UBUSHINJACYAHA v MUGIMBA

# UBUSHINJACYAHA v MUGIMBA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-02-14 - Case/document no.: RPA /GÉN 00001/2022/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v MUGIMBA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE - RPA /Gén 00001/2022/CA (Gakwaya, P.J., Umugwaneza, Tugireyezu, J.) 14 Gashyantare 2025] Amategeko yerekeye imanza nshinjabyaha – Imicire y’urubanza – Imisubirize y’urukiko – Urukiko ntirutegestwe gusubiza ku bisobanuro (arguments) byose byatanzwe n’ababuranyi, ahubwo rugomba gusubiza ku byo basaba byose (demandes), rugaragaza impamvu zishimangira ibisubizo byarwo. Amategeko mpanabyaha – Ubushake bwihariye – Ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu benshi – Gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside bifatwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside ku buryo ubushake bwihariye bwo gukora ibyo byaha byombi ari bumwe, bivuze ko ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri (2) cyangwa benshi bwo gukora jenoside buba bugamije kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, byakorwa n’umwe cyangwa benshi muri bo. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Ibyaha bya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu – Icyaha cya jenoside – kuba icyitso mu cyaha cya jenoside – Ubushake bwo kuba icyitso muri jenoside bugaragara mu gihe uregwa kuba icyitso mu cyaha cya jenoside yafashije cyangwa yahagarikiye cyangwa yashutse, azi icyo abigiriye kandi abishaka, undi muntu cyangwa abandi bantu gukora jenoside, azi neza ko uwo muntu cyangwa abo bantu barimo gukora jenoside, n’ubwo uregwa yaba atari afite umugambi wo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa idini, bazira icyo baricyo. Amategeko ateganya ibyaha n’ibihano – Impamvu nyoroshya cyaha – Kugabanyirizwa igihano – Uburemere bw’icyaha n’impamvu nkomezacyaha zigize icyaha, ntibyabangamira Umucamanza kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zagaragaye mu nyungu z’uwahamwe n’icyaha, agamije kumugenera mu bushishozi bwe igihano gishingiye ku buryo icyaha cyakozwemo n’imibereho ye bwite (individualisation de la peine). Incamake y’ikibazo: Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yari umukozi wa Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda, akaba n’Umunyamabanga Mukuru w’agateganyo w’ishyaka rya CDR ku rwego rw’Igihugu, Ubushinjacyaha bukaba bwaramureze mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside, kuko ku wa 8/4/1994, hagati ya saa mbili na saa yine za mu gitondo, yatumiye abantu batandukanye mu inama yabereye iwe mu rugo, aho bumvikanye, bacura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, biga uburyo bagomba kwica Abatutsi, bakora amalisti y’Abatutsi bagomba kwica, uburyo bazashyiraho barrières zizafasha mu kwica Abatutsi n’uburyo babona imbunda zo gukoresha kwica Abatutsi. Yaburanye ahakana ibyaha aregwa, avuga ko nta bimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho bubimurega, ariko Urukiko rushingiye ku gisobanuro cy’ingingo ya 93 agace ka 1° na 5° y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside bihanwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside, ndetse n’ibisobanuro ku gucura umugambi wa jenoside byatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza n˚ RPA/GEN 0001/15/CS haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bandora Charles, rwaciwe n’urwo

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Rukiko ku wa 22/03/2019, hamwe n’ibijyanye n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside byatanzwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza n˚ICTR-96-13-A haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Musema Alfred, rwaciwe n’Urwo Rukiko ku wa 27/1/ 2000, rwemeza ko ahamwa n’ibyaha aregwa, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 25. Impande zombi ntizishimiye urwo rubanza, zirujuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, Mugimba Jean- Baptiste anenga kuba mu gushingira ku buhamya bw’umutangabuhamya DAM Urukiko rwarahisemo gusa igice kimwe cyabwo kimushinja, kandi bwari bugizwe n’ibice bibiri, harimo n’ubumushinjura, nyamara bigaragara ko ibyo yavuze amushinja ari ibintu yihimbiye kuko byavugurujwe n’abandi batangabuhamya. Kuba Urukiko rwaramuhamije ibikorwa by’icyaha bitabayeho, kuba rwaranze gusuzuma bimwe mu bimenyetso bishinjura, ibindi ntirubihe agaciro, yavugaga kandi ko Urukiko rwashingiye ku batangabuhamya batavugisha ukuri, kuba rwaranyuranije n’umurongo watangajwe mu cyegeranyo V.1-2015 cyasohowe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga muri Mutarama, 2015, uvuga ko bitemewe gushingira ku buhamya buvuguruzanya no kuba rutarubahirije amategeko agenga ibyaha rwamuhamije, agasaba kugirwa umwere. Ku rundi ruhande, Ubushinjacyaha bwo bunenga kuba Urukiko rutarahaye agaciro ubuhamya bwatanzwe na Nyabyenda Jean Marie Vianney, rukavuga ko burimo urujijo rudasobanuye aho rushingiye, no kuba rwaragabanyirije igihano Mugimba Jean-Baptiste rutagaragaje icyo rushingiyeho. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Kuba mu bisobanuro rwatanze, Urukiko rwabanje cyangwa Urukiko rwaciye urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere rutaravuze ikimenyetso runaka cyangwa ubuhamya runaka, ntibivuze byanze bikunze ko rwabyirengagije, ntirunategetswe kugaragaza mu buryo burambuye impamvu yatumye rubiha cyangwa rutabiha agaciro. Urukiko ntirugomba gusubiza ku bisobanuro (arguments) byose byatanzwe n’ababuranyi, ariko rugomba gusubiza ku byo basaba byose (demandes), rugaragaza impamvu zishimangira ibisubizo byarwo. Urubanza rugomba gusubiza ku buryo bweruye cyangwa butaziguye ku byasabwe byose n’ababuranyi, ku nzitizi batanze no ku mpaka (impamvu) bagaragaje, ariko ntirutegetswe gusuzuma imwe ku yindi muzo bagaragaje zose, icyagombwa ni uko mu rubanza rwaciwe hagaragaramo impamvu zatumye ibyasabwe, inzitizi zatanzwe n’impaka (impamvu) zagaragajwe bitahawe agaciro. 2. Ubushake (élément moral ou intentionnel) bugize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside bugaragarira mu bwumvikane buhuriweho n’abantu benshi, bugamije gukora icyaha cya jenoside, ni ukuvuga kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini. Ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside bukorwa bugamije (ubushake bwihariye) kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, rigaragaza nta shiti ko rwagaragaje mu buryo buziguye (implicitement) ko rwasanze mu nama yabereye kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste aho yumvikanye n’abandi kwica Abatutsi bagamije kurimbura ubwoko bwabo. 3. Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, kugira ngo hemezwe ko ukurikiranweho icyo cyaha yagikoze, ntibisaba ko hagaragazwa ko ku giti cye hari kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside yaba yarakoze. Ubushake bwo kuba icyitso muri jenoside bugaragara mu gihe uregwa kuba icyitso mu cyaha cya jenoside yafashije cyangwa yahagarikiye cyangwa yashutse, azi icyo abigiriye kandi abishaka, undi muntu cyangwa abandi bantu gukora jenoside, azi neza ko uwo muntu cyangwa abo bantu barimo gukora jenoside, n’ubwo uregwa yaba atari afite umugambi wo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa idini, bazira icyo baricyo. Bityo, kuba

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Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yarasabye anatanga imbunda azi ko zizakoreshwa mu kwica Abatutsi, rusanga ahamwa n‘icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside. 4. Kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ntibikuraho uburemere bw’icyaha, bivuze ko kugabanyiriza igihano uwahamwe n’icyaha bitagabanya na gato uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze. Ibyo byumvikanisha ko uburemere bw’icyaha n’impamvu nkomezacyaha zigize icyaha, bitabangamira Umucamanza kwemeza mu nyungu z’uwahamwe n’icyaha impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zagaragaye, agamije kumugenera mu bushishozi bwe igihano gishingiye k’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo n’imibereho ye bwite (individualisation de la peine), ari yo mpamvu Umushingamategeko yateganyije ko Umucamanza, mu kugena igihano, agomba kwita ku mpamvu nkomezacyaha no ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha. Bityo, n’ubwo ibyaha Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yahamijwe ari ibyaha by’ubugome biremereye, ntibyabuza ko agabanyirizwa igihano mu gihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso, Ingingo ya 53. Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, Ingingo ya 107 n’iya 108. Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ingingo ya 20, 49, 58 n’iya 93. Ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 09 Ukuboza 1948 agamije gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside yemejwe mu Rwanda binyuze mu Itegeko - Teka no 08/75 ryo ku wa 12/02/1975. Imanza zifashishijwe: Ubushinjacyaha vs Bandora Charles, RPA/GEN 0001/15/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 22/03/2019. Ubushinjacyaha vs Twagirayezu Wenceslas, RPA/GEN 00001/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 31/31/2024. Ubushinjacyaha vs Ntamaherezo Iryamukuru, RPAA 00141/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 31/05/2023. Ubushinjacyaha na Ntaganzwa Ladislas, RPA/GEN 00001/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 03/03/2023. Ubushinjacyaha vs Birindabagabo Jean Paul, RPAA/GEN 00004/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 08/04/2022. Ubushinjacyaha vs Kabilimana Jean Damascène, RPAA/GEN00009/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 16/10/2020. Ubushinjacyaha vs Gatete Jean Baptiste, Case no ICTR-2000-61-T, para. 130. Ubushinjacyaha vs Musema Alfred, Case n° ICTR-96-13-A rwaciwe ku wa 27/1/2000. Ubushinjacyaha vs Kamuhanda Jean de Dieu, Case N° ICTR-99-54A-T. Ubushinjacyaha vs Zigiranyirazo Protais, Case N° ICTR-01-73-A Ubushinjacyaha vs Nahimana et al. (Media case). Case N° ICTR-99-52-A. Urubanza

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IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste wari utuye muri Serire ya Kabuguru, Segiteri ya Nyakabanda, Komini ya Nyarugenge, mu mazu y’abakozi ba Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda aho nawe yakoraga, akaba n’Umunyamabanga Mukuru w’agateganyo w’ishyaka rya CDR ku rwego rw’Igihugu, yahungiye mu gihugu cy’Ubuholandi. Mu kwezi k’Ugushyingo 2012, Ubushinjacyaha bw’u Rwanda bwasabye ko afatwa akoherezwa mu Rwanda kugira ngo abe ariho aburanishirizwa ibyaha birebana na jenoside akurikiranyweho. Ku wa 11/07/2014, Urukiko rwo muri icyo gihugu (The Hague Court District) rwafashe icyemezo cy’uko yoherezwa kuburanira mu Rwanda. [2] Ubushinjacyaha bwamureze mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside. Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yaburanye ahakana ibyaha aregwa, avuga ko nta bimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho bubimurega. [3] Mu rubanza n˚ RP/GEN 00002/2017/HC/HCCIC rwaciwe ku wa 28/5/2020, Urukiko rushingiye ku gisobanuro cy’ingingo ya 93 agace ka 1° na 5° y’Itegeko nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside bihanwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside, ndetse n’ibisobanuro ku gucura umugambi wa jenoside byatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza n˚ RPA/GEN 0001/15/CS haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bandora Charles, rwaciwe n’urwo Rukiko ku wa 22/03/2019, hamwe n’ibijyanye n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside byatanzwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza n˚ICTR-96-13-A haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Musema Alfred, rwaciwe n’Urwo Rukiko ku wa 27/1/ 2000, rwemeje ko: - Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside. - Ruhanisha Mugimba Jean-Baptiste igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25). [4] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, ndetse n’Ubushinjacyaha ntibishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza, barujuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire. [5] Mu mwanzuro w’ubujurire wa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste wo ku wa 14/4/2022, avuga ko anenga urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru kuba mu gushingira ku buhamya bw’umutangabuhamya DAM rwarahisemo gusa igice kimwe cyabwo kimushinja, kandi bwari bugizwe n’ibice bibiri, harimo n’ubumushinjura, nyamara bigaragara ko ibyo yavuze amushinja ari ibintu yihimbiye kuko byavugurujwe n’abandi batangabuhamya bemeje ko inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 ari nayo Urukiko rwashingiyeho rwemeza ko ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, ntayo bazi yabayeho kandi yaravugaga ko nabo bari bayirimo. Kuba urwo Rukiko rwaramuhamije ibikorwa by’icyaha bitabayeho, kuba rwaranze gusuzuma bimwe mu bimenyetso bishinjura, ibindi ntirubihe agaciro, kuba rwarashingiye ku batangabuhamya batavugisha ukuri, kuba rwaranyuranije n’umurongo watangajwe mu cyegeranyo V.1- 2015 cyasohowe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga muri Mutarama, 2015, uvuga ko bitemewe gushingira ku buhamya buvuguruzanya no kuba rutarubahirije amategeko agenga ibyaha rwamuhamije, asaba kugirwa umwere.

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[6] Ubushinjacyaha bwireguye buvuga ko ibikorwa byose bigize icyaha bwabitangiye ibimenyetso bishingiye ku buhamya bw’ababibonye hamwe no ku bindi bimenyetso rwashyikirije Urukiko. Naho ku bijyanye n’umurongo watanzwe, buvuga ko ntacyo bwawuvugaho kuko ntaho uhuriye n’urubanza rwaciwe, ndetse n’amategeko avuga ko atubahirijwe, bukaba busanga ntayo agaragaza, ahubwo bugasaba ko ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu. [7] Naho mu mwanzuro w’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha bwo bunenga urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru kuba rutarahaye agaciro ubuhamya bwatanzwe na Nyabyenda Jean Marie Vianney, rukavuga ko burimo urujijo rudasobanuye aho rushingiye, no kuba rwaragabanyirije igihano Mugimba Jean-Baptiste rutagaragaje icyo rushingiyeho. [8] Mugimba Jean Baptiste yireguye avuga ko asanga nta kosa Urukiko rwakoze kuko yaba ku buhamya no ku gihano rwatanze, rwabitangiye ibisobanuro. [9] Ubujurire bwahurijwe hamwe, urubanza ruhabwa n° RPA/GEN 00001/2022/CA, iburanisha rishyirwa ku wa 16/7/2024, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yunganiwe na Me Gatera Gatera na Me Baragondoza Jean Damascène, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Nkusi Faustin na BIDERI Diogène, Abashinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu. Uwo munsi Inteko iburanisha yumvikanye n’ababuranyi ku mpande zombi kuri gahunda (calendrier) y’uburyo iburanisha rizagenda, maze iburanisha rikurikiyeho rishyirwa ku wa 16/9/2024 saa tatu za mu gitondo. [10] Hagendewe ku myanzuro no ku miburanire y’ababuranyi, uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga ibibazo bigomba gusuzumwa ari ibi bikurikira: A. Ibyerekeye ubujurire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste a. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rwaraciriye urubanza Mugimba Jean- Baptiste rutitaye ku gikorwa cy’icyaha rwaregewe. b. Kumenya niba hari ibimenyetso bishinjura Mugimba Jean-Baptiste Urukiko rwabanje rwirengagije gusuzuma, ibindi ntirubihe agaciro, ndetse rukaba rwaramuhamije icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside rushingiye ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya babiri zitizewe. c. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rwaranyuranije n’umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, bigatuma ruca urubanza rushingiye ku buhamya buvuguruzanya. d. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rwarahamije Mugimba Jean-Baptiste icyaha cyo gucurura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside rutagaragaje umugambi wihariye wo gukora ibyo byaha yaba yaragize. B. Ibyerekeye ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha a. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rwarakoze ikosa ryo kudaha agaciro ubuhamya bushinja bwa Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney. b. Kumenya niba Mugimba Jean-Baptiste atari akwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO

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A. Ibyerekeye ubujurire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste a. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rwaraciriye urubanza Mugimba Jean- Baptiste rutitaye ku gikorwa cy’icyaha rwaregewe. [11] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste avuga ko yarezwe ku rwego rwa mbere kuba mu nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yarumvikanye n’abakonseye bagategura jenoside mu ma Segiteri ane (4) mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Asobanura ko ku rupapuro rwa cumi (10) rw’inyandiko itanga ikirego (acte d’accusation- indictment), Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza umugambi uwo ariwo wo kwica Abatutsi n’abantu buvuga ko yawugiranye nabo bari iwe mu rugo, ni ukuvuga abakonseye ba Segiteri Nyakabanda, Biryogo, Gitega na Nyamirambo, ariko ko ikibazo cyabaye ari uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwemeje ko yakoze icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi, awugiranye n’abandi bantu batari abo bankoseye nk’uko Ubushinjacyaha bwabimuregaga, ndetse uwo mugambi yahamijwe ukaba urebana gusa na Segiteri Nyakabanda, nyamara Ubushinjacyaha bumurega umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi muri Segeteri enye (4) zavuzwe haruguru. Asoza avuga ko ibi bigaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza ku bikorwa bitaregewe. [12] Me Baragondoza Jean Damascène, wunganira Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, avuga ko nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo itanu na karindwi (57) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwakoze amakosa yo gufata cyemezo cyarwo ku kirego rutaregewe kuko rushingiye ku mvugo z’umutangabuhamya DAM, rwemeje ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi, yagiranye n’abandi bantu, batari abakonseye ba Segiteri Nyakabanda, Biryogo, Gitega na Nyamirambo, kandi ataribyo Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwaregeye nk’uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa cumi (10) rw’inyandiko itanga ikirego, aho Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yarezwe kuba yaracuze umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi awugiranye n’Abakonseye bane (4) n’umutangabuhamya DAM. [13] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko mu gace ka mirongo ine n’icyenda (49), aka mirongo itanu (50) n’aka mirongo itanu na kane (54), Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwagaragaje ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yakoresheje inama iwe mu rugo, ari kumwe n’abantu batandukanye, barimo abasirikare, abakonseye ba ma Segiteri ane (4), bakora ama liste y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa, runagaragaza ko hari abatangabuhamya bumviswe bavuga ko batayizi, n’umwe gusa avuga ko ayizi, ariwe DAM, rushingiye gusa ku mvugo y’uwo mutangabuhamya, none mu gace ka mirongo itanu na karindwi (57) n’aka mirongo itanu n’umunani (58) rwanzura ko yakoze icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, nyamara ibikorwa byagaragajwe n’uwo mutangabuhamya bitandukanye n’ibikorwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yarezwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, ko rero ibyo bigaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwirengagije ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 10 y’Itegeko n° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/4/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi kuko rwaciye urubanza kucyo rutararegewe. [14] Mu mwanzuro wa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste watanzwe na Me Baragondoza Jean Damascène umwunganira, avuga ko inama yo gutegura jenoside Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza mu kirego cyabwo ari iyo buvuga ko yabereye kwa Mugimba Jean- Baptiste ku wa 8/4/1994, hagati ya saa mbiri na saa yine n’igice za mu gitondo (8h00-10h30), bukanavuga ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yari yayitumiyemo abantu benshi barimo umutangabuhamya DAM n’aba Konseye ba za Segiteri

