgh em assacreasn dl ootingO.n theo therh and,t heD efencaes sertetdh att hed e factoa uthoritoyf theA ccuseodv er Mabanzcao mmunhea d deterioratfeodl lowintgh e breakdowonf lawa nd ordera nd had becomee xtremellyi miteidn thew akeo f thee ventsa,n dt hatc onsequenthley c ouldn ot be heldr esponsiblfeo r the atrocitieasn d crimesc ommitteidn Mabanzac ommune. Thereforteh,e A ccusecdo uldn otb e consideraend a ccomplifcoer f ailintgo carryo uth is administratainvdel egald utiesu nderR wandanna tionalla w,f or,i n theo pinioonf the Defencet,h ea ffirmatiavcet so f theA ccusefdo rt hep eoploef Mabanzdao nota llowf or establishienvgi dencoef anyc riminailn tentt hatw ouldm akeh im an accomplicweh o aideda nda bettetdh ep erpetratoifo ann yo ft hec rimepsr ovidfeodr i nt heS tatute.

34. The Defencec ontendtsh att he Accusewda s overlyp owerlestso stopo r punish criminaalc tsc ommittebdy a swarmo f "invaders("i ncludintgh osew ho sharedt heir criminailn tent)a,n dt hatt heo nlyp owerh e hadl eftw ast hea uthoritayn dc ontrohle coulde xercisoev ert hec ommunaplo liceH.o wevert,h eD efencael legetsh att heA ccused hadl imitedde jurec ontroolv ert hec ommunaplo licea,n ds ufficiednet f actoc ontroalt certaimno mentsT.h eD efencfeu rthecro ntendtsh att o haved ealtw iths uchm urderous intentssh owst heA ccused’gse nuinceo uragaen du nfailindge terminatitoon c ontinue defendihnigs p eople.

35. The Defencuen derscoretdh e "Accused’gso odc haractert"o showt hath e lacked thes pecifcirci minianlt entto commigte nocidYee.t ,i ti si mportatnotn otei nt hisr egard thatt hec oncepotf "goodc haracterb"o rrowefdr omC ommonL awo nlya pplietso proof of ther equisitcer iminailn tentr egardintgh eA ccused’csr iminarle sponsibilaist ay BAGI(C)00-39-GE 15 II ranslaUcoenr tltlbeyd L CbbI,t sI Pq

principoarlc o-perpetraatnodir s nota pplicablien, t hes amem annert,o thea ssessmeonft accompliccrei minarle sponsibilwihtiyc,h h asd ifferemnetn sr ear equirements¯ 36.I t is worthn otintgh att heD efencdeo esn otc ontestth at,a sa civiliaanu thoriotfy Mabanzcao mmunet,h eA ccusehda dl egald utiesa,s wella s thep owert o ensurer espect fort hel awb y allt hec itizenosf hisc ommunea,n dt heo bligatitoon p unisahn dp revent crimei n his communet,o thee xtentp ossibleM.a nyo f theP rosecutioann d Defence witnessaelsi ked escribteh eA ccuseads a well-knofwing uref,o rh eh adb eeni n officfeo r fourteeyne arsa s heado f thec ommunaen d,i n thed ischargoef his dutiese,n joyed undoubterde spectt hroughoutth e communeM.o reoveri,n his officiacla pacitays Bourgmestrteh,e A ccusehda dt heo bligatitoon takem easurefso rt hep rotectioofn the entirep opulatioonf Mabanzcao mmune¯ 37.I wouldl iket o addt hatt hed isciplinamreya surepsr ovidefdo ri n caseo f failure by thec ommunaelm ployeetso complyw itht heiro bligatioanrse laidd owni n Chapter VIII of the PresidentialO rder on the Status of Communal Officialso f 25 Novembe1r9 75,3 3 whichi s pertinenitn assessintgh er elationshbiept weetnh e Accuseadn d CrlestiSne manzaA,s sistanBto urgmestraes, p resentebdy the majority opinioinn ChapteVrI Io f theJ udgemenAtr.t icl3e8 of theO rders tipulattehsa tt he "agentqsu i,d ’apr~dse si ndicegsr

avess,o ntp r~sume’asv oirc ommiusn ef autep ouvant dtres anc¯tto¯nnpeae l a disponibildiits~c iplinaoiur lea r~vocatiopne,u ventp,a rm esure r d’ordrper isep arl e bourgmestdrter,e s uspenddues l eursf onctiojnuss qu’ ~ lac l6turdee l’instructiCeotnt. em esureen tra~npeo,u rl ’agenlt’,i nterdictdi’oenx ercteoru tef onction ¯ ¯ " " es et le placed ansu nep ositiodn a ttentpeo uru nep ertodmea ximudme 3 mots[ employe who,i n lighto f stronegv idencaer,e a llegetdo havec ommittaend offencpeu nishabblye disciplinasruys pensioonr dismissamla y,b y ordero f theb ourgmestrbee, s uspended fromt heird utiesp endincgo mpletioonf thei nvestigatioUnn.d ert hism easuret,h e employeseh allb e barrefdr omp erformianngy d utieasn ds hallb e kepti n sucha statef or a maximump eriodo f threem onths].W"i thr espectt o the performanceev aluatioonf communaslt affw,h ichw ast her esponsibiloift tyh eB ourgmestrCeh,a pteVrI of the 33 DefenceE xtfibiNto .9 7. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 16 [rranslaetearoant ibeycL lC bbI,tS INt

Ordera lsop rovidetsh at" touta gentq ui a obtenud euxl oisc onsdcutivleas note synth~tiq"uMe~ diocree’s,t d dmisd e sesf onctio[nasn e mployeweh or eceiveasn overall "Poor"[ Mddiocrer]a tingt woc onsecutitviem ess halla utomaticalbley d ismissefdr om hisd uties,("A rticl2e4 of theO rder)Y.e t,t heA ccusende verg aves uchr atingt o the assistantb ourgmestreS emanza,w hom he accused before this Chamber of insubordinatainoden v enf raudI. am of theo piniotnh at,u ndert hel aw,t heA ccusehda d then ecessamreya nst o taked isciplinaarcyt ioang ainsSte manzab,u td eliberateflayi led to uset hem( seeC hapteIrI ,S ectio6n of theJ udgementI) .a m of thev iewt hatt he Accusedde liberatedleys cribehdi sw orkinrge lationshwiipt hS emanzaas deplorabilne a bidt o dissociathei mselffr omt hel atter’asc tionasn ds howt hath e didn ot enjoy sufficiseunptp oritn t hed ischarogfeh isd uties. 38.A s regardtsh ea ctivitiaets Trafiprroo adbloctkh,e A ccusehda dt hed utyt o take actionb,y virtuoef hisp owertso maintailna wa ndo rderi n thec ommunew,i tha viewt o ensurincgo ntroolf thea ctivitibeesi ngc arrieodu tt herea nd,a s an administrative authorittyh,e d utya ndp owert o supervisteh ec ivilianwsh ow erer unninag high-risk systemc,o nsideritnhges pecificci rcumstanpcreesv ailiinng R wanddau rintgh atp eriod. 39.W ithr espectto them eetinogf 25 April1 994t hatf ollowetdh em assacreisn Gitesi

commune,p articularliyn Gatwaros tadiuma nd at the Home St. Jean Complex,I specificalalsyk edt heA ccusewdh ethehre tooka nys tepst o seeke xplanatiofnrso mh is superiorcso ncernitnhge m aintenancoer, r athert hel ackt hereofo,f lawa ndo rderi n KibuyeI. evena skedt heA ccusewdh etheri,n lighto f the circumstanchees ,d idn ot considetre nderihnigs r esignatieoxnp,r essihnigs o utragoer evenm akinag reportto t he Prefet’ssu perioorn theb ehaviooufrt heg endarmwehso p articipatiend t hem assacraets thes tadiumT.h eA ccuseadn swered "YouHro nourI, s harteh eo pinioBnu.t I thoughitt w asu pt ot hes uperiomry, superiotrost aket hei nitiattiovf eo llow-ounpw hath appeniendt hep refecture. Thawta sn ott hef irstti met hastu cha trocithiaedos c currbeudt,n oto nt hastc ale. One acho ccasiotnh,e rwee rec onsentasn,d t herwee red ecisiotnosi nvestigate a3n4df ollow-up. 34 Transcroiftp hte h earionf5g Jun2e0 00p,. 6 2. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [1r anslatacoenr la~lbeydL CSSI,C ’I1 ~ 17

40. Neverthelestsh,e Accusedf ailedt o mentiona ny measuressa ids uperiormsa y havet akeinn t hatr espect.

41. Regardinsge curitiyn the communeI, wouldl iket o notet hatt he Accused frequentmlayd er eferentcoe attackbsy theA balcigoan thec ommunien ordert o support hisc laimt hath e waso verwhelmbeyd h ordeosf uncontrollaabtltea ckearnsd t hath e felt personalltyh reatenedH.o weveri,n the Accused’osf ficiaclo rrespondenwciet ht he prefectuorre e veni n thee ntrieisn hisp ersona3l5 d iaryw ithr espectto t hed ateso f the attackst,h erei s no mentioonf these" infamoust"h,o ughi ll-defineAdb,a kigaO.n the otherh and,I notet hatt heI nterahamawree mentioneidn the diary,a lthougthh eir presencien Mabanzaw asc ontestebdy the Accusedw,h o stated":I toldy out hati n Mabanztah erew asn o wingo f theI nteraham.w.e. .. Interahammwiel itia3.6" S uchi s also thec asew itht hel ettetro theP rdfedta ted2 5J une1 994,i n whicht heA ccusemde ntioned thath e feltp ersonaltlhyr eatenbeyd t hea ssailanftrso mR utsiraon dK avoybeu td idn ot indicatteh att heyw ereA bakig3a7 .R egarditnhge a ctuala uthoriatnyd c ontrotlh att he Accuseedx erciseodv ert heA baldgaI, d eemi t worthr ecallitnhga ta lthougthh eA ccused didn ots tatei t,h e in factm adei t possiblteo prevenAtb akigaat tackosn a religious institutioonn s everaolc casiobnest wee1n6 and1 8A prila,s wasc learltye stifiteod by DefenceW itnessR A. WitnessR A testifiedt hatw hen the assailantasr rivedo n 16 April1 994,a communaplo licemainn

terveneadn d shoti n the air,c ausingt he attackertso,d ispersWei.t nesRsA testifitehda ti nt hee arlyh ourso f 17 April1 994,s he ando thersw entt o seet heA ccuseadt hisr esidencfeo ra dviceo n howb estt o protect severaTlu tsim emberosf thei nstitutiwohno h ads ubsequentdleyc idetdo leaveM abanza. 42.I t shouldb e underscorewdi,t hr espectto theA ccused’asw arenesosf thei nherent risksi nvolveidn thea ctivitiaets t her oadblocakts t het ime,t hatt hiss ameW itnesRsA testifitehda tt heA ccuseadd visetdh ema gainsste ndintgh eirc olleaguteos K ibuydeu et o thed angero n ther oad,a ndp rovidetdh emw itha roomi n theI GAb uildingi,n ordert o hidet hem.W itnesRsA furthert estifietdh att he Accuseda nd othersm et witht he attackerosn 18 April1 994a nd pleadedw itht hemt o stopt he attacksW.i tnessR A 35 ProsecutEixohni bNiot. 8 5 36T ranscorfit phteh earionf9g Jun2e0 00,p .8 9. BAGI(C)00-39-GE Iiranslatcmenr t~labeydL CSS,l ¢2i’t~ 1 8

testifietdh ath e didn ota ttendt hes aidm eetinbgu th adb eeni nformelda tert hatt he assailanhtasd a greedt o suspenadt tackosn theiri nstitutioann,dt hatt heyn evere ver returnetdh ereI. w ouldl iket o comparteh ist estimotnoyt hato ft heA ccusetdo thee ffect thath e waso verwhelmwehde nh e hadt o ensuret hep rotectioonf ther efugeeast the communoef ficea,n dt hath e feltp ersonaltlhyr eatenebdy thes amea ttackerwsh omh e hadd ecidedt o confronta,l thougthh eyw erem anym oreo n 18 April1 994.W imessR A furthetre stifietdh att heA ccuseads signead reservisatn da communaplo licematno watcho vert hema t Kabilizio:n et o watcho verR ubengeCroal legaen dt heo thert o watch overw itnesRsA ’sl ocatio3n8.

43. In my opiniont,h ist estimonpyr ovest hatt he Accusedw as in a positiont o exercishei sp owersr elatintgo them aintenanocfe l awa ndo rder,a nds pecificaltloy preventth eA bakigfar omc ommittitnhge ira trocitiebsu,t c hoseo,n manyo ccasiontso, exercishei sa uthoriatnyd c ontrosle lectivelwyh,e reassu chw erep arto f hisd utieasn d obligations. III. Factuaaln dl egalf indingrse latintgo allegatioinns p aragra4p.h1 4o f the Indictment A. Trafiprroo adbloc:k S ettinugp ,S taffinagn dP urpose, 44. As regardtsh ee rectioann dr unninogf t heT rafiprroo adblocIk a,m oft heo pinion thatt heA ccusefda ileidn h isd utyt oa cta ndt husi ncurrleida biliatsy a na ccomplifcoer thec rimecso mmittiendt hec ontexotf theo peratioantst hisr oadblock.

1. Settinugp of roadblocks 45. TheA ccusetde stifietdh ath e hadf irstg iveno rali nstructiocnosn cernintgh e erectioonf roadblockwsh,i chw erec onfirmiend writinogn 3 June1 994,w ithian context he describaesd oneo f"resumptoifo tnh ew ar",i n ordert o checki nfiltratiboyn m embers of theR wandaPna triotFirco nt( RPF)I.n hisv iew,s aido rali nstructiownesr eg iven thee ndo f Aprilo r beginninogf May,a ftert hec ommunaclo uncimle tp ursuantto the 37 ProsecutionE xhibit No. 84. 38 Transcripto f the hearingo f 2 May 2000, pp. 72 and 73. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 19 [iranslatcteornt atie1c9tyL GbSI,G ltq

PrimeM inisteri’nss tructioonfs 2 7A pril1 9943 9.T heA ccusefdu rthetre stifie"dI: w as implementiwnhga ti nstructioIn sh ad beeni ssuedb y the primem inistetrh rougthh e pr6fet4.0"I nf act,t heA ccusesdt ateads follows: "Is pokwei tht hec ommuncaolu ncidlu rin-g - becauswee h adt alkeadb outth is durintgh em eetinogf thec ommunaclo unciwle determintehde c riterifao r recruitmaenndtf ,u rthermIo rree,l aytehde d irectitvoea sl lt hec onseillaenrdsi ,t wasd urintgh atm eetintgh atw e invitepde oplweh ow eres upposetdo m ant he roadbloacnkdw ew eret ellintgh emw hatt heifru nctiownosu lb’de’ .41 46. Howevert,h eA ccuseadl sot estifietdh att he instructiohnasd beeng ivena fter 13 April",d urintgh es econhda lfo ft hem ontho fA pril.4"2 I notet hatt,h ee xactd ateo n whicht he roadblocwka s erectedr emainedv aguet hroughoutth e testimonoyf the Accusedde,s pitteh ef actt hatq uestiownesr er epeatedalsyk eodn thisp oint.

47. WitnessZ testifiedt hat on the eveningo f 13 April,h e had gone to the Bourgmestrheo’mse t o receivien structiornesl atintgo thee rectioonf ther oadblotchke nextd ay,i nt hec ompanoyf a certaiRnu shimbWai.t nesYs, forh isp art,d oesn ots pecify thed ateo n whicht her oadblowcaks s etu p.R atherh,e testifietdh att her oadblowcaks setu p int hem ontho f Aprila,n dt hath eh imselwfa,s n ota mongt hef irstp eoplpeo stetdo mant her oadblock. 48.E xplainiwnhgy t heT rafiprroo adblocwka se recteadt thatp articullaorc ationt,h e Accusesdt ated: "Thisw asw hyt her oadblocwka ss etu p closet o theb ureauc ommunal, so thati f needb e we couldc allu pont hep olicea t theb ureauc ommunaSlo ,i t wast he officiraola dbloIc hka dr eferrteod, a ndt hisi sw hyi tw ass etu pt hereI.t w asa strategic location4"3 .H encei,t shouldb e notedt hatt hel ocatioonf theT rafiprroo adblocwka s chosebny t heA ccuseodn t heb asiso ft hei nterventfiaocni litiietso fferedp,a rticularly, assistanfcreo mt hec ommunaplo licep osteda t theb ureauc ommunal. 39 ProsecutiEoxnh ibiNto .7 7 A. 40 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 9 June2 000,p . 42. 41 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 9 June2 000p,. 43. 42 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 9 June2 000,p . 76. 43 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 9 June2 000,p p.5 4-55. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [rransJcaetrltolntb lyLe CdS b l( , sr l’[~ 20

2. Instructions 49. TheA ccusewda sq uestioneodn severaolc casionosn the naturea nd scopeo f the instructiohnes h ada llegedlgyi venp riort o the" attestatioannd"" certificatioofn" 3 June1 994,b y whichh e specifiemde asurefso rt hep roperm anninogf ther oadblocks andf ora vertintgh ei ll-treatmoern etv enk illinogf p assers-bIy n.o tet hatt heA ccused respondteod q uestiopnust t o himb y theC hambebry referritnogt hed irectivceosn tained in theP rimeM inisterc’isr culalre ttedra ted2 7 April1 994,w hichw ast ransmittteodt he Accusedb y the Pr~feto n 30April1 9944.4 In thisc orrespondencteh,e Pr~feta lso referretdo thes ecuritmye etinhge ldi n Kibuyeo n 25 April1 994w hichw asa ttendebdy theA ccuseYde.t ,i ti s essentitaol n otet hatt heP rimeM inisterc’isr cullaert tecro ntains no specifiicn formatiaosn t o thef unctionasn dc onducetx pecteodf thosem annintgh e roadblocokt hert hant hat" officiallrye"c ognizreoda dblocckosu ldb e setu p to ensure "thatt hee nemiefsi ndn o passagewtaoy infiltratet"h,a tw herei t wasp ossiblet,h e communaalu thoriticeosu ldi,n particulabre, a ssistebdy theN ationaAlr my,a ndf inally, thata t thes aidr oadblock"st,h ec itizenmsu stg uarda gainstta kinigt outo n innocent people4"5. 50.I n a secondl etterf romt heP rdfetd ated3 0 April1 994s tillt o theA ccusedt,h e Pr~feta ddressetdh es pecifiics sueo f theo rganizatiaonnd c ontroolf roadblocbkys

civilianwsh ow eret o be trainebdy reservisstesl ectebdy theB ourgmestraen,do f the needt o organizien formatimoene tingfso rt hep opulatiaofnt ert hes aidr ecruitmen4t6. Yet,t heA ccusende verm entionetdh ea bover ecommendaticoonnsc ernitnhge t raininogf peoplpeo stetdo ther oadblocpkr,e cisetloyo rganizteh eirf unctionnso,r t hei nformation meetingtso ensurteh es afetoyf thep opulatioWnh.e nq uestionoend t hiss pecifiics sue, theA ccusesdt atetdh att herew ere" nor eservisitns Mabanzwah ow ereu sedt o traini n thec ivild efencper ogramme4.7" Butt hen,t hee rectioonf ther oadbloccko uldn otb e consideraesda purelayd ministrattiavsek ,p articularwliyt,h itnh ec ontexotf thet ime, 44 ProsecutiEoxnh ibiNto .7 7 B. ProsecutiEoxnh ibiNto .7 7 A. 46 ProsecutiEoxnh ibiNto . 77 A. 47 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 9 June2 000,p .

96. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslateleorn~ tibeyd L CSSI,C ’l’I~ 21

wheret heo fficiaplu rposwea st oc hecki nfiltratiboyn t heR PF-Inkotaniydie,n tifiaesd thee nemyb,u ts ometimgeesn eralcloyn siderteod b e Tutsis. 51.I wouldl iket o recallt hatb y virtueo f hisd utiesa s theo fficiailn chargeo f maintainilnagw a ndo rdera ndo f ensurinsge curitiyn thec ommunet,h eA ccusehda dt he primarrye sponsibilfiotryt heo peratioofn theT rafiprroo adblocbke,f oraen da fteri t became" officialA"t. t het imet heT rafiprroo adblocwka ss etu p,t heA ccuseads sumed responsibilfoirtt yh ei nitiativaes,w e lla s fort hei nstructiownhsi,c hh em ayo rm ayn ot haveg iveni n them ontho f Aprilc,o ncernitnhge c o-ordinatoifoe nf fortsI. h oldt hev iew thati ti si rrelevaanntdc ertainilnys ufficifeonrtt heA ccusetdo r elyo nv aguien structions transmittteod h imb y theP rdfeotn lya t a laterd atet o showt hep racticmaela surehse allegedtloyo ka tt hatt ime. 52.I notet hatt hee videncaed ducesdu pportas f indintgh atk illingosc curreadt the veryl ocatioofn ther oadblocokrsi n connectiwoint ht hea ctivitiaetst het hreer oadblocks erectedi n Mabanzac ommune( Trafipro,G itikininia nd Gacacar oadblocks). Consequentelvye,n i f theT rafiprroo adblowcaks s etu p fora priorlie gitimasteec urity reasonsi,t sm oduso perandwia s,t hrougthh ew illfunle gligenocfe theA ccuseadn di n fulla wareneosfs t hef oreseeabrlies ksl,e fta t them ercyo f individuawlhse,t heorr not selectbeydh im,w hoh adj ointlpya rticipaitnec dr iminaaclt sa gainstth eT utsi.

53. FurthermoreI, w ouldl iket o statet hata t the timet he circulalre tterso f 3 June1 994w erep ublishedb,y whicht hosem anningt he roadblocwke reo fficially appointeadn dt he supervisorcyo mmittesee t up,m assivea ttackasg ainstth e Tutsi populatihoand ,i nt hem ain,a lreadoyc curreadn,d t her isko f maltreatifnlge einTgu tsi civiliasnese kinrge fughea d,i n fact,r educede,i thebre causmeo sto f themh ada lready beenk illeodr becausteh osew hoh adn ote scapewde rei n hiding.

