Tanzania Judgment

TZHC

19770926 TZHC Mwanza1

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Source document

01

Holding and result

The court found that the identification of the appellant as one of the robbers was sufficiently established by both the complainant and Pw2, who had ample opportunity to observe him under adequate lighting. The conviction was justified, and the statutory minimum sentence was appropriate.

Court disposition

appeal dismissed

Orders

  • conviction and sentence affirmed

02

Material facts

Parties

Appellant (third accused at trial)

Appellant

Republic

Respondent

Amounts and remedies

  • Sentence: years 7

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal / Judgment

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The appellant argued that the identification evidence was unreliable, citing difficulties in conditions at the time of the robbery and delay in arrest. He claimed he was not sufficiently identified by the witnesses and challenged the timeline of his arrest and involvement.
Respondent
The respondent maintained that the identification was sufficiently established by both the complainant and Pw2, who had ample opportunity to observe the appellant during the robbery. The prosecution argued that the conviction and sentence were justified based on the evidence presented.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    R v Turnbull [1976] 3 All ER 549

    Identification evidence must be watertight, especially when it is the sole basis for conviction.

  2. 02

    East African Court of Appeal, cited case: Roria v Republic [1967] EA 583

    Conviction can be based on circumstantial or direct evidence if the conditions favoring correct identification are met.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The court found that the identification of the appellant as one of the robbers was sufficiently established by both the complainant and Pw2, who had ample opportunity to observe him under adequate lighting. The conviction was justified, and the statutory minimum sentence was appropriate.

Obiter and limits

  • The circumstances surrounding the application for acquittal of the first accused were highly suspicious, but no further comment was made as it was not central to the appeal.
  • Had the appellant been served with notice of enhancement, the court would have considered increasing the sentence due to aggravating factors.

Court disposition

appeal dismissed

  • conviction and sentence affirmed

Source and reliance status

TZHC · 26 September 1977

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Judgment text

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Source document

TZHC

Judgment· 26 September 1977

19770926 TZHC Mwanza1

\ . \ '·,_,.. JUEJJTJ.:71 Cl o o O O ,O O • o O O O O O O O O <! 0 0 i:; 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 h.T]:ELLLNT vor::3U8 . • 000 000 00 00 0 00000 0000 0 0 0 Cl O 000 0000.0. CHLRGE:- Robbery r,,j-t;h ,Jiclcncc c/s 285 ,._nc1 2£36 of tho I1erJ0.)_ CQ·c1o .Cr-~J_)olG "7c:l.J_ of -~110 TJC..1 {f1. 1 Thu nppoJj_:'.:nt to :,Jt'FT -i,;:Lth th1"eo others ·:rnr6 jointly tried · on n ch:--:.rce _cf rob'.Jd'Y ·;.:"ith ·,j_olcneD contr:-~ry .to Ernc-tions 285 ··r;..11cl 2sq.. Tl.~o. ·L.1~-.;.r:. \l'TlJ.G·~-~1.~~~;)<J~·.:r·(J{~~· (-~.t rJccct:t(1 :-'..C-cUs.0·c1 ,·-··.t the t,rin.l w~.s- c.cg_1;tttc~ ~-·_f-:~,;:" \ 1--:-:-~nL: his :~efcricc :2L.~- on tl1.o r--J;plic:·•':7ion of the 10arr1ut rn1·u1ic proc:,;0cutor. ·.chc circu;-:iitr-1.ndc:s surrouncling the s2,j_c~ ;--~r;plj_c·-,.tio11 c..x·c r1o·t o.--:.sy--- ,+c; 'm'i·~~(;·rst~jnc}. 11.s· ·~-~· !J~·~ttcr of f.':.ct tllcy ,..,re: hichly sus:::j_cir::unr~. Howcv.:..:r, I c~o not intend to EK',ke o.,ny ft1rt!'lcr O:Js,:)rv'~ t:1.cnc ovsr the s:-~no boc:~t'.Bb, I think, . the :point "F:'..S E:mf:?ic:L,:!1 tJ_~; 'J::-'.'~:1_;, :b.-t · ho;-:.,; by r::y le'.rnecl broth(:;r, · l\/f+'n l· '\,1r:, . .t•l:.;J.:f:.. i,r.. ,,); T CJ •.- ~ ·i yj- r<.-,-; ,·n i·1~ ,.., J -~-..... , ,.,., 7 .L'J, 'G,:., • t: 5·2· o:--f 1976 (r,~,;Tc, ~.L ..!u. .. 1 ln 1 .l(-·~ Y1 -PC; _ •"i re• try) • u...:;c)--L:J ~. ·'· .....,, ...,_,_ T ,"7~ .,,.U.4'.!'