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Nyakabanda, Biryogo, Gitega na Nyamirambo zo mu Mujyi wa Kigali, ko nyamara Urukiko rwabanje rwihaye ububasha bwo guhindura ikirego, rwirengagije Itegeko ubutabera bw’u Rwanda bugenderaho, rirutegeka guca urubanza ku cyaregewe gusa, kandi kuri icyo cyonyine1, ruca urubanza ku mugambi wavuzwe n’umutangabuhamya DAM wabaye hagati y’uregwa n’abandi bantu, ariko batagaragajwe n’ikirego, kandi ruhitamo kudaha agaciro amagambo ye, aho yarubwiye ko inama yemera atari iriya yaregewe n’Ubushinjacyaha, kuko we iyo yemera yarimo, abo bakonseye batari bayirimo, kandi uwo mugambi warebanaga gusa na Segiteri Nyakabanda. [15] Me Baragondoza Jean Damascène akomeza avuga ko aho kugira ngo Urukiko rwabanje ruteshe agaciro ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kuko nta mutangabuhamya n’umwe wabwo, cyane cyane Kivuta Regero Innocent, Imananibishaka Jean Berchmans alias Barananiye Sukari na Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney, wigeze yemeza ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yakoranye inama n’aba Konseye, ahubwo mu kumuhamya icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa DAM, nyamara yaratanze ubuhamya bushinja n’ubushinjura, aho yasobanuye ko inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yabereye kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, ko abizi neza kuko yari yayitumiwemo, ariko mu iburanisha ryabaye ku wa 9/10/2008 avuga ko bariya bakonseye ba za Segiteri Nyakabanda, Biryogo, Gitega na Nyamirambo batari muri iyo nama, nyamara Urukiko ruha agaciro gusa ubuhamya bwe bushinja. [16] Asoza asaba uru Rukiko gushingira ku ngingo ya 7 y’Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, rukemeza ko Urukiko rwabanje rutagombaga guca urubanza ku bundi ‘’bwumvikane’’ bwazanywe n’umutangabuhamya DAM, Ubushinjacyaha butatanzeho ikirego. [17] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ku rupapuro rwa cumi (10) n’urwa cumi na rimwe (11) z’inyandiko itanga ikirego, bwareze Mugimba Jean-Baptiste kuba yarakoresheje inama iwe yacuriwemo umugambi wo gukora jenoside, ko ataragewe kuba muri iyo nama harimo abantu runaka, ko icyaregewe ari igikorwa cyo gucura umugambi cyabaye mu nama yakorewe iwe mu rugo. Buvuga ko uretse n’ibyo, nk’uko bigaragara mu kirego cyabwo, butareze gusa kuba muri iyo nama harimo abakonseye gusa, ahubwo hari harimo n’abandi bantu, ko rero icy’ingezi ari uko inama yabayeho kandi icurwamo umugambi wo gukora jenoside. [18] Mu mwanzuro wabwo, Ubushinjacyaha bwasobanuye ko nk’uko bigaragara kuva ku gace ka mirongo itanu na gatatu (53) kugera ku ka mirongo irindwi na kane (74) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwabanje rwasuzumye niba ku wa 8/4/1994 hari inama Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yakoresheje iwe mu rugo, yacuriwemo umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi, ko rero igikorwa cyari cyaregewe atari uko bariya bakonseye bari bayirimo, ahubwo igikorwa ari inama ubwayo, yabamo abo ba Konseye cyangwa batayibamo. Bwasobanuye kandi ko mu kirego cyabwo butigeze buvuga ko iriya nama Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yakoresheje yarimo we n’abakonseye batatu (3) gusa ngo noneho byumvikane ko iyo umutangabuhamya DAM yavuze yagiyemo kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptitse nta bandi ba konseye bari bayirimo, ngo bisobanure ko ari indi nama itandukanye n’iyo Ubushinjacyaha bwaregeye, ko uretse n’ibyo muri icyo kirego, ndetse no mu mvugo za DAM bigaragara ko iyo nama yitabiriwe n’abantu batandukanye.

1 Ingingo ya 7 y’Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi “Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine”.

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[19] Ubushinjacyaha bwasobanuye na none ko kimwe mu bikorwa bwari bwaregeye Urukiko ari nacyo Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ajuririra, ari inama itegura jenoside yakorewe iwe ku wa 8/4/1994, ko kandi ari nacyo Urukiko rwabanje rwaciyeho urubanza, maze rwemeza ko koko iyo nama yabaye kandi ko ari igikorwa kigize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside, ko rero Urukiko rwabanje rutarirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 7 y’Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [20] Ihame ry’amategeko ryemeza ko Inkiko nshinjabyaha ziregerwa igikorwa kigize icyaha2, ryumvikanisha ko izo Nkiko zisuzuma ibikorwa zashyikirijwe mu buryo byemewe n’amategeko, kandi bikaba ari byonyine zisuzuma3, bivuze ko zidashobora guhindura cyangwa kongera ibikorwa zitashyikirijwe cyangwa bitagaragara mu nyandiko itanga ikirego, ngo zibisuzume4. [21] Inyandiko y’Ubushinjacyaha itanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, ku ruparuro rwayo rwa cumi (10), igaragaza ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste aregwa kuba yarakoresheje inama iwe mu rugo tariki ya 8/4/1994 hagati ya saa mbili na saa yine za mu gitondo, inama izamo abitwa Mbarushimana Callixte, Mugenzi Joseph, Mudahinyuka Jean-Marie Vianney alias Zuzu, Twahirwa Oreste, Rwagahungu Innocent, Nibizi Alphonse, Kivuta Regero Innocent, Kigingi Habyarimana bahimbaga Général de Brigade, Sakabaka, Zacharie mwene Rwatambuga, uwari uyoboye ingabo mu Karere k’Imirwano ka Nyamirambo Col. Hakizimana Edouard, Lt. Kanyamuhanda, Lt. Museruka, Lt. Kamari, Lt. Baziruwiha, hajemo kandi Ntamfurayishyari Félix wakoraga muri Ambassade y'u Rwanda i Kampala, hari aba Conseillers ba Secteurs Nyakabanda, Biryogo, Gitega na Nyamirambo, hari kandi abahagarariye interahamwe n'impuzamugambi muri ayo ma Secteurs, barimo Ndahayo Godefroid wa Nyakabanda, Habyalimana wa Nyamirambo, Zuberi wa Biryogo na Stan wa Gitega. lyi nama yize uburyo bagomba kwica Abatutsi, hakorwa amalisiti y'Abatutsi bagomba kwicwa, uburyo hashyirwaho za barrières zizafasha mu kwica Abatutsi, uburyo babona imbunda zo gukoresha kwica Abatutsi5. Ibi bikaba ari nabyo bigaragara mu gace ka munani (8) n’aka cyenda (9) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa.

2 ‘’ La juridiction de jugement est saisie in rem’’, Gaston Stéfani, Georges Levasseur et Bernard Bouloc, ‘’ Procédure pénale’’, 16e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 1996, P. 681, n° 669. 3 ‘’ La juridiction de jugement doit statuer sur tous les faits dont elle est valablement saisie (…..) et uniquement sur ceux-là’’, Crim. 23 juillet 1967, J.C.P. 1968. II 15678, note J. Michaud, in idem. ‘’ La saisine du juge concerne uniquement le fait précis indiqué dans l’acte de saisine; ce dernier ne doit mentionner ni tous les éléments juridiques constitutifs du fait mis à charge ni tous les éléments de fait. Il appartient au juge, si besoin est, d’apprécier la portée de l’acte de saisine, sans toutefois violer la foi due à cet acte, (….)’’, Cass., 2 juin 1887, Pas., I, P.283, in Henri-D. Bosly et Damien Vandermeersch, Droit de procédure pénale, 2e édition, La Charte, Bruges, 2001, P. 906. 4 ‘’Mais elle ne saurait substituer ou ajouter aux faits dont elle est saisie d’autres faits non visés dans l’acte de saisine’’, Crim. 11 mai 1971, Bull. n° 147, Gaz. Pal. 1971.2. 524, in Gaston Stéfani, Georges Levasseur et Bernard Bouloc, op.cit., P. 682, n° 669. 5 Ku rupapuro rwa cumi na rimwe (11) rw’inyandiko itanga ikirego, hagaragara ko muri iyo nama Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yasabye Col. HAKIZIMANA Edouard uwari uyoboye Ingabo mu Karere k’Imirwano ka Nyamirambo, imbunda zizakoreshwa muri Nyakabanda, nawe arazimwemerera, kandi zaratanzwe zikoreshwa mu kwica Abatutsi.

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[22] Mu gace ka mirongo ine n’icyenda (49) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye mu magambo make ko Ubushinjacyaha burega Mugimba Jean- Baptiste icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside buvuga ko mbere ya 1994 yakoreshaga inama iwe mu rugo zitegura kwica Abatutsi zazagamo abantu benshi barimo interahamwe, nyuma y’izo nama Abatutsi bagakubitwa, bunamurega kuba yarakoresheje inama iwe mu rugo ku wa 8/4/1994 yateguriwemo kwica Abatutsi yarimo abantu batandukanye barimo abasirikare, abakonseye b’amasegiteri Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo, Gitega na Biryogo, abaresiponsabule b’amaselire, interahamwe n’impuzamugambi, ko muri iyo nama hakorewemo lisiti y’Abatutsi bagomba kwicwa, inemerezwamo gushyiraho za bariyeri zo gufasha mu bwicanyi, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste anayisabiramo imbunda zo gukoresha muri ubwo bwicanyi. [23] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo itanu na rimwe (51) kugeza ku ka mirongo irindwi (70) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 107, igika cya mbere, n’iya 108 z’Itegeko n° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha no ku ngingo ya 62, 65 n’iya 119 z’Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, rwasuzumye ubuhamya bwatanzwe mu Rukiko n’ubwatanzwe mu iperereza ku birebana n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 ivugwa ko yabereye mu rugo kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, rwasanze ko hari abatangabuhamya bemeza ko nta nama bazi yahabereye (Murasandonyi Augustin, DIM, Mugabire Jean de Dieu, Mutegandege Charles, Mutamuriza Xavérine, Mugenzi Védaste, Imananibishaka Jean Berchmans alias Barananiye Sukari, Kivuta Regero Innocent), abandi bekemeza ko iyo nama yabaye, kandi ko bari bayirimo cyangwa bayibwiwe (DAM na DFM), ndetse n’ubuhamya bw’abatangabuhamya batanzwe na Mugimba Jean- Baptiste (DJM na DKM), rwanzura mu gace ka mirongo irindwi na rimwe (71) k’urwo

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rubanza, ko hashingiwe ku mvugo za DAM6 na DFM7 hagomba kwemezwa ko ku wa 8/4/1994 mu rugo kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste habereye inama yacuriwemo umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi bo muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda no mu nkengero zayo, ikorerwamo amalisiti y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa, ndetse Mugimba Jean- Baptiste ayisabiramo imbunda zo gukoresha muri ubwo bwicanyi. [24] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga isuzuma ry’inyandiko itanga ikirego rigaragaza ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yarezwe kuba ku wa 8/4/1994, hagati ya saa mbili na saa yine za mu gitondo, yaratumiye abantu batandukanye mu inama yabereye iwe mu rugo, aho bumvikanye, bacura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, biga uburyo bagomba kwica Abatutsi, bakora amalisti y’Abatutsi bagomba kwica, uburyo bazashyiraho barrières zizafasha mu kwica Abatutsi n’uburyo babona imbunda zo gukoresha kwica Abatutsi; ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yakurikiranyweho ubwumvikane bwabaye hagati ye n’abantu batandukanye bwakorewe mu inama yakoresheje iwe mu rugo ku wa 8/4/1994, bacura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, bagamije kwica Abatutsi. [25] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi umutangabuhamya DAM ashinja Mugimba Jean- Baptiste kuba ku wa 8/4/1994, yarakoresheje inama iwe mu rugo, akanamutumiramo, akahasanga abantu batandukanye, bamwe bari mu nzu (12), abandi bari hanze (8); asobanura ko icyo iyo nama yari igamije kwari ukubwirwa ko indege ya Perezida Habyarimana yahanuwe, ko bagomba kwirwanaho bakarwanya ibyitso n’uko bugarijwe n’inkotanyi, ko icyo gihe Mugimba Jean-Baptitse

6 Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka makumyabiri na rimwe (21) na makumyabiri na kabiri (22) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, mu Rukiko Rukuru, DAM yasobanuye ko ku wa 8/4/1994 yazindukiye ku biro bya segiteri agiye gutanga ibyangombwa ku bantu bari barataye indangamuntu, bigeze nka saa moya n’igice uwitwa NKAMIRABASHAKA Sostène aza kumubwira ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste amushaka iwe, ajyayo ahagera saa moya n’iminota mirongo itatu n’itanu (7h35), ahasanga abantu bari mu nzu bagera kuri cumi na babiri (12) barimo Koloneli HAKIZIMANA Edouard, Dr. MUGENZI Joseph, MBARUSHIMANA Callixte wakoraga muri PNUD, KIVUTA REGERO Innocent, Kigingi HABYARIMANA wari interahamwe, RWAGAHUNGU Innocent wari resiponsabule wa selire ya Kabuguru, SAKABAKA wabaga kwa NGENZI, Zakariya umuhungu wa RWATAMBUGA, MUDAHINYUKA Jean-Marie Vianney alias Zuzu, NYABYENDA, TWAHIRWA n`abandi benshi bagera ku munani (8) bari hanze barinze abari mu nzu, ko nka saa mbili Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yabakoresheje inama yagejeje nka saa yine n’igice, ko uretse we wari uhagarariye konseye wa Nyakabanda, nta wundi mukonseye wari uyirimo. Yakomeje avuga ko icyo iyo nama yari igamije kwari ukubwirwa ko indege ya Perezida HABYARIMANA yahanuwe, ko bagomba kwirwanaho bakarwanya ibyitso n’uko bugarijwe n’inkotanyi, ko icyo gihe Mugimba Jean-Baptitse yasabye Koloneli HAKIZIMANA Edouard wari muri iyo nama imbunda zo kwirinda bakarwanya Abatutsi, hanakorwa amalisiti y’abagomba kwicwa barimo Abatutsi bitaga ibyitso n’Abahutu batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND, ko buri wese mu bari mu nama yatangaga izina ry’uwagombaga kwicwa, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste avuga NDUNGUTSE Jean Bosco, HIGIRO Isaïe na Dogiteri Emmanuel wakoraga muri ONAPO, ko nawe ubwe yatanze amazina y’abandi barimo umuryango wa BAGABO Dany, MUKAKIMENYI na KAYIBANDA kandi ko nyuma abavuzwe baje kwicwa. Yasobanuye ko uwakoze lisiti yandika amazina ari NIYIBIZI Alphonse, ko arangije yayihaye Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, uyu nawe ayiha uwitwa Kigingi. Yanavuze ko n’ubwo yari Umuyobozi muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda, yitabiriye iyo nama yatumijwe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste kuko uyu yari afite ububasha nka nyumbakumi wamuyoboraga, akaba yari n’umunyabwenge wari muri comité de crise yarimo abantu bize bunganiraga abakonseye mu gukora ubwicanyi yashyizweho ku wa 30/4/1994, akaba yari n’Umunyamabanga Mukuru w’ishyaka rya CDR, ko bakoranaga kuko MRND na CDR bari bamwe. 7 Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka makumyabiri na gatatu (23) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, DFM yasobanuye mu Rukiko Rukuru ko iby’uko ku wa 8/4/1994 Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yatumiye iwe mu rugo inama yitabirwa n’abantu benshi barimo abitwa Kigingi, NIYIBIZI Alphonse na Koloneli HAKIZIMANA yabibwiwe n’abantu bakoranaga bari bayirimo, ko yanayibwiwe na resiponsabule wa selire witwa KABONEYE Théoneste n’uwitwa NYIRIMANZI Grégoire abasanze imbere ya sitade i Nyamirambo ari kumwe n’abaturage bavugiraga rimwe ko abantu bahiciwe biturutse ku nama yabereye kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste no ku nterahamwe yitwaga Zuzu.

