COOPÉRATIVE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES ANCIENS CHAUFFEURS DE L’ETAT (CODACE) v NTAGANDA ABDALAHAMANI

# COOPÉRATIVE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES ANCIENS CHAUFFEURS DE L’ETAT (CODACE) v NTAGANDA ABDALAHAMANI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2022-06-17 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RCOM 00006/2021/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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COOPÉRATIVE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES ANCIENS CHAUFFEURS DE L’ETAT (CODACE) v NTAGANDA ABDALAHAMANI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE - RS/INJUST/RCOM 00006/2021/CA (Nyirandabaruta, PJ) 17 Kamena 2022] Amategeko agenga imanza z’ubucuruzi – Amasezerano – Ikodeshagurisha - Uweguriwe umwenda (uwawuguze) yegukana uburenganzira n’inshingano uwawumweguriye yari afite (ibiwushamikiyeho byose) ariko ntashobora kugira uburenganzira burenze ubwo uwamweguriye umwenda yari afite. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza zisubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane – Imbibi z’ikiburanwa mu rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane - Ibibazo bitasuzumwe mu rubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ntibishobora gusuzumwa mu rubanza rwasabiwe gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane kuko umuburanyi atavuga ko yagize akarengane ku kibazo atigeze asaba Urukiko gusuzuma. Incamake y’ikibazo: NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yatse inguzanyo muri Reseau Interdiocesin de Micro finance (RIM S.A) ingana na 4.700.000 Frw, ayagura imodoka atanga ingwate y’iyo modoka, ndetse na Leta binyuze muri BNR imwishingira ku kigirero cya 2.500.000Frw. NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yaje kunanirwa kwishyura ya nguzanyo, maze CODACE igura umwenda yari afite muri RIM S.A, ifata na ya modoka iyikoresha yishyura inguzanyo, irangije kwishyura irayigumana ntiyayimuha, atanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw'Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge, avuga ko CODACE yamwambuye imodoka ye ntimuhe n'amafaranga y'ubukode bwayo. CODACE yo ikavuga ko imodoka ari iyayo kuko yayiguranye n'umwenda wa NTAGANDA Abdalahamani amaze kunanirwa kwishyura.

Urukiko rw'Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani nta shingiro gifite, ko ikirego kiregera kwiregura cyatanzwe na CODACE gifite ishingiro. NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ajuririra urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, yongera gusaba gusubizwa imodoka no guhabwa amafaranga y’ubukode bwayo. CODACE yireguye ivuga ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite. Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa NTAGANDA Abdalahamani bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko nta kigaragaza ko CODACE igura umwenda yagombaga no kwegukana imodoka, rutegeka CODACE kuyimusubiza, ikamuha indishyi zingana na 3.625.000 Frw. CODACE yatakambiye Urwego rw’Umuvunyi isaba ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rwandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, rumusaba kwemeza ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, maze arwohereza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kugira ngo ruzaruburanishe, muri urwo Rukiko. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. uweguriwe umwenda (uwawuguze) yegukana uburenganzira n’inshingano uwawumweguriye yari afite (ibiwushamikiyeho byose) ariko ntashobora kugira uburenganzira burenze ubwo uwamweguriye umwenda yari afite 2. Ibibazo bitasuzumwe mu rubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ntibishobora gusuzumwa mu rubanza rwasabiwe gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane kuko umuburanyi atavuga ko yagize akarengane ku kibazo atigeze asaba Urukiko gusuzuma. Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe gisubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’ Ubucuruzi, nta shingiro gifte;

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Rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’ Ubucuruzi; Rutegetse urega guha uregwa 100.000Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 200.000Frw y’ikurikirana rubanza yose hamwe ikamuha 800.000Frw. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 rishyiraho Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw'amategeko mbonezamubano, Ingingo ya 33 na 335. Itegeko nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, Ingingo ya 104. Inyandiko z’abahanga: Francois Terre Philippe Simler na Yves Lequette, Droit civil, les obligations, 11éd. Dalloz, Paris, 2013, P.1322. https://www.dictionnaire-juridique.com/définition/cession-de-créance.php, by Serge Braudo Conseiller honoraire à la Cour d'appel de Versailles en partenariat avec Baumann Avocats Droit informatique consulté le 07/05/2022. Marc Billiau na Grégoire Loiseau, le Régime des créances et des dettes, EJA, 2005, Paris, P.320. External Cases: Urubanza N° RS/INJUST/RC00004/2019/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 28/07/2020. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] CODACE ni ishyirahamwe ryashyizweho mu rwego rwo gufasha abahoze ari abashoferi ba Leta ngo bashobore kwishyira hamwe bakore imishinga ibateza imbere. NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yabaye umunyamuryango waryo kuva rigishingwa. Ku wa 21/02/2006 NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yatse inguzanyo muri Reseau Interdiocesin de Micro finance (RIM S.A) ingana na 4.700.000 Frw, ayagura imodoka RAA 525 X Toyota Corolla, ahereye kuri iyo nguzanyo atanga ingwate zitandukanye harimo n’iyo modoka, ndetse na Leta binyuze muri BNR imwishingira ku kigirero cya 2.500.000Frw. NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yaje kunanirwa kwishyura ya nguzanyo, maze ku wa 30/09/2006 CODACE igura umwenda yari afite muri RIM S.A, ifata na ya modoka ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani iyikoresha yishyura inguzanyo, irangije kwishyura irayigumana ntiyayimuha. [2] NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw'Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge, avuga ko CODACE yamwambuye imodoka ye ntimuhe n'amafaranga y'ubukode bwayo kuva ku wa 11/03/2006 kugeza igihe yatangiye ikirego. CODACE yavuze ko imodoka ari iyayo kuko yayiguranye n'umwenda wa NTAGANDA Abdalahamani amaze kunanirwa kwishyura. [3] Mu rubanza n° RCOM 0552/15/TC/NYGE rwaciwe ku wa 19/08/2015, Urukiko rw'Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani nta shingiro gifite, ko ikirego kiregera kwiregura cyatanzwe na CODACE gifite ishingiro, ko NTAGANDA Abdalahamani atagaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera, ko kandi nta mwenda CODACE imubereyemo. Rumutegeka guha CODACE amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka.