54. It shoulda lsob e notedt hat as regardst he "unofficialr"o adblockisn the communec,i tedb y manyw itnesse(sW itnesseAs_ A,A B,B , RA, Z and ZD),t heA ccused merelpyr oduceda,s evidencoef measurehse tooka gainstth e" recalcitrapnetr"s onwsh o allegedelrye ctetdh es aidr oadblockas l,e ttedra ted1 2 July1 994,r equestitnwgo p eople BAGI(C)00-39-GE j franslalcaeornt atibeyd L CSSI,C ’fl~ 22

to "dismantlet"h er oadblocske t up "on theiro wni nitiative4"8. I wouldl iket o emphasizteh att hisl etterw asw rittebna relyt wod aysb eforet heA ccuseeds capeda,n d thata st heo fficiianlc hargoef maintainlianwga ndo rdera,s w ella ss ecurithye,c ouldo r oughtt o havet akend ifferemneta suretsh atw erem orep ositivaen di mmediatief, h e had wantedt o takep rompta ctiotno dismantlaen "officiarlo"a dblocikn,s teaodf writinag lettetro individuawlhsod eliberatevliyo latecdo mmunasle curitryu lesa ndr egulations, and who werek nownt o him.

3. Individualass signetdo mant he roadblocks 55. Withr egardt o the personasc tuallmya nningt heT rafiprroo adblocakn di n referencteo thel ettero f 3 June1 994,t he Accusetde stifetdh att he" attestation" concernetdh es amep eoplea s thosew hom annedt her oadblocrki ghtf romt het imei t was setu p.H es tateads f ollow:s "TheT RAFIPRrOo adblocwka sa lwaysm annedb y thesep eopleW.h atw e did was,t o givet hemt hea ttestatiboenc austeh osew how erep assinagt the roadblockw oulda sk themw ho they were;y ou are askingm e for my identificatiinow nh,a tc apacitSyo.i t’sa tt hatp oinitn t imet hatw eh adb een obligetdo g ivet hems pecifaiscs ignmeanntdss ot hati ft heries a nyp asser-by askintgh emw hot heyw eret,h eyc oulsdh owt hiso fficiaatlt estatiBounti. t w as alwaytsh espee oplweh ow erea tt her oadblocakt,t hisr oadblocAkn.dr eferring tow hath appeneidn t hep ast,I toldy out hatw henw e startesde ttinugp t he roadblocwkes weree xpectinwgh atw ash appeninign otherc ommunesa,n dI wast ellintgh emt hatt heys houlndo tb ehavien t hes amem anner4.9" 56. Sincet his" attestatidoant"e sb ackt o earlyJ une,t hati s nearltyw om onthasf ter theT rafiprroo adblowcaks s etu p,i t cannoti,n itselfb,e useda s evidencteo showt he personwsh oa t onet imeo r anothemra nnedo r supervistehde r oadblocfkr omt het imei t wass etu p,o r to showt hati t wasa lwayst hes amep ersonsM.o reovert,h eA ccused’s claimi s contradictbeyd t het estimonioefs s everawli tnesseisn,c ludinWgi tnesZs and WitnesYs.

57. The majorityf oundt hatt he presenceo f WitnessY from Aprilu ntila round 3 June1 994( para.9 14o f theJ udgementw)a su ncontesteadn,d f urthefro undt hatt he 48 DefenceE xhibitN o. 18. 49 Transcripotf theh earinogf 9 June2 000,p p.3 9 and4 0. BAGI(C)00-39-GE Ilranslactemrtnm edb y LCSN,I tS 11~ 23

testimonioefs W itnessOe,s AA,Z andY , supportbeyd priorw itnessst atementssu,g gest (para.9 19o f theJ udgementth)a tW itnesZs andR ushimbwae rer egularlpyr esenatt the Trafiprroo adblockT.h em ajoritcyo ncludetdh ate vent houghi t wasn ot possiblteo establisthh ee xactd atesw henZ andR ushimbwae rep resenatt theT rafiprroo adblock, theC hambefro undt hatt heyw erea t ther oadblocwki thc onsiderabrleeg ularitTyh.e majoritayl sot ooki ntoa ccountth ec losep roximitoyf ther oadbloctko theb ureau communailn assessintgh e Accused’asw arenesosf the situatio(np ara.9 25 of the JudgementH)e.n ce,t hem ajoritdyo esn oth esitatteo concludteh ati t cannoatc ceptt he Accusedc’osn tentitohna tt he" attestatioofn 3" J une1 994g ivesa compleptiec turoef the personwsh ow erer egularlpyr esenatt ther oadblocwkh ilei t waso peration(apla ra9.2 4 of theJ udgementH)o.w everI, n otet hatt hem ajoritdyr ewn o otherc onclusiootnh ert han statintgh ati t couldn ota cceptt hatt heA ccusewda su nawaroef thef actt hato ther personsb,e sidetsh ef ivew how erea ppointewde,r ep resenatt theT rafiprroo adbloocnk a regulabra sis( para9.2 5o f theJ udgement).

58. In hist estimontyh,e A ccusesdt atedt hatt hep eoples tationeadt ther oadblock enjoyetdh et rusto f thec ommunaclo uncilb,e causteh eyh adb eens electebdy thes aid councialn d thatt he commissioanp pointeodn 3 June1 994v erifietdh att hep ersons posteadt t her oadblodciks chargtehde ird utiepsr operalnyd t hatn o onew asi ll-treat5e0d. Thel ettefru rthesrt atesf,o rt hei nformatioofn m emberosf thes upervisocroym mission, thatn oo new ast oa ppeaart t her oadblowcikt houtth e" certificatiwohni"c,hs uggestthsa t therew asa likelihooodf thath appeninogr thati t didh appent,h usc onfirmintgh e testimonioefs Y and Z, whichm aden o referencteo the "attestationTsh"e. A ccused testifiaesdf ollow:s s0 ProsecuEtxihoinb Niot.9 4. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 24 [iranslactemrnt ttlbeydL C~5Sf,i gl lq

"Yous ee,I gavet hema ssignmentsa,n d in thosea ssignmenttsh erew as no mentionm adeo f how Tutsiss houldb e sought.M y instructionwse rec lear. Amongstt he peoplew ithw homI was workingt,h erew eret hosew ho wouldg o beyondw hatt heyw eres upposetdo do and we wantedt o bringt hemb ackt o orde[r. ..I] don ott hinkt,h ati sn ots urprisiinfgt heries o nep ersoanm ongstth is teamw ho madem istakesB.u t,t heyk newt hatt heyc ouldb e punishedT.h isi s whyI setu pt hisv erificatcioomnm issisoon t hatt heyc ouldd irecatn ds upervise thespee ople5.1" 59. The Accusedt estifiedt hat the personsa ppointedw ere peoplew ho conducted themselvepsr operlya nd had his confidences,2 As regardst he levelo f traininga nd backgroundo f said persons, the Accused answered," No, these were exemplary farmers"5.3 The Accuseds tatedt hath e listenetdo the conseillersv’i ewsa nd thatt he level of trainingr equiredf or personsm anningt he roadblockw as "that they had completeadt leastp rimarys choolo r post-primareyd ucatioann d so on".54 The Accused admittetdh ath e had confidencien them,a nd thath e had selectepde opleo f goodm oral standinign thev illagfeo r thej obY 60. Incidentallhye, testifietdh ath e did not authorisWei tnessZ and Rushimbtao man ther oadblocka,l thougiht wase stablishtehda tt heyw erer egularlpyr esenatt theT rafipro roadblockT.h e presenceo f a numbero f peopleu nofficiallmya

nningt his roadblock duringt hatp eriodw oulds uggestth att he Accuseddi dn ot exercisseu fficiencto ntroolv er the peoplem anningt he roadblocfkr oma t least3 June1 994,d espitet he factt hatt he roadblockw as closet o both his officea nd his residence.R eactingt o WitnessZ ’s testimontyh ath e receiveidn structiotnos man the roadblockt,h e Accusedt estifietdh at WitnessZ ’s namew as in the registero f arrestw arrantsa nd summonsesi ssuedb y the courts5 6 becauseh e was a wantedp ersono n 17 June1 994.5 7 I note,h owevert,h att he Accusegda ven o explanatifoonr thea rresto f thisw itnesasn d thatt hisi nformatisohne ds no lighto n whatW itnessZ ’ss tatusa nd dutiesm ighth aveb een. Transcroifpt th eh earionfg9 June2 000p,. 4 9. Transcroifpt th eh earionfg8 June2 000p,. 2 31. 53T ranscroifpt th eh earinogf7 June2 000p,. 1 61. s4T ranscroifpt th eh earinogf9 May2 000p,. 3 0. Transcroifpt th eh earionfg8 June2 000p,. 2 65o ft heF rencvhe rsion. s6 DefencEex hibiNto .1 00. 57 Transcroifpt th eh earionfg7 June2 000p,. 1 69o ft heF rencvhe rsion. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslatcaeomn/ iebcylL CSSI,’ ,S1 I~ 25

1"36 61. The "attestatioonf" 3 June1 994 sentt o WitnessY and four otherp ersons containetdh ef ollowinign structi:o "nD urintgh ec heckyso ura rer equiretdo conduct, youa rek indlyr equestendo tt o ill-treapta ssers-bays, someh avea lreaddyo ne"5 8 (emphasiasd ded)T.h eA ccusesdt atedi n thatr egardt hat," Thisw asw hyt herew as five-macno mmissisoent u p,r esponsibtloe v erifyw hetheorr notp assers-bhya db een maltreataendd w hethetrh ee nemyh asi nfiltrattehdr ougthh isp assagewa5y9." 62.I t is my opiniotnh at,i n thes pecificco ntexotf April1 994,t heA ccusesdh ould havee nsuretdh ata llt hen ecessamreya surewse ret akenl,i ket heo nesh ef ormalltyo oki n Jtme1 994,f ort hep ropearn de ffectiovpee ratioofnt heT rafiprroo adbloecvke nb eforiet wasm ade" officialS"p.e cificaltlhye,A ccusehda dt heo bligatitoon e nsurteh atm easures weret akent o limita,s fara s possiblaen,y m altreatmeonft t hec iviliapno pulatioInt. appearsm,o reovetrh,a ta numbeorf "unofficiraola"d blockbse,s idetsh eo nea t Trafipro, werea llowetdo operatdeu ringt he montho f April.C onsideritnhga tt heA ccusehda d authoriotvye rt hep ersonass signetdo mant her oadblocekv,e nt hougthh eyw eres elected in consultatwiiotnh t hec ommunaclo uncilh,e i ncurrefdu llr esponsibilfiotrty h es etting upa ndo peratioofnt hes aidr oadblobcykv irtuoef h isd utieass t heo fficiarle sponsible form aintainilnagw ,o rdearn ds ecurity.

63. WhenI remindetdh eA ccusetdh atW itnesYs hads pokeni n detaila boutt hek ey rolep layedb y Rushimbian thek illinogf Juditha ndt hatR ushimbwaa sa pparenttlhye leadeorf thosem annintgh eT rafiprroo adblochke, a nswered":T hen amest hatI havea re the fivew homI askedt o appointt heirl eadert hemselvesI. d on’ts ee the nameo f Rushimbbae causyeo ur ecallt hatd uringt hisp eriodt herew erep eoplew how erea t the roadbloclki ket heW itnes"sZ "w homw e referretdo andw how aso n thisl ist."6 o [NB. Frencthr anscrsitpatt etsh atw itnesZs w asn oto nt hel ist":. ..’ne stp ass urc ettlei ste.".]. Whena skedw hetherR ushimbhaa d beena uthorisetdo act as a leader,t he Accused answered",I f it wasC yakubwirwtah,a tm aybei s theo new ho wask nowna s Rushimba, maybe. Otherwise,I wouldn’tk now very well. [...] Fidele Cyakubwirwa, Fid61eC yakubwirwbau,t herew e haveF iddleK ubwimanaI. d on’tk noww hethewre are 58 DefenceE xhibitN o. 62. 59 Transcriopft theh earinogf 9 June2 000,p .

37. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [1r anslatcleornt at0iyeL dC SSI,( 2TI~ 26

dealingw itht he samep erson.6"~ In conclusionw,h etheorr not Rushimbwaa s the nicknamoef oneK ubwimanoar oneK yakubwirtah,e t estimoniaerse c onsistewnitt ht he factt hatR ushimbhae ld,a t leastd e factoa, p ositioonf authoriotryl eadershoivpe rt he personwsh om annedt heT rafiprroo adblocfkr omt het imei t wass etu p in April1 994. Hence,c onsideritnhge p roximitoyf ther oadbloctko thec ommunaolf ficea ndt hef act thatt heB ourgmestwraes r esponsibfloer i tse rectiont,h eA ccusecdo uldn oth aveb een unawaroef the presencaen dr oleo f Rushimbaan d WitnesZs, andf ailedt o provide adequatseu pervisioovne ra systetmh ati nherentplrye sentoebdv ioursi sks. 64.A ccordinglIy h,o ldt heo piniotnh atb y allowintgh esei ndividuatlos m ana ndr un ther oadblofcokr t hee ntirpee riotdh ati t waso perationtahle,A ccuseidn curreldi ability as an accomplicien the arresta nd murdero f the onlyt wo Tutsisw ho camet o the roadblocokr,w eret akent herew hilei t waso perational. B. Purposoef theT rafiprroo adblock 65. Them ajorithya sn otedt hatn eithetrh eP refet’lse tteorf 30 April1 994,n ore ven the" attestatioorn" "c ertificatioofn3 ! J’u ne1 994s upporat f indintgh att her oadblowcaks establisfhoerdc riminpaulr posebsu,t t hatp reciseltyh,e" certificatwiaornn"e adg ainstth e ill-treatmeonft p assers-b(yp ara.9 35o f theJ udgementY)e.t ,i t hada lreadbye en establisheeadr lietrh att hisl

ettetrh atw ass enta t thee ndo f Aprilo nlyc ame" tom ake officiaal "r oadblowchki chh ada lreadbye ene recteeda rlieorn thev erbailn structioofns theA ccusedw,h ichi nstructiotnhseA ccusewda su nablteo e xplaiinn detaild,e spitteh e questionpsu tt o himb y theC hambetro thate ffectM.o reovert,h el etterosf June1 994 cannoste rvea s documentaervyi dencoef dued iligenocne thep arto f theA ccusefdo rt he periodp riort heretob,e causet heyc overo nlyp arto f thep eriodd uringw hicht he roadblocwka so perationaFlu.r thermoraes, t hem ajoritnyo ted,t hea ctualc onducotf operatioants t her oadblodcukr intgh isp erioids ther evealifnagc toorf itso bjective, whichi s not necessarilrye flectebdy the documentareyv idenc(ep ara.9 38 of the Judgement). 60 Transcriopft theh earinogf 9 June2 000,p . 36. 6t Transcripotf theh earinogf 9 June2 000,p p.4 4 and4 5. BAGI(C)00-39-GE II’ranslatcaeornt ]laebdy LC~,I CT~ 27

66. Questioneodn them eaninogf thew ord" enemy"a,p pearinign paragrapthw oo f theE nglisvhe rsioonf the" attestatiodna"t ed3 June1 994,6 2 theA ccuseadn swered: "Enemyi s mwanzi,m wanzi[ ...]M wanzii s whatw e usedt o definet he enemya nd it meansm embero f theR PF."6 3 Withr espectto thee thnicg roupo f thosew hoc ouldp ass througthh eT rafiprroo adblockw,i thouetn cumbrancteh,e A ccusetde stifietdh att hey werep assers-bwyh ow erei n vehicles[.. ..]a nye thnicg roup.T"h e Accusefdu rther testifi:e d" Whyn ots ayt hatt herew ereT utsitsh atp assebdy thisr oadblocIk c?a ng ive you an examplet,h ee xamploef convoytsh atI was awareo f by DeputyM usafiriH.i s wifew asT utsi.T herew asa lsoa notheTru tsiw oman[.. ..]T heyw erei n a vehiclweh ich was filledw ithT utsisa ndt heyp assedb y thisr oadblockT.h eya rriveidn KibuyeI. remembemre etintgh emt here.A nd latero n, theyw entt o Zaire,v ia LakeK ivu."6 4 HoweverI, notet hatt hisf acti s not corroboratebyd witnesseYs and Z who were regularplrye senatt theT rafiprrooa dblock.

67. WitnesZs testifietdh atd uringh isr ecruitmenhte, w entt o theh omeo f the Bourgmestrew,h ichw as guardedb y a policemant,o ask aboutt he detailso f the assignmentT.h eA ccuseds pecificalalsyk edh im to meeto ne Rushimbtao set up the roadblovcekr ye arlyt hen extm orning",b ecausteh ee nemieasr ee scaping6.5" W itnesZs explainetdh att heB ourgmestursee dt hew ordI nyenzwih ich,a t thatt ime,a ccordintgo theW itnessm,e anta Tutsi,o r a membero r a sympathizoefr t heR PF.T hei nstructions givenb y theB ourgmestwreer et hath e shouldc heckt hei dentificatpiaopne rso f anyone passintgh rougthh er oadblocaks, w ella s vehicleisn, theo bjectivoef seekinogu tt he enemy.W henp assingt,h eB ourgmestwroeu ldg reett hema nd woulda ska boutt he work and he wouldu rget hemo n. 66 TheW itnestse stifietdh ata bouto ne thousanpde ople passebdy everydabyu,t a sr egardtsh ee thniocr igionf t hespee opleh,e s tatetdh at" att hat time,t heyw ereH utusb ecausTeu tsisc ouldn ot passb y ther oadblockt,h eyw erei n hiding.6"7 Apartf romJ uditha ndB igirimanhae, d idn ots eea nyo therT utsis6.8 He ProsecutiEoxnh ibiNto .9 4. 63 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 9 June2 000,p p.4 4-46 64 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 9 June2 000,p . 33 6s Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

39. Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

52. Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p p.5 5 to 56. 68 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p p.7 5 to 76. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslatcieornt ifibeyd L ESSI,C 1 ’1~ 28

testifietdh atp olicemewno uldp assb y becausteh eb ureauc ommunawla sn otf ar from ther oadbloacnkd t hatt heg endarmweosu lda lsoc omet herei;n fact,a to nep ointi n time, theg endarmecsa mei ntot her egiona ndo ccupietdh eb uildinbge longintgo theC hinese a6n9d" theyw oulda lwaysc omeb y ther oadblock".

68. WitnesYs testifietdo havingc ommitteadn acto f genocidien 1994b y killing three people,t wo of whom he knew were Tutsis.H e explainedt hat it was RushimbaF id61ea nd SaidiR ucanosw ho askedh im to go and "man"t he roadblock, "becausteh eya ret heo nesw hoh adb eent heree arliearn dt heya skedm e to joint hem therea tt her oadblock7"o.A s regardtsh ei nstructiohnest ,e stifitehda t," myf riendwsh o hadc omeb eforem e in thisj obt oldm e thatw e neededt o checka llt hei dentitcya rds whichh ada photograpihn side.7"1 Thiss tatemenmte anst hatW itnesYs wasn ota mong thef irstg roupo fp ersonpso stetdo mant her oadblocHke. a lsos tatetdh ath isd utyw ast o checka llt hei dentitcya rdsw hichh ada photograpihn sidea nda lsot hed ocumentosf vehiclesT.h e instructiowna s to "checkw hethert he identitcya rdc ontainetdh e photograpahn d,i f therew eren o photographtso, s endt hei ndividuatlo theb ureau communal.7"2 Accordintgo thisw itnesst,h ep urposoef ther oadblocwka s" tof ight againstth e enemy"7.3 He testifietdh ath e saw theB ourgmestreev erym orninagn d eveninwgh enh e wasr eturninhgo me7 4 becausiet wast hem ainr oad.A skeda boutt he presencoef T utsiast t her oadbloctkh,e W itnesesx plaintehda t" TheT utsisa,t thatt ime, didn’tw antt o be seenb ecausteh eyw eret heo nesw how ereb eings ought"7.5 WitnesYs testifitehda th ed idn ots eea nyp olicemaetn theT rafiprroo adbloc7k6, b utt hatt here were gendarmesw ho wouldc ome theref rom the Chinesec amp and sometimetsh ey wouldc omei ns hifts7,7 whichi s consistewnitt ht het estimoonfyW itnesZs. Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p . 74. 70 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

28. Transcriopft t heh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

34. Transcriopft t heh atinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 35. 73 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 32. 74 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 33. 7s Transcriopft t heh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 36. 76 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 55. 77 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

55. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [translcaeUmotnl beydL t2~ISC,’ I’I~ 29

69.I note,f urthermorteh,a tW itnesAsB testifietdh att he reasonf orm ountintgh e roadblocwkass t oi dentiftyh eT utsiasn d" whenT utsiwse ref oundt,h eyw erek illeodr if youh ada facet hatl ookedl ikea Tutsi’fsa ce,y ouw erek illed"7.s Askeda boutt he killingwsh icht ookp lacei n Mabanzcao mmunei n April1 994,W itnesYs statedt hat "whatw as happeninign the communew as seen by everybodyE.v erybodkyn ewt hat therew erek illingasn dI don’ts eeh owt heB ourgmestwroeu ldb e unawaroef themw hen he was therep resent"7.9 WitnesRsA testifietdh ato n 17 April,w henh e askedt he Bourgmesttroe assists omet hreateneTdu tsist,h e Accuseadd visehdi m nott o go to Kibuybee causteh erew erer oadblocokns ther oada ndt hatt heyw ouldb e killedi f they wents.° MoreoverW,i tnesBs testifietdh ath e personalslayw t wop eoplek illeda t two differenrto adblockisn,c ludinPga storM ugangaat theT rafiprroo adblockW.i tnesRsJ testifietdh ata t ther oadblocktsh,e H utusc ouldg o througwhh ereatsh eT utsiw ere stoppedW.i tnesAsA testifietdo havings eena boutt hirtyb odiesn eart heT rafipro roadblocakn d the bureauc ommunalb,e foret he bodiesw ereb uriedi n massg raves. WitnesAs t estifietdh ath e sawp eopleb eingk illeadt ther oadblocnke arB agilishema’s residencew here he had seen policemena nd the Interahamwceo ntrollintgh is roadbloc8k1.

