19940110 TZHC Dodoma

4,T DQDO)~ CIVIL C&.s:E: 1TO. 23 OF 1993 ---- llUL:ClTG The :r;ouc:i:' of the President of the Uni tod l¼pu1,lie of 'l's.nzania. to ~emov~ e. civil. servant f'.;.•on1 so:.'Vice in putlio int.e:i:est i:i bei.n.e; ohallGl1£ed in this case. Z10 g_1,1.cstion ic d~es the ?.c"ea:ld.en"\ hu the authori v t¢ ."eL1ove sooeono il'l t!1.0 i,1,1.1)1io service in r,t.t1;lio inte,:ost with.out tliselo~s ,lhe.t tl'l.S.t p,u.1::l:i.o interest is? UJ:l.dc.1: .h1i of the.Civil. Sernoe Aot ~9• ,16/1~92 it .is F¢dod: 1Tb.e President r11cy remove a, oivil servant from "the sai.--rloe of the Ae1JU.blic if he oonsidGrs it in tho :pu"Llic into:~ost to do so' The issue is, a.a what is in pu1'1io intel"ost is the word of the ~osid.$1tt. f'ine.J.? In ~ th.er t-rords in deoidinc z.s to ,motho:r the (l.eeision ":as in pt.1blio interest, ·ub.at test to a:.,;oly, a subjective i:ast o:t: an o'bjecttve 11 test? 'llie Sta.tE> A.ttoi-ney "r• NyalJiri :1s.s •a;r~ed tI1e.t the test is sul.:;jective end so the dooioion of tho 12:::-esident cti,nnot be questioned. il-1 couxt. T'..iex-o is anoth03: ~uestion c.s to 11hethe:i:' this cow.'t hc,,s j~i.sdiction tQ inqw:r-e u.s to "lrhe:th<ar the })l"esident oor.1:pliad ·with the lcw: Und.el' s. 23 (2) (a) of the Ci-r...l Service kc~ No., 16/1589 it is ~--ovided: t Ti.1.'c q_1..1.cstion 'loi.1.ether the ~"0sidcnt h.2..s Yalidly i,e.i..-formed a.nJ7 ft,nction undor ttis k,.ct.. shall not 1:e ili,q_ui:;:-ocl. into '1_;.i oi- in ~-.:.1:,. eot.U't 1 ,, Re,ve tl1a co-u:rts bean :i:-end.ered ioroten1' 1i th6.t 1-irovision · oustin[~ the j~isdiotion of the courts? TJ.x,so ~"e the questions {..~> I b.c.'"'Ve :~een invi tcd to answer in t::d.s oa.se. The ?laintiff in this c~sc is~ se~soned civil se~-~D.llt ·one 1-a'. James Funke G,c,:;ilo uho until 15~h 1-fuy, 1,9n un.s a. Rec,ional Dowlopmcnt :nirecto:r fo:i:' Ts.1,;.o:ra lle{.ion. Dy a lette:r da.tcd2Sth Dccemtier, 1$$0 he was info:i.'tlod iJY the ,;.ri:ncipal SocJ:"ei;&y (:Ostc.'blishoent) that r. -. ,_ o • • / ... ,:.: . .. o ~·· • • • • ... 2 ~etd.cleut ~ s. 19f3) of the Civil Sex-vie~ Aot. No. 16/1S'J9 .and. s. 8(f) of tha ~ O r d i r l ~ eep. 37~1 a.nd Stand.inc Or~ JI.JS ha.s dil'eoted that you are retired :e.~om the. puclio ~ ~ public interest \lith effect from 15th l<~,,., 1990 1 • No reasons were .d.:i.seloee4 u to ,~t rendered the reti:i:'emont to be of intez-est to tho ~ c ' " 11;'<,;-. lloUliWe:r:- ~a lcr•~ ~tocr tlla.~ tlY.:. ro,ti,re,d. ~ " ' t , would. be paid all l' i.P pension due. Now the said -plaintiff hes filed -. sw. t foi, a deola.;;~,tion thct his retirenent in pul:lic in½erest 1ms 'l'JToncful. Ile preys to be d.6Cl~ed as still a le,;wf'Ul employee of tl". .e Gov~nnc::nt. IIo olaios Ghs.47,559,511/60 as deJ'lc~~~ for wroncf'ul rctirc□ont and his o;:.•rc~s ef sa.J.a;cy- end. 0th.CJ.~ aJ.l,owa.nccs that !10 was cmti tlcd to. llo 2lso · ela:i.os Shs.157, 717,.644/60 as Sl)OOial dr.IJD,e;cs. Tho Govoi--noont t1::a.-oud1 tho State AttoX'llO:: l•i:.:-. Nya.'biri has 1,c.isod a. ~eluu.n~--y point to tho otfQOt that t~s eov.rt l'lS.S no ~isdio+,ion t. ie:7 tr.i,; ~ • ftcia • = tho 1;la.in'6.u11, ...,,..__,.;.;,. :.Us ~voo2,to Vu.,. ~ i c JTI::czi ha.s oontOlldod. that thi.s .cot.U'i! has ihc jurisdiction to ti'.'y t!:..o caaa. Fi.:i:-e, tho Ste-to Attorney lb:. Uy~bi.ri ha.s ar{;UO(l. that tho -~r.cs.idcu+. und,or 4',rt. 36 (2) of tho Cons-ti.tu.ti.on has the pr0J:'OG~tive J,?o·wc:ir to to:rJ::inc.fo "·c 3.'CI'.ovo ;::, ci.vil so:.:-v2,n+. in tl10 public sCJ.---v.t,.eo. in pu1)1io interest. Uo acid that powor is supplor.antcd by the Govo:;:,nnont Stand..i.nc Ora.or F.3$ wllic!~ states that a. civil sorvant holds !:is office at the ploa.suro of t2.,o !'i-~:ddent as SD ho cc.n be dil!ll'~eso.d. ~t KL.Ua Cowisol for the J,41inti.ff hr. 1-Ibozi hc.s ric1,lt;cy-• p('.lin:t~d: ~t.,.~""'~ o.e:.."'l.~oc-t S.:tandinc 0-.::a_o:i., L,s F.44 which etctos that a civil sel:V"cl11.. holds his off'ioo ct t!lo ploasuro of tho l'l'csidont. I will '·0 -:_•-_; " 1: to 1)oint 01..,.t t:.c:t t:10 St2,ndinc; Oxdors ~rwo no force of lau. T>oso sk.nclinc o=:a.o:cs have 1:ooa ~~t'le:3- by ~10 J;)?O"V_?-Sions of t:::..o Chril Sorfico ll.cto Ne. 16/1989 Gl'ld t:.lc Consti tutio:n.. Tho Stc.:.1.(.inc O::·du:L's :i}:::il v~~lidity only cl'\..U'il.1{; t:.10 coloiliol ::;io:;.•iod. u;:,.Q11 t:~.o Oj:o,m ooiu.d cl.is:·iss a oivil so:::v2.nt ct ltlll as :10 ho}ioffico c.t t.:w :,:.l .... ::.:::"1:.:·o of t~ .c C.;. 01m- 1 0 ilJ.~on Tel1, c:.:.pko,. 'boccno a ·l.oJ?u1:lio in 1962 tho J:l'.i:'Roc_,a:ti,.., J.· , ..,;,~• , ·~ ,-.:·.0 C:rc.1m to disniss a civil so1·v2.l1t at will G.id :.1ot cvolvo to t::.o Prof'lic.ont. I~ tho P:rcsidont could cnly ror:ovc c. civil so:::v2nt not at will tut in JlU1:lio into:i.'Ost c,s :;s::;· 20 (:::,) of t:·,_o Civ:i? S~rvit10 0rd.in..u"lCO C2,:p. 509 of 1961. Tl'L:t'Ofo:i.:'o tho D;:-oroc·divo fo d.isniss c;t will has t;101.