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[4] NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, avuga ko Urukiko rw'Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge rwirengagije amasezerano y'ubukode bw'imodoka yagiranye na CODACE n’ibisobanuro yatanze byatumye asinya ku masezerano yo kugura umwenda we yabaye hagati ya CODACE na RIM S.A, n'icyo ayo masezerano yari agamije, yongera gusaba gusubizwa imodoka no guhabwa amafaranga y’ubukode bwayo. CODACE yireguye ivuga ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, isaba izindi ndishyi. [5] Mu rubanza nº RCOMA 0513/15/HCC, rwaciwe ku wa 22/12/2015, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rushingiye ku biteganywa mu ngingo ya 91 y’Itegeko Nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi no kuba mu masezerano yo kugura umwenda ntahateganyijwe ko CODACE izahita yegukana imodoka ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani cyangwa ngo babe barabyemeranyije batyo mbere y’uko CODACE igura inguzanyo, kuba NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yarasinye ku masezerano CODACE yagiranye na RIM S.A, bikaba bidasobanuye ko CODACE yagombaga kwegukana imodoka, no kuba harirengagijwe ko nubwo CODACE yaguze uwo umwenda, mu gihe cyo kuwishyura yakoreshaga iyo modoka iyibyaza umusaruro, kugeza igihe cyo kwishyura kirangiye, rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa NTAGANDA Abdalahamani bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko nta kigaragaza ko CODACE igura umwenda yagombaga no kwegukana imodoka, ko NTAGANDA Abdalahamani agomba gusubirana imodoka RAA 525 X Toyota Corolla, agahabwa n'indishyi. Rutegeka CODACE kuyimusubiza, ikamuha indishyi zingana na 3.000.000 Frw (ajyanye n’ibyo imodoka yakoreye ariko yagenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko) 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka ikanamusubiza 125.000 Frw akubiyemo igarama yatanze ku rwego rwa mbere no mu bujurire, yose hamwe CODACE ikamuha 3.625.000 Frw. [6] Ku wa 20/01/2016, CODACE yatakambiye Urwego rw’Umuvunyi isaba ko urubanza n° RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 22/12/2015 rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ivuga ko akarengane yagiriwe gashingiye ku kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarirengagije ibimenyetso birimo amasezerano yo ku wa 27/09/2006 yabaye hagati yayo, RIM S.A na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yo kwegukana umwenda bikajyana n’uburenganzira bwose bwari buwushamikiyeho, n’ibaruwa ya RIM S.A yo ku wa 30/09/2006 yandikiye NTAGANDA Abdalahamani isesa amasezerano, aho yahise atakaza uburenganzira yari afite ku modoka, rwirengagiza amasezerano y’inguzanyo hagati ya RIM S.A na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yo ku wa 21/02/2006, aho mu ngingo yayo ya 5, agace ka 5, agaragaza ko nta modoka NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yigeze agira, kuko yari yanditse kuri RIM S.A ikaba yari kuba iye amaze kwishyura. Ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rutagombaga gutegeka ko NTAGANDA Abdalahamani asubirana imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X ndetse ngo rumugenere n’indishyi kuko iyo modoka itigeze imwandikwaho, ko kandi n’ubwo barangije urubanza ku neza, basaba NTAGANDA Abadalahamani gusubiza amafaranga yose yahawe harangizwa imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi. [7] Nyuma yo gusesengura icyo kibazo, Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rwandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, rumusaba kwemeza ko urubanza n°RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 22/12/2015 rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, mu cyemezo nº N°155/CJ/2021 cyo ku wa 27/04/2021, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, maze arwohereza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kugira ngo ruzaruburanishe, muri urwo Rukiko ruhabwa nº RS/INJUST/RCOM 00006/2021/CA. 1 Ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko Nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi: "Urega agomba kugaragaza ibiminyetso by’ibyo aregera. Iyo abibuze, uwarezwe aratsinda".

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[8] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhamwe ku wa 04/04/2022, CODACE ihagarariwe na Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste, naho NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ahagarariwe na Me SAFARI Ibrahim. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO 1) Kumenya niba kuba CODACE yaraguze umwenda NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yari afitiye RIM S.A. biyihesha uburenganzira bwo kwegukana imodoka yaguzwe muri uwo mwenda ikaba n’imwe mu ngwate zawo [9] Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste uhagarariye CODACE, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko NTAGANDA Abdalahamani agomba gusubirana imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X, rumugenera n’indishyi zitandukanye rwirengagije inguzanyo NTAGANDA Abdalahamani wari umunyamuryango wa CODACE yafashe ku wa 21/02/2016 muri RIM S.A, igurwa imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X; Ko muri ayo masezerano y’iguriza nº 0010 yo kuwa 21/02/2006 impande zombi (RIM S.A na NTAGANDA) zumvikanye ko iyo modoka yandikwa kuri RIM S.A igakomeza kuba iyayo, NTAGANDA Abdalahamani akajya kuyikoresha yishyura uwo mwenda akazayegukana arangije kuwishyura wose, nk’uko bigaragara mu ngingo ya 5, agace ka 5, k’ayo masezerano aho igira iti : ” Imodoka izandikwa kuri RIM S.A ikazegurirwa nyiri ukugurizwa arangije kwishyura umwenda.” [10] Avuga ko nubwo NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yatwaye iyo modoka ngo ayikoreshe, itari yakabaye iye, kuko atari yakarangije kwishyura umwenda yahawe ungana na 4.700.000Frw kuko yari akirimo umwenda ungana na 4.345 000 Frw yananiwe kwishyura, ko mu mezi arindwi yari amaranye iyo modoka, RIM S.A. yari imaze kwishyurwa 350.000Frw, bivuze ko ku kwezi yishyuraga 50.000Frw, ibyo Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rukaba rwarabyirengagije rugakora ikosa ryo kwemeza ko asubirana imodoka kandi itarigeze iba iye, rwirengagije ko amasezerano yasheshwe icyanditse kuri RIM SA. [11] Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste akomeza avuga ko guhera kuwa 27/09/2006 amasezerano y’inguzanyo RIM S.A na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani agiseswa, yahise atakaza uburenganzira yari afite kuri iyo modoka, bwegukanwa na CODACE mu masezerano yo kuwa 30/09/2006 yagiranye na RIM S.A yo kwegukana uwo mwenda, kandi na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani akayashyiraho umukono, guhera ubwo imodoka ikaba yaragiye mu maboko ya CODACE, na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani akaba atagaragaza ko nyuma y’iseswa ry’amasezerano yagiranye na RIM S.A yigeze akomeza gutwara cyangwa gukoresha iyo modoka, bivuze ko nta kintu na kimwe cyari kigihuza NTAGANDA Abdalahamani n’imodoka Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X yaguzwe muri uwo mwenda. [12] Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste akomeza asobanura ko RIM S.A yari ifite imodoka nk’ingwate inayifite nk’umutungo wayo kuko mu gihe NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yari ananiwe kwishyura RIM S.A yari ifite uburenganzira bwo gusubirana umutungo wayo hashingiwe ku ihame rya Crédit-Vente, bitanduknaye n’uko hari uwagura umutungo, nyuma akajya muri RRA cyangwa muri RDB bakandikisha ingwate. Avuga ko niba CODACE yari yishyuye amafaranga y’umwenda NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yari yananiwe kwishyura, nta kindi yari kwegukana uretse imodoka kandi uretse no kugura uwo mwenda, CODACE yafashije NTAGANDA Abadalahamani nk’umunyamuryango bigatuma indi mitungo yari yatanzeho ingwate kimwe n’iyo modoka bidatezwa cyamunara, kuko iyo modoka iyo igurishwa muri cyamunara amafaranga yari kuvamo yari make cyane.

