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South Africa Judgment

Western Cape High Court, Cape Town

Afrikaner v S (A572/08) [2009] ZAWCHC 129 (7 March 2009)

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01

Holding and result

The court found that there was no improper splitting of charges, as the acts of dealing and possession were separate and not necessarily committed with a single intent or as a continuous transaction. The evidence required to prove possession was not sufficient to prove dealing, and vice versa. Regarding sentence, the court held that the sentence of 36 months' imprisonment was excessive and inappropriate given the appellant's personal circumstances, limited previous convictions, and the small scale of his involvement in drug dealing. The court applied established principles distinguishing between large-scale, sophisticated dealers and minor offenders, concluding that imprisonment was not warranted in this case. The appeal against sentence succeeded, and the sentence was substituted with a fine and a suspended term of imprisonment.

Court disposition

Appeal against sentence upheld; original sentence set aside and replaced.

Orders

  • For purposes of sentence, counts 3 and 4 are taken together. The accused is sentenced to a fine of R2,000 (two thousand rand), or, in default of payment, to imprisonment for six (6) months.
  • In addition, the accused is sentenced to a further six (6) months' imprisonment, wholly suspended for three (3) years on condition that he is not convicted of an offence under section 5(a) or (b) of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992 committed during the period of suspension.
  • This sentence comes into operation on 9 July 2008.

02

Material facts

Parties

Bernard Afrikaner

Appellant Counsel: Brand

The State

Respondent Counsel: Cook

Amounts and remedies

  • Fine Imposed: ZAR 2,000
  • Suspended Imprisonment (months): ZAR 6

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal / Appeal Against Sentence

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The appellant argued that the convictions on both possession and dealing in dagga amounted to an improper splitting of charges, as both offences occurred at the same time and place. He contended that the acts constituted a single criminal transaction and that the evidence for one charge would necessarily prove the other. Furthermore, the appellant submitted that the sentence of 36 months' imprisonment was unduly harsh, considering his limited previous convictions, personal circumstances, and the small scale of his involvement in drug dealing.
Respondent
The respondent conceded that the sentence imposed was excessive and inappropriate under the circumstances. However, the State maintained that there was no improper splitting of charges, as the acts of dealing and possession were distinct and not necessarily committed with a single intent or as a continuous transaction. The evidence required to prove possession was not sufficient to prove dealing, and vice versa.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    S v Toubie 2004 (1) SASV 530 (W); R v Johannes 1925 TPD 782

    To determine whether there is improper splitting of charges, courts apply two practical tests: whether multiple acts were committed with a single intent as a continuous criminal transaction, and whether the evidence necessary to establish one crime involves proving another crime. The application of these tests depends on the circumstances of each case.

  2. 02

    S v Mthembu and Another 1992 (1) SASV 683 (W); S v Kekana 1989 (3) SA 513 (T); S v Serumala 1978 (4) SA 811 (NC); S v Nkabinda 1993 (1) SASV 6 (A)

    There is a distinction between sophisticated drug dealers operating on a large scale and unsophisticated small-scale offenders. Sentencing should reflect compassion and understanding for minor offenders, and imprisonment may not be appropriate for small-scale, unsophisticated dealers.

  3. 03

    Section 17(e) of Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992; S v Mlambo 2007 (1) SASV 664 (W)

    Mandatory imprisonment for dealing in dagga may be suspended under the relevant statute.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The court found that there was no improper splitting of charges, as the acts of dealing and possession were separate and not necessarily committed with a single intent or as a continuous transaction. The evidence required to prove possession was not sufficient to prove dealing, and vice versa. Regarding sentence, the court held that the sentence of 36 months' imprisonment was excessive and inappropriate given the appellant's personal circumstances, limited previous convictions, and the small scale of his involvement in drug dealing. The court applied established principles distinguishing between large-scale, sophisticated dealers and minor offenders, concluding that imprisonment was not warranted in this case. The appeal against sentence succeeded, and the sentence was substituted with a fine and a suspended term of imprisonment.

