NTAKIRUTINKA N’UNDI v. GT BANK N’UNDI

NTAKIRUTINKA N’UNDI v. GT BANK N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2014-06-20 - Case/document no.: RCOMA 0080/12/CS - Collection: Supreme Court

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NTAKIRUTINKA N’UNDI v. GT BANK N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RCOMA 0080/12/CS (Nyirinkwaya, P.J., Hitiyaremye na Mukamulisa, J.) 20 Kamena 2014] Amategeko y’ Ubucuruzi – Amasezerano y’inguzanyo – Kwishyura hakoreshejwe impapuro mpeshabwishyu mu gihe uyanditseho atari we nyiri konti yishyurirwaho – Banki nk’umunyamwuga ifite inshingano zo kubigenzura – Iyo itabikoze igomba gusubiza amafaranga yishyuwe utagombaga kwishyurwa, uyu nawe akishyura banki. Amategeko y’imbonezamubano – Ingwate – Ingwate itanditswe mu bitabo byabugenewe kuko bitari biriho – Banki nta kosa iba yakoze mu kutandikisha iyo ngwate yari yemerewe – Ntiyanaryozwa kuba itarakurikiranye iyo ngwate kuko iba itari mu maboko yayo – Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 ryerekeye amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa , ingingo ya 598 n’iya 602. Uburyozwe – Uruhare rwa banki mu gihombo cyatumye umwenda utishyurwa neza – Uruhare rwa nyiriumwenda – Mu gihe nyiri umwenda nawe yagize uruhare mu kutawishyura, uruhare rwa banki ntirwashingirwaho asonerwa inyungu ku nguzanyo – Iyo uwishyuza nawe yagize uruhare mu gihombo, nticyishyurwa cyose nk’uko abisaba – Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888, rishyiraho urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano, igitabo cya gatatu, ingingo ya 258. Amategeko y’imbonezamubano – Indishyi z’akababaro – Uwakorewe amakosa akamutera igihombo ahabwa indishyi z’akababaro – N’ubwo nawe haba hari uruhare yagize

mu kutarengera inyungu ze ngo igihombo kidakomeza kwiyongera – Zigenwa mu bushishozi bw’urukiko, buri wese akishyura indishyi zigeraranyije ku ruhare yagize mu gihombo . Incamake y’ikibazo: Kuwa 23/11/1997 no kuwa 27/07/1998 BACAR yabaye ubu GT BANK, yahaye Ntakirutinka inguzanyo ya 13.611.763 frw n’iya 11.623.510 frws yo kugura imodoka ebyiri, yagombaga kuba yararangije kwishyura mu mezi 24. Ikibazo cyaje gukomoka ku masezerano Ntakirutinka yagiranye na Nsengiyunva yo kutumira mu mahanga imodoka ebyiri zo mu bwoko bwa camion Nissan Benne zo gukoresha mu bucuruzi. Ntakirutinka yashyikirijwe facture ebyiri zitandukanye zombi zikoze mwizina rya JDNS Trading, imwe yari isinyweho na Uzabumwana wiyitaga Directeur General wa JDNS, indi isinyweho na Mwiseneza mw’izina rya Nsengiyunva. Ntakirutinka atanga ordre de paiement muri Bacar yo kwishyura 19.000.000 frw kuri konti ya JDNS yasinywe na uzabumwana, ariko nyuma byagaraye ko ari konti ya Uzabumwana ku giti cye. N’ukuvuga ko aho kwishyura Nsengiyunva yari arimo ideni, Ntakirutinka yishyuye Uzabumwana, ibyo byatumye Nsengiyunva akomeza kwishyuza Ntakirutinka, ndetse aza no guhabwa ibyemezo byo gufatira imodoka 2 za Ntakirutinka. Fina bank nayo yareze Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi isaba yuko bategekwa kwishyura 23.129.885 Frws remezo yamuhaye yo kugura imodoka ebyiri, inyungu zawo, indishyi zitandukanye hamwe n’amafaranga y’ikurikirana rubanza. Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa nabo bareze Finabank na Uzabumwana mu Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi basaba yuko nta nyungu ku nguzanyo banki yahabwa kubera ko amakosa yayo ariyo yatumye Ntakirutinka adashobora kwishyura neza inguzanyo, banasaba yuko FINA BANK na

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Uzabumwana bategekwa kwishyura bafatanyije amafaranga urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwamutegetse kwishyura Nsengiyunva. Mu mwaka wa 1999 Ntakirutinka yatanze ikirego mu rukiko asaba ko Nsengiyunva yategekwa kubahiriza amasezerano bagiranye, Nsengiyunva nawe atanga ikirego asaba ko Ntakirutinka yategekwa kwishyura 28.000.000 frw hamwe n’inyungu zitandukanye. Ibirego byombi byahurijwe hamwe mu Rukiko Rukuru, narwo rwemeza ko ibirego byombi bifite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Kubyerekeye ubwishyu, Ntakirutinka avuga ko urukiko rwanze kwemeza ko GT BANK yakoze ikosa ryo kwishyura ordre de paiement kuli konti itariyo, uburanira GT BANK nawe akavuga ko nta kosa yakoze, ko hubwo Ntakirutinka yahawe fagitire z’abantu babiri zitandukanye, we yihitiramo iya Uzabumwana akaba ariyo yishyura atabanje gusobanuza. Ku byerekeye ingwate, Ntakirutinka yavuze ko banki itakurikiranye ingwate yayo bigatuma bafatira imodoka yamufashaga kwishyura. Uburanira banki akavuga ko iyo ngwate nta gaciro yari ifite kuko itari mu maboko ya banki kandi ko itigeze yandikwa mu bitabo byabigenewe. Kubyerekeye inyungu, Ntakirutinka azisaba avuga ko yarikuzikura mu mirimo y’imodoka ze ebyiri zakoraga. GT BANK yo ikavuga ko Ntakirutinka akwiye gukurikirana uwamubeshye aho gukurikirana banki. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Mu gihe banki yateshutse ku nshingano zayo igakora ikosa ryo kwishyura impapuro mpeshabwishyu, ishyira ayo mafaranga kuri konti itariyo, bigatuma Ntakirutinka ategekwa kuyishyura ubwa kabiri , banki igomba kuryozwa iryo kosa isubiza Ntakirutinka ayo mafaranga angana na 19.000.000 Frws , naho Uzabumwana nawe akamusubiza 3.200.000 Frws yamuhaye mu ntoki kuko atayasubije aba yungutse nta mpanvu. GT bank na Uzabumwana nabo bagomba gufatanya kwishyura 1.200.000 Frws y’ ikurikirana rubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka.