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[13] Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste akomeza avuga ko imodoka NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yahawe nta mpanuka yagize ku buryo CODACE yagombaga kumufasha, ko no kuba baraguze umwenda nabwo ari kumufasha, kuko byatumye imodoka idatezwa cyamunara. Avuga ko bitari ngombwa ko mu masezerano hagaragara ko CODACE yagombaga kwegukana imodoka kuko yari yaguze umwenda, ko nta kindi yari kwegukana uretse iyo modoka (return), mu gihe yari kuba imaze gutanga amafaranga yo kwishyura uwo mwenda, kandi ko ariko byagendaga no ku bandi banyamuryango, igihe havukaga ikibazo nk’icyo NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yagize. [14] Akomeza avuga ko ku birebana n’amasezerano y’ubukode bw’imodoka Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X, NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yavuze ko yagiranye na CODACE kuwa 11/03/2006, mu rubanza n°RCOM 0552/15/TC/NYGE no mu rubanza n°RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane yavuze ko aretse kuyaburanisha kuko CODACE yavugaga ko iyaregera, ko rero n’indishyi zishamikiye kuri ayo masezerano kimwe n’izindi zose yagenewe zikwiye kuvanwaho kuko atagombaga kuzigenerwa, hashingiwe ku masezerano y'igurizwa hagati ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani na RIM S.A, amasezerano yo kwegukana umwenda hagati ya CODACE na RIM S.A yashyizweho umukono na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani n’ibaruwa ya RIM S.A yo kuwa 27/09/2006 isesa amasezerano yari ifitanye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani. [15] Ku bijyanye n’inyemezabwishyu (factures) NTAGANDA Abadalahamani yerekana ashaka kugaragaza ko imodoka ivugwa muri uru rubanza CODACE yayikodeshaga kandi yinjizaga amafaranga, Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste avuga ko izo nyemezabwishyu (factures) ari izigihe iyo modoka yari yaramaze kuba iya CODACE, ko mbere yaho atabasha kwerekana aho CODACE yishyurije. Naho ku bijyanye n’uko amafaranga CODACE yishyuye RIM S.A akomoka ku modoka ya NTAGANDA, avuga ko ibyo atari byo, ko umunyamuryango yashoboraga gukodesha imodoka ye CODACE yahawe amasoko cyangwa akishakira ibiraka ahandi, kandi ko CODACE ifite ahandi yakuraga ubwishyu harimo amafaranga ihabwa n’abo yabaga yaboneye akazi (commissions), impano n’ibindi…, ko rero bikwiye kumvikana ko CODACE itatunze imodoka kuko yari iyikeneye, kuko nayo ifite uburenganzira bwo kwaka umwenda ikagura imodoka yayo bwite, cyane ko ifitiwe icyizere kuruta abanyamuryango. [16] Ku bijyanye n’uko RIM S.A yagombaga gushaka ubwishyu ihereye ku ngwate (garantie) yatanzwe na BNR kuko bigaragara ko yari yishingiye umwenda wa NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ku kigero cya 2.500.000Frw, ariko CODACE ikiyemeza kwishyura umwenda wose, Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste, avuga ko ku ngwate y’imodoka Banki yari itunze harimo na garantie ya BNR, ariko ko BNR yagombaga kuzamo mu gihe habayeho kwishyuza umwenda ku ngufu (recouvrement forcé), umunyamuryango yananiwe kwishyura burundu, ariko ko kuri iki kibazo atariko byagenze kuko impande zombi zumvikanye, NTAGANDA Abdalahamani akemera ko umwenda we ugurwa, na CODACE ikaba yari ibifitemo inyungu zo kuwugura, kugira ngo idatakaza icyizere ifitiwe na BNR, ko iyo BNR izamo abanyamuryango basigaye bari kubihomberamo kuko nta cyizere bari kuba bagifitiwe na BNR cyo gukomeza kwemererwa inguzanyo na Banki zitandukanye. [17] Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste avuga ko mu gusuzuma no gusesengura ibijyanye n’amasezerano bagaragaje bagiranye na RIM S.A, Urukiko rwazashingira ku ngingo ya 66 y’Itegeko nº 45/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, iteganya ko: «Gusesengura amasezerano cyangwa imwe mu ngingo zayo ari ugusobanura icyo ayo masezerano agamije n’icyasezeranyijwe», no ku ngingo ya 355 CCL III yakurikizwaga igihe amasezerano yakorwaga, iteganya ko: «Igurisha cyangwa iyegurirwa ry'umwenda rikubiyemo ibiwushamikiyeho byose, nk'ubwishingire n'ubugwate ku bitimukanwa», bivuze ko inshingano, amahirwe n’uburenganzira uwatanze umwenda yari afite biba iby’uwawuguze wawegukanye”. [18] NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, avuga ko CODACE yashyize hamwe abahoze ari abashoferi (chauffeurs) ba Leta, ahabwa inguzanyo agura imodoka kugira ngo akore akazi ka Tax-voiture, ko amaze

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kubona iyo modoka yagiye mu maboko ye na CODACE ariko CODACE akaba ariyo yishyuzaga ahantu hatandukanye nk’uko bigaragazwa na factures zitandukanye. Avuga ko atigeze akererwa kwishyura umwenda nk’uko bivugwa, ko ahubwo ari CODACE yatindaga kumwishyura noneho bigatuma nawe akererwa. Avuga kandi ko impamvu yashyize umukono ku masezerano ya RIM S.A na CODACE ari uko yagira ngo CODACE izamufashe kwishyura uwo mwenda, ariko ko bitavuze ko umwenda umaze kwishyurwa CODACE yagombaga kugumana imodoka ye, kuko igihe CODACE yari itaragura umwenda we, ariwe wawiyishyuriraga, ariko nyuma akaba ariyo yakomeje kwishyura buri kwezi kuko yakoreshaga imodoka ye; kandi ko iyo urebye amafaranga CODACE yishyuje mu kwezi ugakuba n’imyaka 10 hashingiwe kuri factures yagaragaje zo mu kwezi kwa karindwi (7) 2007 zonyine, usanga CODACE yari kwiyishyura ikamuha n’inyungu ku modoka ye. [19] Me SAFARI Ibrahim, wunganira NTAGANDA Abdalahamani avuga ko ikibazo cyatanzwe na CODACE ubwacyo kidashingiye ku mpamvu z’akarengene zasesenguwe muri raporo y’Umuvunyi yo kuwa 22/10/2018, kuko mu rubanza n° RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, rwasuzumye amasezerano yo kugura inguzanyo yabaye hagati ya RIM S.A, CODACE na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, mu gika cyarwo cya 9, rusobanura impamvu yayashyizeho umukono rwerekana ko muri ayo masezerano ntahigeze hateganywa ko umwenda numara kwishyurwa imodoka izegukanwa na CODACE ndetse rusobanura neza impamvu NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yasinye ayo masezerano, ko ari uko imodoka ye yakodeshwaga ntiyishyurwe, ko nta n’andi masezerano yabayeho hagati ye na CODACE iyemerera kwegukana imodoka. [20] Akomeza avuga ko igihe Urukiko ruzahuza icyemezo cy’urukiko n’urubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ruzasanga nta kimenyetso cy’amasezerano kirengagijwe, ahubwo ruzasanga ibimenyetso byagaragajwe byarasobanuwe ndetse binashingirwaho mu gufata icyemezo. Yasabye ko mu gusuzuma ibikubiye muri uru rubanza Urukiko rwazashingira ku ngingo ya 2 na 4 z’itegeko ry’ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo; ingingo ya 9 ya CPCCSA yakoreshwaga icyo gihe n’ingingo ya 81 y’Itegko N° 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012, rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ryashingirwagaho igihe ikirego cya CODACE cyashyikirizwaga Urwego rw’Umuvunyi; ko narwo ruzasanga nta cyari kubuza Urukiko gutegeka ko NTAGANDA Abdalahamani asubizwa imodoka ye, bitandukanye n’ibivugwa n’urega ndetse n’ibikubiye mu isesengura ryakozwe muri raporo y’Umuvunyi. [21] Ku bijyanye n’indishyi, Me SAFARI Ibrahim avuga ko urukiko rwaciye urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo rwagaragaje isesengura ry’ibimenyetso rwashingiyeho, impamvu n’uburyo indishyi zabazwe, ko n’ubwo amasezerano y’ubukode bw’imodoka hagati ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani na CODACE atagarutsweho kuko CODACE yavugaga ko izayaregera nk’inyandikompimbano, NTAGANDA Abdalahamani mu rwego rwo kwanga ko urubanza rwazatinda agahitamo kuburanisha ibindi bimenyetso birimo factures zishyurwaga ubukode bw’imodoka haba mbere yo kurangiza kwishyura inguzanyo ndetse na nyuma yo kuyishyura, bigaragarira buri wese ko nta kimenyetso kirengagijwe mu rubanza kandi n’indishyi zatanzwe zashingiye ku gihe CODACE yakomeje gukodesha imodoka ntiyisubize nyirayo nyuma yo kwishyurira umunyamuryango wayo inguzanyo ishingiye ku bukode bw’iyo modoka. [22] Me SAFARI Ibrahim avuga ko umwenda waguzwe na CODACE ukomoka ku nguzanyo NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yahawe na RIM S.A akayiguramo imodoka, noneho CODACE ikayifata kugira ngo ijye iyikoresha mu rwego rwo kuyikodesha, NTAGANDA Abudalahamani abonye kwishyura bigenda bitinda, asaba CODACE kugura umwenda, noneho ikaba ari nayo iwishyura, ariko ko atemeye ko imodoka ye nimara kwishyura umwenda izegurirwa CODACE; ko hari ingwate y’umutungo utimukanwa wa NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, na garantie ya BNR, ko kugura inguzanyo byari bigamije gusa guhindura uburyo bwo kwishyura kandi ko imodoka yashoboraga kwinjiza amafaranga menshi ugereranyije n’ayo yagombaga kwishyura buri kwezi, hashingiwe kuri factures zerekanwe.

