IMIRONGO SC - November 2022 -January 2023

# IMIRONGO SC - November 2022 -January 2023

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Court Precedents - Date: 2022-11-18 - Collection: Supreme Court

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IMIRONGO YATANZWE MU MANZA ZACIWE N’URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA

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ISHAKIRO IRIBURIRO .............................................................................................................................................. 4 ............................................................................................................. 5 1. Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yatewe n’ibinyabiziga ................................................................... 6 2. Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zisabwa n’abana bapfushije umubyeyi mu mpanuka .................. 9 3. Gutegekwa kwishyura mu buryo buhuriweho (obligation in solidum) ....................................... 11 4. Kugabana umutungo hagati y’ababanye batarashyingiranywe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko mu gihe bahagaritse kubana ...................................................................................................................... 14 ................................................................................................................... 17 1. Kwirukanwa ku kazi hashingiwe ku ikosa umukozi yagizweho umwere mu manza nshinjabyaha

18 ...................................................................................................................... 21 1. Amasezerano y’ubugwate ku mutungo utimukanwa ................................................................... 22 2. Ibarwa ry’inyungu z’ubukererwe zo kutishyurira igihe ingwate nk’umwishingizi, mu masoko ya Leta 24 .............................................................................................................................. 28 1. Inyungu z’urega mu manza zisaba gukuraho ingingo z’itegeko zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga 29 ........................................................................................................................ 33 1. Ibarwa ry’ibihe byo gusaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane ....................... 34 UMWANZURO ......................................................................................................................................... 36

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IJAMBO RYIBANZE

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IRIBURIRO

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1. Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yatewe n’ibinyabiziga

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza no RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC rwaciwe ku wa 02/12/2023 haburana Prime Insurance Company Ltd na UWIMANIMPAYE Jean Claude. Ibibazo byasuzumwe: - Kumenya igipimo cy’ibitsa kigomba guherwaho mu kubara indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. - Kumenya niba umuntu utagaragaje ko yari afite akazi igihe cy’impanuka akwiye kugenerwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi.

Inkomoko y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yakomerekeyemo UWIMANIMPAYE Jean Claude, itewe n’ikinyabiziga gifite ubwishingizi muri Prime Insurance Company Ltd. Iyo mpanuka yasigiye UWIMANIMPAYE ubumuga buhoraho ndetse n’ubusembwa bw’umubiri, aho abaganga bo ku ruhande rwe bagaragaje ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 78% n’ubusembwa bw’umubiri bungana na 65%, naho abo ku ruhande rwa Prime Insurance Company Ltd bagaragaza ubumuga buhoraho bwa 28%. UWIMANIMPAYE Jean Claude avuga ko yatumijwe na PRIME Insurance mu muhango w’ubuhuza ariko ntibabasha kumvikana ku gipimo cy’ubumuga, umushahara muto ku munsi ndetse n’iminsi y’akazi, maze bituma aregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi asaba guhabwa indishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka. Prime Insurance Company Ltd yisobanuye ivuga ko yemera gutanga indishyi, ko ariko UWIMANIMPAYE Jean Claude hari umuhango atubahirije wo gukora irindi suzuma ry’ubumuga, igasaba ko wakorwa kugira ngo babone igipimo cy’ubumuga cyagenderwaho batanga indishyi. Mu rubanza no RC 00003/2019/TGI/KNG, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi rwemeje ko ikirego cya UWIMANIMPAYE Jean Claude gifite ishingiro, rutegeka Prime Insurance Company Ltd kumwishyura 14.186.126 Frw. Imikirize y’uru rubanza yaje gushimangirwa n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, mu rubanza n° RCA 00029/2019/HC/RSZ,

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nyuma y’uko Pime Insurance Company Ltd ijuriye ariko ubujurire bwayo ntibuhabwe ishingiro. Prime Insurance Company Ltd yasubirishijemo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane ruhabwa no RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ivuga ko hari umuhango utarubahirijwe wo gushyiraho umuganga wa gatatu cyangwa itsinda ry’abaganga mu gihe batumvikanaga ku gipimo cy’ubumuga cyatanzwe n’abaganga b’impande zombi. UWIMANIMPAYE we avuga ko gushyiraho umuganga wa gatatu bidakorerwa mu rubanza, ko iyo Prime Insurance Company Ltd iza kubona ko ari ngombwa iba yarabikoze igihe yayimenyeshaga ko atemera ibyakozwe n’umuganga wo ku ruhande rwayo. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe icyemezo mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi ku wa 22/07/2022 rutegeka ko hashyirwaho umuganga cyangwa itsinda ry’abaganga bumvikanyweho n’impande zombi kugirango bafashe kugena igipimo cy’ubumuga bwa UWIMANIMPAYE Jean Claude. Nyuma yo kubona raporo yakozwe n’umuganga washyizweho, ikagaragaza ubumuga buhoraho bwa 49% n’ubusembwa bw’umubiri bungana na 4/6, ababuranyi ku mpande zombi bumvikanye ku ndishyi zagombaga kugenwa, ikibazo gisigara ku ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu kuko batemeranyaga ku gipimo cy’ibitsa, ndetse no ku ndishyi z’ibangamiraburambe ku kazi, kuko UWIMANIMPAYE we yavugaga ko agomba kuzihabwa kuko n’ubwo atari afite akazi gahemberwa ku kwezi ariko yakoraga ari nyakabyizi, kandi ko ubumuga yatewe n’impanuka bwatumye adashobora gukora nk’uko yari asanzwe akora. Urukiko rwasanze igipimo cy’ibitsa kigenderwaho ari ikigaragara ku rubuga rwa Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda ku munsi w’isomwa ry’urubanza, runasanga UWIMANIMPAYE adakwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe ku kazi kuko atagaragaza akazi ka nyakabyizi avuga yakoraga, maze rwemeza ko UWIMANIMPAYE Jean Claude yagombaga guhabwa indishyi zingana na 7.424.043.6 Frw, rumutegeka gusubiza Prime Insurance Company Ltd 6.702.142, 4 Frw no kuyishyura amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’avoka. Ingingo y’itegeko umurongo ushingiyeho: Ingingo ya 19, igika cya 4, y’Iteka rya Perezida n° 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri biturutse ku mpanuka zitewe