70. It appearsf romt he foregointgh att he instructionwsh ichw ereg ivenb y the Accusewdh ent he Trafiprroo adblocwka s beings etu p wereo bviousliyn adequataen d camei nt ool atet oa vertt her iskso f crimincaoln ducotn t hep arto f armedc ivilianwsh,o at thatt imew erem annintgh er oadblocakg,a instth eT utsiss,o metimceosn sideraesd t he RPF-Inkotaennyeim yw,i thitnh ec ontexotf thew ara t thet ime.I am satisfitehda ts uch failurteo exercisceo ntrogla ver iset o misconduocnt thep arto f thosem annintgh e roadbloicnk questiosni,n cet heA ccusehda dt her esponsibilaintdyt hem eanst o control theo peratioantst heT rafiprroo adblorcikg htf romt het imei tw ass etu p andt hroughout thep erioidt w aso perational. 78 Transcripotf the hearingo f 15 November1 999,p p. 109a nd 110. 79 Transcripotf theh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 60. 80 Transcripotf the bearingo f 2 May 2000( Closeds ession)p,.

49. Transcripotf the bearingo f 17 Novembe1r9 99,p .

56. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 30 [l’ranslacteamotnib eydL CSSi,c Setq

/ 62 C. The Accused’sC omplicityi n the murderso f Juditha nd Bigirimana 1. The murdero f Judith 71. The Accusedt estifietdh ath e hearda boutJ udith’dse athf or the firstt imeb efore thisC hambera nd expressesdu rprisea,s follows: "I thoughsth ed iedi n KibuyeI.t ’sh eret hatI heards hew ask illeidn Mabanza [...]d urintgh atp eriotdh erew erea loto f deathrse grettabsloy,b utr egarding JuditIh thoughsth el eftw itht heo thertso KibuyeI.t wasl atetrh atI hearsdh e wask illeidn M abanzbay thea ttackerIst.s o happentehda tt hed eliques[csei co]f Mabanzaan dt heA bakigawsh oa rrivedi,t ’sp ossiblteh ats hed ieda roundt hat t’i’mse2b utI wasn oti nformed.

72. When asked whether Judith was well known in Mabanza on account of the charitablweo rks he performeda nd whetherh er deatht hereforem aden ews,t he Accused answereads followrse gardinJgu dith’pse rsonality: "I toldy out hatJ uditwha sa farmearn dt hath erh usbanwda sa nurseH.e wasn’t evena n assistanmte dicalw,h atw e calla -- is someonweh o had finishead primareyd ucatioann dt hent hrougehx perienacned p racticaec quireesx perience to be ablet o treatp eopleS.o the husbanwda sn ot veryw ellk nown.M aybeh e was wellk nowni n his cellulweh eret heyl iveda ndm aybet he sectorb ut not throughoutth e communen ot in the wholec ommunea nd the medicatiotnh at peoplhea ver eferretdo .M aybet hisw asm edicatiforna udulentalcyq uirebdy the husbandf romt he centrea t whichh e worked.A nd maybes he was helpingh er neighbourwsi tht hism edicineI.t wasn’ts omethinwgh ichw as recogniseadn d officiasl3." 73. In my opinionb,y thisa ssertiont,h e Accusedw,h o claimedt hath e did not know Judithi n person,t riedt o justifyh is not beinga wareo f her deathb y usingd isparaging termsa ndd enigratihnegr r olea s a benefactoars, t estifietdo by oneo f herk illerhsi mself, whilea t thes amet imea llegintgh ats hee ngageidn quasif raudulenatc tivities.

74. WitnessY testifietdh atJ udithh ad beent akenf romG itikinintio the Trafipro roadblocbky Rushimbaan d thats he was not askedf or her identificatipoanp ersb ecause evenh er neighboukrn ewh er quitew ella nd was awaret hats he was Tutsi8.4 Describing 82 Transcroifpt th eh earionfg7 June2 000p,. 1 60. Transcroifpt th eh earinogf9 June2 000p,p .1 60a nd1 61. 84T ranscroifpt th eh earinogf7 Februa2r0y0 0p,. 6 3( French). BAGI(C)00-39-GE 31 [l’ranslatcteomnt iebdy LCS~I,C 1 ’1~

wheret heyh adp assewdi thJ uditht,h ew itnesesx plaintehda tt heyh adp assetdh reep aces away from the bureauc ommunal.H e added:" I didn’to bservew ho was in the Secretaryo’fsf icbeu tI didi ndeesde et heB ourgemesitnr hei so ffice.8"5 .I n hisp rior writtesnt atemenWti,t nesYs s tated: "WhenI mentioneidn my admissiotnh atB agilishewmaas a witnessI, w as responditnoga questiaosn tow hethearn yonhea ds eenu sl eadinhge rt o her deatahn ds tatintgh atB agilishseamwau sg ob y.[ ...T]h ef actt hatt hem urder happenseodc losteo B agilisheomfaf’isc lee admse t ob elievteh ath ed efinitely knewa bouitt .I cans tatteh atn oi nquirwya sc onductiendt hec asea,t least n’e’i8t6heorfu s,w hoc ommitttehdem urderw,a sb roughttob ook.

75. ThatW itnesYs testifietdh att hosew how erem annintgh er oadblocdki dn ote ven taket het roublteo askJ uditfho rh erp apersb ecausteh eyk news hew asT utsis uggests conclusivtehlayt t hed ecisitoon killh erw asb asedo n ethnigcr oundwsi,t houtth ed utyt o checkp apersi n ordert o identif"yt hee nemy"b einge venc ompliewdi th.T hist empers thet estimobnyy thes amew itnestso thee ffectt hat,i n principlaen,y onweh osep apers werei n orderr,e gardleosfs t heire thnicitcyo,u ldp assw ithouitn cidenIt .n otet hatt he conducotf thep eoplem annintgh er oadblocakt thet ime,i ncludinWgi tnesYs, showso n thec ontrardyi,s criminatonie otnh nigcr oundasg ainspta ssers-ibdye ntifiaesd T utsis.

76. To theq uestioans to whethetrh eA ccusesda wt hemp assb y withJ udithW,i tness Y answered",I ndeedh,e saw us,h e sawu s.’’87U nderc ross-examinatiWoint,n esYs assertetdh eyh ads eent heA ccuse:d "Theo ffichea dg laswsi ndowIs c,a nnotth erefonroets tatweh ethehres awu so r notb utw ec oulsde eh im.[ ...S]i ncwee p asseidn f ronotf h imw ithoustp eaking t’o’h8 8imI cannotte lly out hath ek neww hatw ew ereg ointgo d o. 77.D iscussintgh et hreec rimesh e committeidn 1994a nd thef actt hatt heA ccused hadb eeni nformeodf suchc rimesW,i tnesYs testified",I believhee musth avek nown thisb ecauswee didt hisw hileh e wass tillt here’.’89W itnesYs s tatelda stly",W ew ere Transcripotf theh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

52. DefenceE xhibitN o. 64. 87 Transcripotf the (inc amera)h earingo f 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 53 (French). Transcripotf theh earingo f 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 54. 89 Transcripotf the hearingo f 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

26. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 32 [l’ransleaetratoant biyeL dC SSI,C ’I’I~

therew,e werea llt hereT.h eset hingsh appenewdi thint hisc ommuneH.e wasp resenitn thec ommuna’en’ d9m °y reasoninogr my understandiisn tgh ath e wasa ware. 78.W itnesZs testifietdh ato neM utigandcaa met o seeh imo ne morninagn ds aidt o himt hath e hadf ounda n Inyenziin a bananap lantatioWni.t nesZs immediatelleyd Juditht o the roadblocakn d,a longt he way,h e metR ushimbwah o tookJ udithb y the hand.9 1 Theyp assedb y the communaolf fice,w ithR ushimbaan d WitnessY holding Juditha ndW itnesZs behindt hem,5 or 10 metresb ehindt hem.9 2 As theyp assebdy the communaolf ficea,f tert heo thert hreep eoplhea dg oneb y,t heB ourgmestcraem eo uta nd allegedlays kedh im" whereh e hadf oundh er",t o whichW itnesZs answeretdh ath e had foundh er "somewherteh erei n a bananap lantatioann"d h ad toldh er thatt heyw ere goingt o "worko n her",t o whicht heA ccuseadl legedlayn swered":. ..that’fsi ne,g o ahead’.’93W itnesZs t estifitehda tw henh e reacheJdu dith’hso me,R ushimbaan dW itness Y hada lreadkyi lleJdu dithH.e f urthetre stifitehda th e thoughtth att heA ccusecda meo ut of hiso fficbee caus"e. ..hsea wt hemp assb y becausteh ey- - it is just- - we passebdy justt he windowo f theB ourgmestarned thec urtainwse red rawno pen.S o I thinkh e c9a4meo utt o findo utw hatw ash appeninagn dt hatw asw henw e met".

79. The majoritfyo undt hatt he onlye videncceo ncernintgh e Accused’pso ssible involvemeinnt t he murdero f Judithw asg ivenb y WitnesZs, whot estifietdo having discusseidt withh imi n fronto f thec ommunaolf ficei mmediatealfyt erJ uditha ndt he peoplew ho weree scortinhge r had passedb y95 (para.9 59 of the Judgement)T.h e majoritfyo undf urthetrh ati f thea llegatitohna tt heA ccusehda ds eent het wor oadblock attendanptass si n fronto f hiso fficwei thJ udithha db eenp rovede,v eni f Juditwha sn ot beingh eld,t hats houldh avea lertetdh eA ccusetdo imminendta ngerg,i vent hes pecific circumstancoefs the time( para.9 62 of the Judgement)H.o weverr,e lyingo n the "contradictiboentsw"e eWni tnesZs’ sw rittesnt atemenatnsd h ist estimoncyo,u plewdi th itsa ssessmeonft t hew itness’asl legatioonfs t hea rresta ndm urdeorf Bigirimantah,e 9o Transcriopft t heh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

62. Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p p.6 2 and6 3. Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

67. Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p . 67. 94 Transcriopft t heh earing of 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

67. Transcriopft t heh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p . 75 (French). BAGI(C)00-39-GE 33 [lranslcaelrmtnm beydL ESS1,1 21 eq

majoritfyo undt hatt hoses tatemenrtesi nfortchee C hamberd’osu btass tot hec redibility of thew itnessT.h em ajorithye ld,b asedo n thef indingmsa dei n lighto f itsa ssessment of thec ircumstancsuersr ounditnhge k illinogf Bigirimanaas, d escribebdy WitnesZs, thata partf romt hes tatemenotfs t hes aidw itnesrse gardihnigs i nvolvemeinnt t hem urder of Judithi,t cannotr elyo n othera spectosf thew itnesst’ess timon(yp ara9.6 0o f the Judgement). 80.T hea pparencto ntradictinoont edb y the majoritiyn thea ccounotf them eeting betweeWni tnesZs andt he Bourgmestprrei ort o the murdero f Judithi s minori n my estimatioann,d r elateast mostt o thes equencoef thew ordse xchangebde tweetnh e Accuseadn dW itnesZs in fronto f thec ommunaolf ficeb,u td oesn otr aised oubtass to whethear meetinmgi ghth avet akenp lace.T hem ajoritsyt atedt hatn o otherw itness couldc orroborastuec ha meetinagl thougha,s it found,t hea ccountosf thee ventsb y WitnesseYs a nd Z aren oti nconsistepnetr s e, butt hatt hem ajoritryu ledo utt he possibilitthya ts ucha meetinegv erh appenebda sedo n thee videncoef a witnestsh ati t had alreadfyo undu nreliablien lighto f hist estimonoyn the murdero f Bigirimana (para9.6 1o f theJ udgementN)o.w ,u nlikteh em ajoritIy ,a m satisfitehda tW itnesZs’ s testimorneyg ardinhgi sm eetinwgi tht heB ourgmestirse c onsistewnitt ht hee videncoef WitnesYs whoe xplainetdh ath

e sawt hatt heB ourgmestwraes i n hiso fficew hent hey passebdy w ithJ uditrhi ghti nf ronto ft heb ureacuo mmunparli ort ok illinhge r. 81.I t is alsom y opiniont,h att hem eref actt hatW itnesseYs a ndZ knowinglpya ssed in fronto f thec ommunaolf ficaen dd idn otb othetro usea n alternartoeu tew hereatsh ey hadt hei ntentto k illJ uditcho nclusivsehloyw st hatt herep revailaetd t het imea culture of impunitwyh eret hea ctivitiaets theT rafiprroo adblocwke rec oncerneWdi.t nesseYs andZ likelyd idn oth avet hes enset hatt heyw erea ctingi n violatioonf anyr uleo r directivferso mt hec ommunaalu thoritieost,h erwitshee yw ouldc ertainhlayv ec hosent o hide,a ndn ott akent heo bviouasn dp atenrti sko fm eetintgh eB ourgmestPrlea.i nlyt,h ey didn ote xpectt o be questionerde,p rimandoerd e venp unishefdo rt hec riminaclo nduct theyw erea boutt o engagei n,w hereacsl earltyh eA ccusekdn ewt hats uchi ndividuals mannetdh eT rafiprroo adbloacsk h e hadm ett hemt hereo n a regulabra sis. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 34 [franslatlcoenm tiebdy LCSS,I Cllq

82. MoreoverJ,u ditha, residenotf Mabanzak,n owintgh ats hec ertainlfya cedd eath at theh andso f thep ersonwsh ow erel eadinhge rt o herh ome,e lectendo tt o askt he Bourgmesttroe i nterveanlet hougthh el attewra si n hiso fficweh ent heyp assebdy .T he Accusehdi mselafd mittetdh at,g ivenW itnesYs’ sm urderouisn tenti,t wouldh aveb een inconceivafbolreh imt o darep assi n fronto f thec ommunaolf ficwei thW itnesZs, whom he knewt o be a delinque9n6t. He furthetre stifietdh at,i f thath adh appenedJ,u dith wouldc ertainlhya ves oughth isa ssistancaen dt hati t seemedt o himo ddf ors omeone goingp astt heb ureacuo mmunauln dert hee scorotf killernso tt oa skh imo r thes ecurity forcewsh ow erep resenatt theb ureacuo mmunaflo ra ssistan9c7e 83.I find,u nlikteh eM ajorittyh,a tt herei s sufficiernetl iablaen dc redibleev idence thatt heA ccusekdn ewa boutJ uditha ndt hep eoplef lankinhge rp assinbgy ,t hath e may haves pokent o WitnesZs abouti t andt hath e failedt o actt o preventth ec rimea nd punisiht sp erpetrataotrt sh atp articultairm e( para9.6 5o ft heJ udgement). 84.L astlyt,h ef actt hatt hem urderw asl ikelcyo mmitteidn April9 8,o r in anye vent priort o theJ unew ritteinn structioonns w hichn eitheorf thet wow itnesseast the roadbloctke stifiecdo,u plewdi tht hef actt hats uchp ersonso,f whoma t leasto new as formallayp pointebdy theA ccusedf,a iledt o complyw ith"

directiverse"l atintgo the operatioonf ther oadbloclke,a dsm e to furtheqru estiownh ethetrh eree verw ass ucha thinga s "directiverse"g ardintgh es afetyo f civiliancsr ossintgh er oadblocIkn. my opiniont,h isi sa confirmatoifo tnh eA ccusedw’isl funle gligenicnee rectintgh eT rafipro roadblockn,e gligenwchei chb ecamec riminaals he continuetdo operatteh er oadblock priotro t hed irectivoefse arlJyu ne1 994.

2. The murdero f Bigirimana 85. RegardinBgi girimanaW,i tnessY testifietdh at" he was in a vehiclew,e made himc omed ownb ecaushee didn oth avea nyi dentitpya pers’.’99O neS emugeshhia ds aid 96 Transcriopft theh earinogf 9 June2 000,p . 156. 97 Transcripotf theh earinogf 9 June2 000,p . 156. 98 Witness Z talks of"end of " " " " ’ ’ DefenceE xhibitN o. 112.A prilm his admlssaotno the Rwandana uthoritieosf 22 June 1998, 99 Transcripotf theh earingo f 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

38. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [tlranslcaeUrotna tibeyLc IlS ~1S(,2 l ’N 35

he knewh im and thath e was an enemyo f thec ountrya nds peakintgo WitnesZs "he askedh imt og o andk illh im’.’I°°W itnesYs f urthetre stifi"ehde a skedu s tog o andd eal withh ima ndt hath e wasg oingt o buyu s tea,o bviouslsyp,e akinfgi gurativel1y0.1" Theyt henl eft,a rmedw ithm acheteasn d a club,t o killh imi n a smallf oresta bout 150 metresf romt heb ureauc ommunalW.i tnesZs landedt hef irstb lowa ndW itnesYs strucwki tht hec lub1.°2I ts houlbde notetdh atW itnesYs t estifitehda th ed idn ots eet he AccuseId°3a t thet imeo f Bigirimanaa’rsr estb,u tn ott hatt heA ccusewda sn ota t the roadblocaks heldb y them ajorit(yp ara.9 44o f theJ udgementM)o.r eoverd,u ringt he examinatioofn W itnesYs, no questionwse rep utt o hima s to whetheBri girimanaw’isf e hadb eenp resenatn dw hatr oles hem ighth avep layeddu rintgh ea rresotf herh usband.

86. WitnesZs testifietdh atB igirimanwaa ss toppeidn hisv ehicl"ea s theyu sually did",t hatt heys earche"dh isc lothingf"o r weaponasn d thath e himselafl legedly "discovertehda th e hadt woi dentitcya rds:o nei ndicatitnhga th e wasa Hutua ndt he othert hath e wasa Tutsi"1;°4w hichh e characterizaesd a seriouosf fenc1e°.5 One Semugeshair rivecdl aimintgo knowB igirimanvae ryw ella s a Tutsiw ho workedw ith theI nyenz1i0.6 W itnesZs t estifitehda tt herwee rea loto fp eoplaet t her oadblo1c°k7.A s to whetherW itnessY had engagedi n controlo perationasl ongsidhei m,W itnessZ testifitehda th e wasa t ther oadbloacnkd t hatt heya lleged"leyn circltehde g entleman’s vehiclet,h ev ehiclaeb oardw hichF rangoiBsi rgirimawnaas ’.’I°8B igirimanaw’isf e,a Hutuw oman,a llegedlwye ntt o pleadw itht heB ourgmestrweh,o w as walkintgo wards ther oadbloctko intervenbeu tt heB ourgmestarlel egedltyo ldh eri t wasn oneo f his businesasn d thats hes houldg o andt alkt o thep eoplem anningt her oadblockT.h e Accusetdh ena llegedwleyn tp ast,p retendinnogt t o seet hem1,°9a s heh eadetdo wardhsi s Transcriopft theh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

38. Transcriopft theh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 37. 102T ranscript of theh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p .

38. Transcriopft theh earinogf theh earinogf 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 48- 49. Transcrofi tphteh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p . 57. 105T ranscript of theh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

57. Transcriopft theh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

56. L07T ranscript of theh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

58. L0S Transcriopft theh earinogf 9 Februar2y0 00,p .

77. Transcriopft theh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

79. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslcaetrtUo/nti ~eyLc ClS StSt,;1 1~ 36

residenc1e1.°U nderc ross-examinatWiiotnn,e sZs testifietdh atB igirimanaw’isf ea nd the Bourgmestrmee t on the roadt o the bureauc ommunala nd not at the Trafipro roadblocakn dt hath e approachetdh eB ourgmesttroe showh im Bigirimanai’dse ntity cardsa ndg iveh ims omee xplanatio1n1s1.T heya llegedldye taineBdi girimaunnat ilt he eveninwgh enW itnessY , Rushimbaan dh imselfa,l legedltyo okB igirimantao a bush andk illedh imw ithm achetebse caushee wasa n accomplicae ,T utsi,a nda lsob ecause S1e1m2ugeshhia d givenh im somem oney.

87. Them ajoritnyo tedi nconsistenciine tsh et estimonioefs W itnesYs andW itnesZs whoc onfessteod killinBgi girimafnoal lowinhgi sa rresatt Trafiprroo adbloacnkd d rew somec onclusiontsh erefroams to the credibilitoyf WitnessZ (para.9 61 of the Judgement). 88.A fterr eviewintgh ed etailosf thise venta s recountebdy twop eoplem annintgh e roadblockw,h o bothc onfessetdo committingge nocidoen FrangoiBsi girimanaI, a m unpersuadtehda tb otha ccountasr ei rreconcilaabnldeg iver iset o doubtsa s to the credibiliotfy W itnesZs. IndeedW,i tnesYs t estifitehda tB igirimahnaad t o climbo uto f hisv ehiclbee caushee h adn o identiptayp erwsh ileW itnesZs t estifitehda th ep ersonally foundt het woi dentitcya rdsW.i tnesZs physicalhlayd t hems inceh e explainetdh ath e wentt o showt hemt o theB ourgmestwrhei let hel atterw asd iscussiwnigt hB igirimana’s wife.T hereforiet, i s notu nlikelgyi,v ent hef actt hatt herew erem anyo f thema t the roadbloctkh,a tW itnesYs t houghtth atB igirimadniad n oth avea nyi dentitpya perss,i nce theyw erei n the possessioonf WitnessZ . On the otherh and,t he meetingb etween Bigirimanaw’isf ea ndt heA ccusemda yn oth aveh appeneadt thes pecifitci meo f arrest nora tt hee xactl ocatioonf t heT rafiprroo adblobcukt a fewy ardsf romt hereo,n ther oad betweetnh eb ureauc ommunaaln dt her oadblocakn di t is notu nlikeltyh atW itnesZs was the only personw ho witnessetdh e meetings inceh e had in his possession Bigirmanai’dse ntitcya rdsa nd hada pproachetdh eB ourgmestroef hiso wna ccordt o showt hemt o him.I wisht oa ddt hat,W itnesYs d idn ott estiftyh att heA ccusewda sn ot Transcripotf theh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

70. Transcripotf theh earinogf 9 Februar2y0 00,p .

79. Transcripotf theh earingo f 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

59. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [tlranslactearotnl tibeyLd C ;5;l5l,S t’lt 37

at ther oadbloactk t het imeo f Bigirimanaar’rse sth;e o nlyt estifitehda th eh adn ots een himt here1.1 3 D. Findings 89.A fterc arefullrye viewintgh et estimonieavli denceI, m ustr espectfuldliys agree witht hem ajoritfyi ndintgh att heA ccuseidn curnso criminarle sponsibilfiotrye recting andc ontrolliancgt ivitiaetst heT rafiprrooa dblocwkh,e rTeu tsiwse rea rrestoerd taketno andt henk illedi,n pursuancoef a policoyf discriminatoino ent hnicg roundtsh att he Accuseadl lowetdo prevaitlh rougwhi llfufla ilurteo act,w hatevetrh em otiveosf the perpetratoofr tsh ec rimemsi ghto therwihsaev eb een. 90.T hem ajorithyo ldst hato nlyt hek illingosf Juditha ndB igirimacnaan b e ascribed withc ertainttyo activitiaets a roadblocikn Mabanz(ap ara.1 014o f theJ udgement). Consequenttlhye,m ajoritgyo eso n to findt hatt herec annobte thes lightecsatu salli nk betweetnh e fates ufferebdy civiliavni ctimusn ders ucha systema ndt her eckless operatioonf the roadblocbky theA ccuse(dp ara.1 021o f the JudgementI) .w ish observoen t hisp ointth att hen umbeorf v ictimast t her oadbloicski rrelevatnott hei ssue of assessintgh eg ravitoyf theA ccused’nse gligenicne erectinagn do peratinsgu cha roadblockb,e causWei tnesseZs a nd Y, whow eret hemselverse gularlpyr esenatt the roadbloctke,s tifietdh atT utsidsi dn otu set o passt hrougthh er oadbloactk thatt ime (WitnesZs e xplainetdh atT utsiwsh oh adp assedt hrougthh eT rafiprroo adblocakn dh ad beena rrestewde reJ uditha nd BirigmanaT)M JSucha limitedn umbero f Tutsisw ho passetdh rougthh er oadbloacpkp eartso me to be morei ndicatiovfe t hef actt hatt here wasn ota largen umbero f Tutsic iviliavni ctimast theT rafiprroo adblocrka,t hert han suggestitnhga tt heA ccuseodp eratetdh es aidr oadbloicnka reasonabflaes hion.