Obiter and limits

  • The court emphasized that small-scale dagga dealers are often reckless due to ignorance rather than malice, and their offences should be approached with compassion.
  • The court noted that the appellant's previous conviction was remote in time and involved a minor quantity, further justifying a lenient approach to sentencing.
  • The court reiterated that deterrence and rehabilitation are primary considerations in sentencing minor drug offenders, rather than retribution.

Court disposition

Appeal against sentence upheld; original sentence set aside and replaced.

  • For purposes of sentence, counts 3 and 4 are taken together. The accused is sentenced to a fine of R2,000 (two thousand rand), or, in default of payment, to imprisonment for six (6) months.
  • In addition, the accused is sentenced to a further six (6) months' imprisonment, wholly suspended for three (3) years on condition that he is not convicted of an offence under section 5(a) or (b) of the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992 committed during the period of suspension.
  • This sentence comes into operation on 9 July 2008.

Source and reliance status

Western Cape High Court, Cape Town

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

Judgment reading view

Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

Western Cape High Court, Cape Town

Judgment

[2009] ZAWCHC 129

IN DIE HOOGGEREGSHOF VAN SUID-AFRIKA

(KAAP DIE GOEIE HOOP PROVINSIALE AFDELING)

SAAKNOMMER: A.572/08

DATUM: 6 MAART 2009

In die saak tussen:

BERNARD AFRIKANER Appellanten

DIE STAAT Respondent

UJTSPRAAK

THRING. R:

Die appellant in hierdie saak is van vier aanklagte in die landdroshof aangekla. Aanklagte 1 en 2 is teruggetrek. Aanklag 3 was h oortreding van artikel 5 (a)/(b) van die Wet op Dwelmmiddels en Dwelmsmokkelary, No.140 van 1992, deurdat die appellant na bewering op 24 Mer 2007 in tien stoppe dagga handel gedryf het. Aanklag 4 was dat die appellant op dieselfde datum en plek in besit was van 585 gram dagga wat n oortreding was van artikel 4 (a)/(b) van dieselfde Wet. Op hierdie twee aanklagte het die appellant skuldig gepleit en, nadat hy 'n pleitverduideliking ingevolge artikel 112(2) van die Straf proseswet, No.51 van 1977 ingehandig net, is hy tereg deur die landdros aan beide aanklagte skuldig bevind. Die landdros het die twee aanklagte vir doeleindes van vonnis saamgeneem en horn fn vonnis van 36 maande gevangenisstraf opgele. Met verlof van die tanrJdros kom die appellant teen sy vonnis in hoer beroep na hierdie

Hof.

Alvorens ek met die appel handet, moet eers die betoog van mnr Brand, wat namens die appellant voor ons verskyn, in sy hoofde gemaak het, oorweeg word, nl. dat hierdie Hof op hersiening met die skuldigbevinding van die appellant moet inmeng op grond daarvan dat die twee aanklagte waaraan die appellant skuldig bevind is, op *n splitsing of duplisering van aanklagte neerkom. Volgens die klagstaat en die appellant se pleitverduideliking het altwee misdade op dieselfde datum en plek plaasgevind, naamlik op 24 Mei 2007 en wel by die appellant se huis te Mossiestraat, Ladtsmith. Wat aanklag 3 betref, het die appellant erken dat hy tien stoppe dagga aan Vi lokvink vir R20 verkoop het. Wat aanklag 4 betref, het hy ook erken dat die polfsie daarna sy huis deursoek het en 585 gram dagga in Vi plastiese saak daarin gekry het. Mnr Brand het ons in sy hoofde verwys r»a die beslisstng in S v TOUBIE, 2004(1) SASV 530 (W) waar die toepaslike toetse vir splitsing uiteengesit is. Op 546d-g het FABER, WnR soos volg gese:

"Om te beslis of daar 'n onbehoorlike splitsing van aanklagte is, het ons Howe hu( veral van twee praktiese hulpmiddels bedien, naamlik:

waar meerdere handelinge plaasgevind hetp of hulle met h enkele opset verrig is as Yi voortgesette gebeurtenis;

waar die getuienis om die een aanklag te bewys ook met een die ander aanklag bewys. Regter-President CURLEWIS het hierdie twee hulpmiddels soos volg geformuleer in R v JOHANNES. 1925 TPD 782 te 786:

"...it seems to me that the Court can safely lay down that under certain circumstances both those tests, or the one, or the other, may be applied, namely the test of whether two acts were done with a single intent and constitute one continuous criminal transaction, and the test as to whether the evidence necessary to establish one crime involves proving another crime. It depends entirely on the circumstances of each particular case."'