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yasabye Col. Hakizimana Edouard wari muri iyo nama imbunda zo kwirinda bakarwanya Abatutsi, hanakorwa amalisiti y’abagomba kwicwa barimo Abatutsi bitaga ibyitso n’Abahutu batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND. [26] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko yarezwe ku rwego rwa mbere kuba mu nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yarumvikanye n’abakonseye bagategura jenoside mu ma Segiteri ane (4) mu Mujyi wa Kigali, bitahabwa agaciro kuko ahubwo yarezwe kuba ari kumwe n’abantu batandukanye iwe mu rugo ku wa 8/4/1994 barumvikanye bagacura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, bakica Abatutsi, ntabwo Ubushinjacyaha bwamureze buvuga ko by’umwihariko yakoresheje inama iwe kuri iyo tariki, acura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’abakonseye gusa b’amasegiteri Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo, Gitega na Biryogo kugira ngo bice Abatutsi bahatuye. [27] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi n’ubwo ubuhamya bushinja bwa DAM budashimangira ko muri iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, abakonseye ba Segiteri Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo, Gitega na Biryogo barimo, bitavuze ko ibikorwa uwo mutangabuhamya yagaragaje bitandukanye n’ibikorwa byagaragajwe n’Ubushinjacyaha burega Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ku rwego rwa mbere kuko icya ngombwa ari uko haba ibikorwa byagaragajwe n’Ubushinjacyaha n’ibyagaragajwe n’umutangabuhamya DAM, byose bishimangira ko ku wa 8/4/1994 yakoresheje inama iwe mu rugo mu gitondo, aho abantu batandukanye barimo bumvikanye, bacura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, bakora amalisti y’Abatutsi bagomba kwicwa, baniga uburyo babona imbunda zo gukoresha mu kubica. Rurasanga na none kuba Ubushinjacyaha budashoboye kugaragaza ko abo bakonseye bayo masegiteri bari mubo bumwikanye muri iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, bagacura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, bitavuze ko ibikorwa yarezwe byaba byahinduwe kuko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko yacuze muri iyo nama uwo mugambi n’abandi bantu bavugwa mu kirego cyatanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, icya ngombwa kikaba rwagaragaje ko muri iyo nama habayeho koko ubwumvikanye n’abantu mu gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside. [28] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko yarezwe n’Ubushinjacyaha kuba baracuze umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo, Gitega na Biryogo, ariko Urukiko rwabanje rukaba rwaranzuye ko uwo mugambi wari ugamije kwica Abatutsi bo muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda gusa, ko rero urwo Rukiko rwahinduye ibikorwa bigize icyaha yarezwe, bitahabwa agaciro kuko mu nyandiko itanga ikirego ntaho bigaragara mu buryo butaziguye ko aribyo koko yarezwe, ahubwo igaragaza ko aregwa kuba muri iyo nama, yari yarasabye Col. Hakizimana Edouard, wari uyoboye ingabo mu Karere k’Imirwano ka Nyamirambo, imbunda zo gukoresha ubwicanyi muri Nyakabanda. [29] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga uretse ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere uburenganzira (umwanya n’uburyo) bwo kwiregura ku bikorwa yarezwe n’Ubushinjacyaha no ku buhamya bwa DAM, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rutarahinduye ibikorwa bigize icyaha Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yarezwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, bivuze ko rwaciye urubanza ku gikorwa rwaregewe, bityo iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwe ikaba nta shingiro ifite. b. Kumenya niba hari ibimenyetso bishinjura Mugimba Jean-Baptiste Urukiko rwabanje rwirengagije gusuzuma, ibindi ntirubihe agaciro, ndetse rukaba

## Page 12

rwaramuhamije icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside rushingiye ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya babiri zitizewe i. Ku byerekeye ibimenyetso by’inyandiko bishinjura Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, Urukiko rwabanje rwirengagije gusuzuma [30] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 110 n’iya 139, agace ka karindwi (7°) z’Itegeko n° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/9/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ishinjabyaha, Urukiko rwabanje rwakoze amakosa yo kudasuzuma ibimenyetso by’inyandiko bimushinjura yarugaragarije, bigizwe n’inyandiko légalisé mu mwaka wa 2011 yahimbiwemo iriya nama aregwa yo ku wa 8/4/1994, bikaba bivugwa ko ibikubiyemo byemejwe n’Inteko Gacaca ya Nyarugunga ku wa 31/12/2010 nyamara ataribyo, ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha gifite n° Pro-justitia RONPJ: 0305920/S1/12/NR/NJ cyo ku wa 25/7/2012 n’urubanza no RP 0345/12/TB/NYG rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyarugenge ku wa 21/2/2013. [31] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira basobanura ko inyandiko légalisé ariyo yagaragaje bwa mbere inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, igashimangira ko iyo nama yavugiwemo bwa mbere mu Nteko Gacaca ya Nyakabanda, ikaza no kwemezwa n’Inteko Gacaca ya Nyarugunga yo ku wa 31/12/2010 ku rwego rw’ubujurire, kandi ibyo byose byaje kunyomozwa n’amakuru yaturutse muri CNLG (Komisiyo y’Igihugu yo kurwanya jenoside) n’iperereza ryakozwe n’urwo Rukiko. Basobanura kandi ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha n° Pro-justitia RONPJ 0305920/S1/12/NR/NJ cyo ku wa 25/7/2012 kigaragaza ko hari abantu bakurikiranyweho kuba baratanze ubuhamya bw’ibinyoma mu Nkiko Gacaca bagamije kwigarurira inzu za Mugimba Jean- Baptiste, umwe muri bo akaba yaremeye icyaha avuga ko uko guhimbira Mugimba Jean- Baptiste ibyaha byakorerwaga mu kabari kitwa Panorama. Basobanura na none ko mu rubanza no RP 0345/12/TB/NYG, Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyarugenge rwemeje ko uwo mutangabuhamya yakoze icyaha cyo gutanga ubuhamya bw’ibinyoma mu Nkiko Gacaca. [32] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira basoza bavuga ko ibi bimenyetso byose bishimangira ko ibyo Mugimba Jean-Baptiste aregwa ari ibinyoma byaturutse ku gatsiko k’abantu bahuriraga muri ‘’Panorama’’ (cabaret) mu mwaka wa 2010, bakamuhimbira ibyaha bagamije kwigarurira imitungo ye, nyamara urwo Rukiko rwanze gusuzuma ibyo bimenyetso n’ibyavuye mu iperereza ubwarwo rwikoreye rushaka kumenya niba koko iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 aregwa yaravuzwe mu Nteko Gacaca, ahubwo ruhitamo gushingira ku gice cy’ubuhamya bwa DAM bumushinja8. [33] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste nta shingiro bifite kuko ibimenyetso byose Urukiko rwashyikirijwe rwabisuzumye, ko ibijyanye n’ibyo yaburanishije agaragaza ko yahimbiwe ibirego n’abashakaga kwigarurira imitungo ye byasuzumwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, maze nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka cumi n’umunani (18) n’aka mirongo irindwi na kamwe (71) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwemeza ko nta shingiro bifite. Basobanura ko harebwe ibikorwa aregwa mu nyandiko itanga ikirego, ibyo bimenyetso ntaho bihuriye nabyo kuko mu Nkiko Gacaca Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yaregwaga gusahura imitungo y’abandi, naho mu rubanza no RP 0345/12/TB/NYG, hakaba hararegwagamo abantu bamubesheye mu Nkiko Gacaca, umwe muri bo aza guhamwa n’icyaha. Basobanura kandi ko uretse n’ibyo, ibyo bimenyetso

8 Reba agace ka 57 k’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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bidashimangira ko atakoze icyaha aregwa, ko kuba byagaragaye ko bamubeshyeye muri izo manza, bitavuze ko n’ibindi byose aregwa yaba abeshyerwa. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [34] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije ibimenyetso by’inyandiko bishimangira ko ibyaha aregwa ari ibinyoma, cyane cyane ko rutagaragaje mu rubanza rwaciye ibisobanuro byatumye rutabiha agaciro, ibi bikaba byatuma urubanza rujuririrwa ruteshwa agaciro. [35] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza n° ICTR-96-13-A rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), Urugereko rw’Ubujurire, kuba mu bisobanuro rwatanze, Urukiko rwabanje cyangwa Urukiko rwaciwe urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere rutaravuze ikimenyetso runaka cyangwa ubuhamya runaka, ntibivuze byanze bikunze ko rwabirengagije9, ntirunategetswe kugaragaza mu buryo burambuye impamvu yatumye rubiha cyangwa rutabiha agaciro10. Mu rubanza n° IT- 96-21-A rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho ex- Yougoslavie, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire, hemejwe ko Urugereko rwa mbere rudagetswe, mu rubanza rwarwo, kugaragaza no gusobanura imyanzuro yarwo ku bisobanuro byose (arguments) byaragajwe mu rubanza11. [36] Umuhanga mu mategeko, Antoine Rubbens12, asobanura ko Urukiko rutagomba gusubiza ku bisobanuro (arguments) byose byatanzwe n’ababuranyi, ko ariko rugomba gusubiza ku byo basaba byose (demandes), rugaragaza impamvu zishimangira ibisubizo byarwo. Ari nabyo Abahanga mu mategeko, Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs na Adrien Masset, basobanura bashingiye ku murongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rusesa imanza rw’u Bubiligi, wemeje ko urubanza rugomba gusubiza ku buryo bweruye cyangwa butaziguye ku byasabwe byose n’ababuranyi, ku nzitizi batanze no ku mpaka (impamvu) bagaragaje, ariko ko rudategetswe gusuzuma imwe ku yindi muzo bagaragaje zose, icyagombwa ni uko mu rubanza rwaciwe hagaragaramo impamvu zatumye ibyasabwe, inzitizi zatanzwe n’impaka (impamvu) zagaragajwe bitahawe agaciro13.

9 ‘’Il ne s’ensuit pas forcément que, dès lors qu’une Chambre de première instance n’a pas évoqué telle preuve ou tel témoignage à l’occasion de son raisonnement, c’est qu’elle l’a méconnu’’, par. 20. 10 ‘’La Chambre de première instance n’est pas tenue d’exposer dans le détail les raisons qui l’ont conduite à admettre ou à rejeter un témoignage donné’’, idem. 11‘’La Chambre de première instance n’est pas tenue, dans son jugement, d’exposer et de justifier ses conclusions quant à chacun des arguments présentés au cours du procès’’, Par. 498. 12 ‘’Il n’est pas nécessaire de répondre à tous les arguments des parties publiques ou privées, mais bien à chacune de leurs demandes, et c’est chacune de ces réponses qu’il convient de motiver’’, Antoine Rubbens, Le Droit judiciaire congolais, L’instruction criminelle et la procédure pénale, Tome III, Larcier, Bruxelles, 1965, P. 220, n° 214. 13 ‘’La décision doit répondre explicitement ou implicitement à toutes les demandes, les exceptions et les moyens, formulés par les parties et le ministère public. Le juge ne doit toutefois pas les examiner un à un: il suffit que de l’ensemble de la décision apparaissent les raisons pour lesquelles la demande, le moyen ou l’exception a été rejeté’’, Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2e édition, Larcier, Bruxelles, 2006, P. 722. ‘’ Attendu que si le juge du fond doit répondre à tout chef de demande, à toute défense et à toute exception présentée par l’une des parties, il n’est pas tenu de rencontrer en termes exprès les arguments ou allégations de pur fait; que les décisions sont suffisamment et légalement motivées si elles opposent à ces

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[37] Nk’uko bigaragara mu mwanzuro w’ibanze wa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste mu rubanza n° RP/GEN 0002/2017/HC/HCCIC, yasobanuye ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha nta bimenyetso bifatika gishingiyeho, ko cyaje gushimangira ibyaha byahimbwe bikitirirwa urubanza rw’Inteko Gacaca y’ubujurire ya Nyarugunga yo ku wa 31/12/2010, ko ibyo binyoma bigaragara mu nyandiko yahawe n’Ambassade y’u Buholandi mu Rwanda iturutse mu Bushinjacyaha, nyamara inyandiko yatanzwe na CNLG yo ku wa 26/1/2017 ishimangira ko nta nyandiko n’imwe ivuga Mugimba Jean-Baptiste mu Rukiko Gacaca rwa Nyakabanda, kandi ikaba yaraherekejwe n’inyandikomvugo yerekana amagambo yose yavugiwe mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Inteko Gacaca y’ubujurire ya Nyarugunga rwo ku wa 31/12/2010. Yavuze kandi ko inyandiko “Pro-justitia RONPJ: 0305920/S1/12/NR/NJ” y’Ubushinjacyaha yo ku wa 25/7/2012 n’icyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyarugenge n° RP 0345/12/TB/NYG cyo ku wa 21/2/2013 zigaragaza ko yashinjwe ibinyoma mu Nkiko Gacaca, ndetse ko umwe mu baregwaga muri urwo rubanza yahanishijwe icyaha cyo gutanga ubuhamya bw’ibinyoma, ahanishwa igihano cyigifungo cy’umwaka umwe (1), bitewe n’uko yaburanye yemera icyo cyaha. Yanavuze ko kuba inyandiko ya CNLG yo ku wa 26/1/2017 yerekana ku buryo butaziguye ko ibyaha bya Jenoside aregwa muri uru rubanza bitigeze bivugirwa mu Nteko Gacaca ya Nyarugunga yo ku wa 31/12/2010, byonyine bihagije kugira ngo hemezwe ko ari ibihimbano. [38] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko mu bimenyetso byatanzwe na Mugimba Jean- Baptiste mu Rukiko Rukuru, harimo inyandiko yo ku wa 3/5/2012 irebana n’amakuru y’inyongera muri dosiye DCM/AT-U 100624.0036 ya Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, dosiye RONPJ: 0305920/S1/12/NR/NJ y’Ubushinjacyaha (Acte d’accusation) burega Hategekimana Charles icyaha cyo gutanga ubuhamya bw’ibinyoma mu Rukiko Gacaca, urubanza n° RP 0345/12/TB/NYG rwaciwe ku wa 21/2/2013 n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyarugenge, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Hategekimana Charles, aregwa icyaha cyo gutanga ubuhamya bw’ibinyoma mu Rukiko Gacaca rw’Ubujurire rwa Nyarugenge, aho yatanze ubwo buhamya agamije kwemeza ko Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yasahuye muri dépôt y’inzoga ya BIGIRUMWAMI Aloys mu mwaka wa 1994; urwo Rukiko rwemeza ko ahamwa n’icyo cyaha. [39] Agace ka cumi na karindwi (17) n’aka cumi n’umunani (18) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa tugaragaza ko Mugimba Jean Baptiste yaburanye avuga ko ikigaragaza ko atakoze ibyaha aregwa, ari ikusanyamakuru ry’Inkiko Gacaca ryabereye muri Segiteri Nyakabanda rishimangira ko nta ruhare yagize mu bwicanyi bwahabaye, ndetse na Komisiyo y’Igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya jenoside, mu ibaruwa yo ku wa 26/1/2017 isubiza iy’Ubushinjacyaha, yavuze ko nta makuru imufiteho ku byaha bya jenoside yakekwagaho gukora muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda. Yaburanye kandi avuga ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha gishingiye ku bugambanyi yakorewe n’abashakaga kumutwarira imitungo, bamureze muri Gacaca kubasahura, bamubeshyera. [40] Mu gace ka mirongo itanu (50) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, ku birebana n’ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yarakoresheje inama iwe mu rugo zicuriwemo umugambi wo gukora jenoside, Urukiko Rukuru rwagaragaje ko uregwa yireguye atanga ibimenyetso birimo abatangabuhamya n’inyandiko zinyuranye zirimo kopi z’amabaruwa y’umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya DAM yandikiye Inkiko Gacaca yirega anemera ibyaha n’ibindi.

arguments ou allégations une appréciation de fait dont résulte leur défaut de fondement’’, Cass., 27 février 1939, Pas., 1939, I, p.101 in Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, idem.

## Page 15

[41] Urubanza rujuririrwa rugaragaza ko kuva mu gace karwo ka mirongo itatu (53) kugeza ku ka mirongo irindwi (70), Urukiko Rukuru rwasuzumye ibimenyetso byatanzwe n’ababuranyi, runasobanura impamvu zifite cyangwa zidafite agaciro, na none mu gace ka mirongo irindwi na kamwe (71) rwanzura ko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko no 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ubuhamya bwatanzwe na DAM na DFM bugomba gushingirwaho hemezwa ko ku wa 8/4/1994 mu rugo kwa Mugimba Jean- Baptiste habereye inama yacuriwemo umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi bo muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda no mu nkengero zayo, ikorerwamo amalisiti y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa, ndetse Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ayisabiramo imbunda zo gukoresha muri ubwo bwicanyi; ko rero ibyo Mugimba Jean-Baptiste avuga ko ibyaha aregwa byahimbwe n’abashakaga kwigarurira imitungo ye n’uko bishingiye ku mwanya yari afite mu ishyaka rya CDR nta shingiro bifite. [42] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaranzuye ko ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko ibyaha aregwa byahimbwe n’abashakaga kwigarurira imitungo ye nta shingiro bifite kuko rwasanze mu bushishozi bwarwo ubuhamya bwa DAM na DFM bwizewe ku birebana n’inama aregwa ko yakoresheje iwe mu rugo ku wa 8/4/1994, yacuriwemo umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi bo muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda no mu nkengero zayo, ikorerwamo amalisiti y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa, ndetse ayisabiramo imbunda zo gukoresha muri ubwo bwicanyi, bigaragaza nta shiti ko rutirengagije ibimenyetso by’inyandiko yatanze byavuzwe haruguru, n’ubwo by’umwihariko rutagaragaje isuzuma rwakoreye ikimenyetso kimwe ku kindi (buri kimenyetso) byatumye bidahabwa agaciro yifuzaga. [43] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero hashingiwe ku bisobanuro no ku mirongo yagaragajwe haruguru, nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu kugaragaza mu buryo butaziguye (implicitement) impamvu yatumye ibyo bimenyetso bitizerwa, bityo iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ikaba nta shingiro ifite. ii. Ku byerekeye ibimenyetso bishinjura Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, Urukiko rwabanje rutahaye agaciro [44] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko rwabanje rutahaye agaciro ubuhamya bwatanzwe n’abatangabuhamya bashinjura aribo DKM na DJM barugaragarije ko igihe kivugwa ko yakoreshejeho inama iwe mu rugo ku wa 8/4/1994, bamubonye ahandi ahantu, umwe akaba yaravuze ko yamubonye ajya kwishyuza amafaranga y’ubukode (loyer), undi avuga ko icyo gihe yamubonye ku Gitega. [45] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bakomeza bavuga ko urwo Rukiko rutagombaga kwemeza ko ubuhamya bwa DKM na DJM butavuguruza ko inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yabayeho14, rwirengagije ikibazo cy’amasaha avugwa, kuko Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko inama yabaye hagati ya saa mbiri (8h00) na saa ine n’igice (10h30) za mu gitondo, kandi abo batangabuhamya bo bararusobanuriye ko uwo munsi muri ayo masaha yabarizwaga ku Gitega n’i Nyamirambo kuri Mirongo ine, ko rero bagaragaje ko iyo nama ntayo bazi yabayeho, bemeza ko ku masaha avugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha bari kumwe nawe, akaba rero atarashoboraga kuba ari muri iyo nama bivugwa ko yakoreshereje iwe muri ayo masaha. Bavuga kandi ko atashoboraga kubera ahantu habiri icyarimwe, bakaba basanga Urukiko Rukuru rwari gushishoza rugasesengura neza