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n’ibinyabiziga, iteganya ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zitangwa mu bihe bikurikira: - Gutakaza amahirwe y’akazi ku munyeshuri wo mu mashuri yisumbuye, uwo mu mashuri y’imyuga, uwo mu mashuri makuru cyangwa andi angana na yo; - Gutakaza uburambe mu kazi ku muntu wari usanzwe akora. […] Mu rurimi rw’igifaransa iyi ngingo yanditswe muri aya magambo : Le préjudice de carrière s’entend : - soit de la perte de chance certaine d’une carrière à laquelle peut raisonnablement espérer un élève ou un étudiant de l’enseignement secondaire, technique, supérieur ou leur équivalent ; - soit de la perte de carrière subie par une personne déjà engagée dans la vie active. […] Imirongo yatanzwe :  Igipimo cy’ibitsa gishingirwaho habarwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ni igishyirwaho na Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (Central Bank rate), kigaragara ku rubuga (Website) rwayo ku munsi w’isomwa ry’urubanza.  Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, zigomba kumvikana nk’indishyi zo gutakaza akazi. Abatakaza akazi ni abari bagafite bakagatakaza kubera impanuka. Umuntu utagaragaza ko hari akazi yari afite ubwo yakoraga impanuka nta ndishyi z’ibangamiraburambe mu kazi ashobora guhabwa.

Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: - Philippe Malaurie et alii, Droit des obligations, 10ème édition, 2018, Paris, LGDJ, P. 241. - Buffelan-Lanore, Yvaine, and Virginie Larribau-Terneyre. Droit civil. Les obligations- 17e ed. Sirey, 2020, P. 2508.

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2. Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zisabwa n’abana bapfushije umubyeyi mu mpanuka

Urubanza rwasuzumwe : Urubanza no RS/INJUST/RC 00018/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 27/01/2023, haburana NIYONZIMA Leonidas n’abandi, barega SANLAM AG Plc. Ibibazo byasuzumwe : Kumenya niba abana barengeje imyaka y’ubukure bashobora guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zikomoka ku mpanuka yahitanye umubyeyi wabo. Kumenya niba ibitararegewe cyangwa ngo bisuzumwe mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane bishobora gusuzumwa mu rubanza rw’akarengane Inkomoko y’ikibazo : Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka y’imodoka yahitanye NYANZIRA Rosalie, yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SORAS AG Ltd ubu yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc. Abana ba nyakwigendera, umubyeyi we n’abavandimwe be, bareze SORAS AG Ltd mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge basaba indishyi zitandukanye zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka nyuma y’uko ubwumvikane hagati yabo na SORAS bunaniranye. SORAS AG Ltd yireguraga ivuga ko ikwiye gutanga indishyi koko ariko ko izasabwe ari umurengera. Mu rubanza no RC 00403/2019/TGI/NYGE, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwategetse SORAS AG Ltd kwishyura abana ba nyakwigendera indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’indishyi z’ibangamiramuco kuri buri wese, kwishyura umubyeyi wa Nyakwigendera n’abavandimwe be indishyi mbangamiramuco kandi ikishyura abarega amafaranga y’ibyakoreshejwe, ndetse n’igihembo cy’avoka. SORAS AG Ltd yaje guhinduka SANLAM AG Plc yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru, ivuga ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zagenewe abana ba Nyanzira Rosalie zitakurikije amategeko kuko bari bafite imyaka y’ubukure, bakaba bataragaragaje ibimenyetso by’uko bari batunzwe n’umubyeyi wabo. Mu rubanza no RCA 00124/2020/HC/KIG, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa SANLAM AG Plc bufite ishingiro, rutegeka ko nta ndishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yateje urupfu rwa Nyanzira Rosalie zigomba gutangwa ku bana ba NYANZIRA Rosalie ndetse no ku bavandimwe

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be, maze bategekwa kwishyura SANLAM AG Plc indishyi. Ibyo byatumye bandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire basaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, amaze gusuzuma ubusabe bwabo, yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, nawe nyuma yo gusuzuma raporo yarukozweho, yemeza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ruhabwa no RS/INJUST/00018/2022/SC. Muri uru rubanza ababuranyi b’impande zombi bemeranyijwe ko hazasuzumwa gusa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’avoka naho ibindi byari byaregewe babyumvikanaho mu nama ntegurarubanza. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasanze abana ba nyakwigendera bose bari bafite imyaka y’ubukure igihe umubyeyi wabo yakoraga impanuka, rusanga badakwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu mu gihe batagaragaje ibimenyetso byemeza ko ariwe wari ubatunze. Ku birebana n’umubyeyi wa Nyanzira Rosalie, rwasanze nta ndishyi agomba guhabwa kuko mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge atigeze atanga ikirego gisaba indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. Imirongo yatanzwe:

 Abana b’uwazize impanuka bafite imyaka y’ubukure ntibahabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu keretse bagaragaje ibimenyetso by’uko bari batunzwe na Nyakwigendera.  Kuba umuburanyi wumva ko urubanza yaburanye rwabayemo akarengane yarahawe inzira yo kuba yarusubirishamo rukaburanishwa bundi bushya, ntibivuga ko yakwitwaza iyo nzira kugira ngo azane ibirego bishya bitari mu murongo w’ibyaregewe urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere cyangwa ingingo zitasuzumwe mu rubanza rusubirishwamo kuko yaba avuye mu mbibi z’urwo rubanza.

Izindi manza bihuza uyu murongo wa kabiri wafashwe : Urubanza rubanziriza urundi n° RS/INJUST/RSOC 00001/2018/SC, haburana Banki y’abaturage na Ukwibishaka Alexis, rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2020 ; - Urubanza n° RS/INJUST/RC 00024/2018/SC, haburana Ngizweninshuti Albert na Muhima Giovanni, rwaciwe ku wa 21/02/2020 ;

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- Urubanza n° RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2018/SC, haburana Nditiribambe Samuel, Gatera Johnson n’abandi rwaciwe ku wa 13/03/2020. 3. Gutegekwa kwishyura mu buryo buhuriweho (obligation in solidum)

