民法

This provision defines a silent partnership as a contract where one party contributes to another party’s business and shares in its profits and losses.

A silent partnership is generally governed by the rules on partnerships, unless this section provides otherwise.

隱名合夥人的出資，其財產權移屬於出名營業人。

隱名合夥人只在其出資限度內，負分擔損失的責任。

隱名合夥的事務由出名營業人專門執行；隱名合夥人就出名營業人的行為，對第三人不發生權利義務關係。

隱名合夥人在特定情況下參與執行合夥事務或默許他人如此表示時，對第三人仍要負出名營業人的責任。

隱名合夥人每個事務年度終了時可以查閱合夥賬簿並檢查事務及財產狀況；如有重大事由，法院可依其聲請准許隨時查閱與檢查。

出名營業人原則上要在每個事務年度終了時計算營業損益，並立即支付應歸隱名合夥人的利益；未領取的利益，除非另有約定，不得視為出資增加。

A silent partnership contract ends if one of the listed events happens, except where Article 686 allows a withdrawal declaration.

當隱名合夥契約終止時，出名營業人應返還隱名合夥人的出資及其應得利益。

This provision defines “合會,” “合會金,” and allows “會款” to be money or other substitutes.

會首和會員只能是自然人；會首不能同時是同一合會的會員；無行為能力人和限制行為能力人不得擔任會首，也不得參加其法定代理人為會首的合會。

合會要訂立會單，記載指定事項，並由會首與全體會員簽名、記明日期；會首還要保存正本、製作繕本並交每位會員一份。

會首負責主持標會，並依約定的日期和方法辦理；場地由會首決定，且要事先通知會員。

首期合會金由會首在不經投標下取得；其餘各期由得標會員取得。

每期標會時，每一會員只能出標一次；出標金額最高者得標。若金額相同，抽籤決定；若另有約定，依約定。

會員要在每期標會後3日內交付會款；會首要代收、按期交付，逾期未收取時還要代為給付。

會首未經全體會員同意，不得把其權利義務移轉給他人；會員未經會首及全體會員同意，不得退會，也不得把自己的會份轉讓給他人。

在合會無法繼續時，會首和已得標會員原則上應把各期會款平均交付給未得標會員；未得標會員在特定遲延條件下可請求全部會款，且未得標會員可共同推選人員處理相關事宜。

A legal act is invalid if it violates a mandatory or prohibitory rule, unless that rule says the act is not invalid for that violation.

This provision defines “instruction securities” and names the parties involved.

被指示人對領取人承擔給付義務，並且只能用指示證券內容或其與領取人間法律關係所生的事由來對抗領取人。

If an instruction security is issued to settle a debt, the debt is extinguished when the instructed person pays. The creditor generally may not demand payment again from the original debtor, and if the creditor does not want to accept the instruction security, the creditor must notify the debtor promptly.

被指示人即使對指示人負有債務，也不因此負有承擔指示給付或為給付的義務。

If the person instructed on a security refuses to undertake or pay, the recipient must immediately notify the person who gave the instruction.

指示人在被指示人尚未承擔或付款前，可以撤回指示證券；撤回要用意思表示通知被指示人。

領取人原則上可以把指示證券讓與第三人，但若指示人已在證券上記載禁止讓與，就不能這樣做；讓與必須以背書為之。

指示證券領取人或受讓人對被指示人因承擔所生的請求權，若自承擔之時起三年間不行使，該請求權消滅。

If a bearer security is lost, stolen, or destroyed, the court may declare it void on the holder’s application through a public summons procedure.

無記名證券是指持有人可以向發行人請求依證券記載內容給付的證券。

A legal act that goes against public order or good morals is void.

