民法

In civil matters, if the law does not regulate an issue, custom applies; if there is no custom, principles of law apply.

A missing person's property must be managed under the Family Procedure Act rules until a declaration of death is made, unless another law provides otherwise.

附條件法律行為的當事人，在條件結果未定前，如果做出損害相對人依條件成就本可取得利益的行為，應負賠償責任。

Spouses keep their own surnames, may agree in writing to add a spouse’s surname and register it, and the spouse who added the surname may later restore the original surname once per marriage.

Spouses have a duty to live together, unless there is a justifiable reason they cannot.

夫妻的住所原則上由雙方共同協議；如果沒有協議或協議不成，可以聲請法院決定。

夫妻就日常家務彼此互為代理人；一方濫用代理權時，另一方可以限制，但不能對抗善意第三人。

夫妻原則上要分擔家庭生活費用；對於因該費用產生的債務，夫妻負連帶責任。

Spouses may choose one agreed marital property regime by contract before or after marriage.

If spouses did not agree on a marital property regime by contract, the statutory marital property regime applies unless this law provides otherwise.

（刪除）

夫妻財產制契約的訂立、變更或廢止，應以書面為之。

夫妻財產制契約的訂立、變更或廢止，沒有登記就不能對抗第三人。

前二條的規定，也適用於關於夫妻財產的其他約定。

This provision is deleted.

If a party acts improperly to prevent a condition from occurring, the condition is treated as having occurred; if a party acts improperly to cause a condition to occur when that party benefits from it, the condition is treated as not having occurred.

在符合列舉情形時，法院可依他方請求，宣告夫妻改用分別財產制。

This provision is deleted.

夫妻在婚姻關係存續中，可以用契約廢止原有財產契約，或改採其他約定財產制。

This provision is deleted.

（刪除）

This provision is deleted.

Deleted provision.

夫妻財產分為婚前財產與婚後財產，且有數項推定與歸類規則。

夫或妻各自有權管理、使用、收益及處分自己的財產。

夫妻在家庭生活費用之外，可以協議一筆一定金額的錢，供丈夫或妻子自由處分。

Deleted provision.

A legal act with a suspensive term becomes effective when the term arrives, and a legal act with a resolutive term loses effect when the term expires.

Deleted.

配偶在婚姻存續中處分婚後財產，若因此損害他方在法定財產制消滅後的剩餘財產分配請求權，他方得向法院聲請撤銷。

前條撤銷權在特定期間內不行使時會消滅。

（刪除）

夫妻就其婚後財產互負報告義務。

夫妻各自負責清償自己的債務；一方用自己的財產替另一方還債時，可以請求償還。

（刪除）

This provision is deleted.

This provision is deleted.

Deleted.

This article is deleted.

Deleted provision.

An agent’s statement made within the scope of authority and in the principal’s name has direct effect on the principal.

The provision is marked as deleted.

法定財產制關係消滅時，夫妻剩餘財產差額原則上應平均分配，但繼承或無償取得的財產、慰撫金不計入。

夫妻一方用婚後財產償還婚前債務，或用婚前財產償還婚姻存續中債務時，除已補償者外，於法定財產制關係消滅時，應分別納入相應財產或債務計算。

夫妻在法定財產制關係消滅前五年內，若為減少對方可分配財產而處分婚後財產，原則上要把該財產加回計算；分配權利人也可在一定條件下向受領第三人請求返還。

婚後財產的價值計算，原則上以法定財產制關係消滅時為準；如果夫妻是因判決離婚，則以起訴時為準。另依前條應追加計算的婚後財產，則以處分時為準。

夫妻的財產和所得，除了特有財產外，合併為共同財產。

Certain property is treated as separate property, including items for personal use, items needed for a spouse’s occupation, and gifts declared in writing by the donor to be separate property.

夫妻原則上共同管理共同財產；如果雙方另有約定由一方管理，就依約定辦理。

夫妻一方要處分共同財產時，應先取得另一方同意。

Debts incurred before marriage or during the marriage are to be repaid from the couple’s common property and, separately, from each spouse’s own special property.