2. Nubwo nta kosa banki yakoze kubwo kudakurikirana ingwate zayo, ntiyahabwa ibyo isaba mu bujurire bwayo bwuririye ku bundi kubera uruhare rwayo mu byatumye imodoka zinjirizaga amafaranga Ntakirutinka zifatirwa. Bikaba ari imwe mu mpamvu yatumye umwenda utishyurwa neza. Bityo Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa bagomba kuvanirwaho inyungu, bagategekwa kwishyura 23.129.885 frws y’umwenda remezo n’inyungu zayo kuva 26/10/2000.

3. Mu kwishyuza no kwakira amafaranga, Uzabumwana yari azi neza ko atari aye, nawe yagize uruhare rukomeye mu gihombo Ntakirutinka yagize. Banki nayo mu gushyira amafaranga kuri konti itari iy’uwagombaga kwishyurwa yaragize uruhare muri icyo gihombo. Ntakirutinka nawe iyo akemura ikibazo yari afitanye na Nsengiyumva mbere, agaruza amafaranga mu buryo bwihuse atarinze gutegereza yuko atsindwa urubanza, igihombo nticyari kwiyongera kugeza ubwo imodoka zigurishwa muri cyamunara. Bose rero bakaba baragize uruhare mu icyo gihombo.

4. Kubyerekeye indishyi z’akababaro, nubwo amakosa yakozwe atari amwe, akaba adafite ingaruka zimwe, ndetse Ntakirutinka nawe akaba yaragize uruhare mu kutarengera inyungu ze ngo igihombo ntigikomeze kwiyongera, bityo izo indishyi z’akababaro zigomba kugenerwa mu bushishozi bw’urukiko kuko ayo asaba ari Ikirenga. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Ubujurire bwuririye kubundi nta shingiro bufite.

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Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888, rishyiraho urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano, igitabo cya gatatu, ingingo ya 258, iya 598 n’iya 602. Nta manza zifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA : [1] Kuwa 23/11/1997 no kuwa 27/07/1998 BACAR (yasimbuwe na FINA BANK nayo yasimbuwe na GT BANK) yahaye Ntakirutinka inguzanyo ya 13.611.763 Frw na 11.623.510 Frw yagombaga kuba yarangije kwishyurwa mu mezi 24, ni ukuvuga tariki ya 25/07/2000. Ayo masezerano y’inguzanyo yateganyaga kandi “caution” ya Mukarugambwa Florida na “gage” kuri camions 2 za Ntakirutinka zo mu bwoko bwa Steyr. [2] Kuwa 26/10/2006, FINA BANK yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi isaba ko Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa bategekwa kwishyura 23.129.885 Frw y’umwenda remezo n’inyungu, hiyongereyeho inyungu za 18% ku mwaka, indishyi zitandukanye n’amafaranga y’ikurikirana rubanza. [3] Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa nabo bareze FINA BANK na Uzabumwana basaba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi kwemeza ko nta nyungu ku nguzanyo banki igomba guhabwa kubera ko amakosa yayo ariyo yatumye Ntakirutinka adashobora kwishyura neza inguzanyo. [4] Ntakirutinka yanasabaga ko FINA BANK na Uzabumwana bategekwa kwishyura bafatanyije amafaranga Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwamutegetse kwishyura Nsengiyumva Jean de Dieu mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS, hiyongereyeho 498.600.000 Frw y’inyungu yavukijwe kubera ifatira ry’imodoka ze 2,

10.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro na 30.000.000 Frw y’ikurikirana rubanza, Uzabumwana ku giti cye akishyura 3.200.000 Frw yamuhaye mu ntoki azi ko yishyura J.D.N.s trading. [5] Urubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS rumaze kuvugwa rukomoka ku masezerano Ntakirutinka Charles yagiranye na Nsengiyumva Jean de Dieu wakoreshaga izina rya J.D.Ns Trading yo kumutumira mu mahanga camion Nissan Benne TK 20 GD, ikibazo kikaba cyaraje kuvuka nyuma y’aho Ntakirutinka ashyikirijwe factures 2, zombi zikozwe mu izina rya J.D.NS Trading, iya mbere yo kuwa 27/03/1996 isinyweho na Mwiseneza Paul mw’izina rya Nsengiyumva Jean de Dieu; iya kabiri yo kuwa 28/03/1996 isinyweho na Uzabumwana wiyitaga Directeur Général wa J.D.NS Trading, maze Ntakirutinka ku itariki ya 29/03/1996 agatanga ordre de paiement muri BACAR yo kwishyura 19.000.000 Frw kuri konti 070-200-5570-80/307 yavugwaga muri fagitire ya Uzabumwana ko ari iya J.D.Ns Trading, ariko yaje kugaragara ko ari iya Uzabumwana ku giti cye. [6] Ayo mafaranga 19.000.000 Frw Nsengiyumva yakomeje kuyishyuza Ntakirutinka nk’uko bigaragara mu ibaruwa yamwandikiye kuwa 11/04/1996, aza no guhabwa ibyemezo byo gufatira