•ofo:..•o 1)co11 n.1Jroo~.:tod. ~s l:-rof. A~::L'o; r1:1 Kiapi points out in ~-:is ~)oolc , --. -- 3 tlho ~ to d.1~1iss ·can •nly iJC oo:rorcised it it is in the ~lie in~o~t. 'Xb.orc is a. distinction totwoon. this. on'i.:, ~ ~ 'to 4i-~ ,aa, ~t -11Ul ~4isabl"' :.y iiho" 'C:t'o~m'. ·in ~ o~ t~.:.G l'l·csidont in U,:_;.:i.n~ Whereas under '£he prerou:-.tivo the Crewn nood not stz.to w.v an officer is 1:io:'..llt; a!tr,isdod: ~ ,: . no owso need bG shown for tho diacha;rc;o • undGr tho 'l'r..nzn.ni~ Aot, tho f;;;'osidont rust a.ct if the -ltf, S~~~ re1uiros. Thero t:ust exist sor.ie- eu-ou- 1'.:fl~ ~ cm:l;~ ~ pc:ci,l .--4! • ~ --t;;he 9P::ini,,oft 't.b..o,t the ror.oval. of. c.'ll offi.tl'Or is in tho pu.1Jlic interest. 1 In toot ,4.?t 36 ( 2} of ou:r 1977 Constitution w!rlch the State At t ~ ha.a- ct,to4. r ~ o s tho view that tho :!Tcsidcnt he.a no power to disIJiss the civil soNrnt at will, eont·ary to w'.iat tho Stc..ndiJlG fl:d.or ,Pl'Ovido. Tao .A.'r-t. 36 (2) of tho Constitution cloo."f:ly p:;.¼vidcs t~at the tresid.ent has no i1olrer to terr.un:-,te or l'et1ov~ sooeone in ~ ~oat. qs,e~l j,aa. tJ-.a ~~cl.~ ·d.th the- 14,-•v,i.Qio:;& ef tb.e Oonsti tution or the lmr of tfae l.:-.nd. : ::-~.- the only 12.,r availa1le fe:i: terLUlla,,tioJ2.. t0· .r,el;lO'Val in public. inte?est is the Ci'Vil Sei"V'ice ~ ll~ 16/1989. In t!le s~e 'brea-0:, it tlO~ 1:-c ef i.'1tere-st to note tile ohervs.t:i.o,l. ,('1{ P"i;o~. ~s.J,urµ in his. wok TIA,dci.cist:re..tion Law jn K~" 1ihe;re ai; r. 10 st~tes: 'It wow.d then follow thc.:t "WXO;t(;"ful dist1issal would be ~6Mtiy~ \;\,S o, bl'or,o!l of contrrot of er.:ip).o;yuent •. In Iteey~ neither the Consti tLi.tio·n no~ the· ree,ulction p~ov:i.de fo~ dietti.ssed .:.t :.lecsu::>e 'by t~e .President or the iu,~lic Service OQ..'1.'ilission, only termnation of ~poil1tuo.nt ,tn the n .... , · --- · ~lie inteJ..'est; 't!lis is Va:t"'IJ de:ff'e:cent fi'ou dis...'!iss~. It 'ROi'!ld. SQerJ to foJJ.ou tb.erefo?e that th~•e is. ••.: :;;::·or,e:i:' cont~tu,cJ. :i:'elatip~ s~.1il? bet·wee11 t4e Ken.r-a Go~noe11t 2nd -tlle se.:..~. · ·:, r--.e in ,l:dch, it is t-\.i_e, cll t:.1e cads are stack, d on one side, ~.::ut tb,t is· not t.1n0or..;.i;t1on t:;_0s~ c.cys and .it :re:;p:-esents a step fo::-·;;ia;:d :froo the colo;1icl r•esi tien". -. I hope by now t'.he Ste.ta Atto:;:-ney r:0.-. l:ye,~ i:d has under: ·:..·:1.. -~11::;.t the Government Stand.inc Ch'ciers do not :rer,z·esemt the tcu.e st2.:te of tb.e lc:w. Kr N'ya1,iri "\i8.S .:-J.so e;_t.tl te -wronc to tt:ifiR1.c ..4:i,_,jLrt.JJ.0--u:c;a.n l_~, oesc o:f' O'J?tlloto ws. UcCJl~~ ( 1969) F.~rai,jefl.iji;i;s i•i-o~. ·\,Gvniis :t5.v• ·t.--i:·''1x)"s:i.tion of tho:f.2,w. T',1c.t case ~:i.eld :tr:.o.t tl::.ce Presiclcnt o'f 'TJ.::,cnd2, :.1c.rl the 3101,0~~ to - 4 - o.ifJtti.ss e. oivi1 s ~ t at ~11. 'Xlla• is.~ l'OGi~ i . D , ~ llhw-e th\ Q~i,i.on of Uca.ad.a. stated ~ on the a:tvj tuneM o.f ~ =rta.w-cs,tbt ~ t i f l PQWers of· <the Or\)IKO was vested j.n the J'resid.q tf UG~ ~• il'l the 1977 ~ti.tution of Wanzania. ,re have 110 su.ol. 4='1 i&il>!Lt 'l'ht Jreaident of T~o.rn,a. has no ;prero6ative power 1Q d,.&n,,._._.._., . c ~ all will hut i~ tei~ins of J.,rt. 36 (2) of o~ Censti tution h(.t, ~ ~ -.z ··•;re J.11 'n~lll ~.\&ti fll'!iWc»· i.i,, a"9Qi[)rr~. 'rt t'1,J1t,e !:a.w '~d•.-Civil Service ~t No. 16/1989. N'ow the next qUO,tion is a.a to 'Whether renoyal, 1na £i;tbli;. .J..Bt~ u-.»r41 ~~•,ec0:i.na!~!" at <the wilJ, of t~ f;;;!!_ij.eni,- The a.newer is an emphc.ilc no. As Pl'of. Ab:ailaIJ Kiapi ri01tly points. out in the pa.ssa,:,e I have quoted a1.~ovo, u}icJ:cas in tho terninat:Lon a.t will the Cl'own need ~ot show tho cause for the discharGe, und.el.' ou; la.w the l'resident bust etate wha.t the intcreEJt of the public is beins se,:,ved. To quote hie ~ 'l?lei£t uwru ea,1, s2me g;,~s1D~ 4 ti enable the 1'resident'. tQ ;fon:"; the opinion that the removal of an o f ~ .,. -= ,. mo O • a • .__ ~ • .,,._.,... __, ~- .., • •-,.,... .,is.ia_,R!,¼'tlio intercs~•, Tho I'res1dcnt cannot .::.nd should not ~ of the 'blue, state thd he was reao-nnc; soraeone in pul1 lic inte:t"est ;dtJ,m1ot cliBQloflinc the ;interest of the public to be served. Otherwise he will be ~ - . Q . t a a ~ .sl."bie~ au'l. .i,.n .a. b.ich-,handed oanner. In other 'WOrds it 'Will be an a.