·' . ... Tho ,ciI.Jfcll:~.:.1+ :.n-:l -th:-: r-:s::,·.ii1L:1:~.: two othtJrs -trnre, howc"',.ror, found guilty r~f3 cfr:1-"'rgc::'.~ ,"'.net they ·w~cr,:;, en.ch, :Juntenccd to tho str:.tutory nin-il.,1u:r.1 of r~ovcn. yo·r;:, j:· . j_l. in One of' the convicts, ··who ['.,pric:::.rcd 8-Z fo1_;.rth ci.,cc:H:.wd <t ·1;L.c tri...--.1 :--,p}'.hr:·lod to the fhgh Cc1-1rt but his [.\I)l)c:·1..1. w.r-.:3 c7.isuicnci(~, sc.o Cr:W·1j_n2.l L.ppoe,l No. 45 2 of 197,6 (liw::',nzo. -- Regis cry). - TI;,o c,,:;;;:/oll .nt ,rho '1.;-;·,s third ,~~ccv.i,ed nt the· :trio.l, _is no-w cloo :~ p{~.l:Lnc. The thi:r·c~.' conv:Lct did. not Ci.~')J)0:-,.1. It 1,,~:;s o:.~t,·'..:)1ishccl :.-:t th0 tr:i'.".,l th:-:t on the nieht of 29/1/75 ,.,.l_·_•,o J_,· V . C ('•' .,.~.1:-'..J._. ·', n·•'i_,-·it ·, ,,;, ~,. _ . I.,.., 0 -'Q,-.l' u _<,_:, 0 u-~- c< 0' - ~ . ,,1~ 0 "') •.• ,·~0 ~ j; IT ' .-·'c• T --' -7' l'}V,--, -;· .--, ·1 hy . ._- ,scvlc ,., ~ ,:>'· cc- ci·~o-·Ll_LJ ~t ,;::,, •.. : 0-· c:-,r-,vr-, cros .• ( '•b who w;o~ra ~:rm.eel w:i.th, inter 2li . ~ Ci :sun,, ~Choy cr~i:r\cd 2..ccoss into the huiL~inr: ~:ftcr brcJp,kin,; the ,:oor with· r-i, h':.1go ::;tcnc. VIhile insido th.J t . ,_)j_l:•;::Ln,z they firoc~ norc:: shotEJ. So;rn of tho pellets , st_ ruck the conpl2.in~,__nt 's tdfc, Furu H0scr:.ni (r-w;2i) ,;,•rho w2..s.' them ·tt;.,,.,,..,. SJ_ _ _.i..cJ.c. .i·~ J.\ l·)nc71 J ;, .l.',.,