Deleted provision.

（刪除）

This provision is deleted.

If a debt of common marital property is paid with common property, no reimbursement claim arises. If common-property debt is paid with separate property, or separate-property debt is paid with common property, a reimbursement claim exists and may be made even during the marriage.

夫妻一方死亡時，共同財產通常一半歸繼承人，另一半歸生存配偶；如另有約定，依約定處理。

Declarations of intent made or received by an agent are not affected just because the agent has limited capacity.

共同財產制關係消滅時，夫妻原則上各取回自己在訂約時的財產；關係存續中取得的共同財產，原則上夫妻各分一半，除非法律或另有約定不同。

Spouses may agree by contract that only labor income becomes joint property; other property follows separate-property rules, and unproven property is presumed to be labor income.

（刪除）

（刪除）

在分別財產制下，夫妻各自保有其財產所有權，並可自行管理、使用、收益及處分。

Provision marked as deleted.

For spouses' debt settlement under the separate property regime, Article 1023 applies.

（刪除）

Deleted provision.

If both spouses want to divorce, they may divorce by themselves.

This article says whose facts are used to judge an agent’s declaration of intent, depending on the situation.

Mutual divorce must be in writing, signed by at least two witnesses, and registered with the household registration authority.

Deleted provision.

A spouse may ask the court for divorce if the other spouse has one of the listed grounds, or if there is another serious reason making the marriage hard to maintain.

If a divorce is reached through court mediation or court settlement, the marriage ends, and the court must notify the household registration authority.

A person with the right to claim divorce may not request divorce if they consented in advance, later forgave the conduct, learned of it more than six months ago, or more than two years have passed since it occurred.

有請求權的一方，對於特定情事，知道後超過一年或事情發生後超過五年，就不得請求離婚。

離婚後，未成年子女權利義務的行使或負擔，原則上由父母協議決定；協議不成或協議不利於子女時，法院可依請求或依職權介入調整。

法院在作出前條裁判時，應以子女最佳利益為優先，並考量各項相關情況；也可以參考相關訪視或調查報告，並囑託有關機關、團體或專業人士進行特定事項調查。

If both parents are not suitable to exercise their rights, the court must choose a suitable person as the child’s guardian and decide how the guardianship will be carried out and how the parents will pay support expenses.

因判決離婚受損的一方，可以向有過失的配偶請求賠償。

無過失的一方因判決離婚而生活困難時，另一方即使也沒有過失，仍應給付相當的贍養費。

夫妻離婚時，除分別財產制外，各自取回婚前或變更財產制時的財產；如有剩餘，依夫妻財產制規定分配。

Parents must agree in writing on a child’s surname before the birth registration. After registration, parents may agree in writing to change a minor child’s surname, and an adult child may change it. A court may also declare a surname change for the child’s benefit in listed cases.

非婚生子女通常從母姓；如果經生父認領，則適用前條第2至4項。

代理人未經本人許諾，不得與自己交易，也不得在同時代理第三人時替本人與第三人交易；但若該行為只是專門履行債務，則例外。

A minor child’s domicile is the same as the parents’ domicile.

“Marital child” means a child conceived and born within a marriage relationship.

此條文定義受胎期間為自子女出生日回溯第181日至第302日止；若能證明受胎回溯落在前述期間內，則以該證明的期間作為受胎期間。

如果孩子是在婚姻關係存續中受胎，法律推定其為婚生子女；夫妻一方或子女在證明非婚生後，可以提起否認之訴。

A child born outside marriage is treated as a legitimate child if the child’s biological parents later marry.

A nonmarital child is treated as a marital child if the father recognizes it; if the father has raised it, that is treated as recognition. A nonmarital child’s relationship with its mother is also treated as a marital child relationship, and recognition is not required.

非婚生子女或其生母可以否認生父的認領。

If facts indicate a child was born outside marriage and the alleged father dies, the child, the mother, or another legal representative may bring a paternity acknowledgment lawsuit, including against the father’s heirs or, if there are no heirs, the social welfare authority.

This provision is marked deleted.