~J\:l,PSe o:f :powe;r. The duty to cive reasp~s by the rresident when renoving sot.wane in the eivil s.ervioo- in _l,'Ublio il:\~c:Gt. ~ ~ ~ , ~ · pr-evision of J,rt. 13 (6) (a) of our Constitution. That pL9Vi&ion . states that every pc~son who,e ric;hts and oblication a.re being dcteroined by a, J?Ublio offiper, has the ric;ht of appeal or the ri(,'llt t(i .,an2ther ret1ec},Ya[;ainst 'ij:Lat decision. Dy the phrase 'another reoegt there is ~fflsa[;ed the riJit to judicicl review. nut there oa.n be no judioieJ. review if .th~ ~<1,aj.sion-maker he,s not Gi,ven tl1.e reasons for his decision. .A.s Lord. Vpjohn , o'iservod in the case of l'ad.t'ield V-:cs ' yuni!ter of ..42"i~s.JiP.!ries ~d...Food! (jj68),A.C 1 · 927 .et P• 10d' ••• if 4e doe~ !\(:lt cive mw reason for his decision a cowt m~ te at liberty to cone to the conclusion the,t he .h~ ~ good reQ,Son for rea,cltlnc; that conclusion t • No dou'J;k the absence of ~a.sons WO\.Ud render the constitutional rigrl; t.o E'.lJ;,,;dl c,r judicial roviGw ineffectivo ,~.ncl illusory•Consequently there i.s en ira:plici t o"blic;e.tion to e;ive l'ec.sons in 01•der to faoili tate ,;:,nd .t'e11der mea.nine,:fl=,l the exercise of tb.a ri()lt ~ ~pea.l and judicial review. Our Constitution iu J..z-t. 13 (6) (a) r.iust ha"1e i.i:.~nded tl1e - 5 o~tu:t..i.~ ~i)1t o'f .;.ppccl r.ncl ju~licicl review to b~ @ off~ti"'l3 richt ancl th.at tho J.>..i!'csic'.ont by kocvinc silent e •.nno-t d.cfcat iho citizQn. 4 s oonstitutional ric)it. To holcl cthorwiso woul<l nor::j;l th"-t tho Prcsic!ont oov.l,l in r-J.1.:ost every ccsc, ::.'end.or tho ric;lii o~ C...'"'-!"~ e:.nd jw1.ioic.1 roVion cor.ll,)lotoir nuc;a.tt:il.'7 - soo tho ckicisiot c.>f tho 1tr.i.V Council in tho cc.so of ,W.:Jietot .9.,f'.P£-~i_cnci,:l:_~."vo~~ U,. Z:,"111'6. C i 8 ~ ~iJ f;i'-!!.. 1 .124~0• 192, ct l)• 123 .:If ron.~iiG N."O not civcn for a. clcci si0n by the :P:.. c si:lont thct will ronc-er 1 -y vi.rtv.c.lly 1 iJ::rpossiblo for t:ho c-:.,wts tc, por-fo1i:.1 thou funotion of fclicia.1 ~cvio'lt9 If the bo.sis rJ1c1. roe.sons fo1 the, ir~J?ucncd c1.oci~itin c.1 0 »ot az-ticuJ.:_,,tQd 1 1 it is lifficul t fer a, :i:'oviowinc, c urt to <':,(1.ju,1-Gc thi _vn.li,1:i. ty of tho ,1.c.cision,. n:io oouzts C2l'Ulot o.xcrc:i.so th-:;i;( -~uty fo fovie,1 unless tllQy aro ~vised of tho C".';nsi-:1.cretions u.n1_cr],yll'1.:_; tho ~~on unr~or 1·ovicw. Thv..t is tho oorir..r:m lc,w :i."Ulo 2.lso c,ll ovor: tho Cort."Om·roal th - see thc,_,M?!,.ttor pf.,/.J-1~ f.CW: U8£i ~ ..~~~.:._Cggl Oovvl'l;:;on~ - ln M1·TO,ll2ia Rich Cou:ct. Misco Civil Ct.$> H-o., 9/t98S; PnC'. ,,£.sr.L5-Y1•~_J?u,1>]it SS::~ J3oart1t i ·1985· ll.U..0. {Oos-t.) -+o41 ".Jy CQ)U't of 1..m,on.J. of Now South W.-.J.os ( ~ - - , ) . 1.u1.othc.:r l 02.scn fc:,:..· :i.·cq,.u:d.nc t~acloS't,1.j;'o of :r-oc.sons for 1 :t>,ctii'inG in public intcX'o.at, is to 0118\.,;;:o p:coroi:' C,l"l;lic;:,,tion of r.ll.?lGt to z-cr~uce tl'lc ~ : i ~ -,..1 -c.'-SU~~ AA&.; •tb'bwiua-.• in. briE)f iie> tl.Wl~ -.iho intoc;,.'lity 0f t!io (~oc..t~ ;-J,-hle:: !...,-,~~oss,.. Th~ OoJlI)ulsioxi. Q;C c'.,;lsol.psµj:o of tl10 vV.1)lic intc:;:ost 'involvoc'l.• · G'Ua:i:'~ eonsicler,:tion ,~.nd ·intl.'oclJJ.oes clnri t:7. Jlf rocs,ns f'oI' an ~d.or ~ given ty.oro will be less scope for O:t"bit,.,~y- or r,r.:..·ti~.l *rcJ.S:0,.: of Dowers c'.l'lc1. the o.t'c!ot' o~facio ·will :iJ.1::.i.cc.~ who~ ~c.rwous J>i5:'cuns'~~ooi:; l.,J01lo t.d.co.."l. il:tto ccinsir~J:::tion by the :rr-osic:cnt jn rc<',Clune his cloQisione T'.ao.t uiJl be G11 offc.ct:j_vo ~cst~n.int on e,1.,'i.lsc of 1~owcr, In a//',.i tj.:::.n to inposin[:,' 2, hoc.l thy c1.isciplino on tl:o c'l.coision-r.1clta...i,. lll.W~iD C'.)nfL~ in tb.o c1.oc~.sion--r:1ckinc 1-,rccoss is b~oodey· tho l0101rloc'-:.o thd r,eccptr,1:;lc :rec.sons h<'.vc to .be :'. i vcn 1:iy those ,-rl.10 GXOj,'Ciso · u1l::inistrc.tivo poucro Dosic:'..os ovon if tho (1.ocision ia adverse, tho 11_0:L·san o.ffoct:::.cl ncy -:~c c Jl1Vinccc'!. by tho :.. O2,sons ta 1 1 c.cccpt j. t as 2. :,:,02,so112.blc c..nc'!. fci.:i:' c:zor-cisc of c1.iscrction.__..ry j)01·rcr. 1.i.nothor ir.l;.)o::-tr.nt c-:·nsL:o:o.··.tLm w1:.:0rlyinG tl-:.o :i.'oq_ui::·or:.1ont ✓ to rive rc2.sons c.s to 1fl.'Jr t":. sc~.'Vc11t is :rcp:)y;~ in pu1.~lic intc:;.;ost, is to s;:-.tisfy u ~)r,,si~ nooc1. fo:..• fcir plc.Jr. L. ,:;;iorson dfoctod by an o.:.lvorso oi•clcr is c.n~Hil.ca to know ,Jl;y tl:.c clccision ho.s e;un(;) a,.0 r,inst , , ..... ... ~....... . ;, 6 ... hi.a or hor4 Wh:.t ia. l.1'0QUil'od is not c dotai.lcd Juc1.[)llont but o. 'b:~iot and e ~ e~temcnt of reasons for tho oil.verso dcoision. Moreover tho oblication to civo 1,cmsons, our Frcsic1.ont should note, elso flows n:-om tho oi tizon' s riGht to know r-.ncl tho riGht to ht1No inform~tion w!l,ioh is an esscntin.1 oonr~onont of tho freedom of svocch we ◄ @d_grp?;2,ss~on B~entood undor .A,rt. 1D of oui, Constitution. The supremo Court ot IndiA ~ -t:llG .eMO- o.f. ~•l• .iUB,ta y;:s. Union of India& f 198.2) 4,r.4s. !s,o,) 149 doolerod t~1.o ri(J1t to know from tho e;uar~ of ft-oo speech in tho Inrl1o.t1 Constitution. I ndopt thn.t reMoni?l(;• Thus the rights to h2.vo inform~tion obli{;os tho President e.nd other .au:tb.