91. Lastly,t he majoritayd dressetdh e conditiontsh atm ay be reliedo n to show criminanle gligencoen the parto f the Accusebdy holdintgh atf oure lementmsu st necessaribley p rovedc umulative(lpya ra.1 011o f theJ udgemen:t )( 1)t hem urders Juditha nd Bigirimanwae rec ommitteidn thec ontexto f activitieast theT rafipro 113 Transcriptofthheea ringo f 7 Februar2y0 00,p . 49. 114T ranscripotf theh earinogf 8 Februar2y0 00,p .

75. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslactearoant ite~dyL tS~I8¢,S i ’i~ 38

roadblock(;2 )t heA ccusewda sr esponsibfloer t heo peratioonf ther oadblocikn his capacitays thea uthoritiyn chargeo f maintainilnagw a ndo rderi n thec ommun(et he majoritayl sof indst hatt hef irstt woe lementwse rep roved)(;3 )t hem easuretsh at Accusetdo okt o prevenatn yp otentiaclr imeast ther oadblocwke rew oefulliyn adequate in thec ircumstanacte tsh et ime,s uchm easurehsa vinbge ent akeno vera montha ftert he re-establishmoefn tth eT rafiprroo adbloc(k4;) t hec rimesi n questiocno uldh aveb een preventoerd punishehda dt heA ccuseedx ercisdeude d iligenicne hisd utyt o controtlh e personmsa nnintgh e roadblockb,y ensuringi,n tera lia,t hatt heyw eret rainebdy reservistass, s uggestiendt heP r~fet’lse ttearn db y initiatiinngv estigatiionntsot he incidenmtesn tioniendt heA ttestatioofn 3 June1 994.

92. Them ajoritfyi nds,i n spiteo f theren otb eingp roffereadn ys uchd ocumentary evidencper iort o 3 June1 994a ndi n spiteo f thev aguer esponsegsi venb y theA ccused whenq uestionaesd t ot hen aturoef directivgeisv end urintgh ee rectioonf t her oadblock, thati t cannobte foundt hatt heA ccusehda ds hownn egligenicne o peratitnhge r oadblock becausteh eA ccusesdo mewhaetx ercisedde factoc ontroolv ert her oadbloc(kp ara.1 018 oft heJ udgementN)o.w ,s ucha suggestioofn a de factor oleb y theA ccuseidn thed aily supervisoifoa nc tivitiaets t heT rafiprrooa dbloicsk n ots upportbeyd t het estimoonfy t he Accusehdi mselwfh on evers uggestetdh ath e exercisaendy s uchr egulacro ntroolv ert he saidr oadblockI.n deedh,a d theA ccuseds o admitteds,u cha n admissiowno uldh ave givenr iset o otherf ormso f liabiliatryi sinfgr omn egligencweh,i les uggestitnhga th e willfulilgyn orewdh atw asg oingo na t ther oadblock.

93. Them ajoritfyi ndst hati n the absencoef dateso n whichJ uditha nd Bigirmana werek illedi,t cannotr uleo ut thatt hek illingwse rec ommitteadt a timew hent he Accusewda s notf ullyi n controolf thea dministratoifo nh isc ommunep,a rticularly duringt hea ttackbsy theA bakigaH.o weveri,t appearrse asonabtloe m e to findo n the basiso f thet estimonioefs b othW itnesseZs a ndY thatt heA ccusewda si n hiso ffice whilet hew itnessweesr et akingJ uditahw ay,a nda t thet imew henJ uditahn dB igirimana werek illedM.o reovern,e ithewri tnestse stifietdh att hec ommunwea sa ttackebdy the Abakigdau rintgh osed ays( para.1 019o f theJ udgement). BAGI(C)00-39-GE Itranslatacoenr tl/iebdy LCSS,I Cl~ 39

94.T he majoritfyi ndsf urthetrh ati t is doubtfutlh atJ uditha ndB igirimanwao uld haveb eens paredi f the Accusehda dn otb eenn egligents,u ggestintgh erebtyh att he Accusedf’asi lurteo complwyi thh isd utyt o actw asi nconsequent(ipaalr a1.0 20o f the Judgemen!t )w.i sht o notet hatt hisf indinigs atv arianwciet ht hem ajorityh’osl dintgh at theA ccuserde gularlpya ssedb y ther oadblocka,n d thats houldh avea llowehdi m to exercisree asonabcloen troolv ert hea ctivititehse rei,n cludionvge rt hep eoplmea nning ther oadblocHko.w evert,h em ajoritayp peartso j ustiftyh isf indinbgy allegintgh ato ne cannortu leo utt hep ossibilitthya tt heA ccuseddi dn oth aves ufficiemneta nso f control durintgh osed ays.

95. ConsequentlIy a,m satisfiebde yonda ny reasonabldeo ubtt hatt he evidence outlineadn dd iscussseudp ras howsw illfunle gligenocne t hep arto f theA ccused. 96.W ithr espectto theA ccused’csr iminailn tenti,t is my opiniotnh att hee vidence adduceadt trialw hichs howst hen egligenceev incebdy theA ccuseidn deliberately turninag b linde yet o thei nherenrti skisn erectianngd o peratitnhge T rafiprrooa dblock, is akint o a consistepnatt teronf conduc1t1.5I am persuadetdh at,o vera ndb eyondh is duty,t heA ccusedi,n hisc apacitays B ourgmesthraed,t her esourcteosc ontrooln a daily basist hea ctivitiaensd o rganizatoifo tnh ep ersonmsa nnintgh eo nly" officiarlo"a dblock in thec ommunee,r ectecdl oset o theb ureauc ommunala, l ocatiotnh eA ccusehda dt o passa s he wentt o and fromh omet o the officeF.u rthermorteh,e Accusewda s aware thatt hes ituatipoons eda dangefro rT utsisa,s he admittetdo beings oa wared urinhgi s interviewwi thW itnesRsA ,e speciallwyh eret heM abanza-Kiburyoea dw asc oncerned. It wasp roveadt triala,n dt hisi s notd isputebdy thep artiest,h atM abanzcao mmunwea s subjectetdo certaiant tackasn dt hatt heA ccusekdn ewt hatt heT utsisi n Mabanzwae re thep rimartya rgetosf sucha ttacksC.o nsequenttlhye,e rectioonf a roadblocmka,n nebdy armedH umc iviliansw,h o weres ometimegse neralllyi kenetdo the Interahamwteo, prevenitn filtratbiyom ne mberosf R PF,o bviousploys eda speciarli skf orT utsic ivilians. ns Pursuantt o Rule9 3 of the Ruleso f Proceduraen dE videncee,v idencoef a consistenpta tterno f conducits admissiblien provintgh eg uilto f an accused. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 40 [franslactetrotna tibeycL tC bbI,C II~

97.I notet hatt hep owertso checki dentificattioos ne,a rcht,o c onfiscatteo, a ne xtent, toa rresatn dd etaiwnh ichw eree xercisbeyd i ndividuawlhso ,a s testifibeyd t heA ccused, hadn o speciatlr aininagp artf romp rimareyd ucationa,r eb y virtueo f delegatioofn powersa,m ongt heb asicp owerso f theB ourgmestrreel atintgo hisr esponsibilfiotry maintaininlga w and orderi n the commune.N otwithstanditnhge scopeo f such delegatioofn powerst,h eA ccusende verr eferreidn hist estimontyo anym easurehse mighhta vet aketno e nforcteh eP r~fetd’isr ectitvoet hee ffecti,n tearl iat,h att hep ersons manninrgo adblocskhso ulbde trainebdy reservists.

98. Furthermorteo, the extentt hatt he Accuseda llegesi,n his defencet,h ath e knowinglayn du nlawfulliys sueda numbero f falsei dentitcya rdst o Tutsisw hoc ame eithert o theb ureauc ommunaolr to hish ome,i t is my opiniotnh ath e couldn oth ave beenu nawaroef the consequencoefs carryinagn identitcya rdi ndicatinag T utsi ettmicitayn,d m ores pecificawlhleync rossian gr oadbloactk t hatp articultairm e.

99. Consequenttlhye,r ei s no denyintgh att her isksp osedb y sucha systewme rer eal andc ouldb e perceivebdy an Accused-Bourgmewshtorh ea db eeni n officef or1 4 years, fromt hem oments ucha screeninsgy stemw asp uti n place,a ndi t becamken ownt hatt he personmsa nnintgh er oadbloceknsj oyecdo nsiderabploew era t thet imem ajorm assacres were being perpetratedin Mabanzac ommunea nd in Kibuyep refecture.Th ose circumstancaelso new arrantetdh att heA ccusebde camed oublyv igilanatn de nsureadn adequatlee velo f supervisioovne ra ctivitiaets t her oadblotchkr oughotuhta tp eriod. Consequentleyv,e nt hes upervisoarnyd c ontroalc tiontsa kenb y the Accuseidn June appeairn adequattoe m e,e specialalsy t heyr elatteo incidenwthsi cha llegedolcyc urred fromt het imet he roadblochka d beene rectebdu t whichw eren everf olloweudp on. Thereforiet,i s noti mpossibtlhea tt hek illingtse stifiteod b y WitnessZe sa ndY would be parto f such" incidentsY"e.t ,n o proceedinwgesr ei nstitutebdy the Accusetdo identiftyo,p unisohr t o prosecutthee p erpetratoofrt sh oscer imes. 100.T herei s no evidencper iort o June1 994,n ote veni n theA ccused’tse stimontyh,a t he in anyw ayt riedt o prevenpte rsonnso t assignetdo the roadblocfkr oma ctually manninigt ,o r thath e punishetdh osew hoi nflictieldl -treatmoenn pta ssersbIyt. i s my BAGI(C)00-39-GE [1r anslactemrnt ifbiyeL dU :5;I5C,T R[ 41

viewt hats uchi nformaticoonn cerniinlgl -treatmoefn pta ssersbcyo,u plewdi tht hef act thatt heA ccusekdn ewt hat" unofficiarlo"a dblochkasd b eene recteidn thec ommunaen d admittetdo havingb eena wareo f whatw as happeninagt otherr oadblockisn other communeosr eveno nt heK ibuyreo ad,c onstituat beo dyo f indicisau fficietnot s howt hat theA ccusehda dr easotno knowt hen aturoef ther isksp osedb y theT rafiprroo adblock. In thei nstancta se,I am satisfietdh atc onsideritnhge i nformatiaovna ilablteo the Accused,h e musth aveb eena wareo f the probabilitoyf criminaclo nductb y the individuamlasn nintgh er oadblocakn dt hath isw ass o seriouas conducats to amountt o criminanle gligenacse d efineidn theB laskiJcu dgement. 101.I nl ighto f thef oregoinigt, i s myo piniotnh att heA ccusewdi llfulnleyg lectheids dutyt o exercisaep propriactoen troolv ert hem oduso perandait theo nlyr oadbloucnkd er hisr esponsibiliatnyd,t herebayi deds ubstantialtlhyep rincipaolfs thec rimesT.h e Accuseddi dn otf ulfilh isd utieso f supervisiaonnd m aintenanocfe l awa ndo rderi n Mabanzac ommuneT.h ereforeI, findt hatt hroughw illfuln egligencet,h e Accused incurreldi abilitfyo rc omplicitiyn crimesa gainshtu manit-y m urder- committebdy individuaalsss ignerde gularloyr, e venp ermanenttloy t,h eT rafiprroo adblock. IV. TheA ccused’cso mplicitiyn the detentioann dm altreatmeonft r efugeeast

Gatwarsot adiu(mp aras4.. 23,4 .24a nd4 .31o f theI ndictment) 102.I respectfuldliys tancmey selff romt hep ositioonf them ajoritwyh o,i n finding evidencoef h isp resencaet t hes tadiuimn sufficiefnati,l etdo holdt heA ccusecdr iminally liablfeo rc ompliciitny t heu nlawfuclo nfinemeonft t heM abanzrae fugeeast theG atwaro stadiumi,n Kibuyef,r om1 3 to 18 April1 994. 103.A fterc arefullwye ighintgh et estimonieavli dencaed ducedI, a m of thev iewt hat theA ccused’tse stimoniys notc rediblsei nceh e testifiebde foret heC hambetrh ath e neverw entt o Gatwarsot adiumn,o re vent o Kibuyet ownb etwee9n and2 5 April1 994, despitcer ediblaen dc orroboratteeds timonieavli dencpel acinhgi ma t Gatwarsot adium on 13,1 4 and1 8 April1 994. BAGI(C)00-39-OE 42 [t’ranslacneornt atibeydL Ij~I,C ’l’14q

/35o 104.F ort hep urposeosf my reasoninIg ,r efert o thef actsa s seto uti n ChapteVr, Sectio3n. 2o f them ajoritjyu dgemewnitt houutn dertakiannge xhaustirveev ieowf allt he testimonieavli dence. Monitorinbgy theA ccuseodf thes ituatiowni thr espectto theM abanza refugeeisn Gitesi 105.W ithr egardt o thec ircumstancseusr rounditnhge d eparturoef ther efugeest,h e Accusetde stifiaesdf ollows: "Givetnh ec ircumstanicne wsh icIh receivtehde m essagteh,e rwea sn o wayo f checkinIgt. i sw henI receivtehdi sm essagaen,d t hatI wass ensinwgh atw as goingt o happene,s pecialgliyv enw hatw asb eings aide lsewherreu,m oursI, didn’cth ecko n whatw ash appeniinng K ibuyew,h ethetrh eyw ouldb ea blet o receivteh esep eopleI. w ass implyt hinkintgh att heys houlfdl eea ndr un a,w’a1y1.6 106.T heA ccusetde stifitehda ta ftert her efugeelse ftf orK ibuyeh,e hadt houghtth at theirs afetyw ouldb e ensurebdy Prefecturaen dc ommunaeu thoritiiens K ibuyel.l7I n responsteo questiofnrso mt heC hambeorn then aturaen dc ontenotf actionhse allegedly tookt o checko n thep lighotf ther efugeeast thes tadiumt,h eA ccuseedx plaintehda th e didn otg o to Kibuyeb ecaushee hadt o facea ttackosc currinign theM abanzcao mmune on thatd ay.H e furthetre stifitehda tt heg endarmerCioem mandeJra,b o,h adt oldh imi n thea fternooofn 1 3 April1 994t hatt her efugeehsa da rrivesda feliyn K ibuyeN.o w,i t is worthn

otintgh at,a s theA ccusetde stifietdo himselfh,i sm eetinwgi thC ommandeJra bo wasa chancee ncountearn d thatt he Accusehda d failedt o takea ctiono,n hiso wn initiativteo,e nsurteh att her efugeewso ulda rrivien K ibuysea fea nds ounde,v eni f no crimeu nderS tatuteo f the Tribunal’hsa d been committeddu ringt he transfer. Questioneodn them onitorinogf theM abanzrae fugeess’a fetyi n Kibuyet,h eA ccused addedt hath e wentt o Kibuyeo nlyw henh e wasi nvited.lCioBm ingf roma Government- appointBeodu rgmestirne o fficfeo r1 4 years,a ndw itha well2establirsehpeudt atiionn Governmenstu,c ha n explanatidoone sn ota ppeart o me crediblei,n lighto f thee vents unfoldinagt the timea ndt hem ovemenotf a substantipaalr to f thec ommune’Tsu tsi Transcripotf theh earinogf 5 June2 000,p . 44. 117T ranscripotf theh earinogf 5 June2 000,p . 42 Transcripotf theh earinogf 5 June2 000,p .

51. BAGI(C)00-39-.GE IlransIacteirolna tb~yeL dC SSI,C I1 ~ 43

populatioTnh.e reforIe ,a m unpersuadbeyd t heA ccused’ass sertiotnh ath e hadt aken practicaanld c oncretaec tiotno c hecko n thep lighotf ther efugeeasn dI woulda ddt hat thisp ointi si mportatnot a ssessitnhge r oleo ft heA ccuseidn t hee venttsh ato ccurraetd Gatwarsot adiuams fromt het ransfeorf refugees. 107.W ithr espectto hiss chedulet,h eA ccusetde stifietdh atf rom1 3 April1 994" the Abakigcaa me[ everydaya]n,d t hist imet heyd idn otr emaina t Mabanztah eyc ontinued up to Gitesit,o wardGsi tesia ndt heyw ouldg o backi n thee vening’s’.119N ow,d uring thatp eriod,t he majoritoyf Tutsisf romM abanzaw erer efugeeisn Kibuye,G itesi communeu,p ont heA ccused’asd vicea s giveni n them orninogf 12 April1 994.I am of thev iewt hatt heA ccusecda nnott hereforcel aimt hath e wasu nawaroef thep ossible attackosn theT utsir efugepeo pulatiionn G itesbiy thes ameA bakigwah ow erea ttacking Mabanzdau ringt hats amep eriodF.u rthermorIe n,o tet hatt herei s no independeonrt specififca ctuaelv idencaed ducebdy theA ccusetdh ato n 15,1 6 and1 7 April1 994o ther Abakigaat tackosc curreidn Mabanzrae quirintgh att heA ccuserde maini n thec ommune toe nsurteh es afetoyf t hep opulation. 108.W ithr egardt o the actuals ecurityc onditionpsr evailinign Mabanzaf rom 13 April1 994,t he Accusedw,h enq uestioneodn how he keptt he Pr~feti nformed througah r eporotn t hee ventosf 13A pril1 994,t

estifitehda th eh ads poketno theP rOfet in them orninogf 13 Aprilf,o llowitnhge d epartuorfe t her efugeebsu,t n ots ubsequently becausteh et elephonlei nesh adb eenc ut.A s to whethehre couldn oth avep ossiblsye nt a messagteo theP rdfett hrougthh eg endarmerCioem mandeJra,b o,s incet het elephone wasn o longerw orkingt,h eA ccuserde plied":I didn’th avea specifimce ssagfeo rh im, he himselfw,o uldh aveb eena wareo f whath appeneidn Mabanz’a’.12°A ndt his,d espite thef actt hatt hatd ayw asd escribebdy theA ccuseads "totalc haosi n Maban’z’a121a nd wouldh avec ertainlpyr omptead commensurarteea ctioni,n cludingn,o tifyinhgi gher authoritiweist ha viewt o theipro ssiblien terventiIo nno.t et hatt hisa ttitudset andisn starkc ontrastto t heA ccusedz’esa loupsr omptituidnei n formitnhge P rdfeitn t hen ighto f 12 to 13 Aprilo f imminendta ngehre hadh adt of aceb eforteh er efugeefsl edt heb ureau 119T ranscripotf theh earinogf 5 June2 000,p p.1 33- 134. iz0T ranscripotf the hearinogf 5 June2 000,p . 121.

communalF.o r instancea,f term idnighitn the nighto f 12 to 13 April1 994,u pon realizintgh att hep rdfectuhraed b roughitn otherr efugeefsr omR utsirot,h eA ccused testifitehda th eh adt elephontehdeP r~featn de veno fferetdo r esign: "Att hatp oinitn t imea,t t hatv eryt imea tm idnighIt t,e lephotnheedP rdfeti,t wasv eryl ateb utI tookt hel iberttyoc allh ima tn ightI. a skehdi mw hatt hey weret ryintgo d o [...]S oI askedw hyt heP r~fewta sb ringipnego plbee fore consultimneg, w e shouldh avel ookeda t thew aysa ndm eanso f findinag solutiotno my problemsT.h ati s whatI believwee shouldh aved one. MoreoveIr s,a idt ot heP rdfetI, h adi nvitehdi mo ns everaolc casiotnosc ome ands eew ithh iso wne yest hec onditiounnsd erw hichI wasw orkinagn dt he problemwsi thw hichI wasf aceda ndh e neverc ame.[ ...]It oldh im,b y telephonteh,a tI woulbdr in-g - thatI wasg ointgo g iveh imt hek eyst ot he o’f’f~i2c2oent hem ornionfgt he1 3a~. 109.C oncernintgh eA ccused’asl legeodf fert o resignp resentetdo the Pr~fett hat morningi,t seemst o me thati n lighto f thee ventsw hichf ollowetdh ed eparturoef the Tutsir efugeess,u cha s the widespreaadt tacksd escribebdy the Accusedo,r the withdrawoafl t heg endarmerfioer ceasn d,e specialltyh,em assacroef them ajoritoyf the MabanzTau tsip opulatioinn Kibuyeo n 17 and 18 April,t he Accusewdo uldh aveh ad severasle riouosp portunittioet se ndehri

sr esignattioot nh eP referb,u te lectetdo r emain ino fficei,ns pitoef s uche vents. 110.D uringh ist estimonyt,h eA ccuseidn sisteodn the numbero f timesh e contacted theP rdfedtu rintgh en ighto f 12 to1 3 April1 994.I n my opinions,u chi nsistensceer ved asa justificatfioornt hef actt hatt heA ccusehda dn o otherr ecourtshea n" toa dviset"h e refugeetso leavef or Kibuyea ndt o ask themt o vacatet he bureauc ommunailn the morninogf 13 April,i n ordert o getr ido f the" burdenb"r oughti,n hisv iew,b y the PrdfetN.o w,i t shoulbde notedt hatf rom9 April1 994,t heA ccusehda df iveg endarmes followintgh eK ibuyes ecuritmye etinhge ldo n thatd ay,a ndt hati nsteaodf stationing themc loset o theb ureauc ommunawlh eret heT utsip opulatiownh,o w eret he primary targetosf thea ttackerhsa,d s oughrte fugaes oft hats amed ate,t heA ccusehda de lected to postt heg endarmetso Mushubatail,t hougthh el atterh adn o meanso f t1r2a3nsport. Neverthelesthse,g endarmehsa da telephonlei nea ndi t appearqsu ites trangteh att he 12lT ranscriopft t heh earinogf 5 June2 000,p . 113. 122T ranscriopft t heh earinogf 5 June2 000,p p.2 9-32. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [l’ranslatcleornt atibeyd L {SSSI,C TPq 45

