UBUSHINJACYAHA v MUBARAKA N’UNDI

UBUSHINJACYAHA v MUBARAKA N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-09-25 - Case/document no.: RPAA 00001/2022/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v MUBARAKA N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA 00001/2022/CA (Tugireyezu, P.J.) 25 Nzeri 2024] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha – Gusubirishamo urubanza – Ikimenyetso gishya - Ikimenyetso gishya kigomba kuba ari kamarampaka kandi ukiburanisha agomba kugaragariza urukiko ko atigeze amenya ko gihari, cyangwa ko yari azi ko gihari ariko akaba atarashoboraga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ku wa 07/05/2019 uwitwa Mubaraka yafatanwe udupfunyika 67 tw’urumogi yacuruzaga. Abazwa, yemeye ko arucuruza, akorerwa dosiye Ubushinjacyaha butanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, rumurega icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi. Urukiko rwasanze ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 25 n’ihazabu ya 20.000.000 Frw. Uregwa ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza arujurira mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko urukiko rwabanje rutamugabanyirije igihano mu buryo bukwiye kandi yaraburanye yemera icyaha. Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze yaragabanirijwe mu buryo buhagije rwemeza igihano yahawe n’Urukiko Rukuru. Mubaraka yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba ko yagabanyirizwa igihano, Urukiko rumugabanyiriza igihano rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ya 10.000.000 Frw. Iki cyemezo nacyo nticyamunyuze maze asubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya avuga

ko yaburanye yemera icyaha ko yagombaga kugabanyirizwa biruseho. Urukiko rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ikirego gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza RPAA 00273/2021/CA ingingo nshya cyatanzwe na Mubaraka cyakwakirwa. Mubaraka asaba ko urubanza No RPAA 00273/2021/CA rwasubirishwamo ingingo nshya hashingiwe ku kuba yarahawe ibihano bitandukanye n’iby’abandi bakoze icyaha kimwe n’icye ndetse hakaba hari n’abakoze icyaha kiruta icye ariko bahabwa ibihano byoroheje kucyo we yahanishijwe, ko rero urubanza rwe rwasubirwamo akagabanyirizwa igihano. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nta kimenyetso kimara impaka cyangwa impamvu iteganywa n’itegeko Mubaraka yatanze ngo abashe kugabanyirizwa igihano bugasaba ko ikirego cye kitakwakirwa. Incamake y’icyemezo: Ikimenyetso gishya kigomba kuba ari kamarampaka kandi ukiburanisha agomba kugaragariza urukiko ko atigeze amenya ko gihari, cyangwa ko yari azi ko gihari ariko akaba atarashoboraga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga. Ikirego gisubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya nticyakiriwe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 197.

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Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/REV/RCOM 00001/2018/SC, Shema Charles na Bashangire Grâce, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/07/2020; RS/REV/RP 00005/2023/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28/02/2024 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbarushimana Olivier. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 07/05/2019 saa 00h00' ari mu Mudugudu wa Amakawa, Akagari ka Kabuye, Umurenge wa Jabana Mubaraka Eduine yafatanwe udupfunyika 67 tw’urumogi yemera ko arucuruza kandi ko amaze ibyumweru 2 arucuruza, ashyikirizwa Ubugenzacyaha bumukorera dosiye nabwo Buyiha Ubushinjacyaha. [2] Iperereza rirangiye, Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo bukurikiranyeho Mubaraka Eduine icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, busaba urukiko ko rwakimuhamya, akagihanirwa. [3] Mubaraka Eduine yaburanye yemera icyaha akurikiranyweho, agasobanura uburyo yagikoze akanagisabira imbabazi. [4] Mu rubanza No RP 00658/2019/TGI/GSBO rwaciwe ku wa 31/05/2019, Urukiko rushingiye kuri uko kwiyemerera icyaha kwe, inyandikomvugo y’ifatira yasinyeho yemera ko yafatanywe urumogi n’imvugo ya Hakizimana Bertin umushinja gucuruza urumogi, rwemeje ko Mubaraka Eduine ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye byo mu bwoko bw’Urumogi, ariko kuko yaburanye yemera icyaha rumugabanyiriza igihano rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25) n’ihazabu ya 20.000.000 Frw. [5] Mubaraka Eduine

ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, ajuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru asaba kongera kugabanyirizwa ibihano kuko ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha, ko ari impfubyi yirera inarera barumuna be. [6] Mu rubanza No RPA 001151/2019/HC/KIG rwaciwe ku wa 13/07/2020, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze Mubaraka Eduine atakongera kugabanyirizwa ibihano kuko yagabanyirijwe igihano mu buryo buhagije hakurikijwe amategeko, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, rwemeza ko urubanza yajuririye rudahindutse. [7] Mubaraka Eduine ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza ajuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano kugeza ku myaka 5 kubera kwemera icyaha no kuba yaramaze kugororoka bihagije kandi ko hari imfubyi arera. [8] Mu rubanza No RPAA 00273/2021/CA, rwaciwe ku wa 15/07/2022, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku kuba Mubaraka yaraburanye yemera icyaha kuva yafatwa, ingano ntoya y’urumogi (66 boules) yafatanwe, rwemeje ko Mubaraka Eduine akwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa maze

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rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga miliyoni icumi (10.000.000 Frw). [9] Mubaraka Eduine yasubirishijemo ingingo nshya urwo rubanza, urubanza ruhabwa nº 00001/2022/CA, iburanishwa rishyirwa ku wa 09/09/2024 ariko ntirwaburanishwa, rwimurirwa ku wa 13/09/2024 Mubaraka Eduine yunganiwe na Me Mukakalisa Jeanne d’Arc naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Ntawangundi Beatrice, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu. [10] Mu mwanzuro y’ubujurire Mubaraka Eduine na Me Mukakalisa Jeanne d’Arc umwunganira, bari bavuze ko basubirishamo urubanza No RPAA 00273/2021/CA ingingo nshya bashingiye ku itangazo ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (UN) ryakuye urumogi n’ibirukomokaho ku rutonde rw’ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye rivuga ko ahubwo ari umuti, ko rero bakurikije ko Mubaraka Eduine yahanwe hashingiwe ku bikubiye mu iteka rya Minisitiri w’Ubuzima rishyira urumogi ku rutonde rw’ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye nyamara bitari bikwiye gushingirwaho kuko Umuryango w’Abibumbye (UN) wakuye urumogi ku rutonde rw’ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye. Asaba rero ko urubanza yatsinzwe rwasubirwamo hashingiwe kuri iyo ngingo nshya igizwe n’iryo tangazo kuko amahame, amasezerano n’amabwiriza y’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rubarizwamo biri hejuru y’itegeko risanzwe n’amateka. Mu gihe cy’iburanisha ariko Mubaraka Eduine na Me Mukakalisa Jeanne d’Arc umwunganira babwiye urukiko ko ibikubiye mu myanzuro

batanze muri system bitahabwa ishingiro, ko ahubwo hashingirwa kubyo bavugira mu rukiko kuko ingingo irebana no kuba urumogi rutakiri icyaha bayivanyeho kuko icyo kimenyetso cy’uko Umuryango w’Abibumbye wakuye urumogi ku rutonde rw’ibiyobyabwenge nta gihari, ko ahubwo byari ibihuha byo muri gereza, bityo ko batakibishingiyeho muri uru rubanza, ko urubanza rwasubirwamo hashingiwe gusa ku kuba yarahawe ibihano bitandukanye n’iby’abandi bakoze icyaha kimwe n’icye ndetse hakaba hari n’abakoze icyaha kiruta icye ariko bahabwa ibihano byoroheje kucyo we yahanishijwe, ko rero urubanza rwe rwasubirwamo akagabanyirizwa igihano. [11] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ikirego cya Mubaraka Eduine gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya kidakwiye kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kuko impamvu ashingiraho yo gusaba kugabanyirizwa zidahura n’impamvu ziteganywa mu ngingo ya 1971 y’itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha.