~1.l-1.iil.S, ;to ..cliscl~ r.casou f.Qf t!.:..o~ docisions 'ttli-oh a:ft'oa1, .oi~•• · · ri(;hts. It can bo sro.d lr.i.th oonf'idcncc thc.t since Art. 13 (6) (c) of O\U" Cbl).s:ti.tution i;:l~ovidcs for the ric;:ht of 2-:;_;j_)oal r.nd ridlt of judioicl :i,oviou fl'om ovory decision affcotinc ~5.th;on' s ;;;iel1ts, then iI'so 1fr.,o~s · itoroe:tos a. thi:.d hcncl of tho prinoi:ilos of n.:~tu;cru. justice ro.nkinG Gqu.aJ.Jy- ~th c.ucl:i, gltara.m ~01:tem. (tllo r:L~t to bo hce,rd) and :.:,emo.. Jw-9.i in suo. couse. ( tho l 'Ulo a[,cinst 1Jias). Tlu.:s ~ d . hea.d ii, tho ~i&ht ~ rc2.Sons from a clcc:i.sion-m2kor - th.::.t it is a clcnic.l of natu:2cl justice to refuse to civc :.:oa.so:1s to tl:o J?C-"-'t✓- 1i::o lost. Thus the thi:i:-d. pillar y,:t the :p:rinci:;.:los of n · tural justice is 110::0 to stey just c.s clc.y follows :ri.;l:lt. In order tho.t it l)o at no c'.isnclvc."'l'tego in point of latini ty1 this third o.i."""Ill of the p:d.ncip;os of m~·G\l2"r.J. justice, sh.ulcl be rc.foc.Tod to a.s nullum arbi ttJ.~ium sine ro.tioniou.s. So the Ste.to Attorney M:r. Nycl:L.""i ,ms l'lrone cs wa.s tho !'1'csic1.ont to oquc;to rolilCTaL in. l]lll:lli.c ~tol-ost witli i:Qr~tton at tho Pi-osit!ont 1 s will inr pleasure. T'.aore is a. -vc,st diff02cnce 1)otwoon the two as o.d.UJll1)ra.tcd above. Tb.en Council for tho .Republic 1,J;;:,. Nyabiri e.:i:-g,icd t~i..."'..t it is for tho President and not tho courts tc. detc:rn:i.no wha:t a,m'.)uniis to py'blio interest. He acid tb.~t the docision of tho rresidont is subjective and tho.t is wby tao lecislr,;tion in question st~tcs th.,t 'if tl;.o I;'oaj.clent oonsido::cs it 1 -be 1)c in pt,t1)lic into;:"cst. So he scid thr.t tho words used ruts it cloe.rly tho.t it i~ cntu-oly ;y1 .-the discz-otion of the ~~csiclont to clotcrmi:ne 11hotho:;;- c pn:rticiiJ.n:r c1.ocision is in :p'Ublic int~ost or not,. I I 2.m quite catain thc.t tho Stn.to Attorney is wronc• In mr,ttcrs of this kind fue tost is an ol:,joctivo test and not o. SLJ.b~cctiva t0st. A similor ••••••.••• /1 •••••••• -'l J • I ... ~. .esion was oonsL'.ence 1:iy the faJ:1:;;al1ia CoUl't of Apr>ea.l i.n ~- cl etl:'ies Lt(l Vrs. ·tto1~ : Civi. /:.. (:osll) ;f)Jatfe .~1.clo,1cnt was clelivere~ on 23/ 4/ 1s9). lffiat w~• -~ 'i M -n-c3.;& t:ie p:rovtsion in e.10~ (2) "i? tho L6,nt • 0~,1J.na1V)I Onp, 11) w~o1;l 1 ~~ ., lfo~ ~--, ...uiW~· H ...,.. ~ r . ' ! i,.i..a ...o 9~ ~,;;tlQO~Oll t 1) ~ •►.• ... : ~ m.:y rpvoke .::;, :c:i£;ht of coou:~:::..~ , , , .. . t . t _, •£• .,1,n W.A. or,il'l1C'ltl. ..... ., ·. ~ in tLJ.~ pu,, ...io intore.s so o ,.o. :tn tha:li case the rcvDor,t:l.on of ril).1t of oocup~~y wm.s (lone by tl.e r:-:osiclent in ;f::,vour of a trcs1 ssOl' ( o. /Li.::lio COX).?O:i:'t,tio1t) C,Elo ll(~a.iNJ!f o. 12-w:rul a.mer ( a ::c~~:iva,t0 oonpi:.tfl,7). 'rho Te.nzanin. Court of A~po'11, o,e :per Rc$1ac.".' .ruli :r•.t.. helc'\. tllct no twi th • -tMd.~1(~ tho rTO:t.'dil'IC sue'ce s tine . p - - ~ ~-~ ~ t~-tf;l-1,~-... ~~tc;a- .....,._~_ 0,)ieQ~ tcs~_ Ile s ..:dc.l e,t 'P'.P 1114 - 15 of the typocl ju,lcoont: 1 I:l:l t:.1e oyes of tho law ;,.-, t:i:osr ~sel" is a. tros1:>a:,jse:.: h'l it a J'.U1)J.ic ~e..""J?-"i:~ oz- e :pj,;·ivo.to enterp:dee o""J: a.n in~:.iv:l.c:u.al. So the c::ruci.,J. c:tU1Jet:i.on . 3.G w11at e,ctfo;;1 is iA tM public in.tere,:,bs to 1,.:otoot one with a lei~ title CJ!.· to protect a trespa.sser? "t:ih.;i.t ·16 .a.t &Jli~,4f,~-%ii~ of a. leGal ;.;J.fll,t, axu1. ~v.inin.3 the 1~isht to pro;.~ e,;..,hinSt the use of ual~ecl fm.'cc. Which of the two sho\.,,l.cl be p:.:·otooted. in the pu~:,J,:i..c intcx~-t? ff~ are satisfied that pJJblic inte1·est, as we h~,ve stc.~tocl t.o ~at.end ~ ~ 1hat lec;al pi,opcrty rich'cs shoulcl 1xi :Pl'Oteotecl a.ca.inst -fr;espae81"~ J,fulii.tec.J.J, tlui.t subs-GO-tio.n ~ov:1,.dG& a VQ.bjectivo test th0,t is: in the opin:oo of the -P..:>osic1.offi. ~tl tllis o<.1se that opinon ,rt.s 1'0,sec.l on the recommQru.:1.n.tionis of tb.e l'ol-1.0. wiuch clicl no1 closori'be D8.j.'1JJ."ew in its t:ru.e co~s t::t<;d; it was a t:~eSl)a.sser-e In fact fue F:i:csicle:n-1: wo.s ruslecl, If the J?:cesiclc:.1.t 1rc,s selzecL of the. :f\'!.ll o.nc1 com.;,eot $i -t·u.,.~tfon l1e wov.l~l not, in ow., O:':)inion, lv,,ve ucecl l.ij.s T.12r.1e to p:;:aotect c, t:::esr,csser c,r)eit 2, r1:l1J.ic ent01-v--,1tca., Tie wonlcl :J.z,ve 1_;oen of the opinion t)._;_2,t, T1...1e i;:1i:,ort.,nt point ;to ro~bex is ~.:.-1,t t:.1e T$.11zMia Cow:t of' 1..;:-l)co.l a:-. :)liGd iffi ;1:i~,78. tes-; des;,i t3 the uo1·~~ f.i' tho st1?.t\1.te in cruestfon. 11.:.J:,2,Cl.1'.2.li.i J .A. «l:I)h8.sizod. tl~.at ;ioint at ~- 12,.~1.-:, et~tinc: ' So whet J.o we unclc:;;stana \c t'.n action 1:ei.t . in the J.)V.