無記名證券發行人，在持有人提示證券時原則上要給付；但如果知道持有人沒有處分權，或已收到遺失、被盜或滅失通知，就不得給付。

無記名證券持有人在通知發行人遺失、被盜或滅失後，必須在5日內提出已申請公示催告的證明；否則該通知失效。

無記名證券發行人對因遺失、被盜或非出於自己意思而流通到善意持有人的證券仍須負責；發行人在死亡或喪失能力後發行的無記名證券也不因此失效。

無記名證券發行人通常只能用特定事由對抗持有人；如果持有人是惡意取得，發行人還可以用其與前手之間原本存在的抗辯對抗持有人。

無記名證券持有人在請求給付時，必須把證券交還發行人；發行人依前項收回證券時，會取得該證券所有權。

If a bearer security is damaged or deformed but still readable, the holder may ask the issuer for a replacement security.

無記名證券遺失、被盜或滅失時，法院可依持有人聲請，循公示催告程序宣告無效；發行人須通知持有人相關必要事項並提供證明所需材料。

If a bearer security has a presentation period, that period is suspended when the court issues a non-payment order for the issuer in a public notice procedure.

If a bearer security for interest, annuity, or distributive benefits is lost, stolen, or destroyed and notice is given to the issuer, the notified holder may claim payment before the limitation period expires; if a third party later presents it, the issuer must notify that person and withhold payment until agreement or a final court judgment.

無利息的見票即付無記名證券，不適用第720條第1項但書及第725條；但利息、年金及分配利益之證券除外。

This provision defines a lifetime periodic annuity contract as an agreement to make periodic money payments to another person or a third person during a specified person's lifetime.

A legal act that does not follow the statutory form is invalid, unless another law provides otherwise.

A life annuity contract must be made in writing.

For a lifelong periodic payment contract, if the payment period is unclear, it is presumed to run during the creditor’s lifetime; if the amount is unclear, it is presumed to be the amount payable each year.

終身定期金除非契約另有約定，原則上應按季預先支付；如果受領終身定期金的人在該期已預付後、期滿前死亡，定期金債權人取得該期全部金額。

如果定期金契約因死亡終止，而死亡原因可歸責於定期金債務人，法院可依債權人或其繼承人聲請，宣告債權在相當期限內繼續存在。

終身定期金之權利原則上不得移轉，但契約另有訂定者除外。

This section’s rules also apply to gifts by will of a life annuity.

This provision defines a settlement agreement as an agreement in which the parties each make concessions to end or prevent a dispute.

和解會使當事人因和解而拋棄的權利消滅，並使當事人取得和解契約明定的權利。

和解原則上不能因錯誤而撤銷，但有三種例外。

A guaranty is a contract where one party agrees to perform a debt if the other party’s debtor does not perform.

保證人就本節所規定的權利，原則上不得事先放棄，但法律另有規定者除外。

法院可在利害關係人聲請下，撤銷或減輕因乘人急迫、輕率或無經驗而顯失公平的法律行為或給付。

Unless the contract says otherwise, a guarantee debt includes interest on the principal debt, penalty damages, and other obligations accessory to the principal debt.

If a guarantor’s burden exceeds the principal debtor’s, it must be reduced to the extent of the principal debt.

A guarantor may assert the principal debtor’s defenses, even if the principal debtor has waived them.

保證人可以主張以主債務人對債權人的債權抵銷。

保證人若明知債務因行為能力欠缺而無效，仍為該債務作保時，該保證仍然有效。

If the principal debtor can rescind the legal act that created the debt, the guarantor may refuse to pay the creditor.

保證人在債權人先對主債務人財產強制執行但無效果前，可以拒絕清償。

在列出的情況下，保證人不得主張前條的權利。

A demand for performance made to the principal debtor, and other acts that interrupt prescription, also have effect against the guarantor.

如果多人為同一債務人作保，原則上要連帶負保證責任，除非契約另有約定。

保證人清償債務後，在其清償範圍內，可以承受債權人對主債務人的債權，但不得損害債權人的利益。

無行為能力人的意思表示無效；人在無意識或精神錯亂時作出的意思表示，也同樣無效。

受主債務人委任而保證的保證人，在特定情形下可以向主債務人請求免除保證責任；在主債務尚未到期時，主債務人也可以改以提供相當擔保。

If a creditor waives a security right for its claim, the guarantor is exempt from liability to the extent of the waived right.