An acknowledgment of a child born outside marriage takes effect from the child’s birth, but it does not affect rights already acquired by third parties.

經認領的非婚生子女，在未成年子女權利義務的行使或負擔方面，適用第1055條、第1055條之一及第1055條之二的規定。

代理權的限制或撤回，原則上不能對抗善意第三人。

生父認領非婚生子女後，原則上不得撤銷認領；但若有事實足以證明他不是生父，則不受此限制。

This article is deleted.

這條規定收養他人子女為子女時，收養者稱為養父或養母，被收養者稱為養子或養女。

收養人通常應比被收養者年長20歲以上；夫妻共同收養時，則一方年長20歲以上、另一方年長16歲以上也可以；夫妻一方收養他方子女時，應年長16歲以上。

Certain close relatives may not be adopted as an adopted child, except when one spouse adopts the other spouse’s child.

夫妻收養子女時，原則上應共同收養；在特定情形下，可以單獨收養。

除夫妻共同收養外，一個人不得同時作為兩個人的養子女。

夫妻一方被收養時，通常要取得配偶同意；若配偶不能表示意思，或生死不明已滿三年，則不在此限。

子女被收養時，原則上應取得父母同意；但在特定情況下可不受此限，且同意不得附條件或期限。

收養未滿7歲的人時，由其法定代理人代為表示意思；收養7歲以上未成年人時，應先取得其法定代理人同意。

This article says an adopted child is generally treated like a marital child in relation to adoptive parents and their relatives, with specific effects on the relationship with birth parents and exceptions for a spouse adopting the other spouse’s child and for adopted children who already have descendants.

被收養的子女可以從收養者姓或維持原姓；夫妻共同收養時，須在收養登記前以書面約定子女姓氏。

收養應以書面辦理，並向法院聲請認可；如有無效、得撤銷原因或違反其他法律規定，法院應不予認可。

When a court approves the adoption of a minor, it must do so according to the adoptee’s best interests.

成年人被收養時，如果有特定情形，法院應不予收養認可。

An adoption takes effect retroactively from the time the adoption agreement was made, once the court’s approval decision becomes final.

If an adoption of a child violates certain listed provisions, the adoption is invalid.

If an adoption violates the cited rules, the adopter’s spouse or the adoptee’s spouse/legal representative may ask the court to cancel the adoption, but only within the stated time limits.

Agency authority ends according to the legal relationship that granted it, and it may be revoked while that relationship continues unless the nature of the relationship forbids revocation.

養父母與養子女可以合意終止收養，但要以書面進行；未成年人還要向法院聲請認可。

在養父母死亡後，養子女可以向法院聲請許可終止收養；未滿七歲的養子女則由終止收養後的法定代理人聲請，七歲以上未成年人聲請時還要取得該法定代理人的同意。法院如果認為終止收養顯失公平，可以不許可。

If termination of adoption violates the specified provisions, it is invalid.

If an adoption termination violates specified rules, the adopter’s spouse or the adopted person’s post-termination legal representative may ask the court to revoke it, but only within the stated time limits.

法院可以在符合法定事由且經請求時，宣告終止收養關係；若養子女未成年，法院應以其最佳利益為準。

因收養關係終止而生活陷於困難者，可以請求他方給付相當金額；若請求顯失公平，則可減輕或免除。

收養關係終止時，養子女及受收養效力影響的直系血親卑親屬會回復本姓，並回復與本生父母及其親屬間的權利義務；但第三人已取得的權利不受影響。

法院在依特定條文作成裁判時，準用第一千零五十五條之一的規定。

子女應孝敬父母；父母對未成年子女有保護與教養的權利義務。

Parents may discipline their children within the necessary scope.

Parents are the legal representatives of their minor child. If the parents’ position conflicts with the child’s interests or they cannot legally represent the child, the court may appoint a special representative.

未成年子女因繼承、贈與或其他無償取得的財產，屬於其特有財產。

父母要共同管理未成年子女的特有財產；父母可以使用並收取收益，但除非是為了子女利益，不得處分該財產。

父母原則上共同行使或負擔未成年子女的權利義務；在特定情況下可由一方或有能力者單獨行使或負擔，並可請求法院依子女最佳利益酌定。

If parents have not lived together for at least six months, the rules on exercising or bearing rights and duties for a minor child apply mutatis mutandis; this does not apply when there is a justified reason for not cohabiting or another law says otherwise.

代理權消滅或撤回時，代理人必須把授權書交還給授權者，不能留置。

If a parent abuses rights over a child, the court may suspend all or part of those rights for the child's benefit.

如果未成年人沒有父母，或父母都不能行使、負擔其未成年子女的權利義務，應為其置監護人。

父母得就特定事項，在一定期限內，以書面委託他人行使未成年子女的監護職務。

父或母得以遺囑指定未成年子女的監護人；受指定的監護人知悉後15日內要向法院報告姓名、住所，且在遺囑未指定共同清點財產的人時，還要申請地方政府指派人員協同清點財產。

This provision sets who may act as a guardian for a minor when parents cannot exercise parental rights and duties, and it requires the guardian to report to court within 15 days and ask the local government to assign a person for an inventory of property.

法院在選定或改定監護人時，應以受監護人的最佳利益為準，並審酌各種情況，特別是列出的幾項因素。

監護人有正當理由並經法院許可時，可以辭任職務。

A person may not serve as a guardian if they are a minor, under an unrevoked guardianship or assistance declaration, under an unrecovered bankruptcy declaration, or missing.

監護人在為受監護人利益所需的範圍內，行使並負擔父母對未成年子女的權利與義務；如係父母暫時委託，則只限於受託職務。

監護人在監護權限內是受監護人的法定代理人；如果監護人與受監護人的利益相反或依法不能代理，法院得選任特別代理人。

When guardianship starts, the guardian must prepare an inventory of the ward’s property and report it to the court within two months, together with the specified person(s).

在財產清冊完成並陳報法院前，監護人只能對受監護人的財產做管理上必要的行為。

If two or more people die at the same time and the order of death cannot be proven, they are presumed to have died simultaneously.

無代理權人以他人名義作成法律行為，對善意相對人負損害賠償責任。

監護人應以善良管理人之注意執行監護職務。

監護人不得在非為受監護人利益時使用、代為處分或同意處分其財產，也不得以受監護人財產投資，但部分指定金融商品除外。

監護人不得受讓受監護人的財產。

監護人管理受監護人的財產；執行監護職務的必要費用由受監護人的財產負擔。必要時，法院可以命監護人提出報告、財產清冊或結算書，並檢查監護事務或財產狀況。

This provision is deleted.

監護人可以請求報酬；報酬金額由法院依其勞力和受監護人的資力酌定。

（刪除）

在特定情況下，法院可以另行選任適當的監護人；在新監護人確定前，由當地社會福利主管機關先擔任監護人。

法院在有事實顯示原監護人不符合受監護人最佳利益或顯然不適任時，得依聲請改定適當監護人。

原監護人 must 交接或返還受監護人財產，並在監護關係終止後 2 個月內完成結算書送交。

監護人死亡時，前條的移交與結算由其繼承人辦理；如果沒有繼承人或繼承人不明，則由新監護人直接辦理結算，並將財產清冊陳報法院。

監護人執行監護職務時，因故意或過失造成受監護人損害的，應負賠償責任。

法院在選定監護人、准許監護人辭任，或另行選定、改定監護人時，應依職權通知戶政機關辦理登記。

依第十四條受監護宣告的未成年人，適用本章第二節關於成年人監護的規定。

If part of a legal act is invalid, the whole act is invalid; but if the valid parts can still stand without the invalid part, the remaining parts stay valid.

A person under guardianship declaration must have a guardian appointed.

法院在監護宣告時，應依職權選定監護人，並指定會同開具財產清冊的人；在此之前，也可命主管機關或社會福利機構訪視並提出調查報告與建議。

法院在選定監護人時，應以受監護宣告之人的最佳利益為準，並優先考量其意見。

照護受監護宣告之人的法人、機構及其相關人員，原則上不得擔任該人的監護人；但配偶、四親等內血親或二親等內姻親不受此限制。

監護人在處理受監護人的生活、照護治療和財產管理時，應尊重受監護人的意思，並考量其身心狀態與生活狀況。

When the court appoints multiple guardians, it may set the scope of their duties and may later revoke or change that designation on application.

法院在作成監護相關宣告、選定或改定監護人等情形時，應依職權通知戶政機關辦理登記。

Adult guardianship generally follows the rules for minor guardianship, except where this section provides otherwise.

受輔助宣告的人，必須置輔助人。

意定監護原則上準用成年人監護的規定，但本節另有規定的部分除外。

這條定義「意定監護」，並規定受任人可以是一人或數人；若有數人，原則上應共同執行職務，除非另有約定分別執行。

意定監護契約的訂立或變更，必須由公證人作成公證書；公證後7日內還要書面通知本人住所地的法院。

When a court declares guardianship, it must appoint the person named in an advance guardianship contract as guardian, and it must follow the contract on who helps prepare the asset inventory unless the named person is not in the person’s interests or is not named.

This article lets the principal or agent withdraw an advance guardianship contract before a guardianship declaration, but the withdrawal must be in writing and notarized to take effect.

法院在監護宣告後，遇到特定監護人不適任情形時，可以改選、改定或解任監護人；在某些情況下還必須優先選任其他沒有不適任問題的監護人。

意定監護契約對報酬有約定的，依約定；沒有約定時，監護人可以請求法院按勞力和受監護人資力酌定。

If a later advance guardianship agreement conflicts with an earlier one, the earlier agreement is treated as having been withdrawn by the person.

If an agreed guardianship contract says so, the appointed agent may carry out guardianship duties without the limits in Article 1101(2) and (3).

Listed relatives must support each other financially.

When there are multiple people with a duty of support, the person who must perform the duty is determined by the listed priority order; if they are in the same direct line, the nearer degree takes priority, and if their degree is the same, each shares the duty according to economic ability.

當有多人可受扶養而扶養義務人的經濟能力不足時，受扶養對象依法定順序決定；同等親等者，以較親者優先，親等相同者則依需要狀況酌定扶養。

夫妻彼此負有扶養義務；其負擔順序與直系血親卑親屬相同，受扶養權利的順序與直系血親尊親屬相同。

Parents must support their minor children, and this duty is not affected by annulment of marriage or divorce.

受扶養權利者以不能維持生活且無謀生能力者為限；但這項限制不適用於直系血親尊親屬。

If a person cannot support themself because of a support-duty burden, that duty is waived; if the supported person is a lineal ascendant or a spouse, the duty is reduced.

在特定情形下，負扶養義務者可以請求法院減輕扶養義務；情節重大時，法院也可以免除扶養義務。

扶養程度應依受扶養權利者的需要，以及負扶養義務者的經濟能力與身分來決定。

If a void legal act still meets the requirements of another legal act, that other legal act remains valid when the circumstances show the parties would have intended it.

扶養的方法先由當事人協議；不能協議時，由親屬會議決定。扶養費的給付在不能協議時，由法院決定。

當事人因情事變更，可以請求變更扶養的程度與方法。

This provision defines “family” as a kinship group living together for the purpose of permanent common life.

This provision defines who counts as the household head and who counts as a family member.

家長先由親屬團體推定；沒有推定時，依家中最尊長者、再依年長者決定；若最尊或最長者不能或不願管理家務，可由其指定一名家屬代理。

家務由家長管理；家長也可以委託家屬處理部分家務。

家長在管理家務時，應注意家屬全體的利益。

成年家屬可以請求與家分離。

家長在有正當理由時，可以令已成年之家屬由家分離。

When a family meeting must be held under this law, it is to be convened by the party, the legal representative, or another interested person.

If a party to an invalid legal act knew or could have known of the invalidity at the time, that party must restore the original state or pay damages.

親屬會議由五名會員組織。

親屬會議會員應依法定順序決定親屬會議會員的人選；同順序者以親等近者優先，親等相同者以同居親屬優先，沒有同居親屬時以年長者優先。