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2021/SC rwaciwe ku wa 16/12/2022, haburana NDAYISENGA Protais, MUKANDEKEZI Marie na MUKANDENGO Aurélie na HABIYAMBERE Ignace. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya niba umwe mu bategetswe gufatanya kwishyura, wishyuye wenyine mu gihe cy’irangiza ry’urubanza yarishyuye amafaranga y’ikirenga. Inkomoko y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku nzu HABIYAMBERE Ignace yaguze na MUKANDEKEZI Euphrasie muri cyamunara yabaye harangizwa urubanza uyu yatsinzwemo n’umukazana we UMUHOZA Anonciata. HABIYAMBERE Ignace avuga ko kuva yagura iyo nzu atigeze ayihabwa kuko MUKANDEKEZI yanze kuyirekura ndetse agakomeza no kwishyurwa amafaranga y’ubukode bwayo. Byatumye amurega mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge asaba guhabwa inzu yaguze n’amafaranga y’ubukode bwayo, urwo rubanza ruhabwa no RC 0696/12/TGI/NYGE, ruza gusibwa mu bitabo by’ibirego kubera ubusaze bwo kutarukurikirana. HABIYAMBERE Ignace yatanze ikirego cyo kurubyutsa, gihabwa no RC 0119/15/TGI/NYGE ariko ruburanishwa MUKANDEKEZI Euphrasie yarapfuye, hahamagazwa abazungura be MUKANDEKEZI Marie, MUKANDENGO Aurélie na NDAYISENGA Protais, maze mu icibwa ryarwo, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwemeza ko ikirego cya HABIYAMBERE Ignace cyo kubyutsa urubanza gifite ishingiro, runemeza ko ikirego yatanze asaba guhabwa inzu yaguze muri cyamunara nacyo gifite ishingiro, rutegeka abazungura ba MUKANDEKEZI Euphrasie kumuha inzu yaguze nta yandi mananiza no gufatanya kumwishyura amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’avoka.

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HABIYAMBERE Ignace ndetse na NDAYISENGA Protais bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, ibirego byabo bihabwa no RCA 0358-410/15/HC/KIG, maze muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa HABIYAMBERE Ignace bufite ishingiro, ko ubujurire bwa NDAYISENGA Protais budafite ishingiro, rutegeka abazungura ba MUKANDEKEZI gufatanya kwishyura HABIYAMBERE Ignace 17,714,000 Frw y’indishyi mbonezamusaruro zikomoka ku bukode bw’amazu, bakanamwishyura amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’avoka. NDAYISENGA Protais, MUKANDEKEZI Marie na MUKANDENGO Aurélie basubirishijemo urwo rubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko rwongera kuburanishwa, ruhabwa no RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2021/SC. Abarega bavuze ko Urukiko Rukuru rwahaye HABIYAMBERE Ignace indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 17,741,000 Frw kandi mu mwanzuro we yarasabye izingana na 5.265.000 Frw, naho mu gihe cy’iburanisha akaba yarasabye 5.866.000 Frw. By’umwihariko MUKANDENGO Aurélie yasabye gusubizwa amafaranga y’ikirenga yatanze harangizwa urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru. HABIYAMBERE Ignace we yireguye avuga ko indishyi yahawe arizo yasabye kuko izingana na 5.265.000 Frw zigaragara mu mwanzuro w’inyongera, w’umuhimbano kuko utakozwe na Me MBERA Martine wamwunganiraga, naho kuba MUKANDENGO asaba gusubizwa amafaranga y’ikirenga yatanze harangizwa urubanza agasanga bidakwiye kuko yayishyuye nk’umuburanyi wari watsinzwe. Urukiko rwasanze nta kimenyetso cyatanzwe mu Rukiko Rukuru kigaragaza ko amafaranga yavaga mu bukode bw’amazu arizo ndishyi mbonezamusaruro, angana na 17.741.000 Frw ahubwo rusanga ibimenyetso byatanzwe mu Rukiko Rukuru bigaragaza ko amafaranga y’ubukode yavaga mu mazu hakurikijwe imiryango yakodeshwaga n’amafaranga bayikodeshaga buri kwezi ndetse n’imyaka yari ishize, angana na 5.265.000 frw, rwemeza ko arizo ndishyi mbonezamusaruro zagombaga guhabwa HABIYAMBERE Ignace. Ku bijyanye n’amafaranga MUKANDENGO Aurélie yavugaga ko agomba gusubizwa kuko yarenze kuyo yagombaga kwishyura bitewe n’uko yari gufatanya n’abandi bavandimwe be kwishyura akaba yarishyuye wenyine, Urukiko rwasanze indishyi

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mbonezamusaruro bagombaga kwishyura zingana na 5.265.000 frw hiyongereyeho amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza, igihembo cy’avoka ndetse n’igarama ryari ryatanzwe na HABIYAMBERE, bakaba baragombaga kumwishyura indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 6.590.000 Frw, ariko ko bigaragara ko mu kurangiza urubanza MUKANDENGO Aurélie yishyuye 6.346.000 Frw gusa, rusanga ari make kuyo HABIYAMBERE Ignace yagombaga guhabwa, ruvuga ko nta mafaranga MUKANDENGO agomba gusubizwa kuko yayatanze harangizwa urubanza kandi akaba ariwe wari ufite ubwishyu kuko Urukiko rutigeze rutegeka amafaranga buri wese yagombaga gutanga, ko ahubwo rwabategetse gufatanya kwishyura . Umurongo watanzwe :  Iyo Urukiko rutegetse ko abantu bafatanya kwishyura ntirutegeke ayo buri wese agomba gutanga, icyo ruba rutegetse ni uko bishyura mu buryo buhuriweho (obligation in solidum), bikavuga ko ugomba kwishyurwa yishyuza uwo abona ko afite ubushobozi, uyu akaba yaziyishyuriza bagenzi be.

Inyandiko z’abahanga : Buffelan-Lanore, Yvaine, and Virginie Larribau-Terneyre. Droit civil. Les obligations-17e ed. Sirey, 2020. § 2547 et 2548

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4. Kugabana umutungo hagati y’ababanye batarashyingiranywe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko mu gihe bahagaritse kubana