If a guaranty is for a fixed period and the creditor makes no judicial demand on the guarantor during that period, the guarantor is exempt from liability.

If a guarantee has no fixed term, the guarantor may, after the principal debt falls due, set a reasonable period of at least one month and ask the creditor to bring a court claim against the principal debtor within that period. If the creditor does not do so, the guarantor is released from liability.

擔任法人董事、監察人或其他有代表權之人而替該法人作保的人，只對任職期間法人所生的債務負保證責任。

在沒有期限的連續債務保證中，保證人可以隨時通知債權人終止保證契約。

If the creditor lets the principal debtor delay repayment of a fixed-term debt, the surety is not liable unless the surety agreed to that delay.

If a person supplies credit to a third party in another person's name and account, that person is liable as a guarantor for the third party's debt arising from the credit.

This provision defines “人事保證” as a contract where one party agrees to cover damages owed by the other party’s employee for future work-related conduct, and requires the contract to be in writing.

人事保證的保證人，只有在僱用人不能用其他方法獲得賠償時才負責；其賠償金額原則上也有上限。

人事保證約定期間最長三年；未定期間的，從成立日起算三年。當事人可以更新前項期間。

未定期間的人事保證中，保證人可以隨時終止契約。

雇用人遇到列舉情形時，應立即通知保證人；保證人收到通知，或已知悉這些情形時，得終止契約。

If one of the listed situations applies, the court may reduce or waive the guarantor’s compensation amount.

人事保證關係在保證期間屆滿，或保證人、受僱人死亡、破產、喪失行為能力，或受僱人僱傭關係消滅時，會消滅。

僱用人對保證人的請求權，如果二年間不行使，就會消滅。

For personnel surety, the rules on guarantee apply mutatis mutandis unless this section provides otherwise.

物權只能依法律或習慣創設，不能在其他情況下創設。

依法律行為取得、設定、喪失或變更的不動產物權，未登記不生效力；前項行為並應以書面為之。

Certain holders of real property rights acquired by inheritance, compulsory execution, expropriation, court judgment, or other non-legal acts must register before they can dispose of the right.

Registered immovable property rights are presumed to belong lawfully to the registered right holder, and a good-faith third party who registers a property-right change based on a legal act is not affected by the inaccuracy of the original registered right.

A legal representative must make declarations of intent and receive declarations of intent on behalf of a person without legal capacity.

（刪除）

動產物權讓與原則上要交付動產才生效；但受讓人已占有動產時，讓與合意即生效。

If ownership and another property right merge in one person, the other property right ends by confusion, unless its continuation has legal interest for the owner or a third party.

If ownership and another right over the same thing end up in one person, the right is extinguished by merger. The proviso in the previous article also applies here.

A property right generally ends when the holder abandons it, unless the law says otherwise.

所有人可在法令限制範圍內，自由使用、收益、處分其所有物，並排除他人干涉。

物的成分及其天然孳息在分離後，原則上仍屬於該物的所有人，但法律另有規定者除外。

所有人可以要求返還被無權占有或被侵奪的物，要求排除對其所有權的妨害，並可在有妨害之虞時請求防止。

以所有意思和平、公然、繼續占有他人動產滿十年者，取得其所有權。

A person who peacefully, publicly, and continuously possesses another person's movable property for five years, with intent to own and with good-faith, non-negligent initial possession, acquires ownership.

A person who peacefully, publicly, and continuously possesses another person's unregistered immovable property for 20 years may request registration as the owner.

限制行為能力人為意思表示或受意思表示，原則上應先取得法定代理人允許；但純獲法律上利益，或依年齡、身分及日常生活所必需者，不在此限。

符合特定條件的占有人，可以請求登記為所有人。

占有人在特定情形下，會使其所有權取得時效中斷。

The previous five articles apply, with necessary adjustments, to the acquisition of property rights other than ownership, and also to registered immovable property.

Land ownership extends to the beneficial-use range and to the land above and below it, unless limited by law.