Accuseedl ectendo tt oc allt heg endarmaets l easti n thee veninogf 12 April1 994s o that theym ightc omea nde nsuret hes ecuritoyf theb ureauc ommunaclo nsideritnhge f resh influoxf r efugetehsa te vening. 111.F urthermoreI, n otet hatd espitet he Accusedb eingp resumablayw areo f an imminendta ngera s identifieidn them orninogf 13 April1 994,n oneo f thew itnesses who at the time werer efugeesa t the bureauc ommunalt estifietdo the Accused explainitnog t hemt hes pecifinca turoef sucha dangerH.o wevert,h eA ccusetde stified at lengtht o an imminenatt tacbky attackercso mposeodf AbaMgfar omR utsiro. 112.L astlyi,n lighto f theu niquec ircumstanciens w hicht he Accusedde cidetdo dispatcha,s a mattero f urgencyt,h ousandosf refugeefsr omt heb ureauc ommunatlo Kibuyien them orninogf 13 April1 994,i t appeartso me doubtfutlh att heA ccusecdo uld havep roceedewdi thouste ekinpgr iora uthorizatiforno mP rdfetK ayishemag,i vent he well-establischheadi no f commandw hichr equiretdh e Accusedi,n his capacitays Bourgmestrteo, f irsts eeks ucha n authorizatiIofn t.r ue,t hens uchu northodcooxn duct seemst o me to standi n starkc ontrastto the Accused’rse luctancien, lighto f the opportunitihees p resumablhya d,t o go to the Prefectureev,e nw ithouitn vitation, followitnhge d epartuorfe t her efugeetso, e nsurteh att heyw oulda ctuallbye s afet here. By extensiont,h iso bservatioanp

plietso theA ccused’rse luctancteo addresst he 25 April1 994s ecuritmye etinign Kibuyew,h ichi n particulfaorl lowetdh em assacreast GatwarSot adiuamn dw hichw illb e discusseidn detaible low. 113.C onsequentIl ya,m of theo piniotnh att het otalitoyf theA ccusedc’osn tradictory attituidnet hef aceo ft heu nfoldienvge ntcsa stsd oubotn thev eraciotfyh ist estimonIy. findt herefrtohma tt hee xplanatiopnrso videbdy theA ccuseads to them agnitudoef the attackosn Mabanzcao mmunsee rvetdo conceahli sw illfunle gligenicne c heckinogn the plighto f theT utsir efugeesw,i tht heA ccuserde lyinogn "thea libi"o fferebdy the Abakigaat tackosn the communteo showt hat,h e hadb eenb lockeidn Mabanzoan the oneh and,a ndt hath e hadt o attentdo t hep opulatioofnt hec ommuneo,n t heo therh and. 123T ranscroiftp hte h earionfg8 Jun2e0 00p,p .1 42a nd1 43( French). BAGI(C)00-39-GE [t’ranslalcaeornt ltibeyd L C~,I CTI~ 46

B. Regarding the presence of the Accused at Gatwaro stadium on 13 and 14 April1 994. 1. 13 April1 994 114.W itnessA and WitnessA C testifiedt o seeingt he Accuseda t Gatwaros tadiumo n 13 April1 994t hought herei s abouta one-houdri screpanicny thet imet heyb otht estified to seeingh im. (Accordintgo WitnessA C, the Accusedw as withS emanza)1.24 However, the Accusedt estifiedt hat he had remainedi n Mabanzaw heret he bureauc ommunalh ad allegedlbye eni ntera liaa ttackebdy Abakigian the morning.I25 115.W itnessA testifietdh att he Accuseda rriveda t the stadiumg atesa round2 p.m. but as he did not havea watch,t he timeh e had givenw as a roughe stimat2e6J WitnessA testifietdh att he Accusedf ollowetdh e refugeewsh ent heyl eftM abanzaf or Kibuyeb ut that the Accusedh ad stoppedt o speak to some gendarmesa nd ~them in Kibuyea s the gateso f Gatwaros tadiumw ere being opened1.27 Now, since WitnessA failedt o mentioinn hisp riors tatementtsh eA ccusefdo llowintgh e refugeeass theyl eftt heb ureau communalt,h e majoritfyi ndst hats uchf ailurec astsd oubto n the evidencoef WitnessA who testifiebde foret he Chambert o seeingt he Accusedo n thatd ay (para.5 36 of the Judgement). 116.W itnessA C testifiedt o the Accuseda rrivingu narmeda nd in civilianc lothing, around3 p.m. that same day. The witnesse xplainedt hat the Accuseds poke to the gendarmesa t the stadiumg atesa nd thata

fterh is departuret,h e gendarmesa llegedly statedt hatn obodyw ouldb e allowedo ut of the stadiuma nd evenb eatb ackt he refugees who attemptetdo followt he AccusedT.h e majoritfyo undt hatt herew erei nconsistencies betweetnh et estimonoyf the witnesasn dh is priors tatemenats to thes pecificco nducto f the Accusedw hen he arrivedt hat day. The majorityn otedd iscrepanciebse tweent he priors tatementosf WitnessA C and his testimonye:i thert he Accusede nteredt he stadium or he triedt o entert he stadiumo,r he tooka few stepsi ntot he stadiumT.h e majority 124 Transcripotf theh earingso f 17 November1 999,p . 22 and 23 ando f 18 November1 999,p .

39. Transcriopft theh earinogf 5 June2 000,p . 42. 126 Transcripotf the hearingo f 17 November1 999,p .

74. Transcripotf the hearingo f 17 November1 999,p .

31. BAGI(C)00-39-GE Ilranslactearotnl tbiyeL dE SSI,C’ l’t~ 47

findst,h ati nt hef aceo fs uchd iscrepancainedcs o nsistencwiietsht hea ccounotf t hev isit of theA ccusetdh ed ayb eforec,o uplewdi tht hef actt hatt hew itnesosn lyg avea sketchy accounotf t hev isiti,t cannobte r uledo utt hatt hew itnesasc tuallrye memberae sdi ngle visitw hichh e wasn owr ecountiansg t wos eparatvei sit(sp ara5.3 8o ft heJ udgement). 117.F orm y part,I holdt heo piniotnh ats incet heseq uestionwse ren otc learlpyu tt o WitnesAsC durinhgi st estimontyh,e m ajorityf’isn dinwgh ichi sb aseds pecificalolny a priors tatemeinsts peculatiAvtea .n yr ate,a ccorditnog t hem ajoritdye cisioint selfi,t shoulhda veb eenf oundt hatt hew itnesrse memberaetd l easto nev isito f theA ccusetdo thes tadiuma,l thougthh isf acti s note vena cceptebdy them ajorityR.e gardintgh e absencoef d etailsI, n otet hatt hem ajoritayc knowledwgietsh r espectto thee videncoef theo therw itnessewsh oh adb eena t thes tadiuamt thatt ime,b utw hoh adn ots eent he Accusedt,h ati t is not unlikeltyh att he Accusedm ade" shortv isits"w hichw ent unnoticedB.u t them ajoritnyo nethelersesq uirecdo mprehensiavned s pecifidce tails aboutt hev isitso f theA ccuseads testifietdo by thew itnessewsh os awt heA ccused "briefly." 118.I n my opiniont he othert estimonierse gardintgh e Accusedb eingp resenta t Mabanzian them orninogf 13 April1 994a ren oti nconsistewnitt ht heA ccusepdo ssibly visitinGga

twarsot adiuimn thee arlya ftemoosni nceh e hada vehiclaen dt her oads wouldh aveb eenf reeb y thena s ther efugeehsa da lreadayr riveadt theird estinatiFoonr. his part,t he Accusedt estifietdh atM abanzaw as 20 kilometreasw ayf romK ibuye prdfeetuarned " moreovetrh,a ti t wasn ota tarmarco ad,i t tookm e oneh ourt o gett o Kibuye.1"2 8I am unpersuadbeyd t hem ajorityf’isn dintgh ati n lighto f thee videncoef WitnesAs andW itnesCs, it wouldh aveb eeni mpossibfloer t heA ccusetdo haveg onet o thes tadiuomn twos eparatoec casionosn 13 April1 994( para.5 39o f theJ udgement). This,a lthougthh em ajoritnyo tedt hatt hew itnessegsi vea n approximattiem ea ndt hat theo nlyf actuadli fferenlciee si n thef actt hato neo f thew itnessteess tifitehda tt he Accusewda sa t thes tadiubme foret heg atesw ereo pened( WitnesAs) whilet he other witneswsa sa lreadiyn sidteh es tadiu(mA C).I t is quitep ossiblfeo rt heA ccusetdo have remainefdo ra whilei nt hev icinitoyf t hes tadiuomr i n Gitescio mmunteh;e reforIe f,a il BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lranslatcieornt l/ibeyd L CSSI,C ’fR[ 48

to seeh ows ucht wow itnessceosu ldb e saidt o bed escribianng u nlikelsyi tuatiaolnl t he mores incet het imeg ivenw eree stimates. 2. 14 April1 994 119.T he Accusedt estifietdh ato n thatv eryd ay of 14Aprili n the morningt,h e Abakigrae turnetdo thec ommunien greatenru mberasn da ttackead groupo f peasants neart heb ureauc ommunaaln dt hato ncea gain,t heya ttackeKda nmgul iket heyh add one t’h’e1d9 2ayb efore.

120. WitnesseAs a ndA C130 testifietdo seeingt heA ccuseadg aini n a vehiclwei th Semanzoan 14 April1 994( accordintgo WitnesAs, in thec ompanoyf Dr. Lronaradn d accordintgo WitnesAsC ,a t 9 a.m.i n thec ompanoyf twoc ommunaplo liceo fficerasn d thec ommunald river)TM headt owardtsh ee ntrancaen ds peakt o theg endarmeWsi.t ness AC testifietdh att heA ccusewda si n civiliacnl othinagn du narmewdh ilet hep olicemen werea rmedW.i tnesAs whow ash igho n thel argesrt andf urthetre stifitehda tw hent hey arrivedt,h er efugeessh outed":t hatt hey"r,e ferritnog t hev isitorwse,r ec omintgo kill them.I nm y opinioni,f t herew asa mix-uaps t o thed ayo f thev isit( Thursdoary F riday) betweeWni tnesAs’ st estimonayn dh isp riors tatemenstu,c ha discrepanhcays l ittle impacto n ther eliabiliotfy the evidencoef a witneswsh o wasr ecountintgh e same incidenotn botho ccasionasn, i ncidenwth ichi nvolvetdh eA ccusebde ingp resenatt the stadiutmh atd ay.I do nots haret hev iewo f them ajorittyh ati t wasp romptebdy "the absencoef detailsf"r omW itnesAs o n sucha visitt o considtehre p riors tatemenotfst he saidw itnes(sp ara5.4 9o f theJ udgementI) a.m puzzlebdy s ucha n approactho assessing evidencteh atI cannoetn dorse. 121.R egardintgh ev isito f theA ccusetdo thes tadiuomn 14 April1 994,t hem ajority findst hatt hee videncoef WitnesAs i sn otc onclusivecloyr roborabtye tdh et estimoonfy

WitnesAsC a ndn otess pecificatlhleyf actt hatW itnesAsC didn ott estiftyo a "striking and relevandte taila"s mentionebdy WitnesAs whot estifietdh atw hent heA ccused 128T ranscripotf the hearinogf 9 June2 000,p . 72. 129T ranscripotf theh earinogf 5 June2 000,p p.4 2,1 13a nd 125. Transcripotf the hearingo f 17 November1 999,p . 38 and of 18 November1 999,p . 43. 131 Transcripotf the hearingo f 18 Novembe1r9 99,p .

44. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [lrans~actem~nt lebcytL tSSSI,( S1 1~ 49

arrivetdh,e r efugesecsr eam"etdh att hey,r"e ferritnog t hev isitorhsa,d c omet o killt hem (para.5 51o f theJ udgementT)h.u s,t hought hem ajoritfyi ndst hatW itnesAs hadn ot providesdu fficiednett aitlo eraset hes ubsistidnogu btw ithr espectto t hev isito ft he Accusedi,t seemsi ncongruofuosrt hem ajorittoy relyo n a "strikianngd r elevandte tail" givenb y thiss amew itnestso findt hatt het estimonioefs A andA C aren otc onclusively corroboratoifv oen ea notheri,n s piteo f thef actt hatW itnesAsC wasa ta nothelro cation in thes tadiuamn d thatt hism aya ccounfto rh is failintgo mentiosnu cha detail. (para5.5 1o f theJ udgement.) o Findings on the presence of the Accused at the Stadium on 13 and1 4 April1 994a ndo n thea ssessmenotf thet estimonieavli dence 122.I notet hat,e vent hougthh eA ccuserde nouncehdi sd efencoef alibii n thec ourse oft het riala,n dw hereahse claimeidn hist estimotnhya th e didn otg ot o Kibuybee tween 9 and2 5 April1 994,t he Accusewda so nlya blet o providlei ttlei nformatioonn h is schedulaen da ctivitieisn Mabanzdau ringt hisp eriodE.v ent houghs everawli tnesses placet he Accuseidn Mabanzoan 13 and1 4 April,a t varioutsi mesd uringt hed ayo n 13 Aprilt,h eirt estimoniiens t,h em ain,o nlyp ointt ot hem orningIst.t herefosreee mst o me thatt he Accusecdo uldv eryp ossiblhya vet ravellebde tweeMna banzaan d Kibuye durintgh ed ay,c onsideritnhga

t,a s suggestebdy theA ccusehdi mselfo,n eh ourb y road wass ufficietnotc overs ucha distancIe .w ouldl iket on ote,m oreovetrh,a tt hee vidence usedt o "corroboratthee"p resencoef theA ccuseodn 13 and1 4 April1 994i n Mabanza, is testimoniwehsi chh adn ot beena cceptebdy theT rialC hambewrh ent heys uggested the Accused’isn volvemenitn otherc rimesc ommitteidn Mabanza( particularly, WitnesseAsB ,Z andH ). 123.M oreoveri,t beinge stablishtehda tt heA ccusewda sp resenatt thes tadiudmu ring thisp eriodi,n thea bsencoef evidencteo showt hath e objectetdo thec rimewsh ichw ere committtehde rea t thatt ime,a ndt akinign toa ccounhti ss tatuass an authoritIy a,m of theo piniotnh att hep robabilitthya tt heA ccusewda s,a t thatt ime,a ssociatweidt ht he perpetratoofrt sh ec rimeiss ,t o my mind,e stablisheevde,n i nt hea bsencoef e videncteo showt hatt heA ccusewda sp rivyt o a preconceivpelda n.S uchp robabiliitny m,y opinion, is supportebdy thes tatemenotf WitnesAs, as to thei ncidenwth icho ccurreudp ont he BAGI(C)00-39-GE Irranslatcaeornt ltibeydL CS~,I C’fl~ 50

arrivaolf theA ccuseodn 14 April1 994,d uringw hichi ncidentth er efugeeisn sidet he stadiucmr iedo ut" thatt hey"- includintgh eA ccusewdh ow asa mongt hev isitor-s h ad comet ok illu s[ refugeeas ]d,e taidle scribbeydt hem ajoriatsy" strikianngd p ertinent." 124.C onsequentlIy ,d ifferw itht hem ajoritwyh ich,i n assessintgh e evidencien supporotf t hep resencoef t heA ccuseadt t hes tadiuamn,d i n lighto ft hef actuafli ndings whichc ouldb e madeo n theb asiso f evidencoef thep resencoef an authoriatty t hes cene of thec rime,a ppliead doubles tandarrde gardintgh ea ssessmenotf evidencaen d,i n severacla sest,h et esta ppliepdr ovetdo b ei nappropriTahtues.t, h em ajoristtya tetdh ata n allegatioofn t hep resencoef theA ccusemdu stb e treatewdi thc autioinf s ucha llegation is nots upportebdy othere videnc(ep ara.5 32o f theJ udgementI)n. o therw ords,w here lacko f detairla iseddo ubtt,h em ajoritwyo ulda pplyt hef ollowitnegs t: examinoet her testimonioers t akei ntoa ccounwti tnessst atementtos clarifoyr testt hev eracitoyf allegatimoand eb y a witnessw,h ereupoinf therei s no corroboratitohne,d oubtw ould persisatn dp resencweo uldn oth aveb eenp rove(np ara5.3 2o f theJ udgement). 125.A s I stateds uprai n the introductorreym arksI, hold,o n the contraryt,h at testimonieavli denchea sa n intrinsivca lue,a ndt hate videncmeu stb e testedw hent he witnesiss givintge

stimoannyd n ota posteriorbiy,r e lyingp,a rticularolny t,h ew itness’ priors tatementsw,i thoustu chs tatementbse ingn ecessarilpyu t to him duringh is testimonIy i.n sisotn t hef actt hatp riors tatemenmtuss tb e usedw ithc autionb,y taking intoa ccountth el acko f informatioonn t hec onducotf thee xaminatioofn t hew itnessa,n d by ensurintgh ata pparenitn consistencaireesb roughtto thek nowledgoef thew itness, thusg ivinhgi mt heo pportunittoy p rovidaen explanatidounr inhgi st estimony. 126.I n thisi nstancet,h e majorityh oldst hat WitnessA onlyg aves uperficial informatiroeng ardihnigs o bservatioofn t heA ccusedi;t pointosu t,i n particulatrh,a t therei s no precisioans to whatt he Accusedw as doing,w hethero r not he was accompaniewdh,e thehre wass tandinogr sittinign a vehicloer whethehre wasa rmed (para5.3 7o f theJ udgementI) n.o tet hatW itnesAs p rovidesde veradle tailsb,u tt hatt he majoritdyi dn otm akef actuafli ndingtsh erefrobme,c ausiet considertehde ma s being insufficietnot r emovdeo ubta st o thep resencoef theA ccusedI. d eemi t appropriattoe BAGI(C)00-39-GE [l’ranslaclearolna tibeydL (SNSI,C l l,q 51

recaltlh at,i n theo pinioonf them ajoritdye,p endionng t hel ocatioonf an individuaatl thes tadiuamn dt akinign toa ccountth ef actt hatt herew asa crowdi nsidteh es tadiumi,t isn ott ob er uledo utt hata briefv isitc oulgdo u nnotic(epda ra5.4 2o ft heJ udgement). fortiortio, r equirteh atw itnessperso vidseu chd etailasn da ccuraitnef ormatiiosn,i n my opinionu,n justifiaendd u nfairc,o nsideritnhga tt hew itnesserse cognizeadn,d n ot identifietdh,eA ccuseudn ders uchc ircumstanacse hsa veb eend escribed. 127.L astlyw,h ent hem ajoritsyt atest hati t doesn otg ivea nyw eightt o thef actt hat WitnesseAs and AC allegedlsya w theA ccuseda t the stadiuomn 13 Aprilw ithina n intervaolf abouto neh our,i t nevertheledsrsa wst hei nferentchea ti f theA ccusehda d beenp resenwth ent her efugeewse ree nterintgh es tadiu(ma st estifibeyd W itnesAs) ,t he Accusewdo uldn oth aveh adt o returant a laters taget o askw hethetrh er efugeehse had senth ada rrived(,a st estifibeyd WitnesAsC )( para5.3 9o f theJ udgementI) h.o ld opiniotnh ats ucha findinigs irrelevaanntd s mackmso reo f speculatiIo nw.o uldl iket o addt hatt hea ssessmeonft W itnesAsC ’st estimobnyyt hem ajoritwyi thr egartdo thev isit of theA ccuseodn 13 April1 994a ndt hef indintgh att hes aids uperficiaanld s ketchy descriptioofnt hev isito f theA ccusecdo uldv eryw ella pplyt ot hev isito f then extd ay is, in my

opinionu,n founde(dp ara.5 41o f the Judgement)R.e gardintgh e visit 14 April1 994,I disagrewei tht hef indinogf them ajorittyh att het estimonioefsA and AC arei nsufficienctolryr oboratoifv oen ea notherI.n l ighto ft heset estimoniIe sa,m of theo piniotnh att hem ajoritfya iletdo considetrh ef actt hatt hew itnessweesr ea t two differelnotc atioinns t hes tadiuamt thet imet heys awt heA ccuseodn 1 4 April1 994. 128.W hent hem ajorithyo ldst hati t is nots atisfiebde yondr easonabdloeu btt hatt he presencoef theA ccuseodn 13 and1 4 April1 994i s establisheidt, a ddst hat,a ssuming thatt heA ccusewda st heret,h ew itnessdeisd n otp rovidseu fficiednett ailcso ncernitnhge purposoef h isv isita,n dt hat,t hereforteh,e rew asi nsufficieevnitd encoef h isc riminal inten(tp ara5.4 3o ft heJ udgemenIt )n.o tet hatb y suchr easonintgh,em ajorirteyj ectist s ownl ogicr egardintgh eh ypotheticsailg nificanocfe t hep resencoef an authoritwyh,o doesn oti ntervenfeo rt her efugeesw,h ereahse has,a t leastt hem eanst o expreshsi s disapproviaflo ,n lyt ot akep ositiavcet iotno p rotectth es aidr efugees. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [l~’anslatcleornt llibeyd L tSSSI,C I’~ 52