14 Reba agace ka 60 k’urubanza rujuririrwa.

## Page 16

izo mvugo, rukabona ko zivuguruza ibyavuzwe n’umutangabuhamya DAM, rukemeza ko hari ugushidikanya kugomba kurengera uregwa. Basoza bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rutagaragaje ibisobanuro bihagije (motivation insuffisante) rutesha agaciro ubuhamya bwa DKM na DJM. [46] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibijyanye n’ibimenyetso bimushinjura Urukiko Rukuru rwaba rwaratesheje agaciro nabyo nta shingiro bifite, kuko mu gace ka mirongo itanu n’icyenda (59) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye impamvu ubuhamya bwa Kivuta Regero Innocent butashingirwaho ko ari uko budashyigikiwe n’ikindi kimenyetso cyangwa ubundi buhamya bwatangiwe mu Rukiko, mu gace ka mirongo itandatu (60) k’urubanza rujuririrwa na none rugaragaza ko ubuhamya bwa DJM na DKM ntaho bushinjura Mugimba Jean-Baptiste. [47] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko mu buhamya bwabo, DKM na DJM bagaragaje ko nta bumenyi bafite kucyo uregwa yari yabazaniye mu Rukiko, ariyo mpamvu mu gace ka mirongo itandatu (60) n’aka mirongo itandatu na kabiri (62) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko ibyo bavuze, ntacyo birufasha kuko bitavanaho ko hari abandi bantu bazi ko iyo nama aregwa kuba yakoresheje ku wa 8/4/1994 yabaye, kandi banayigiyemo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [48] Impaka muri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rwarakoze amakosa yo gusesengura nabi uburemere bw’imvugo z’abatangabuhamya DKM na DJM, ruzitesha agaciro, nyamara zivuguruza ibyo aregwa bishimangirwa n’umutangabuhamya DAM kuko zigaragaza ko atakoresheje iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 kubera ko mu masaha aregwa, atari mu rugo iwe. [49] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza n° RPA/GEN 00004/2019/CA15 rwaciwe ku wa 7/5/2021, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bernard Munyagishari, ntibihagije k’uwajuriye kuvuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa harimo ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y’itegeko cyangwa hagaragaramo amakosa y’amategeko, agomba no kugaragaza ibisobanuro mu mategeko bishimangira ibyo avuga, akanagaragaza uko kwibeshya gutuma icyemezo cyafashwe cyateshwa agaciro. Ku birebana n’ukwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye, Urukiko, mu bujurire, ruhindura icyemezo cyafashwe gusa mu gihe uwajuriye yagaragaje ko isuzuma ryakozwe n’Urukiko rwabanje ku bijyanye n’ibikorwa bigize icyaha ryatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi16. [50] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza no RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA16 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023, rusuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya icyizere imvugo z’abatangabuhamya zifitiwe ku buryo zashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso gifatika mu rubanza, ihame ku birebana n’ubuhamya ni uko umutangabuhamya avuga mu Rukiko ibyo yiboneye cyangwa ibyo

15 Reba urubanza no RPAA/Gén. 00002/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na TWAHIRWA François. 16 ‘’ Par ailleurs, il se comprend aisément des termes de l’article 18 précité qu’il ne suffit pas à l’appelant de relever telle erreur de droit, encore faut-il qu’il présente une argumentation juridique au soutien de sa thèse et qu’il démontre en quoi cette erreur de droit invalide la décision critiquée. Quant à l’erreur de fait, une jurisprudence constante de la Chambre d’appel du Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda établit que les constatations de fait erronées faites par le premier juge ne sauraient uniquement être infirmées ou modifiées au degré d’appel que s’il en est résulté une erreur judiciaire. En outre, elle indique que la juridiction d’appel n’infirmera les constatations de la juridiction de premier degré que lorsqu’aucun juge de fait n’aurait raisonnablement pu parvenir à la même conclusion ou lorsque celles-ci sont totalement erronées. Aussi, la juridiction d’appel doit se garder d’infirmer à la légère les circonstances matérielles de l’infraction telles que constatées par la juridiction de première instance dans la décision attaquée; Urubanza rwa MUNYAGISHARI Bernard, Para. 14.

## Page 17

yumvise mu buryo butaziguye, ko Urukiko rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi icyizere cyangwa ireme bukwiye guhabwa; uwo murongo ukaba wakurikijwe mu rubanza no RPAA 00050/2024/CA17 rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko ku wa 26/4/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Shema Ernest no mu rubanza n° RPAA 00386/2021/CA17 rwaciwe ku wa 3/7/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Kayinamura Télésphore alias Maso na Ryabonyende Cyriaque. [51] Mu gace ka mirongo itanu na karindwi (57) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye ko ubuhamya bwa DAM bugomba gushingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko ku wa 8/4/1994, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yakoresheje inama iwe mu rugo icurirwamo umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi cyane cyane ko ubwo buhamya buhura n’imvugo ze zo mu Bugenzacyaha, ndetse n’izo ku wa 7/12/2016 mu Bushinjacyaha. [52] Mu gace ka mirongo itandatu (60) n’aka mirongo itandatu na kabiri (62) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye ko abatangabuhamya DJM na DKM batanzwe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste batavuguruza ko hari inama yakoresheje kuko ibyo batanzeho ubuhamya ari uko ku wa 8/4/1994 bamubonye aho bari batuye ku Gitega n’i Nyamirambo aho bita kuri Mirongwine; ko ibyo DJM avuga ko yamubonye saa mbiri (8h00’) cyangwa saa tatu (9h00’), naho DKM akavuga ko yamubonye saa yine (10h00’), mu gihe DAM we avuga ko yari kumwe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste mu nama hagati ya saa mbiri (8h00’) na saa yine n’igice (10h30’), bitatuma ubuhamya bwe (DAM) bwemeza ko iyo nama yabaye budahabwa agaciro kuko rwasanze bufite ireme kandi bushyigikiwe n’ibindi bimenyetso. [53] Nk’uko byaragarutsweho haruguru, nyuma yo gusuzuma ibyemenyetso byose byagaragajwe n’ababuranyi, Urukiko rubanza rwanzuye ko ubuhamya bwatanzwe na DAM na DFM bugomba gushingirwaho hemezwa ko ku wa 8/4/1994 mu rugo kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste habereye inama yacuriwemo umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi bo muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda no mu nkengero zayo, ikorerwamo amalisiti y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa, ndetse Mugimba Jean- Baptiste ayisabiramo imbunda zo gukoresha muri ubwo bwicanyi. [54] Inyandiko y’iburanisha yo ku wa 9/10/2018 igaragaza ko umutangabuhamya DAM yasobanuriye Urukiko rwabanje ko ku wa 8/4/1994, habaye inama kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, yatangiye saa mbiri (8h00’) irangira saa yine (10h00’) cyangwa saa yine n’igice (10h30’). [55] Nk’uko inyandiko y’iburanisha yo ku wa 30/9/2019 ibigaragaza, umutangabuhamya DJM yabwiye Urukiko rubanza ko yari kumwe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste iwabo mu rugo ku Gitega ku wa 8/4/1994, hari saa mbiri n’igice (8h30’) cyangwa saa tatu (9h00’) za mugitondo, yaje gusezera Se, naho umutangabuhamya DKM yarubwiye ko yari kumwe nawe kuri iyo tariki saa yine (10h00’) kuri Mirongo ine mu Rwampara ku cyapa kinini, yaje kumwishyuza amafaranga y’ubukode. [56] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ku birebana cyane cyane n’amasaha avugwa ko yakoresherejeho inama aregwa, kuba DJM na DKM baravuguruje ibyavuzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha bumurega, bigashimangirwa n’umutangabuhamya DAM, ko Urukiko rwabanje rwagombaga kwanzura ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro gifite kuko

17 Reba urubanza no RPAA 00050/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 26/4/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na SHEMA Ernest.

## Page 18

ukuvuguruzanya hagati y’umutangabuhamya ushinja n’abatangabuhamya bashinjura gutera ugushidikanya kubyo aregwa, kugomba kumurengera, bitahabwa agaciro kuko atari ko bigomba kugenda buri gihe, kuko isuzuma ry’ubuhamya bwatanzwe rikorwa mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko rushakisha ukuri ku byabaye, rukemeza ko bwizewe cyangwa butizewe. [57] Hashingiwe ku bivugwa mu gace kabanziriza aka, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo abatangabuhamya DJM na DKM bavuguruza umutangabuhamya DAM, bitavuze byanze bikunze ko Urukiko rwabanje rwari rufite ishingano yo gutesha agaciro ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha, ahubwo urwo Rukiko mu bushishozi bwarwo, rusuzumye imvugo z’abo batangabuhamya, rwasanze ubuhamya bwa DJM na DKM nta reme bufite ku mpamvu rwagaragaje y’uko busobanura gusa ko ku wa 8/4/1994, umwe yamubonye ku Gitega, undi amubona kuri Mirongo ine, rubutesha agaciro, ahubwo rusanga ubwa DAM bwizewe kuko busobanura neza uko yatumiwe mu nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 nk’Umuyobozi muri Segiteri Nyakabanda, agaragaza abari bayirimo, ibyemezo byayifatiwemo, birimo kwirwanaho barwanya ibyitso, gukora urutonde rw’abagomba kwicwa no gusaba imbunda, ko rero ubuhamya bwa DJM na DKM butatuma ubwa DAM budahabwa agaciro. [58] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko Urukiko rubanza rwakoze amakosa yo kudaha agaciro ubuhamya bwa DJM na DKM buvuguruza ubwa DAM, rutanga ibisobanuro bidahagije, kandi uko kuvuguruzanya konyine kwari gutuma agirwa umwere kuko kugaragaza ugushidikanya kwagomba kumurengera, bitahabwa agaciro, bityo iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwe ikaba nta shingiro ifite. iii. Ku byerekeye ubuhamya butizewe Urukiko rwabanje rwashingiyeho ruhamya Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ibyaha yarezwe [59] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwashingiye ku mvugo ya DAM rumuhamya ibyaha aregwa, nyamara itavugisha ukuri. Basobanura ko DAM yavuze ko ubutumire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste bwamusanze ku Murenge ku kazi, nyamara ku wa 8/4/1994 wari umunsi wa kabiri wa jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ko byari bikomeye muri Nyakabanda ku buryo DAM atashoboraga kuri iyo tariki, mu masaha moya n’igice (7h30’) za mugitondo kujya gutanga ibyangombwa by’abantu batakaje amarangamuntu, kandi icyo gihe nta muntu, washoboraga gusohoka adaherekejwe n’abasirikare, akazi kose kari kahagaritswe, ibi bikaba byaranemejwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Bagosora Théoneste n’abandi18 rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR). Bakomeza basobanura kandi ko DAM atavugishije ukuri kuko yabwiye Urukiko rwabanje ko ibirebana n’iyo nama yabivuze na mbere mu Nkiko Gacaca, kandi mu by’ukuri nta byigeze bivugwa nk’uko Urukiko rwabanje rwabibonye nyuma y’uko rwikorera iperereza muri CNLG, ndetse DAM aburana mu Nkiko Gacaca nta na hamwe yigeze avuga ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ari mu bantu bakoze jenoside. Basoza bavuga ko na none DAM atavugishije ukuri kuko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste atari kumutumira mu nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 nk’umu Conseiller wa Segiteri Nyakabanda, kuko yamubaye ku wa 13/4/1994 nyuma y’uko agaragaye nk’interahamwe ikomeye mu bwicanyi bwakozwe na mbere yaho, ibi bikaba byagaragajwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na

18 Reba para. 2024 y’urubanza n° ICTR-98-41-T

## Page 19

RENZAHO Tharcisse rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) 19. [60] Ku birebana n’umutangabuhamya DFM Urukiko rubanza rwashingiyeho, Mugimba Jean- Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko imvugo ze zitavugisha ukuri kuko yemeje ko azi neza Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, avuga ko yamumenye mu mwaka wa 1980, ubwo yarangizaga kaminuza akaza gukora stage muri BNR, nyamara Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yaratangiye gukorerayo mu mwaka wa 1982, ndetse ibindi byose DFM yabwiye Urukiko, bikaba ari ibyo yabwiwe na DAM n’abantu bakoranaga, atari ibindu yiboneye, bivuze ko ubuhamya bwe budashimangira ubwa DAM. Basoza bavuga ko kubw’ibyo, Urukiko rubanza rutari gushingira ku mvugo z’umutangabuhamya umwe rwemeza ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yakoze ibyaha yahamijwe kuko ibyo yavuze bidahagije mu kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye cyangwa kwemeza ko uregwa afite uruhare mu bikorwa aregwa. [61] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste by’uko imvugo za DAM zagombaga guteshwa agaciro n’Urukiko rubanza kuko yasobanuye ko ku wa 8/4/1994 mu gitondo yari yagiye ku Murenge gutanga indangamuntu kandi bitarashobokaga, nta shingiro bifite kuko igihe cya jenoside hagiyeho gouvernement ya Kambanda ifite gahunda, bashyiraho abakozi bahabwa imirimo, ndetse uretse abahigwaga abandi ubuzima bwarakomeje, imirimo irakomeza, amasoko yararemaga, amashuli yarigaga, abicaga n’abatarahigwaga bakomeza ubuzima busanzwe, ndetse na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ubwe yavuze ko we n’umuryango we basohotse bajya ahantu hatandukanye (ku Gitega no kuri Mirongo ine), bajya no ku Gisenyi. Buvuga kandi ko uretse n’ibyo, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yitangiye ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ku italiki ya 8/4/1994 kuri perefegitura Perefe Renzaho Tharcisse yakoresheje inama y’abakonseye. [62] Ku birebana kandi no kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaragombaga gutesha agaciro ubuhamya bwa DAM kuko ku wa 8/4/1994, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste atashoboraga kumutumira nka Conseiller wa Segiteri Nyakabanda kubera ko yamubaye gusa ku wa 13/4/1994, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko icyo gihe DAM yari responsable wa Selire ya Kabuguru, aza no gusimbura Conseiller wa Nyakabanda wari wahunze, ko rero yamutumiye akiri umu Conseiller by’agateganyo (periode of acting-intérim), akaza kwemezwa burundu ku wa 14/4/1994. [63] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko ubuhamya bwa DAM bwagombaga guteshwa agaciro kuko mu Nkiko Gacaca atamuvuze ku rutonde rw’abakoze jenoside muri Nyakabanda, ndetse akaba ataravuze inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 aregwa, bitahabwa agaciro kuko mu Nkiko Gacaca, DAM yabazwaga ku bimureba ku giti cye, ko nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gace ka mirongo itandatu na karindwi (67) n’aka mirongo itandatu n’icyenda (69) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, kuba DAM ataramuvuze, ntavuge n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, bitavuze ko atakurikiranwa igihe habonetse ibimenyetso bimuhamya ibyaha aregwa20, bitanavuze ko iyo nama itabayeho.

19 Reba para. 466 y’urubanza n° ICTR-97-31-T. 20 Reba para. 130 y’urubanza ICTR-2000-61-T rwa GATETE Jean-Baptiste rwaciwe ku rwego rwa mbere n‘Urukiko Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda.

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[64] Ku bijyanye n’ibyo Mugimba Jean-Baptiste avuga ku mutangabuhamya DFM wavuze ko amuzi muri BNR mu mwaka wa 1980, nyamara we yarahaje mu mwaka wa 1982, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyo itaba inenge ku buhamya yamutanzeho yatuma butizerwa, kuko harebwe imyaka ishize kuva igihe yahuriye na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste bwa mbere kugera uyu munsi, ari myinshi ku buryo kwibeshya cyangwa kunyuranya ku birebana n’ibihe ibintu byabereyemo bitewe n’igihe gishize bishoboka cyane, nk’uko byanemejwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, nko mu rubanza rwa Muhimana Michael21 no mu rubanza rwa Kamuhanda Jean de Dieu22, ko rero kuba DFM yakwibeshya ku mwaka yamuboneye bwa mbere, mu gihe yari abibajijwe nyuma y’imyaka igera kuri mirongo itatu n’itandatu (36), nta gitangaje ko yakwibeshya ku mwaka. [65] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko Urukiko rubanza rutari gushingira ku mvugo z’umutangabuhamya umwe (DAM) rwemeza ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yakoze ibyaha yahamijwe kuko ibyavuzwe n’umutangabuhamya umwe bidahagije mu kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye cyangwa kwemeza ko uregwa afite uruhare ku bikorwa aregwa, nta shingiro bifite kuko mu kwemeza ko inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yabayeho, urwo Rukiko rutashingiye gusa ku mvugo za DAM, ahubwo rwanashingiye ku mvugo za DFM nawe wabyemeje; ko nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo itandatu na gatanu (65) n’aka mirongo itandatu na gatandatu (66), urwo Rukiko rwasesenguye imvugo zabo rwifashishije ingingo z’amategeko n’imirongo yafashwe n’Inkiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [66] Impaka ziri muri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste zishingiye ku kumenya niba harebwe ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko rwabanje mu rubanza rujuririrwa, rwarakoze amakosa yo kumuhamya ibyaha aregwa rushingira ku buhamya butizewe, ibi bikaba bituma urwo rubanza rugomba guteshwa agaciro. [67] Nk’uko byagarutsweho haruguru, mu rubanza n° RPA/GEN 00004/2019/CA rwaciwe ku wa 7/5/2021, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Munyagishari Bernard, hemejwe ko bidahagije k’uwajuriye kuvuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa harimo ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y’itegeko cyangwa hagaragaramo amakosa y’amategeko, agomba no kugaragaza ibisobanuro mu mategeko bishimangira ibyo avuga, akanagaragaza uko kwibeshya gutuma icyemezo cyafashwe cyateshwa agaciro. Ku birebana n’ukwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye, Urukiko, mu bujurire, ruhindura icyemezo cyafashwe gusa mu gihe uwajuriye yagaragaje ko isuzuma ryakozwe n’Urukiko rwabanje ku bijyanye n’ibikorwa bigize icyaha ryatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi23,

21 Case N° ICTR-95-1B, The Prosecutor v. Mikaeli MUHIMANA, judgment of 28 April 2005, para. 65 “The Chamber is of the view that in situations where witnesses are called to testify on events which took place over a decade ago, discrepancies relating to the time and date of the event may occur”. 22 Case N° Case No. ICTR-99-54A-T, The Prosecutor v. Jean de Dieu KAMUHANDA, judgment of 23 January 2003, para.35 “The Chamber recognises, in addition, the time that had elapsed between the time of the events in question ad the testimonies of the Witness”. 23 ‘’Par ailleurs, il se comprend aisément des termes de l’article 18 précité qu’il ne suffit pas à l’appelant de relever telle erreur de droit, encore faut-il qu’il présente une argumentation juridique au soutien de sa thèse et qu’il démontre en quoi cette erreur de droit invalide la décision critiquée. Quant à l’erreur de fait, une jurisprudence constante de la Chambre d’appel du Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda établit que les

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bivuze ko mu bujurire, uwajuriye adashobora kugaruka (gusubira) gusa ku ngingo ze yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi zitarahawe ishingiro, atagaragaza amakosa Urukiko rwabanje rwaba rwarakoze ruzitesha agaciro n’uko ayo makosa agomba gukosorwa24. [68] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza n° RPAA/GEN 00002/2018/CA rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko ku wa 25/7/2023, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François, umutangabuhamya avuga mu Rukiko ibyo yiboneye cyangwa ibyo yumvise mu buryo butaziguye, ko Urukiko rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi icyizere cyangwa ireme bukwiye guhabwa; ko harebwe ububasha bw’Urukiko bwo gusuzuma mu bwigenge no mu bushishozi bwarwo ibimenyetso byose rwashyikirijwe, harebwe na none intego y’amategeko y’ibimenyetso (objectif du droit de la preuve) yo gushakisha ukuri, Inkiko zemera ibimenyetso biziguye (preuve indirecte) cyangwa ibimenyetso bishingiye ku mabwire iyo byizewe (preuve par ouï-dire), bivuze ko ari ihame ko ubuhamya butaziguye cyangwa ubuhamya buziguye bwemewe iyo bwizewe. [69] Nk’uko kandi byemejwe mu manza nº RPA/GEN 00001/2021/CA25, nº RPAA/GEN 00004/2020/CA26 na n° RPAA/GEN 00009/2019/CA27, bikaza no kwemezwa mu manza n° RPAA/GEN 00002/2018/CA28 na n° RPA/GEN 00001/2024/CA29, kwivuguruza cyangwa ivuguruzanya ry’abatangabuhamya ku birebana n’amatariki, amasaha, imyambaro, aho umuntu yari ahagaze cyangwa iyo ubuhamya umutangabuhamya yatangiye mu Rukiko budahuje n’ibyo yavuze mbere, ntibifatwa nk’inenge ikabije yatesha agaciro ubuhamya, ahubwo, harebwe igihe kinini kiba gishize hagati y’igihe ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi byakoreweho n’igihe ubuhamya bwatangiwe, izo ari inenge ntoya ku buryo zitatesha agaciro ireme ryabwo kuko bishoboka ko umutangabuhamya atakwibuka neza ibyo atangira ubuhamya. Hemejwe kandi mu rubanza n° RPAA 00141/2022/CA30, ukwivuguruza ku tuntu duto duto bidatesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya bwatanzwe.

constatations de fait erronées faites par le premier juge ne sauraient uniquement être infirmées ou modifiées au degré d’appel que s’il en est résulté une erreur judiciaire. En outre, elle indique que la juridiction d’appel n’infirmera les constatations de la juridiction de premier degré que lorsqu’aucun juge de fait n’aurait raisonnablement pu parvenir à la même conclusion ou lorsque celles-ci sont totalement erronées. Aussi, la juridiction d’appel doit se garder d’infirmer à la légère les circonstances matérielles de l’infraction telles que constatées par la juridiction de première instance dans la décision attaquée; Urubanza rwa MUNYAGISHARI Bernard, Para. 14.

