NDABARINZE v KAVUNDERI

NDABARINZE v KAVUNDERI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2021-11-17 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RC 00002/2020/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

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NDABARINZE v KAVUNDERI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA - RS/INJUST/RC 00002/2020/SC – (Nyirinkwaya, P.J., Cyanzayire, Hitiyeremye, Muhumuza na Rukundakuvuga, J.) 27 Ugushyingo 2021] Amategeko agenga amasezerano – Inyungu n’ingano yayo mu masezerano – Guteganya inyungu n’ingano yayo byemeranijweho n’abakoranye amasezerano ntabwo ari ikosa keretse iyo uruhande rumwe rugaragaje ko rwafatiranyijwe mu ntege nke, ko habayeho kwibeshya, uburiganya cyangwa agahato bigatuma rwemera inyungu z’umurengera. Incamake y’ikibazo: Iki kibazo gikomioka ku maseserano y’inguzanyo yabaye hagati ya Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel na Zaninka Louise, umugore wa Kavunderi Jean. Muri ayamasezerano Ndabarinze yagurijwe 30.000 USD igihe cyo kuyishyura kigeze ntiyayishyura ahubwo ngo aza kumwongera andi baza gukora andi masezerano agaragaza ko umwenda wose ugera ku 50.000 USD ukaba waragombaga kwishyurwa kuwa 15/6/2015. Icyo guhe kigeze uwagurijwe ntiyabshije kwishyura bituma bavugurura amasezerano aho baje kwemeranya ko umwenda ugeze ku 75.000 USD ariko na none igihe bemeranyijwe cyo kwishyura kigeze Bukambiza ntiyishyura bituma Kavunderi Jean amurega mu rukiko rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu aza no kumutsinda Urukiko rutegeka ko u Bukambiza Yishyura umwenda wose ungana na 75000 USD ndetse n’indishyi. Uyu ntiyaje kunyurwa ajurira mu Rukiko rukuru Urugereko rwa Musanze avuga ko Urukiko rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rwirengagije

inyungu zinyuranyije n’amategeko ziri mu masezerano Kavunderi amuregesha kandi ko rwaciye urwo rubanza bitari mu bubasha bwarwo kuko ari urubanza rushingiye ku bikorwa by’ubucuruzi. Urukikio rukuru rwasanze Urukiko rwisumbuye rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha uru rubanza kubera ko rushingiye ku masezerano y’ideni atarubahirijwe. Rwasanze kandi kuba Ndabarinze yarafashe umwenda ungana na 50.000 USD ku wa 15/02/2015 bikagera ku wa 09/02/2016 umaze kuba 75.000 harimo inyungu ziri hejuru cyane zikaba zigomba gushyirwa ku nyungu zisanzwe bityo Ndabarinze ategekwa kwishyura 67.178 USD agizwe n’umwenda remezo wa 50.000 USD n’inyungu zawo, runamutegeka kandi kwishyura indishyi zitandukanye. Ndabarinze ntiyanyuzwe ajuririra Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ariko urubanza rwoherezwa mu rukiko rw’Ubujurire hashingiwe ku mavugurura y’Inkiko, ajurira avuga ko Urukiko rukuru rwirengagije ko amasezerano bamuregesha ashingiye ku bikorwa by’ubucuruzi, ko hari amafaranga yishyuye Kavunderi atarahawe agaciro ndetse anasaba ko inyungu zigomba kubarwa hashingiwe ku mwenda ungana na 30.000 USD aho kuba 50.000 USD. Urukiko rukuru rwasanze Ndabarinze agomba kwishyura Kavunderi 75.000 USD amurimo n’indishyi zinyuranye. Uru rubanza rwaje gusubirwamo n’Uurukiko rw’Ikirenga ku Mpamvu z’akarengane. Muri uru rukiko hasuzumwe ibibazo bikurikira: - Kumenya niba umwenda remezo Ndabarinze abereyemo Kavunderi ari 30.000 USD aho kuba 50.000 USD; - Kumenya niba hari inyungu z’umurengera zitemewe n’amategeko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwategetse Ndabarinze kuriha;