Urubanza rwasuzumwe : Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00001/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 20/01/2023, haburana MBESIGYE Marguerite, MUKANGWIJE Espérance na NIYODUSENGA Anaclet. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe : Kumenya niba ababanye batarashyingiranywe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko bashobora kugabana umutungo bashakanye igihe baba bahagaritse kubana. Inkomoko y’ikibazo : NIYODUSENGA Anaclet yashyingiranywe na MUKANGWIJE Espérance mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, bakavuga ko mu mwaka wa 2007 MUKANGWIJE Espérance yavuye mu rugo akajya iwabo i Rusizi kwivuza, agatinda, maze NIYODUSENGA Anaclet ahita abana na MBESIGYE Marguerite ndetse bigeze mu mwaka wa 2012 basezerana imbere y’amategeko kandi amasezerano ya mbere NIYODUSENGA Anaclet yagiranye na MUKANGWIJE Espérance akiriho, bituma NIYODUSENGA Anaclet akurikiranwa ku cyaha cyo gushyingirwa bwa kabiri kandi isezerano rya mbere rigihari, aragihanirwa. Nyuma y’urubanza rwahamije NIYODUSENGA Anaclet icyo cyaha, MUKANGWIJE Espérance yahise aregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu asaba ko MBESIGYE Marguerite akurwa ku byangombwa by’imitungo ine itandukanye yanditseho we na NIYODUSENGA Anaclet, urwo rubanza ruhuzwa n’urwa MBESIGYE Marguerite wareze asaba kugabana iyo mitungo na NIYODUSENGA Anaclet kuko avuga ko bayishakanye. Mu rubanza RC 00063/2018/TGI/RBV CMB RC 00068/2018/TGI/RBV, Urukiko rwemeje ko imitungo itimukanwa yaregewe iherereye mu Karere ka Rubavu yandikwa kuri NIYODUSENGA Anaclet na MUKANGWIJE Espérance, buri wese akagira uruhare rungana na 50%, MBESIGYE Marguerite akayandukurwaho, runategeka MBESIGYE Marguerite guha NIYODUSENGA Anaclet na MUKANGWIJE Espérance indishyi. Ibyo ni nabyo byemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, mu rubanza no RCA 00028/2019/HC/MUS aho rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu.

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Nyuma y’icibwa ry’urwo rubanza, MBESIGYE Marguerite yasubirishijemo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko urwo rubanza rwongera kuburanishwa n’uru Rukiko, ruhabwa no RS/INJUST/RC 00001/2022/SC. Muri uru rubanza Urukiko rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba MBESIGYE Marguerite yagira uruhare rungana na 50% ku mutungo ubaruye kuri UPI : 3/03/11/04/5600 ; UPI : 3/03/11/01/60 ; UPI :3/03/04/06/383 ; UPI :3/03/04/06/481. MBESIGYE Marguerite yavuze ko uwo mutungo yafatanyije na NIYODUSENGA Anaclet kuwushaka, uyu we akavuga ko iyo mitungo ari iye yiguriye adafatanyije na MBESIGYE Marguerite, ahubwo ko MUKANGWIJE Espérance, umugore we w’isezerano, ariwe ugomba kwandikwaho 50% y’iyo mitungo. MUKANDWIJE Espérance we yavuze ko iyo mitungo yose ayifatanyije na NIYODUSENGA Anaclet, maze Urukiko rusanga nubwo isezerano rya MBESIGYE Marguerite na NIYODUSENGA Anaclet nta gaciro rigifite, mu mitungo ine yaregewe, itatu yabonetse guhera mu mwaka wa 2007 kugeza muri 2017, ubwo MUKANGWIJE Espérance yagarukaga, ko iyo mitungo NIYODUSENGA yafatanyije na MBESIGYE Marguerite kuyishaka, bityo ko bagomba kuyigabana. Umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko:

Mu gihe ababanaga nk’umugabo n’umugore batarashyingiranywe bahagaritse kubana, kugira ngo bagabane umutungo, ni uko bagomba kuba bawufitanye cyangwa barawushakanye. Amagambo « bawufitanye » cyangwa « barawushakanye » ntavuga ko buri wese agomba kugaragaza ingano (quantité) y’ibyo yakoze kugira ngo umutungo ubeho cyangwa ngo yerekane ibyo yawushyizeho kugira ngo wiyongere agaciro, ahubwo uwo mutungo ugomba kuba warabonetse muri cya gihe kidashidikanywaho bombi babanaga. Icya ngombwa ni uko muri iyo mibanire buri wese aba yaragize ibyo akora byagize uruhare mu guteza imbere urugo.

Izindi manza bihuje umurongo: - Urubanza RS/REV/INJUST/CIV0007/15/CS rwa NYIRAKAMANA Marciana n’abandi baregagamo MUKASHARANGABO Eugénie n’abandi, rwaciwe ku wa 04/12/2015;

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- Urubanza RS/Inconst/Pen.0003/10/CS, GATERA Johnson na KABARISA Teddy, rwaciwe ku wa 07/01/2011, para 15. - Urubanza RCAA 0022/13/CS rwa NGANGARE John na MUKANKURANGA Grace, rwaciwe ku wa 25/07/2014, para 24. - Urubanza RCAA 0048/14/CS rwa AHISHAKIYE Jean na NAMAGABIRA Vénantie, rwaciwe ku wa 11/03/2016, para 26-2 - Urubanza RCAA 0014/15/CS rwa UMUTONI K. Jackline na NIWENSHUTI Aloys & MUKAMBUGUJE Alodie, rwaciwe ku wa 01/12/2017, para 33

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1. Kwirukanwa ku kazi hashingiwe ku ikosa umukozi yagizweho umwere mu manza nshinjabyaha

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza RS/INJUST/RAD 00001/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 27/01/2023, haburana Ikigo cy’Iguhugu Gishinzwe Ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda) NISR na NIYIGABA Jean. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: kumenya niba mu rwego rw’akazi umuntu yahanirwa ibikorwa yakurikiranyweho mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha akabigirwaho umwere. Imvano y’ikibazo: NIYIGABA Jean yareze Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda (NISR) kuba cyaramwirukanye mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kivuga ko yagiye mu butumwa bw’akazi ubwo yari yitabiriye amahugurwa ntawe umwoherejeyo akoresheje urupapuro rw’inzira (ordre de mission) rw’uruhimbano, kandi nyamara icyo cyaha yaragikurikiranyweho mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha akagirwa umwere n’urukiko. NISR yireguye ivuga ko kuba NIYIGABA Jean yaragizwe umwere mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha bidakuraho ko yashoboraga gukurikiranwa mu rwego rw’akazi, ibyo akaba ari nako byagenze. Mu rubanza RAD 00191/2019/TGI/NYGE, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwemeje ko ikirego cya NIYIGABA Jean gifite ishingiro, rutegeka ko icyemezo cya NISR kimwirukana ku kazi kivanyweho agasubizwa mu kazi, ndetse agahabwa n’imishahara ye yose yavukijwe kuva ahagaritswe ku kazi by’agateganyo kugeza asubiye ku kazi hamwe n’indishyi. Ibi ni nabyo byaje kwemezwa n’Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza RADA 00008/2020/HC/KIG ku bujurire bwa NISR. NISR yasabye ko urubanza rumaze kuvugwa rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko urwo rubanza rwongera kuburanishwa n’uru Rukiko, ruhabwa no RS/INJUST/RAD 00001/2022/SC. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasanze ababuranyi b’impande zombi bemeranya ko NIYIGABA Jean yakurikiranwe mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha akaza kugirwa umwere kandi ko ibikorwa yirukaniwe aribyo yakurikiranweho mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha akabigirwaho umwere, rusanga NISR yarirukanye NIYIGABA Jean mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, kuko ibikorwa

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bigize ikosa yamwirukaniye Urukiko rwasanze ntabyabayeho, maze rwemeza ko nta karengane kabaye mu rubanza RADA 00008/2020/HC/KIG. Umurongo watanzwe:

 Kudakurikiranwa mu manza nshinjabyaha ntibibuza umukozi kuba yakurikiranwa ku makosa yo mu rwego rw’akazi. Cyakora, ibikorwa umukozi yakurikiranweho mu manza nshinjabyaha akabigirwaho umwere, umukoresha ntashobora guhindukira ngo abishingireho amufatira ibihano byo mu rwego rw’akazi.