土地所有人經營事業或行使所有權時，應注意防止鄰地受損害。

土地所有人不得阻擋從鄰地自然流來的水。

土地所有人 must pay for needed repairs, clearing, or preventive measures when water-storage, drainage, or diversion works collapse or become blocked and damage or risk damaging another person’s land, unless a custom assigns the cost differently.

土地所有人不得設置屋簷、工作物或其他設備，使雨水或其他液體直接流到相鄰不動產上。

If water is blocked on neighboring land because of an incident, the landowner may carry out necessary clearing work at their own expense. If the neighboring landowner benefits, that neighbor must bear an appropriate share of the cost according to the benefit received, unless a custom applies.

A landowner may let water pass through a neighboring property to drain flooded land or discharge water, but must choose the least harmful place and method and pay compensation for damage.

限制行為能力人未經法定代理人允許所作的單獨行為無效。

土地所有人為使其土地之水通過，可以使用鄰地所有人設置的工作物；但要按受益程度負擔設置與保存費用。

水源地、井、溝渠及其他水流地的所有人，可以自由使用其水；但如果另有法令規定或另有習慣，則不適用。

水源地或井的所有人，在他人因施工使其水源阻斷、減少或受污染時，可以請求損害賠償；若該水對飲用或土地使用必要，還可以請求回復原狀。

土地所有人如為家用或使用土地所必要，且以過鉅費用和勞力仍不能取得水，可以支付償金向鄰地所有人請求提供多餘的水。

When the land on the opposite bank belongs to someone else, the owner of the watercourse land must not change the course or width of the water flow. If both banks belong to the same owner, that owner may change the course or width, but must leave a natural downstream waterway.

水流地所有人在必要時可以把堰附著到對岸，但要賠償因此造成的損害。

土地所有人因需要可在他人土地上下設置管線，但要選擇損害最小的位置和方法，並支付償金；在情事變更時，他土地所有人可以請求變更設置。

When land lacks suitable access to a public road and cannot be used normally, the landowner may pass over neighboring land to reach the road, except when the situation was caused by the landowner’s own voluntary act.

有通行權人必要時可以開設道路，但要補償因此受損的通行地。

在特定土地分割或讓與後若土地無適當聯絡公路，土地所有人可以通行相關相鄰土地，且有通行權的人不必支付償金。

限制行為能力人未經法定代理人允許所訂立的契約，必須經法定代理人承認後才生效。

土地所有人可以禁止他人进入自己的土地，但有通行权的人，以及依地方习惯可进入未设围障田地、牧场、山林采集或放牧的人，不在此限。

土地所有人應讓誤入地內的他人物品或動物的占有人或所有人進入土地尋回；若因此受損，土地所有人可請求賠償，且在賠償前可留置該物品或動物。

土地所有人若鄰地所有人為在地界或附近營造、修繕建築物或其他工作物而必須使用其土地，應允許使用；因此受損害的人可以請求償金。

土地所有人得禁止氣體、噪音、振動等侵入其土地、建築物或其他工作物，但輕微侵入或依地形、地方習慣屬相當者除外。

土地所有人挖掘土地或建築時，不得因此危及或損害鄰地的地基、建築物或其他工作物。

If a building or other structure is in danger of collapsing and may damage neighboring land, the neighboring landowner may request necessary preventive measures.

If a landowner’s house slightly crosses a boundary without intent or gross negligence, a neighboring owner who knows about it and does not object right away cannot demand removal or alteration; the landowner must compensate for resulting damage.

如果房屋越界建在他人土地上，鄰地所有人可以請求移去或變更；法院可衡量公共利益與當事人利益，決定全部或部分免除移去或變更，但故意越界者不適用。

The prior two provisions also apply to other buildings with value equivalent to a house.

土地所有人可以要求鄰地植物所有人在相當期間內刈除越界的枝根；若對方未刈除，土地所有人可以自行刈除並請求費用償還。

Fruit that falls onto neighboring land is treated as belonging to the neighboring landowner, unless the neighboring land is public land.