24 ‘’Une partie ne saurait se contenter de répéter en appel des arguments qui ont échoué en première instance, à moins de démontrer que leur rejet constituait une erreur de nature à justifier l’intervention de la Chambre d’appel’’, Affaire n° ICTR-01-73-A, Procureur contre ZIGIRANYIRAZO Protais, Para. 12. Dans ce sens, voir également l’Affaire n° ICTR-01-74-A Procureur contre François KARERA, Para. 11. 25 Reba agace ka 27 k’urubanza nº RPA/GEN 00001/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 3/3/2023, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NTAGANZWA Ladislas. 26 Reba agace ka 125 k’urubanza nº RPAA/GEN 00004/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 8/4/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na BIRINDABAGABO Jean-Paul. 27 Reba agace ka 71 k’urubanza no RPAA/GEN00009/2019/CA rwaciwe ku wa 16/10/2020 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na KABILIMANA Jean Damascène. 28 ‘’Ukutavuga ibintu kimwe k’umutangabuhamya bishobora guterwa n’igihe kiba gishize ibyo atangaho ubuhamya bibaye, ntibikuraho icyizere cyabo cyangwa ireme ryabyo’’, reba agace ka 54 k‘urubanza n° RPAA/GEN 00002/2018/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na TWAHIRWA François. 29 Reba agace ka 174 k’urubanza n° RPA/GEN 00001/2024/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na TWAGIRAYEZU Wenceslas. 30 Reba agace ka 33 k’urwo rubanza, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NTAMAHEREZO Iryamukuru.

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[70] Inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha yo ku wa 9/10/2018 igaragaza ko umutangabuhamya DAM yabwiye Urukiko rwabanje ko kuva mu mwaka wa 1990 yari responsable wa Cellule Kabuguru, mu mwaka wa 1993 aba na percepteur w’isoko rya Nyamirambo, byombi abifatanije, ndetse muri uwo mwaka anaba Perezida wa MRND muri iyo Cellule. Yavuze kandi ko yasimburaga Conseiller wa Nyakabanda iyo yabaga arwaye, ko mu mwaka wa 1994, ku wa 14/4/1994, yagizwe Conseiller y’Umurenge wa Nyakabanda kugeza ku wa 3/7/1994 kuko uwo yari yasimbuye yaregwaga kuba icyitso cy’inkotanyi. Yanavuze ko igihe Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yatumizaga iyo nama, we yari umusimbura wa Conseiller, yari atarajyaho nka Conseiller. [71] Mu gace ka mirongo itandatu na gatanu (65) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwabanje rwasobanuye ko ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko ubuhamya bwa DAM butashingirwaho hemezwa ko iyo nama yabaye kubera ko ari we wenyine ubyemeza nabyo nta shingiro bifite, kuko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko no 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ko nta cyabuza ko ubuhamya bwe bushingirwaho kuko bufite ingingo zikiranuye kandi zihuye n’ikiburanwa. Byongeye kandi, nk’uko byasobanuwe, ubwo buhamya bukaba bunashimangirwa n’ubwa DFM wari Umuyobozi muri Komini Nyarugenge. [72] Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye mu gace ka mirongo itandatu na gatandatu (66) k’urwo rubanza ko ibyo kuba ubuhamya bw’umutangabuhamya umwe bushobora gushingirwaho ari nabyo byasobanuwe mu manza zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyirweho u Rwanda nko mu rubanza rwa Musema Alfred aho rwasobanuye ko Urukiko rushobora gushingira ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe iyo rusanze bufite ireme kandi uwabutanze yakwizerwa31, ndetse no mu zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho icyahoze ari Yugosilaviya nk’urubanza rwa Haradinaj n’abandi n’urwa Tadic aho zemeje ko Urukiko rushobora gushingira ku buhamya bw’umutangabuhamya umwe n’iyo byaba ari ku gikorwa cy’ingenzi bitabaye ngombwa ko haba hari ibindi bimenyetso bibushyigikira32. [73] Mu gace ka mirongo itandatu na karindwi (67) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwasobanuye ko ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko hari amabaruwa DAM yandikiye Inkiko Gacaca yirega anemera ibyaha harimo iyo ku wa 6/12/2007 yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko Gacaca rw’Umurenge wa Rwezamenyo n’iyo ku wa 21/9/2005 yandikiye Perezida w’inama mpuzabikorwa w’Urukiko Gacaca rw’Akagari ka Kabuguru atavugamo ibijyanye n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yabereye mu rugo rwe, nta shingiro bifite kuko muri ayo mabaruwa yavugaga ibikorwa yakoze bimureba ku giti cye, ikindi kuba ataravuzemo ibirebana n’iyo nama bikaba bitavuze ko itabayeho kubera ko Urukiko rwasanze hari ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragaza ko yabayeho. [74] Na none mu gace ka mirongo itandatu n’icyenda (69), urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko kuba DAM ataratanze amakuru ku birebana n’iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 mu gihe yaburanaga muri

31 “La Chambre peut statuer sur la foi d’un témoignage unique, dès lors qu’à son avis, ce témoignage est pertinent et crédible”, affaire n° ICTR-96-13-T, Le Procureur contre Alfred Musema du 27 janvier 2000, par. 43. 32 Voir aussi arrêt IT-04-84-A. Haradinaj et al, par. 219 : “La Chambre d’appel rappelle qu’une chambre de première instance peut se fonder sur la déposition d’un seul témoin pour formuler ses constatations. La déposition d’un seul témoin même sur un fait essentiel peut être versée au dossier sans avoir à être corroborée” et Arrêt Tadić, par. 65.

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Gacaca bitatuma igihe ayavugiye adahabwa ishingiro, ndetse bitavuze ko iyo nama itabayeho kandi ko yayikoresheje kuko iyo hasuzumwa uruhare rw’umuntu uregwa ikirebwa ari ibikorwa bye ku giti cye, ndetse n’ibimenyetso byatanzwe. Ibi bikaba bihura n’ibyemejwe n’Urukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nko mu rubanza rwa GAtete Jean-Baptiste n’izindi aho Urukiko rwagaragaje ko kuba abatangabuhamya bataravuze Gatete Jean-Baptiste mu manza za Gacaca nta kamaro bimufitiye, ko kuba ataravuzwe bitavuze ko ntacyo yakoze, ko kuba bataramuvuze bishobora kuba byaratewe n’uko batamubabajijweho33. [75] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko ubuhamya bwa DAM butizewe kuko yavuze ko ubutumire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste mu nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 bwamusanze ku kazi kuri Segiteri (Murenge) mu masaha moya n’igice (7h30’) za mugitondo, nyamara kuri iyo tariki, ibintu byari bikomeye muri Nyakabanda ku buryo atashoboraga kujya gutanga ibyangombwa by’abantu batakaje amarangamuntu, kandi icyo gihe nta muntu washoboraga gusohoka adaherekejwe n’abasirikare, akazi kose kari kahagaritswe, bitahabwa agaciro kuko n’ubwo mu rubanza n° ICTR-98-41-T rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Bagosora Théoneste n’abandi, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwagaragaje ko ku wa 7/4/1984, Minisiteri y’Ingabo yamenyesheje abaturage urupfu rwa Perezida wa Repubulika, inabasaba kuguma mu rugo kugeza ubwo izabamenyesha andi mabwiriza, bitavuze ko nta muntu wagiye hanze ku wa 8/4/1994, kubera ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ubwe yemeye ko kuri iyo tariki yageze ku Gitega no kuri Mirongo ine, ndetse n’abantangabuhamya Nyabyenda Jean-Marie, Murasandonyi Augustin, Mugabire Jean de Dieu na DIM34 bemeje ko kuva ku wa 7/4/1994, kuri Segiteri ( Murenge) ya Nyakabanda hagiye habera inama, na none nk’uko Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yabiburanishije mu Rukiko rubanza, ashingira ku rubanza ICTR-97-31-T rwaPerefe Renzaho Tharcisse, uyu yayoboye inama ku wa 8/4/1994 kuri Perefegitura, bivuze ko hari abantu basohokaga mu ngo. [76] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko ubuhamya bwa DAM butizewe kuko atari kumutumira mu nama ku wa 8/4/1994 nka Conseiller ya Segiteri (Umurenge) ya Nyakabanda kuko icyo gihe yari umuntu utazwi mu Buyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyakabanda, ko ndetse yaje kuba Conseiller gusa kuva ku wa 13/4/1994, bitahabwa agaciro kuko nta na hamwe DAM yemeje ko yatumiwe muri iyo nama nka Conseiller w’Umurenge wa Nyakanda, ahubwo nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, yayigiyemo nk’umusimbura wa Conseiller, aza kwemezwa burundu ku wa 14/4/1994, ibi bikaba bishimangira nta shiti n’ibimenyetso byatanzwe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ubwe. Rurasanga kandi ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean- Baptiste ko atari gutumira umutangabuhamya DAM muri iyo nama kuko atari azwi mu Buyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Nyakabanda, nabyo nta gaciro byahabwa kuko kuva mu mwaka wa 1990, yabaye responsable wa Cellule Kabuguru, mu mwaka wa 1993 aba na percepteur w’isoko ya

33 ‘’La Défense soutient également que le nom de GATETE n’a pas été cité lors des procès gacaca tenus à Rwankuba à partir de 2003, et que BBR et AIZ n’ont pas parlé de l’accusé lorsqu’ils ont relaté pendant ces procès les faits survenus à Rwankuba en avril 1994. La Chambre estime cependant que le fait que le nom de Gatete n’ait pas été cité lors de ces procès est sans importance. C’est en effet pure hypothèse que d’affirmer que la non-mention d’un accusé dans d’autres procédures judicaires signifie nécessairement qu’il est hors de cause. La Chambre rappelle par ailleurs que BBR et AIZ ont témoigné dans des procès gacaca concernant des personnes distinctes. Il est donc plausible qu’ils n’auraient pas nécessairement fourni de manière spontanée des informations concernant GATETE et qu’on ne leur aurait pas nécessairement posé des questions à son sujet”, ICTR-2000-61-T, Le Procureur c/ GATETE Jean-Baptiste, 31 Mars 2011, p.43, par.130. 34 Reba ibice bya 24, 25, 26, 27 na 28 by’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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Nyamirambo abifatanije byombi, ndetse muri uwo mwaka anaba Perezida wa MRND muri iyo Cellule, akaba yaranasimburaga Conseiller wa Nyakabanda iyo yabaga arwaye. [77] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko ubuhamya bwa DAM butizewe kuko mu Nkiko Gacaca atamuvuze ku rutonde rw’abakoze jenoside muri Nyakabanda, ndetse akaba ataravuze inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 aregwa, bitahabwa agaciro kubera ko nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru mu mirongo y’amategeko abiteganya, atagaragaza inenge ku bisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko rwabanje rusubiza kuri iki kibazo, kandi bikaba bitemewe ko mu bujurire, uwajuriye agaruka (asubira) gusa ku ngingo ze yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, zitahawe ishingiro, atagaragaje amakosa Urukiko rwabanje rwaba rwarakoze ruzitesha agaciro n’uko ayo makosa agomba gukosorwa. [78] Ku bivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko ubuhamya bwa DFM butagombaga gushingirwaho n’Urukiko rubanza rumuhamya ibyaha aregwa, kuko butiziwe ku mpamvu y’uko yavuze ko amuzi muri BNR mu mwaka wa 1980, nyamara we yaratangiyeyo akazi mu mwaka wa 1982, ndetse n’ibindi byose yavuze, akaba yarabibwiwe na DAM n’abantu bakoranaga, atari ibintu yiboneye, bitahabwa agaciro kuko hashingiwe ku mirongo yagaragajwe haruguru, nta gitangaje ko nyuma y’imyaka mirongo itatu n’itandatu (36), umuntu yakwibeshya ku matariki cyangwa ku mwaka ibintu asobanura bibaye, kandi kwibeshya kuri ibyo bintu bikaba bitatesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya bwatanzwe kuko ari utuntu dutoya tutagira ingaruka ku bikorwa bigize ibyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho, by’umwihariko muri uru rubanza iyo myaka ivugwa ikaba irebana n’igihe umutangabuhamya DFM yamenyanye na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste. Rurasanga kandi hashingiwe ku murongo watanzwe ku birebana n’amabwire wagaragajwe haruguru, nta kosa Urukiko rwabanje rwakoze rushingira ku mvugo za DAM kuko harebwe ububasha bw’Urukiko bwo gusuzuma mu bwigenge no mu bushishozi bwarwo ibimenyetso byose rwashyikirijwe, harebwe na none intego y’amategeko y’ibimenyetso yo gushakisha ukuri, Inkiko zemera ibimenyetso biziguye cyangwa ibimenyetso bishingiye ku mabwire iyo byizewe. [79] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko Urukiko rubanza rutari gushingira ku mvugo z’umutangabuhamya umwe, ariwe DAM, rwemeza ko yakoze ibyaha yahamijwe kuko ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe budahagije mu kwemeza ko uregwa afite uruhare mu bikorwa aregwa, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta gaciro byahabwa kubera ko uretse ko yivuguruza ndetse ibyo avuga ataribyo, kuko urwo Rukiko rwashingiye no ku mvugo z’umutangabuhamya DFM, akaba atagaragaza inenge ku bisobanuro byatanzwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa, rusobanura ko Urukiko rushobora gushingira ku mvugo z’umutangabuhamya umwe mu kwemeza ko uwakurikiranyweho icyaha afite uruhare ku byo aregwa mu gihe rusanga bufite ireme kandi uwabutanze yakwizerwa. [80] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byagaragajwe mu bika bibanziriza icyi, Urukiko rw’Ubujuirire rurasanga Mugimba Jean-Baptiste atagaragaza ko Urukiko rwabanje rwakoze amakosa yo kumuhamya ibyaha aregwa rushingira ku buhamya butizewe, bityo iyi ngingo ye y’ubujurire ikaba nta shingiro ifite. c. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rwaranyuranije n’umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, bigatuma ruca urubanza rushingiye ku buhamya buvuguruzanya.

