民法

當依第840條以時價補償或延長期間而影響第三人權利時，應給第三人相當補償；補償金額先由協議決定，協議不成時可聲請法院裁定。

後設定物權的人行使權利時，不得妨害先設定的物權。

區分地上權，原則上適用關於普通地上權的規定，但本節另有規定者除外。

This provision is deleted.

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This article is deleted.

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This provision is deleted.

This article is marked deleted.

法定代理人可以允許限制行為能力人獨立營業；在其營業出現不勝任情形時，也可以撤銷或限制該允許，但不能對抗善意第三人。

This provision is deleted.

This provision defines agricultural usufruct and sets a default maximum term of 20 years, with exceptions for afforestation, conservation, or where another law provides otherwise.

When an agricultural right has no fixed term, the parties may terminate it at any time unless it is for afforestation or conservation purposes.

農育權人可以把農育權讓與他人或設定抵押權，但契約另有約定或有習慣時不受此限。農育權與其農育工作物不得分離而讓與或設定其他權利。

農育權有支付地租約定時，因不可抗力造成收益減少或全無，農育權人可請求減免地租或變更土地使用目的。

農育權人不得把土地或農育工作物出租給他人；如果農育工作物出租另有習慣，則依該習慣。

農育權人 must use the land for the agreed purpose and method, or otherwise according to the land’s nature, and keep it productive or sustainably usable.

農育權消滅時，農育權人可以取回土地上的出產物和農育工作物；在特定情況下，還可請求延長農育權期間，最長六個月。

農育權人可以做有助於土地生產力或使用便利的特別改良，但要書面通知土地所有人改良事項和費用數額。

These listed provisions apply to farming superficies rights as well.

This provision defines an easement over immovable property as a right to use another person’s immovable property for passage, water drawing, lighting, view, telecommunications, or other specified convenience.

同一不動產上如果先後存在不動產役權和供使用收益的物權，後設定物權的行使不得妨害先設定的物權。

By prescription, an easement over real property is acquired only if it is continuous and apparent. If the servient property is co-owned, acts by one co-owner, or acts directed at one co-owner, also take effect for the benefit of the other co-owners. Acts interrupting prescription against each co-owner are effective against all co-owners.

An easement cannot be transferred separately from the dominant property, and it cannot be the subject of other rights.

不動產役權人為行使或維持其權利時，可以做必要的附隨行為，但必須選擇對供役不動產損害最少的地點和方法。

If an easement holder installs something while exercising the easement, the holder must maintain it. The servient land owner may use that installation so long as it does not interfere with the easement, and must share maintenance costs according to the benefit received.

Servient property owners or easement holders may request a change to the place or method of exercising an easement, but only when needed and if it will not seriously interfere with either party’s rights, and they must pay the costs themselves.

If a servient property is divided, the easement continues for the benefit of all parts. But if the easement by its nature relates only to part of the property, it continues only for that part.

If a servient property is divided, the easement continues over each part. If the easement, by its nature, concerns only part of the servient property, it continues only over that part.

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在不動產役權已無存續必要時，法院可依供役不動產所有人的請求，宣告該役權的無必要部分消滅；另外，需役不動產滅失或不堪使用時，役權也會消滅。

不動產役權消滅時，不動產役權人對其所為的設置，適用第839條規定。

Articles 834 to 836-3 apply to easements as applicable.

Using a servient immovable property under a usufruct-type right or lease may also set an easement on that property.

A real property easement may also be created over one’s own real property.

第八百五十一條至第八百五十九條之二的規定，適用於前二條。

If a person makes a declaration of intent without intending to be bound, the declaration is not invalid for that reason alone.

An ordinary mortgage is a security right over immovable property that lets the creditor be paid first from the sale proceeds.

抵押權擔保原債權、利息、遲延利息、違約金及實行抵押權的費用，但契約另有約定者不受此限。

抵押權的效力及於抵押物的從物、從權利；第三人在抵押權設定前取得的從物權利，不受影響。

抵押物滅失後的殘餘物，仍受抵押權效力影響；抵押權人可請求占有該殘餘物或獨立動產，並依質權規定行使權利。

After the mortgaged property is seized, natural fruits that separate from it may be collected by the mortgagor.