t:::. 1rc c; - ., (,, "'"·'- I, ·9 ~-. ·- ,"!,-.,.., TT.::,·7 ,.'-'- (.) ,_,_.,_,, l, ~·-r· cf1.1°·ll <""'lTT'"' v ·...:. J.J..'-tS 1~ \.o o. , :. Cl"l1·1a.=1·· · ~ i'n ·-'l ie-•("!~'- ...{:.'r~f')t':i.:;'V'r~ - J _ '--' 1 light, provi~~!_x: by '.'1'.. k-nr which -r,,:rC'.S on in ,-tho ro'om whoro she rlnd her husbr'..ncl, the --cor. j)l.:-:inrJ:1t wo1r·e. - It w.':'..s · cho Cf'cSO for :tho ~rosecution 1 th2.t tho r\y;pellr,nt w:_·~s o::1c cf th;__; f3'::id ro b 1Jors. Ho wc,,s identified by voice by the cm,·'.:1::in n·:; ··: ,1. sc•cn by ]:::,.,ru (Pw2) before she loot crondciousnGsf:'• ;~s :-, TCsL·J_t cf tho _';un wounds wb.ich she rccoivod in the r2.E:. ·rn 1;~.i.·s .- 3·{~ 11 ce {"~t -~l~G. t:r·j_ri.l tl~o 2p1)cl.l::nt. ~1t~,tec1 tl1c~t on ' 11 30/1/75 2.t :-,b01.1-t 5.:3C ::~.-::. l-.--:~ ]~o· Y'(~ g1.m ,shots anc: cried-, fo:::a help in the vill:·.e;c. Ee ::ct o,..J_t of hj_r: houso rm: l'li'occcc~c:JC1 to the. scene 1 He foimc1 :•, lot Gi' ::,e:o~l-:~.- :Lnc:h/ir:; P.C. Mwit2, (Pw-3) ,;nd the \c... rd · l,.J0 r::;ocv, 0 t·-..,.--~v 7 l.J -L,., 1=\-.·rf: \-ii.~·.,•. ..1.._, r.-~·-'t-,,·r~ :>'·.c·,, ·'u- ·fi·~v-· t6... 1_ ..:.-..L -1-i,·1ut,,~ ..... v._, 1·1"' ,..,,..,"T t.he .!-•-- ..,,, .• l ..... .i.. ' - ' : 0 £ ..,.\'I lJ- porson Pho ;: ,--,·. ,~ r-•cl r, C! +·~ rr~+ ' CC''F' "r'1 ": t. ·i+ -:_~ ~\- 7 ;r, . ' v -l,: .'. ·~-,, -. ~\ ~ 1~. -~'· . 1 e tri·~ 1

1?'.,:-~,Jini brou.r.•·ht D:'JT ~~-- ' t,rc ·I . l-c,_J OI L--·~-',L'--0• ~~ _;~l~~~- -r ., ~;•··' ~~ ~· W ~t~; _: ~~ + -~:Tt~ CO ~ 4\ O •_ .L:V,.-.,-u .._ ..... l,y .i,11,., .l.~--L,::i,, ,J:,,-L-.,... 1..;d ,holJ t,,.b.~n to J~' ,~:~ .~~.C j •1 ~ : ~~:; '} ~· .' lr Ju-be .. c··o·"1.......··,1··,1~1:·,r,t - 1 lv 10 hOl l. , __ ,--,+ J U ;·,,·n,1,ro 1 '"''\ :..A...._:-, ~n' be'- 01'YQC,11r,,.-,;- /'_I,.··'-' 1 ,., .J ,..1...:.u, (.r,c,--01:;F)"'niod . ., _., ""-.L'·" .. ,..-L.• C.,,,.,_,A. .,. _,., .(.._,J_.,.,_._1,;_, V thera. vn1ilc tl: :):;:G he ::,J:ipcll[·.n t t o:;::;_)re•:,rwd his ,sy;JJY:thios to the · :· compl2j.i1;::;nt ·bott;rt: Y'\?turn:i.nc ho,·:10. On 1/3/75 -ho, r~)l")Gll,·nt, W:'"'.S . e,r:costc";_ while ,~~tt6~·,'::i_::1,c; tit~J c:~:·1,nif.r;thcr.- f.u:ncrz,l r~nt on 3/3/75 ,-y;::·c... -.') --- -1- ,..·) .. tr· i· "-. ~ r~t. . he' ·.,,-Vv,.,1:c,<;;., Jrc,1 .-0'l--f ..t:.·-- h'--''-'·'· -r:-• 1 I ._. , 1 ,c 0 J.l r_; !\A. lnt., .. ,_,_:_ 0 ('" 1 ,~ .J • ·- The L;' -.r•nr/ tri~·l ri r:::i..cr'.:r:' to fluii.c' th '. t the ic"..on tific2.tion of the ;:' ~ :;:. e1J:-,.ut J-:,~fl su:f':i :i.cicmtly b-:..on GSt[,.bli.shcrl i<dore procoe;C:~j_n:3 to co:1.vict hin. , .. -.•.·,-, _, .•-- con te1~cJr0 •••oee.•·•/2 2 w::-..s not trnffici•,·,n·r,ly i'.'.ontiliocl by Pwl ;·.nc7. Pw2 bee ~t·•.;-:,0 conditions fr-.vouring .'.:, cor::c\)c;f' :i:7.c.~nti:2:~c::;tionG voro