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- Kumenya niba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwarirengagije nkana ko hari amafaranga angana na 10.440.000 Frw yaba yarishyuwe ku mwenda remezo w’amadorali 30.000 USD ndetse. Ku bijyanye n’ingano y’umwenda remezo, Ndabarinze avuga ko umwenda yemera ari 30.000 USD yahawe n’umugore wa Kavunderi hakoreshejwe sheki (chèque) ko andi 20.000 USD atayemera kuko nta kimenyetso kigaragazo ko yayahawe. Kavunderi we avuga ko uwo mwenda waje kugera kuri 50000 USD kuko hari andi yagiye amuha mu ntoki ari nabyo byatumye bakora andi masezerano agaragaza ko umwenda wose ungana na 50.000 USD. Akomeza avuga ko uko yatindaga kumwishyura ariko umwenda wagendaga ukura akamusaba kumwihanganira anemera ko azamwishyura yongeyeho inyungu bigera aho bakora andi masezerano agaragaza ko umwenda wose n’inyung bimaze kungana na 75.000 USD. Ku kibazo kijyanye n’inyungu, Ndabarinze avuga ko inyungu ziyongera ku wenda remezo ari umurengera cyane kandi ko ngo mu kuzemera yafatiranijwe mu ntege nke kubwo ikibazo yari afaite cyo kurangiuza amasoko ya Leta yakoraga. Kavunderi we avuga ko umwenda wose amwishyuza ari 75.000 USD ukaba waragiye uzamuka bitewe n’inyungu kandi ko iby’ izo nyungu ari Ndabarinze wabyisabiye ubwe ubwo yaburaga 50.000 USD yo kuwmishyura ku gihe bari bumvikanye ngo kuko isoko yari arimo ryashoboraga gupfa amasaba kumureka akayagumana ahubwo akajya amwishyura inyungu. Ku kirebana n’uko hari amafaranga yaba yarishyuwe, urega avuga ko umwenda remezo wa 30.000 USD yishyuyeho 10.440.000 Frw. Kavunderi we avuga ko nyuma yo kubarura ayo yamwishyuye hasigaye 75.000 USD akaba ariyo yashyizwe mu masezerano. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ingano y’umwenda Ndabarinze afitiye Kavunderi ni 50.000 USD aho kuba 30.000 USD.

2. Mu masezerano asanzwe yerekeye inguzanyo y’amafaranga, guteganya inyungu ndetse no kugena ingano yayo mu bwumvikane bw’abayagiranye biremewe igihe bemeranyije ku biyakubiyemo nta kwibeshya, uburiganya cyangwa agahato. Kubwo ibyo rero, nta nyungu z’umurengera zaciwe kuko kuba Ndabarinze na Kavunderi baragiranye amasezerano ateganyijwemo inyungu bitafatwa nk’ikosa; no kuba ababuranyi bakwishyiriraho ingano y’izo nyungu mu bwumvikane nabyo nta kosa ririmo.

3. Nta mafaranga angana na 10.440.000 Frw yishyuwe kuko nta bimenyetso Ndabarinze agaragaza byerekana ko yayishyuye nyuma y’uko agiranye na Kavunderi amasezerano aburanwa muri uru rubanza. Ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane nta shingiro gifite; Nta karengane kari mu rubanza RCAA 00036/2018/CA rwaciwe n'Urukiko rw'Ubujurire ku wa 11/10/2019;

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Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 12 igika cya mbere; Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3; Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ingingo ya 73 Amategeko yifashishijwe atagikoreshwa Igitabo cya gatatu cy’Urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano (CCLIII), ingingo ya 478. Nta manza zifashishijwe Inyandiko z’abahanga Saul Litvinoff, Vices and Consent, Error, Fraud, Duress and an Epilogue on Lesion, 50 La. L. Rev. (1989) Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol50/iss1/4 Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 15/04/2015 Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yagiranye amasezerano y’inguzanyo ya 50.000 USD1 na Zaninka Louise, umugore wa Kavunderi Jean; uwo mwenda ukaba waragombaga kwishyurwa ku wa 15/06/2015. Kavunderi Jean avuga ko uwo mwenda wagiye wiyongera mu bihe bitandukanye mu buryo impande zombi zumvikanyeho kuko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yagendaga ananirwa kwishyura bakavugurura amasezerano bitewe n’aho ugeze2, kugeza ubwo ku wa 09/02/2016 bagiranye amasezerano ya nyuma ko uwo mwenda ungana na 75.000 USD ariko nabwo ntiyawishyura bituma Kavunderi Jean amurega mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu. [2] Ku wa 08/12/2016, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu

rwaciye urubanza RC 0067/16/TGI/RBV, rwemeza ko ikirego cya Kavunderi Jean gifite ishingiro, rutegeka Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel kwishyura Kavunderi Jean 75.000 USD amurimo, 200.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro na 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. 1 Reba inyandiko y’amasezerano y’ideni yo ku wa 15/04/2015 iri muri dossier 2 Reba amasezerano yo 05/09/2015 aho Ndabarinze Emmanuel yemera ko arimo ideni rya Bwana Kavunderi Jean rya USD 65,000

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[3] Mu guca urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rwashingiye ku mpamvu zikurikira: a. Kuba amasezerano y’umwenda uko yagiye akurikirana Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yarayashyizeho umukono nta gahato ashyizweho, akaba agomba kubahiriza ibyateganyijwe mu masezerano ya nyuma yo ku wa 09/02/2016, aho ubwe yiyemereye ko afitiye KAVUNDERI Jean umwenda w’amadolari 75.000; b. Kuba Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko Kavunderi Jean yamufatiranye mu bibazo yari afite akamusaba inyungu z’umurengera (profits illicites), nyamara akaba atarigeze aregera Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha ngo ruzikureho, byumvikana ko yemeraga izo nyungu; c. Kuba Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel atarigeze agaragaza ibimenyetso byerekana ko hari amafaranga yishyuye Kavunderi Jean mu rwego rwo kugabanya umwenda yari amufitiye, kubera ko, nk’amafaranga avuga ko yamwishyuye akoresheje konti yo muri GT Bank angana na 2.582.000 Frw na 1.900.000 Frw, bigaragara ko ari aya mbere ya 15/04/2015 aho ideni ryatangiriye, bikumvikana ko ayo mafaranga yaba afitanye isano n’ibindi bikorwa bari bafitanye bitandukanye n’ideni Kavunderi Jean amurega. [4] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu: a. Rwirengagije inyungu zinyuranyije n’amategeko ziri mu masezerano Kavunderi Jean amuregesha kandi rwarabonye ko ayo mafaranga yahawe Company GDSC in EAC,