Na my oordeel kan daar in die onderhawige geval geen sprake van spfitsing wees nie. Mnr Brand se betoog moet op albei toetse, myns insiens, skipbreuk ly. Die meerdere handeMnge van die appellant deurdat hy die tien stoppe dagga aan die lokvink verkoop het en die aparte 585 gram dagga in sy besit later gehad het, is nie noodwendig met "n enkele opset deur horn verrig as 'n voortgesette gebeurtenis nie: hy kon byvoorbeeld die tien stoppe dagga besit het met die spesifieke doel om dit aan semand anders te verkoop, terwyl hy die 585 gram dagga vir sy eie private gebruik mag besit het.

Tweedens, die getuienis wat nodig sou gewees het om blote besit van dagga te bewys, naamlik aanklag 4T sou natuuriik nie op sigswelwe voJdoende gewees het om te bewys dat die appellant in die dagga handel gedryf het nie (aanklag 3).

Ek handel vervofgens met die kwessie van vonnis. Die vonnis van 36 maande gevangenisstraf wat die landdros opgele het, is myns insiens in al die omstandighede buitensporig, skokkend onvanpas en hopeloos te swaar. Me Cook, namens die staat, het dit ook toegegee. Die appellant is 33 jaar oud, met slegs n skoolopleiding tot Std.6. Hy is as algemene arbeider werksaam. Hy het slegs een verwante vorige veroordeling. Hy is R300 beboet vir besit van dagga, en dit was in 2000. Hy het klaarbiykltk op n baie klein skaalse basis in dagga handel gedryf, en is glad nie Yi gesofistikeerde handelaar wat met groot hoeveelhede dwelms of met 'n verfynde infrastrukture handet nie. So lank getede soos 1993 het hierdie Hof hom oor die onderwerp van vonnisse in soortgeiyke gevalle uitgelaat. In S v THYS MANUEL EN 3 ANDER. Saaknommer A1840/1993, KPA, 11 Oktober 1993 (ongerapporteer), op bladsy 5 en volgende van die getikte uitspraak is die volgende gese:

"In S v MTHEMBU AND ANOTHER. 1992(1) SASV 683 (W) het MAHOMED, R na die belangrike onderskeid verwys wat getrek moet word tussen die verfynde handelaar wat in groot hoeveelhede dwelmmiddels en met 'n Ingewikkelde infrastruktuur handel dryf, aan die een kant en die ongesofistikeerde, eenvoudige kleinhandelaar aan die ander kant. Op 684f-g het hy gese:

'Whilst it is true, as the magistrate says, that dealing in dagga is a serious offence, there are different gradations of seriousness

ranging from the sophisticated dealer trafficking in massive quantities with a complex infrastructure, to the unsophisticated

woman whose tempted to effect a small distribution through a matchbox on a street-corner to earn a few rands. The

conduct of the first accused in the instant case falls within the latter category. It is not in die public interest to punish such a offender with such devastating consequences. The punishment of such an offender must be approached with compassion and understanding.' [Sien ook S v KEKANA. 1989(3) SA 513 <T) op 5151 en S v SERUMALA. 1978(4} SA 811 (NK) te 814A- Die Appelhof het by monde van VAN DEN HEEVER, AR hierdie onderskeid en benadering in S v NKABINDA. 1993(1) SASV 6 (A) goedgekeur. Op 9d-g het die geleerde Regter van Appel die volgende gese:

'Whilst it is true, as the magistrate says, that dealing in dagga is a serious offence, there are different gradations of seriousness

ranging from the sophisticated dealer trafficking in massive quantities with a complex infrastructure, to the unsophisticated

woman whose tempted to effect a small distribution through a matchbox on a street-corner to earn a few rands. The

conduct of the first accused in the instant case falls within the latter category. It is not in die public interest to punish such a offender with such devastating consequences. The punishment of such an offender must be approached with compassion and understanding.'