This article defines a condominium-style building, explains exclusive and common parts, allows some shared use by agreement, sets the default rule for ownership shares, and prohibits separating the rights to an exclusive part from the related common-part and base-land rights when transferring or encumbering them.

Shared building repair costs and other common burdens are shared by owners according to their shares, unless the regulations say otherwise.

If one building owned by one person is divided into several exclusive parts and ownership is separately registered, the rules of Article 799 apply.

法院可以在符合條件時宣告失蹤人死亡。

契約相對人可以給法定代理人至少一個月的期限，催告其明確表示是否承認；若期限內未明確答覆，視為拒絕承認。

在有必要時，專有部分所有人可以使用他人專有部分的正中宅門；但若另有特約或習慣，就依特約或習慣。若因此造成他人專有部分受損害，應支付償金。

第七百七十四條至前條的規定，也適用於地上權人、農育權人、不動產役權人、典權人、承租人，以及其他土地、建築物或其他工作物利用人。

A transferee of movable property who possesses the property and is protected by possession rules acquires ownership even if the transferor had no right to transfer it.

以取得所有權的意思占有無主動產者，原則上取得該動產的所有權，但法律另有規定者除外。

拾得遺失物者應盡快通知失主、所有人或其他有受領權的人，或向警察、自治機關報告；報告時還要把拾得物交存。

拾得人或招領人應在失物經通知或招領後、受領權人逾相當期間未認領時，將拾得物交存給警察或自治機關。

失物公告或最後招領後6個月內由有受領權的人認領時，拾得人、招領人、警察或自治機關在費用受償後應返還遺失物。

在列舉情形下，拾得人不得請求前條第二項的報酬。

If a found item is perishable or too costly to store, the finder, police, or local authority may sell it by auction or at market price and keep the proceeds.

遺失物逾一定期間未被有權人認領時，拾得人取得所有權；警察或自治機關應通知領取，不能通知時改為公告。

價值在新臺幣500元以下的遺失物，拾得人應儘速通知遺失人、所有人或其他有受領權的人。

發見並占有埋藏物的人，通常取得其所有權；如果埋藏物是在他人所有的動產或不動產中發現，則所有人與發見人各得一半。

If a buried object found is sufficient as academic, artistic, archaeological, or historical material, its ownership is determined under special law.

If a person with limited capacity ratifies a contract after the reason for the limitation has ended, that ratification has the same effect as ratification by a legal representative.

A person who finds drifted property, sunken property, or other property that has been separated from someone else’s possession by natural force is subject to the rules for found lost property.

If a movable item becomes an important component of immovable property by accession, the immovable property owner acquires ownership of the movable item.

When movables are joined so they cannot be separated without damage or excessive cost, the owners share the resulting composite thing by value; if one movable is the principal thing, its owner gets ownership of the composite thing.

If movables are mixed with someone else’s movables and cannot be identified, or can only be identified at excessive cost, the previous article applies.

If someone processes another person’s movable property, the finished item belongs to the material owner, unless the added value from processing clearly exceeds the value of the material, in which case it belongs to the processor.

If ownership of movable property ends, other rights on that movable property also end.

因前五條規定受損害的人，可以依不當得利規定請求償還價額。

People who own a thing in proportion to their shares are co-owners. If a co-owner’s share is unclear, it is presumed to be equal.

Each co-owner may use and benefit from the whole common property, unless the contract says otherwise.

Each co-owner may freely dispose of their share, but disposing of, changing, or burdening the common property requires unanimous consent of all co-owners.

限制行為能力人訂立的契約，在承認前，相對人可以撤回；但如果訂約時就知道對方沒有允許，則不能依此撤回。

共有物的管理原則上要經共有人過半數，且其應有部分合計也過半數同意；簡易修繕和保存行為可由各共有人單獨進行。

Each co-owner may make ownership-based claims to the whole common property against a third party, but a claim to recover the common property must be for the benefit of all co-owners.