9 ~t tho tiE10 of the robbery di:'."fj_cFlt •. :Ih. lfur.;•:· ;): -c cf'-· 1:i.;,. ',}.'('_1.X"tOi"~t -'chc :"'aIJ}_)OlJ.:-,nt quotoc1 the cnse 0 1 of Llx7.::~l+J2::.,. ) Li_.l'LulitS~~ .:: ;g,__ .';'l:"_'. -::~:};..::..L_Yf_P:_l:£::-1..I::::I.~ s 20( E:-L. C.• A.166 in which it \r.· r~;: h,/L-~' ~iY' thi. c:.•l·T-:~. o:J: -;'::°'~--o- l for Ec-"st .:'.fricc, th;-,"t ·, _ ll0lt],nu:"""h ~- .'i" r.t ,.:,t -,/r ,,.,, .J- ..•.. ._,_) ---• .. -.~_'c•·:_~_-.. .... •·• ~,..- -·~• -· -'-l_,., _,_\,.;.,; +:)•"1-l-:i':,nc·,v I.,.OJ.'"' i·-~-,·1c •ri"tr1 "'S"'' V ;,JI.. _ . . ~V•-1.} 0 ►::) .l.L:_,• .,, \, 1 \..,,,._.::, lJL.lt tt1is c-:.-.-1.1J_(· ::~c . .:·:·; ll!_,·i: ~L-3:::3(..1: -:-~,_-(.] ~:.:_;. Jl~.. :.:·c1'l· tcs-Ci11.c 1t!i tl1 tb.c 1 e;·re:-~'--t c8 t; c-·-.-~u t> c- .:;v-=~- :~ .... 1::.: -·::j: . · D:L:1i:-.. .:: -.-TJ. -cri.c:2s 11"1.~ .J}~(;c-l~ i~ng jJ~~ orL tifi- cn. t ioi1 1..?f:,::•·.;c_·;~Jly 1 ,~>:..:n :·.-:; ~ ,:::· ·.::~0Fn ·:-11.·· ~~ tl1c.- co:': ,i·:~ions f:.vouring ~, cox'rc..:ct :t." -~---.-ti~'-•~::; '.-~i .:::1:.. -.:c::~-._:, ('_j_J'fi-.:\:~J_·~-~ Cl I}:l sl.,1. c~·1 circ1.,1~Js~~-'.i1ces T,T~l~·t v~ .. <. • ., ·1· ~-- q 'Tl·:--:;:,,-.--,; .,__t;..., ...... 1 -•-'- i (.~ ,..~-'- 1; circu~st~nt~~l or direct, . -·n -., !; . .... _J_ ~_;•"'1 .'": '""-""'('1, d . -'--··- .• ~._,,,, ··-:"1·7 .... ,-!_, .. ·,1"' 1- ...... \ . , l• ..