[Sien ook S v KEKANA. 1989(3) SA 513 <T) op 5151 en S v SERUMALA. 1978(4} SA 811 (NK) te 814A-

Die Appelhof het by monde van VAN DEN HEEVER,

AR hierdie onderskeid en benadering in S v NKABINDA. 1993(1) SASV 6 (A) goedgekeur. Op 9d-g het die geleerde Regter van Appel die volgende gese:

“Die kleinhandelaar in dagga is dikwels onbesonne omdat hy onkundig is oor die redes waarom die gebruik van dagga verbied word en nie boosaardig nie. Appellant se oortreding ressorteer eerder onder die kader van gevalle soos S v LAKAJE. 1990(2) SA 515 (O) as ander gevalle waar die motief vir handeldryf slegs hebsug is. Niemand sou, inagnemend die onbetwiste feite wat sy ter versagting aangevoer het, die etiket van 'vicious' om haar nek kon hang nie. Afgesien van die faktore in haar guns wat deur die Hof a quo genoem is, word haar oortreding met minder afkeur deur dte gewone mens beoordeel as handel in kokaine of mandrax of soortgelyke stowwe. Daar is geen aanduiding dat haar optrede uitermatig skadelik was nie -byvoorbeeld dat sy kinderkliente gehad het, of kiandisie probeer werf het, nog minder dat sy iemand aangemoedig het met dagga te eksperimenteer. Ek sien geen nut daarin om hierdie vrou na die gevangenis te stuur nie, ondanks die misnoee waarmee handel in dagga deur die Wetgewer bejeen word. Afskrikking en hervorming kort sy self prima facie n'te.' (Die verwysing in hierdie passasie na S v LAKAJE is terloops foutief: die saak word in die S A Strafregverslae gerapporteer, en nie in die SA Hofverslae nie.)” As 'n mens hierdie beginsels en benadering op die onderhawige geval toepas, moet daar ongetwyfeld myns insiens by die landdros se vonnis ingemeng word as synde

buitensporig swaar. Selfs met fa vorige veroordeling vir besit van dagga, behoort hierdie appellant nie in die gevangenis nie. Sy enkele verwante vorige veroordeling het boonop so lank gelede as 3 April 2000 geskied, dit wil se meer as sewe jaar voor sy onderhawige oortredings. Die hoeveelhefd dagga daar betrokke, dit wil se in 2000, kon ook nie baie groot gewees het nie, as 'n mens na die boete van slegs R300 kyk wat horn op daardie geleentheid opgele is. Ingevolge die bepallngs van artikel 17(e) van die betrokke Wet is gevangenisstraf ten opsigte van aanklag 3 verpligtend, maar dit kan opgeskort word: sien S v MLAMBO. 2007(1) SASV 664 (W) op 667g-h. Na my oordeel moet die appel teen die appellant se vonnis dus slag. Die vonnis word derhalwe ter syde gestel en met die volgende vonnis vervang:

“Die kleinhandelaar in dagga is dikwels onbesonne omdat hy onkundig is oor die redes waarom die gebruik van dagga verbied word en nie boosaardig nie. Appellant se oortreding ressorteer eerder onder die kader van gevalle soos S v LAKAJE. 1990(2) SA 515 (O) as ander gevalle waar die motief vir handeldryf slegs hebsug is. Niemand sou, inagnemend die onbetwiste feite wat sy ter versagting aangevoer het, die etiket van 'vicious' om haar nek kon hang nie. Afgesien van die faktore in haar guns wat deur die Hof a quo genoem is, word haar oortreding met minder afkeur deur dte gewone mens beoordeel as handel in kokaine of mandrax of soortgelyke stowwe. Daar is geen aanduiding dat haar optrede uitermatig skadelik was nie -byvoorbeeld dat sy kinderkliente gehad het, of kiandisie probeer werf het, nog minder dat sy iemand aangemoedig het met dagga te eksperimenteer. Ek sien geen nut daarin om hierdie vrou na die gevangenis te stuur nie, ondanks die misnoee waarmee handel in dagga deur die Wetgewer bejeen word. Afskrikking en hervorming kort sy self prima facie n'te.' (Die verwysing in hierdie passasie na S v LAKAJE is terloops foutief: die saak word in die S A Strafregverslae gerapporteer, en nie in die SA Hofverslae nie.)”