~.;;lic inte:;:-est? We think it is so w~1en ••···.;a••••.•.• - 8 ,lp~~c~ n:# ob;j~.r ~·- Jmp;,Mi,n•-trM ►~­ ~imt1.rily 2Xld not i n c ~ in tho ~rost Q'l ~i p ~ ~ ~ - Cl.ll tb.c m.:-,ttcr at issuo, mcy evon o ~ i... ,the ~.c"lu:,l <5.& ~ J : 4 " " ' ~ ~ ~ . . , . ~ - - ~ - - - - - lt1.e~ t)10 jfU'l::liO is Clrr';i:'O 0.L 1 t 01' no"b• • ·, ~--. c, mt.ttc,: irhich 'bcno.:;i ts an in~'\.ivi,~itcl mes bo 1n ~11lU J\\ji>"".;..1 Jl~"111!L ill. M,e ••..-;,i• ,•---~ ~ ~ 'lii.Ql)O tho bti.db ba.unca ~~ ccC ~ .-~•IMP t t ~~~ ~ ~ 6 r.n ,_.r-mt~ -flP.~Y .:i.-- i:¢:JJ,Q! Tho s,..\tj.cc"dvo :te~r-,e;;i.on of diso~io~ ?ql'~-i4.qai o. nc,s phQnOmonon. es of11o:l tl1e qecµ~vo ~tt~m~t to roe'tJ:iy,:t ;;.~.o seo~i·t ju.diccl. J:ovicwe nut t1.o cowts clo lbt co~1siclor t:1.omsolvos ilni~<t~t in tho f~o of thoso su'.ijoctivoly f'".;.:rJ].,ic1 ci.isorotionrJ."Y l"lo,ror. In tllo Qn.&Q from Encle.nclt the or.so of Soc, Af~£t~9..,.;._q;__J<.~\\C"Jiiop._awl 8Q1900,Q. li,lt _MoJiipnol i t.m ieff¥i•;~aUQ,. ·~-lJ:ll-~;t -~ ~ , . ~ "'theill- ~:£?..J!.JSfl~9J,-,.~[;:S s~i~d• 1w DoU:W. d~~ '.l!h.o :i.s.su,o ~ mc,-tt.cr ho could 1)o cho.,llo.....c;cd. Lord Wilborfol".0¢ ~ il.t_ l)i),681 - 6821 'Thia form ti sootion is qui to woll kn.Q1'1n. encl t,t fixs1 "'¾;;..t l:-;.i,r.!J.-t ..,.,.,_,,,i ;:,,, ·:..;.;,;,J.1.,.,'\.o ~u.:.i;ii.:-.1 xovicw. Soctio~ in tlu.s foxm mcy, no clm,bt1 oxol.wk ~c..i.N,-i.. ~ ,r:1c:t j_s or b.,"\s become r, Llc'.:H..or of pure jud[)llont~ ~ de not tlii11l; thd they GP f\u'thc:-c then the.t • If a jucloncnt roq;J.:rc, l)ofo:•:o it on.n bo mccla, tho o x ~ . of some fr,ds, t1:;,on, cl t:wv."11 tho ovcluc-,tion of thoi:JQ f,:-.cts S.s fo; tho Sco:.•ote'.l'y of St.::tc .::-J.o~ tho 02..,u:c,1 -~mst ~ o ,;wb:Q]hg_j}·.oso tacn, 9,B:JUi. ~ l L.,vo boon tclcon :i.n'tb acoount, ,nctl1or j,.1.c\:;r:1cnt llas boon maclo ~ n. i.JI'O~ sclf-cli:..'octi.on 2,s to t11osc fc.cts, 1hct,.1.or tho jv.c:c;mon, ho.s not h,cn rnci:.lo on other fr..ots w:::ich ought not to l!r,vo -::icon td;:on into a.ccoua.t. If these :rcqu,i.;:o-,- monts ;-J.'t. 11ot rnct, t: .on t:10 cxci·ciso of jucl(:;m::mt 11.ovcv~ .1<~t19:...fi__s~ ~t mey i)C' l)OCOLlOS or.1xi.1J1C of cha,llonc.;c' - .lnd e simil~ view is t~k~ by Lol'c.l :Oonnine, N..R. in t110 02,so of j_;m~lo~-:.nt Soo~oJ:"~C V:-..·s. ~s.L.-ft-l._ (1£~.. 2}tJ ,1~72· • ...L-~ n. 455 . --- ¼a who:co tho stctus scid 'if it :·.:e-110::-;;:-cc":. t:::, t:1.0 Jninistcr' ho 601.'.l<l ~ o~to.in tl:.ii1cs. Lo:rcl Dcrminc l~lt. ,--,t ::,:;,,. 492 - 3 scid: 9 ' !f' it 2..ripears to tl1e Sc01°etary <:4. State J thj.~ in cy- ~on ,!oes not L1ean tJ:i.:..1.t the Min:i.stiert s d,ce,i G;-ti> is :i;n,1.t 1)eyond cha.llenc;e. The scope a.vaila.~le ~ the 11,.all~ -O..G:Pencls veT-y- mu.cl1 on the sv."bjeot r.10.t+.er with \rl.ri.ch the Ministe~ is den.line. In this case C wp\ill,d think the,t if the l-1111.istGr ,toes not a.at in fai-bh or if he a.oi;s o~ a::t1:l~M~~ e#Wd,d,q,=,ej.on.. ~ G• ~;b,;i .tl~ to int'luence ldr.1 01~ if he p l ~ n'La<11 +~~ himt:ielf ~ fnct or in lnw, it nr.y well ~ ~ t?- ~ •1Q11l'1,. iniier"f'ere. nut wb=rn he h ~ • ~~=.~ff the fnote .or the law 1Jtiic;.1 oould r~~'.\r ~~ ~ then his decision is J:J.Qt.:~:; ·f-'8 .s,,g.t~.~ ~~23.f. ~rnse therec£ter soneone tllinks th2,t ·his ~"' wna w.ronc;., 4l!Jlo P-~iv.r (;c,wicil r,s per Lord Se.loon e~)l~essed the~ f ! I O ~ ts. l"JQr6 'bit~ll(,; J.w.cu,.-:>.c;e in the oo.se o__,f ,!U?..~~a::&l ,t ~it _sar1,wi:1: Jlpf~ra:;Uno.YJ,l.Gt..Yn,s. n~,uo'=5ls1 , 198~= A,if..s.~S-. ~ :U: io •~ CM ~• 656~ 'Their Lorc.'1.s1.li:Qs consU.er thd it is inpoosi'ble ~ o. re::,ul;-,,tion •••••••• could l)e rro~exly construed.~ 0pnfe;.•rii1,; r;1,igt4toric.J. __;:,o:T~'J! ~ th~ ~-~~en! '. thnt is wh._;t tl1e rec;u.ld::.on would pt:t.rrort · to dQ • if t1~.e ~t.=d.£f 1 .if t.,1,.Q Go'V'o~or j.a satisfied' tK-Q.1\ No clou.'bt lli tlei- • oe~es - which he took vrere necessoxy and justi- :f'iable, 1JU.t no reasonable Lian could think ~ ettch ~ • • The notion ef a ~joo-ti.ve or unfettered cliSOj:>e~i1'-n is oontra1.•y ta the Rw.e, o±: 1£.~• All :;_-,owe.r has lec;al liui ts 2nd tb.e rule of law der:.1e.nds that tlle ~ sllould be r.ble to 2.x2nit10 th0 exc:rcuse of clisc:;..•~ · ~ :;::,ouer. If the cli~cretion is not m.,,_~~juct to review 1:y 2, court of lc,w, then in ~ur jucl(,Llent, that discretion would. 'be in. actual f2..ct c'.S 2..;:•'!.,i trnry as if tlle :..'rovisions tli.er.,· ~1-res do not rest-.dct the discretion to ~ vu:i.'r,ose end to suc;..:,:e.•i, ot;.:..orwise would in ow view be naive. l'e1'ha.i)S at this junctu:..'e 1 should reuinc1 all 011d sundry that the inI)o:dcince of t::e :.·ol<:J c-:.: t;.:.o cou:ds in tra.En:1elinc abuse of executive .?.nd aclJ:unist..·ative :."'o·;rer of "t!J.e 0overnoent was fitt:i.ncl.Y r,u.t a.c:;.