mu rwego rwo gukora amasoko nyuma yo kwimwa amafaranga na UNGUKA Bank. b. Rutari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urwo rubanza kuko rushingiye ku bikorwa by’ubucuruzi, ndetse n’ababuranye akaba ataribo bakoze amasezerano ku giti cyabo ku buryo batayaregera cyangwa ngo bayaregeshwe. [5] Ku wa 20/04/2018, Urukiko Rukuru Urugereko rwa Musanze rwaciye urubanza RCA 00001/2017/HC/MUS, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, rumutegeka kwishyura Kavunderi Jean 67.178 USD agizwe n’umwenda remezo wa 50.000 USD n’inyungu zawo, igihembo cya Avoka kingana na 500.000 Frw hamwe n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 200.000 Frw yaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu. [6] Mu guca urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze rwashingiye ku kuba: a. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha uru rubanza kubera ko ikiburanwa ari amasezerano y’ideni atarubahirijwe bikaba ntaho bihuriye n’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi;

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b. Urukiko rwasanze Kavunderi Jean yarareze uwo yagombaga kurega kubera ko yashingiye ku masezerano y’umwenda yagiranye na Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel; c. Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yarafashe umwenda wa 50.000 USD ku wa 15/04/2015 bikagera ku wa 09/02/2016 uwo mwenda umaze kuba 75.000 USD, byerekana ko izi nyungu ziri hejuru ku buryo bugaragarira buri wese, zikaba zigomba kugabanywa zigashyirwa ku nyungu isanzwe kubera ko Kavunderi Jean adacuruza amafaranga kandi n’amabanki ayacuruza akaba atasaba inyungu nyinshi muri ubu buryo; d. Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yaremeye gushyira umukono kuri ayo masezerano bigaragara ko yari afite ikibazo kubera ko yari yasabye amafaranga muri Banki ntiyayabona kandi yaragombaga gukora isoko yari yatsindiye, bituma Kavunderi Jean amubonerana amwaka inyungu ziri hejuru y’inyungu zisanzwe. e. Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel ataragaragaje ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko amadolari yagurijwe ari 30.000 gusa, akaba kandi atarashoboye kugaragaza ko hari amafaranga yishyuye Kavunderi Jean mu rwego rwo kugabanya uwo mwenda kuko bitumvikana ukuntu yemeye ko bakora andi masezerano y’ideni adakuyemo ayo yishyuye mbere. [7] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, avuga ko yajurijwe n’uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze:

a. Rwirengagije ko amasezerano aregerwa na Kavunderi Jean ari ayo ku wa 15/04/2015 ashingiye ku bikorwa by’ubucuruzi; b. Rwirengagije ko hari amafaranga Kavunderi Jean yaba yarishyuwe; Anasaba ko inyungu zabazwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze zikurwaho, zikabarwa haherewe ku 30.000 USD. [8] Nyuma y’ivugururwa ry’Inkiko urubanza rwe rwoherejwe mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire. Ku wa 11/10/2019, urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza RCAA 00036/2018/CA, rwemeza ko: a. Ubujurire bwa Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel nta shingiro bufite; b. Ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bwa Kavunderi Jean bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe; c. Imikirize y’urubanza RCA 00001/2017/HC/MUS rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ihindutse ku byerekeye amafaranga Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel agomba kwishyura Kavunderi Jean; Rumutegeka kwishyura Kavunderi Jean 75.000 USD amurimo, 500.000 FRW y’igihembo cya Avoka na 100.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [9] Mu guca urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwashingiye:

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a. Ku kuba impaka zaregewe zirebana no kutubahiriza amasezerano y’ideni ry’amadolari 75.000 yabaye hagati ya Kavunderi Jean na Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel ku giti cye, akaba ari ntaho bigaragara muri ayo masezerano ko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yaba yarayashyizeho umukono nk’uhagarariye GDSC in EAC Ltd, cyangwa ari mu rwego rw’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi;