Izindi manza bihuje umurongo: - Urubanza n° RS/REV/INJUST/RAD 00005/2018/SC, rw’Umujyi wa Kigali na NDAKENGERWA GASANA Aimable, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku itariki ya 15/03/2019, igika cya 28. - Urubanza n° RADA 0012/07/CS rwa Leta y’u Rwanda (Rwanda Civil Aviation) na NKONGORI John, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku itariki ya 27/03/2009, igika cya 55 n’icya 56. - Urubanza n° RADA 0021/09/CS rwa NIYONSHUTI NZARAMBA Valens n’icyahoze ari ELECTROGAZ, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku itariki ya 25/03/2011, igika cya 9, icya 10 n’icya 12 - Urubanza n° RADA 0037/10/CS EWSA na NDAYOBOTSE Amon, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku itariki ya 31/07/2011, igika cya 14. Imanza zo mu mahanga: - Conseil d’Etat, Assemblée du 8 janvier 1971, 77800, publié au Recueil Lebon

Urubanza ruyoboye izindi: - RS/INJUST/RAD 00001/2022/SC haburana Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda) NISR na NIYIGABA Jean kuko Urukiko rwabanje kugaragaza umurongo wafashwe mu zindi manza zavuzwe haruguru, aho rwagiye rwemeza ko kuba umwere cyangwa

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kudakurikiranwa mu manza nshinjabyaha bitabuza ko umukozi ahanirwa ikosa mu rwego rw’akazi, runasobanura irengayobora rihari.

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1. Amasezerano y’ubugwate ku mutungo utimukanwa

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC0M 00003/2021/SC, rwaciwe ku wa 18/11/2022 haburana Equity Bank Rwanda Plc, BES & Supply Ltd na UWIMANA Saidi Salim. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya igihe amasezerano y’ubugwate ku mutungo utimukanwa ashobora guseswa Imvano y’ikibazo: UWIMANA Saidi Salim yatije NZIZERA Aimable ingwate ku mutungo we ufite UPI: 1/03/07/01/248, uyu nawe ayitanga muri Equity Bank Rwanda Plc kubera umwenda ungana na 217,000,000 Frw BES & Supply Ltd abereye umuyobozi yari ifitiye iyo Banki. UWIMANA Saidi Salim yaje gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge arega Equity Bank Rwanda Ltd na BES & Supply Ltd, asaba gusesa amasezerano y’ubugwate ku mutungo ufite UPI: 1/03/07/01/248, avuga ko umwenda wari watumye atiza iyo ngwate warangije kwishyurwa, aho kugira ngo asubizwe ingwate ye ahubwo BES & SUPPLY Ltd iyifatiraho undi mwenda. Equity Bank yireguye ivuga ko BES & Supply ltd itigeze yishyura uwo mwenda, kandi ko nta wundi mwenda yigeze ifata muri iyo Banki. Mu rubanza RCOM 1057/2017/TC/NYGE, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge rwemeje ko ikirego cya UWIMANA Saidi Salim nta shingiro gifite, ko amasezerano y’ubugwate ku mutungo wavuzwe atagomba guseswa, ko kandi uwo mutungo ukomeza kuba ingwate ya Equity Bank Rwanda Plc kugeza igihe umwenda BES & Supply iyifitiye wishyuwe. UWIMANA Saidi Salim yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi akomeza gusaba ko amasezerano y’ubugwate aseswa, maze urwo Rukiko ruca urubanza RCOMA 00815/2018/CHC/HCC, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe bufite ishingiro, ko imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe ihindutse, ko kandi ingwate ku mutungo wanditswe kuri UPI:1/03/07/01/248 yatanzwe ku nguzanyo ya overdraft facility yo ku itariki ya 28/11/2016 mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko iteshejwe agaciro, ikaba igomba gusubizwa UWIMANA Saidi Salim.

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Equity Bank yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire ivuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwafashe ibintu uko bitari, rutesha agaciro ingwate kandi umwenda utararangira kwishyurwa. Mu rubanza RCOMAA 00079/2019/CA rwaciwe ku wa 04/09/2020, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasanze ubujurire bwa Equity Bank Rwanda Plc butari mu bubasha bwarwo bitewe n’uko agaciro k’ingwate UWIMANA Saidi Salim yatije BES and SUPPLY katagejeje kuri 75.000.000 frw, maze rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Equity Bank Rwanda Plc butakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bwarwo. Equity Bank Rwanda Plc yasabye gusubirishamo urwo rubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane maze Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko rwongera kuburanishwa, ruhabwa no RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2021/SC. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabanje gusuzuma niba ubujurire bwa Equity Bank Rwanda Plc bwaragombaga kwakirwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, maze ku wa 08/04/2022, mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa kabiri bwa Equity Bank Rwanda Plc bwagombaga kwakirwa bugasuzumwa mu Rukiro rw’Ubujurire kuko bwari mu bubasha bwarwo kubera ko, n’ubwo koko icyaburanywe ari ingwate, ariko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 8 y’Itegeko n° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, mu kugena ububasha bw’urukiko iyo ngwate itagombaga gutandukanywa n’umwenda wishingiwe. . Rwemeje ko iburanisha mu mizi rizakomeza hasuzumwa ubujurire Equity Bank Rwanda Plc yari yatanze mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire. Muri urwo rubanza rubanziriza urundi, Urukiko rwatanze umurongo ukurikira:

 Mu kugena ububasha bw’Urukiko mu bijyanye n’imanza zerekeye amasezerano y’ubugwate ku mitungo itimukanwa, ingwate ntigomba gutandukanywa n’umwenda wishingiwe. Umwenda wishingiwe niwo ugena ububasha bw’Urukiko aho kugira ngo bureberwe ku ngwate kuko icyo ingwate iba igamije ari ukwishingira ko umwenda uzishyurwa.