共有人原則上要按各自應有部分分擔共有物的管理費和其他負擔；如果有人先多付了，得向其他共有人請求償還超過自己應分擔的部分。

共有人原則上可以隨時請求分割共有物，但法律另有規定、物的使用目的不能分割、或契約有不分割期限時，會受限制。

共有人原則上依協議分割共有物；協議不成時，法院可依共有人請求決定分配方式。

共有物分割後，分得部分的所有權歸各共有人；原本附在應有部分上的抵押權或質權原則上不受影響，但在特定情形下會移到分得的部分。

各共有人就他共有人因分割取得的物，按應有部分，負與出賣人相同的擔保責任。

共有物分割後，各分割人要保存自己分得物的證書；共有物的證書由取得最大部分的人保存，不能協議時可聲請法院指定保存人。

共有不動產或動產的使用、管理、分割等約定或法院裁定，符合條件時對後來的受讓人或取得物權的人也有效；共有應有部分讓與時，受讓人要對相關負擔負連帶清償責任。

符合條件的數人屬於公同共有人；各公同共有人對公同共有物的權利及於全部。

公同共有人的權利義務，依成立公同關係的法律、法律行為或習慣來定；公同共有物的處分和其他權利行使，原則上要得到全體公同共有人同意。

在公同關係存續期間，各公同共有人不得請求分割公同共有物。

If a person with limited capacity uses deception to make others believe they have full capacity or that their legal agent has allowed the act, the legal act is valid.

公同共有關係在公同關係終止或公同共有物讓與時消滅；公同共有物分割原則上準用共有物分割規定，但法律另有規定者除外。

This section also applies, with the necessary changes, to property rights other than ownership when several persons hold them in co-ownership or joint co-ownership.

This provision defines an ordinary superficies right as the right to use another person's land above and below the surface for buildings or other works.

This provision is marked as deleted.

未定期限的地上權，在存續超過20年或設立目的已不存在時，法院可依當事人請求，決定其存續期間或終止地上權。

If a superficies right is created for public construction and no term is set, its duration is deemed to run until the construction purpose is completed.

如果地上權沒有約定支付地租，地上權人可以隨時拋棄其權利。

地上權人可在特定條件下拋棄地上權；不同情況下，可能需要先通知土地所有人或先支付一定期間的地租。

在符合條件時，當事人可請求法院調整地租；未定地租的地上權，土地所有人也可請求法院酌定地租。

地上權人積欠地租達二年總額時，土地所有人可先定相當期限催告付款；逾期不付的，可以終止地上權。

When land ownership is transferred, prepaid ground rent cannot be asserted against third parties unless it is registered.

地上權人 must use the land according to the established purpose and agreed method, or by the land’s nature if no method was agreed, and must keep the land capable of sustainable use.

If the superficies holder keeps violating the prior rule after being stopped by the landowner, the landowner may terminate the superficies right. If that superficies right is mortgaged, the landowner must also notify the mortgagee of the stop.

地上權人即使因不可抗力而妨礙土地使用，也不得請求免除或減少租金。

地上權人可以把地上權讓與他人或設定抵押權，但契約或習慣另有約定的除外；地上權與其建築物或其他工作物不得分離而讓與或設定其他權利。

在特定拍賣情況下，法律視為已成立地上權；地租、期間和範圍由當事人協議，協議不成時可請法院判定，且建築物滅失時該地上權消滅。

地上權消滅時，地上權人可以取回自己的工作物，但要回復土地原狀並在取回前通知土地所有人。

A legal representative may allow a person with limited capacity to dispose of property, and that person then has capacity to dispose of that property.

地上權人可在地上權期限屆滿前一個月以上，向土地所有人請求就建築物按時價補償，但契約另有約定者從其約定。

地上權不會因建築物或其他工作物消滅而消滅。

This provision defines “區分地上權” as a superficies right established within a certain space above and below another person’s land.

地上權人及相關權利人可以約定彼此的使用收益限制；未經登記，該約定不能對抗第三人。

法院在依第八百四十條第四項決定區分地上權期間時，如果這會影響第三人權利，就應一併考量該第三人的利益。