[2003] UGHC 104

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http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/2003/wordml}}\paperw12240\paperh15840\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0\ltrsect \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves1\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0\noxlattoyen \expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dgmargin\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1440\dgvorigin1440\dghshow1\dgvshow1 \jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\splytwnine\ftnlytwnine\htmautsp\nolnhtadjtbl\useltbaln\alntblind\lytcalctblwd\lyttblrtgr\lnbrkrule\nobrkwrptbl\snaptogridincell\allowfieldendsel\wrppunct \asianbrkrule\rsidroot15341321\newtblstyruls\nogrowautofit \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}\ilfomacatclnup0\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid9375534\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (} {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9 \pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9526279 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid3351261 THE REPUBLIC OFUGANDA \line IN THE H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 IGH COURT OF UGANDA AT MBARARA \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 HCT-05-CR-CO-0097-2001 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9526279 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid3351261 UGANDA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 PROSECUTION \line -VS- \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9526279 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 1 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid3351261 KABERA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 KARAVERA)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid3351261 ACC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 USED \line 2. PTE TUKAHIRWA GERALD) \'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85\'85...\'85\'85.. ACCUSED \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid3351261 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid3351261 BEFORE: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 THE HON. JUSTICE P. K. MUGAMBA \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9526279 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid3351261 JUDGMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9526279\charrsid3351261 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1186928 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 Kabera Karavera the accused herein had initially been charged together with another for the offence of aggravated robbery, contrary to sections 2 72 and 273(2) of the Penal Code Act. The co-accused pleaded guilty to simple robbery and was convicted and sentenced to seven years\rquote imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 The prosecution called the evidence of two witnesses in support of its case. PW1 was the complainant Asiimwe Annet while PW2 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid10889846 No. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid10889846 17458 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid10889846 D/Cpl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 . Tukamuhabwa Richard. }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 In his defence accused gave a sworn statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 but did not call any witness. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 Briefly the prosecution case is that on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 night of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 29th }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 Augu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid9526279 st 2000 two men went to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 home of PW 1 at Kakiika in Mba rara. The two men were strangers but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 PW 1 recognized only one of them who is not Kabera Karavera. The one she did not recognize had a mask on his face. The men were armed with guns and broke into the main house where they stole various items including a ba nk pass book, shop keys, an identity card for Nkumba University, several pairs of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid1186928 bed sheets}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 and cash Shs. I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 80,000/. The men later went away. The co-accused was arrested first and led Police to the accused at whose house some items of property belonging to the complainant were recovered three days after the event of the robbery. Accused was arrested and cha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 rged with the present offence. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 In his defence statement which was on oath the accused said he had received the suitcase containing the stolen property t ogether with a gun unwittingly from the co-accused when he was at his place of work. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279\charrsid1186928 co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 -accused had said he would collect the suitcase from him before long but when he did not show up accused had taken it home with him in the evening for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 safe }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 custody}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 . He claimed ignorance of the robbery and of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 the contents of the suitcase. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9526279 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 The following ingredients ought to be proved beyond reasonable doubt before the prosecution can succeed in having the accused convicted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 for the offence of aggravated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 robbery: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9526279 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (i)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1 \widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9526279 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 that there was theft; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (ii)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 that theft was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 accompanied by violence; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iii)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 that a deadly weapon was us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 ed or threatened to be used; \par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (iv)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 that the accused person p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9526279 articipated in the commission. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid9526279 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 PW 1 testified before court that on the night in issue proper ty was stolen from her. The various items were later recovered first at Makenke Barracks in Mbarara and then at the home of the accused. Those items were also identified here in court and received as exhibits. I find the defence does not contest the fact that theft did indeed take place. Consequently I am satisfied that the prosecution has proved this ingre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889846 dient beyond reasonable doubt. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 The only witness to the robbery, PW 1, does not state anywhere in the course of her testimony that there was violence. I cannot elicit it from the goings on either. The prosecution has not proved beyond reasonable doubt that there was violence on the occasion. Similarly, though PW 1 testified she saw the attackers with a gun on the night in issue I note that the gun was not fired at the scene nor is there evidence that it was ever recovered. As such there is no proof that it was a deadly weapon as envisaged in S. 273 (2) of the Penal Code Act. See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10889846 Wassajj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10889846 vs- Uganda [1975]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid9526279 EA 181. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 The prosecution has not proved beyond reasonable doubt this ingredient rela}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889846 ting to use of a deadly weapon \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb100\sa240\sbauto1\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid1186928 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 The final ingredient to be proved by the prosecution is whether the accused person participated in the commission of the offence. I have stated earli er that PW 1 testified that she did not identify accused at the scene, and PW 1 was the only witness to the incident. Accused was implicated because some of the items of property stolen from PW1 were found at his home. Evidence against accused is therefor e circumstantial, not direct. In a case founded purely on circumstantial evidence court must find, before deciding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889846\charrsid1186928 on conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 that the inculpatory facts were incompatible with the innocence of the accused and incapable of any other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889846 hypothesis than that of guilt. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 Simon Musoke }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 vs- R [1958] E. A. 715. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10889846 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 Accused has been implicated on the basis of that doctrine of recent possession as stated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 Andereva Obonvo and Another }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 vs- R [1962] EA 542 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 and a host of others. The position is that a court may presume that a person in possession of stolen goods soon after that theft is either the thief or has received the goods kn owing them to be stolen unless he can account for his possession. This inference of fact may be drawn as a matter of common sense from other facts including in particular the fact that the accused had in his possession property which it is proved has been unlawfull}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889846 y obtained shortly before he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 was found in possession. It is merely an application of the ordinary rule applied to circumstantial evidence that the inculpatory facts against the accused must be incompatible with innocence and incapable of explan ation by any other hypothesis than that of guilt. In the instant case accused stated in his defence that he had unwittingly received the suitcase from his co-accused. The co-accused had sought accused to look after the suitcase for a short time while he w e nt to collect some property from a bus. When the co-accused did not come back accused had taken the suitcase with him home for safe custody. That is how he had come to be found with the suitcase and its suspect contents. I do not find the prosecution has adduced evidence tending to assail this explanation. Yet the only evidence tending to implicate accused revolves around the fact that he was found with the property in issue. This ingredient has not been proved beyond reason}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889846 able doubt by the prosecution. \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 T he gentlemen assessors were of the unanimous view that the prosecution had failed to prove that the accused had taken part in the offence. They advised me to acquit him. For the reasons given in this judgment I agree with their opinion and find the accuse d not guilty. He is accordingly acquitted and should be released forthwith unless he is being held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889846 on any other lawful charge. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid12858151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12858151\charrsid8544671 P. K. Mugamba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12858151 \par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12858151\charrsid8544671 Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12858151 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\ipgp1\pararsid12858151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid12858151 23rd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid12858151 January}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 2003 \line Mr. Bezire for the accused \line Mr. Murumba State Attorney \line Accused in court \line Ms Tushemereirwe court clerk/interpreter \line }{ \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 Court: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15341321\charrsid1186928 Judgment read in court. \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12858151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12858151 \par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12858151 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12858151\charrsid8544671 P. 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