•oss by an eninent Enclish ju.(1~e Lord Dennin:; }~-• 10 - 1 'llieae courts have the Z'Jlt):iori ty r:ncl I 1-rould add the c1.u ty, in 2. r:ro1,c:.:- co,se, . -when called ur,on to enquil'e into the exercis~ of a cliscretionary i:owr 1,y a !:f\lllister o~ his ctoi:a:ctraent. If it iG ~._~·"-'-... ~-w:-..~ P"i::iPed,.~G.t.A-w- t,J.:' i:'listakenly so 2,s to inf:dn;:,e unjv.st.ly on tb.e l0t..--:i timo.te :ri[thts Md i.nterests of the cnbject-, then t~:10se cou:cts must so c.leclc:re. T1.:.ey stccU1d, c'.S ever, between the axec1.1.tive t'll'ld t:.'.le su1)jeet, .:.i.s ' Loz:d ~ ~ in r. fc1:·1ous r;assa,.::;e, ~ert tQ,. 4ee that ~'-l'\T .aa.e:oo1.vn 1,41DQ. to ~ m i.Q ,..,._"'ir % _ 1-rhicL. I i-rould add: z.le:rt to .see that a discm-e- tion~y power is not exceeded ~ 1:'J.suood.' o .... ~ t,e,.-af. e t • ~ ~..- ~ r*=~~ ~ t.o. tb.uk "tha"s since the ~ona;,.•y pcnrers of the J::;:,,esid.ent a:rc sulJ~-.. worded, then the :P:r0sident _is be;ro,,nd .cl:.el.lence. As c:1-Ll:i?lY d€:i,10n- sti•.a:tod. h,e~ Dl>ove, the 'President can G'J cl4--i.llati£edg. "° ,a.a •-to..~ that bis j?t,weJ:' hs.s l)een I;i'operly been exai.icis~d• i'fe now CP to the ouster c ~ c:l..nd "17b.ich. 5(.')Cl8t;i.qa ·~ey &-e rdu~cd to as ];1'i"~tive cl.suses, ,-rhi.ch ettet11)t to oti.st th& ju."t'isdiction of the cotu-ts, As s t£i,tcc1 o. .--.rlie.J:9 the ouste.r clcJJ.se ii. . hexe is contained in s. 23· (2) (G.) of tl,.e Civil Sei"Vice' Act. Noo 16 /1989t .At the outset I wou.lc:l like to :-ut clo-wn 1;lainly tl1c..t ou~.mr olruses axe pai)er tiqei·s nce.nt to scc;l.'e the unwa:..'y end the uninitiated in tJ.,io reo.,J.n oi the lc'..u. They a:i.·e sin:;:ily :;_:Ut the:re o.s soa:;.•ecrows. As IIo!!e lt:.11 Justice J~hn Lc,,us st1:1,tes in bis ~ticle ';ts tl1e lliua__Co~t .Jh! Guzl.t'M~ of Func'l&JEmta.l Coi:sti tuticl}.o.l f~1ts?' in the. :Pu1:;lic Lc.w, 1 S:i.11.00 t;:~e oo.se of ~4~inic Vl's~ Forcicn .Q.2~pen~:;,-t:i.on CQLU:ri.ssion: '1~6S 2 1:,.,c. 147, ~J.i?~ ptU'.'1:,0:rtinc to oust the jurisdiction of the oot~1s have fallen into clisuse. To oust the Q~"ts :,ower ef re-view is nccessc.riq to :;_mt ~one no\ the cou.:-t the jul1.ce of whet the law is, ,{,.ich is tl1e s2.--:1e thine. T'ne courts will :;_.,:L"Cst:!70 ,-,.~_.cinst tJ1e confe:i'Dcnt of such c. i".lOwer- 1 • - 'El,e. ~ ~ WE.$ er.i.)l.~esse0. :,._~ Lo:rcl Dil)look ~ th cha-ooteristiQ ~ ~ :i,n tb.e or,.se .of ~-..n.a.oru; Co~1flic ·,ti2rlfi .1w_, ~ D,tie:.. ~ • ~ p»~pDocls on t11e r,reSU1'11,tion that· when Parlior.1ont confers on an ai'Jin:Let:i:dion t:d'tunal or rat:10:..'it.Y,. v..s rJ:im.~ f:;:-on a court of lnw, j?ower to dmc.1.e e i:,a.,:,ticn.iJ.z,.r question clefi.neJ. Dy the Act, oonfei~z-inc~ ti1e wwer, Po.rli1;1r.1ent il1tenls to confine the.t rowe;;.~ to a.nsue:dns the -question t·,s it ho..s 0een so d.efJnecl r-.nd if t~e:i:·e b.2.s boen on;r clov.1:t <.\O to wh0t th~,t q_u~ation is, this _ia a. i:1..,tter for 001.,;.~ts o:~ lmr to resolve in ;fvJfil.-Jo. . r;-t' tneh- E_9:1st~tu.t!on_~ ;.·<?~acs inte.j,-,re~s cf iiu,- wr1tiio11 lc;~ilnn~1.- ~1onunJ.or:,., of tho co,:Jn.Qn ~ - ~ J:Ule,:s •f ec;.i,,i~, 1't, be ew:e, ou;w oJ.~ ~e ~effective to e:x:c-luC..e the 1,0~-rel.' of tb.o ~-Cou,.. ➔ tp ~ i s e its @1/-¥~~P~::S:Y:.--ole c.s confe:-.:;.~ecl on it by Art. 108 (2) of.' ow Constitµtion,; over infe:1.'ior tribunds 1 and r~.it,l:i,a c,.utho:d ties. I;t is o.;rionctio th2,t dl sto,titory l)Ower confe:..~ Q,n ~_1..t1Jlio officers inolucl:i.n,:; tho :Px·esir.:lent u:,:e ~µa~~t .to3~~s~_on , 'by ·the lli.f.,h Couri; ~i~ its ol::,aq;i.o c-ncl trad.i tional function t}f .judj.o:i.ol l;evlew:' no tvr.L 0 Es·t~,,.~ ·In~. t,:_e e.::i~+.:.,.:."J.~0 _,j:f :.:.n ou.stcr o l ~ ~ Tc..nza.nia Court ()f l:J.::i_cco.J. !1,"!-S es~~"...1.Secl t::i....~t view in e. nur:1:.,er of c:ise.s.. :.ntg clio.: r A,.G., tLe Lessinoi N::1.eincd ~. ot:..ors hi• 1980 • .;-• T.L.:~. 214 Al.J,v Li:r;u~ Y;:s~ .Ttu1;?.t1aj.eJi::t:0~,otU'p, ~}lt;~,t.i.."o/J.....PP...L.91:.v:.l Arpeal !~• t, ili~3; n.:~. J{2~j8:.'.Je.~. Ess9 §~fP.c\t:~Vi'JW~a... ~t.9-., :o.z~1.1._ Q.i..Y!L. Arp0al. No. 10L12e2. In the last c,:,,se F.tJtionE~d ~Iakro:1e J.,;_ o~·se:-~ th2,t c':.csii te an· ouster clause the ::1:i~_.:1 Cou:-.:-t could. exi1wine a clecisiqn. t·:-· sea if t:1e rules of ~1,:.t-1.1:,;•al justice we1'e o1:,cervcd in 2J.'Tivinc a.t t~e decision, ir!1ich would. in tu:i:n dete1--r.1ine wl1et:. e:;:- theie was a 0 V<'J.id a.ec:· sion o'..!.· 8XJY d.ecision at c.11. :Gowever I have to -:~oint out that the position now is thci,t not only 02.n the clecision of n :)u~,.µc authority be oh¥1en;:..od for viola tine, t:1e :;_1;•inoi:;_~les of' nr.