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imodoka 2 za Ntakirutinka, icyemezo cya mbere cyerekeye imodoka Steyr RR 7991B yari yaratanzweho ingwate muri BACAR kikaba cyarafashwe kuwa 14/08/2000, icya kabiri cyerekeye imodoka Nissan RR 6595 A kikaba cyarafashwe kuwa 14/09/2001. [7] Mu mwaka w’1999 Ntakirutinka yatanze ikirego mu rukiko asaba ko Nsengiyumva yategekwa kubahiriza amasezerano bagiranye, Nsengiyumva nawe atanga ikirego asaba ko Ntakirutinka yategekwa kwishyura 28.000.000 Frw n’inyungu zayo. [8] Urwo rubanza n°RCAA 0051/08/CS rwarangiriye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 16/07/2010, Ntakirutinka ategetswe kwishyura Nsengiyumva 28.000.000 Frw y’ikiguzi cy’imodoka, inyungu za 12.405.555 Frw zihwanye na 1/3 cy’inyungu zose zari gutangwa harebwe uruhare rwa Uzabumwana na Nsengiyumva ubwe, 1.800.000 Frw y’ikurikirana rubanza n’igihembo cya avoka, yose hamwe akaba 42.205.555 Frw. FINA BANK yari yasabye kugoboka ku bushake mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ariko icyifuzo nticyakirwa. [9] Mu gihe izo manza hagati ya Ntakirutinka na Nsengiyumva zari zitararangira, FINA BANK yatanze ikirego cyavuzwe mu gika cya 2, Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa nabo nyuma y’urubanza Ntakirutinka yaburanye na Nsengiyumva batanga ikirego cyavuzwe mu gika cya 3. [10] Ikirego cya FINA BANK hamwe n’icya Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa byahurijwe hamwe mu Rukiko Rukuru, ruca urubanza N°RCOM 0180/08/HCC -N°RCOM 0265/10/HCC kuwa 01/03/2012, rwemeza ko ibirego byombi

bifite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa bagomba kwishyura 23.129.885 Frw y’umwenda remezo n’inyungu kugeza FINA BANK itangiye ikirego mu rukiko. [11] Impamvu urwo rukiko rwashingiyeho ni izi zikurikira: Rwasanze ku bijyanye no kuba FINA BANK itareretse Ntakirutinka konti nyayo ya J.D.Ns Trading, Fina Bank itabiryozwa kuko icyo ari ikibazo kiri hagati ya Ntakirutinka na J.D.Ns trading, ikibazo cy’igoboka ku bushake bwa FINA BANK Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rukaba rwaragifasheho icyemezo cyabaye ndakuka; Ku byerekeye ingwate ya FINA BANK yafatiriwe, rwasanze n’ubwo iyo ngwate itari yanditse, banki yaragize uburangare kuko ntacyo yigeze ikora ngo igaragaze ko ifite uburenganzira kuri iyo ngwate, bityo Ntakirutinka akaba agomba kwishyura 23.129.889 Frw gusa, ntacibwe inyungu zakurikiye itangwa ry’ikirego; Ku bijyanye na ‘’force majeure’’ Ntakirutinka yagaragazaga avuga ko habayeho impinduka mu bwikorezi mpuzamahanga, urukiko rwavuze ko ibyo nta shingiro bifite kuko atabitangira ibimenyetso. [12] Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa bajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 30/03/2012, urubanza ruburanishwa mu ruhame kuwa 15/04/2014, Me Protais Mutembe yunganiye Ntakirutinka kandi ahagarariye Mukarugambwa, GT BANK yahoze ari FINA BANK/ BACAR ihagarariwe na Me Bimenyimana Eric, Uzabumwana atitabye ariko yarahamagawe ahatazwi mu buryo bukurikije amategeko.

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II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO: 1° Kumenya niba GT BANK na Uzabumwana bagomba kwishyura bafatanyije amafaranga Ntakirutinka yategetswe mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS, Uzabumwana wenyine agategekwa gusubiza 3.200.000 Frw. [13] Ku bijyanye na GT BANK yasimbuye FINA BANK nayo yasimbuye BACAR, Ntakirutinka na Me Mutembe bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwanze kwemeza ko FINA BANK yakoze ikosa mu kwishyura “ordre de paiement” kuri konti itari iya J.D.Ns Trading Ntakirutinka yashakaga kwishyura rwitwaje urubanza rwabaye ndakuka rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga hagati ya Nsengiyumva na Ntakirutinka, nyamara muri urwo rubanza hatararegewemo ikosa rya FINA BANK mu kwishyura kuri konti itari iya J.D.Ns Trading. [14] Bavuga kandi ko icyemezo cyabaye ndakuka ari ikireba ukutakira igoboka rya FINA BANK mu rwego rw’ubujurire, ko ibyerekeye kuryozwa cyangwa kutaryozwa ikosa mu kwishyura “ordre de paiement” kuri konti itari iy’uwishyurwaga bitaburanyweho mu rubanza Ntakirutinka yaburanye na Nsengiyumva. [15] Bavuga na none ko imwe mu nshingano z’ingenzi z’umunyamwuga nka banki ari ukwitondera kumenya niba konti yishyuriweho ari yo umukiriya ashaka kwishyuriraho koko, ko iyo banki isanze umukiriya yibeshye ifite inshingano ikomeye yo kubimumenyesha (devoir d’information), bitaba ibyo, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 258 y’igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano,