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[81] Mu mwanzuro wa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste avuga ko DAM na Nyabyenda Jean- Marie Vianney ari abatangabuhamya batanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, baje kuvuguruzanya imbere y’Urukiko rwabanje, aho bombi bemera ko babaye mu nama imwe, ku wa 8/4/1994, yateguye ubwicanyi bwabereye muri Segiteri Nyakabanda, DAM akavuga ko yabereye kwa Mugimba Jean- Baptiste, Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney we akavuga ko yabereye kuri Etat-Major y’Interahamwe zo muri Nyakabanda, nyamara Urukiko rwabanje rubirengaho, rurenga no ku bindi bimenyetso byose bishinjura Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yatanze, rushingira ku gice kimwe cy’ubuhamya bwa DAM gishinja gusa, akaba asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gushingira ku byemejwe mu rubanza no RPAA 0034/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 8/11/2013,35 ko kuvuguruzanya mu buhamya bibutesha agaciro, aho rwasobanuye ko mu gihe abatangabuhamya bavuga mu buryo butandukanye ibintu bemeza ko baboneye igihe kimwe, ubuhamya bwabo bwose butashingirwaho ngo uregwa ahamwe n’icyaha, ko rero kuba abatangabuhamya bombi (DAM na Nyabyenda Jean- Marie Vianney) bavuguruzanya ku birebana n’inama bavuga ko yabaye ku wa 8/4/1994, kuvuguruzanya kwabo bidakwiye kumubangamira we nk’uregwa, ahubwo bitesha agaciro ikirego gishingiye ku mvugo zabo zimushinja icyaha. [82] Mu iburanisha, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko icyo banenga urubanza rujuririrwa, ari uko ku birebana n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, Urukiko rubanza rwemeje ko ubuhamya bwa DAM bwizeye, nyamara buvuguruzwa n’ubundi buhamya bwatanzwe n’abandi batangabuhamya batanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, aribo Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney, Kivuta Regero Innocent na Imananibishaka Jean Berchmans. Basobanura ko urwo Rukiko rwanze gufata uko bikwiye imvugo zabo kuko uretse Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney wavuze mu Rukiko ko iyo nama yabereye kuri Etat-major y’iterahamwe muri Nyakabanda, abandi bose bavuze ko batazi iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, ko rero hari ukuvuguruzanya hagati y’imvugo zabo n’iyo ya DAM wemeza ko iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yabereye mu rugo kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, bityo guha agaciro ubuhamya bwa DAM agaciro binyuranyije n’umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza no RPAA 0034/10/CS rwavuzwe haruguru. [83] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyi mpamvu y’ubujurire nta shingiro ifite cyane ko urubanza rushingirwaho rudahura n’urubanza rujuririrwa, bugasobanura ko mu rubanza no RPAA 0034/10/CS, ikibazo cyahawe umurongo ari igihe abatangabuhamya babiri bavuga ko babonye ibintu bimwe mu gihe kimwe bakabivuga mu buryo butandukanye, nyamara ku bireba abatangabuhamya DAM na Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney bo bakaba batavuguruzanya, ahubwo kuva mu iperereza bavugaga ibirebana n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 mu buryo bumwe, ariko nyuma mu Rukiko Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney aza guhindura imvugo biturutse ku mafaranga yahawe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, ariyo mpamvu ibirebana no guhindura imvugo kwa Nyabyenda Jean- Baptiste Ubushinjacyaha bwabijuririye. [84] Mu iburanisha, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kuba Kivuta Regero Innocent na Imananibishaka Jean Berchmans bavuze ko batazi inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, DAM akavuga ko ayizi, ibi atari ukuvuguruzanya kuvugwa kandi kusobanurwa muri urwo rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

35 Muri urwo rubanza, Ubushinjacyaha bwaburanaga na NSHIYIMANA Samuel.

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[85] Impaka ziri muri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ni ukumenya niba Urukiko rubanza rutarubahirije umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza no RPAA 0034/10/CS, ruha agaciro ubuhamya bwa DAM kandi buvugurazanya n’ubwa bandi batangabuhamya aribo Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney, Kivuta Regero Innocent na Imananibishaka Jean Berchmans, ibi bikaba byaratumye atabona ubutabera bukwiye. [86] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza no RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA36 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023, rusuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya icyizere imvugo z’abatangabuhamya zifitiwe ku buryo zashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso gifatika mu rubanza, ihame ku birebana n’ubuhamya ni uko umutangabuhamya avuga mu Rukiko ibyo yiboneye cyangwa ibyo yumvise mu buryo butaziguye, ko Urukiko rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi icyizere cyangwa ireme bukwiye guhabwa. [87] Mu rubanza no RPAA 0034/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 8/11/2013, nk’uko bigaragara mu gace karwo ka cumi na kane (14), urwo Rukiko rwasanze mu batangabuhamya babajijwe bashinja uregwa kuba yarasambanyije umwana utarageza ku myaka cumi n’ine (14), ari Umubyeyi Francine, umubyeyi w’umwana bivugwa ko yasambanyijwe, wavuze ko ku munsi ibyo biba mu gihe cya nimugoroba, yabajije aho umwana we ari, bamubwira ko ari kumwe n’uregwa, yisubirira mu nzu, yanavuze ko nyuma yahamagaye uregwa amusaba kumuzanira umwana we, uyu amusohokana amuteruye asinzira, ko nyuma yaje kumukarabya, akoze ku gitsina umwana avuza induru, arebye abona hariho udusebe n’amasohoro, ngo ahita ajya kubyereka kwa shebuja w’uregwa ari we Gatete. Undi wabajijwe ni Ugirase Goretti, uyu akaba ari umukobwa w’Umubyeyi Francine, we wavuze ko bashatse umwana hose bakamubura, nyina atangira kumutuka, babona uregwa amusohokanye kwa Gatete amuteruye, ko ku mugoroba ari bwo nyina yabonye ko umwana we yangiritse ubwo yamwuhagiraga akajya kubibwira kwa nyirabuja w’uregwa. Ibi ariko bikaba bitandukanye n’ibyo nyina avuga ko yahamagaye Samuel ngo amuzane (kuko yari azi neza ko ari ho ari). [88] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka cumi na gatanu (15) k’urwo rubanza, nyuma yo gusuzuma izo mvugo ebyiri, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye ko ibivugwa n’abo batangabuhamya bitandukanye kuko umwe avuga ko yahamagaye uregwa ngo amuzanire umwana, undi akavuga ko uregwa ubwe wamuzanye nyuma yo kumubura, ko rero kuba ibyatangajwe n’abo batangabuhamya, bavuga mu buryo butandukanye ibintu bemeza ko baboneye igihe kimwe, rutabishingiraho ngo rwemeze nta shiti ko Nshimiyimana Samuel ahamwa n’icyaha aregwa, cyane cyane ko batanavuga ko bamubonye akora icyaha cyangwa se ngo babe barabyumvanye abamubonye, binakubitiyeho ko na Gatete, shebuja w’uregwa, avuga ko yari yahiriwe, ariko akaba atarabonye amwangiza. [89] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka makumyabiri na rimwe (21) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, DAM yabwiye Urukiko rwabanje ko ku wa 8/4/1994 yazindukiye ku biro bya Segiteri agiye gutanga ibyangombwa ku bantu bari barataye indangamuntu, bigeze nka saa moya n’igice, uwitwa Nkamirabashaka Sostène aza kumubwira ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste amushaka iwe, ajyayo ahagera saa moya n’iminota mirongo itatu n’itanu (7h 35’), ahasanga abantu batandukanye bari mu nzu bagera kuri cumi na babiri (12) n`abandi benshi bagera ku munani (8) bari hanze barinze abari mu nzu, ko nka saa mbiri (8h00’), Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yabakoresheje inama yagejeje nka

36 Reba urubanza no RPAA/Gén. 00002/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na TWAHIRWA François.

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saa yine n’igice (10h30’), ko uretse we wari uhagarariye Konseye wa Nyakabanda, nta wundi mukonseye wari uyirimo. [90] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka makumyabiri na kane (24) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Nyabyenda Jean-Marie yabwiye Urukiko rubanza ko nta nama yabereye kwa Mugimba Jean- Baptiste ku wa 8/4/1994 azi, ko icyo yibuka yanasobanuriye Ubushinjacyaha, ari uko kuri iyo tariki ku kabari k’uwitwa Musonera mu Kagari ka Munanira, Segiteri ya Nyakabanda aho abayobozi b’ishyaka rya CDR n’irya MRND bateraniraga, bakahita kuri Etat Major y’interahamwe, habereye inama yari yatumijwe na Ntamfurayishyari. [91] Mu gace ka mirongo itanu na gatanu (55) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rubanza rwagaragaje ko mu Bugenzacyaha, Imananibishaka Jean Berchmans alias Barananiye Sukari yavuze ko nta ruhare rwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste muri jenoside yamenye, ko icyo azi ari uko aho yari atuye bahitaga muri CDR. [92] Na none mu gace ka mirongo itanu n’icyenda (59) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwabanje rwagaragaje ko mu Bugenzacyaha, Kivuta Regero Innocent yavuze ko nta nama yayobowe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yagiyemo, ko nta n’izindi manza bigeze bahuriramo. [93] Isuzuma ry’ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza no RPAA 0034/10/CS rwavuzwe haruguru, rigaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwatesheje agaciro ubwo buhamya kuko abo batangabuhamya bavugaga mu buryo butandukanye ibintu babonye igihe kimwe, nyamara muri uru rubanza bikaba atariko bimeze kuko umutangabuhamya DAM yemeza ko hari inama yabereye mu rugo kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ku wa 8/4/1994 mu gihe Nyabyenda Jean- Marie Vianney, Kivuta Regero Innocent na Imananibishaka Jean Berchmans alias Barananiye Sukari bavuze ko batazi iyo nama, bivuze ko nta gutandukanya kuri mu mvugo zabo ku bikorwa baba baraboneye igihe kimwe. [94] Hashingiwe ku bivugwa mu gace kabanziriza aka, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko rwabanje rutarakoze ikosa ryo kutubahiriza umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza no RPAA 0034/10/CS, kuko ibyasuzumwe muri urwo rubanza bidasa cyangwa bitandukanye n’ibigize impaka muri uru rubanza. [95] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ahubwo hashingiwe ku murongo wagaragajwe haruguru watanzwe n’uru Rukiko mu rubanza no RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA, Urukiko rwabanje rwarasuzumye mu bushishozi bwarwo icyizere cyangwa ireme bikwiye guhabwa ubwo buhamya, rushakisha ukuri ku byabaye, rwemeza ko ubuhamya bwa DAM bwizewe kuko asobanura neza uko yatumiwe muri iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 nk’umuyobozi muri Segiteri Nyakabanda, akagaragaza abari bayirimo, ibyemezo byayifatiwemo birimo kwirwanaho barwanya ibyitso, gukora urutonde rw’abagomba kwicwa no gusaba imbunda zo gukoresha mu kwica Abatutsi. [96] Uretse n’ibyo, nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Rusesa imanza rwo mu Bufaransa, ku birebana n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe buvuguruzanya, Umucamanza asuzuma agaciro kabwo,niyo asanga buvuguruzanya, ashobora kwemeza ko ubuhamya runaka bwizewe kuko buvugisha ukuri

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mu buryo budashindikanywaho37. Ibi byumvikanisha ko atari buri gihe uko Urukiko ruhuye n’ubuhamya buvuguruzanya, rubutesha agaciro. [97] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste nta shingiro ifite. d. Kumenya niba Urukiko rubanza rwarahamije Mugimba Jean-Baptiste icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside rutagaragaje umugambi wihariye wo gukora ibyo byaha yaba yaragize [98] Mu mwanzuro no mu miburanire yabo, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze amakosa yo kumuhamya icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside, nyamara rutagaragaje umugambi wihariye wo gukora ibyo byaha yaba yaragize. [99] Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside rwamuhamije, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwakimuhamije rushingiye ku bikorwa byo gushyirishaho za bariyeri, gukora liste, gusaba no gutanga imbunda no gutoza interahamwe, nyamara ibyo bikorwa ubwabyo bidashobora gufatwa nk’icyaha ahubwo icyari kigamijwe ari ukwirwanaho kw’abaturage (Défense civile), hakurikije ibyavuzwe n’umutangabuhamya DAM, aho kuba gucura umugambi wa jenoside, ko rero mu kumuhamya icyo cyaha, Urukiko Rukuru rutagaragaje ubushake bwe bwihariye bwo gukora icyaha cya jenoside na cyane ko Urukiko ubwarwo rwari rwemeje ko nta gikorwa na kimwe cya jenoside yagizemo uruhare. [100] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira basobanura ko mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) nk’urwa Gatete Jean-Baptiste, urwa Musema Alfred, urwa Nahimana Ferdinand na bagenzi be, urwa Nyiramasuhuko Pauline na bagenzi be n’izindi, hasobanuwe ko gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside ari ubwumvikane abantu nibura babiri (2) bagirana bagamije gukora jenoside, ko kumvikana ari cyo gikorwa gifatika kigize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, ko kandi uretse icyo gikorwa gifatika kigizwe n’ubwumvikane bwo gukora icyo cyaha, ugikora agomba kuba anafite umugambi wihariye wo gukora jenoside, usobanurwa nk‘ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini bazira icyo bari cyo, ariko ko mu guhamya Mugimba Jean-Baptiste icyo cyaha, Urukiko Rukuru rutubahirije ibyo byose, ngo rugaragaze mu buryo budashidikanywaho ubwumvikane yagiranye n’abandi bwo kurimbura Abatutsi nk’umugambi wihariye. Mu gusoza basaba uru Rukiko ko kuba hataragaragajwe uwo mugambi wihariye, yagirwa umwere nk’uko byagenze mu rubanza rwa Minisitiri Ntagerura André rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda. [101] Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwakoze amakosa yo kukimuhamya rushingiye ku

37 ‘’ (….), le juge peut apprécier la valeur des témoignages et choisir, s’ils sont contradictoires, ceux qui lui semblent les plus sincères’’, Crim., 27 mars 1931, B.C., n° 93; 13 janvier 1960, B.C., n°17, in Jean Pradel, Procédure pénale, 10e édition, Cujas, Paris, 2000, P. 680, n° 784.

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kuba DAM yaremeje ko mu nama yabereye iwe ku wa 8/4/1994, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ari we wasabye imbunda Koloneli Hakizimana Edouard akaba arizo zicishijwe Abatutsi. Mugimba Jean- Baptiste n’abamwunganirabasobanura ko uretse no kuba izo mbunda ntazo yasabye, n’ubwo icyo gikorwa ashinjwa cyaba cyarabaye, Urukiko rwabanje rutagombaga kumuhamya icyo cyaha, kuko ubwacyo ari igikorwa kidafatwa nk’icyaha mu gihe hatagaragajwe umuntu wishwe n’iyo mbunda yatanzwe cyangwa ngo hagaragazwe ko izo mbunda zasabwe zikanatangwa hagamijwe gukora jenoside. [102] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko impamvu y’uko Urukiko rubanza rutagaragaje umugambi wihariye wa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste mu byaha rwahamuhamije nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa, kuko Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ibyo rwagombaga gukora, ndetse mu gika cya 82 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa rugaragaza ko uwo mugambi wihariye wabayeho. [103] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha basobanura ko mu rubanza rwa Niyitegeka Eliezer, mu gika cya 423, hamwe no mu rubanza rwa Musema Alfred, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) rwasobanuye ko kuba abantu baruhuye bakavuga uko ubwicanyi bugiye gukorwa ubwabyo bihanirwa kabone n’aho nta bantu baba bishwe, naho kuri Niyitegeka Eliezer (mu gika cya 427), urwo Rukiko (TPIR) rwagaragaje ko kuba yaragiye mu nama ya Kayishema na Ruzindana Obed zigafatirwamo ibyemezo byo gutanga intwaro no gutera abantu bari bahungiye mu Bisesero, uko guhura ubwabyo bihanirwa, ko bihujwe n’uru rubanza, uwari mu nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yavuze ko icyari kigamijwe ari ukubabwira ko indege ya Perezida Habyarimana yahanuwe, ko bagomba kwirwanaho, ko muri iyo nama Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yasabye imbunda, hakorwa amalisite y’abazicwa ndetse na MugimbaJean-Baptiste agira abo atanga bagomba kwicwa, ndetse koko abo bantu baza kwicwa, bikaba byumvikana ko haba mu gutanga imbunda, gushyiraho bariyeri no gukora liste z’abagomba kwicwa, icyari kigamijwe kwari ukwica Abatutsi, ari naho hagaragarira umugambi wihariye wo gukora jenoside nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwabyemeje. [104] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga kandi ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yabaye icyitso muri jenoside kuko yatanze imbunda, kandi izo mbunda ari zo zifashishijwe mu kwica Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri zitandukanye nk’uko byemejwe n’abatangabuhamya DAM na DFM. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [105] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rutaragaragaje umugambi wihariye (élément intentionnnel spécial-dol spécial) wa Mugimba Jean- Baptiste wo gucura umugambi (Conspiration) wa jenoside n’uwo kuba icyitso muri jenoside, ku buryo yagombaga kugirwa umwere. i. Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside [106] Ingingo ya 20 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko ‘’ Gucura umugambi wo gukora icyaha ari ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri (2) cyangwa benshi bugamije gukora icyaha cyakorwa n’umwe cyangwa benshi muri bo’’. [107] Ingingo ya 91 y’iryo Tegeko ivuga ko : ‘’icyaha cya jenoside ari ukwica abantu, kubatera ubumuga bw’umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe, kubashyira ubigambiriye mu mibereho ishobora

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gutuma barimbuka bose cyangwa harimbuka igice cyabo, gufata ibyemezo bibabuza kubyara no kubambura ku ngufu urubyaro rwabo ukaruha abandi bantu badahuje, bikozwe bigambiriwe, bigamije kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by'intambara’’. [108] Ingingo ya 93, agace ka mbere (1°), y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ko bitabangamiye ibiteganywa n’izindi ngingo z’iri tegeko ku byerekeye ubwinjiracyaha, gucura umugambi wo gukora icyaha n’ubufatanyacyaha, gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside bihanishwa ibihano biteganyirijwe icyaha cya jenoside. [109] Izo ngingo zumvikanisha ko gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside bifatwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside ku buryo ubushake bwihariye bwo gukora ibyo byaha byombi ari bumwe, bivuze ko ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri (2) cyangwa benshi bwo gukora jenoside buba bugamije kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, byakorwa n’umwe cyangwa benshi muri bo. [110] Ibivugwa mu gace kabanziriza aka ni nabyo byemejwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), aho rwasobanuye ko ubushake (élément moral ou intentionnel) bugize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside bugaragarira mu bwumvikane buhuriweho n’abantu benshi, bugamije gukora icyaha cya jenoside, ni ukuvuga kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini38. [111] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 78, 79, 80, 81 na 82, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 20, iya 93, agace ka mbere (1°), y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ku ngingo ya 3 b. y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 9/12/1948 arebana no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside, u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ku wa 12/2/1975, ku manza zitandukanye39 zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u

38 ‘’ S’agissant de l’élément moral constitutif de l’infraction d’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, la Chambre relève qu’il reside dans l’intention concertée de commettre le génocide, c’est à dire de détruire, en tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux comme tel. il appert ainsi à la chambre que l’intention requise pour le crime d’entente en vue de commetre le génocide est ipso facto l’intention requise pour le crime de génocide, soit le dol spécial caractéristique de ce dernier’’, reba agace ka 192 k’urubanza n° ICTR-96-13-T rwa MUSEMA Alfred. ‘’ L’entente en vue de commettre le génocide (….), est définie comme une resolution d’agir sur laquelle au moins deux personnes se sont accordées, en vue de commettre un génocide. Cet accord entre des individus ayant pour but la commission du génocide (ou résolution d’agir concertée) e constitue l’élément matériel (actus reus); en outre, les indivudus parties à l’accord doivent être animés de l’intention de détruire en tout ou en partie un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux comme tel ethnique, racial ou religieux comme tel (l’élément intntionnel ou mens rea)’’, reba agace ka 894 k’urubanza n° ICTR 99-52-A rwa NAHIMANA Ferdinand na bagenzi be. 39 Urubanza n° ICTR-2000-61-T rwa GATETE Jean-Baptiste, urubanza n° ICTR-96-13-T rwa MUSEMA Alfred, urubanza n° ICTR n° ICTR-99-52-A rwa NAHIMANA Ferdinand na bagenzi be, urubanza n° ICTR-98-42-T rwa NYIRAMASUHUKO Pauline na bagenzi be n’urubanza n° ICTR-98-44D-T rwa NZABONIMANA Callixte.