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[23] Avuga ko Urukiko rwazareba niba nyuma yo kugura umwenda, CODACE itari kugirana na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani amasezerano yo kuyegurira imodoka, kuko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwo rwagaragaje inyungu za buri ruhande mu isinywa ry’amasezerano, ruziheraho rutegeka ko imodoka isubizwa NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, ko nta kosa rwakoze, kuko amasezerano yasheshwe atari ay’umwenda, ahubwo ashingiye ku buryo bwo kwishyura, ariyo mpamvu nyuma yo kwishyura inguzanyo, imodoka yagombaga gukoreshwa mu nyungu ze bwite. Ko n’ingwate (garanties) zari zatanzwe zishimangira ko amasezerano hagati ya CODACE na RIM S.A yari agamije kureba uburyo umwenda uzishyurwa atari agamije kugura imodoka, kuko na CODACE idahakana ko yafashe iyo modoka ikayikoresha. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [24] Ingingo ya 33 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 rishyiraho Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw'amategeko mbonezamubano2, ryakoreshwaga igihe amasezerano hagati ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani na RIM S.A no hagati ya RIM S.A na CODACE yakorwaga, iteganya ko: “amasezerano akozwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko, aba itegeko ku bayagiranye ashobora guseswa ari uko babyumvikanyeho cyangwa ku mpamvu zemewe n'amategeko. Agomba kwubahirizwa nta buryarya. Naho ingingo ya 34 y’iryo tegeko iteganya ko: amasezerano adategeka gusa icyemejwe ahubwo akubitiraho n'ingaruka ubutabera, imigenzereze cyangwa amategeko byageneye inshingano bikurikije kamere yayo3. [25] Ingingo ya 355 y’iryo Tegeko rimaze kuvugwa haruguru, iteganya ko: “igurisha cyangwa iyegurwa ry'umwenda rikubiyemo ibiwushamikiyeho byose, nk'ubwishingire, n'ubugwate ku bitimukanwa. [26] Abahanga mu mategeko Francois Terré, Philippe Simler na Yves Lequette, mu gitabo Droit civil, les obligations, bavuga ko kwegurira undi umwenda ari igikorwa cyemewe (acte judidique) gituma uberewemo umwenda (le cédant) yegurira undi (le cessionaire) umwenda yari afitiwe n’uwo yawuhaye (le cédé)4. Bavuga ko ubereyemo undi umwenda amenyeshwa iby’iryo yegurirwa ry’umwenda agomba kwishyura, ariko ko ukwemera kwe atari ngombwa. Uko kwemera ko umwenda weguriwe undi byateganyijwe n’umushingamategeko nk’igisabwa kiza ku mwanya wa kabiri (subsidiaire) mu masezerano yo kwegurira undi umwenda, kuko icyerekana ko amasezerano yabayeho kiba cyarangije gukorwa hagati y’uweguriye undi umwenda n’uwaweguriwe, kumumenyesha akaba atari byo biha agaciro amasezerno yo kwegurira undi umwenda5. [27] Abo bahanga bavuga ko inyungu ziri mu kwegurira undi umwenda ufitiwe ugereranyije n’uko ibindi bisanzwe bikorwa ari uko kwegurira undi umwenda bijyana n’ibiwushamikiyeho ni ukuvuga ingwate ziba ziwuherekeje; igurisha cyangwa kugurira undi umwenda bijyanye n’ibiherekeje umwenda n’ubwishingire, kwishyurwa imbere y’abandi cyangwa ingwate itimukanwa nabyo bifatwa nk’ibiri mu 2 Iri tegeko ryakuweho n’Itegeko n° 020/2019 ryo ku wa 22/8/2019 rikuraho amategeko yose yashyizweho mbere y’itariki y’ubwigenge, ryarasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta yo ku wa 23/9/2019. Ariko ntirivanaho ko ibikorwa byakozwe mbere y’uko risohoka mu Igazeti ya Leta bigengwa n’amategeko yariho icyo gihe, kuko ihame ari uko itegeko rireba ibikorwa by’ahazaza (la loi ne dispose que pour l’avenir..). 3 Ibi kubiye muri izo ngingo bihura n’ibiteganywa mu ngingo za 64 na 65 z’ Itegeko n° 45/2011 ryo kuwa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano. 4 Francois Terre Philippe Simler na Yves Lequette, Droit civil, les obligations, 11éd. Dalloz, Paris, 2013, P.1322. ( la cession de créance est l’opération par laquelle un créancier, le cédant, transfère à un cessionnaire sa créance contre son débiteur appelé débiteur cédé.) 5 Francois Terre Philippe Simler na Yves Lequette, op.cit. 1327. (Il resort en substance que le débiteur doit etre solenelement averti de la cession de la créance dont il est passivement tenu, mais sans que la convention de la cession requière son consentement … cette acceptation n’est envisagée que par le legislateur comme modalité subsidiaire de l’indispensable information, dont la preuve est ainsi préconstituée, et non comme condition d’efficacité de la cession)