The mortgage’s effect reaches legal fruits collectible after the mortgaged property is seized. The mortgagee cannot assert this against the person who must pay those fruits unless that person is notified of the seizure.

If one property is mortgaged multiple times to secure multiple debts, the mortgages rank in the order they are registered.

設定抵押權後，所有人仍可在同一不動產上設定地上權、其他供使用收益的物權，或訂立租賃；但抵押權不受影響。

設定抵押權後，不動產所有人仍可將不動產讓與他人，且抵押權不受影響。

If mortgaged real estate is partitioned or part of it is transferred, the mortgage right is not affected.

If a claim secured by a mortgage is split or partly assigned, the mortgage is not affected.

當表意人與相對人通謀作成虛偽意思表示時，該意思表示無效；但其無效不得對抗善意第三人。

A mortgage right may not be transferred separately from the secured claim, and it may not be used as security for another claim.

When there are multiple mortgages on the same property, the mortgagee may adjust priority distribution, but must notify the debtor, mortgagor, and co-mortgagors before registration.

在調整可優先受償分配額時，若先順位抵押權所擔保的債權有保證人，保證人在調整後喪失的優先受償利益範圍內免負責任；但如果保證人同意該調整，就不適用這個免責。

If the mortgagor acts in a way that reduces the collateral’s value, the mortgagee may ask for the conduct to stop, and in urgent cases may take necessary preservative measures.

If the collateral’s value falls, the mortgagee may demand restoration, security, or payment depending on the cause and the mortgagor’s response.

If the mortgagee’s debt is due and still unpaid, the mortgagee may ask the court to auction the mortgaged property and be paid from the sale proceeds.

This provision says that if mortgaged property is transferred to the mortgagee, the transfer cannot be used against third parties unless registered. It also requires the mortgagee to return any excess value to the mortgagor, allows the mortgagee to still seek payment from the debtor if the value is insufficient, and lets the mortgagor pay off the secured debt before transfer to end the mortgage.

抵押權人實行抵押權時，抵押物拍賣會使該不動產上的抵押權消滅。

抵押物賣得的價金，原則上依各抵押權成立的先後順序分配；同順位的，按債權額比例分配。

If one debt is secured by mortgages on multiple properties without allocating a specific amount to each property, the mortgagee may be paid from the sale price of each property.

When several mortgaged properties secure the same debt and are sold at the same time, the mortgagee must first be paid from the sale proceeds of any property owned by the debtor.

When one debt is secured by mortgages on multiple immovable properties, the amount each property bears is calculated by the rules in this article.

If multiple real properties secure the same claim and the mortgaged property is auctioned, the proceeds are allocated by applying the previous article’s rule.

同一債權以多筆不動產設定抵押時，拍賣後符合條件的人可以在超過分擔額的範圍內請求償還，或承受抵押權人的權利，但不得損害原抵押權人的利益。

If mortgaged land or a mortgaged building is sold at auction while the land and building belong to the same owner, the sale is treated as if an easement had already been created; the rent, term, and scope are set by agreement, or by court judgment if the parties cannot agree.

在抵押土地上後建的建築物，抵押權人必要時可在強制執行中聲請法院把建築物和土地併同拍賣；但建築物價金沒有優先受償權。

When a court auctions mortgaged building property, any transferable rights necessary for the property’s existence must be included in the sale, and the mortgagee has no priority to be paid from the sale proceeds of تلك rights.

抵押權人在債權清償期屆滿後，為了受清償，可以訂約取得抵押物所有權，或以拍賣以外的方法處分抵押物；但如果會損害其他抵押權人的利益，則不適用。

第三人在代為清償或因實行抵押權而失去抵押物所有權時，可在清償範圍內承受債權，但不得損害債權人利益。

If a creditor releases the guarantor’s liability, the corresponding part of a mortgage set by a third party for the debtor is extinguished to the extent of the guarantor’s share.