ikabihanirwa iyo bigize ingaruka mbi ku mukiriya wishyuye nabi atabizi. [16] Bavuga ko FINA BANK ubwayo yemeye mu buryo buziguye ariko budashidikanywaho ko yakoze ikosa mu kwakira ‘’ordre de paiement” itamumenyesheje ko konti N° 070-200-5570- 80/307 itari iya J.D.Ns Trading, ahubwo ari iya Uzabumwana ku giti cye kuko ubwo yagobokaga mu rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga hagati ya Ntakirutinka na Nsengiyumva, yatanze kopi ya ‘’ordre de paiement” yahinduwe, ahari handitse uwishyurwa ko ari J.D.Ns Trading yandika ko ari Uzabumwana. [17] Bavuga ko bitari n’ubwa mbere iriya konti N° 070-200-5570-80/307 BACAR iyibonaho ikibazo kuko yigeze kwangira Uzabumwana kuyikoreraho “operation” irebana na “credit”, bigatuma imusaba kuyisinyira “reconnaissance’’. [18] Ku bijyanye na Uzabumwana, Ntakirutinka avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavuze ko FINA BANK irega Uzabumwana kandi atari byo kuko uwamureze ari we na Mukarugambwa bonyine, uko kwibeshya bikaba aribyo byatumye Urukiko rutagira icyo ruvuga ku mafaranga yatwaye mu buriganya. [19] Avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rutubahirije uburenganzira bwe bwo kwiregura kuko ntacyo rwavuze kubyo yasabaga, byaba kwemeza ko Uzabumwana ntacyo amugomba, byaba se

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kwemeza ko agomba kumusubiza amafaranga ye yatwaye n’andi yategetswe mu rubanza rwavuzwe haruguru. [20] Me Bimenyimana uburanira GT BANK avuga ko itigeze koko irega Uzabumwana, ko niba Uzabumwana warezwe na Ntakirutinka yarakiriye amafaranga, nyuma Ntakirutinka akongera kuyishyuzwa, byaba aribyo ategetswe kuyasubiza. [21] Avuga kandi ko nta kosa banki yakoreye Ntakirutinka, ahubwo uyu yahawe fagitire z’abantu babiri zifite ibintu by’ingenzi bitandukanye nka nomero ya konti n’umubare w’amafaranga agomba kwishyurwa, yihitiramo iya Uzabumwana atabanje gusobanuza neza abo bantu 2 bamuhaye fagitire zitandukanye, banki ikaba rero ntacyo yari guhindura kuri “ordre de paiement” ye uretse kuyubahiriza. [22] Avuga nanone ko Ntakirutinka adashobora kwitwaza ko GT BANK ariyo yamuteye kwishyura Uzabumwana kuko na nyuma ya “ordre de paiement” yamwishyuye mu ntoki 3.200.000 Frw nk’uko bigaragazwa na reçu yo kuwa 09/12/1996. [23] Ku bijyanye na kopi ya ‘’ordre de paiement” FINA BANK yatanze ubwo yasabaga kugoboka mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS igaragaza ko uwishyurwa ari Uzabumwana n’impamvu iyo kopi idahuje n’inyandiko y’umwimerere yagaragajwe na Ntakirutinka igihe cy’iburanisha, avuga ko ntawamenya uburyo iyo kopi yabonetse muri banki. Uko urukiko rubibona: [24] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza N°RCAA 0051/08/CS rwasobanuye mu gace ka 26 ko ikiburanwa muri urwo rubanza hagati ya Ntakirutinka na

Nsengiyumva ari nacyo cyaciriweho urubanza mu nkiko zabanje ari ikirebana n’iyishyurwa ry’imodoka Ntakirutinka yatumije, aho umwe avuga ko yishyuye ikiguzi cy’iyo modoka, undi akavuga ko hishyuwe Uzabumwana utaragombaga kwishyurwa, bityo rero ko ukugoboka ku bushake kwa FINA BANK kutakiriwe kuko ikibazo yifuza ko gifatirwaho icyemezo cyo kumenya niba yarubahirije inshingano zayo zo gushyira amafaranga kuri konti yabwiwe kitaciriweho urubanza mu nkiko zabanje, kikaba kitazanwa bwa mbere mu bujurire. [25] Urukiko rusanga ibyo bisobanuro bigaragaza neza ko ikibazo cyasuzumwe muri urwo rubanza gitandukanye n’icyo kumenya niba FINA BANK yarakoze ikosa mu kwishyura ‘’ordre de paiement” yari yahawe na Ntakirutinka, hakaba rero nta cyabuzaga Urukiko Rukuru kugisuzuma. [26] Urukiko rusanga “ordre de paiement” ya 19.000.000 Frw igomba gushingirwaho muri uru rubanza ari iyatanzwe na Ntakirutinka igaragaza ko uwishyurwa (bénéficiaire) ari J.D.Ns Trading kuko iteyeho kashe ya banki, akaba yarayigaragarije umwimerere wayo igihe cy’iburanisha, naho iyatanzwe na banki igaragaza ko uwishyurwa ari Uzabumwana ikaba itafatwaho ukuri kuko banki itashoboye kugaragaza umwimerere wayo no gutanga ibisobanuro byumvikana ku mpamvu kopi yagaragaje itandukanye n’inyandiko y’umwimerere yagaragajwe n’umukiliya wayo.