1 Iteganya impamvu zatumana urubanza rwasubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’ingingo nshya: Urubanza rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya kubera imwe mu mpamvu zikurikira: 1° ushinjwa amaze gucirwa urubanza rw’uko yishe umuntu, hanyuma hakaboneka ibimenyetso bihagije byemeza ko uwo bakeka ko yishe atapfuye; 2° bamaze gucira ushinjwa urubanza ku cyaha yashinjwaga, hakaboneka urundi rubanza nk’urwo rwahannye undi muntu kandi rumuhanira icyo cyaha, izo manza zombi zivuguruzanya zikaba zigaragaje ko umwe mu bakatiwe yarenganye; 3° iyo habayeho ruswa muri urwo rubanza yemejwe n’urukiko kandi ikaba yaragize ingaruka ku mikirize yarwo; 4° iyo haciwe urubanza bashingiye ku mpapuro, ku buhamya cyangwa indahiro byaje kugaragara cyangwa kwemezwa n’urukiko ko ari ibihimbano nyuma y’icibwa ry’urwo rubanza; 5° iyo kuva aho urubanza ruciriwe, habonetse ikimenyetso gishya kimara impaka kigaragaza neza akarengane katewe n’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo; 6° iyo urubanza rushingiye ku byakozwe mu iburanisha bikozwe mu izina ry’umuntu utarigeze atanga ubwo bubasha mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, cyangwa ngo yemere cyangwa yemeze ibyakozwe. Ikimenyetso gishya kivugwa mu gace ka 5° k’igika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo, ni ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga. Ikimenyetso n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya.

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[12] Urukiko ruhereye kuri izo mpaka, rurasanga ibibazo bikwiye gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza ari icyo kumenya niba ikirego gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza RPAA 00273/2021/CA ingingo nshya cyatanzwe na Mubaraka Eduine kidakwiye kwakirwa kuko nta kimenyetso gishya yatanze. II. ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA  Kumenya niba ikirego gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza RPAA 00273/2021/CA ingingo nshya cyatanzwe na Mubaraka Eduine kidakwiye kwakirwa kuko nta kimenyetso gishya yatanze [13] Mubaraka Eduine na Me Mukakalisa Jeanne d’Arc umwunganira basaba ko urubanza no RPAA 00273/2021/CA rwasubirishwamo ingingo nshya hashingiwe ku kuba yarahawe ibihano bitandukanye n’iby’abandi bakoze icyaha kimwe n’icye ndetse hakaba hari n’abakoze icyaha kiruta icye ariko bahabwa ibihano byoroheje kucyo we yahanishijwe, ko rero urubanza rwe rwasubirwamo akagabanyirizwa igihano. [14] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ikirego cya Mubaraka Eduine gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya kidakwiye kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kuko impamvu ashingiraho yo gusaba kugabanyirizwa zidahura n’impamvu ziteganywa mu ngingo ya 1972 y’itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [15] Hakurikijwe imiburanire ya buri ruhande, impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba kuba Mubaraka Eduine yarahawe ibihano bitandukanye n’iby’abandi bakoze icyaha kimwe n’icye ndetse hakaba hari n’abakoze icyaha kiruta icye ariko bahabwa ibihano byoroheje kucyo we yahanishijwe byafatwa nk’ikimenyetso gishya cyatuma urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. [16] Ingingo ya 197, mu gace ka 5°, y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, iteganya ibikurikira: “Urubanza rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya kubera imwe mu mpamvu zikurikira: (…) 5° iyo kuva aho