表意人可以撤銷有內容錯誤的意思表示；如果知道事情就不會為該表示，也可以撤銷，但前提是錯誤或不知情不是因自己過失造成。

If a mortgage-secured claim has already been extinguished by prescription, and the mortgagee does not exercise the mortgage right within five years after that prescription period ends, the mortgage right is extinguished.

抵押物滅失時，抵押權原則上消滅；但抵押人如因此取得賠償或其他利益，抵押權人對相關請求權有權利質權。

This provision defines a maximum-amount mortgage and limits what claims it can secure.

同一債權以數個不動產設定最高限額抵押權時，若其中一個不動產發生確定事由，該原債權對各最高限額抵押權都會歸於確定。

最高限額抵押權不因抵押權人、抵押人或債務人死亡而受影響，但若另有約定為原債權確定事由，則例外。

This article says the original claim secured by a maximum amount mortgage becomes fixed when one of the listed events happens, unless another rule in this section applies.

在原債權確定事由發生後，債務人或抵押人可以請求抵押權人結算實際債權額，並可請求將該金額改登記為普通抵押權；但金額不得超過原約定最高限額。

Once the principal claim secured by a maximum-amount mortgage is fixed, its security effect does not cover later-accruing claims or rights on notes, unless this section provides otherwise.

If the claim secured by a maximum-amount mortgage has become time-barred, and the mortgagee does not exercise the mortgage right within five years after the limitation period ends, the claim is no longer within the mortgage’s secured scope.

在原債權確定、實際債權額超過最高限額，且先清償最高限額範圍內金額後，相關第三人或有法律上利害關係的人可以請求塗銷抵押權。

最高限額抵押權原則上準用普通抵押權的規定，但不包括列出的幾個條文。

最高限額抵押權人只能在約定的最高限額內，就已確定的原債權行使權利；利息、遲延利息和違約金加總後也不得超過該上限。

在原債權確定前，抵押權人與抵押人可以約定變更債權範圍或債務人；這種變更不需要後次序抵押權人或其他利害關係人同意。

最高限額抵押權可以約定原債權確定的日期，且在該日期前也可以變更；但確定日期自抵押權設定起不得超過三十年，超過的會縮短為三十年。

如果最高限額抵押權所擔保的原債權沒有約定確定期日，抵押人或抵押權人可以隨時請求確定該債權。

原債權確定前，債權讓與不會使最高限額抵押權一併移轉；第三人代為清償時也同樣處理。

在特定法人合併情形下，抵押人可在知道合併後15日內請求確定原債權；合併後法人應在合併日起15日內通知抵押人，未通知且造成損害時要負賠償責任。

Before the principal debt is fixed, the mortgagee may transfer all or part of the maximum amount mortgage, or make another person a co-owner, if the mortgagor agrees.

數人共有的最高限額抵押權，原則上依各共有人債權額比例分配優先受償的價金；該分配權的處分，未經全體共有人同意不得為之。

Ground lease rights, agricultural cultivation rights, and superficies may be used as collateral for a mortgage right.

This article says the rules for ordinary mortgages and maximum-amount mortgages apply mutatis mutandis to the mortgage in the preceding article and to other mortgages.

This provision defines a movable pledge and gives the creditor a priority right to be paid from the proceeds of the pledged movable.

質權在供擔保的動產交付給債權人占有時生效；質權人不得讓出質人或債務人代為占有質物。

If the pledgee possesses the movable property and is protected by the rules on possession, the pledgee still acquires the pledge right even if the pledgor has no right to dispose of the pledged thing.

質權擔保的範圍包括原債權、利息、遲延利息、違約金，以及保存質物、實行質權和質物瑕疵造成的損害賠償；但契約另有約定的除外。

質權人應盡善良管理人注意保管質物；未經出質人同意，不得使用或出租質物，但為保存質物所必要的使用不受此限。

質權人可以收取質物所生的孳息，除非契約另有約定。

If a declaration of intent is transmitted inaccurately by the messenger or transmitting agency, it may be revoked.