b. Ku kuba muri dosiye y’urubanza hari bordereaux de versement 2 zigaragaza ko hari amafaranga Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yishyuye Zaninka Louise, harimo iyo ku wa 26/02/2015 aho yamwishyuye 2.582.000 Frw n’iyo ku wa 25/11/2015, aho yamwishyuye 1.900.000 Frw, ariko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel akaba atagaragaza ko yishyuraga umwenda ushingiye ku masezerano y’ideni ry’amadolari 75.000 yo ku wa 09/02/2016 kuko bigaragara ko ayo mafaranga yayashyize kuri konti ya Zaninka Louise mbere y’iyo tariki. [10] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwavuze ko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yagombaga kubahiriza ibiteganyijwe mu masezerano yo ku wa 09/02/2016, aho we ubwe yiyemereye ko abereyemo Kavunderi Jean umwenda wa 75.000 USD; urwunguko rukabije rukaba rutaragombaga gushakirwa mu masezerano yasimbuwe n’andi (novation), ko kuba rero urwo rwunguko rutagaragara muri ayo masezerano hagomba kubahirizwa ibyo ateganya; Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel akishyura Kavunderi Jean 75.000 USD. [11] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yandikiye Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga asaba ko urubanza RCAA 00036/2018/CA rwaciwe n'Urukiko rw'Ubujurire ku wa 11/10/2019 rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane, Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, amaze gusuzuma raporo yakozwe kuri uru rubanza, yemeza ko rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane. [12] Iburanisha ryabereye mu ruhame ku wa 13/10/2020 ababuranyi bose bitabye, Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yunganiwe na Me Nsabimana Jean Damascene, Kavunderi Jean yunganiwe na Me Nkundirumwana Joseph. [13] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel na Me Nsabimana Jean Damascene umwunganira basobanura ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwamurenganyije kuko:

a. Rutahaye agaciro imvugo zivuguruzanya za Kavunderi Jean ngo rubone ko yishyuza inyungu z’umurengera kandi yaragiye yiyemerera ko yagurije Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel 50.000 USD, andi 25.000 USD akaba ari inyungu; b. Rwirengagije gucukumbura ngo rubone ko umwenda afitiye Kavunderi Jean ari 30.000 USD; c. Rwanze kubona ko mu 30.000 USD yahawe hakoreshejwe sheki (chèque), Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yamaze kwishyuramo 10.440.000 Frw;

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d. Amasezerano yari yaremejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ari aya 50.000 USD n'ubwo rutari rwarebye ko ayo nayo agizwe na 30.000 USD y'umwenda remezo n'inyungu za 20.000 USD. [14] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko amafaranga agomba kwishyura Kavunderi Jean ari 12.600.000 Frw yari asigaye ku mwenda remezo n’inyungu zayo zibariye kuri 4% buri mwaka; asoza asaba indishyi z’akababaro zo kumushora mu manza nta mpamvu zingana na 10.000.000 Frw, 1.000.000 Frw y’ingendo na 175.000 Frw y’amagarama na 4.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya avoka ku nzego zose. [15] Mu gusubiza kuri izi ngingo, Kavunderi Jean na Me Nkundirumwana Joseph umwunganira bavuga ko umwenda Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel amubereyemo ari 75.000 USD nk’uko bigaragara mu masezerano bagiranye yo ku wa 09/02/2016, ko kuva aho imanza zitangiriye yageragezaga kugaragaza ko umwenda amubereyemo ari 30.000 USD, ariko akabitsindirwaho; bakaba basanga ibyo Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel arimo ari ugushaka gukururana mu nkiko gusa. Bavuga ko batiyumvisha ukuntu Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yihunza amasezerano yo ku wa 09/02/2016 akayitirira GDSC in EAC, ndetse akavuga ko yafatiranwe mu ntege nke kandi atagaragaza ko hari imbaraga zakoreshejwe kugira ngo ayasinye; nyamara nta n’ikirego yatanze kugira ngo ayateshe agaciro.

Basoza basaba ko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yategekwa kwishyura 75.000 USD by’umwenda abereyemo Kavunderi Jean, 5.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, 5.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’ubukererwe na 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [16] Urukiko rusanga ibibazo bikwiye gusuzumwa mu rubanza ari ibi bikurikira: a. Kumenya niba umwenda remezo Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel abereyemo Kavunderi Jean ari 30.000 USD aho kuba 50.000 USD; b. Kumenya niba hari inyungu z’umurengera zitemewe n’amategeko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwategetse Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel kuriha; c. Kumenya niba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwarirengagije nkana ko hari amafaranga angana na 10.440.000 Frw yaba yarishyuwe ku mwenda remezo w’amadorali 30.000 USD; d. Ibyerekeye indishyi zisabwa muri uru rubanza. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO A. Kumenya niba umwenda remezo Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel abereyemo Kavunderi Jean ari 30.000 USD aho kuba 50.000 USD. [17] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwamurenganyije kuko rwiregangije ibimenyetso yarugaragarije byerekana ko:

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a. Umwenda remezo yahawe ungana na 30.000 USD gusa, akomoka kuri sheki (chèque), yo muri GT BANK kuri konti No 223 142 119 251 060 y’umugore wa Kavunderi Jean witwa Zaninka Louise, akaba ari nayo yabikuje tariki ya 12/01/2015; c. Kavunderi Jean yivugiye mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 11/09/2019, ko yamuhaye 50.000 USD; agasobanura ko yabanje kumuha 30.000 USD hakoreshejwe sheki (chèque), nyuma akamuha andi 20.000 USD mu ntoki (en espèces) bakaba batarandikiranye ahubwo bizeranye, amasezerano kuri ayo madolari yose hamwe uko ari 50.000 akaba yarakozwe nyuma. d. Muri iryo buranisha, Kavunderi Jean yivugiye ko nyuma yo kumuha sheki (chèque), ya 30.000 USD, yagiye amuha andi mu ntoki mu byiciro biza kugera ku 50.000 USD. Asoza asaba ko Urukiko rwazabona ko ibyo Kavunderi Jean avuga atari ukuri kuko atabasha kugaragaza ikimenyetso cyerekana aho yamuhereye ayo madolari yandi 20.000, ngo anagaragaze igihe yayamuhereye n’aho yari ayakomoye cyane cyane ko bitari gushoboka mu gihe atari yakamwishyuye aya mbere. [18] Kavunderi Jean yemera ko yamuhaye sheki (chèque) ya 30.000 USD nta yindi nyandiko babikoreye, ko ahubwo Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel nawe yahise amuha cheque azamwishyuriraho yagombaga kubikuza mu gihe cy’ukwezi kumwe cyangwa abiri (avuga ko atabyibuka neza), ko andi madolari yagiye ayamuha mu ntoki uko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yabaga aje mu rugo iwe kuyamusaba; nyuma baza

kubara basanga ku 30.000 USD yamuhaye mbere haramaze kwiyongeraho angana na 20.000 USD yose hamwe aba 50.000 USD; ari nabwo bagiranye amasezerano yanditse yo ku wa 15/04/2015 agaragaza ko amurimo umwenda ungana utyo. Kavunderi Jean avuga ko kuba yaragiye amwongerera amafaranga batandikiranye byaturutse ku kizere yamugiriye gishingiye ku kuba yari aziranye na mukuru we witwa Kamanzi wamusabye ko yamumufashiriza kubera ikibazo cy’amafaranga yari afite; kandi na Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel ubwe akaba yiyemerera ko inyungu batangiye kuzibara bageze ku 50.000 USD. [19] Ku byerekeye uburyo umwenda wavuye ku 50.000 USD ukagera ku 75.000 USD, Kavunderi Jean avuga ko wagiye ukura bitewe n’uko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yabaga yananiwe kwishyura, akamusaba kumwihanganira amubwira ko azamwishyura yongeyeho inyungu; akaba ari muri ubwo buryo ku wa 5/9/2015 bagiranye amasezerano ko amugezemo umwenda ungana na 65.000 USD yagombaga kwishyura ku wa 15/10/2015; nayo akaba atarayubahirije bituma ku wa 09/02/2016 bongera kugirana andi masezerano agaragaza ko umwenda agomba kumwishyura ugeze ku 75.000 USD.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [20] Urukiko rusanga impande zombi nta mpaka zifite ku bijyanye no kuba Kavunderi Jean yarahaye Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel 30.000 USD. Ikibazo gihari kikaba ari ukumenya niba ayo madolari yaraje kugera ku 50.000 biturutse ku nyungu ziyakomokaho nk’uko

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Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel abiburanisha cyangwa niba hari andi 20.000 USD Kavunderi Jean yagiye amwongera mu bihe bitandukanye nk’uko abivuga. [21] Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko “Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana” naho ingingo ya 12, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi igategenya ko “urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera, iyo abibuze uwarezwe aratsinda”. [22] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko hari amasezerano y’umwenda ungana na 50.000 USD Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yagiranye n’umugore wa Kavunderi Jean witwa Zaninka Louise ku wa 15/04/2015. Urukiko rusanga ibyo Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko uwo mwenda ukomoka ku nyungu ziyongera ku 30.000 USD Kavunderi Jean yamuhaye nta bimenyetso abigaragariza uretse kubivuga gusa. Rusanga kandi n’ibyo Kavunderi Jean avuga ko uwo mwenda ukomoka ku madolari yagiye amwongera kugeza ubwo abaye 50.000 USD na byo nta bimenyetso abitangira ku buryo Urukiko rwabishingiraho mu gukemura ikibazo. Ikirugaragarira ku buryo budashidikanywaho ni uko hari amasezerano y’umwenda wa 50.000 USD impande zombi zasinye nk’uko byasobanuwe, bityo Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel uyakemanga akaba ariwe ugomba kugaragaza