129.M oreovere,v ent hought heC hambefri ndst hatt hei ll-treatmeinnft licteudp ont he refugeeast thes tadiudmu ringt hep eriodf rom1 3 Aprilt o thed ayo f thea ttacko,n 18 April1 994,a mountetdo inhumanaec tsc ommitteddu rings aidp eriod( crimeasg ainst humanityt)h,e m ajoritwye nta headt o findt hat,i n anyc ase,e veni f theA ccusewde re presenatt thes tadiuomn 13 Apriln,o c rimeu ndert heS tatuthea db eenc ommittaetdt hat timew hichc ouldg iver iset oa nyl iabili(tpya ra5.4 3o f theJ udgementI) m.u stp ointo ut heret hatt her easonionfg t hem ajoriotny thisp ointd oesn ota t allt akei ntoa ccounitt s own factuafli ndingtsh atc rimesa gainshtu manitwye rec ommitteddu ringt hep eriod commencinfgr om1 3 April1 994. 130.I n lighto f thef oregoinagn,d c onsideritnhge t estimonioefs W itnesseAs a ndA C thatI findc redibalned r eliablIe ,r espectfudlilsya grewei tht hef actuafli ndinogfs the majoritays regardtsh el acko fs ufficieenvti dencoef thep resencoef theA ccuseadt the stadiuomn 13 and1 4A pril1 994.I am convinctehda th avinvgi sitetdh es tadiuomn t hese variouosc casionst,h eA ccusewda sa wareo f thei nhumandee tentiocno nditionusn der whicht he refugeefso undt hemselvemso,s to f whomc amef romM abanzaa,n dt hatb eing soa wareh,e didn oti nterveinne t heirf avourA.c cordingIl yf,i ndt hatb y hisp resence, event ransienta,t the timet he refugeewse reu ndergoinign humanter

eatmentt,h e Accusepdr ovidesdo mef ormo f morals upports,o mel egitimatcoy t hec riminaalc tivities beingc arrieodu t,a ndt herebiyn curreldi abilitays an accomplicFeu.r thermorbey, h is silencaen df ailurteo intervenien favouorf ther efugeesn,o tabltyh osef romM abanza, theA ccusefda cilitattehde p erpetratioofn s aidc rimesL.a stlyI, a m convincetdh atb y goingt o the stadiumo n two occasionast the time the refugeesw erei n forced confinementth,e A ccusecdo uldn oth aveb eenu nawaroef thef actt hatp resencweo uld be interpretaesd e ncouragemeonrt e,v ena s acquiescenbcye t hosew how erer esponsible fort her efugeesl’i vincgo nditionisn, p articulatrh,e g endarmepso steadt thes tadium gateso n 13 and1 4 April1 994.I am convincetdh ati n his capacitays a respected administrataiuvteh orittyh,e A ccused’psr esencaet thes ceneo f thec rimesh elpedt o legitimitzhee s aidc rimeisn a significamnatn nebre causei,n thea bsencoef effective denunciatisounc,h c onducptr ovidemdo ralo r psychologicsuapl portto thep erpetrators of thec rimesT.h et acita cquiescenocfe t heA ccuseids shownt hroughhi sb ehavioaunrd attitudaes describebdy thew itnessesi,n particularh,i s conversatiownist ht he BAGI(C)00-39-GE ] franslatcleornt lt]beyd L CbbI,G TI~ 53

gendarmesw,h oser olea nd intentiohne musth aveb een awareo f, between1 3 and 14 April1 994.C onsideritnhge e ntircei rcumstanceivaild enceI, a m satisfietdh att he Accusedf,a ilinhgi so bjectitoont hep erpetratoifo tnh ec rimeisn q uestioknn,e wt hath is presencweo uldv eryl ikelyc ontributteo thep erpetratioofn c riminaalc tsb y other personsw,h oser olea ndi ntentihoen h adb eena blet o verify. 131.I am thereforsea tisfiebde yondr easonabdloeu btt hatt heA ccuseids liablea s an accomplicpeu,r suantto Articl6e (1)o f theS tatutaen d,o f otheri nhumanaec tsu nder Articl3e ( 1)o ft heS tatutec,o mmittferdo m1 3 to1 4 Aprila t Gatwarsot adiuma,s a lleged in Count5 oft heI ndictment. Complicitoyf the Accuseidn thea ttacko n GatwarSot adiumo n 18 April1 994( paras4.. 13,4 .26a nd4 .27o f theI ndictment) 132.T he factt hatt herew as a widespreaadn d systematiact tacko n 18 April1 994 againstth ec iviliapno pulatitohna tw asc ompellteodt aker efugien thes tadiuhma sb een provedb eyonrde asonabdloeu bt,a ndi s uncontestbeyd t heA ccused.

1. Evidencoef the Accused’psr esencien the Stadiuomn 18 April1 994 133.F irsto fa ll,I wantt os tatet hatI concuwri tho neo f thef indingosf them ajority relatintgo thel acko f credibiliotny t hep arto f WitnesAsA concernitnhge A ccused’s involvemeinnt t hee ventast thes tadiumI.n fact,I holdt heo piniotnh att hed oubtasn d questionrsa isedd uringW itnesAs_ A’st estimonyc,o nsiderihnigs p riors tatemenatn d guiltyp leab eforet heR wandaanu thoritiewse,r en ote rasede vena fterh e wasc ross- examinetdh ereodnu rintgh et rial( paras6.0 7-63o7f theJ udgement). 134.W itnesZs testifietdh ato n thed ayo f thea ttacko n theH omeS t.J eanc ompleoxr on thes tadiu(m1 7o r 18 April1 994),t heA ccusedw,h ow asa rmed,s toppebdy at the Trafiprroo adblocwki thS emanzaan da rmedA bakigaan da llegedltyo ldt hew itnestsh at he wasg oingt o Kibuyea,s he alwaydsi dw henevehre wasg oingt1 h3e2re. a32 Transcripotf the hearingo f 8 February2 000,p p. 52 and 53. BAGI(C)00-39-GE Ilranslacheornh iabeydL CSS1,( 21’1~ 54

135.P riort o the attackW,i tnesAsC saw Semanzian the communavle hiclteh atw as carryintgh eI nteraha1m3w3es topn eart hes tadiugma te. 136.W itnesAs t estifitehda to n them orninogf 18 April1 994p riort o thea ttacokn the stadiumh,e sawt heA ccusedt,o gethewri thS emanzaan dp olicemeinn a vehicleb,u tt hat theA ccuselde fti n thes amev ehiclaef terh e heardt her efugeessh outin1g3.4T hew itness, who happenetdo be at theg randstanldo cateidn theu ppermospta rto f thes tadium, describietda sa briefs topoveHri.s d escriptiiosno b viouslliym itebdu,t i td oesn otc all intoq uestiotnh ef actt hatt hise vento ccurreId .c annostu bscritboe t hef indinogf the majorirteyg arditnhge c redibiloift yth isw itnestse’s timonwyh,e nt heys tatet hat" ...the evidencper ovidebdy WitnesAs aboutt hep resencoef the Accuseadt theS tadiuims unclear(.p"a ra6.4 1o ft heJ udgement). 137.C ontrartyo them ajoritoyp inionW,i tnesGs recogniseadn,d n oti dentifietdh,e Accusewdh ow as withP rdfetK ayishemaan d thea ttackerosn Gatwarhoi llb eforet he Pr~fetg avet hes ignalt o launcht hea ttack( para.6 49o f theJ udgementI)t. s hould notedt hata lthougthh e credibilitoyf WitnessG was not at issue,t he majority neverthelewsesn ta headt o applyi mpropesrt andarfdosr t hea ssessmeonft e videncaes to whetheWri tnesGs identifieadn,d n otr ecognisetdh eA ccusedA.l thougthh em ajority relieodn thet estimoonfy s aidw

itnesfso ri tsf indintgh att heA ccusedw,h ow asw itht he attackerwsa,s a persoknn ownt o thew itnessi,t statesw,i thr egartdo Pr~feKta yishema, thati t is nots atisfiweidt ht hee videncree lieodn by theP rosecutitoon s howt hatt his witnesksn ewt heP rdfetp riort o thee ventsa t thes tadiumT.h ef actr emaintsh at,t he majoritayc ceptetdh atW itnesGs knewt he Accusedb,a sedo n WitnesGs’ s testimony giveni n camerat o thee ffectt hath e andt heA ccuseldi vedi n closep roximittyo each othert,35w ithoucto nsideripnagr ticularrellye vanfta cts( para6.5 0o f theJ udgement) my view,t hem ajorituyn justifiaabdloyp tead d oublset andaridn assessitnhge e vidence. On the otherh and,d uringt he in camerah earingt,h e witnessp rovidepde rtinent informatiaosn t o whath e wasa blet o see,t hee xactp ositiownh ereh e was,t hati so n the 133 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 18 Novembe1r9 99,p . 50. 134 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 17 Novembe1r9 99,p . 36. 135 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 26 Januar2y0 00( inc amera)p,. 39 (French). BAGI(C)00-39-GE [rransialcaeomnt iebdy LCSSI,C 1"1~ 55

firsts tepi nt hes tandIs36a nda st o thef actt hatt heA ccusewda so nG atwarhoi llt ogether withP rdfeKta yishem1a3.7 T hew itnesdsu lyi ndicataeldl t hesel ocatioinns a photograph of Gatwarsot adiu1m3.8D uringt hea ttackt,h ew itnescso ulds eet heA ccusewdh ow as standingb,u tn otc arryinag w eapotnh at day.139 Howevert,h em ajoriteym phasistehda t theP rosecutihoandf ailetdo discharigtes d utyt o providseu fficieenvti dencree garding thec onditionisn whichW itnesGs viewedt he eventsi,n ordert o dispela ny doubt (para6.5 2o f theJ udgementy)e;tt hew itnestse stifitehda th e waso nlya shortd istance awayf romt heA ccuse1d4.°I nt heo pinioonf them ajorittyh,e f actt hatW itnesGs t estified thatt heA ccusewda si n a standinpgo sitioonn theh illc annobte a ccepteads a distinctive factoro f conductth atc ouldh elpd istinguitshhe A ccusefdr omt heo thera ttackers (para.6 52 of the Judgement)T.h e majoritfyu rthers tatedt hatW itnessG ’s view "presumabliyn"c ludead p orchf illedw ithp eoplew,h ichs uggesttsh att heiro pinioins basedo n speculati(opna ra6.4 9o f theJ udgementI)t. s houlbde notedt hatW itnesGs w as in a locatiodni fferenftr omt hato f theo thert wow itnessewsh ow erea t thes tadium duringt hea ttack( A andA C).T hus,s inceW itnesGs wasr elativecllyo sert o Gatwaro hill,h e wasa blet o recognitshee A ccuseodn thes aidh illw hileW itnessAe sa ndA C may noth aves eenh

imf romt heirl ocatioinn t hes tadiumN.o nethelessisn,c et hem ajorithye ld thatn o otherw itneshsa dc orroborattehdef actt hatt heA ccusewda so n theh illb efore and duringt he attacki,t concludetdh ato n accounotf the distancaen dg ivent hat WitnesGs wasu nablet o providfeu rthedre tailst,h ep resencoef theA ccusehda dn ot beenp rovenf,o rt herew ass tilld oubt( para6.5 3o f theJ udgement). 138.O n the contraryI, am of the view thatt he testimoniaelv idenceg ivenb y WitnessAe sa ndG regarditnhge p resencoef theA ccusebde forea ndd urintgh ea ttacko n the stadiuims not contradictorIy t.a ket hev iewt hati n lighto f thes urrounding circumstancWeist,n esAs, whow asr ighta t thet opo f oneo f thes tandwsh ent hea ttack beganb,e forhee subsequentclaym ed ownt o thef iel1d41,t hati s in a stando ppositteh e one whereW itnessG was,s aw the Accuseidn the morningo f 18 April1 994w henh e 136I bid.,p . 36 (French). 137 Ibid,, pp.3 3 - 36 (French). t38P rosecutioEnx hibitN o.

65. Transcripotf theh earingo f 26 January2 000,p p.3 7 and3 8 (French). 140T ranscripotf theh earingo f 26 Januar2y0 00,p .

16. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [Iranslactemrnt atbiyeL dC SSI,U i ’l~ 56

arriveidn a vehiclaen dn otd urintgh ea ttackO.n thec ontrarWyi,t nesGs whow asi n a stand oppositet hat of WitnessA did not see the Accusedi n the morningo f 18 April1 994,b utr athera round2 p.m.,j ustb eforet hea ttacka ndw heni t began,a t whicht imet heA ccusewda so n Gatwarhoi ll. 139.I findt hats inceb othw itnessseasw t heA ccuseadt twod ifferetnitm eso f thed ay on 18 April1 994f romd ifferelnotc atioinnss idteh es tadiumi,t isb othw ell-founadnedd justifietdo considetrh emc rediblea,n dI dismisass immateritahle c ontentioofn the majorittyh att hew itnesso’b servatioofn t heA ccusewda si nadequatCeo.n sequentlIy, am of theo piniotnh att het estimonioefs W itnesseAs a ndG proveb eyondr easonable doubtt hatt heA ccusedw asp resenti n Gatwarsot adiumo n 18 April1 994b eforea nd durintgh ea ttacokn t her efugeewsh ow ereb eingd etainetdh ere.

2. The Accused’tse stimony 140.T heA ccusetde stifietdh ato n the morninogf 18 April1 994,h e went,t ogether withp olicemeann d PastorE liphazet,o RubengerPia risht o requestt he Abakigtao withdrafwr omt he communeT.h e Abakigaa llegedldyi d not listent o him and went towardGsi tesit owni n Kibuye4J2 Thus,w hilet heA bakigrae turnetdo Mabanzian much largern umbertsh ani n thep revioudsa ys,t heA ccusewda si nformeodf theiri ntentions andt hed irectiotnh eyw ereh eadinfgo ro n them orninogf 18 April1 994,a fterh aving metw itht hem1.43T heA ccusefdu rthetre stifietdh atf ollowintgh ef aileda ttempth,e stayedi n theb ureauc ommunauln tilm iddayh,e lpinpge oplew hosei dentitcya rdsh ad beent orn,b y gettintgh emn ewo nes,s o thati f theA bakigrae turnetdh eyw ouldn otb e kille1d4.4I mustp ointo utt hatI wasn ots atisfiewdi tht heA ccused’esx planatiionn supporotf hist estimotnhya th e decidesdu ddenltyo facet heA bakigoan 18 April1 994, whereatsh ea ttackosn Mabanzcao mmunhea db eguns ince1 3 April1 994,a t whichd ate he claimehde wasn oti n a positiotno stopt hemb ecaushee wasp ersonaltlhyr eatened, whereatsh e numbero f attackerisn creasedda ily,a s perh is testimonyW.h ena sked wheret heA bakigwae reh eadinfgo ro n 18 April1 994,t heA ccuserde iterattehda tt hey 14~ Transcriopft t heh earinogf 17 Novembe1r9 99,p . 61 (French). 14z Transcriopft t heh earinogf 5 June2 000,p p.1 41- 142. ~43 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 5 June2 000,p p.1 40- 141. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 57 [~ranslatcaeornt tttbeydL CSSI,C 1 l,q

"wereg oingt owardGsi tesxi4.5’T’h eA ccusefdu rthetre stifitehda ti t waso n thatd ayt hat theA bakigcao mmittetdh eirc riminaalc tsi n Kibuyea nda dded: "buti n MabanzaI, w as facedw itho therp roblemsI.t wast hep eoplew how erec omingt o me.C omingt o tellm e abouth owt heyh adp roblem1s4"6.A s them ajoritnyo tedt,h eA ccuselda tert estifitehda t heh ads tayeadt h omeo n thea fternooofn 1 8 April1 994,t hath e hadr eceivepde opleb;u t thent hish asn otb eenc orroboratbeyd a nyo thert estimonoyr documentaervyi denceI. holdt he viewt hatt he evidencaed duceds upportas findingt hatt he Accusedw as informeodn the morninogf 18 April1 994t hatt he refugeeisn Mabanzwah o werea t Gatwarsat adiuimn Gitesic ommunfea cedp ossiblaet tackasn d,i t alsos howst hatb y goingt o thes tadiuomn them orninogf 18 April1 994,a s testifiebdy WitnesAs, the Accusekdn ewo r hadr easont o knowt hata n attackw asi mminent. 141.T he Accusetde stifiesdu bsequenttlhya ta t middayh e returnehdo met o receive peoplree questihnigm t o helpo btaiind entitcya rdsf ort hem,a ndt hath e allegedwlryo te lettertso t hec onseillearnsdm emberosf thec ellulweh,e reatsh erei sn o evidenocfe such officiaclo rrespondenicne t he commune’osu tgoinmga ilr egiste4r7] And for good reasont,h eA ccuseads sertaesd follow:s "Betwetehne 1 2a nd2 7A pri1l9 94t hati ndicattehse c haowsh icwha sp revailing int hec ommuneT.h ec

ommunwea st otallpya ralyseTdh.e s ecretariwaatsn ot functioninAgl.l t hec ommunadle partmenwtesr ep aralysedT.h ati s why betwetehne 1 2a nd2 7t heries n ol ettetrh,e ries n oo thelre ttewrh icwhe nto uto f thec1 o4m8mune". 142.T hist estimonrya isesd oubtsa s to theA ccused’cso ntentitohna to n thea fternoon of 18 April1 994,w hilet hea ttacwka sb eingl auncheodn theG atwarsat adiumh,e stayed at homet o write" officialle tterso"f whichn o tracee xistsw,h ereaosn et estimony situatehsi ma t thes aids tadiuamt thes amem omenta,t theb eginninogf thea fternoon whent hea ttackw asl aunched. 144 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 5 June2 000,p . 142. 145 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 5 June2 000,p . 141. 146 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 5 June2 000,p . 142. 147 DefenceE xhibitNo.18. 148 Transcriopft t heh earinogf 6 June2 000,p .

100. BAOI(C)00-39-GE [Translatacoenm tibeydL CSSt,C llq 5 8

143.W henq uestioneodn thet ragicf ateo f the Mabanzrae fugeeisn Kibuyea nd the identiotfy thea ttackertsh,eA ccusetde stifitehda th et houghtth att heh ighearu thorities had beeni nformeodf the situatioinn Kibuye.T hus,h e thoughti t was up to them [authorititeos t]a ket hei nitiatitvoe f ollouwp on whath appeneidn theP rdfectuarned conductth en ecessairnyv estigatifoonrst ,h atw asn ott hef irstt imet hats ucha trocities hado ccurr1e4d9.Y et,a ftert hem assacreisn Gitesic ommunew,h ichh e admittehde was awareo f sinc’1e9 April1 994,t heA ccuserde maineqdu ieta ndt ookn om easureast,l east, until2 5 April1 994.H isf ailurteo r equestth ei dentitoyf personksi lleodr too rdera n investigatiofno llowingt he massacreo f thousandso f memberso f the Mabanza populatiaopnp earst,o sayt hel easti,n comprehensiabnldei n,d eedi,n compatiwbilteh t he Accused’oss tensiblceo ncerfno rt hes ecuritoyf theM abanzpao pulatiownh,o sem ost vulnerabsleec tionc,o mposeodf t heT utsish,a dj ustb eena nnihilated. 144.I holdt hev iewt hath adt heA ccused’isn tentionno tb eenc riminawlh enh e went to thes tadiuomn thed ayo ft hea ttackh,e wouldh avei nterveneadt,l eastb,y tryintgo stopt hea ttacksi,n ordert o protectth eT utsip opulatioofn Mabanzwah oh ads ought refugteh erea ndo verw homh e hadr esponsibiliItfy h.e didn oth avet hem eanst o stand up to thea ttackerasn,d h avingu nderstotohda tt heh

ighera dministrataiuvteh orities wouldn oti ntervenoer mighth aveb eeni nvolveidn them assacresa,n di f theA ccused hadn ota cquiesciend t hem assacrehse, w oulda t leasth avet akenm easureas p osteriori toi dentiofryr epatriattheeb odieosf M abanznaa tiveksi lledI.t ist herefonroet c redible, as theD efencien dicatheydp otheticatlhlayt,e veni f theA ccusehda db eena t thes tadium on thed ayo f thea ttackh,e wouldh aveb eent hereo nlyp assivelwyh,e reaass he himself admittedt,h e Accusedk newt hatt he attackerwse rem ovingt owardsG itesit owni n Kibuyaen dt hatw henh e wentt hereh e didn oto bjectto thec rimecso mmitted. 145.I n hisc apacitays theo fficiarle sponsibfloer t hes ecuritoyf thei nhabitanotfs Mabanzat,h e Accusetde stifietdh ath e wentt o Kibuyeo n 25 April1 994t o attenda securitmye etinagt theP refectuwriet h,a mongo thersP,r ~fetK ayishemaan ds omeo ther bourgmestreIns .t hatr egardt,h eA ccusetde stifietdh att hea uthoritideesp lorewdh at had happeneadn dm ader ecommendatitoon tsh e highera uthoritiaeism eda t avertinag 149 Transcripto f the hearingo f 5 June 2000, p.

62. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 59 [Franslatcteornt ttibeyd L CSS,I C 1~

recurrencoef suchs ituationisn the future5J° The Accusetde stifietdh at,a t them eeting, the Prdfetm entionetdh atg endarmesd,e linquentasn d the Abakigah ad takenp arti n the killingasn d thatn obody,n ot evenh im [theA ccused]h,a d inquireadb outt he numbero f victimsi n spiteo f the fact that thousandso f Tutsisf rom Mabanzaw ere among the victim1s5.1T he Accusefdu rthetre stifietdh att hey[ theP rdfeta ndB ourgmestorfe Gitesi] were overwhelmeadn d thatt heyd ecidedt hate ach Bourgmestrwea s to ensuret hatw hat had happenedi n Kibuyed id not occure lsewher5e2) WhenI askedt he Accusedi f he had soughta n explanatioanb outt he apparenpta rticipatioofn gendarmeisn the massacreast Gatwaros tadiumh,e gavet he followinagn swer: "Thism eetindgi dn otl astl ong,b ecausteh erew erep roblembse tweetnh eP refect and the Bourgmestroef Gitesic ommune,t he urban communeo f Gitesi, regardinwgh ath appeneidn thet own.T henw e hadt o givet he securitsyt atus reporto f thev arioucso mmunesB.u tt hem eetindgi dn otl astl ong.I t waso ne h’o’uirsi,3t l asteadn h our.