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rubanza cyangwa ibiri mu byemezo birangizwa. Ko rero ibyo byose bimaze kuvugwa, bigaragaza isano iri hagati yo kwegurira undi umwenda ndetse n’uwasimbuye uwari uwufitiwe mu burenganzira yari afite. Ko uweguriwe umwenda afite n’uburenganzira ku biwushamikiyeho ariko ko adashobora kugira uburenganzira burenze ubwo uwamweguriye umwenda yari afite6. [28] Abandi bahanga mu mategeko nabo basobanura ko ukwegurira undi umwenda bikoreshwa cyane nk’uburyo uberewemo umwenda yemera kwegurira undi umwenda yari afitiwe, ko kandi kwegurira undi umwenda no kuwivanaho ukawuha undi bisobanura kimwe, ariko bakavuga ko kwegurira undi umwenda bishobora kugira ingaruka k’urimo umwenda, igihe yabyemeye, igihe yabimenyeshejwe cyangwa, bigaragara ko yabimenye7. [29] Abahanga mu mategeko Jacques, Marc Billiau na Grégoire Loiseau, mu gitabo cyabo «Le Régime des créances et des dettes», nabo bavuga ko ukwemera k’uwafashe umwenda atari ngombwa, mu gihe uwawumuhaye ahisemo kuwuhereza undi8. Bavuga kandi ko uweguriwe umwenda bikozwe n’uwatanze umwenda ntacyo bihindura, ko bidahindura umwenda ubwawo, kuko ukomeza kugira imiterere nk’iyo wari ufite ugifatwa9. Bavuga kandi ko kuba kwegurira undi muntu umwenda bikorwa bitabanje gusaba ko urimo umwenda abyemera, uko kwegurira undi umwenda bigira agaciro kandi ko bihagije, igihe uweguriye undi umwenda n’uwaweguriwe bumvikanye10. Ko kwegurira undi umwenda bituma uva mu byo uwaweguriye undi yari atunze ukajya mu mutungo w’uwaweguriwe. Muri icyo gihe, uwaweguriwe aba afite agaciro kajyanye n’umwenda yeguriwe, ashobora nawe gukoresha uko abishaka, mbere y’uko ugera igihe cyo kwishyurwa cyangwa kwishyuzwa11. [30] Dosiye igaragaza amasezerano y’igurizwa n° 0010/DC/06 yo ku wa 21/02/2006, RIM S.A yagiranye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, aho mu « Irangashingiro » ( Préambule) ryayo, bigaragara ko ayo masezerano yari ashingiye kuri Politiki n’amabwiriza ya RIM S.A agenga imirimo yo kuzigama no kugurizwa no ku masezerano RIM S.A yagiranye na Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu «BNR» yo ku wa 14/06/2005, yerekeranye no gusubiza abakozi bavuye mu Butegetsi bwite bwa Leta mu buzima busanzwe (Accord de participation au fonds de garantie et ligne de crédit déstinés à faciliter la rencoversion des agents déflatés de l’Administration Publique Rwandaise). [31] Muri ayo masezerano (n° 0010/DC/06 yo ku wa 21/02/2006) bigaragara ko RIM S.A yahaye NTAGANDA Abadalahamani inguzanyo ya 4.700.000Frw (ingingo ya 1); ko iyo nguzanyo igomba 6 Francois Terre Philippe Simler na Yves Lequette, op.cit, p.1337-1338 (L’intérêt majeur de la cession de créance par rapport à d’autres mecanismes, réside cependant dans le transfert correlatifs des accessoires, c’est a-dire essentiellemt des surêtés dont elle assortie : la vente ou cession d’une créance comprend les accessoires de la créance, tels que caution, privilège ou hypothèque, doivent aussi être considérés comme des accessoires des actions en justices ou titre exécutoire. Ce trait marque la parenté entre la cession de créance et la subrogation. Les cessionaires est de plein droit investi de tous les accessoires. Il ne peut, corrélativement, recueillir plus de droits que le cédant n’en avait lui- meme). 7 https://www.dictionnaire-juridique.com/définition/cession-de-créance.php, by Serge Braudo Conseiller honoraire à la Cour d'appel de Versailles en partenariat avec Baumann Avocats Droit informatique consulté le 07/05/2022. (L’expression "cession de créance" est utilisée pour nommer la technique juridique par laquelle un créancier cède au profit d’un tiers la créance que lui-même possède sur son débiteur. "Cession de créance" et "Transport de créance" ont la même signification. La cession n'est opposable au débiteur, s'il n'y a déjà consenti, que si elle lui a été notifiée ou s'il en a pris acte). 8 Marc Billiau na Grégoire Loiseau, le Régime des créances et des dettes, EJA, 2005, Paris, P.320. ( ( Acun des mécanismes par laquelle une transmission de créance se réalise n’exige le cosentement du débiteur pour sa validité ….) 9 Ibid. P.325. (la transmission de la créance est neutre en ce sens qu’elle n’opère aucune modification de celle-ci ; elle reste apres l’acte qu’il opère celle la même qui existait avant) 10 Ibid. P.331. (Puisque la transmission d’une créance s’opère sans le consentement du débiteur, on doit en déduire qu’elle est parfate dès la recontre des volontés du cédant et du cessionaire…) 11 Ibid. P.346. (La cession de créance entraine son transfert du patrimoine de cédant dans celui du cessionaire. Celui-ci dispose donc d’une nouvelle valeur qu’il peut lui-même mobiliser avant son échéance et son recouvrement.

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gukoreshwa mu mushinga wo kugura imodoka yo gutwara abantu/tax Voiture (ingingo ya 2), NTAGANDA Abdalahamani akaba yaragombaga kwishyura iyo nguzanyo mu gihe cy’imyaka ine (ingingo ya 4), gufatira imodoka yaguze muri iyo nguzanyo ubwishingizi rusange ku mpanuka/assurance omnium (ingingo ya 7), gutanga ingwate zitandukanye nk’ubwishingire bw’ubwishyu bw’umwene, inyungu na komisiyo zinyuranye (ingingo ya 6)12. Imodoka yaguzwe yagombaga kwandikwa kuri RIM SA, ikazegurirwa nyirukugurizwa arangije kwishyura umwenda (ingingo ya 5) kandi Nyirukugurizwa akemerera RIM S.A gusura no guhabwa amakuru asesuye kuri iyo modoka (ingingo ya 8) no kuyimenyesha (RIM S.A) igihe umutungo yatanzeho ingwate uhindutse haba mu miterere yawo cyangwa uvuye mu mutungo wa nyiri ukugurizwa ku buryo ubwaribwo bwose. Igihe umutungo yatanzeho ingwate utanzweho ingwate ahandi n’igihe uwo mutungo awuhaye abandi cyangwa awukodesheje (ingingo ya 9). [32] Dosiye igaragaza amasezerano y’igurizwa n° 0010/DC/06 RIM S.A yagiranye na CODACE yo ku wa 30/09/2006, mu ngingo yayo ya mbere iteganya ibijyanye no kugura inguzanyo ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani kuko yananiwe kubahiriza amasezerano y’inguzanyo yagiranye na RIM S.A yo ku wa 21/02/2006, iyo nguzanyo ikaba ingana na 4.345.000Frw hamwe n’ubukererwe NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yagize mu kuwishyura ndetse n’ibihano bijyanye n’ubwo bukererwe, iyo nguzanyo ikaba yaragombaga kwishyurwa mu mezi 42 nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo yayo ya 5, NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yayashyizeho umukono nk’umwe mu bajyanama ba CODACE. [33] Dosiye igaragaza ko ku wa 27/09/2006 binyuze mu ishyirahamwe rya CODACE, NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yamenyeshejwe ko amasezerano y’inguzanyo yari afitanye na RIM SA ku wa 21/02/2006 asheshwe. [34] Impaka ziri muri uru rubanza, zishingiye ahanini ku kumenya uburenganzira n’inshingano uwaguze umwenda (cessionnaire) ari we CODACE ivana mu masezerano yagiranye na RIM S.A ku wa 30/09/2006, yo kugura umwenda RIM S.A yari yarahaye NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, n’uburenganzira n’inshingano uwahawe umwenda wagurishijwe (débuteur cédé) ari we NTAGANDA Abdalahamani asigarana nyuma y’uko uwo yari abereyemo umwenda (créancier cédant) ariwe RIM S.A iwugurishije CODACE (cessionnaire). [35] Mu rubanza n° RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’ Ubucuruzi, ku wa 22/12/2015, rwasanze amasezerano CODACE yagiranye na RIM S.A bigaragara mu ngingo yayo ya mbere ko ari ayo kugura inguzanyo ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, ko muri ayo masezerano ntaho bavuga ko imodoka yari iya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ihita ihinduka iya CODACE, iyi nayo ikaba iterekana niba mbere yo kugura iyo nguzanyo yarigeze yumvikana na we ko izegukana iyo modoka; ko kuba NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yarasinye ku masezerano yo kugura umwenda bitavuga ko yari yemeye no guhara imodoka, kandi ibyo bigaragazwa nuko na nyuma y'amasezerano yo kugura umwenda nta na rimwe CODACE yigeze yemeranya na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ko imodoka itakiri iye. Rusanga kuba nta kimenyetso CODACE yerekana cyuko yegukanye imodoka, hakaba nta masezerano yo kuyegukana yabaye hagati ya CODACE na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, byumvikana ko mu gihe imodoka yari imaze kwishyura umwenda, yagombaga gusubizwa nyirayo NTAGANDA Abdalahamani (igika cyarwo cya 9), rubiheraho rumugenera indishyi za 3.000.000Frw zagenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko ariko zishingiye ku mafaranga iyo modoka yakoreye atarahawe nyirayo, 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, runategeka CODACE gusubiza NTAGANDA Abdalahamani imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X, 12 Ingingo ya 6 : Ubwishingizi n’ingwate: kugira ngo umwenda, inyungu na komisiyo zinyuranye bizashobore kwishyurwa, RIM S.A ihawe ingwate zikurikira: -Ingwate ingana n’amafaranga Miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atatu na mirongo itanu (2.350.000 Frw) Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu yishingira nyirukugurizwa nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya mbere y’amasezerano BNR yasinyanye na RIM S.A yo ku wa 14/06/2005; -Inzu iherereye mu Kagari ka Gacyamo, Umurenge wa Gitega, Akarere ka Nyarugenge, Umujyi wa Kigali; - Ubwishingizi bw’ubuzima bwa nyirukugurizwa yemeza ko inyungu zabwo zizahabwa mbere na mbere RIM S.A mu kwishyura umwenda ayibereyemo; -Ingwate magiriranye y’uwo bashakanye.