Mu gusuzuma ingingo z’ubujurire Equity Bank yari yatanze mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba amasezerano y’ubugwate yakozwe ku mutungo uri mu kibanza UPI: 1/03/07/01/248 ataragombaga guseswa,

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rusanga nta kigaragaza ko umwenda wa 217,000,000 frw BES & Supply yari ifitiye Equity Bank Rwanda Plc yawishyuye ndetse nta n’ikigaragaza ko umwenda wa kabiri UWIMANA Saidi Salim avuga, Equity Bank yigeze iwutanga, maze rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugwate yakozwe ku mutungo uri mu kibanza UPI: 1/03/07/01/248 agumana agaciro kayo. Umurongo watanzwe :  Igihe cyose umwenda wishingiwe utarishyurwa, ingwate yawishingiye ikomeza kugira agaciro kuko amasezerano y‘ingwate ari amasezerano y’inyongera ku masezerano y‘umwenda wishingiwe

Urundi rubanza bihuje umurongo : - RCOMAA 00052/2016/SC-RCOMAA 0057/16/CS haburana I&M Bank Plc na SEBULIKOKO NIYOMWUNGERI Emmanuel na RWASIBO Béatrice, rwaciwe ku wa 09/06/2017 2. Ibarwa ry’inyungu z’ubukererwe zo kutishyurira igihe ingwate nk’umwishingizi, mu masoko ya Leta

Urubanza rwasuzumwe : Urubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00006/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 27/01/2023, haburana Banki y’Abaturage (Banque Populaire) n’Akarere ka Nyamasheke

Ibibazo byasuzumwe:  Kumenya ingano y’inyungu z’ubukererwe ku ngwate yo kurangiza imirimo neza BPR Bank Plc igomba kwishyura.  Kumenya niba BPR Bank Plc yishyujwe inyungu z’ubukererwe ziburanwa byagira ingaruka ku ituze cyangwa umutekano rusange.

 Kumenya Itegeko ryashingirwaho hasuzumwa ingano y’inyungu z’ubukererwe ku ngwate yo kurangiza imirimo neza BPR Bank Plc igomba kwishyura.

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 Kumenya niba inyungu z’ubukererwe ziteganywa n’Itegeko zaciwe BPR Bank Plc zishobora kugabanywa n’Urukiko kuko ari umurengera zigashyirwa ku kigero gikwiye. Imvano y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku kuba BPR Plc yaratinze kwishyura Akarere ka Nyamasheke ingwate yo kurangiza neza imirimo yo kubaka Ikigo cy’Amashuri cya Shangi kuko yari yarishingiye Entreprise Hategeka Consult & TP, ihagarariwe na HATEGEKA Célestin yari yarahawe iyo mirimo ariko ntiyirangize. Akarere ka Nyamasheke na BPR Bank Plc baburanye izo nyungu kugeza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire. Urwo Rukiko rwategetse ko ku ngwate ingana na 19.935.235 Frw, BPR Bank Plc yishyura inyungu z’ubukererwe zingana na 639.923.932 Frw hashigiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 78 y’Itegeko n° 12/2007 ryo ku wa 27/03/2007 rigenga Amasoko ya Leta. BPR Bank Plc, yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ivuga ko izo nyungu ari umurengera, bityo ko kuba yaraciwe inyungu z’ubukererwe zidahuye n’igihombo Akarere ka Nyamesheke kagize ari akarengane. BPR Bank Plc yavuze ko izo nyungu zikwiye kugarurwa ku rugero rukwiye kuko: 1) zishobora gutuma ihomba bigateza umutekano muke muri rubanda bayibikije amafaranga yabo, 2) izo nyungu ari igihano, bityo hashingiwe ku Itegeko rigenga amasezerano zigomba kugarurwa ku rugero rukwiye, 3) zidahuye n’icyo Umushingamategeko yashakaga kuko mu yandi mategeko, harimo ajyanye n’inyungu ku mwenda wafashwe muri banki cyangwa inyungu ku musoro watinze kwishyurwa, hishyuzwa inyungu zitarenze ingano y’umwenda. Akarere ka Nyamasheke kavuga ko izo nyungu ziteganywa n’Itegeko n° 12/2007 ryo ku wa 27/03/2007 rigenga Amasoko ya Leta, bityo ko zidakwiye kugabanywa kuko BPR Bank Plc itavuga ko ari umurengera kandi yari isanzwe izi ko nitishyurira ku gihe ingwate yatanze izazicibwa. Urukiko rwasanze inyungu z’ubukererwe zahawe Akarere ka Nyamasheke ari umurengera, mu bushishozi bwarwo rurazigabanya;

Imirongo yatanzwe:  Ntibihagije kuvuga gusa ko urubanza rufite ingaruka ku mutekano w’igihugu cyangwa ituze rusange, ahubwo ubiburanisha agomba kugaragaza isano iri

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hagati y’ibyo aburana, yaba abiregera cyangwa abiregwa, n’umutekano w’igihugu. Mu yandi magambo kuba umuburanyi aciwe inyungu z’ubukererwe atishimiye yaba ku bijyanye n’impamvu zashingiweho cyangwa ingano yazo, ntabwo aribyo byafatwa nk’impamvu yahungabanya ituze rusange ry’igihugu;  Amasezerano hagati y’abantu ku giti cyabo atandukanye n’amasezerano arebana n’Amasoko ya Leta ubundi ashyirwa mu bikorwa hifashishijwe imisoro y’abaturage kandi hagamijwe gukora igikorwa kiri mu nyungu rusange. Iyi nyungu rusange ntabwo buri gihe iboneka mu masezerano hagati y’abantu ku giti cyabo. Nyamara kandi iyo nyungu rusange niyo itegeka Urwego rutanga isoko gushingira ku mategeko yihariye agamije gusobanura uburyo amasezerano azashyirwa mu bikorwa no gushyira ku munzani uburenganzira n’inshingano by’abakoranye amasezerano;  N’ubwo inkiko zidakwiye gusubira mu masezerano yakozwe hagati y’ababuranyi, zifite inshingano zo kugarura mu bushishozi bwazo ingano y’inyungu zishyuzwa ku kigero nyakuri cy’igihombo cyatejwe;  Icyerekezo Umushingamategeko w’u Rwanda yahaye inyungu z’ubukererwe mu Itegeko rishya gishimangira ko no mu Itegeko n° 12/2007 ryo ku wa 27/03/2007 ryavuzwe haruguru, atashatse ko urwego rwatanze isoko rwikungahaza nta mpamvu cyangwa ko umwishingizi aterwa igihombo no kwishyuzwa inyungu z’ubukererwe zibarwa ubuzira herezo hatanitawe kubyo uzihawe yatakaje, kuko yaba kimwe cyangwa ikindi, gitera akarengane.  Inyungu ziteganywa n’itegeko zigomba kuba zihagije kugira ngo zice intege abashaka kwica itegeko kandi ntizigomba kubogamira ku ruhande ruzisaba gusa. Inyungu zemejwe ko ari umurengera zigomba kugarukira ku rugero rwagenwe n’Urukiko mu bushishozi bwarwo, zipfa kutarenga izikenewe mu gukosora ibyangijwe kandi zigatanga isomo kugira ngo ibyatumye zitangwa bitazasubira. Amategeko yashingiweho: 1. Ingingo ya 78 y’Itegeko n° 12/2007 ryo ku wa 27/03/2007 rigenga Amasoko ya Leta