2 Iteganya impamvu zatumana urubanza rwasubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’ingingo nshya: Urubanza rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya kubera imwe mu mpamvu zikurikira: 1° ushinjwa amaze gucirwa urubanza rw’uko yishe umuntu, hanyuma hakaboneka ibimenyetso bihagije byemeza ko uwo bakeka ko yishe atapfuye; 2° bamaze gucira ushinjwa urubanza ku cyaha yashinjwaga, hakaboneka urundi rubanza nk’urwo rwahannye undi muntu kandi rumuhanira icyo cyaha, izo manza zombi zivuguruzanya zikaba zigaragaje ko umwe mu bakatiwe yarenganye; 3° iyo habayeho ruswa muri urwo rubanza yemejwe n’urukiko kandi ikaba yaragize ingaruka ku mikirize yarwo; 4° iyo haciwe urubanza bashingiye ku mpapuro, ku buhamya cyangwa indahiro byaje kugaragara cyangwa kwemezwa n’urukiko ko ari ibihimbano nyuma y’icibwa ry’urwo rubanza; 5° iyo kuva aho urubanza ruciriwe, habonetse ikimenyetso gishya kimara impaka kigaragaza neza akarengane katewe n’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo; 6° iyo urubanza rushingiye ku byakozwe mu iburanisha bikozwe mu izina ry’umuntu utarigeze atanga ubwo bubasha mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, cyangwa ngo yemere cyangwa yemeze ibyakozwe. Ikimenyetso gishya kivugwa mu gace ka 5° k’igika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo, ni ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga. Ikimenyetso n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya.

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urubanza ruciriwe, habonetse ikimenyetso gishya kimara impaka kigaragaza neza akarengane katewe n’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo”. [17] Mu rubanza N° RS/REV/RCOM 00001/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/07/2020, Shema Charles na Bashangire Grâce baburana na I&M Bank Rwanda Plc, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko uburanisha ikimenyetso gishya, agomba kugaragariza Urukiko ko atigeze amenya ko gihari, cyangwa ko yari azi ko gihari ariko akaba atarashoboraga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga. Naho mu rubanza N° RS/REV/CIV 0002/12/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/01/2019, haburana Mulindahabi Fidèle na ATRACO, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko ikimenyetso gishya kigomba kuba ari kamarampaka, ni ukuvuga ko cyashoboraga gutuma umucamanza afata icyemezo gitandukanye n’icyo yafashe. [18] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, mu manza zivuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwarasobanuye neza ingingo ya 197, agace ka gatanu (5°), y’Itegeko Nº 27/2019 yavuzwe haruguru, ko ikimenyetso gishya ari ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga, kandi ko n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. Iyi mirongo igaragara muri izi manza zombi yashingiweho mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, harimo

n’urubanza Nº RS/REV/RP 00005/2023/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28/02/2024 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbarushimana Olivier. [19] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, ku birebana n’uru rubanza, impamvu Mubaraka Eduine ashingiraho asaba ko urubanza No RPAA 00273/2021/CA rwasubirishwamo ingingo nshya ari ukuba yarahawe ibihano bitandukanye n’iby’abandi bakoze icyaha kimwe n’icye ndetse hakaba hari n’abakoze icyaha kiruta icye ariko bahabwa ibihano byoroheje kucyo we yahanishijwe, rusanga ariko iyi mpamvu atari ikimenyetso gishya cyabonetse nyuma y’urubanza rwe cyangwa ngo kibe kamarampaka, ahubwo ari imiburanire isanzwe ashingiraho asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano nk’uko byaba byarakorewe abandi bakoze icyaha kiremereye kurusha icye; iyo miburanire rero ikaba yafatwa nk’impamvu y’ubujurire aho kuba ingingo nshya ivugwa mu ngingo ya 197 agace ka gatanu (5°), y’Itegeko Nº 27/2019 yavuzwe haruguru. [20] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, rushingiye ku ngingo 197, agace ka 5º, y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru, ku mirongo yatanzwe mu manza zavuzwe haruguru, no ku bimaze gusobanurwa, rurasanga ikirego gisubirashamo ingingo nshya urubanza N° RPAA 00273/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ku wa 15/07/2022 cyatanzwe na Mubaraka Eduine kitagomba kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe, kuko kitujuje ibisabwa n’amategeko. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [21] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Mubaraka Eduine gisubirishamo urubanza N° RPAA 00273/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ku wa 15/07/2022 ingingo nshya kitakiriwe. [22] Rutegetse ko Mubaraka Eduine asonerwa gutanga amagarama y’urubanza, kuko yaburanye afunzwe.