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ikamusubiza na 125.000Frw akubiyemo amafaranga yatanzeho ingwate y’amagarama mu rwego rwa mbere no mu bujurire. [36] Ku byerekeye uburenganzira n’inshingano bya CODACE waguze umwenda, ingingo ya 355 y’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano yibukijwe haruguru n’inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko bavuzwe, byatugaragarije ko uweguriwe umwenda (uwawuguze) yegukana uburenganzira n’inshingano uwawumweguriye yari afite (ibiwushamikiyeho byose) ariko ko adashobora kugira uburenganzira burenze ubwo uwamweguriye umwenda yari afite. Ibi bivuze ko ari ngombwa gusuzuma uburenganzira RIM S.A yaheshwaga n’amasezerano yagiranye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ku wa 21/02/2006 kuko ubwo burenganzira ari bwo CODACE yegukanye. [37] Isesengura ry’amaserano RIM S.A yagiranye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ku wa 21/02/2006, cyane cyane ingingo zagarutsweho haruguru, rigaragaza ko inshingano RIM S.A yari ifite zari izo gutanga inguzanyo no gukurikirana uburyo yishyurwa, ikaba yari ifite uburenganzira bwo kwishyurwa iyo nguzanyo, kwandikwaho iyo modoka kugeza umwenda urangije kwishyurwa, gusura no guhabwa amakuru asesuye ku modoka yaguzwe mu mafaranga y’inguzanyo yatanze (mu rwego rw’aya masezerano), uburenganzira ku ngwate yahawe kuri iyo nguzanyo n’ubwo kuba yashakira ubwishyu muri izo ngwate mu gihe NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ananiwe kwishyura. Izo nshingano n’uburenganzira, hatiyongereye kandi hatabuzemo na kimwe nibyo CODACE yegukanye ubwo yaguraga umwenda. [38] Ku bireba NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, muri ayo masezerano yari afite ishingano zo kwishyura inguzanyo yahawe, kuyikoresha mu mushinga yayisabiye ariwo wo kugura imodoka yo gukoresha mu rwego rwa serivisi zo gutwara abagenzi (Taxi-Voiture) no kuyikoresha muri izo serivisi, gufata ubwishingizi ku buzima n’ubwishingizi rusange ku mpanuka bw’imodoka yagombaga kugura mu mafaranga agurijwe no kwandikwaho iyo modoka ku buryo bwa burundu igihe azaba amaze kwishyura inguzanyo. Inshingano NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yari afite kuri RIM S.A, CODACE yaziguranye n’umwenda, bivuze ko NTAGANDA Abdalahamani aho kwishyura RIM S.A noneho yagombaga kwishyura CODACE, ibyo yasabwaga na RIM S.A byose asigara abigomba CODACE. [39] Urukiko rurasanga mu burenganzira CODACE ikomora ku masezerano yagiranye na RIM S.A ku wa 30/09/2006, ubwo kwegukana imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X butarimo, nta n’ubwo kuyikoresha burimo, kuyegukana cyangwa kuyikoresha bikaba bivuze ko yihaye uburenganzira burenze ubwo uwayeguriye umwenda yari afite, kandi nk’uko byagaragajwe, ibyo bikaba bitemewe kuko uweguriwe umwenda awuhanwa n’ibiwushingiyeho gusa. Rurasanga ahubwo NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ariwe wari ufite uburenganzira bwo gukomeza gukoresha iyo modoka nk’uko byari na mbere yuko umwenda ugurishwa CODACE, akishyura CODACE umwenda nk’uko yari asanzwe afite inshingano yo kwishyura RIM S.A. [40] Urukiko rurasanga nanone kuba NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ari we wari ufite inshingano yo kwishyura CODACE, ariko iyi ikaba yarahisemo gufata imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X kugira ngo iyikoreshe muri serivisi zo gutwara abagenzi (Taxi-Voiture) maze yiyishyure, byerekana mu buryo bw’ibimenyetso bicukumbuye13, ubwumvikane CODACE yagiranye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani wari umunyamuryango wayo akaba n’umwe mu bagize Komite Njyanama wa CODACE, ku buryo iyo modoka yakoreshwa hagamijwe kugira ngo ubwishyu bw’umwenda ayifitiye buboneke bitabaye ngombwa ko hagurishwa ingwate cyangwa ngo CODACE yiyambaze BNR ku ngwate yishingiye NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, cyane cyane ko CODACE ivuga ko yagombaga kwirinda icyatuma isaba iyo ngwate ya BNR kuko ngo byari gutuma BNR iyitakariza icyizere ndetse bikaba byanatuma itongera kugira 13 Ingingo ya 104 y’Itegeko nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo: “Ibimenyetso bicukumbuwe ni ingingo amategeko cyangwa urukiko bisesengura bishingiye ku kintu kizwi kugira ngo hagaragazwe ikitazwi”.