-........ 1Joj_11Jcir1~:; to :-1.-:.j-~Lt f·~cc:·; ·:-~:.._ri.c.'..!. --~ ;j 1.-1_t'..e,~e or j1n·;y c:.;n rc:--,son:-,,bly conclucl< tl1~. t · tl"~ e: : 01.:-j_;.__ .~~--- c: c · 0~ · i ~- .•:;·L. <.-. j__ ~ j_~ t·ic·11 e ---~11. c~foly 00 ~cceptod 2s 1 free fr9~ . . +;:.-.:. ·; ]_'G:.:.:f~~;_t;il:~. t:r. rJf .! . :,;:L~ror. n ,,,11,...:::: .L '-' V ,...,vi. --:;c·, .,\,; <.., c,-,·· , "" :i·r'. ....,.•--:·~·ir'· :-'-; ' . ,,. " ".·.a.··-_, 1 · \ .... _ '-'-· 0,J ..1'1~ -~-ri .LL J_~'ln·· l,,. ~ -~1-- <"'"'·~;.-.. ~11:t·· 1 .,. ,•.t.J J .... ' ~-.:...s C. ., ' C, 1-i.. C"\'lC •VC: r , we, s not of ~'. si1~,:·l::· 1::)_tn,.:c;:0 lP.'!.t of two wiJcno::::E,r)s. Lc:'.r.rl.ttoclly the robber3 took ,)1:-·.c,; in tl-:'"~ nir·ht. ·nm,rovor ·i:;he u.n,~i.s:1li.t.::d cv:ic1.enco shows th ~t ~i·h·,ro (., v 'T''~' , .... J J....:. :._J'_···1· ;' 1,-n:;-)' ('"" _. .•.·n·,.,··.,,,001--1 .L - · •,r'·: l.. ) 0 l"'e V,J_\:.,.... J..1]·,o /:()"•'-'J:'- ,; . .L, 1 ;·,1,~i·11·•·~t ,_.,_. · .11 ·J,; ·,ncl_ ......1-l..:S ... ..1.. 1./ ..... ~ J-.J.., .J wife, Pw2, w:]r,3 ,. t the tt,,c of tk, robbery. Tho- COD}:;1.·· j_>J/-.nt hinGclf s2.ic1. Jd'.l.~~t hu ~-lid ~1ot sco tho :·:t•~,:;11·:,nt whj_lo tho l:-:'.ttcr w::-•.s in tho roof::l ·but. hc~'.T(.l n.im outsiclc; · urc,-' hio com::,;\nions not Jo light their torchos. He, i.o. tho co:;1,J.:·.i1F'Jit, thcrofore ic''.ontii'icd him,

ti~~ 2,--ppell~.nt, by. -hio voico. Lccc:;:--;:.in,-; to 1:w2, however, tho .sr..w ~n rccoe:;niL(:rl the ,.p1)0J.1-·.rt ~.rt,.cn: the; l,~ttcr ;,w: .-,bou.t :four oth:..:rs . el'.1.tcrod tho -roon-, w:- er:; sh9,:_i:,r.".s, :-·,s '.".forc)s:·•.ii: 9 si tU.n 0 in bGd bre""st-foec:1.j_nfs Lur child. It !J.-,,s beef.. -h,··i:~ .,.;_\. 'Jv·-:~hi.<-· , v . C(' 11l't ~-l,.1._.1·1~,+ ·1·i''t''Y'() l.r' ''l"+i·fi'c"tl·ons i·n ..... v \ .•.v .. ,.. 1.J -,_,,,..,..,, !...,.4- ... 7 __ .._, tho sc,J.o. bc~s:Ls of r~ ccx:vj_ctj_on i~ 1-·.cn j_ t I'.11..:ot be W:'..tor ticht. The rnc'..tor:i_. J_ .quor:;tion in tl~·.o. i!'.)Et,·nt :-~:. ·hx;l is, tl:1.:s, Hhethor the evidence of idontifj_c··:ti<in in tLii:.: c"r.::o vrr;s i:-r·.tort:~c;ht. On the evidG)''.CC on :r-cccr:~ ~: ·(~O ::1.ot J1 ·:sit~·.t() to r~ns,;:rcr tJ'.'is cp,1.r3stion in the ,·,fJ.n;_:,r1·. ·'tl·v·,., t... \,:;, 0 _:..H ·.s· -'.·hd 1· -·,,·-r.-~ ·r: .-·~,~J·::-1. )""1rr-isJ~-,,;-·te .. ......._. .J... iJ L ..... , \.., \.,; qui·+o c·or~r '>ct1,T •. -.LJ.\_,-:_ ..Y 0 D"'C'- •J .-1...- ... ................. - u 11 \.,, 1 rvc.::~ ·t1::i:c. :-.:)1:E::J.lc.:~~i; w·· . 1.: ;:10t -··, ,:tr·.1,:;::r· i1'l thu eyGs of both the compL-:~:1· nt, ·~1.-~:: l2.'i'::: ;·.,::.:L, 9 l'"\,r2 ~ I t :U:1. in evLlonce th~.t the f'"ppell- :nt ,n·l t\~<2 cr:-,:1i··l.':.j_11 .;::,_·'.; r.re .nc,ic-;l11Jouro. · Furth0r, t...ccording to Pw2