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2. Ingingo ya 64 n’iya 146, igika cya 2 z’Itegeko n° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano 3. Ingingo ya 112 y’Itegeko n° 47/2017 ryo ku wa 23/09/2017 rigena imitunganyirize y’imirimo y’ama banki 4. Ingingo ya 59 y’Itegeko n° 25/2005 ryo ku wa 04/12/2005 rigena imitunganyirize y’isoresha 5. Ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko n° 1/2012 ryo ku wa 03/02/2012 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko n° 25/2005 ryo ku wa 04/12/2005 rigena imitunganyirize y’isoresha. 6. Ingingo ya 72 y’Itegeko n° 031/2022 ryo ku wa 21/11/2022 rigenga Amasoko ya Leta. Inyandiko z’abahanga:  Makinda, Samuel M. Sovereignty and Global Security, Security Dialogue, 1998, Sage Publications, Vol. 29(3) 29: pp. 281-292.  Christophe Lajoye, Droit des marchés publics, Gualino, Paris, 2021, p.280. 10. Sarah Ben Messaoud et Autres, Le droit des marchés publics : A l’Aune de la réforme du 1er Juillet 2013, Bruxelles, Larcier, 2014, pp. 10-11, p.61

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1. Inyungu z’urega mu manza zisaba gukuraho ingingo z’itegeko zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga

Urubanza rwasuzumwe : Urubanza rubanziriza urundi RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 16/12/2022, haburana MURANGWA Edward, rwahamagawemo Leta y’u Rwanda. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe : Kumenya niba MURANGWA Edward afite inyungu muri uru rubanza. Imvano y’ikibazo : MURANGWA Edward yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 10, agace ka 3, a, b na c ndetse n’agace ka 5, aka 7 n’aka 8, z’Itegeko no 12/2017 ryo ku wa 07/04/2017 rishyiraho Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Ubugenzacyaha rikanagena inshingano, ububasha, imitunganyirize n’imikorere byarwo; ingingo ya 38, iya 55, iya 56, iya 57, iya 60, iya 61 n’iya 70, z’Itegeko no 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 13, iya 14, iya 23, iya 24, iya 29, iya 43 n’iya 61 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015. Yasabye kandi ko mu gihe ingingo zaregewe zaba zitavanweho, mu bushishozi bwarwo, Urukiko rwaziha umurongo utuma zitagira uwo zihutaza kandi mu buryo butabangamiye inshingano z’inzego z’umutekano. Muri uru rubanza habanje gusuzumwa ibijyanye n’inyungu za MURANGWA Edward zo kurega. Avuga ko nk’umuntu urebwa n’itegeko ryose risohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta, usabwa gukora icyo ritegeka cyangwa kudakora icyo ribuza, afite inyungu kuko ingingo aregera zigena imihango ikurikizwa mu gihe cy’isaka kandi zigashyiraho urwego rufite ububasha bwo gutanga uruhushya rw’isaka, ndetse ko izo ngingo zijyanye n’ikurikiranacyaha zireba buri wese uri mu Rwanda, harimo na we ubwe n’umuryango we. Asanga kandi ibiteganywa n’izo ngingo binyuranyije n’ibiteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga cyane cyane mu ngingo yaryo ya 43, ariyo mpamvu afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko izo ngingo zivanwaho, atabanje gutegereza ko zimugiraho ingaruka kuko ari nko kwikingiza mbere yo kurwara, cyane cyane ko mu birego nk’ibi umuburanyi ashobora

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gusaba ko itegeko rivaho agamije kurengera inyungu rusange za rubanda bitabaye ngombwa ko agaragaza inyungu bwite abifitemo. Leta y’u Rwanda yo ivuga ko inyungu zo kurega ari impamvu z’ingenzi kugira ngo ikirego cyakirwe, ko byanatanzweho umurongo n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza rwa Samuel Baker, ko izo nyungu zigomba kumvikana nk’inyungu bwite kandi zitaziguye zerekana ko urega abangamiwe n’ingingo z’amategeko asaba ko zivanwaho, ko MURANGWA we aho kugaragaza inyungu bwite, agaragaza inyungu rusange, ko rero ikirego cye kiramutse cyakiriwe cyaba kitiranyijwe n’igitanzwe mu nyungu za rubanda (public interest litigation). Urukiko rwasanze ingingo z’Itegeko zaregewe ziri mu rwego rw’ingingo zireba buri wese, ko rero MURANGWA nk’umwe mu barebwa n’izo ngingo bimuha inyungu zo gutanga ikirego atabanje gutegereza ko we ku giti cye zimugiraho ingaruka, maze rwemeza ko MURANGWA Edward afite inyungu yo kuregera kwemeza ko itegeko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga muri uru rubanza. Ingingo y’itegeko umurongo ushingiyeho : Ingingo ya 72 igika cya mbere y’Itegeko nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko, iteganya ko “Umuntu ku giti cye, ikigo cyangwa umuryango ufite ubuzimagatozi bashobora kuregera Urukiko rw’Ikirenga basaba kwemeza ko itegeko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga iyo babifitemo inyungu”. Umurongo watanzwe:

 Inyungu z’uregera ko ingingo z’itegeko zinyuranyije n’itegeko nshinga zirebwa mu buryo bwagutse. Mu gusuzuma inyungu z’uregera bene ibi birego, hagomba kurebwa ibintu bikurikira, kandi kuba hariho kimwe muri byo bikaba byihagije kugira ngo Urukiko rwemeze ko urega afite inyungu:

(1) Niba hari itegeko riregerwa ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rireba urega cyangwa icyiciro abarizwamo by’umwihariko ku buryo afite inyungu ku giti cye zo gutanga ikirego. Urugero ni nk’Itegeko rireba abanyamakuru, abaganga, abarimu, n’abandi;

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(2) Niba itegeko riregerwa ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rireba abaturage muri rusange ku buryo rishobora kugira ingaruka ku burenganzira bwabo, ibyo bikaba aribyo bihesha umuntu uwo ari we wese rishobora kuzagiraho ingaruka inyungu zo kuriregera ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga; (3) Niba uwatanze ikirego ari umwavoka, uyu akaba mu nyungu z’ubutabera, yemerewe gutanga ikirego mu rwego rwo guteza imbere amategeko cyangwa uburenganzira bw’abarebwa n’iryo tegeko kabone n’ubwo nta nyungu we ku giti cye yaba afite muri icyo kirego. (Igika cya 17)

Izindi manza bihuje umurongo: - RS/INCONST/Pén.0001/07/CS rwa MUTEBWA Alfred, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 11/01/2008; - RS/INCONST/CIV 0002/09/CS rwa UWIMANA Jeannette, rwaciwe ku wa 18/06/2010; - RS/CONST/0002/12/CS rwa INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/10/2012; - RS/INCONST/CIV 0001/11/CS rwa BISENGIMANA Jerome, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 30/11/2012, igika cya 7; - RS/INCONST/002/10/CS rwa NTAWUBURINTIMBA Alivera, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/04/2012, igika cya 5; - RS/INCONST/SPEC 00002/2018/SC rwa Me MUGISHA Richard, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ku wa 18/01/2019; - RS/ICONST/SPEC 00004/2021/SC rwa Me NGENDAHAYO Kabuye, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/02/2022; - RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2021/SC rwa BYANSI Samuel Baker, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 10/12/2021; - RS/INCONST/SPEC 00002/2021/SC rwa BYANSI Samuel Baker rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/12/2021;

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Urubanza ruyoboye izindi (Leading case): Urubanza ruyoboye izindi mu manza zimaze kuvugwa ni urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2022/SC rwa MURANGWA Edward, rwaciwe ku wa 16/12/2022 kuko arirwo rwasobanuye mu buryo burambuye ibigenderwaho mu gusuzuma inyungu z’uregera ko ingingo z’itegeko zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga zivanwaho.

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1. Ibarwa ry’ibihe byo gusaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 06/01/2023, haburana SANLAM AG Plc na NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Ikibazo kijyanye n’iyubahirizwa ry’ibihe byo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Imvano y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yakomerekeyemo NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel ikanamutera ubumuga, itewe n’ikinyabiziga kishingiwe na SORAS AG ariyo SANLAM AG Plc y’ubu, bituma NSHIMIYIMANA arega SORAS mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi asaba indishyi zitandukanye zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka. Urwo rukiko rwaciye urubanza RC 00135/2018/TGI/RSZ, rutegeka SORAS AG kwishyura NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel indishyi zitandukanye yasabye. SORAS yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, narwo mu rubanza RCA 00024/2019/HC/RSZ rwaciwe ku wa 12/03/2020 rugumishaho imikirize y’urubanza rwa mbere. Ku wa 20/05/2020, SORAS AG yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc yasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengene, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko rwongera kuburanishwa n’uru Rukiko maze ruhabwa no RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2022/SC. Mu iburanisha ry’uru rubanza habanje gusuzumwa ibijyanye n’iyubahirizwa ry’ibihe byo gusaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane kwakozwe na SANLAM AG Plc. SANLAM ivuga ko yubahirije igihe cyo kurega kuko nubwo urubanza rwasomwe ku wa 12/03/2020 kopi yarwo yageze muri system ku wa 12/05/2020, maze isaba ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ku wa 20/05/2020 hashize iminsi 8 gusa kuko itari gushingira ku cyemezo cy’Urukiko cyonyine. NSHIMIYIMANA Emmanuel we avuga ko SANLAM yarengeje igihe cyo gusaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane uhereye igihe rwasomewe, kuko rwaburanishijwe bahari bagasinyira itariki y’isomwa ry’urubanza, kandi icyemezo cy’Urukiko kikaba cyari kiri muri system. Urukiko rwasanze SANLAM AG Plc yari ihari mu iburanisha isinyira itariki y’isomwa ry’urubanza maze rusanga yaratinze gusaba ko urubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu

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z’akarengane, rwemeza ko ikirego cyayo kitakiriwe kuko cyatanzwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko. Ingingo y’itegeko umurongo ushingiyeho: Ingingo ya 56, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iteganya ko “Ushaka ko urubanza rwe rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, abisaba urwego rubishinzwe mu nyandiko ikubiyemo impamvu ashingiraho mu gihe kitarenze iminsi mirongo itatu (30) uhereye ku munsi yamenyesherejwe imikirize yarwo.” Umurongo wafashwe n’Urukiko:

 Iminsi 30 yo gusaba ko urubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ibarwa uhereye igihe umuburanyi yamenyesherejwe imikirize y’urubanza asabira ko rusubirwamo. Mu manza umuburanyi yaburanye akamenyeshwa umunsi w’isomwa kandi uwo munsi ntuhinduke, uwo munsi w’isomwa niwo ufatwa ko yamenyeshejweho imikirize y’urubanza.

Urundi rubanza rwafashe uyu umurongo: - Urubanza rubanziriza urundi N° RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2019/SC rwa Access Bank na SOTIRU, rwaciwe ku wa 14/09/2020.

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UMWANZURO

Kugira ngo intego yo guhuriza hamwe iyi mirongo igerweho, abagana inkiko n’abatanga ubutabera (Abacamanza, Abashakashatsi n’Abanditsi b’inkiko…) bakwiye kujya bayifashisha mu gihe cyose batanga cyangwa basuzuma ibirego bihuje imiterere n’ibyatanzweho umurongo.

Kubera ko umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko ushobora guhinduka bitewe n’impamvu zitandukanye, abifuza kwifashisha imirongo yatanzwe n’Urukiko bakwiye kujya bihatira kumenya ibyemezo by’inkiko uko byagiye bikurikirana, kugira ngo binabafashe kumenya impinduka zabaye ku mirongo yagiye itangwa mbere.