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umunyamuryango yishingira. Rurasanga rero usibye kuba CODACE yarafashe imodoka ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ku bwumvikane bwa bombi ikayikoresha yiyishyura kubera izo nyungu zose yari ikeneye kurengera, ntaho yahera ivuga ko yari ifite uburenganzira bwo kwegukana imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X, kuko ubwo burenganzira na RIM S.A ntabwo yigeze igira. [41] Urukiko rurasanga nyuma yo kwiyishyura uwo mwenda, CODACE yaragombaga gusubiza NTAGANDA Abdalahamani imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X, ku mpamvu y’uko nk’uko byavuzwe, ntaho ikomora uburenganzira bwo kuyegukana kuko na RIM S.A yamugurishije umwenda ubwo burenganzira ntabwo yigeze igira, ikaba kandi nk’uko n’Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rusubirwamo rwabivuze nta n’amasezerano CODACE yerekana yaba yaragiranye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani nyiri iyo modoka ko umwenda numara kwishyurwa izayegukana. [42] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byagarutsweho haruguru, ibyo CODACE ivuga ko yaguze inguzanyo ya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani kugira ngo irengere izina ryayo, nta wabivuguruza kuko uko ibisobanura byumvikana ko yari ibifitemo inyungu kuko yagira ngo izakomeze kugirirwa icyizere, ariko ibyo ntibyayiheshaga uburenganzira bwo kwegukana imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X, yari ingwate yanditswe kuri RIM S. A, ariko ari iya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani wayiguze. Ikindi, hari ingwate zari zatanzwe zavuzuwe haruguru, yashoboraga gushakwamo ubwishyu haherewe ku yari yatanzwe na Banki Nkuru y’Iguhugu ifite agaciro ka 2.500.000 Frw, yaba idahagije hakarebwa indi yagurishwa kugira ngo ubwishyu buboneke, dore ko ari nacyo ingwate ziba zatangiwe, kandi nabwo bibanje kunyura mu nkiko, hakurikijwe ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 11 y’amasezerano no 0010 NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yagiranye na RIM S.A ku wa 21/02/2006. [43] Ku byo uhagarariye CODACE avuga ko uburenganzira ku modoka ivugwa muri uru rubanza ibukomora ku masezerano RIM S.A yagiranye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, aho bigaragara mu ngingo yayo ya 5.5 ko imodoka yagombaga kwandikwa kuri RIM S.A ikazegurirwa uwahawe umwenda arangije kuwishyura ngo kuko ayo masezerano RIM S.A yagiranye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ari ay’ikodesha-gurisha (Leasing), akabiheraho avuga ko iyo modoka itigeze iba iya NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, kandi ko CODACE yegukanye uburenganzira bwose bwari ubwa RIM S.A, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rusanga uretse no kuba ibyo byavuzwe muri iyo ngingo byarashyizwe aho bitagombaga kujya kuko iyo ngingo ubwayo yateganyaga ibijyanye n’inyungu ku nguzanyo (les intérêts), byanakozwe mu buryo butari bwo (par abus) kuko RIM S.A itigeze igirana na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani amasezerano y’ikodesha-gurisha (leasing/crédit-bail)14 ahubwo bagiranye ay’inguzanyo. [44] Itegeko n° 41 bis/2014 ryo ku wa 17/01/2015, rigenga ibikorwa by’ikodeshagurisha mu Rwanda, rivuga ko ikodeshagurisha ari ubwoko bw’inguzanyo bukorwa hatangwa umutungo utari amafaranga ukoreshwa mu gihe runaka, uwuhawe akishyura ubukode bwawo (ingingo ya 2,5o); uhabwa ikodeshagurisha ashobora kugura uwo mutungo ku gaciro gasigaye cyangwa kuwusubiza nyirawo iyo amasezerano y’ikodeshagurisha arangiye (ingingo ya 4), ingingo ya 5 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ibintu byinshi bigomba kugaragara mu masezerano y’ikodeshagurisha: igihe ikodeshagurisha rizamara, agaciro gasigaye k’umutungo (kagenwa amasezerano agitangira), igihe ntarengwa cyo kutisubiraho,…..; naho iya 13, 8o iteganya ko “uhawe ikodeshagurisha afite inshingano yo gusubiza umutungo iyo amasezerano y’ikodeshagurisha arangiye (iyo atawuguze ku gaciro usigaranye), ….. bitabaye ngombwa gutanga ibisobanuro byinshi, ibi byonyine birerekana ko amasezerano RIM S.A yagiranye na NTAGANDA 14 https://www.dictionnaire-juridique.com/definition/cession-de-creance.php, by Serge Braudo Conseiller honoraire à la Cour d'appel de Versailles en partenariat avec Baumann Avocats Droit informatique consulté le 09/05/2022 (Le crédit-bail est un mode de financement des investissements : c'est l'équivalent pour les entreprises de la location avec option d'achat. Mieux connue sous le nom de " leasing ", il s'agit d'une opération financière par laquelle un établissement de crédit dénommé le "crédit- bailleur" donne en location à un crédit-preneur des biens d'équipement, tels, qu'un fonds de commerce, de l'outillage, une voiture, un parc automobile ou des biens immobiliers. A un moment quelconque du contrat mais, le plus souvent à l' échéance, le crédit-preneur peut décider de devenir propriétaire du ou des biens ou des droits qui ont été l'objet du contrat.)

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Abdalahamani atari ay’ikodeshagurisha, ko rero nk’umuntu wahawe inguzanyo yo kugura imodoka ye azakoresha akazi ko gutwara abantu (Taxi-voiture) iyo modoka itagombaga kwandikwa kuri RIM S.A kuko itari umutungo wayo, usibye kuyandikwaho nk’ingwate gusa, ariyo mpamvu rusanga ibyanditswe mu ngingo ya 5.5 bitari bikwiye ari « abus ».Rurasanga rero, uwo muntungo utarashoboraga kuba uwa RIM S.A hashingiwe gusa kuri ayo magambo yavuzwe muri icyo gika cy’ingingo ya 5 y’amasezerano, utanashobora no kuba uwa CODACE hashingiwe kuri iyo ngingo. [45] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba mu masezerano NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yagiranye na RIM S.A harimo ingwate zashoboraga kuvamo ubwishyu no kuba muri ayo masezerano RIM S.A ntahagaragara ko yari ifite uburenganzira bwuzuye ku modoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X, na CODACE ikemera kwegurirwa umwenda na RIM S.A nta gihindutse mu masezerano yagiranye na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, CODACE nta burenganzira yari kugira bwo kugumana imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X, kuko yasimbuye RIM S.A mu burenganzira n’inshingano yari afite ku mwenda kandi uburenganzira bwayo budashobora kuruta ubwo RIM S.A yayigurishije inguzanyo yari ifite. [46] Ku byo uhagarariye CODACE avuga ko gutegekwa gusubiza imodoka bivuze ko yaba yarakoreye mu gihombo kuko amafaranga yishyuye umwenda wahawe NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ataturutse gusa kuyo imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X yakoreshaga kuko yari ifite ahandi henshi yayavana, Urukiko rurasanga harebwe ko umwenda wagombaga kwishyurwa mu mezi 42 guhera ku wa 30/09/2006 (bivuze ko wagombaga kwishyurwa kugeza ku wa 28/02/2010), hishyurwa 103.452Frw buri kwezi (4.345.000 :42), CODACE ikaba yemera ko mu gihe cyose yishyuraga uwo mwenda wahawe NTAGANDA Abdalahamani ari yo yari ifite imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X iyikoresha, byerekana ko itakoreye mu gihombo, kuko nk’uko ibivuga mu miburanire yayo, niyo yashakaga amasoko y’imodoka z’ishyirahamwe ryabo mu bigo bitandukanye (ibya Leta n’iby’abikorera) nubwo bitari bibujijwe ko na ba ny’imodoka yishakira isoko ahandi, bikaba rero byumvikana ko kuba yaremeye gufata inshingano zo kwishyura umwenda wahawe NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, itari kubura guha iyo modoka akazi kugira ngo ibone ubwishyu. [47] Iby’uko iyo modoka yinjirizaga CODACE amafaranga bigaragazwa n’inyemezabwishyu (factures) yatanze, aho bigaragara ko mu kwezi kwa karindwi 2007 konyine, ku wa 09/07/2007 yishyuje Mutuelle de santé, factures 2, iya 170.000Frw imodoka yakoreye mu minsi 25, n’iya 177.000Frw iyo modoka yakoreye mu minsi 23 gusa, kuri iyo tariki kandi yishyuje Global Fund 80.000Frw iyo modoka yakoreye mu minsi 17gusa, n’izindi. Izo nyemezabwishyu/factures zerekana ko ku munsi umwe, CODACE yashoboraga gukoresha iyo modoka itwara abagenzi b’ibyo bigo byose, ikora ingendo/courses zitandukanye kandi nyinshi ku munsi, ariyo mpamvu mu kwezi kumwe yishyuzaga ibigo bitandukanye, kandi factures zerekana ko ku munsi umwe (urugero nko ku wa 07/05/07, GLOBAL Fund yishyujwe ingendo/courses 5, Mutuel de Sante yishyuzwa ingendo/courses 8 naho MINISANTE yishyuzwa 6) yashoboraga gukorana n’ibyo bigo byose. Ibi bigaragaza ko mu gihe cy’amezi 42 yamaze yishyura umwenda, CODACE yabonye inyungu nyinshi cyane zakomotse kuri iyo modoka, nyamara nta kintu yigeze iha nyir’imodoka, ko rero yakabaye yarahise isubiza NTAGANDA Abdalahamani imodoka ye ikimara kurangiza kwishyura umwenda, nyamara yarayigumanye kugeza ubwo yategetswe n’Urukiko kuyisubiza nabwo ntiyabikora ku neza. Rurasanga rero kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarakoresheje ubushishozi bwarwo ruhereye no kuri factures rwagaragarijwe rugategeka CODACE kwishyura NTAGANDA Abdalahamani 3.000.000Frw y’indishyi aba yarabonye nk’inyungu ku bukode bw’imodoka ye no kumusubiza imodoka ye, nta kosa urwo Rukiko rwakoze. [48] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye kuri ibyo bisobanuro byose byatanzwe, rurasanga kuba mu rubanza n° RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rwaciye ku wa 22/12/2015, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarategetse CODACE gusubiza NTAGANDA Abdalahamani imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525