As 'n mens hierdie beginsels en benadering op die onderhawige geval toepas, moet daar ongetwyfeld myns insiens by die landdros se vonnis ingemeng word as synde buitensporig swaar. Selfs met fa vorige veroordeling vir besit van dagga, behoort hierdie appellant nie in die gevangenis nie. Sy enkele verwante vorige veroordeling het boonop so lank gelede as 3 April 2000 geskied, dit wil se meer as sewe jaar voor sy onderhawige oortredings. Die hoeveelhefd dagga daar betrokke, dit wil se in 2000, kon ook nie baie groot gewees het nie, as 'n mens na die boete van slegs R300 kyk wat horn op daardie geleentheid opgele is.

Ingevolge die bepallngs van artikel 17(e) van die betrokke Wet is gevangenisstraf ten opsigte van aanklag 3 verpligtend, maar dit kan opgeskort word: sien S v MLAMBO. 2007(1) SASV 664 (W) op 667g-h.

Na my oordeel moet die appel teen die appellant se vonnis dus slag. Die vonnis word derhalwe ter syde gestel en met die volgende vonnis vervang:

"Vir doeleindes van vonnis word aanklagte 3 en 4 saamgeneem. Die beskuldigde word tot fa boete van R2 000 (TWEEDUISEND RAND) aevonnis of, by wanbetaling daarvan, tot gevangenisstraf vir SES (6) MAANDE. Daarbenewens word hy gevonnis tot gevangenisstraf vir Tn verdere SES (6) MAANDE, wat in sy geheel vir drie (3) jaar opgeskort word op voorwaarde dat hy nie aan 'n oortreding van artikel 5(a) of (b) van die Wet op Dwelmmiddels en Dwelmsmokkelary, No.140 van 1992, skuldig bevind word nie, wat binne die tydperk van opskorting gepleeg is. Hierdie vonnis tree in werking op 9 Julie 2008." THRING,

R VAN PER MERWE . WnR: Ek stem saam. VAN DER MERWE, WnR

"Vir doeleindes van vonnis word aanklagte 3 en 4 saamgeneem. Die beskuldigde word tot fa boete van R2 000 (TWEEDUISEND RAND) aevonnis of, by wanbetaling daarvan, tot gevangenisstraf vir SES (6) MAANDE. Daarbenewens word hy gevonnis tot gevangenisstraf vir Tn verdere SES (6) MAANDE, wat in sy geheel vir drie (3) jaar opgeskort word op voorwaarde dat hy nie aan 'n oortreding van artikel 5(a) of (b) van die Wet op Dwelmmiddels en Dwelmsmokkelary, No.140 van 1992, skuldig bevind word nie, wat binne die tydperk van opskorting gepleeg is. Hierdie vonnis tree in werking op 9 Julie 2008."

THRING,

R

VAN PER MERWE . WnR: Ek stem saam.

VAN DER MERWE, WnR

Source wording is retained. Consult the source document for its original formatting and pagination.

Authorities

Authorities used by the court

Cases, legislation, regulations, and constitutional provisions identified in the available record.

S v Toubie 2004 (1) SASV 530 (W)

Case cited

R v Johannes 1925 TPD 782

Case cited

S v Mthembu and Another 1992 (1) SASV 683 (W)

Case cited

S v Kekana 1989 (3) SA 513 (T)

Case cited

S v Serumala 1978 (4) SA 811 (NC)

Case cited

S v Nkabinda 1993 (1) SASV 6 (A)

Case cited

S v Lakaje 1990 (2) SA 515 (O)

Case cited

S v Mlambo 2007 (1) SASV 664 (W)

Case cited

Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

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