:--.nr.:'. her ov::./Lnc,: cm <:b..; l)Ofr:.t .w:·.s nc•i thcr ch:--.. lle:).1 6 ed. nor C·o·n·tr'"'r ir>tr,.' c•J•1n ;,s.·,c, ~-l·,-,c,r,,v T,r1·1,..,,~ t-hr, t1,·upc-• ~r.-11)<:rlrnd 7 , __ .. __ :··1.,7- ·-,·:-1,':> 1 \_._......_ __ . ., .,_.,_,_,...c.,~· V-~ .•. ...:;.\...,lrn ... v. . . . ,::, . c .. i . • . J.I.J- J t.,; - (..")D VL. ~~v on thoir. 8",v:·,.co :-'..tt'.:ck·. S;·.J ·\-r ·,s net i"',S it wor,:) 1 f'..11:::'.J::cnod fron sleep by tho invr.-.s:i.0:..1. j_:i,1 wlli(;~1 C,'.3C 0112 ·trn-uld :)cr}1.r-..j_:;s .h.'":.VC thought th::-.. t l. 't ,-.,..., ,, 1-i".,,v_v L.~c~,,J -rr,-, +··'. l ~ ,-", ·1-1./-J-v . .J. ..... i ···1 ,., ·i''r~ ' 1·1 · ·r to · ,a,,,t ,, CJ, ,v, r . "'\ri r, ·i on I· .... "-.-~ V·•• ... - .... l.- 1 :.- J• .,v t_"J\.:; ~t-~ _._,,,, • _.Q_ _c...i,_ 1 r,. . ··r··,rV ',ot lJ"-\T.'-i 1-,r:, 'Il )< 1f'ns·•c- ·}-k-• s1·n)" ll\.i "'na. ·· ·tt,;·,-,. -u _d, .t,. .i., 'lr-c,r CO"'R<'"OU>'nG·:"'"'' ,v . yv\... _,.J... ..._ .. ~.. 1 ~ ....- _, .,_ .. 0 v,':'-'"- ,_, J..1.t _ U)J • Far 'frrn2 .it. In, "',<:c~:i.tion to t:1is both the conplr.:i.n:-:.nt ·'.~nd. Pw2 d · - ·. ·c·1·os·"'c' ·1-1',.,J. +h~·,y 1··•·r'L ...L,.ll...L_ ~ .. , ,1 .; ' .. ·1·h-f·ier _,..,I., ,__,_ - 7 ·+!Jo '-:1~~""ol',1'''.,,...,_ .,.,,._-..,: .,.LJ.!.., • . __ .._._.,_1.J .. J.o h'"'"TO" ')eon· on•" o·J.. -L • V--· (. \J .. -. .. \ J V · tho ·ro~,;.Jors :~·t -!~h<..:

o:-'.rlio;:;-t; possi;Jlo o 1Yocrti..µ'1i ty t n··,;-10ly :whon et '.:! rol~q·o 'offfuccr 9 -· P. (;. Ilwltr., (?vr3 )'. '."'..rrj_vcd. ,-:-,,t thG scone.· · 'I10 ny Bind . tl\is fc,c-t lorids G:rodi t to :··tho ,Jvir.l0t!CO of thc~o t"i'ro wi tnesscs o,n, this t:'aSl)CCJC of t.hc ,C:::'a$C. . ... In bis p(d;i ticn of :·· ~i;:·c2.l tho t:'../'IJCll;--J:i.t cl!.t:,lJ.,,;N(OG ,tl":!.o evidenc1 of Pwl· r:nd }~,2 th:c·;t tl:cy idOlltifiod hiw ;J8C..,1..1.:J8 j_t fr~;s Tiot' until ::'..ftcr ono full noDth whon he, n~1pcllt-.,nt, wr··.::-J ;·,r:rostcd. ~-J:1rl Clr.rcoll. Lccorti.n,:;. to the ::'.rJ:cll'":Lt_ o_n 3~/1/7~5. h~ to?k 1.J•.rt i:n ·d::.o c..rrosting of tno first c..ccur:;ecl ,. t t~1c trJ_ ".l ~x1cl .!10 h:i.:·1::.wlf w· .s ,'..rrcisted orr 1/3/75. \ ':1'.:'..rt·: frou tbcfr,c, ho.. '.:-t c;t,-., tcr::cntrJ in fuis poti tion of- npponl theos :'..lL:c;:· tions r)y · tho z~-;:::;_.>.:J.1·--,!1t do net c'..P:J)O~.r to b0 s_upportcd :;-.,r;iywhcrcL Ls ::. :::1,,,•;~tt:I' oi' :f:--.ct, in ::is :1.ofcncu ~:t the tric"l the 1 nppolJ,cr1.t did not. :J:',.V J:::E"'t ;1.c took 1Y',rt ir.t tho [',J-:rost of the first .,.,CCll~O,. · ~-~CCCr d.].1-1·,.,. '..> .\.vC' ..'~,...:.,;, ~"' ., •..; ,.h ..l,.3,,., ;, l, ., f1' r-="G. ~ C,..U '"'C~.l b-~-"lll. r.r . ~ ..... ,., J.l,., 1 '1 C< ( . ,· I ' ,..,..... . 1 " .... ',; .L\., -- •CJ 1 , • ,,_; 0 '·''-' 0 l) brol.;l_ght to the scone by

