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England and Wales decisions
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Sentencing judges must consider conscientious motivation as relevant to culpability, assess proportionality of interference with ECHR rights, and impose the shortest sentence commensurate with seriousness; manifestly excessive sentences must be reduced, but immediate custody is justified given the scale, planning, and harm of the offences.
Source excerpt
North Warwickshire Borough Council v Defendants Listed at Schedule A [2025] EWHC 2403 (KB) (23 September 2025)
First annual review of a protest injunction at Kingsbury Oil Terminal. The court continued the injunction and power of arrest, approved alternative service, and found no material change.
Annual review of a final injunction against protest-related trespass and nuisance at Valero sites. The court found no material change and continued the order.
Valero Energy Ltd & Ors v Persons Unknown Who & Ors [2025] EWHC 207 (KB) (03 February 2025)
The High Court reviewed and continued Valero’s final injunction against environmental protest defendants, finding no material change in risk and ordering another review in one year.
Benn v General Medical Council [2025] EWHC 87 (Admin) (22 January 2025)
High Court appeal by Dr Sarah Benn against GMC sanctions for breaching a protest injunction. The court upheld misconduct, impairment, and a five-month suspension.
Shell UK Ltd v Persons Unknown [2024] EWHC 3130 (KB) (05 December 2024)
The High Court granted final injunctions for Shell against persons unknown and named protesters over direct-action environmental protests at refinery, office and petrol station sites.
Breen & Ors v Esso Petroleum Company Ltd [2022] EWCA Civ 1405 (26 October 2022)
The Court of Appeal upheld a 112-day custodial sentence for contempt arising from an environmental protest, but quashed a ÂŁ1,500 fine.
The High Court found several HS2 protesters in contempt for breaching an injunction over Cash’s Pit Land, imposing fines, imprisonment, and some suspended sentences or undertakings.
London Borough of Hackney & Anor v Powlesland & Ors [2020] EWHC 2102 (Ch) (26 June 2020)
The High Court granted possession and interim injunctions to clear protestors from land at Woodberry Grove so the Happy Man Tree could be felled.
Buxton & Ors, R. v [2010] EWCA Crim 2923 (01 December 2010)
Court of Appeal held that restraining orders may in principle protect a company or defined group, but quashed the orders here for lack of evidence of harassment or fear of violence.
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