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Rwanda40no ku rubanza n° RPA/Gen 0001/15/CS41 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, Urukiko rwabanje rwasobanuye ko kuba Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yaratumije inama iwe mu rugo igakorerwamo ubwumvikane bwo kwica Abatutsi bo muri Segiteri Nyakabanda, rukabihuza n‘ibimaze gusobanurwa ku birebana n’ingingo z’amategeko zavuzwe, ku manza zaciwe no ku bimenyetso, rwemeje ko ahamwa n‘icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside giteganywa n’ingingo ya 93, agace ka mbere (1o) y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe. [112] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo Urukiko rubanza rutavuze mu buryo butaziguye (direct) ubushake bwihariye (dol spécial) bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste bwo gukora icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, ariko isuzuma rya gace ka mirongo inani (80) k’urubanza rujuririrwa aho ku birebana n’ubushake bwihariye bwo gukora icyo cyaha, rwagarutse ku byemejwe mu rubanza n° ICTR-98-44D-T rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Nzabonimana Callixte, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, ko ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside bukorwa bugamije (ubushake bwihariye) kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, rigaragaza nta shiti ko rwagaragaje mu buryo buziguye (implicitement) ko rwasanze mu nama yabereye iwe ku wa 8/4/1994, Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yarumvikanye n’abandi kwica Abatutsi bagamije kurimbura ubwoko bwabo. [113] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko ibyo aregwa ko mu nama ivugwa yumvikanye n’abandi gushyirishyaho za bariyeri, gukora liste y’abantu bagomba kwicwa, gusaba no gutanga imbunda no gutoza interahamwe, ubwabyo bidashobora gufatwa nk’icyaha, ko ahubwo ibyemejwe muri iyo nama, nk’uko byavuzwe n’umutangabuhamya DAM bigomba gufatwa nka auto-défense civile, nk’uko byemejwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo Mugimba Jean- Baptiste ashaka kugaragaza ko n’ubwo iyo nama yaba yarabaye, yari kuba igamije gushyiraho auto-défense civile, bitahabwa agaciro kuko Urukiko rubanza rwagaragaje ko iyo nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yabayeho ndetse n’impamvu zishimangira ko ibyumvikanyweho byari bigamije kurimbura Abatutsi. Rurasanga kandi harebwe igihe iyo nama yabereye, n’ubwo havuzwemo n’Abahutu batavugaga rumwe n’ishyaka rya MRND, bitakuraho ko icya mbere cyari kigambiriwe, ari kurimbura ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, nk’uko byasobanuwe mu rubanza n° ICTR -98-41-T, Urukiko rubishingiye ku mvugo z’umuhanga42. [114] Ku bivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko Urukiko Rukuru rutagaragaje mu buryo budashidikanywaho ubushake bwe bwihariye bwo gukora icyaha cya jenoside kuko rwemeje ko

40 Urukiko rubanze rwagaragaje ko muri izo manza, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside ari ubwumvikane abantu nibura babiri (2) bagirana bagamije gukora jenoside, ko kumvikana ari cyo gikorwa gifatika kigize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside. Rwasobanuye kandi ko uretse icyo gikorwa gifatika kigizwe n’ubwumvikane bwo gukora icyo cyaha, ugikora agomba kuba anafite umugambi wihariye wo gukora jenoside, usobanurwa nk‘ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo. 41 Urubanza n° RPA/Gen 0001/15/CS rwa BANDORA Charles, rwaciwe ku wa 22/3/2019. 42 Umuhanga Alison Des Forges yasobanuye ibi bikurikira: ‘’ qu’à l’origine, la défense civile avait pour vocation de répondre à la situation créée par la reprise des hostilités par le FPR, en février 1993, ce qui était tout à fait compréhensible. À son dire, elle s’était transformée au fil du temps en se donnant notamment pour mission, postérieurement au 6 avril 1994, de perpétrer des attaques contre les Tutsis’’, reba agace ka 490 k’urwo rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na BAGOSORA Théoneste n’abagenzi be.

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nta gikorwa na kimwe cya jenoside yagizemo uruhare, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro kuko ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, kugira ngo hemezwe ko ukurikiranweho icyo cyaha yagikoze, bidasaba ko hagaragazwa ko ku giti cye hari kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside yaba yarakoze, ari nabyo Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwasobanuye mu rubanza n° ICTR-96-13-T43. [115] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko Urukiko rwabanje rutagaragaje mu buryo budashidikanywaho ubushake bwe bwihariye bwo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, nta shingiro bifite. ii. Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside [116] Mu rubanza n° RP/GEN 00002/2017/HC/HCCIC rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Ntamabyaliro Agnès, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku byemejwe mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza n° ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998, hagati y’Ubushinjacyaha na Akayezu Jean-Paul44, rwasobanuye ko ubushake bwo kuba icyitso muri jenoside bugaragara mu gihe uregwa kuba icyitso mu cyaha cya jenoside yafashije cyangwa yahagarikiye cyangwa yashutse, azi icyo abigiriye kandi abishaka, undi muntu cyangwa abandi bantu gukora jenoside, azi neza ko uwo muntu cyangwa abo bantu barimo gukora jenoside, n’ubwo uregwa yaba atari afite umugambi wo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa idini, bazira icyo baricyo. [117] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 177 n’aka 178 tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwabanje, rushingiye ku manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda45, rwasobanuye ko uretse ibikorwa bifatika bigize icyaha cyo kuba icyitso, mu gihe icyaha kirimo gikorwa, ugikora agomba kuba arimo gufasha ukora icyaha

43 ‘’S’agissant du crime d’entente en vue de commettre le génocide, c’est bien l’acte d’entente per se, autrement dit le proceed de l’entente, qui est incriminé et non pas son résultat. La Chambre remarque à cet égard que, aussi bien dans les systèmes d’inspiration romano-continentale que dans ceux de tradition anglo-saxonne, le crime d’entente est considéré comme une infraction formelle, ou inchoate, pour laquelle seul compte l’acte criminel en tant que tel, et non le résultat de cet acte. La Chanbre est d’avis que le crime d’entente en vue de commettre le génocide est reprehensible même s’il n’a pas été suivi d’effet, c’est-à-dire même si l’infraction principale, en l’occurnce le génocide, n’a pas été réalisé’’. Reba agace ka 193 n’aka 194 k’urwo rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na MUSEMA Alfred. 44 Reba agace ka 545 k’urubanza n° ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998. 45 “S’agissant de l’élément moral ou intentionnel de la complicité en général, la Chambre estime qu’il suppose la conscience chez l’agent, au moment où il agit, du concours qu’il apporte dans la réalisation de l’infraction principale. Autrement dit, l’agent doit avoir agi en connaissance de cause ”, reba agace ka 180 k’urubanza n° ICTR-96-13-A rw’Ubushinjacyaha na MUSEMA Alfred. ‘’Dans les cas de complicité, la volonté criminelle requise existe dès lors que l’agent agit sachant qu’il aide l’auteur principal ou les auteurs principaux à commettre le crime matériel. Il n’est pas nécessaire que l’accusé connaisse l’infraction précise qui est entrain d’être commise par l’auteur principal ou les auteurs principaux, mais il doit avoir connaissance des éléments essentiels du crime matériel et doit avoir agi en ayant conscience qu’il soutenait de la sorte la commission du crime matériel”, reba agace ka 768 k’urubanza n° ICTR-98-44A-T rw’Ubushinjacyaha na KAGELIJELI Juvénal. ‘’La mens rea requise pour I'aide et I'encouragement à commettre le génocide est la connaissance que le complice avait de l’intention génocidaire qui animait les auteurs principaux “, reba agace ka 364 k’urubanza n° ICTR-96-I0-A na ICTR--17-A rw’Ubushinjacyaha na NTAKIRUTIMANA Elisaphan na NTAKIRUTIMANA Gérald.

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cy’ibanze, bivuze ko amufasha azi neza ibyo arimo gukora, ko icyakora atari ngombwa ko ugikora ubwe aba afite umugambi wo gukora jenoside nk‘ufitwe n‘uwo wakoze icyo cyaha cy‘ibanze, rwanzura ko kuba Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yarasabye anatanga imbunda azi ko zizakoreshwa mu kwica Abatutsi, rusanga ahamwa n‘icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside [118] Hashingiwe ku murongo wagaragajwe no ku bisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga urwo Rukiko rwaragaragaje mu buryo busobanutse ko yabaye icyitso muri jenoside kuko nyuma yo kugaragaza ibikorwa bigize icyaha cyo kuba icyitso nko gutanga ibikoresho nk’intwaro cyangwa ubundi buryo bwose bufasha gukora jenoside, gutanga inkunga cyangwa kuba hafi y’uwakoze icyaha cya jenoside mu byagiteguye cyangwa byatumye gikorwa (…)46 no kugaragaza ko ukora icyaha cyo kuba icyitso agomba kuba afasha ukora icyaha cy’ibanze azi neza ibyo arimo gukora, rwagaragaje ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yatanze inkunga y’imbunda zicishijwe Abatutsi muri Segiteri Nyakabanda zirimo eshanu (5) yasabiye mu nama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, azitanga ku mabariyeri azi neza ko zizakoreshwa mu kwica Abatutsi. [119] Hashingiwe ku byavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko rwabanje rwakoze ryo kutaragaza ubushake bwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste mu gukora icyaha yahamijwe cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside. [120] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ingingo y’ubujurire ya Mugimba Jean Baptiste y’uko Urukiko rwabanje rwamuhamije icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside rutaragaragaje umugambi wihariye yagize wo gukora ibyo byaha, nta shingiro ifite. B. Ibyerekeye ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha a. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwabanje rwarakoze ikosa ryo kudaha agaciro ubuhamya bushinja bwa Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney [121] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko habayeho gusesengura ibintu uko bitari, ndetse ko Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ireme n’uburyo Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney yasobanuye ibyo azi neza, adategwa, anagaragaza mu myirondoro ye ko yari atuye muri cellule ya Kabuguru, kandi iyi cellule ikaba ari nayo Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yari atuyemo, ko bigaragaza ko yari asanzwe amuzi kuko bari baturanye; ku bijyanye n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 ivugwa, agasobanura ko yayigiyemo nk’umusirikare kandi wakurikiraniraga hafi ibikorwa by’interahamwe n’impuzamugambi, aho avuga ko inama yari iyobowe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste afatanije na Ntamfurayishyari, ibyifuzo byabo bakabishyikiriza Col. Hakizimana Edouard, wabemereye kubaha imbunda, yohereza imodoka ye ya Toyota Hilux y’umutuku kujya kuzizana, ziratangwa, ndetse muri iyo nama hafatirwamo icyemezo cyo gushyiraho za barrières muri Secteurs Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo, Biryogo na Gitega, hanakorwa urutonde rw’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa. Buvuga kandi ko kuba Urukiko rubanza rwaravuze ko amakuru yatanze ajyanye n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 arimo urujijo, akaba ataba ikimenyetso mu rubanza, bitewe n’uburyo avuga yakoreshejwe inyandikomvugo y’ibazwa mu Bushinjacyaha, rukabiheraho ruyitesha agaciro, nta shingiro bifite kuko yabajijwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, asubiza adategwa, agaragaza itariki inama yabereyeho, aho yabereye, abayitabiriye n’ibyayivugiwemo kandi asinya nta gahato ashyizweho.

46 Reba agace ka 176 k’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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[122] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza busobanura ko ibyemejwe n’Urukiko rwabanje by’uko Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney yasanze inyandikomvugo yanditse, ataribyo kuko hari ubusobanuro burambuye (details) Ubushinjacyaha butari kumenya atari we ubutanze, nk’imyirondoro ye n’ibyo yakoraga mu kazi ke ka gisirikare, kuba yarabaye umutoza w’interahamwe i Gabiro n’ibindi; ko rero ubuhamya bwa Nyabyenda Jean- Marie Vianney budateye urujijo nk’uko Urukiko rwabanje rwabyemeje, ahubwo yahinduye imvugo ageze mu Rukiko, kubera ruswa yemerewe na Mugimba Jean- Baptiste nk’uko nawe ubwe yabyiyemereye mu ibazwa rye rya kabiri aho yavuze ko kubera ubuzima bubi bwo muri Gereza yemeye amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi ijana (100.000 Frw) ya Mugimba Jean-Baptiste akaba yari amaze kwakiraho amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi mirongo itatu (30.000 Frw), ibyo kandi hakaba hari abatangabuhamya babajijwe mu iperereza ryakozwe n’Ubushinjacyaha babyemeza, ariko Urukiko ku rwego rwa mbere rukaba rutarigeze rusuzuma inyandiko mvugo zabo ngo ruzihuze n’ibyo Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney ubwe yivugiye ku bijyanye na ruswa yahawe. [123] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza busaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gushingira ku rubanza n° RPA/GEN 0001/15/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 22/3/2019, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bandora Charles, aho muri urwo rubanza abatangabuhamya Baziga Emmanuel na Hakizimana de Gaulle basobanuye ko ibyo bavuze mu Bushinjacyaha babihatiwe, Urukiko rusanga iyo mvugo nta shingiro ifite kuko ibyo bavuze bihuye n’ibyo abandi bavuze, kandi iby’uko babivuze ku gahato bakaba batabitangira ibimenyetso; maze rwemeze ko ubuhamya bwa Nyabyenda Jean- Marie Vianney nta rujijo buteye kuko asobanura ibyo afitiye ubumenyi kandi ahuza n’ibyo abandi batangabuhamya (DAM na DFM) basobanuye, ndetse ibyo yavugiye imbere y’Urukiko ahindura imvugo akaba nta bimenyetso yabitangiye, byongeye kandi akaba yararanzwe no kwivuguruza aho yabanje kuvuga ko ibyo yavuze mu Bushinjacyaha yabihatiwe, ubundi avuga ko atariwe wabivuze, ubundi avuga ko yabivuze yacanganyikiwe, ubundi avuga ko yasubije uko Ubushinjacyaha bwabishakaga, ibyo byose bikaba bitari bikwiye gukuraho ireme ry’ibyo yavugiye mu Bushinjacyaha. [124] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ibivugwa n’Ubushinjacyaha ko ubuhamya bwa Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney yatangiye imbere yabwo bufite ireme, nta shingiro bifite kuko mu Bushinjacyaha uyu atigeze abazwa, ahubwo yasanze inyandikomvugo yateguwe akorerwa iyicarubozo kugira ngo ayisinye, ageze mu Rukiko Rukuru arabazwa avugisha ukuri, kandi ko ubuhamya bwemewe n’amategeko ari ubutangiwe mu Rukiko. Bavuga kandi ko bitumvikana ukuntu Ubushinjacyaha bwakwifuza ko Urukiko rwashingira ku nyandikomvugo bwikoreshereje bwifashishije abatangabuhamya babwo DAM na DFM batavugisha ukuri, mu gihe butigeze bukurikirana mu buryo bukurikije amategeko icyaha cya ruswa buvuga ko cyabaye, ngo bugaragaze ko ibikubiye muri izo nyandikomvugo z’abatangabuhamya bwatanze ari ukuri. [125] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bakomeza bavuga ko inyandikomvugo z’abatangabuhamya b’Ubushinjacyaha zigaragaza ko icyaha cya ruswa cyakozwe mu mwaka wa 2018, mu gihe abatangabuhamya DAM na DFM bitabye Urukiko kugira ngo batange ubuhamya bwabo bushinja Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, umwe ku wa 9/10/2018 (DAM) naho undi (DFM) ku wa 19/12/2018 no ku wa 17/1/2019, ntihagira n’umwe muri bo ubwira Urukiko ibirebana n’icyo cyaha cya ruswa mu buhamya bwe, kandi Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza ko izo nyandikomvugo zari zarakozwe mbere y’uko bitaba Urukiko, basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko ubuhamya bwa Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney yatangiye imbere y’Urukiko, ku matariki ya 29/1/2019,

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10/4/2019 na 16/5/2019 aribwo bwemewe n’Itegeko, bukanashingirwaho, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste akagirwa umwere kuko bumushinjura. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [126] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba ubuhamya bwatanzwe na Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney mu Bushinjacyaha bufite ireme ku buryo bwagombaga gushingirwaho mu guhamya Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ibyaha aregwa. [127] Ku birebana n’agaciro gahabwa ubuhamya, ingingo ya 53 y’Itegeko n° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/6/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso ivuga ko “Urwego rufite ububasha rusuzuma ukwemerwa cyangwa ukutemerwa n’agaciro by’ikimenyetso gishingiye ku buhamya. Ntirwita ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya, ahubwo rwita cyane ku bumenyi bw’ibyabaye no ku budakemwa bw’ubuhamya batanga”. [128] Ibivugwa muri iyi ngingo bihura n’ibyemejwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’uru Rukiko nk’urubanza no RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA47 n’urubanza no RPAA 00050/2024/CA48, Urukiko rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi icyizere cyangwa ireme ubuhamya bwatanzwe bukwiye guhabwa. Ari nabyo byemejwe mu rubanza n° ICTR- 01-72-A rwaciwe ku wa 18 Werurwe 2010 n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, Urugereko rw'ubujurire, Simon Bikindi aburana n’Ubushinjacyaha, aho mu gika cyarwo cya 119, rwemeje ko “Mu kugena uburemere bw’ibimenyetso byerekeranye n’ubuhamya, Urukiko ari rwo rufite ububasha (discrétion) bwo kwita ku birebana nabwo byose49”. [129] By’umwihariko, ku birebana n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe n’umutangabuhamya ku rwego rw’iperereza, buvuguruzanya n’ubwo yatanze mu Rukiko, Urukiko Rusesa imanza rwo mu Bubiligi rwemeje ko Urukiko rusuzumana ubushishozi agaciro bukwiye guhabwa, rukemeza ubwizewe50, bivuze ko Urukiko rushobora mu bushishozi bwarwo kwemeza ko ubuhamya bwatanzwe n’umutangabuhamya mu rwego rw’iperereza bwizewe kuruta ubwatanzwe mu Rukiko, cyangwa rukemeza ko ubwatanzwe mu Rukiko aribwo bwizewe kuruta ubwantanzwe mu rwego rw’iperereza. [130] Dosiye igaragaza ko umutangabuhamya Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney ari imbere y’Ubushinjacyaha ku wa 9/2/2017, yemeje ko ku itariki ya 8/4/1994, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yatumije inama mu rugo iwe igamije gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa ubwicanyi bw’Abatutsi,

47 Reba urubanza no RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na TWAHIRWA François. 48 Reba urubanza no RPAA 00050/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 26/4/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na SHEMA Ernest. 49 “In determining the weight to attach to the evidence of any witness, the Trial Chamber has a broad discretion to consider all relevant factors.” 50 ‘’ Le juge peut légalement décider que la déclaration d’un témoin entendu sans serment au cours de l’information préparatoire présente plus de crédit que celle faite ultérieurement par celui-ci à l’audience, fût-ce sous serment’’, Cass., 2 décembre 1974, J.T., 1975, P. 62 , in in Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, op.cit., P. 1052. ‘’Lorsqu’un témoin a été entendu à plusieurs reprises, le juge du fond apprécie souverainement en fait la foi qui doit être accordée aux déclarations successives d’un témoin et ce, conformément au principe de la libre appréciation de la preuve’’, Cass., 18 février 1973, Pas., I, P. 580, Cass., 14 avril 1992, Bull., 1992, P. 732, in Henri-D. Bosly et Damien Vandermeersch, op.cit., P. 942.