J+C.'•V.Ji c:f · pco:r,lo. l~o dc;uJYt the first , ['..Ccusoc1 ~.111cd; thoro:fore s r -.vc . . .~lro· ~:.Y 1)ocn ~'--:iprehunc1..ct when· the '\'\nJ?poll::.nt sf'..w hin, j_f .., t :.11. Se:conc'"!.ly 9 the rocm:-d of proceedings in the lower court cl~~:~.i l:r ;,~>cYis tlr.t the C'..l)pcl1~-:.nt Wr'.S brought 1 boforo it for the ::j_rst tine cm 2712/75 :--.nc1 not in Hr~rch, 1975 ns nllccoc1 by hj.r:1 ~ r..':)t·•, 1:rrol: ·.:~-, ·'c '(;() juoticc G~'.):'licr them II,,::;_·~g (Tvr3) -:}:o ::-"c},_;j_tt,.:r.1 th:-t I'wl c1..nd · •· .~c~l -::_:..·:~ \}·~ic:t:;:: :·r.-~cu · · .:r!::~. ho1...1s0 he 9 .• .... /3 Nwi tn, know· wr',r.J o:c,:: nf the, rc•l")1)crs. I'i,·r1-t;-,, t,_;r:;t:Lfj_ccl 2t the tri0.,l to tho ef'f cct th ·.t h,: t:c.Lcc~ 'cc) fcillcn~ tho c,11:::-e:lJ.::nt :,, t his houso 0 on SCNOrr:,l OCCt'.c::jr'r•;J 1.t c,c: to trrr__;,~ hi;J. Accow:in:'_'; to P.C. r.'.lti-ri tc. f.\ftc1~ t}1c :to1J-bc~~?- ~=--t r\~)~_-,o.-:'.I'~;( tl°~'l t ·tl·.i...:: ~.:.·i11eJ_J_:--.::1t l1r,:J. sl1ifted from Jij_s hc 1 :c o in th c v-i1:L:· o. JYin.~~l_J_;·/ 1 it =L;._-_: j_j:1_ c_;vj_(:c.~·~cc; tY-1.·t PoC. l~l~ritr.;, 2,:~si.:Jtocl l.Jy tl1c :JJ: rd Socr,Jt·r•r (:;'·w6) trr·:? 1 :_. n:c ,;)10 -~c-h.:.,11:y ;--:.J::Tc8t~·(l the first ~:ccu.sc:Cl r,Jftcl",, t1 10 lI<)rt~i11.-.--~ 1 t;::; )1 tc ·::ic :L'i_::-~o(_ r:.s tl1.n first ctccu. scc1 -.:: . ~·le :-:.. iJi.J} tc