~aJ justico, but the c;round has 1.::cen e..''tj.)ahc!.ed• Lc,:.:-d J)i:;_,lock in the cci.u ,ff c,c,s,c·. ~:c.s ... l•~~is~~· fo::Jt,q 9iyil ffo;_;y~~ 1zC4 ) P.l 1,.:~ ....23.2... "J.,J.,. iclentifieu four ~-:.:-~.rici:;_---las'. ,/_iclo. ec.n ~;e l.'.sccl to chdlenc.e a dvo:l,,ste,n ():::' c. :;_,1.1.~:;lic mthori tzr, _. nc. th~t ccse 1/t',s wi ted' ·,'1. th c,:;: :;_·:::-ovc.l ~ .y t::.e Tn:.'mania. Cowt o~ .L:,:-pocl iJ'? t~:002.sc of Sr..i.1.£':.i 1~');1:I'ur;1b2: Vrso t:1Y13-9_ Che,eha.: (Mill!.Ylza. Ci'1,l P.lX·~.-~.t.-~lS>-2• 'Eiese fou::- :;:dnciples ezo il:l.e,:ali~. ( ·failcie to foloi tl:.e ir.w) 9 2_;,.'ocec.m.'c.l :LJ:;_,:;:-oi:::iety ( fcilUJ:>e to obse:rv,e· the ·. ·::::·. ,-_.-:_-._"?_:,:: ·f .,.._J .. -,~1 J·,,nt•, - •. l.,,.,,:,;, -'· . e ..._ ... ' ~.,,,,, .<..:.J..~ ,.......,,..... ,.J ;,.._........, -i> ... z~,"~• ~ ....... to u.et wit:;. proced1.-i:c2,l fr..i:;.~ess) ~ h?o.;f;i91~sJ.J.iit: (nddnc. a c:.eci~on ..·' .. 12 - -- -- - ,CSqJ. ~ ~ ~ ~ . : i . t s _ . d a f i ~ .J01f..lo.ida ~ ~ - - ~ - ~ - standa:rds that no :reasonable rera.n -who had a.p~lied his Jh4id to it ~ d . have made sue~ a, decision) J J!I'•l~U.o~i izy' ( that th.~ noQIIA emJAaired by a decision-oake,-. are no oore than is ~ o n b . b ~ to a.chi.eve his or her lec;itioate aims). The doct:cine of ~ ' -....--.._ tit,nali ty has been 1,eooenised by the Tanzania. Court of Ap~ ·in the case, d' :p.t\P,._Yz:s« Dmm11 IL't\«~._,A.·i·pesJ, 11',,., 2§[•2~ J W1d~Kµkutiac ... 01~ Pur.i!JUP smclJpor Yrs, AUQ~eY- Gene~, Utaaw,~ _ ·-- - -···- .. _Ji'?-1 A,-.m~~~ Ne, 32 of 19)2~ T'.a.1.e decision of the Pl,esiden~ 1- ~ - · ·---- this :iartioula:.r case is open to oha.llenf:,"'0 on all these f.~ .J?.rillcivles. It ney 1)e a:re:,uecl in •,»hDl-'t -~ lll.e P,,~G.i.w:)1,:t tl)2.:t..~ . ii.a-~~--did~1t<li~•~ ~ ti:hi,c11 ~-Q.u.nd :.if 1)UbJ.i~ in~o.,rt. he relJO'V'0d the sc:rvant in the civil a02''V"ioa, then it is not -~~ to nount a ohallencc on his cleoision. That. O:C@ment.1.a --· - ~ . ln 1:hq_,Aa-o Ingystc~& ._td,,....QW (Jw.1?81 the lTesidQnt did no-t disclcso t~~-0 1mblic interest ~lved when -~ revokod soco.boccy- 1 s :ri{jht of oocuj:.:>ancy, ncvcrthouiss 1;h.a . ! : : a t ~ - ~ . . . ---- •:f' J.i)_pea.l...took into_ cooount -the hk;tory of tho case wbieh ~ - - • • µ ' - • _ . . , ; , . . - - : th~t the re,Jcation was nadc to assist a ~ublio corrorGtio~ to occupy the land in cl.isrute in which it had treavassed. into o.Jld tho oourt held the.t, the.t wa~ not ~ j_;1.,t1)1ic inwest. · In th0 · oc,se at hand al thoUQ-1 tb.c Prosidont l1as ~t cie.e.l.f)Scd -e,s to what ~ isl~:.:es1._w-.JUJ.d..-ha S0XVOc1 in 210.C.0.$~ :tho.-.~tirotb:tho civil service yet taking i n t o ~ - ~ ~oey of tho caso, , -the court at the raain trial would 1Jo at l i b ~ 'to ¢On.Sid.er on 'lhethor tho President vras to eorrect to tako ill.to at;ioount in roaching his decision the fa.ct that the civil soi~t i.s quoa-tiall. had an oeononic sa1)o tnco crinin2,l ca.so in which he was aoqui ttoa. and ·1JJ,orD WOJ:10 cli..eo.f.I>~ 1,1~oooodince t1t..,r:-ainat the said soi~t.nt but which ondoii. in favour of tho so.id sorvent. 11"..ic u-iaJ. eou;n. ,riJ..1 hc:.vo to consiclor 2,s to .-mother the ~,osiclont was 1.'ic)lt ta tclk.a ~ :into account i;hosp .c.strano01,1.S ·Cansic1r.J:i.,::titl1u; ..in. al.'Tivinc; at hie decision. '!he courts 1..inclo:r the L~uctrinc of SOl)a.t'n.tion of powers· ore 0~£1..!'G'Od with tho to.slc of upholding the-Constitution and D.Ctinc a.am rolmmk: on otl1or l):...'o...'1chos of the c;ov~'nnon-t, !n tl10 two themes .I.fl 2.1)ovo, I h~-.vc o.ttonptcd to explain ho7T tho judiciro-y h2,s rojootod attcopts by tho EY..ocutivo to ovor-..ccsoh inc1ividual l"ic;l:lts by tho uso of locislction :;wovidinc, subj~tivo cliscrotiontiry pow01's wd I•! ~~- . 13 - -~~.. -~~~ct-~~ ~ . a g ~ t9. a.t-tff'k. 9n tho ~ .of the poli tioru. Ql'attehos of tho c o ~ --~-"-~ ;, 1;i0qW.r~ \JMQntrollod powo:r, is hichly co~dab1o ~· show, tbA'\ -thoy a.ro fitted to :"ro\l'ido an offcctivc chock acainst 4i,.'l)t'cs.eivo 9~~:i,so ~f ;pPWOl' 'b;y th(j Jkocn.\tivo·, Fo~ William ~ciAo, in .__ - - ~ t o l l l l \ l l d Q f ~ J L ' ~ ~ ~ ~ (1981) at i,p.8,3,-84 has conucndcd -tho 001.1.1.·t"s rolo 1q statin61 '.••to 0%0Dpt a pu1,lic 0Utl'J.Ol~i<t;r from ~ho ~ of tho courts of law is, to that cxtont, to 0-'ant ~iot~~o.J. 1'0lf91• ;tt is nt tO:iq)(jiNJ;'atiOJ?, , thOJ:"ofor9, 1o d.Qsor:Lbo tbis ns m1 a.buso of t!.lo :,:-owor of Parlionont, ......,__ , ~~~~~.. ,!l.i.fr~e- tb.o- ~~ ,-...___.__ -...,. as .l,. sec it, :tor the strone, it micJ1t evc11 be so.id - ~ et.---,nd which the coui--ts• 11;:-,vo ~--~r'l4D3$, .. _______.,_ .,..___ . - allowing .lots of J?ai•lisr.iont to c~oa.tg upckots Qt; - . -,.aQ(?ni:roUAi... µ g ~ . u , . - ~ of tho 11.ulo of LD.if. !'