ibimenyetso bituma ibiyakubiyemo bitafatwa nk’ukuri. Kuba rero ntabyo yagaragarije Urukiko, byerekana ko ibyo avuga nta shingiro bifite, bityo umwenda remezo Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel abereyemo Kavunderi Jean ukaba ari 50.000 USD aho kuba 30.000 USD. B. Kumenya niba hari inyungu z’umurengera zitemewe n’amategeko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yategetswe kuriha. [23] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko umwenda remezo yahawe na Zaninka Louise ari 30.000 USD yaje kwiyongeraho inyungu zingana na 20.000 USD bigatuma ku wa 15/04/2015 bakora inyandiko ko umwenda ubaye 50.000 USD. Avuga ko aya nayo yaje kwiyongeraho inyungu za 15.000 USD, bigatuma ku wa 05/09/2015 bandika indi nyandiko y’umwenda wa 65.000 USD; aya nayo akaba yaraje kwiyongeraho izindi nyungu zingana na 16.954 USD yose hamwe akaba 81.954 USD. Avuga ko uwo munsi yishyuyeho 6.954 USD, hagakorwa inyandiko igaragaza ko umwenda asigayemo ungana na 75.000 USD. [24] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko ikigaragaza ko ayo mafaranga yagendaga yiyongera ku mwenda remezo ari inyungu, ari uko: a. Mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 26/10/2016 mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu kuri C51, Kavunderi Jean yasobanuye ko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yari amurimo 50.000 USD, akagenda yiyongeraho inyungu; naho kuri C52, akavuga ko yamuhaye 50.000 USD agiye kuyacuruza, ko izindi nyandiko zirimo ari inyungu zongerwagaho; ko ari reconnaissance de dette ku buryo yaje kuba 75.000 USD; b. Mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 11/09/2019, mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, ku rupapuro rwa 6 rw’inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha, Kavunderi Jean yiyemereye ko yamuhaye 50.000 USD; akaba yarabanje kumuha 30.000 USD hakoreshejwe sheki (chèque), nyuma andi 20.000 USD akayamuha mu ntoki (en espèces). Ibyo kandi avuga ko yongeye kubyemera

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aho ku rupapuro rwa kabiri yivugiye ko 50.000 USD bayumvikanaho bombi, akaba yaramusabye ko inyungu za 25.000 USD bazigabanamo kabiri buri wese akigomwa 12.500 USD. [25] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko mu kwemera kwishyura inyungu z’umurengera, Kavunderi Jean yamufatiranye mu ntege nke ku bw’ikibazo yari afite cyo kurangiza amasoko ya Leta kuko: a. Yabonaga ko natabona ayo mafaranga, amasoko yashoboraga guseswa ndetse akanacibwa ibihano byari biteganyijwe mu masezerano y’ayo masoko. b. Yatinyaga ko Kavunderi Jean yashoboraga no kumuregesha cheques yari yaramuhayeho nka garantie. [26] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel anenga Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuba rwarategetse ko agomba kubahiriza amasezerano y’umwenda wa 75.000 USD yabaye ku wa 09/02/2016, ngo kuko urwunguko rukabije rutashakirwa mu masezerano yasimbuye andi (novation), nyamara ntirugaragaze niba koko haragiye haba kubanza kwishyurwa umwenda wa mbere (extinction de la première obligation) hakabona gukorwa amasezerano mashya y’umwenda (Nouveau contrat). [27] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel asaba Urukiko kubona ko urwo rwunguko rukabije rukaba rugomba kuvaho, Kavunderi Jean agahabwa amafaranga ye asigaye angana na 12.560.000 Frw. [28] Kavunderi Jean avuga ko umwenda wagiye uzamuka kubera inyungu babaga bumvikanyeho, ukagera ku 75.000 USD ari nayo amwishyuza muri uru rubanza. Avuga ko ibyo kumwishyuza inyungu byahereye ku

50.000 USD ari Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel ubyisabiye avuga ko amwishyuye isoko arimo akora ryapfa, amusaba ko yareka akayagumana ahubwo akajya amuha inyungu. Kavunderi Jean avuga ko nta nyungu z'umurengera Urukiko rwategetse kuko rwagendeye ku masezerano yabaye hagati ye na Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel kandi uyu akaba ariwe wayiyandikiye n'umukono we. Uko Urukiko rubibona [29] Urukiko rusanga impaka zishingiye ku nyungu Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko zatumye umwenda uva ku 30.000 USD ukagera ku 50.000 USD, zakemuriwe mu isuzuma ry’ikibazo cya mbere nkuko byasobanuwe mu gika cya 22 cy’uru rubanza. Rusanga impaka zisigaye gusa ku nyungu, ari izatumye amadolari Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yishyuzwa ava ku 50.000 USD akagera ku 75.000 USD, akaba avuga ko izo nyungu ari umurengera. [30] Ingingo ya 478 ya CCLIII yakoreshwaga mu gihe impande zombi zagiranaga amasezerano igira iti “mu masezerano asanzwe yerekeye inguzanyo, yaba ay’amafaranga, ay’ibiribwa cyangwa ay’ibindi bintu byimukanwa, guteganya inyungu biremewe”. Iya 480 y’iryo