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X no kumuha indishyi zitandukanye zishingiye ku kuba CODACE yari yaregukanye iyo modoka itabifitiye uburenganzira ikanga kuyimusubiza, nta kosa rwakoze, bityo kuri iyi ngingo y’urubanza akaba ari nta karengane CODACE yagize. [49] Urukiko rurasanga kandi, bitakiri ngombwa gusuzuma niba NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yasubiza amafaranga n’imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X yahawe harangizwa urubanza n°RCOMA 0513/15/HCC, kuko mu gihe rwagaragaje ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze kuba rwarategetse CODACE gusubiza NTAGANDA Abdalahamani imodoka ye no kumuha indishyi, nta mpamvu yo kongera kugaruka ku kibazo cy’ indishyi za 3.625.000Frw zishyuwe, cyangwa amafaranga yahawe Avoka waburaniye CODACE ndetse na Huissier warangije urubanza, kuko byagaragajwe ko CODACE yagombaga kubitanga, ishyira mu bikorwa ibyatsegetswe n’Urukiko. 2) Kumenya niba CODACE yasubizwa 6.000.000Frw yahawe NTAGANDA Abdalahamani harangizwa urubanza n° RCOM A 00157/2017/CHC/HCC [50] Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste avuga ko kandi uretse amafaranga NTAGANDA Abdalahamani asabwa gusubiza hamwe n’imodoka Voiture Toyota Corolla RAA 525 X yahawe harangizwa urubanza n°RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, basaba ko anategekwa gusubiza 6.000.000Frw CODACE yaciwe mu rubanza no RCOMA 00157/2017/CHC/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 23/11/2017 ku kirego cyatanzwe na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani, aregera impaka zavutse mu irangiza ry’urubanza (rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane), kuko nayo yayahawe. [51] Me Ibrahim SAFARI avuga ko akurikije ihame ry’uko urukiko ruguma mu mbibi z’icyaregewe, ibyerekeye indishyi za 6.000.000Frw bitasuzumwa muri uru rubanza kuko urubanza rwazitegetse rutasubirishijwemo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ndetse Urukiko rutaruregewe, kandi izo ndishyi zitategetswe muri uru rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Ikindi ko CODACE itari iyobewe ko hari izindi manza zaburanwe, ko iyo ibona ko narwo ruyirenganya iba yararuzanye mu karengane. [52] Asoza avuga ko CODACE ntacyo ikwiriye gusubizwa, ariko ko Urukiko rubibonye ukundi, indishyi ivuga ko zahawe NTAGANDA Abdalahamani zagarukira ku rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ariko nabwo uwo yunganira ntasabwe gusubiza amafaranga yose kuko hari ayahawe abandi barimo abarangije urubanza (abahesha b’inkiko) kandi na NTAGANDA Abdalahamani akaba atasubira inyuma ngo asabe kuyasubizwa, ko kuba yari yatsinze urubanza yagombaga no gusaba ko rurangizwa akanishyurwa ibyo yatsindiye. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [53] Ingingo ya 10 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko: «Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine». [54] Ku byerekeye indishyi zingana na 6.000.000Frw CODACE yishyuye akomoka ku rubanza n° RCOM A 00157/2017/CHC/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 23/11/2017, ku kirego cy’impaka zavutse mu irangizwa ry’urubanza n°RCOMA 0513/15/HCC, ikaba isaba kuyasubizwa, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza no RS/INJUST/RC00004/2019/SC rwaciwe ku wa 28/07/2020, Havugimana Emmanuel, Mukamana Mamique na Umuhoza Aisha baburana na Candali Vérène hari n’abandi barugobotsemo, rwatanze umurongo ku byerekeye imbibi z’ikiburanwa, aho rwagize

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ruti:«Ibibazo bitasuzumwe mu rubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ntibishobora gusuzumwa mu rubanza rwasabiwe gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane kuko umuburanyi atavuga ko yagize akarengane ku kibazo atigeze asaba Urukiko gusuzuma»15. Urukiko ruhereye kuri uwo murongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, rurasanga ntacyo rwavuga kuri izo ndishyi kuko zitigeze ziburanwa mu rubanza n° RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rusubrishwamo ku mpamvu z’karengane, kandi rutigeze ruregerwa urubanza rwayategetse. 3) Ibijyanye n’indishyi zasabwe muri uru rubanza [55] Me HABYARIMANA Jean Baptiste uhagarariye CODACE avuga ko NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yategekwa kwishyura CODACE 3.000.000Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro ko gushorwa mu manza no gusubizwa ibyagiye kuri uru rubanza nk’uko ziteganywa n’ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi: kuyisubiza 500.000Frw y’ibihembo by’Abavoka yatanze mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, 500.000Frw yatanze mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi na 1 000 000 Frw yo kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire, na 600.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza ku nzego zose. [56] Me SAFARI Ibrahim uhagarariye NTAGANDA Abdalahamani avuga ko CODACE ariyo yategekwa guha NTAGANDA Abdalahamani indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 200.000 Frw, indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza nta mpamvu zingana na 1.500.000Frw na 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka ; ko naho CODACE nta ndishyi ikwiye kugenerwa kubera ko ari yo yashoye NTAGANDA Abdalahamani mu manza. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [57] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi CODACE isaba itazihabwa kuko itsindwa n’urubanza. [58] Rurasanga indishyi z’akababaro NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yaka kubera gushorwa mu manza nta mpamvu azikwiye kubera ko CODACE ikomeje kumushora mu manza, mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko agahabwa100.000Frw aho kuba 200.000Frw. [59] Rurasanga amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza NTAGANDA Abdalahamani yaka nayo ayakwiye, kuko hari ibyo yatakaje akurikirana uru rubanza ndetse ashaka n’umuburanira, ariko kuko ayo yasabye ari mesnhi mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko akaba agenewe 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 200.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [60] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Coopérative de Développement des Anciens Chauffeurs de l’Etat (CODACE) gisubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza n° RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’ Ubucuruzi, ku wa 22/12/2015, nta shingiro gifte; [61] Rwemeje ko nta ghindutse ku rubanza n° RCOMA 0513/15/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’ Ubucuruzi ku wa 22/12/2015; 15 Reba urubanza no RS/INJUST/RC00004/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 28/07/2020, igika cya [23], d. p.6.

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[62] Rutegetse CODACE guha NTAGANDA Abdalahamani 100.000Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 200.000Frw y’ikurikirana rubanza yose hamwe ikamuha 800.000Frw.