If the pledgee has a right to collect fruits from the pledged property, the pledgee must collect and account for them with the same care used for its own property.

質權人得在質權存續中，依自己責任將質物轉質給第三人。

When the pledged item is at risk of spoiling or clearly losing value enough to harm the pledgee, the pledgee may auction it. If the pledgor asks, the pledgee must deposit the sale proceeds with the court. If the debt is due and still unpaid, the pledgee may exercise the pledge against the deposited proceeds.

質權人可以在債權到期且未受清償時拍賣質物，並以賣得價金受償。

質權人應在拍賣前通知出質人；如果無法通知，則不受此限制。

第八百七十八條的規定，適用於動產質權。

債權消滅時，質權人必須把質物返還給有受領權的人。

A movable pledge ends if the pledgee returns the pledged property to the pledgor or delivers it to the debtor.

If the pledgee loses possession of the pledged thing and does not ask for its return within two years, the movable pledge right ends.

動產質權在質物滅失時消滅，但若出質人因此取得賠償或其他利益，質權仍可及於該請求權；故意或重大過失向出質人給付者，對質權人不生效力。

債務人或第三人可以用動產作擔保，為特定範圍內的不特定債權設定最高限額質權；設定時除移轉占有外，還必須採書面方式。

Licensed pledgees may exercise rights only over the pledged property; if the pledgor does not redeem it within five days after the redemption period ends, the pledgee gets ownership and the secured debt ends.

受死亡宣告者，原則上按判決中確定的死亡時點推定為死亡；該時點並應視為前條各項期間最後日終止之時，但有反證者除外。

前二條的撤銷權，在意思表示後經過一年就會消滅。

This provision defines a “right pledge” as a pledge over an assignable claim or other right.

A rights pledge applies the rules for a pledge of movables, except where this section provides otherwise.

Setting up a pledge over a right must also follow the rules that apply to assignment of that right, in addition to the rules in this section.

出質人未經質權人同意，不得以法律行為使質權標的物之權利消滅或變更。

以債權為標的物的質權設定，原則上應以書面為之；如果債權有證書，出質人還有交付證書的義務。

If the pledged claim is for money and matures before the secured claim, the pledgee may ask the debtor to deposit the money and may exercise the pledge over the deposited property. If the pledged claim matures after the secured claim, the pledgee may demand payment up to the secured claim amount when that claim matures.

When the pledged debt is payable in non-monetary movable property, the pledgee may demand delivery from the debtor when it falls due, and the pledgee has a pledge over the delivered property.

At maturity, the pledgee may ask the debtor to set up or transfer the real property right to the pledgor, and the pledgee has a mortgage right over that real property right. That mortgage right must be registered together when the real property right is set up or transferred to the pledgor.

在擔保債權到期未受清償時，質權人除依前三條規定外，還可以依第八百九十三條第一項或第八百九十五條的規定實行其質權。

If a pledged receivable can become due by exercising a certain right, the pledgee may exercise that right when the secured claim is due and unpaid.

質權人應在債務人依相關條文提存或給付時通知出質人，且不需要取得出質人同意。

經通知質權設定的債務人，若要向出質人或質權人其中一方清償，須先取得另一方同意；若對方不同意，債務人應提存清償物。

質權標的物債權的債務人，在收到質權設定通知後，若又對出質人取得債權，不得用該債權對質權標的物債權主張抵銷。

A pledge over negotiable securities with no named rights holder takes effect when the securities are delivered to the pledgee. For other negotiable securities, endorsement is also required.

This provision lets the pledgee collect payments from pledged securities even before the secured debt is due, and limits the debtor to paying only the pledgee.

When a declaration is revoked under Articles 88 and 89, the declarant must compensate a counterparty or third party who relied on the declaration as valid and suffered loss, unless that person knew or could have known the reason for revocation.

以有價證券為質物時，後發行且屬於該證券的附屬證券，也受質權效力所及；但若另有約定則例外。

This provision defines a dian right as the right to use and benefit from another person's immovable property after paying the dian price, with ownership passing if the other person does not redeem it.