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[27] Nk’uko bigaragara rero kuri “ordre de paiement” yatanzwe na Ntakirutinka, igaterwaho kashe na BACAR kuwa 29/03/1996, yasabye iyo banki kwishyura J.D.Ns Trading 19.000.000 Frw kuri konti N° 070-200-5570-80/307 muri BACAR, iyo konti ariko ikaba yaraje kugaragara ko itari iya J.D.Ns Trading, ahubwo ari iya Uzabumwana ku giti cye. [28] Urukiko rusanga BACAR yarishyuye 19.000.000 Frw ikurikije “ordre de paiement” igaragaraho ibintu binyuranye kandi by’ingenzi aribyo nomero ya konti n’izina ry’uwishyurwa, nyamara nk’umunyamwuga ifite inshingano yo gusuzuma niba konti yanditswe kuri “ordre de paiement” ari iy’uwishyurwa koko, yasanga umukiriya yibeshye kuri nomero ya konti y’uwo yishyuye ikamusaba gukosora inyandiko ye mbere yo kugira ikindi ikora. [29] Urukiko rusanga kuba Ntakirutinka yarakoze ikosa ryo kwishyura 19.000.000 Frw akurikije ibisobanuro bikubiye muri fagitire ya Uzabumwana aho kwishyura akurikije ibikubiye muri fagitire yahawe na Nsengiyumva nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS, bitavanaho ikosa rya BACAR ryo kwishyura umuntu bigaragara ko atari we wishyurwaga ukurikije izina ryari ryanditse kuri “ordre de paiement”. [30] Urukiko rusanga no kuba nyuma y’amezi 8 Ntakirutinka yarakoze ikosa ryo kwishyura Uzabumanwa andi mafaranga angana na 3.200.000 Frw kandi azi neza ko Nsengiyumva akimwishyuza 28.000.000 Frw y’ikiguzi cy’imodoka yamuzaniye, bitavanaho amakosa

ya BACAR ku bijyanye n’iyishyurwa rya 19.000.000 Frw mu gihe itagaragaza ko uwo Ntakirutinka yashakaga kwishyura ari Uzabumwana ku giti cye, akaba atari J.D.Ns Trading nk’uko yabyanditse kuri “ordre de paiement. [31] Urukiko rusanga rero ibyo Ntakirutinka asaba ko GT BANK yamusubiza 19.000.000 Frw yategetswe mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS bifite ishingiro kuko banki yateshutse ku nshingano zayo igihe yashyiraga ayo mafaranga kuri konti n° 070-200-5570-80/307 itari iya J.D.Ns Trading yishyurwaga, iryo kosa rigatuma Ntakirutinka ategekwa kuyishyura ubwa kabiri noneho ayishyura uwagombaga kwishyurwa. [32] Ku bijyanye na Uzabumwana, Urukiko rusanga koko Urukiko Rukuru ntacyo rwavuze kubyo Ntakirutinka asaba ko Uzabumwana yamusubiza amafaranga yategetswe mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS hamwe na 3.200.000 Frw yamuhaye mu ntoki kandi rwari rwabiregewe, bikaba rero bigomba gusuzumwa kuri uru rwego. [33] Ku byerekeye 19.000.000 Frw Banki yashyize kuri konti ye itagombaga kuyashyiraho ikaba yategetswe kuyasubiza Ntakirutinka no kubyerekeye 3.200.000 Frw yahawe mu ntoki, Urukiko rusanga Uzabumwana agomba kuyasubiza kuko atayashubije yaba yungutse nta mpamvu (enrichissement sans cause). [34] Ku byerekeye ariko amafaranga 12.405.555 Frw z’inyungu Ntakirutinka yategetswe mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS, urukiko rusanga atagomba kuyasubizwa kuko urukiko muri urwo rubanza rwasobanuye ko nawe ubwe yakoze amakosa agomba kuryozwa. [35] Ku byerekeye 1.800.000 Frw y’ikurikirana rubanza n’igihembo cya avoka Ntakirutinka yategetswe mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS, Urukiko rusanga nayo GT BANK na Uzabumwana bagomba gufatanya (in solidum) kwishyura 2/3 byayo, ni ukuvuga 1.200.000 Frw, andi agaherera kuri Ntakirutinka kubera ko nawe hari amafaranga agera kuri 5.800.000 Frw y’ikiguzi