~liaoont-is-~ ~ o c t --~s--~•~-tio.o-a ~ too nu.ell wcir)lt to tcu;_-.io1·£'.J.ji" convcnioncc r.nd too little· to con.st! tutio11cl r,:dnci~•lo. Tho lcws dcl~, tloccthcr wi tll its uncertainty and oxponac tct1J?ts covo~1mt to tekc......sh.ort ..ou-t?!,-by olini.t:4~tio11 of tho courts. But if the com.--ts t.rc ~:;~ovontod. from cnfo:i:.c:il:iG tho lmr, tho 1•cr.1ody beooncs uo::-so thcn ~10 d.isoooo 1 • It is only hopoc1 that tho Exoo1..i.tivo will toke t:,is dialot;UC with ~ ; m ; ~ Uncontrolled. l"lOlrol" on the ?r::L't of the Exocmtivo docs 11ot ~-~""~tlOOl'.e..tio Govornncnt. It s::00.J.cl bo noted tl:J,nt Courts n;;::-o i11 n. position. o:t-i:ld.o].)Olldorb() nnd \lo they ~.o. . often b e ~ placed tl1£.J.1 tho Prosiclont cr;c .. azu <>i:b.CJ: l,)Ublic ----..Jl'~J~,+.,.i1::.,c,em)lll1:l,i.v--iio .assess tllc wciQ.lt of cot1DOtinc asr,octa of tho publiQ interest. Fincliy tho Stti.tc Attornoy l!°tL'. Nyc.1:d.l'.'i udvoo c',tin(; fox- tho P:l'osidont, ro:-cuocl t'b.ct tho p1·ovisio11s of sections 5 ru.1c'.. 7 of t'.:w Ponid6ns' th'dinanoo·1 08.p. 371 11.:::r tho 1?l!.".iJ.1tiff to :present his cld.o in Oourt. Doth t~1osc sections 111"'0Vif.1o tJ.1.0.t 1 ng officer who has _,qopn... ~o~irod. in 42;t1~li0 ~tc;rcst hes r'.l'l rJ',soluto rifi]xt to coo;ponso.tion for J28.S,t services r11c1 to gt.':;.er nlloi:rt..110cs ho is othorlr.i.so cnti ~locl tel The short 211mrcr to tl:,oso provisions is tl12-t they 2.i.'O u,nconsti tutioncl end so void. They n,.,:,c donyinc n. :pc:.'son tho rie;ht to ~00ll1ora.tion for work done contZ'n.ry to Lr4i. 23 (1) of otU'.' Constitution. Eq_t.mlly Art. 24 (2) r,:i~ovid.inc; ··••·· ...'···•-~~.,. ...... - . . 14 .. t11at no one ~ be cloprivcd of his l)I'o::,0rv 1dthout A':lthe>l.~W ~ ;ho 1a.w wbi.o.b. ehcll sot out oonditiom fro.' fc.ir r.nci odO(JJ...~ • ootr)onsction. The lc.·u· that iG io:?,i,101od is not cocid lmr ~ io nt• oo.vod by A:t't. 30 ( 2) of o\U:' Consti t\.\tio11 1Jocnuso it is • ~ ..q.J.?apr« on<.\ with.out nctoQ\U\iiQ sc£c,c,uc:cc1o rec.inst· ;:,ny SllCh 1 • ~ , ~ 4 - ~ . 4ticl tiv o;r:r~ ~ ~"~:?:ziJ.a SC rua:»ana:U.ar • j.i) is .nCJ't ~ l ~ " :f.,e LJi ~·,.Jie'oesssxi•;to 80hi•a,v,j 8• ~ . objoctivo. l3otll iili.oao. ~il1oiploe. h~vo 1Joon cx-p~'1.:::oo. by tb,o, •:-~q, .Oo~t of ..lvpoal in t~10 cnsos of ~~r;;,.,9.,l_o ~ KfstJ A,ttQ:r:ncy ,..!oiji,a.lL"-1Nsll£-)_.Q.i.2!_.l_~;:J2,o~ )fo..L...3.Zl199i.;im n:ei:ei i.,a, D~. l,cto1 (;nsH~mintc'l: .A.11r,,2s,l !?..,_ ~/ 1~~ Ii. shoulc: bo notod th...-..t undo:i: A;rt. 9 ( 1) (~J) of our Co~1,~,ti t1.1tion_, -t:Jio Pr~dOl'lt 8llcJ.. r.ll ~ 1 strJio nt,'Cnoios a;:c :L'oqtw~od to clircct cJ.1 tl10 l)Olicy OZll1 b:D~a tcu·,~.:ds tho Vl"osov::,tion rncl 0001?lit.nco .rlth tho be.sic lc.w of tho l~, tb.t'.t ie tho Oattstitution. .A.net A,......;;,. 2~ ( 1j o-t 0\.1l' . .c,.~~"ktcm dj;c-oots that every :parson, iucll~' tho lTot.d.tJ~ is oblicod to cotr.Ql.y ,ri th tho Co:;.1sti t\.1.tio11. It is tl1crc:f'o1~0 S'UI'",;?i:'i~il'l(.; to noto t~i.r,t tho h~ooidont hr,s OJ?tcd to o'boy · tho ~ ' t ; t ' i . u . t ~ ?Cl--udons O:i:diJ:lt:n0O ifl.:i.:',O!l offends tho bi,"",GiO la.w ..c4 t'.J.o lo..11el. I 212.v-o to :.:ccl.l'ld tho )"J.'.;isid,,m.t c..nct o.11 o ~ ~ _ officials th2.t tmc"!.o;.• ooot:lon ,;,.,(1) ot,'~~.JfoJWiw,tion( Q,ons~1J9ntiol ~•oviaj.pl.QJ.,M;i:~.J!o, ,:16L:!2lM tthey have t o - ~ AU t:10 op.ati.."l;'.:i _lmr (laus pc.,ssod 1,;oforo 1-3-1985) .&s ~~ M ~ to ~Jrine thoti into confoJ.•ru. ty with o'U.i: :Bill of Rif;hta .A.o-t. No.,, 1JJ 1984. So all le,us r,c,osoc.1 before 1-3-1985 should not 1Jc token c.t tl1ci:r fooo vc.J.uc, but should Ol'l~ bo o1Jcyod if they don•t ~ "1.&;a.insii tho 1x:i.sio.. l~.w ..:,£· ~ ~ 1"40 -COnsti tution. Tho ProEti ~ --►--:~. _ - - ~ - l k ~ l i l i c should bo in :f.oro---tront. 'tc ..tli.~e,'O:Od. o.11 ---..... tho lo~ws that r,:c in broM.t. I the Comiti tt.1tio11, such r,s tho Po.ra:d,ot\4-. •rd.inal'X}Ce As DDJ.)ly c1ooouoti:'~tod 2J)OVO --the .,,-cu.sios» ~ o . violc.toJJ, +..ho ~i.::.ht to ;0:0;-o=-:>ty c.11c1 tho :.,ic).1t to c. ,just :cor.nmo- :r2;tion f()T' wo,:lt c'..ono. 'J;thox-o:f'OJ.--0 \ll:lc~ ocation 5 ( 1) of Act No. 16/ 1984 o.ncl Al"'t• 64 (5) of 01.ll:' Gcm.rtitution, I doclro:-o tho !}::t..10Vicians of soction 6 c.nd. 9 "'f tl:o 1'oaL;Jio110 Oi1dinc.nco to 1,c void. I hold thc,t tho 1,ld.11tiff io c.t litwi;y to pj:'oacnt his clciJ:lo 1)ofol'o t].tlo- cow..--t. • ......... ·.,.; 15 ••• •••••••• 15 - w~~~ 1 ~, ("-~V'>rl'l}.:",1'\.:l·- ,.,1, 1 t:_ .. ~ if.,_ ,>..~ .1.·· -..-.J •. .._ ."'.:,., ~-•.-r.': .. .l. ,~ ... ··•T- o· ·a· ,r;t·' -1t/f"<..• .J•---:.l.J-,..4•.-fl/ ......... .J.v~;,. . ;_, •...-~""" .-.. ':..•~-- ~-- .._~:.':.1o~r-G:..:10:.·nl fci.ls. T...:..v ~~~ 'i~ ~-.11~ ~ :_:;·-.1!'";'6ti :...1e cL~o b: :20::. o -ti·.iz oo•s.--t;. T'_o- ~ld.~~i,ot. ..:. . :..:i:J.:t_•~ >·.a. t.o ZL"\ ~ - j~ J • J •.. -'i:ttcl~1.~w.Va)-~. \ --- JtJ:OGD