典權約定期限不得超過三十年；超過三十年的，縮短為三十年。

典權期限不滿十五年時，不得附帶到期不贖即作絕賣的條款；未登記的絕賣條款不能對抗第三人。

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典權存續中，典權人通常可以把典物轉典或出租給他人，但有約定或習慣時從其約定或習慣。

典權人要對因轉典或出租造成的典物損害負賠償責任。

典權人可以把典權讓與他人或設定抵押權；但如果典物是土地且典權人在其上有建築物，典權與建築物不得分開讓與或作其他處分。

典權人 must use the property according to its nature and keep it usable for the long term. If the 典權人 keeps violating the rule after the 出典人 has stopped it, the 出典人 may redeem the property. If the 典權 is subject to a mortgage, the 典權人 must also notify the mortgagee of the stoppage.

設定典權後，出典人可以把典物讓與他人，且典權不因此受影響。

出典人把典物賣給他人時，典權人有按相同條件優先買受的權利；出典人要書面通知典權人，典權人收到通知後10日內不以書面表示留買的，視為放棄。

因詐欺或脅迫而做出的意思表示，表意人可以撤銷；但如果是第三人詐欺，只有在相對人明知或可得而知時才能撤銷，且撤銷不能對抗善意第三人。

典物因不可抗力部分或全部滅失時，滅失部分的典權與回贖權消滅；出典人就剩餘部分回贖時，得扣除滅失部分對應的典價。

典物因不可抗力全部或一部滅失時，典權人原則上只能在滅失部分的價值範圍內重建或修繕；但出典人同意時不受此限制。

典權存續中，如果因典權人的過失造成典物全部或一部分滅失，典權人要在典價額範圍內負責；若是故意或重大過失造成滅失，先以典價抵償損害，不足部分仍要賠償。

If the pawned property is lost and the property is rebuilt with compensation, the original dian right is treated as continuing over the rebuilt property.

If the pledge-right term has a fixed period, the grantor may redeem the item at the original price after the term ends. If the grantor does not redeem it at the original price within two years after expiry, the pledge-right holder acquires ownership of the item.

如果典權沒有約定期限，出典人可以隨時按原典價回贖典物；但自出典後滿三十年仍未回贖時，典權人取得典物所有權。

出典人可在特定情況下，直接向最後轉典權人回贖典物；若轉典價低於原典價，典權人或轉典權人可向出典人請求差額，出典人也可提存差額。

在特定典權與土地、建築物所有關係下，法律推定當事人之間存在租賃關係；租金談不攏時，當事人可以請求法院判定。

出典人回贖時，應在六個月前通知典權人。

在典權存續中，如果出典人表示要把典物所有權讓與典權人，典權人可以按時價找貼，取得典物所有權。

典權人可在典物回贖時，請求償還其有益費用，以及重建、修繕費用，但以現存利益為限。

債權人對符合條件的他人動產，在債權到期未受清償時，可以留置該動產。

Movable property held by merchants in a business relationship, and claims arising from a business relationship, are treated as having the relatedness described in the previous article.

撤銷須在發現詐欺或脅迫終止後一年內為之；自意思表示後滿十年，不得撤銷。

Movable-property retention may not be exercised if it violates public order or good morals, and it is also barred when it conflicts with duties owed to the creditor or with an agreement between the creditor and debtor.

債務人無支付能力時，債權人可以行使留置權；即使債權尚未到清償期，也一樣。

債權人在債權未全部受清償前，可以對留置物行使留置權；如果留置物可分，只能按債權與留置物價值的比例行使。

If a liened item is subject to a real right other than ownership, the holder of that right may not assert it against a bona fide possessory lienholder.

Articles 888 to 890 and Article 892 apply to liens.

債權人可以向物的所有人請求償還其為保管留置物所支出的必要費用。

This provision is deleted.

債權人對已到期未清償的債權，可以先通知債務人並設定至少一個月的期限；逾期未清償時，可就留置物取償，必要時也可通知已知的第三人權利人。

If the debtor or possessor of the liened property provides adequate security for payment, the creditor’s lien ends.