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cy’imodoka agomba kuryozwa ku giti (28.000.000 Frw – 19.000.000 Frw yashyizwe kuri konti ya Uzabumwana - 3.200.000 Frw yahawe Uzabumwana mu ntoki, hasigara 5.800.000 Frw). 2° Kumenya ingano y’umwenda wa Banki Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa bagomba kwishyura. [36] Ntakirutinka na Me Mutembe bavuga ko BACAR (ifatanyije na Uzabumwana) yishyuye 19.000.000 Frw kuri konti itari iya J.D.Ns Trading, bituma Nsengiyimva akomeza kwishyuza ikiguzi cy’imodoka yamutumirije kugeza ubwo afatiriye imodoka ze. [37] Bavuga kandi ko usibye n’ibyo banki yakoze ikosa ryo kudakurikirana ingwate yayo ku modoka Steyr RR 7991B kandi byari uburenganzira n’inshingano zayo, bituma abura atyo imodoka yamufashaga kwishyura umwenda wa banki. [38] Bavuga nanone ko Urukiko Rukuru rumaze kwemeza ko FINA BANK yakoreye ikosa Ntakirutinka kuko ntacyo yakoze ngo igaragaze uburenganzira yari ifite ku ngwate, rwemeje ko FINA BANK igomba kuvutswa inyungu ku nguzanyo uhereye mu itangwa ry’ikirego mu mwaka wa 2006, akaba asanga urukiko rwaragombaga kumukura mu gihombo cyose yatewe n’ikosa rya FINA BANK cyatangiye umunsi camion ye ifatirwa kuwa 14/08/2000. [39] GT BANK yiregura ivuga ko atariyo yahitiyemo Ntakirutinka uwo yishyura hagati ya Uzabumwana na Nsengiyumva, ko iyo yishyura akurikije fagitire yagombaga gushingiraho imodoka ze zitaba zarafatiriwe, ikosa rye akaba ariryo ryamushyize mu kaga. [40] Ivuga kandi ko

Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwirengagije ko ingwate ivugwa itigeze yandikwa mu bitabo byabugenewe (registre d’inscription des gages) kuko nta byari bihari mu bwanditsi bw’urukiko, ingwate ikaba rero itari ifite agaciro ku bandi (opposabilité aux tiers), ikaba rero yari «créancier chirographaire» nk’abandi bose (nta priorité ifite), bityo mu bujurire bwuririye ku bundi ikaba isaba Urukiko rw’Ikirenga gutegeka Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa gufatanya kwishyura 53.912.171 Frw w’umwenda remezo wabazwe kugeza kuwa 31/01/2011. Uko urukiko rubibona: [41] Ku bijyanye na konti amafaranga 19.000.000 yishyuriweho, Urukiko rusanga nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, banki yarakoze ikosa ryo kuyashyira kuri konti itari iya J.D.Ns Trading, akaba atari ngombwa kubigarukaho. [42] Urukiko rusanga kandi iryo kosa rifite uruhare mu byatumye imodoka zinjirizaga amafaranga Ntakirutinka zifatirwa, bityo banki ikaba igomba kuryozwa uruhare rwayo mu byatumye itishyurwa neza. [43] Ku bijyanye n’ibyo Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa basaba ko kubera iryo kosa basonerwa inyungu ku nguzanyo kuva umunsi imodoka zafatiriwe, Urukiko rusanga hagomba kubanza gusuzumwa niba nta zindi mpamvu zidaturuka kuri banki zatumye Ntakirutinka atishyura neza umwenda wayo.

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[44] Urukiko rusanga ubwo imodoka zafatirwaga kuwa 14/08/2000 no kuwa 14/09/2001 kubera umwenda Nsengiyumva yamwishyuzaga ungana na 28.000.000 Frw, Ntakirutinka yari atararangiza kwishyura umwenda wose yari abereyemo banki, nyamara yaragombaga kuba yararangije kuwishyura kuwa 25/07/2000, bivuze ko iryo fatira atari ryo ryonyine ryatumye atishyura neza umwenda wa banki. [45] Mu mwanzuro we mu Rukiko Rukuru, Me Mutembe yasobanuye ko iyo tariki yageze Ntakirutinka amaze kwishyura gusa igice kubera imihindagurikire y’isoko ry’ibiciro mu bwikorezi mpuzamahanga ubwo ibihugu bigize Comesa byafataga icyemezo gitunguranye cy’uko imodoka igenda ku mihanda yabyo idashobora kurenza umuzigo wa toni 30, bityo amafaranga yari yizewe mu bwikorezi aba aragabanutse cyane. [46] Yavugaga ndetse ko icyo kibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ibiciro by’ubwikorezi ku isoko mpuzamahanga cyabereye uwo yunganira impamvu itigobotorwa (force majeure), akaba atagomba kuryozwa inyungu ku nguzanyo, Urukiko Rukuru rukaba rwaremeje ariko ko atari impamvu itigobotorwa yari gutuma atubahiriza inshingano ze zijyanye no kwishyura umwenda yahawe na banki. [47] Urukiko rusanga rero nubwo kuri uru rwego Ntakirutinka atongeye kuburanisha iyo mpamvu ishingiye ku mihindagurikire y’ibiciro by’ubwikorezi, nawe ubwe azi ko hari n’izindi mpamvu zitaturutse ku ifatira ry’imodoka ze zatumye atishyura neza umwenda wa banki. [48]