146. WhenI insistedo n knowingi f the massacresh ad not been carriedo ut with the knowledgaen d undert he supervisioonf the administratiavuet horitieosf Kibuye,t he Accusedr esponded":T heP rdfete xplainetdo us thatt he localc ommande"rw entt o the battlefie.l.d. a nd thath e himselwfa st hreateneTdh.a ti s how he explainetdh e situation tou s. ...thath e was unablet o do anythindgu ringt hatp eriod’.’154T he Accusedn ever testifietdh att he issueo f the Prdfet’uss e of hisp owert o calli n the armedf orcesa s providedf or in the LegislativeD ecreeo f 11 March 1975 on the organizatioann d functioninogf the prefecturw1ea5 s5r aisedb y the participanatts the securitmye eting. The Accusedt hena dded: "...t henh e had problemesx plaininwgh ath appenedS.o on thatp oint,t he Prefecta skedu s it we neededf uel.W e toldh im thatw e neededf uelf oro ur c’o’m1m5u6nes. 150T ranscripotf theh earinogf 5 June2 000,p . 69. is1 Transcripotf theh earinog 8 June2 000,p . 256. 152 Transcripotf theh earinogf 6 June2 000,p . 103. 153 Transcripotf theh earinogf 6 June2 000,p . 102. i54 Transcripotf theh earinogf 6 June2 000,p . 103. a55 Article1 1 of theL egislativDee crees etsf ortht hec onditionusn derw hicht he Pr~fetm ay useh is powerst o calli n thea rmedf orcest o restorpeu blico rder. 156T ranscripotf theh earingo f 6 June2 000,p .

104. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [franslactea~otni ebdyL GSSI,C ’I’I~ 60

147.I t seemss urprisitnog m e,t o sayt hel eastt,h att het ypeo f problerma isebdy the Accusedd uringt hatm eetingi,n his capacitays an administratiavuet horitya,n d particularalty a timew hen,a ccordintgo him,t het ownw ass tinkinagn ds trewnw ith bodies1,57w asa probleomf petrola ndf uels upplyw,h ereaas largep arto f theT utsi populatioofn Mabanzhaa dj ustb eene xterminated. 148.A s to the majority’qsu estiownh ethert he Accusedc ouldn ot haved onem ore (paras6.6 5- 683o f theJ udgementI) ,ho ldt hev iewt hat,t hee videncceo nfirmihnigs presencaet thes tadiuomn 18 April1 994,a ndt hef actt hath e hadf aileidn h isd utya s a localg overnmernetp resentatdiuvrei nagn da ftert hem assacriensd isputaebsltya blitshhe extento f liabilitayn dn egligenocfe theA ccuseidn connectiwoint ht hem assacreast Gatwarsot adiumM.o reoverI, a m convincetdh att hed ifficultwyi thw hicht heA ccused answereqdu estioanbso uth isf ailurteo o rdera n investigatiinotnot hem assacriens o rder to denouncteh emo r punisthh ep erpetratotrhse reocfo uldb e logicalelxyp lainebdy the factt hatt heA ccusedw,h ow asp resenatt thet imeo f them assacreasc,q uiesciend t heir commission. 149.B esidesg,i vent hef actt hatd uringt hatm eetingt,h eA ccuserde alizetdh att he authoritioefs G itesiw,h ow erea dministratiivne lcyh argeo f Gatwarsot adiumd,i dn ot takea clears tandw henr ecountitnhge h orrendomuass

sacrewsh ichh adj ustt akenp lace therea,n dt hef actt hatg endarmweesr ei nvolviend t hek illingIs f,a ilt os eet her elevance of thel ettert hatt heB ourgmestsreen tt o thats ameP rdfeotn 24 June1 994,w hiche ven contrastwsi tht het imiditdyi splayebdy theA ccuseadt them eetinogf 25 April1 994 followintgh em assacreIsn. t hatl ettewrr itteinn June,w hena largep arto f theT utsi populatiohna da lreadbye enm assacreadt Kibuyet,h eA ccusedw,i thf ullk nowledgoef thef acts,v ehementdleyn iebde inga n accompli"cweh os upportHsu tusm arrietdo Tutsis andt heT utsii n general"a,n dr equesttsh att heP r~fecto untetrh ea ttacbky theH ums from Rutsiroa nd Kavoye:" otherwisteh e populatioonf Mabanzac ommunew ould defendi tselfw,h ichc anr esulti n a confrontatibeotn weetnh eH utus,w hereawsh atw e presentnleye detdh em osti s theiru nityt o facet hel nyenzi-lnkota1n5y8iF .o"r a llt hese 157T ranscripotf theh earinogf 6 June2 000,p . 101. 158 ProsecutioEnx hibitN o.8 4. BAGI(C)00-39-GE 61 [Nfranslactem~nI iebcyIL CbSI,C I’

reasonst,h eA ccuseudr gentlrye questeads sistancfer omt heP r~fetT.h isd ocumentary evidencber ingst o lightt hea mbiguounsa tureo f ther elationshbiept weetnh eA ccused and the Prdfet,a relationshitph e Accuseds ometimedse scribeads distantw,h en explaininwgh y he daredn ota skh im aboutt hem assacreast Gitesia,n d sometimeass veryf rankw,h ent ryintgo showt hath e couldc ounto n theP r~fetto ,a mongo thert hings, interventeo ensureh iso wnp rotectioann,d i nformh imi f thep eopleo f Mabanzcao uld takec areo f "accompliceIs .h"o ldt he opiniotnh att hisl astp ointp rovest hatt he Accusewda sn otp owerleisns t hef aceo f thee venthse hasr ecounted. 150.I n lighto f thee xplanatiognisv enb y theA ccusedi,t is apparentth ata ftert he large-s calem assacrien Kibuyeh,e failedi n hisd utiesa ndr esponsibilitaise as BourgmestHreed .i dn ota ttemptto clariftyh es ituatiaobno utt heo fficianlosr t oi dentify thev ictimosf Mabanzaa,n dw ase vasivoen theq uestionhse couldh avea skeda s to how the eventsu nfolded,e ven thoughh e was presenta t the "securitym"e etingo f 25 April1 994,w hichw asa ttendebdy allt hea uthoriticeosn cernbeyd t hem assacres. VI. Findings 151.T estimoniaelv idenceo f the presencoef the Accuseda t Gatwaros tadiumo n 18 April1 994a ppeartso me to irreparabilmyp airt hec redibiliotfy theA ccused’s testimoannyd i mpugnh isv aguea nde vens ometimseusr reaalc countosf

hisa ctivitiiens Mabanzcao mmunoen thatd aya imeda t rebuttintgh ea llegatiotnhsa th e wasp resenatt thes tadiumO.n thiss pecifipco intI, concuwri thJ udgeP illay’fsi ndinign hers eparate opinioni n the MusemaJ udgementth at" oncet he credibilitoyf a witnessh as been impairetdh,et estimoonfyt hatw itnesissi nherentulnyr eliabilnea lli tsp artsu,n lesist i s independentcloyr roborat’e’d1.:9I n the saidc ase,J udgeP illayd issentewdi tht he majorityf’isn dintgh att hes olet estimoonfya witnessw,h oh ado therwibseee nf oundt o be a crediblwei tnessw,h ilet heA ccusewda sn ot,w asi nsufficietnot p rovet hatt he Accusewda sp resenatt thec rimes ite.J udgeP illawye nto n to holdt hat" thet estimony 159 TheP rosecutovr. MusemaJ,u dgemenrte nderebdy the TrialC hambeorn 27 Januar2y0 00,S eparate Opinioonf JudgeN avanethPeiml layp,a ra.4 , p. 315.

of Witnes[s. .]c annotb e rejecteidn onei nstancoen theb asiso f testimonfyr omt he A’c’c1u6s°eadn da ccepteidn anotheirn stancdee spittee stimofnryo mt heA ccused. 152.I n thei nstancta se,I am satisfitehda tt het estimonioefs W itnessAe sa ndG prove beyondr easonabdloeu btt hatt heA ccusewda sp resenbte forea ndd uringt hea ttacko n thes tadiuomn 18 April1 994,a ndt hatt heA ccusekdn ewo r hadr easotno knowt hatt he attackw asb eingp lanneodr wasi ndeedi mminent. 153.I t is my opiniotnh atb y beingw illfulplrye sendtu rintgh es aida ttactkh eA ccused incurcsr iminarle sponsibilaista yn observewrh oa cquiesciend t hec ommissioofn c rimes by othersa ndt herebye ncouragesdu chc rimes.I am satisfietdh att he testimonial evidencaed ducesdh owst heA ccused’asc quiescenicne t hec rimesc ommitteds,i ncei t doesn ote vincea nyr eprobatiwohna tsoeveorf thec rimesb y theA ccusedd,e spitteh e dutiesa ndo bligatioinnsc umbenutp onh imi n hisc apacitays Bourgmestreev,e ni f he wereo utsidhei sr espectiavdem inistratdiivset ricTth.o ugnho te xpliciitt, i s myo pinion that,i nt hei nstancta se,t hec riminianlt enotf t heA ccusecda nb e inferrferdo mt heb ody of factsp resenteadb ove.I am satisfietdh atb y beingp resenatt thes tadiuimn the morninga nda fternooonf 18 April1 994,e veni n the absencoef evidencoef a pre- conceivepdl an,t heA ccusecdo uldn oth aveb eenu nawarteh ata n attacwka sg

oingt o be launcheadg ainstth er efugeeast thes tadiuamn dt hat,h e thereforien cursa ccomplice liabiliutnyd eArr ticl6e( 1)I.n t hec asea tb ar,t hes ubjectievlee menotf t hec rimdeo esn ot arisef romc o-perpetratbieocna usien my viewi t hasn otb eens hownt hatA ccuseidn any way shareda s sucht he samec riminailn tentw itht he perpetratoorfs the crimes. Howevera,s h eldi n theT adicJ udgemen1t6,1 i nr especotf c omplicitryn,e nst eac an,i nter alia,c omprisken owledgoef thec ommond esignt o inflicitl l-treatmeSnutc.h a n intent mayb e proveedi thedri rectloyr asa matteorf inferenfcreo mt hen aturoef theA ccused’s authoritwyi thiann organizatiohniaelr arch1y6.2I n thes aidc ase,t heC hambefru rther heldt hatw hati s requirebde,y ontdh en egligencies, a specifiicn tentto thee xtentth at eveni f thep ersonh adn o intentioonf bringinagb outc ertairne sultst,h atp ersowna s Ibid,p .

317. The Prosecutovr. Tadic,J udgemenrte nderedb y the AppealsC hambero n 15 July1 999. 162I bid.,p ara.2 20. BAGI(C)00-39-GE [l’ranslcaetrmtnl lbiyeL a( 25lSl,S 1 ’1~ 63

I 2Y awaret hatt hea ctionosf theg roupw erem ostl ikelyt o leadt o thatr esult( dolus eventualis). 154.I t ensuesf romt hef oregointgh att heA ccusecdo uldn oth aveb eenu nawarteh at hisp resencaet them assacrsei tew oulde ncouragief,n ot,s anctiotnh ec rimepse rpetrated on ther efugeebsy hundredosf attackerEsv.e ni f a direccta usalr elationshwiipt ht he commissioonf the crimesh asn ot beens hown,h is participaticoanm ei n thef ormo f morals upportI. am satisfietdh att hep resencoef theA ccuseadt Gatwarsot adiuomn 18 April1 994c ontributseudb stantiatlolt yh ep erpetratoifo tnh ec rimetse stifiteod b y thew itnessedsu rintgh em assacroef theT utsir efugeesT.h erei s no denyintgh att here werer esidentosf hisc ommunew,h ow ereu nderh isr esponsibiliatmyo,n gt hev ictimosf thes aidm assacraen dt hath ism erep resencaes,t heh ighest-ranakuitnhgo riitnyM abanza communei,n thea bsencoef anyo ppositioonn h isp artt o thec riminaalc tsi n progress, couldo nlyh avee ncouragtehde p erpetratoofrt sh ec rimes. 155.T he FrenchC odeo f CriminaPlr ocedurper ovideusn derA rticl3e5 3 withr espect to the AssizeC ourt[ Courd ’assisest]h at" Thel awd oesn ot aska n accountinfgr om judgeso f theg roundbsy whicht heyb ecamec onvince[d. ..].T heL awa skst hemo nlyt he singleq uestio[n. ..]’:A rey out horoughcloyn vinced?I’ a"m thoroughcloyn vincetdh at theA ccuseids guiltyu,n derA rticl6e( 1)o f

theS tatuteo,f compliciitny g enocidaen d crimesa gainsth umanity( murdera nd extermination)c,r imesc overedu nder Articl2e(s3 )(ea)n d3 (a),3 (b)a nd3 0)o ft heS tatutien,r especotf c ounttsw o,t hree, foura ndf ivea,n dt hath isg uilotn s uchc ountwsa rranat sg uiltvye rdict. Done in Arushao n 7 June 2001 in Frencha nd English,t he Frencht ext being authoritative. JudgeM ehmetG tiney BAGI(C)00-39-GE 64 tl’ranslatcmenm tlebdy LCbb,I CTI~

InternationaClr iminalT ribunalf or Rwanda TribunalP ~nal Internationaplo ur le Rwanda UNITEDN ATIONS NATIONSL rNIES ANNEX A CASE NO: ICTR-95-1A-I THE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL AGAINST IgnaceB agilishema AMENDED INDICTMENT 1. The Prosecutoorf the IntemationCarli minaTlr ibunaflo r Rwanda,p ursuantto his authoriutnyd erA rticl1e7 of theS tatutoef theI nternatioCnrailm inaTlr ibunaflo rR wanda (theS tatutoef t heT ribunaclh)a rges: IGNACE BAGILISHEMA with GENOCIDE, COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE; CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY; and SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONSA ND OF ADDITIONALP ROTOCOL II as set forth below.

2. Thep resenitn dictmencto ntaincsh argeasg ainsatn individuawlh oc ommittesde rious violatioonfs i nternatiohnuamla nitarliaawni n KibuyPer efecturTee,r ritoorfy Rwandwah ere thousandosf men,w omena ndc hildrewne rek illeda nda largen umbero f personwso unded in AprilM,a ya ndJ une1 994.

3. THE ACCUSED 3.1 IgnaeeB agilishemwaa s borni n 1955i n RubengerSae ctor,M abanzCao mmuneK,i buye PrefectureR,w anda.B agilishema’fsa therw as LouisN tagandaa,n d his motherw as

KampunduI.g naeeB agilishemwaa s appointeda s Bourgmestroef MabanzaC ommuneo n Februar8y, 1980. 3.2 IgnaceB agilishemaac teda s Bourgmestruen tilt he end of July1 994.A t all times relevantto thisi ndictmenItg naceB agilishewmaas t heB ourgrnestorfe M abanzCao mmune. In thisc apacitIyg,n acBea gilisheemxae rcisaeudt horiatnyd c ontroolv ere mployeoefs this communei,n cludinhgi ss ubordinateisn, p articularh,i sa ssistantSse manzaC elestin, NsengimanAap ollinairbeo,t hA ssistanBto urgrnestroefs M abanzCao mmunea,n da Nzanana Emile. 3.3 In his capacitya s Bourgmestroef Mabanzac ommune,I gnaeeB agilishemaal so exerciseadu thoritayn d controolv erm emberso f the PoliceC ommunalaen d Gendarmerie Nationale.

4. CONCISE STATEMENT OF FACTS 4.1U nlesss pecificalsltya tedh ereint,h ev iolationosf IntemationHaulm anitariLaanw referrteodi n thisi ndictmetnoto kp lacien Rwandbae twee1nst Aprila nd3 1st July1 994. 4.2D urintgh ee ventrse ferrteod int hisi ndictmenTtu,t sisH,u tusa ndT wasw erei dentifiaesd ethniocr r aciaglr oups. 4.3D urintgh ee ventsr eferretdo in thisi ndictmentth,e rew erei n Rwandaw,i despreoard systemataitct ackdsi rectaegda insat c ivilipaonp ulatioonnp oliticaelt,h niocr r aciaglr ounds. 4.4D uringt hee ventsr eferretdo in thisi ndictmentth,e rew asa non-internatiaornmaeld conflicitn thet erritoorfy RwandaT.h ev ictimrse ferretdo int hisi ndictmewnetr ep ersons protecteudn derA rticle3 commont o the GenevaC onventionosf 1949a nd additional protocIoIlt hereoafn,d w hot ookn oa ctivpea rti nt hec onflict. 4.5 Duringt he eventsr eferretdo in thisi ndictmentR,w andaw as divideidn toe leven prefectureosn,e o f whichw asK ibuyeT.h eP refectuorfe Kibuyeconsiosft sn inec ommunes namely;R utsiro,M abanza,K ivumu,G itesi,B wakira,M wendo,G iosvu,G ishyitaa,n d Rwamatamuc ommunes.

4.6T hee ventwsh ichf ormt heb asiso f thisi ndictmenotc,c urreidn MabanzaG,i tesiG,i shyita andG isovuc ommunewsi thint heP refectuorfe Kibuye. 4.7 On 6 April1 994,t he planet ransportiPnrge sidenJtu vrnalH abyarimanoaf Rwanda crasheodn itsa pproactho Kigalia irportR,w andaA.t tackasn dk illingosf civilianbse gan soont hereafttehrr oughoRuwta nda. 4.8F ollowintgh en ewso f thed eatho f PresidenHta byarimanIag,n aeeB agilishebmeat ween 9-13A pril1 994,a ttendesde veramle etingwsi tht hep refeto f KibuyeC,l emenKta yishema ando therl ocala uthoritiiensc ludintgh eC ommandionfgf iceorf theG endarmerNiaet ionale stationiendK ibuyPer efecture. 4.9F roma bout9 April1 994t hroug3h0 June1 994,t housandosf men,w omena ndc hildren soughtr efugei n varioulso cationisn MabanzaG,i tesiG,i sovua ndG ishytcao mmunesT.h ese men,w omena ndc hildrewne rep redominantTluyt sisa ndw eres eekinrge fugef roma ttacks onT utsisw,h ichh ado ccurretdh roughotuhte P refectuorfeK ibuye. Attacksi n MabanzaC ommune. 4.10I n Mabanzcao mmunem,e mberosf theT utsip opulatiosno ughtr efugei n variouasr eas withitnh e1 3 secteurosf thec ommuneT.h esei ndividuawlesr er egularaltyt acketdh,r oughout thep erioodf 9 April1 994t hrougtho 30 June1 994.T hea ttackercso,m prisionfg m emberosf the GendarmeriNea tionalec,o mmunaplo licemeann d Interahamwmei litiamenu,s edg uns, grenademsa,c hetessp,e arsp,a ngasc,u dgelasn

do therw eapontso killt heT utsisi n Mabanza commune. 4.11T hroughouAtp ril,M ay,a ndJ une1 994,I gnaeeB agilishemian, c oncerwti tho thers, includinbgu tn otl imitetdo ClemenKta yishemSae,m anzCae lestinN,s engimaAnpao llinaire, NzananaE milea nd Munyampundub,r oughtt o the area of Rubengeras ector,M abanza communea,r medi ndividuaalnsd d irectetdh emt o attackt hep eopler esidinagn d/ors eeking refugaet varioulso catiotnhse reiinn,c luditnhge c ommunoef fice.