This provision is marked deleted.

This chapter’s lien rules apply to other liens unless those liens have their own specific rules.

對話中的意思表示，在相對人理解時才發生效力。

A person with factual control over a thing is an occupier/possessor.

Certain possessors of another person’s property are treated as indirect possessors.

受僱人、學徒、家屬或類似受他人指示且對物有管領力的人，不算占有人；只有指示他的人是占有人。

占有人對占有物上行使的權利，推定為合法；但有兩種情形不適用此推定。

占有人推定為以所有權意思，並以善意、和平、公然及無過失方式占有；若已證明某人在前後兩時點都是占有人，則推定其間持續占有。

When possession began without an intention to own, the possessor is treated as possessing with an intention to own once that intention is declared to the person who caused the possession; if the possessor later acquires ownership intent by new facts, the same rule applies.

占有的移轉，因交付占有物而生效；前項移轉並準用第七百七十一條?

占有的繼承人或受讓人可以把自己的占有，和前占有人的占有合併來主張；如果這樣主張，也要承繼前占有人的瑕疵。

善意受讓動產占有的人，原則上其占有受法律保護；但若明知或重大過失不知出讓人無讓與權利，或屬第七百六十一條第二項情形而不符合現實交付與交付時善意，則不受保護。

原占有人可在喪失占有後二年內，向善意受讓的現占有人請求返還物品；若依此返還，原來的權利自喪失占有時起恢復。

A non-face-to-face expression of intent takes effect when notice reaches the other party, unless a withdrawal notice arrives at the same time or earlier.

A person cannot recover lost, stolen, or similarly lost-possession goods from a good-faith buyer at a public market or from a merchant selling that kind of goods unless the purchase price paid is reimbursed.

對於金錢或未記載權利人之有價證券，若其係因盜贓、遺失或其他非基於原占有人意思而喪失占有者，原占有人不得向善意受讓的現占有人請求回復。

如果原占有人是惡意占有者，第949條和第950條不適用。

善意占有人在推定為適法所有的權利範圍內，可以使用並收益占有物。

A good-faith possessor must compensate the claimant for loss or damage to the possessed thing only up to the benefit received from that loss or damage, if the loss or damage was caused by a reason attributable to the possessor.

善意占有人可以向回復請求人請求償還為保存占有物所支出的必要費用；但若已就該占有物取得孳息，則不得請求償還通常必要費用。

善意占有人可以向回復請求人，請求償還因改良占有物而支出的有益費用，但金額以占有物現存的增加價值為限。

惡意占有人或無所有意思之占有人，若因可歸責於自己的原因造成占有物滅失或毀損，對回復請求人負賠償責任。

惡意占有人可就為保存占有物支出的必要費用，向回復請求人請求償還。

惡意占有人應返還孳息；若孳息已被消費、因過失毀損，或怠於收取，還要償還孳息價金。

善意占有人在知道自己沒有占有權，或在本權訴訟敗訴且訴狀已送達時，會被視為惡意占有人。

向無行為能力人或限制行為能力人作意思表示時，通知到達其法定代理人即發生效力。

占有人可對侵奪或妨害其占有的行為自行防禦；占有物被侵奪時，對不動產可即時排除加害人並取回，對動產可就地或追蹤取回。

對於物有管領力的人，可以行使前條所定的占有人權利。

占有人在占有被侵奪、妨害，或有被妨害之虞時，可以請求返還占有物、排除妨害，或防止妨害。

前條請求權在侵奪、妨害占有或危險發生後，若一年內不行使，會消滅。

If several people jointly possess one thing, each possessor may exercise the rights under Articles 960 or 962 over the whole thing.

占有會在占有人喪失對物的事實上管領力時消滅；如果只是暫時不能行使管領力，則不適用這個規則。

If several people jointly possess one thing, each possessor may not seek protection of possession against the others within the scope of use of that thing.

A person who exercises a property right that does not arise from possession is treated as a quasi-possessor, and the chapter’s rules on possession apply to that person.

This provision defines “lineal blood relatives” and “collateral blood relatives.”