Urukiko rusanga kandi usibye n’ibyo, amafaranga 19.000.000 yavuzwe haruguru yashyizwe kuri konti itariyo atariyo yonyine yatumye imodoka za Ntakirutinka zifatirwa kuko Nsengiyuma yamwishyuzaga 28.000.000 Frw y’ikiguzi cy’imodoka, bivuze ko hari andi mafaranga agera kuri 9.000.000 Frw atamwishyuye, kuri ayo hakaba hari 3.200.000 Frw Ntakirutinka yishyuye Uzabumwana mu ntoki, n’andi 5.800.000 Frw atigeze atanga, banki ikaba nta ruhare yabigizemo. [49] Urukiko rusanga rero ibyo Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa basaba mu bujurire bwabo ko basonerwa inyungu ku nguzanyo kuva umunsi imodoka zafatiriwe nta shingiro bifite kuko Ntakirutinka nawe ubwe yagize uruhare mu byatumye umwenda wa banki utishyurwa neza, uruhare rwe nawe akaba agomba kururyozwa. [50] Ku bijyanye n’ikosa banki yaba yarakoze ryo kudakurikirana ingwate, ingingo ya 598 y’igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano ivuga ko “ubugwate ku kintu cyimukanwa buha ugomba kwishyurwa (créancier) uburenganzira bwo gukomora ubwishyu kuri icyo kintu ku buryo acyizimbaho imbere y’abandi bagomba kwishyurwa”, naho ingingo ya 602 y’icyo gitabo ikavuga ko ubwo burenganzira ashobora kubukoresha gusa iyo yashyikirijwe ikintu cyatanzweho ingwate kandi akagihamana cyangwa se kigashyirwa mu maboko y’undi abagiranye amasezerano y’ubugwate bumvikanyeho (“le créancier ne peut exercer les droits que le gage lui confère contre le

débiteur et contre les tiers, que si l’objet du gage a été mis et est resté en sa possession ou en la possession d’un tiers convenu entre les parties”). [51] Urukiko rusanga mu gihe GT BANK ivuga ko ingwate zari ziteganyijwe mu masezerano y’inguzanyo zitigeze zandikwa mu bitabo byabugenewe kubera ko bitari biriho mu bwanditsi bw’urukiko, Ntakirutinka na Me Mutembe bakaba batabihakana bagaragaza ibimenyetso

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bibivuguruza, hagomba kwemezwa ko nta kosa banki yakoze mu kutandikisha ingwate yari yaremerewe. [52] Urukiko rusanga rero banki itaryozwa kuba itarakurikiranye imodoka zafatiriwe na Nsengiyumva kuko zitari mu maboko yayo, zikaba ntaho zari zanditse mu bitabo byabugenewe ngo ibe yashobora gukurikirana uburenganzira yari yaremerewe mu masezerano y’ubugwate. [53] Urukiko rusanga ariko nubwo nta kosa banki yakoze idakurikirana ingwate zayo, ibyo isaba mu bujurire bwayo bwuririye ku bundi ko Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa bategekwa gufatanya kwishyura umwenda wa 53.912.171 Frw wabazwe kugeza kuwa 31/01/2011 itabihabwa kubera uruhare rwayo rwagaragajwe haruguru mu byatumye imodoka zinjirizaga amafaranga Ntakirutinka zifatirwa, bikaba imwe mu mpamvu yatumye umwenda wayo utishyurwa neza. [54] Hakurikijwe ibisobanuro byatanzwe ku ruhare rwa FINA BANK n’uruhare rwa Ntakirutinka ubwe mu ifatirwa ry’imodoka zamwinjirizaga amafaranga, Urukiko rusanga nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ariko ku mpamvu zitandukanye, Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa bagomba kuvanirwaho inyungu zakurikiye ikirego cya FINA BANK kuwa 16/10/2006, bagategekwa kwishyura 23.129.885 Frw y’umwenda remezo n’inyungu zayo uko zabazwe kuwa 26/10/20 3° Kumenya niba FINA BANK na Uzabumwana bagomba gutegekwa kwishyura bafatanyije inyungu Ntakirutinka yavukijwe kubera ifatira ry’imodoka ze 2, indishyi z’akababaro n’amafaranga

y’ikurikirana rubanza. [55]Ntakirutinka avuga ko inyungu asaba ari izo yajyaga gukura mu mirimo y’imodoka ze 2 zafatiriwe tariki ya 19/08/2000 na 14/09/2001 kugeza zigurishijwe kuwa 16/01/2008. [56]Avuga ko imodoka imwe yamaze iminsi 2.678 idakora, indi nayo imara iminsi 2.308 idakora, bikaba bivuze ko zari kuba zaramaze kumwinjiriza 498.000.000 Frw ku giciro cya 100.000 Frw ku munsi igihe zagurishwaga muri cyamunara. [57]Arasaba kandi indishyi z’akababaro za 10.000.000 Frw kubera ubukene no guhangayika we n’umuryango we bagize na 30.000.000 Frw yo gukurikirana urubanza kuva mu mwaka wa 1999 kugeza uru rubanza rucibwa kuko yiyambaje aba avoka 3 bacukumbuye inyandiko zitagira ingano kandi igihe kirekire. [58]GT BANK ivuga ko Ntakirutinka akwiye gukurikirana uwamubeshye ariwe Uzabumwana aho gukurikirana banki. Uko urukiko rubibona: [59] Ku bijyanye n’inyungu yavukijwe kubera ifatira ry’imodoka, Urukiko rusanga Uzabumwana mu kwishyuza no kwakira amafaranga yari azi neza ko atari aye ukurikije ibyemezo byagiye bifatwa n’inkiko yaragize uruhare rukomeye mu gihombo Ntakirutinka yagize. [60]Urukiko rurasanga kandi banki nayo mu gushyira amafaranga kuri konti itari iy’uwagombaga kwishyurwa yaragize uruhare muri icyo gihombo nubwo ikosa ryayo ritafatwa ku rwego rumwe nk’irya Uzabumwana, bityo bakaba bagomba kumuvana muri icyo gihombo hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 258 y’igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko

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y’imbonezamubano ivuga ko “igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse”. [61]Mu kugena ariko icyo igihombo, Urukiko rusanga rutahera kuri 100.000 Frw ku munsi Ntakirutinka avuga imodoka imwe yakoreraga ku munsi kuko nta bimenyetso abitangira, rukaba ahubwo ruhereye kuri kontaro yitangiye yakoranye na Astaldi Rwanda kuwa 21/08/1996 igaragaza ko yagombaga kujya yishyurwa 70.000 Frw ku munsi igihe imodoka yakoreshejwe ariko akiyishyurira umushoferi, akanishyura amafaranga yo kuyikoresha (frais de réparation), no ku misoro yagombaga kujya yishyura ku mafaranga imodoka zari kujya zimwinjiriza, rugennye ko imodoka imwe yinjizaga ku munsi amafaranga ahwanye na 50.000, ni ukuvuga ko imodoka 2 zinjizaga 100.000 Frw ku munsi. [62]Urukiko rusanga nanone mu kugena igihombo, hagomba kuzirikanwa ko Ntakirutinka atagaragaza icyo yakoze Nsengiyumva akimara kumumenyesha ko yishyuye kuri konti itari iya J.D.Ns Trading kugira ngo agaruze mu buryo bwihuse amafaranga yagiye kuri konti ya Uzabumwana, haba mu gusaba FINA BANK kumusubiza amafaranga yashyize kuri konti itariyo, haba mu gukurikirana Uzabumwana, akaba yarategereje gutsindwa urubanza yarezemo Nsengiyumva, nyamara yarashoboraga kugabanya igihombo yarimo iyo akurikirana abo yagombaga gukurikirana rugikubita. [63]Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, Urukiko rusanga igihombo Ntakirutinka

yishyuza cyabarirwa ku minsi 365 aho kuba iminsi asaba kuko iyo akemura ikibazo yari afitanye na Nsengiyumva ikibazo kikivuka igihombo nticyari kwiyongera kugeza ubwo imodoka zigurishwa muri cyamunara, bityo amafaranga yose hamwe y’icyo gihombo akaba ahwanye na 36.500.000 Frw (50.000 Frw x imodoka 2 x 365 jours), kubera uruhare rwa buri wese Uzabumwana ku giti cye agategekwa kwishyura 4/5 yayo, ni ukuvuga 29.200.000 Frw, GT BANK nayo igategekwa kwishyura 1/5 yayo, ni ukuvuga 7.300.000 Frw. [64] Ku byerekeye indishyi z’akababaro Ntakirutinka asaba, Urukiko rusanga amakosa yakorewe na Uzabumwana na GT BANK nubwo atari amwe, akaba adafite ingaruka zimwe, ndetse nawe akaba yaragize uruhare mu kutarengera inyungu ze ngo igihombo ntigikomeze kwiyongera, yaramuhungabanyije we n’umuryango we, bityo GT BANK na Uzabumwana bakaba bagomba kumuha 3.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro agenwe mu bushishozi bw’urukiko kuko ayo asaba ari ikirenga, Uzabumwana akamuha 4/5 yayo, ni ukuvuga 2.400.000 Frw, GT BANK ikamuha 1/5 cyayo, ni ukuvuga 600.000 Frw. [65]Ku byerekeye amafaranga y’ikurikirarubanza n’igihembo cy’avoka Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa basaba, Urukiko rusanga ayo basaba ari ikirenga rukurikije uko dosiye iteye n’ibyakozwe muri uru rubanza, rukaba rubageneye 1.500.000 Frw ku nzego zombi baburaniyemo uru rubanza, Uzabumwana akishyura 1.000.000 Frw, GT BANK ikishyura 500.000 Frw. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO: [66]Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [67]Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa GT BANK bwuririye ku bundi nta shingiro bufite.

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[68] Rutegetse Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa kwishyura GT BANK umwenda wa 23.129.885 Frw nk’uko yategetswe mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi. [69]Rutegetse GT BANK gusubiza Ntakirutinka 19.000.000 Frw yashyizwe kuri konti ya Uzabumwana utari we wagombaga kwishyurwa. [70]Rutegetse Uzabumwana gusubiza GT BANK 19.000.000 Frw yashyizwe kuri konti ye ataragombaga gushyirwaho. [71]Rutegetse Uzabumwana kwishyura Ntakirutinka 3.200.000 Frw yahawe mu ntoki ataragombaga kuyahabwa. [72]Rutegetse GT BANK na Uzabumwana gufatanya (in solidum) kwishyura 2/3 by’amafaranga y’ikurikirana rubanza n’igihembo cya avoka Ntakirutinka yategetswe mu rubanza RCAA 0051/08/CS, ni ukuvuga 1.200.000 Frw [73] Rutegetse GT BANK na Uzabumwana kwishyura Ntakirutinka 36.500.000 Frw y’inyungu yavukijwe kubera imodoka ze zafatiriwe, GT BANK ikishyura 7.300.000 Frw, naho Uzabumwana akishyura 29.200.000 Frw. [74] Rutegetse GT BANK na Uzabumwana kwishyura Ntakirutinka 3.000.000 Frw z’indishyi z’akababaro, Uzabumwana akishyura 2.400.000 Frw, naho GT BANK ikishyura 600.000 Frw. [75] Rutegetse GT BANK na Uzabumwana kwishyura Ntakirutinka na Mukarugambwa 1.500.000 Frw y’ikurikirana rubanza n’igihembo cya avoka ku nzego zombi baburaniyemo, Uzabumwana akishyura 1.000.000 Frw, naho GT BANK ikishyura 500.000 Frw. [76] Rutegetse GT BANK na Uzabumwana kwishyura amagarama y’uru rubanza angana na 42.550 Frw.