4.12I n additionI,g naeeB agilishepmear sonallayt tackeadn dk illedp ersonrse sidinogr seekinrge fugei n Mabanzcao mmune. 4.13T hroughouAtp ril,M aya nd June1 994,I gnaeeB agilishemian, c oncerwti tho thers, committeadc tso f Murdera nd encourageodt herst o capturet,o rturaen dk illT utsiM en, womena nd childrens,e ekingr efugef roma ttacksw ithint he areao f MabanzaG,i tesi, Gishyitaan dG isovuc ommunesK,i buyeP refecture. 4.14I n particulaIrg,n aceB agilisheamcat ingi n concerwti tho thersi ncludinCgl ement KayishemaS,e manzaC elestinN,s engimanAap ollinaireNz,a nanaE milea nd Munyampundu, betwee9n Aprila nd3 0 June1 994p ermitteadn de ncourageIdn terahammwiel itiametno set up roadblockast strategilco cationisn anda roundM abanzcao mmuneT.h ep rimarpyu rpose oft hes aidr oadblocwkass t o screeinn dividuailns o rdert o identifayn ds ingloeu tT utsis. Between9 Aprila nd 30 June1 994I gnaeeB agilishemoar deretdh e detentioonf several Tutsisa t thev ariourso adblocwkist hiMna banzaS.u chd etaineewse reh andedo vert o Ignaee Bagilishemaan d were subsequentlkyi lledb y the communalp olice,t he Gendarmerie NationalIen,t erahamawneda rmedc iviliaunnsd erh isa uthoriatnyd c ontrol. 4.15I gnaeeB agilishembae tween9 Aprila nd 30 June1 994 detainedo ver 100 Tutsi refugeeast the communoef ficej ailhousaet MabanzaO.n or about1 5 April1 994,I gnaee Bagilisheamlal oweIdn terahammwiel

itiameanc,c esst o thes aidj ailhousfeo,l lowinwgh ich severaTlu tsrie fugedeest aintehde reiwne,r et orturaendd k illed. 4.16 IgnaceB agilishemabe tween9 April and 30 June 1994 orderedI nterahamwe militiamteon d iga massg ravew ithitnh ep recincotf t hec ommunoef ficien Mabanza. 4.17T her emainosf severaTlu tsir efugeeksi lleddu rinagt tackast botht hec ommunoef fice ande lsewherwei thinM abanzcao mmunew,e reb etwee9n Aprila nd 30 June1 994,w itht he knowledgceo,n senatn da cquiescenocfe I gnaceB agilishembau,r iedi n a massg ravew ithin thep recincotf thec ommunoef ficien Mabanza. 4.18F rom9 April1 994,I gnaceB agilishemean couragetdh ousandosf Tutsim en,w omen andc hildresne ekinrge fugef roma ttackisn thec ommunet,o seeks afer efugew ithint he premiseosf thec ommunaolf ficaet MabanzaM.a nyo thersw,h oh adf ledt o theh illsw,e reo n

thei nstructioonfs I gnaceB agilishemfae,r riebda ckt o thec ommunaolf ficei n vehicles belongitnog thec ommunaen dc onfinetdo thej ailhoutshee reionn thei nstructioonfIs g nace Bagilishema. 4.19B y 11 April1 994,I gnaceB agilishemhaa d placedc ommunaplo licemeonu tsidet he communoef ficew ithi nstructiotnos t hemt o preventth er efugeegsa theretdh ereifnr om leavintgh es aido fficeI.g naeeB agilishemaal soi nstructetdh e communaplo licemetno admiti ncominrge fugeetso thec ommunaolf fice. 4.20O n 12 April1 994,I gnaeeB agilishemmae t withP refetC lementK ayishemad,u ring whicht he latterc ommentetdh atM abanzac ommunew as the onlyc ommunel efti n Kibuye with" scuma nd filth"T he refugeetsh ath ad soughtr efugei n the communaolf ficei n Mabanzwae reo n thei nstructioofn IgnaeeB agilishedmiav ideidn to2 groupsT.h ef irst groupc omprisionfg i ntellectuwaelrse p uti n a militartyr ucka ndd rivetno wardKsi buyaen d weren evers eena gain.T hes econdg roupo f refugeecso mprisinmgo stlyo f peasantwse re detaineadt thec ommunaolf ficei n Mabanzaan dw eres ubsequenttlrya nsferrteod G atwaro stadiuimn KibuyeT ownw heret heyw erek illed. Attackisn KibuyeT own,G itesiC ommune. 4.21 On or about1 3 April1 994,I gnaeeB agilishemoar deredm emberso f the Tutsi populatiownh,o a th isr equesth,a dg athereadt thec ommunaolf ficfeo rp rotectiotno, g o to Gatwarsot adiuimn KibuyeT own,G itesic

ommune. 4.22O n arrivailn Kibuyet own,G itesic ommuneo,n 13 April1 994,I gnaeeB agilishema actingi n concerwti tho thersi ncludinCgl emenKta yishemaS,e manzCae lestinN,s engimana ApollinaireN,z ananaE milea nd Munyampundud,i videdt he refugeesi ntot wo groups. IgnaeeB agilisheomrad eretdh ef irstg roupt o seekr efugea t theC atholiCch urcha ndH ome St. Jeanc omple(xh ereinaft"etrh ec omplex")a;n d thes econdg roupt o Gatwarsot adium (hereinaft"etrh,e S tadium"b)o thi n Kibuyteo wnG itesic ommune. 4.23B y about1 7 April1 994,t housandosf men,w omena ndc hildrefnr omv arioulso cations soughtr efugei n theC atholiCch urcha ndH omeS t.J eanC omple(xt heC omplexa)n da t the Gatwaros tadiuml ocatedi n Kibuyet own.T hesem en,w omena nd childrewne reu narmed

andw erep redominantTluyt sisT.h eyw erei n theC omplesxe ekinpgr otectiforno ma ttacks onT ntsiwsh ichh ado ccurretdh roughotuhte P refectuorfe K ibuye. 4.24A fterp eopleg athereidn the complexa nd at the stadiumt,h esel ocationwse re surroundebdy personsu nderI gnaeeB agilishemac’osn troli,n cludinmge mberso f the GendarmeriNea tionalaen d communaplo licemenT.h esep ersonpsr eventetdh e men,w omen andc hildrehne ldt hereifnr oml eavingt,h usd enyintgh ema ccesst o basica menitiessu ch fooda ndw aterf ors everadla ys. 4.25O n 17 April1 994t hosei ndividuawlhso w ereo rderebdy IgnaeeB agilishetmoa s eek refugea t thec omplexw,e rea ttackebdy a combinefdo rceo f attackercso nsistinogf the GendarmeriNea tionalec,o mmunaplo liceI nterahamwaen da rmedc ivilian.sT hea ttackers usedg uns,g renadesm,a chetessp,e arsc,u dgelasn do therw eapontso killt hep eoplien the Complex. 4.26O n 18 April1 994,I gnaceB agilishemaac,t ingi n concerwti tho thersi,n cluding, ClementK ayishemaS,e manzaC elestin,N sengimanaA pollinaireN,z ananaE milea nd Munyampundbur,o ughtto Gatwaros tadiumt,h e GendarmeriNea tionalec,o mmunaplo lice, Interahamawned a rmedc iviliansa,n d directetdh emt o attackt hep eoples eekinrge fuge there. 4.27I n additionI,g naceB agilishemoan, 1 8 and1 9 April1 994,p ersonallayt tackeadn d killedp ersonsse ekinrge fugea t Gatwarsot adiumK,i buyet own.T hea ttacko n refugeeast

Gatwartoh eS tadiucmo ntinueodn 19 April1 994. 4.28I n orderintgh e Tutsim en womena ndc hildretno thec omplexa nds tadiumI,g naee Bagilishekmnae wo r hadr easotno knowt hata ttackast thesel ocatiownass i mminent. Attackisn Gishgitaan d GisovuC ommunes. 4.29G ishyitaan dG isovuc ommuneasr ed ivideidn to8 and9 secteurrse spectivelTyu.t si individualsse ekingr efugei n the areao f Biseserwoh ichs pansb othc ommunesw,e re regularlayt tackedt,h roughoutth e periodo f 9 April1 994t hrougtho 30 June1 994.T he attackercso mprisinogf memberosf theG endarmeriNea tionalec,o mmunaplo licemeann d

Interahammwiel itiamuesne dg uns,g renadesm,a chetess,p earsp,a ngasc,u dgelasn do ther weapontso killt heT utsisi n Gishyitaan dG isovcuo mmunes. 4.30T hroughouAtp ril,M ay and June1 994,I gnaceB agilishemaac tingi n concertw ith othersi,n cludinCgl emenKta yishemaS,e manzCae lestinN,s engimanAap ollinairNez,a nana Emilea nd Munyampundbur oughtt o the areao f Biseseraor medi ndividualsin,c luding memberso f the GendarmeriNea tionalec,o mmunaplo licemeann d Interahamwmei litiamen andd irectetdh emt o attactkh ep eoplsee ekinrge fugteh ereI.n additioIng,n aeBea gilishema personalaltyt ackaendd k illepde rsonsse ekinrge fugoen G itwah illi n thea reao fB isesero. 4.31I gnaceB agilishemdau,r ingt he monthso f April,M ay,a ndJ une1 994,i n Mabanza, Gitesia,n d Gisovuc ommunesK,i buyeP refecturien, t he Territoroyf Rwandad,i dc ommit otheirn humanaec tsi ncludibnugt n otl imitetdo ,p ersistenstelayr chifnogr T utsiss,e parating Tutsifsr omo there thniocr raciaglr oupsb,e atinTgu tsisk,n owinglleya dinTgu tsitso the massacrsei tes,a ndu nlawfullcyo nfinintgh e Tutsisa t the communoef ficea ndG atwaro Stadiuwmi thouwta ters,a nitatioornf ood,t herebfyo rcintgh eT utsitso e atg rass. 4.32T hea ttackdse scribaebdo ver esulteidn thousanodfsd eathasn dn umerouisn jurietso the men,w omena nd childrewni thinM abanzaG,i tesi,G isovua ndG ishyitcao mmunesK,i buye Prefecture.

5. CHARGES Fora llt hea ctso utliniend thep aragrapshpse cifiiende acho f thec ountst,h ea ccuseedi ther plannedi,n stigateodr,d eredc,o mmitteodr, otherwisaei deda nda betteidn thep lanning, preparatiaonnde xecutioofn t hes aida cts,o r knewo r hadr easotno knowt hatp ersonasc ting underh isa uthoriatnyd c ontrohla dc ommitteodr werea boutt o committ hes aida ctsa ndh e failetdo taken ecessaarnyd r easonabmleea surteos preventth es aidi llegaalc tso rp unisthh e perpetrattohresr eof.

Count1 : By hisa ctsi n relatiotno thee ventsr eferretdo in paragrap4h.s9 - 4.31a bove,I gnace Bagilisheimsai ndividuarlelsyp onsibfloert hec rimeasl legebde lowp,u rsuantto A rticl6e( 1) and6 (3)o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal: IgnaceB agilishemdau,r ingt hem onthso f April,M aya nd June1 994,i n MabanzaG,i tesi, Gishyitaa nd Gisovuc ommunes,K ibuyeP refecturei,n the Territoryo f Rwanda,i s responsibfloer t hek illinogr causinogf serioubso dilyo r mentalh armt o memberosf the Tutsip opulatiwoint ht hei ntentto destroiyn, wholeo ri n part,a n ethniocr r aciaglr oupa s sucha ndh ast herebcyo mmitteGdE NOCIDiEn violatioonf Articl2e( 3)(aa)n dp unishable referentcoeA rticl2e2sa nd2 3o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal. Count2 : By hisa ctsi n relatiotno thee ventsr eferretdo in paragrap4h.s1 4- 4.25a bove,I gnace Bagilisheimsa i ndividuarlelsyp onsibfloert hec rimea llegebde lowp,u rsuantto A rticl6e( 1) and6 (3)otfh eS tatutoef t heT ribunal: IgnaeeB agilishemdau,r ingt he monthso f April,M aya ndJ une1 994,i n MabanzaG,i tesi, Gishyitaan d Gisovuc ommunesK,i buyeP refecturei,n the Territoroyf Rwanda,i s an accomplitcoe thek illinagn dc ausinogf serioubso dilyo r mentalh armt o memberosf the Tutsip opulatioann d has therebyc ommitteCdO MPLICITIYN GENOCIDEi n violatioonf Articl2e( 3)(ea)n dp unishabilner eferentcoe A rticl2e2 a nd2 3o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal. Count3 : By hisa

ctsi n relatiotno thee ventsr eferretdo in paragrap4h.s1 0- 4.31 aboveI,g naee Bagilisheimsai ndividuarlelsyp onsibfloert hec rimea llegebde lowp,u rsuantto Articl6e( 1) and6 (3)o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal: IgnaeeB agilishemdau,r ingt hem onthso f April,M ay andJ une1 994,i n MabanzaG,i tesi, Gishyitaa nd Gisovuc ommunes,K ibuyeP refecturei,n the Territoryo f Rwanda,i s responsiblfeo rt he MURDERo f civiliansa,s parto f a widespreaodr systematiact tack

againsat c ivilipaonp ulatioonnp oliticaelt,h nico,r r aciaglr oundasn,d h ast herebcyo mmitted a CRIMEA GAINSHTU MANITiYn violatioonf Articl3e( a)a ndp unishablien reference Articl2e2sa nd2 3o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal. Count4 : By hisa ctsi n relatiotno thee ventsr eferretdo in paragrap4h.s1 0- 4.30a bove,I gnace Bagilisheimsai ndividuarlelsyp onsibfloert hec rimea llegebde lowp,u rsuantto Articl6e( 1) and6 (3)o f theS tatutoef theT ribunalI:g naeBea gilishedmuar intgh em onthosf April,M ay andJ une1994i,n MabanzaG,i tesiG,i shyitaan dG isovuc ommunesK,i buyPer efecturien, t he Territoroyf Rwandai,s responsiblfeo r theE XTERMINATIoOfN c iviliansa,s parto f a widespreoards ystemataitct acakg ainsat c iviliapno pulatioonn p oliticaelt,h nico,r racial grounds,a nd has therebyc ommitteda CRIME AGAINSTH UMANITYi n violationo f Articl3e( b)a ndp unishabilner eferentcoeA rticl2e2sa nd2 3o f theS tatutoef t heT ribunal. Count5 : By hisa ctsi n relatiotno thee ventsr eferretdo in paragrap4h.s1 0- 4.31a bove,I gnaee Bagilisheimsai ndividuarlelsyp onsibfloert hec rimea llegebde lowp,u rsuantto Articl6e( 1) and6 (3)o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal: IgnaeeB agilishemdau,r ingt hem onthso f April,M ay andJ une1 994,i n MabanzaG,i tesi, Gishyitaan dG isovuc ommunesK,i buyeP refecturien, t heT erritoroyf Rwandad,i dc ommit OTHERI NHUMANAEC TS,i ncludinbgu t not limitedt o, the causingo f

seriousp hysical andm entahla rm,s ucha s thep ersistesneta rcfho rT utsiisn t hem onthfso llowitnhge a ttack, thes eparatioonf Tutsisf romo there thnico r racialg roupss,e vereb eatinogf Tutsis, knowingllye adinTgu tsitso them assacrsei tes,a ndu nlawfulcloyn finintgh eT utsisa t the communoef ficea ndG atwarSot adiuwmi thouwta ter,s anitatioorn food,t herebfyo rcintgh e Tutsitso e atg rasass parto fa widespreaandd s ystemataitct acakg ainsat c ivilipaonp ulation on politicale,t hnic,o r racialg roundsa,n d has therebyc ommittead CRIMEA GAINST HUMANITiYn violatioonf Articl3e0 )a ndp unishabilne referencteo Article2s2 and2 3 of theS tatutoeft heT ribunal.

Count6 : By hisa ctsi n relatiotno thee ventsr eferretdo in paragrap4h.s1 0- 4.31a bove,I gnaee Bagilisheimsa i ndividuarlelsyp onsibfloert hec rimea llegebde lowp,u rsuantto Articl6e( 1) and6 (3)o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal: IgnaeeB agilishemdau,r ingt hem onthso f April,M aya ndJ une1 994,i nGisovaun dG ishyita communesK,i buyeP refecturei,n the Territoroyf Rwanda,i s responsiblfeo r causing violentcoe life,h ealtahn dp hysicoarl mentawle ll-beionfg p ersonisn, thec oursoef a non- internatioanramle cdo nflicitn,p articulmaurr,d ears w ella sc ruelt reatmesnutc ha st orturoer any form of corporalp unishmenta,n d has herebyc ommittedS ERIOUSV IOLATIONOSF ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND OFADDITIONAL PROTOCOILI thereofi,n violatioofn A rticl4e ( a)a ndp unishabilne r eferentcoe A rticles and2 3o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal. Count7 : By hisa ctsi n relatiotno thee ventsr eferretdo in paragrap4h.s1 0- 4.31a bove,I gnace Bagilisheimsa i ndividuarlelsyp onsibfloert hec rimea llegebde lowp,u rsuantto Articl6e( 1) and6 (3)o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal: IgnaceB agilishemdau,r ingt hem onthso f April,M aya ndJ une1 994,i n MabanzaG,i tesi, Gisovua nd Gishyitac ommunes,K ibuyeP refecturei,n the Territoryo f Rwanda,i s responsibfloer c ausinogu trageusp onp ersonadli gnitoyf womeni,n cludinhgu miliatianngd degradintgr eatmenitn, thec ourseo f a non-internatiaornmaeld c onflicta,n dh ast hereby committed SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLES 3 COMMON TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONSA ND OFADDITIONALP ROTOCOLI I thereof,i n violationo f Article 4(e)a ndp unishabilner eferentcoeA rticl2e2sa nd2 3o ft heS tatutoef t heT ribunal. 10

At Arusha,T anzanitah iss eventeentdha y of Septembe1r9 99. Fort he Prosecutor Bemard A Muna DeputyP rosecutor 11

ICTR-95-1A-T ANNEX B Glossaroyf Terms AdditionParlo tocIol GenevaP rotocoAld ditiontaol t heG enevCao nventioonfs 12 August1 949, and Relatingt o the Victimso f InternatioAnramle Cdo nflic(tPsr otocIo)lo f8 June1 977. AdditionParlo tocIoIl GenevPar otocoAld ditiontaol t heG enevCao nventioonfs 12 Augus1t9 49,a ndR elatintgo theV ictimosf N on- InternatioAnramle Cdo nflic(tPsr otocIoIl) 8 June1 977. Abakiga Int hep resencta set het ermi su sedg eneralfloyrp ersons fromc ertainno rthepranr tso fR wanda. Akayes(uT C) TheP rosecutovr. Jean-PauAlk ayesuC,a seN o.I CTR-96- 4-T,J udgemenotf 2 Septembe1r9 98. Akayesu(AC) TheP rosecutvo.r Jean-PauAlk ayesuC,a seN o.I CTR-96- 4-A, AppealCsh ambeJru dgemenotf 1 June2 001. Aleksovs(kTiC ) Prosecutvo.rZ latkAol eksovskCia,s eN o.I T-95-14/1-T, Judgemenotf 25 June1 999. Blaski(cT C) Prosecutvo.rT ihomiBrl askicC,a seN o.I T-95-14-T, Judgemenotf 3 March2 000. BureauC ommunal Compouncdo ntainitnhge o fficeasn do therb uildinogfst he Administratoifo tnh ec ommune. CDR Coalitifoonr t heD efencoef t heR epubl(iCco alitipoonu rl a D~fensdee la R@ublique). Celebi(dDie lali(cT)C ) Prosecutovr. ZejnilD elaliZ~d ravkMou ci~H azimD eli~ EsadL and2oC,a seN o.I T-96-21-T, Judgemenotf 16 Novembe1r9 98.

ICTR-95-1A-T Celebi(gDie lali(cA)C ) Prosecutvo.r ZejnilD elaliZ~d ravkMou cidH azimD eli~ EsadL and~oC,a seN o.I T-96-21-A, Judgemenotf 20 Februar2y0 00. Ce//u/e A politicaanld a dministrastuibvdei visoifoa n s ecteur. Commentaroyn the ICRCC ommentaroyn theA dditionaPlr otocols AdditionParlo tocols of 8 June1 997t o theG enevCao nventioonfs 12 August1 949. Commune A politicaanlda dministrastuibvdei visoifoa n p refecture. CommonA rticl3e Article3 commont o four GenevaC onventionosf 12 Augus1t9 49f ort heP rotectioofn W arV ictims. Furundzij(aT C) Prosecutvo.r A ntoF urundzijJ’uad,g emeonft 10 Decembe1r9 98,C aseN o.I T-95-17/1-T10. GenevaC onventions GenevCao nventiIo nf ort heA melioratoifo tnh eC onditions of theW oundeadn dS icki n ArmedF orcesi n theF ield,1 2 August1 949. GenevaC onventionI I for the Amelioratioonf the Conditionso f the Wounded,S ick and Shipwrecked Memberosf theA rmedF orcesa t Sea,1 2 Augus1t9 49. GenevaC onventioInI I Relativet o the Treatmento f Prisoneorfs W ar,1 2 Augus1t9 49. GenevCao nventi1oVnR elativteo theP rotectioofnC ivilian Personisn Timeo f War,1 2 August1 949. GenocidCeo nvention TheU N Conventioonn theP reventioann dP unishmenotf theC rimeo f Genocidoef 9 Decembe1r9 48.

ICTR-95-1A-T High CommandC ase U.S.vW.i lhelvmo nL eebe t al,N urembeIrngt emational MilitarTyr ibunaUln derC ontroClo unciLla wN o.1 0, 28 Novembe1r9 47t o 28 Octobe1r9 48. ICTY UN InternatioCnrailm inaTlr ibunaflo rt heF ormer Yugoslavia. ILC InternationLaawlC ommission. Kayishemaan d Ruzindana TheP rosecutovr. ClgmenKta yishemaan dO bedR uzindana, (TC) CaseN o.I CTR-95-1-JTu,d gemenotf 21 May 1999 Kupre~kiadn dO thers( TC) Prosecutovr. ZoranK upregkiM~i rjanK upregkiVdl atko KupregkiV~l adimiSra ntidD ragoJ osipoviD~r agan Papid,D ecisioonf 15 May1 998o n DefencCeh allengteos Formo f theI ndictmenCta,s eN o.I T-96-16-PT. MDR RepublicaDne mocratiMco vemen(tM ouvement dgmocratirqdupeu blicain). MRND NationaRle volutionaMroyv emenfto rD evelopment (Mouvemerndtv olutionnaniartei onaplo url e d~veloppmeAnftt)e.r1 991,r eferrteoda sN ational RepublicaMno vemenfto r Democracayn d Development (Mouvemerngtp ublicaniant ionapIo url ad ~mocrateite l e ddveloppment). Musema( TC) TheP rosecutvo.r AlfredM usemaC,a seN o.I CTR-96-13-T, Judgemenotf 27 Januar2y0 00. NuremberTgr ibunal InternatioMnialli tarTyr ibunaNlu,r emberg, 14 Novembe1r9 45t o 1 Octobe1r9 46.

ICTR-95-1A-T PL LiberPaalr t(yP artIii bdral). Prefect Ani ndividuraels ponsifbolret hea dministraotfi aon Prefecture Prefecture Territorainadla dministrautniivtei nR wanda. PSD Social-DemocrPaatritcy( Partsio cial-ddmocrate). RomeS tatute TheS tatutoef theI nternatioCnrailm inCaolu rto f 17J uly1 998. RPF RwandaPna triotFirco nt( Frontpatriotriwqauned ais). Rutagand(aT C) TheP rosecutvo.r GeorgeRsu tagandCaa,s eN o.I CTR-96- 3-T,J udgemenotf 6 Decembe1r9 99. Secteur A politicaanld a dministratsuibved ivisioofna commune. Tadid( TC) Prosecutvo.r DugkoT adidC,a seN o.I T-94-1-T, TrialJ udgemenotf 7 May1 997. Tadid( AC) Prosecutvo.r Du~koT adid,C aseN o.I T-94-1-A, AppealCsh ambeJru dgemenotf 15 July1 999. TadidJ urisdictDieocni sionProsecutvo.r D ugkoT adidD’e cisioonn theD efence Motiofno rI nterlocutAoprpye aoln J urisdiction, ICTYC aseN o. IT-94-1-AR722 ,O ctobe1r9 95. Yamashita U.S.vY.a mashit3a2,7 U .S.1 (1946). 4