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yitabirwa n’abantu batandukanye nawe arimo (NyabyendaJean-Marie Vianney) nk’umusirikare wakurikiraniraga hafi ibikorwa by’interahamwe n’impuzamugambi, Col. Hakizimana Edouard uwari uyoboye ingabo mu Karere k’imirwano ka Nyamirambo, Lt. Kanyamuhanda, Lt. Musekura, Lt. Baziruwiha, Ntamfurayishyari Félix wari mu byara wa Perezida Habyarimana wakoraga muri Ambassade y’u Rwanda i Kampala, abari abayobozi ba za Segiteri (Conseillers) za Nyakabanda, Biryogo, Gitega na Nyamirambo, abahagarariye interahamwe n’impuzamugambi muri izo Segiteri barimo Ndahayo Godefroid wa Nyakabanda, Habyarimana wa Nyamirambo, hari na Zuberi na Sitan wa Gitega. [131] Mu buhamya bwa Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney mu Bushinjacyaha yakomeje avuga ko, muri iyo nama, hafashwe icyemezo cyo gushyiraho za bariyeri muri Segiteri za Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo, Biryogo na Gitega, hakorwa urutonde rw’abagombaga kwicwa, hatangwa imbunda zitanzwe na Col. Hakizimana Edouard zihabwa abayobozi bari bakuriye interahamwe n’impuzamugambi, zikwirakwizwa ku ma bariyeri, harimo na bariyeri yari ku irembo kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ihabwa umuhungu wamukoreraga witwaga Nkamiyabashaka Sostène. Yavuze kandi ko muri iyo nama Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yavuze ko uwibeshya akarya amafaranga y’Abatutsi ngo arabahisha nawe agomba kujyana nabo, anavuga ko akeneye kubona umurambo wa Bizimana Loti wari umuhanzi waje kwicwa n’uwitwa Habyarimana Fréderic. Inyandikomvugo ye mu Bushinjacyaha igaragaza ko nyuma yo kuyisoma, yemeye ko ihuye n’ibyo yavuze, ayishyiraho umukono. [132] Dosiye igaragaza ko Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney ari imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, yahinduye imvugo ashinjura Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, avuga ko inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 yahamagajwe na Ntamfurayishyari Félix iyoborwa na Col. Hakizimana Edouard wari uyoboye Akarere k’imirwano ka Kigali, ko yabereye kwa Musonera kuri Etat Major y’interahamwe mu Kagari ka Munanira, Segiteri ya Nyakabanda aho abayobozi ba CDR na MRND bateraniraga, ko Mugimba Jean- Baptiste atigeze yitabira iyo nama. Yavuze kandi ko inyandikomvugo yo mu Bushinjacyaha yasanze iteguwe ayisinyishwa ku gahato51. [133] Nk’uko byagarutsweho haruguru, mu buhamya bwa DAM yatanze mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, yemeje ko yitabiriye inama yabere kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ku wa 8/4/1994, avuga ko iyo nama yatumijwe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ibera iwe mu rugo, yitabirirwa b’abantu batandukanye barimo Col. Hakizimana, Dr. Mugenzi Joseph, Mbarushimana Callixte, Niyibizi Alphonse, Kivuta Regero Innocent, Kigingi Habyarimana wari interahamwe, Rwagahunga Innocent wari umu Serire muri Kabuguru, Sakabaka, Zacharie, Mudahinduka Jean-Marie Vianney alias Zuzu, Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney, Twahirwa Oreste n’abandi bantu 8 bari hanze bacunze umutekano. Yavuze kandi ko muri iyo nama hakozwe ama liste y’Abatutsi n’ibyitso bagombaga kwicwa52. [134] Muri dosiye hari na none ubuhamya bwa DFM yatanze nawe mu Rukiko rwabanje, yemeza ko ku itariki ya 8/4/1994 kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste habereye inama, ko n’ubwo atari ayirimo ariko yarimo abantu bakoranaga bamubwiye ko yabayeho, anayibwirwa na resiponsabule wa Selire witwa Kaboneye Théoneste ndetse na Nyirimanzi Grégoire. Mu buhamya bwe avuga ko iyo

51 Reba inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ry’urubanza rujuririrwa yo ku wa 29/1/2019. 52 Reba inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ry’urubanza rujuririrwa yo ku wa 9/10/2018.

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nama yitabiriwe n’abantu benshi barimo Col. Hakizimana Edouard, Capt. Nyaminani, interahamwe yitwagaga Habyarimana alias Kigingi, Niyibizi Alphonse n’abandi, ko muri iyo nama hakozwe ama liste y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa, hanatangwa n’imbunda mu ma Segiteri ya Nyakabanda na Nyamirambo53.

[135] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 72 na 73 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwabanje rwasanze amakuru yatanzwe na Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney ku bijyanye n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994 atashingirwaho kubera ko ibyo yavugiye mu Bushinjacyaha ku wa 9/2/2017, yageze mu Rukiko akabihindura avuga ko iyo nama itabereye mu rugo kwa Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ku wa 8/4/1994, ahubwo yabereye mu Nyakabanda ku kabari ka Musonera hitwaga kuri Etat Major y’interahamwe, kandi uburyo avugamo uko yakoreshejwe inyandikomvugo y’ibazwa rye mu Bushinjacyaha burimo urujijo ku buryo itagomba gushingirwaho kubera ko hamwe avuga ko yahamagajwe n’Abashinjacyaha bamwereka inyandikomvugo iteguye, nyuma yo kuyisoma bamusaba kuyisinya arabyemera, ahandi akavuga ko bamusabye kuyisoma kugira ngo yohererezwe Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru aho yaje kuyisinyira, ahandi akavuga ko iyo nyandikomvugo bari barayiteguriye undi muntu bakoranye ibyaha maze bahindura amazina ye bayasimbuza aya Mugimba Jean- Baptiste. [136] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko imvugo za Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney mu Bushinjacyaha zitagomba gushingirwaho, kuko ubuhamya bwemewe n’amategeko ari ubwatangiwe mu Rukiko, bityo ko ubwo yatanze mu Rukiko rubanza aribwo bukwiye gushingirwaho, akagirwa umwere, bitahabwa agaciro kubera ko hashingiwe ku mirongo yagaragajwe haruguru, mu manza nshinjabyaha ibimenyetso byose byemewe, ko ikimenyetso ababuranyi bagize icyo bavugaho mu iburanisha gishobora gushingirwaho mu gufata icyemezo54, Urukiko rukaba rushobora kwemeza ko ubuhamya bwatanzwe n’umutangabuhamya mu rwego rw’iperereza bwizewe kuruta ubwatanzwe mu Rukiko, cyangwa ubwatanzwe mu Rukiko nabwo bwizewe kuruta ubwatanzwe mu rwego rw’iperereza. [137] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste ko nk’uko Urukiko rwabanje rwabyemeje, imvugo za Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney mu Bushinjacyaha zitera gushidikanya, zikaba zitashingirwaho, kuko mu Rukiko yaravuze ko ubuhamya bukubiye mu nyandikomvugo yo mu Bushinjacyaha yasanze iteguye bamusaba kuyisinya arabyemera, ubundi avuga ko bamusabye kuyisoma kugira ngo yohererezwe Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru aho yaje kuyisinyira, ubundi akavuga ko iyo nyandikomvugo bari barayiteguriye undi muntu bakoranye ibyaha maze bahindura amazina ye bayasimbuza aya Mugimba Jean-Baptiste, bitahabwa agaciro kubera ko mu gihe uwo mutangabuhamya ataragaragarije Urukiko rubanza ikimenyetso gishimangira ibyo yavuze, imvugo ze mu Bushinjacyaha zitari guteshwa agaciro, bikaba ari nako urwo Rukiko rwagombaga kubibona. [138] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, rushingiye rero ku bisobanuro bigaragara mu bika bibanziriza aka, ku ngingo ya 53 y’Itegeko n° 062/2024 ryavuzwe haruguru no ku murongo watanzwe mu manza zaciwe n’uru Rukiko zagaragajwe haruguru no mu rubanza n° ICTR-01-72-A narwo rwavuzwe

53 Reba inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ry’urubanza rujuririrwa yo ku wa19/12/2018

54 Reba igika cya 95 cy’urubanza n° RPA 00016/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 22/3/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha, ABAYISENGA Vénant na bagenzi be

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haruguru, rurasanga ubuhamya bwa Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney bwo mu Bushinjacyaha ku wa 9/2/2017 ku bijyanye n’inama yo ku wa 8/4/1994, bwaragombaga guhabwa ishingiro bugashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko kuri iyo tariki ya 8/4/1994, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yakoresheje inama iwe mu rugo icurirwamo umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi cyane cyane ko ubwo buhamya buhura neza n’ubwa DAM na DFM bwagaragajwe haruguru, ndetse bukaba bwaranashingiweho mu rubanza rujuririrwa55. [139] Naho ku bijyanye n’imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha y’uko kuba Nyabyenda Jean- Marie Vianney yarahinduye imvugo ageze mu Rukiko yabitewe na ruswa yemerewe na Mugimba Jean- Baptiste, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga hashingiwe ku byavuzwe haruguru atari ngombwa kubigarukaho. [140] Kubera impamvu zose zimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko rwabanje rwarakoze ikosa ryo kudaha agaciro ubuhamya bwa Nyabyenda Jean-Marie Vianney bwo mu Bushinjacyaha ku wa 9/2/2017, bityo iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha ikaba ifite shingiro. b. Kumenya niba Mugimba Jean-Baptiste atari akwiriye kugabanyirizwa igihano [141] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu Rukiko rubanza bwasabye ko Mugimba Jean- Baptise yahanishwa igifungo cya burundu, bunagaragaza impamvu aricyo gihano akwiye guhanishwa, zirimo kuba ibikorwa yakoze byaragize ingaruka ziremereye mu muryango nyarwanda kuko byatumye hapfa umubare munini w’Abatutsi bo muri Komine Nyarugenge, by’umwihariko muri Segiteri ya Nyakabanda, no kuba umwanya n’ububasha Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yari afite ku bayoboke ba CDR n’abaturage muri rusange, byaratumye ku itariki ya 8/4/1994 akoresha inama mu rugo, abakangurira kwitabira ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga Abatutsi, ibyo byose bikaba byari bikwiye kwitabwaho mu kugena ibihano akwiye guhanishwa. [142] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru ntacyo rwavuze kuri izo mpamvu, busanga ari inenge igomba gukosorwa, kuko n’ubwo Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kugabanyiriza uregwa igihano, ariko rugomba no ku bitangira ibisobanuro, bitandukanye n’ibyo rwemeje mu rubanza rujuririrwa ko uregwa agomba kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko atagoye Urukiko, bikaba bidahagije, kuko hari hakenewe ibisobanuro ku buryo umuntu yakwumva ko igifungo cya burundu cyasabwe kitari gikwiriye; busaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko Mugimba Jean- Baptiste ahabwa igifungo cya burundu bwari bwasabye kuko bwatanze ibisobanuro bigaragaza impamvu bumusabira icyo gihano. [143] Mugimba Jean-Baptiste n’abamwunganira bavuga ko mu Rukiko rubanza, Ubushinjacyaha bwasabye ko yahanishwa igifungo cya burundu, bunagaragaza impamvu bugisaba, nabo basaba ko yagabanyirizwa igihano n’icyo babishingiro, Urukiko rufata icyemezo cyo kumugabanyiriza igihano, rubitangira ibisobanuro nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 183 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ko batabona impamvu Ubushinjacyaha bujurira igihano cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25) Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yahanishijwe mu gihe bwemera ko Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kugabanyiriza uregwa igihano, bukanagaragaza itegeko ribigena, byongeye urubanza rujuririrwa rwamaze imyaka irenga itanu (5) ruburanishwa mu mizi ku rwego rwa mbere, nta munsi n’umwe

55 Reba igika cya 57 n’icya 58 by’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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uregwa yigeze yanga kwitaba Urukiko, cyangwa ngo agaragaze uguhangana n’ubutabera, ahubwo yatanze ibisobanuro bye mu kinyabupfura cyagaragariye buri muntu wese ku birego byose Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze, basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro bufite. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [144] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba uburemere bw’ibyaha uregwa yahamijwe n’umwanya n’ububasha yari afite muri CDR no ku baturage muri rusange byari kuba impamvu yo kutamugabanyiriza igihano ku rwego rwa mbere. [145] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza n° RPA 00060/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 4/4/2022,Umucamanza, mu gutanga igihano, areba imibereho y’uwakoze icyaha mbere yo kugikora, igihe yagikoraga na nyuma yo kugikora, akazihuza n’uko icyaha cyakozwe, uburemere bwacyo n’ingaruka cyateye muri sosiyete, ndetse afite uburenganzira bwo kugenera ukurikiranywe, impamvu nyoroshyacyaha n’ubwo icyaha aregwa cyaba ari icyaha cy’ubugome (crime) cyangwa icyaha gikomeye (délit), kuko nta mwihariko Itegeko ryashyize ku cyaha runaka56. [146] Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko kwemeza impamvu nyoroshyacyaha bidakuraho uburemere bw’icyaha, bivuze ko kugabanyiriza igihano uwahamwe n’icyaha bitagabanya na gato uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze57. Ibyo byumvikanisha ko uburemere bw’icyaha n’impamvu nkomezacyaha zigize icyaha, bitabangamira Umucamanza kwemeza mu nyungu z’uwahamwe n’icyaha impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zagaragaye, agamije kumugenera mu bushishozi bwe igihano gishingiye k’uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo n’imibereho ye bwite (individualisation de la peine), ari yo mpamvu Umushingamategeko yateganyije ko Umucamanza, mu kugena igihano, agomba kwita ku mpamvu nkomezacyaha no ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha58. [147] Ku birebana n’ibyaha Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yahamijwe, dosiye igaragaza ko yahamijwe icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso (ubufatanyacyaha) muri jonoside. Ibi byaha bikaba bihanwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 93, agace ka 1° n’aka 5°, y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu59. Naho ku bijyanye n’ihanwa ry’icyaha cya jenoside, ingingo ya 92 y’Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa haruguru iteganya uwagihamijwe ahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu.

56 Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwatanze uwo murongo rusobanura ibingomba kumvikana mu bivugwa mu ngingo ya 49 n’iya 58 z’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. 57 “Un constat de circonstances atténuantes se réfère à l’évaluation de la sentence et n’ôte rien à la gravité de l’infraction. Il atténue la peine et non le crime. On n’observera toutefois que l’atténuation de la peine ne réduit en aucune façon le degré de gravité du crime, la question relève davantage du pardon que du moyen justificatif’’, affaire n˚ ICTR-97-23-S, Procureur contre Jean KAMBANDA, Jugement portant condamnation, P.27, n˚56. 58 Ingingo ya 49, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko n˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. 34 Igika cya 675 n’icya 678 by’urubanza rujuririrwa. 59 Ivuga ko “Bitabangamiye ibiteganywa n’izindi ngingo z’iri tegeko ku byerekeye ubwinjiracyaha, gucura umugambi wo gukora icyaha n’ubufatanyacyaha, ibikorwa bikurikira bihanishwa ibihano biteganyirijwe icyaha cya jenoside: 1º gucura umugambi wo gukora Jenoside; 5º ubufatanyacyaha muri Jenoside”.

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[148] Nk’uko kopi y’urubanza rujuririrwa ibigaragaza mu gika cya 183 n’icya 184, mu Rukiko rubanza, Mugimba Jean-Baptiste yagabanyirijwe igihano, ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25), aho guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu giteganyijwe ku byaha yahamijwe birimo icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside (complicity in jenoside), harebwe imikorere y’ibyo byaha no kuba ataragoye ubutabera. [149] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo Urukiko rubanza rwagabanyirije Mugimba Jean- Baptiste igihano mu bushishozi bwarwo, rutari rukwiye kwemeza ko agabanyirizwa igihano giteganywa n’Itegeko ku mpamvu y’uko atarugoye aburana, rutagaragaje mu buryo bwumvikana ibyo rushingiraho, bityo uru Rukiko rukaba rutemeranywa n’ibyemejwe ku rwego rwa mbere. [150] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo ibyaha yahamijwe ari ibyaha by’ubugome biremereye, birebewe hamwe n’ububasha yari afite muri CDR nk’uko Ubushinjacyaha bubivuga, hashingiwe ku murongo wagaragajwe haruguru, bitabuza ko Mugimba Jean-Baptiste agabanyirizwa igihano mu gihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha. Uru Rukiko rurasanga na none mu iburanisha rya Mugimba Jean-Baptiste muri uru Rukiko no mu Rukiko rwabanje, Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yaragize imyifatire myiza yatumye iburanisha ry’urubanza rigenda neza kuko nta subika ry’urubanza ryabayeho rimuturutseho cyangwa ngo habe izindi mpamvu zatinza urubanza ahubwo igihe cyose yagaragaje ubushake bwo kuburana no kugira ngo iburanisha rigende neza, bityo aka atararuhije Urukiko. Rurasanga kuba atararuhije Urukiko urwo arirwo rwose nk’uko bimaze kuvugwa haruguru, byamubera impamvu ituma agabanyirizwa igihano giteganywa n’Itegeko, agahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25), aho guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu. [151] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro ifite. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [152] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Mugimba Jean-Baptiste nta shingiro bufite. [153] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [154] Rwemeje ko urubanza no RP/GEN 00002/2017/HC/HCCIC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi ku wa 17/3/2022 rudahindutse. [155] Rwemeje ko igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25) Mugimba Jean- Baptiste yahawe ku rwego rwa mbere kigumyeho. [156] Rwemeje ko amagarama y’urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta.