民法

在親屬會議應處理的事項上，遇到法定親屬不足、會議難以召開，或會議開了卻不能作成決議時，有召集權人或利害關係人可以向法院聲請處理。

監護人、未成年人及受監護宣告之人，不得擔任親屬會議會員。

依法應為親屬會議會員之人，沒有正當理由不得辭去職務。

親屬會議在出席人數達三人以上前不得開會；作成決議也需要出席會員過半數同意。

If a family meeting member has a personal interest in the matter under discussion, they must not participate in the decision.

有召集權的人如果不同意親屬會議的決議，可以在三個月內向法院聲訴。

This provision sets the order of heirs for inheritance, excluding the spouse from the listed sequence.

前條所定第一順序的繼承人，依親等較近者優先。

A revoked legal act is treated as void from the beginning.

第一順序繼承人若在繼承開始前死亡或喪失繼承權，其直系血親卑親屬可以代位繼承該應繼分。

If there are multiple heirs of the same order, they inherit equally by number, unless another law provides otherwise.

Deleted provision.

This article is deleted.

配偶與不同順序的繼承人同繼承時，應繼分依本條規定計算。

If a person commits any of the listed acts, they lose the right to inherit; forgiveness by the deceased can prevent loss for items 2 to 4.

繼承權被侵害者、被害人或其法定代理人，可以請求回復。

Inheritance begins when the deceased person dies.

繼承人自繼承開始時，原則上承受被繼承人的財產上權利與義務，但專屬於被繼承人本身的權利、義務不在此限。

繼承開始前二年內從被繼承人受贈的財產，視為繼承人所得遺產；若財產已移轉或滅失，價額按贈與時價值計算。

親屬會議應依扶養程度及其他關係，酌給被繼承人生前繼續扶養的人遺產。

Unless specially provided otherwise, an acknowledged legal act takes effect retroactively from the time the act was made.

遺產管理、分割及執行遺囑的費用，原則上由遺產支付；但若是因繼承人的過失而支出的，不在此限。

If there is more than one heir, all heirs jointly own the entire estate before it is divided.

繼承人可以互相推選一人管理前條的公同共有遺產。

繼承人就被繼承人的債務，原則上在繼承所得遺產範圍內負連帶責任。

繼承人對被繼承人的權利和義務，不會因繼承而消滅。

This provision is deleted.

繼承人知道自己可以繼承後，須在三個月內製作遺產清冊並向法院陳報；法院可因繼承人聲請，在必要時延長這段期間。

A creditor may ask the court to order an heir to file an estate inventory within three months. If the court learns the creditor is seeking repayment from the heir through litigation or non-litigation proceedings, the court may order the heir on its own initiative to file the inventory within three months.

法院在繼承人依前條規定向法院陳報時，應公告並通知被繼承人的債權人在期限內申報債權；該期限不得少於三個月。

繼承人在前條所定期限內，不得向被繼承人的任何債權人償還債務。

繼承人在特定期限屆滿後，應以遺產按債權數額比例清償已報明及已知債權，且不得損害有優先權人的利益。

撤銷和承認要以意思表示作成；如果相對人已確定，該意思表示應向相對人作成。

繼承人在依前條規定償還債務前，不得將遺贈交付給受遺贈人。

If an heir violates Articles 1158 to 1160 and causes damage to the deceased’s creditors, the heir must compensate that damage.

If a decedent’s creditor does not file its claim within the period in Article 1157 and the heirs do not know of the claim, the creditor may exercise its rights only against the remaining estate.

If heirs do not file and report the estate inventory, they must pay the decedent’s creditors from the estate in proportion to each claim and must not distribute legacies before doing so.

繼承人違反前條規定時，債權人可以向繼承人主張未受清償部分；繼承人的清償責任原則上不限於所得遺產，但無行為能力人或限制行為能力人例外；若造成損害，還要負賠償責任。

An heir who seriously conceals estate assets, makes seriously false entries in the estate inventory, or disposes of estate property to defraud the deceased’s creditors may not claim the benefit under Article 1148, paragraph 2.

繼承人可以隨時請求分割遺產，但如果法律或契約另有規定，則不適用。

If a will sets a method for dividing an estate, that method applies. If the will forbids division of the estate, that prohibition lasts for 10 years.

If a fetus is an heir, the estate may not be divided unless the fetus’s share is reserved, and the mother represents the fetus for estate division matters.

Deleted provision.

遺產分割後，各繼承人就依分割取得的遺產，須對其他繼承人取得的遺產負與出賣人相同的擔保責任。

遺產分割後，各繼承人須按其所得部分，就其他繼承人因分割取得的債權，依債務人在分割時或到期時的支付能力負擔保責任。

如果某法律行為要先取得第三人同意才生效，第三人的同意或拒絕可以向當事人一方表示。

有請求權的繼承人和其他繼承人，原則上要按各自所得部分比例，分擔無支付能力繼承人未能償還的分擔額；但如果不能償還是因有請求權人的過失造成，該人不得向其他繼承人請求分擔。

遺產分割後，未清償的被繼承人債務可由特定人承受或由各繼承人分擔；若債權人同意，各繼承人免除連帶責任。

對被繼承人負有債務的繼承人，在遺產分割時，必須按債務金額從其應繼分中扣還。

特定繼承人先前從被繼承人受贈的財產價額，原則上要算入應繼遺產，分割時再從該繼承人的應繼分扣除；若被繼承人在贈與時表示反對，則不適用。

繼承人可以拋棄繼承權；拋棄時，應在知道自己可繼承起三個月內，以書面向法院辦理。

Renunciation of inheritance takes effect retroactively from the start of the inheritance.

A heir who must inherit because someone else renounced inheritance must renounce within 3 months after learning they are entitled to inherit.

Renouncing heirs must keep managing the estate they already control with the same care as their own affairs until the other heirs or the estate administrator start managing it.

If heirs are unknown when succession begins, the family council must choose an estate administrator within one month and report the succession and the appointment to the court.

法院在公示催告程序下，應定六個月以上期限公告繼承人，並命其在期限內承認繼承；在沒有親屬會議或未及時選定遺產管理人時，利害關係人或檢察官得聲請法院選任遺產管理人。

在繼承開始、繼承人不明且遺產管理人尚未選定前，法院得依利害關係人或檢察官聲請，採取必要措施保存遺產。

遺產管理人要編製遺產清冊、為保存遺產做必要處置，並在一定條件下聲請法院公告債權人與受遺贈人。

無權利人對權利標的物所為的處分，原則上只有在有權利人承認後才生效；若事後取得該權利，則處分自始有效。

遺產管理人應在親屬會議、被繼承人債權人或受遺贈人請求時，報告或說明遺產狀況。

遺產管理人在第1179條第1項第3款所定期間屆滿前，不得向被繼承人的債權人或受遺贈人償還債務或交付遺贈物。

未在法定期間內報明或聲明的被繼承人債權人或受遺贈人，只能就剩餘遺產行使權利。

遺產管理人可以請求報酬；報酬金額由法院視關係、管理事務繁簡及其他情形，從遺產中酌定。

If an heir accepts the inheritance within the period set by Article 1178, the estate administrator’s prior official acts are treated as acts done as the heir’s agent.

If the Article 1178 period ends and no heir accepts the inheritance, any remaining estate after paying debts and delivering legacies goes to the national treasury.

無行為能力人不得立遺囑；限制行為能力人可以立遺囑，且不需要法定代理人允許；但未滿十六歲者不得立遺囑。

The testator may freely dispose of the estate by will, as long as this does not violate compulsory-share rules.

The rules on loss of inheritance rights also apply to a legatee.

A will must be made in one of five permitted forms: holographic, notarial, sealed, written by another person, or oral dictation.

法令、審判或法律行為所定的期日和期間，原則上依本章規定計算；但如果另有特別訂定，則從其特別規定。

自書遺囑的人，必須親筆寫完整份遺囑，寫明年、月、日並親自簽名；若有增減或塗改，也要標明修改處和字數，另行簽名。

This provision sets the required steps for making a notarized will, including witnesses, oral declaration before the notary, notation, reading, explanation, signatures, and a fingerprint substitute if the testator cannot sign.

密封遺囑要依規定簽名、密封、找二人以上見證人，並向公證人提出；若不是親筆寫成，還要說明繕寫人的姓名與住所。

A sealed will that does not meet the form required by the preceding article is still effective as a handwritten will if it meets the form required by Article 1190.

This provision sets the formal steps for a handwritten will: the testator must designate at least three witnesses, have one witness write down, read aloud, and explain the oral will, approve it, and then have the witnesses and the testator sign; if the testator cannot sign, a fingerprint may be used instead.

在生命危急或其他特殊情形、且不能用其他方式立遺囑時，遺囑人可以採口授遺囑。

口授遺囑在遺囑人能以其他方式立遺囑後，經過三個月就失效。

口授遺囑的真偽，應由見證人或利害關係人在遺囑人死亡後三個月內提請親屬會議認定；如對認定有異議，可以聲請法院判定。

Certain people may not act as witnesses to a will.

遺囑在遺囑人死亡時才發生效力。

A person who is 18 years old is treated as an adult.

How to count a time period: if it is set by time, count from the moment it starts; if it is set by days, weeks, months, or years, do not count the first day.

A bequest made by will and subject to a suspensive condition becomes effective when the condition is met.

If the legatee dies before the will takes effect, the legacy gift does not take effect.

如果遺贈的財產在繼承開始時有一部分或全部不屬於遺產，該部分或全部遺贈無效；但遺囑另有意思表示的，依遺囑意思。

If a testamentary gift is destroyed, damaged, altered, or lost, and someone later acquires rights in it, the law presumes that acquisition to be a bequest.

如果遺囑沒有寫明返還期限，而且也不能依遺贈性質決定期限，遺贈期限就是受遺贈人終身。

If a bequest carries an obligation, the beneficiary must perform it only up to the value of the benefit received.

受遺贈人在遺囑人死亡後，可以拋棄遺贈。

繼承人或其他利害關係人可以定一個相當期限，請受遺贈人在期限內表示是否承認遺贈；期限屆滿仍無表示的，視為承認遺贈。

If a legacy is invalid or renounced, the property subject to that legacy remains part of the estate.

遺囑人可以用遺囑指定遺囑執行人，也可以委託他人代為指定；受委託者要立刻指定遺囑執行人，並通知繼承人。

This article sets rules for calculating the last day of a time period.

未成年人、受監護或輔助宣告之人，不得擔任遺囑執行人。

If a will does not name an executor and no one was authorized to name one, the family council may select one. If the family council cannot do so, an interested party may ask the court to appoint one.

Unless the testator has specified otherwise, the executor may claim reasonable compensation for carrying out the job.

遺囑保管人知道繼承開始後，應立即交付遺囑給遺囑執行人，並通知已知繼承人；若沒有遺囑執行人，還要通知繼承人、債權人、受遺贈人及其他利害關係人。

A sealed will may only be opened at a clan meeting or at a court notary office.

遺囑執行人就職後，如有必要，應立即編製遺產清冊並交付繼承人。

遺囑執行人負責管理遺產，並做執行遺囑所必要的行為。

繼承人在遺囑執行人執行職務時，不得處分與遺囑有關的遺產，也不得妨礙其執行職務。

If there are multiple will executors, they decide by majority unless the will says otherwise.

利害關係人可以在遺囑執行人怠於執行職務或有其他重大事由時，請求親屬會議改選他人；若該人是由法院指定，則也可以聲請法院另行指定。

遺囑人可以隨時依遺囑方式，撤回遺囑全部或一部。

If the last day of a deadline for making a declaration or paying falls on a Sunday, memorial day, or other rest day, the deadline moves to the next day.

如果前後遺囑有衝突，前遺囑中衝突的部分視為撤回。

如果立遺囑人在立遺囑後又做了與遺囑相牴觸的行為，牴觸的部分視為撤回。

If the testator intentionally destroys or erases a will, or writes an intention to revoke it on the will, the will is treated as revoked.

This article sets the reserved share for different categories of heirs.

特留分的計算方式，是從依第一千一百七十三條算定的應繼財產中，扣除債務額後再算定。

特留分不足時，可以從遺贈財產中按不足額扣減；若有多位受遺贈人，按各自受遺贈價額比例扣減。

This provision sets how to count months and years: by calendar counting, and if counted non-continuously, a month is 30 days and a year is 365 days.

Age is counted from the day of birth, and if the birth month or day is unknown, the law presumes a specific birth date.

請求權若連續十五年不行使，會消滅；如果法律另定較短期間，依較短期間辦理。

Claims for periodic payments due yearly or more often expire if they are not exercised for five years.

The listed claims extinguish if they are not exercised for two years.

This provision says when the limitation period starts running for claims.

The statute of limitations is interrupted by a request, acknowledgment, or filing a lawsuit. Several other acts have the same effect as filing a lawsuit.

未滿七歲的未成年人是無行為能力；七歲以上的未成年人是限制行為能力。

如果因請求而使時效中斷，但在請求後六個月內沒有起訴，法律上視為沒有中斷。

If a lawsuit that interrupted prescription is withdrawn, or a dismissal judgment for unlawfulness becomes final, the interruption is treated as not having occurred.

If prescription is interrupted by applying for a payment order, it is treated as not interrupted when the application is withdrawn, rejected, or the payment order loses effect.

If interruption of the limitation period arose from a request for mediation or arbitration, it is treated as not interrupted when the mediation request is withdrawn, rejected, or fails, or when the arbitration request is withdrawn or no decision can be reached.

如果債權人撤回為和解債權或破產債權所做的申報，該次時效中斷視為沒有發生。

If a limitation period was interrupted by notice of litigation, but no prosecution is filed within 6 months after the litigation ends, it is treated as not interrupted.

If a time limitation was interrupted by enforcement-related steps, that interruption is treated as never having occurred when the enforcement disposition is revoked for the right-holder’s request or for missing legal requirements, or when a compulsory-enforcement application is withdrawn or rejected.

If a limitation period is interrupted, it starts running again when the interruption reason ends. If the interruption was caused by filing a lawsuit, it restarts when the judgment becomes final or when the case ends by another method. If a claim is confirmed by a final judgment or an enforcement title with the same effect, and the original limitation period was under five years, the restarted period is five years.

時效中斷只在當事人、繼承人、受讓人之間才發生效力。

在時效期間屆滿時，如果因天災或其他不可避免的事件而無法中斷時效，則自妨礙事由消滅起一個月內，時效不完成。

法院在符合條件時可以宣告監護；原因消滅時，法院應撤銷宣告，或在需要時改為輔助宣告。

For rights relating to inheritance property, the limitation period does not run to completion within six months after the heir is determined, a manager is appointed, or bankruptcy is declared.

無行為能力人或限制行為能力人的權利，在時效期間終止前六個月內符合條件時，時效不完成。

A person without full capacity or with limited capacity does not have the limitation period complete for rights against their legal representative within one year after the representative relationship ends.

夫妻互相對另一方的權利，在婚姻關係消滅後一年內，時效不完成。

時效完成後，債務人可以拒絕給付；如果請求權已因時效消滅而仍然履行，債務人不得以不知道時效為理由請求返還。

Certain time-barred secured claims may still be satisfied from the collateral, but this rule does not apply to time-barred interest or other periodic instalment claims.

If a principal right is extinguished by limitation, the accessory right is also affected, unless a special law says otherwise.

Limitation periods may not be lengthened or shortened by legal act, and their benefit may not be waived in advance.

行使權利不得違反公共利益或以損害他人為主要目的；行使權利、履行義務應依誠實及信用方法。

Acts done to defend one’s own or another person’s rights against a current unlawful infringement are not liable for damages, unless the necessary degree is exceeded.

受監護宣告的人沒有行為能力。

法院可以對符合心智能力不足條件的人作出輔助宣告；原因消滅時，法院應依聲請撤銷宣告，必要時也可以改為監護宣告。

受輔助宣告之人進行列舉的重要行為時，原則上應先取得輔助人同意；若屬純法律上利益或日常生活必要事項，則不受此限。

為避免急迫危險而必要的行為，原則上不負損害賠償責任；但如果危險的發生是行為人自己有責任，仍應賠償。

為保護自己權利時，若對他人自由或財產採取拘束、押收或毀損行為，原則上不負損害賠償責任。

If a person restrains another’s freedom or seizes another’s property, they must immediately apply to the court for handling.

If the parties agree on their intentions, the contract is formed; agreement may be express or implied.

An offeror is bound by an offer, unless the offer was stated to be non-binding or the circumstances show no intent to be bound. Goods displayed with a marked sale price are treated as an offer; sending a price list is not.

If an offer is rejected, it loses its binding force.

An offer made in conversation loses binding force if it is not accepted immediately.

Non-conversational offers lose binding force if no acceptance is received within the time normally expected for acceptance to arrive.

If an offer sets an acceptance period, acceptance made after that period loses binding force.

If an acceptance notice arrives late but the offeror can tell, the offeror must immediately notify the offeree of the delay.

Legal capacity and capacity to act may not be waived.

A late acceptance is treated as a new offer, except as provided in the preceding article. An acceptance that adds to, limits, or otherwise changes the offer is treated as rejecting the original offer and making a new offer.

If acceptance does not need to be notified, a contract is formed when there is an act that can be regarded as acceptance within a reasonable time.

If a withdrawal notice arrives late under the stated conditions, the offeree must promptly notify the offeror.

The rules in the previous article also apply to withdrawal of a promise.

以廣告承諾報酬者，廣告人有支付報酬的義務；完成行為的人可取得報酬請求權。

完成前條所述行為而取得的權利，原則上屬於行為人；但若廣告另有聲明，則不適用這個規則。

預定報酬的廣告若在行為完成前撤回，廣告人原則上要賠償善意行為人的損害，但金額不超過預定報酬額。

If an advertisement promises a reward for a person who completes a specified act within a set period and is rated excellent, the advertiser must pay the reward when the evaluation is completed.

廣告中如指定了評定人，由該人進行前條優等評定；未指定時，由廣告人決定評定方法。

當有數名被評定為優等且名次相同時，原則上可共同取得報酬請求權；但若廣告另有聲明，則依該聲明處理。

第一百六十四條之一的規定，適用於優等懸賞廣告。

If the parties agree that a contract must be made in a certain form, the contract is presumed not to exist until that form is completed.

以不動產物權移轉、設定或變更為標的的契約，應由公證人作成公證書。

代理權由法律行為授與；授與時應以意思表示向代理人，或向代理人將要為代理行為的第三人為之。

When there are multiple agents, they must act jointly, unless the law provides otherwise or the principal indicates otherwise.

If a person lets others appear authorized, or knows someone is holding themselves out as their agent and does not object, that person is responsible to the third party as if the authority were granted. This does not apply if the third party knew, or could have known, that there was no authority.

Freedom cannot be waived, and any restriction on freedom is limited to what does not violate public order or good morals.