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Tegeko yo ikavuga ko “ingano y’inyungu ikomoka ku masezerano ishyirwaho ku bwumvikane bw’abayagiranye, kuyitangira ibimenyetso bikurikiza amategeko asanzwe”. [31] Hashingiwe ku bivugwa muri izi ngingo, kuba Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel na Kavunderi Jean baragiranye amasezerano ateganyijwemo inyungu ntibyafatwa nk’ikosa; no kuba ababuranyi bakwishyiriraho ingano y’izo nyungu mu bwumvikane nta kosa ririmo. Urukiko rusanga ahubwo ibyo byaba ikibazo igihe umwe mu bagiranye amasezerano yaba yarafatiranywe mu ntege nke bigatuma yemera inyungu z’umurengera nk’uko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel abiburanisha muri uru rubanza. [32] Ingingo ya 73 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano igira iti “Iyo amasezerano cyangwa ingingo zayo birimo kubangamira uburenganzira bw’uruhande rumwe igihe amasezerano yakorwaga, uruhande rubangamiwe rushobora gusaba urukiko kwanga ko amasezerano arangizwa cyangwa kwemeza ko harangizwa ibisigaye ku masezerano hatarimo ingingo zirimo kubangamira uruhande rumwe”. Iyi ngingo yumvikanisha ko umuburanyi wumva yararyamiwe cyangwa yarahenzwe ku buryo bukabije mu masezerano yagiranye n’undi aba afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba Urukiko ko atarangiza ayo amasezerano cyangwa rugakuraho akarengane ku bitarayarangizwaho. [33] Abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko nta kosa riba rihari iyo umwe mu bagiranye amasezerano ahenze undi, kuko ihame ari uko

amategeko adakwiye kwivanga mu bwisanzure bw’abagirana amasezerano. Bavuga ko nta kuryamirwa cyangwa guhendwa ku buryo bukabije kuba kuriho igihe abagiranye amasezerano bemeranyije ku biyakubiyemo nta kwibeshya, uburiganya cyangwa agahato kuko bitabaye ibyo byagira ingaruka zikomeye ku gaciro k’amasezerano. Saul Litivinoff abivuga muri aya magambo y’icyongereza: “Nothing is wrong, if a more powerful, or more competent, or better-informed party, in the negotiation of a contract, succeeds in imposing on the other obligations that are in flagrant disproportion with the value of the advantages the other can expect from the contract. Thus, the principle of freedom of contract seems to lead to the conclusion that the law should not concern itself with the equivalence of reciprocal performances. From a more practical and less philosophical vantage point it can be added that a contrary conclusion would create a serious challenge to the stability of transactions. If his consent has been free from error, fraud, or duress, a party aggrieved by a lesionary contract should not be entitled to claim any other remedy”3. [34] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa mu bika bibanziriza iki, uru Rukiko rusanga Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yaragiranye na Kavunderi Jean amasezerano y’umwenda wa 50.000 USD yemera no kwishyura inyungu ziwukomokaho bituma umwenda ugera ku 75.000 USD. Rusanga ibyo avuga ko izo

nyungu ari umurengera ngo akaba yarazemeye ku bwo kumufatirana kuko yari akeneye amafaranga mu buryo bwihuse kugira ngo aramire isoko yari yatsindiye, nta shingiro byahabwa kubera impamvu zikurikira: a. Nta gitangaza kirimo kuba yakwemera guhendwa kugira ngo agire izindi nyungu aramira igihe asanga ayo mahitamo ariyo amufitiye akamaro; uretse n’ibyo, kuvuga ko ayo mafaranga yayashakiraga kuramira isoko, akaba ngo aribyo byatumye yemera inyungu z’umurengera nabyo ntibyafatwaho ukuri kuko nk’uko bigaragara mu mwanzuro we wo 3 Saul Litvinoff, Vices and Consent, Error, Fraud, Duress and an Epilogue on Lesion, 50 La. L. Rev. (1989) Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol50/iss1/4

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kwiregura mu rubanza RC 0067/16/TGI/RBV, urup. rwa 2, Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yiyemerera ko amasezerano y’isoko yari yararangiye, dore ko n’Akarere kari karamwishyuye ku wa 29/05/2015 mu gihe we yasinye amasezerano yo kwishyura 75.000 USD ku wa 09/02/2016. b. Ntagaragaza ko, ajya gusinya ayo masezerano, habayeho kwibeshya, uburiganya cyangwa agahato cyane ko ari nawe wayiyandikiye n’umukono we nk’uko Kavunderi Jean abivuga kandi undi akaba atarabihakanye. [35] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe, Urukiko rurasanga nta nyungu z’umurengera zitemewe n’amategeko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yategetswe kuriha Kavunderi Jean. C. Kumenya niba hari amafaranga angana na 10.440.000 Frw Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel yishyuye Kavunderi Jean. [36] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwanze kwemeza ko ku mwenda remezo wa 30.000 USD yishyuyeho Kavunderi Jean amafaranga angana na 10.440.000 Frw nyamara hari bordereaux zanditseho paiements des dettes Kavunderi Jean, ndetse na Kavunderi Jean akaba atabasha kugaragaza ibimenyetso bibivuguruza. Avuga ko ku wa 12/01/2015, yahawe na Zaninka Louise umugore wa Kavunderi Jean sheki (chèque) ya 30.000 USD yari ahwanye na 23.000.000 Frw; ku wa 26/02/2015 akishyura 2.582.000 Frw, ku wa 15/04/2015 akishyura 160 USD ahwanye na124.800 Frw, ku wa 25/11/2015 akishyura 1.900.000 Frw, ku wa 27/11/2015 akishyura 270.000 Frw naho ku wa 09/02/2016 akishyura 6.954 USD ahwanye na 5.563.200 Frw; yose hamwe akaba angana na 10.440.000 Frw.

[37] Kavunderi Jean avuga ko nyuma yo kubarura amafaranga yose Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel amugomba, bakuyemo ayo yamwishyuye yose hasigara 75.000 USD, ari nayo banditse mu masezerano yo ku wa 09/02/2016. Avuga ko Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel adashobora gusobanura ukuntu 6.954 USD ahwanye na 5.563.200 Frw avuga ko yishyuye ku wa 09/02/2016 yavanwa mu mwenda wa 75.000 USD nawo uvugwa mu masezerano yasinywe kuri uwo munsi. Avuga ko mu mibare bakoze basanze agomba kumwishyura 81.954 USD ariko bemeranya ko azamwishyura 75.000 USD. Uko Urukiko rubibona [38] Urukiko rusanga amafaranga Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel avuga ko yishyuye kandi afitiye ibimenyetso ari 2.582 Frw yishyuwe ku wa 26/02/2015 hamwe na 1.900 Frw yishyuye ku wa 25/11/2015 nk’uko bigaragara kuri bordereaux de versement yishyuriyeho ziri muri dosiye. [39] Urukiko rusanga ariko aya mafaranga kimwe n’andi yose avuga ko yishyuye, yarishyuwe mbere y’uko yemera ko afite umwenda wose hamwe uhwanye na 75.000 USD, bityo gusaba ko yakongera kuvanwa mu yo agomba kwishyura bikaba nta shingiro bifite kuko byumvikana ko yabariwe muri ayo. Urukiko rurasanga rero, nta mafaranga angana na 10.440.000 Frw yishyuye

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Kavunderi Jean kuko nta bimenyetso Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel agaragaza ko yayishyuye nyuma y’uko agiranye na Kavunderi Jean amasezerano aburanwa muri uru rubanza. D. Ibyerekeye indishyi zisabwa n’ ababuranyi [40] Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel n’umwunganira basaba Urukiko gutegeka Kavunderi Jean kumuha indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw zo kumushora mu manza nta mpamvu, 1.000.000 Frw yakoresheje mu ikurikiranarubanza n’ingendo, kumusubiza 175.000 Frw y’ingwate y’amagarama yishyuye mu Rukiko Rukuru no mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga no kumusubiza amafaranga angana na 4.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cy’Avoka wamuburaniye kuva ku rwego rwa mbere kugera muri uru Rukiko. Bavuga ko Kavunderi Jean ntacyo akwiye gusaba kuko adakwiye gushingira ku makosa ye ngo agire ibyo asaba. [41] Kavunderi Jean na Me Nkundirumwana Joseph umwunganira bavuga ko ndishyi z'akababaro Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel asaba nta gaciro zahabwa kuko ataribo bamushoye mu manza, basaba Urukiko kwemeza ko ikirego cya Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel nta shingiro gifite, rukamutegeka kwishyura umwenda wose abereyemo Kavunderi Jean ungana na 75.000 USD, kwishyura 5.000.000 Frw y’indishyi zo gukurikirana urubanza, indishyi z’ubukererwe zingana na 5.000.000 Frw na 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka wamwunganiye. Uko Urukiko rubibona [42] Ku birebana n’indishyi zasabwe na Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel, Urukiko

rusanga atazihabwa kubera ko Urukiko rwasanze impamvu atanga asaba ko urubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane nta shingiro zifite, akaba ntacyo atsindiye muri uru rubanza. [43] Ku birebana n’indishyi zasabwe na Kavunderi Jean, Urukiko rurasanga akwiye guhabwa amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka kuko hari ibyo yatanze akurikirana urubanza rwe, agashaka n’Avoka umwunganira, ariko kubera ko izo asaba ari nyinshi, Urukiko, mu bushishozi bwarwo rukaba rumugeneye 300.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka kuri uru rwego. Ku birebana n’indishyi z’ubukererwe asaba, Urukiko rusanga izo ndishyi zitasabwa kuri uru rwego kubera ko zitaburanweho mu rubanza rwasabiwe gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ngo noneho Kavunderi Jean abe yarazanye ikibazo mu rwego rw’akarengane mu gihe icyemezo cyaba cyarazifashweho kitamushimishije. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [44] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel cyo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza Nº RCAA 00036/2018/CA rwaciwe n'Urukiko rw'Ubujurire ku wa 11/10/2019, nta shingiro gifite; [45] Rwemeje ko nta karengane kari mu rubanza Nº RCAA 00036/2018/CA rwaciwe n'Urukiko rw'Ubujurire ku wa 11/10/2019;

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[46] Rutegetse Ndabarinze Bukambiza Emmanuel guha Kavunderi Jean amafaranga angana n’ibihumbi magana inani (800.000 Frw) akubiyemo ay’ikurikiranarubanza n’ay’igihembo cy’Avoka.