CfJr:~~:._.:.,;__;" ;_-~;-:~~- ·--.t~-~~:o U]~ .·:·l~,:-)-t 11e:j_t1'. _::.;J~ of· tb.eso 1 1• 1 1 two wi tncc::.:,:::-; ~ ::\O -. ; c.1 :;~\r6 9 r--· f: cc.•:, >::t:Lc:;_rncL '."Jy the r:.p;:,:;ll~~n t on the C'.,l1egc' tic:n tl·,_,._.;~ ,_ c ~ :,,: ell::'.11·!; ~ -:--.lr:.e; tcok r::,ri:; in :.:he c~TTcst of the fi1,,st n.cc·:J_;-:32,(_ I11 D~_,..LOJ~t, l:l.J.:::. :.: th.o ~-.L-:. · ·.rrJ.ccI trj_;~J_ r1····.;sirs-'.~1~r,,te ~ I ctr.a 0 s [~tis f j_ 8 ::.~ t JJ.r· ~ s - ;:~ (·· J..,.\/ Gi ~_.,. r_:11 ;) ~~l ,--~ J?r: -~--1 J_ :-, .}:l t in t1. t 8 (1- •:) f C:n. Ce is n El8I'8 cocl;:-r\:'._1d_-.. 7:",1u_J_J_ _ t;;tc-1"'~; jJ:-.1.c.:~::~::~·· ·lt:: c:f ~.cr\i:JirL:~:~~ r'...n~r rc--~.sor)_;:_.1)10 doul:Jt in ,:·y LiL ·•. S~LllCG thor(: w~~f3 suf:ficL.:n t li3ht in thu I'OOI:1 :::.nd Pw2 itT~oS wic1o a1--r~~lco fl.t tt1.0 ~-:;_~~t01~i~---~1 ti~-~c -~~T.!.~.l, i~1.1_r. tl.1cr 9 tb_,-, t t:J.10 rtr):c>.:::l.lnnt was 11ot c~ str2-,r.1.c.;01~ to l.:otl1 I'vll ~-~ncI I¾-J2 I ~~r1 s.('_ ttsf'j_c(J. 9 ~'~1J \r:'. S tl10 trial D,~gistr~::, tc, th~t tho ic.1cnt:dic:·:.·'don of tho C'-J1IJCll: ·.?1t as one, of tho 0 robbers hc,d sufficjcmtly boon c;_:·Gc-.,blir::l10d. Tb.0 '.':',ppo11.~11t 's conv:ictj_c;n w.·..s 9 th,:,:i_,oforo, ;juctifiod. Thu e:1c11to.L1co it11Josccl in tl1.o Llin.i~·_JU.J.7. J~l''oserifJcc1 ~JY ln.1'1. If 8..nything tho r.p~:::cll::-'..nt ·• ·,,1;3t corn:iLlor

hi:.1r3elf v,-:.;Ty lucky to havo f;ot n,1.-rr·:.:~r 1"1j_th the T~1j__ y~_:jJ lll f:i,JiYtcr1cc. lT. . cc1-loss to r;r·.Jr, tf1cro woro i::cgf~rc.,vr--; tt~1c fn,ctors ire thL, c ·.sc ~ Th,.: :::,p) ._,11,,,nt W~",f:J in 2, group which wr-:,s :c-.r:.wd 'i,ri th L1tL~'.1 •;, 1 ;.:::·,;ons c,uch :--:,s :·,, ftJ.n, in tho nieh t c,ncl r:, pcr'f.3011 suff i:n.jm:,j.__ ;::: in t\-_,,) rr·'.id. E:,,..-;d. tho :tppoll::1.nt boon sorve:d wi.th ,.,_ ncticc of cnht.JJco::;cnt I would not h'·,vo hosi tn.tod to onhic;nco tllc 2:ontc::nco ··,:-,_,sr:;~.:d by tho trj_,:.l court. Howuvcr, ns ho WllS ru~t I -t:ril.l tt\c 2<.,,J_:.tc.n.cc ;_:.,s i.t :L:3. in its cntj_ •.:'cty. D<.;J._:~_ \·--01~c(t :Lr1. o~~~(:11 Ccn1rJc :\t rh<J"r.t11zD. tl1is 26th C:t2_.y of Soptcnbcr, 1977. Ff}!JtlTZL 26'11H 8T!:?'.l1I;L-,~:R,1977 JUDGD ------...--~. .,,..-.-

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R v Turnbull [1976] 3 All ER 549

Case cited

Roria v Republic [1967] EA 583

Case cited

Penal Code sections 285 and 286

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