無代理權人以代理人名義所為的法律行為，未經本人承認，對本人不生效力。相對人可以定相當期限催告本人表明是否承認；本人逾期不答，視為拒絕承認。

如果有人在沒有代理權的情況下作成法律行為，對方在本人承認前可以撤回；但若作成時明知對方沒有代理權，則不能撤回。

未受委任、也沒有義務而替他人管理事務的人，應依本人的明示或可推知意思，以對本人有利的方式處理。

管理人開始管理時，應在可以通知的範圍內立即通知本人；如果沒有緊急情況，還要先等待本人的指示。

管理人違反本人明示或可得推知的意思而管理事務，對因此造成的損害，原則上即使沒有過失也要賠償；但在公益義務、法定扶養義務，或本人意思違反公序良俗時，不適用。

管理人為避免本人生命、身體或財產的急迫危險而管理事務時，原則上不負因其管理造成的損害賠償責任；但有惡意或重大過失者除外。

管理人如果是在符合條件下管理他人事務，可以向本人請求償還必要或有益費用、利息、債務清償或損害賠償。

If the management of affairs does not comply with the previous article, the principal may still keep any benefit gained, and the principal’s duty to the manager is limited to that benefit.

If a management affair is acknowledged by the person concerned, the rules on mandate apply retroactively to the start of the management affair, unless the parties have specially agreed otherwise.

If someone receives a benefit without a legal basis and another person is harmed, they must return that benefit. The same applies when a legal basis existed but later ended.

人格權受到侵害或有侵害之虞時，相關權利人得請求法院除去侵害或防止侵害。

In listed cases, a payment cannot be demanded back.

不當得利受領人原則上要返還所受利益；如果又因該利益取得其他東西，也要一併返還。若因利益性質或其他情況不能返還，則改為償還其價額。

不當得利受領人若不知道沒有法律上原因，且受領利益已不存在，免負返還或償還價額責任；若受領時已知或其後知道沒有法律上原因，則應連同利息返還利益，並在有損害時賠償。

如果不當得利受領人把所得無償轉給第三人，且因此免去返還義務，第三人在該免除範圍內負返還責任。

故意或過失不法侵害他人權利、或故意用違反善良風俗的方法加害他人，或違反保護他人法律而造成損害的人，原則上都要負賠償責任。

If several people jointly and unlawfully infringe another person’s rights, they are jointly liable for damages. The same applies when it cannot be determined who among them was the wrongdoer. Instigators and helpers are treated as joint actors.

公務員故意違背對第三人應執行的職務而造成損害時，要負賠償責任。

無行為能力人或限制行為能力人侵害他人權利時，依其行為時識別能力及法定代理人監督情形，可能由本人與法定代理人負損害賠償責任。

If an employee, while performing job duties, unlawfully infringes another person’s rights, the employer and the actor are jointly liable for damages, subject to a stated diligence exception.

承攬人因執行承攬事項侵害他人權利時，定作人原則上不負損害賠償責任；但如果定作人對定作或指示有過失，則不適用這個免責。

姓名權受侵害者可以請求法院排除侵害，並可以請求損害賠償。

動物造成他人損害時，原則上由動物占有人負賠償責任；若已依動物種類和性質盡相當注意管束，或即使如此仍無法避免損害，則不在此限。

土地上的建築物或其他工作物造成他人權利損害時，原則上由所有人負賠償責任，但符合一定無欠缺或已盡相當注意的情況時除外。

商品製造人對因商品通常使用或消費造成的他人損害，原則上要負賠償責任；但若無欠缺、損害非因欠缺所致，或已盡相當注意，則例外不負責任。商品輸入業者也負與商品製造人相同的責任。

駕駛人若在使用汽車、機車或其他非依軌道行駛之動力車輛時造成他人損害，應賠償因此產生的損害；但若已盡相當注意以防止損害發生，則不適用此責任。

從事一定事業、工作或活動，若其性質、工具或方法有造成他人損害的危險，應負賠償責任。

若加害人不法侵害他人致死，應對支出醫療、增加生活需要費用或殯葬費的人負損害賠償責任；若被害人對第三人有法定扶養義務，對該第三人也應負賠償責任。

If someone unlawfully injures another person’s body or health and the victim loses or reduces working capacity or needs more living support, the wrongdoer must compensate. The court may, on a party’s application, order payment in installments, but must require security from the wrongdoer.