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South Africa Judgment

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

Rampeta and Others v S (A311/11) [2012] ZAFSHC 205 (8 November 2012)

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01

Holding and result

The appeal succeeded to the extent that the trial court erred in finding no substantial and compelling circumstances. The appellants were all youthful students, with three being first offenders and one having a minor previous conviction. The complainant, though suffering severe emotional and psychological trauma, did not sustain serious physical injuries. These factors cumulatively justified a departure from the prescribed life sentence for rape. The sentences were individualized according to each appellant's age, role, and personal circumstances. The sentences for robbery and aggravated robbery were confirmed and ordered to run concurrently with the substituted sentences for rape. The sentences were backdated to account for time spent in custody awaiting trial.

Court disposition

Appeal partially upheld; life imprisonment sentences set aside and replaced with long-term imprisonment.

Orders

  • The appeal succeeds to the extent that the sentences of life imprisonment imposed for count 1 (rape) are set aside and substituted as follows: First appellant: 23 years imprisonment; Second appellant: 18 years imprisonment; Third appellant: 15 years imprisonment; Fourth appellant: 18 years imprisonment.
  • The sentences imposed for counts 2 and 3 (robbery and aggravated robbery) are to run concurrently with the above sentences.
  • All sentences are backdated to 25 October 2011.

02

Material facts

Parties

Sipho David Rampeta

Appellant Counsel: L M Tshabalala

Mpho Daniel Matenane

Appellant Counsel: L M Tshabalala

Thabo Manase

Appellant Counsel: L M Tshabalala

Motseng Ishmael Miya

Appellant Counsel: L M Tshabalala

The State

Respondent Counsel: C F Steyn

Amounts and remedies

  • First Appellant Sentence (years): 23
  • Second Appellant Sentence (years): 18
  • Third Appellant Sentence (years): 15
  • Fourth Appellant Sentence (years): 18
  • Robbery Sentences (years): 10

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal / Appeal Against Sentence

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The appellants argued that the trial court failed to properly consider their youthfulness, personal circumstances, and lack of serious physical injury to the complainant as substantial and compelling circumstances justifying a lesser sentence than life imprisonment. They contended that the imposition of life imprisonment was disproportionate and that long-term imprisonment would be more appropriate.
Respondent
The respondent, represented by the Director of Public Prosecutions, conceded that the trial court erred in its finding regarding substantial and compelling circumstances and supported the substitution of the life sentences with long-term imprisonment, acknowledging the mitigating factors present.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    S v Malgas 2001 (1) SACR 469 (SCA) at 482 b–e

    All factors traditionally taken into account in sentencing, including those diminishing moral guilt, must be considered. The cumulative impact of all relevant circumstances must justify departure from the prescribed minimum sentence if substantial and compelling circumstances exist.

  2. 02

    Rammoko v The Director of Public Prosecutions 2003 (1) SACR 200 (SCA) at 205 para [13]; Ndou v S [2012] JOL 29522 (SCA)

    Life imprisonment is the heaviest sentence a person can be legally obliged to serve; courts must have sufficient information to justify such a sentence, especially in cases involving young offenders and where the victim did not suffer serious physical injuries.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The appeal succeeded to the extent that the trial court erred in finding no substantial and compelling circumstances. The appellants were all youthful students, with three being first offenders and one having a minor previous conviction. The complainant, though suffering severe emotional and psychological trauma, did not sustain serious physical injuries. These factors cumulatively justified a departure from the prescribed life sentence for rape. The sentences were individualized according to each appellant's age, role, and personal circumstances. The sentences for robbery and aggravated robbery were confirmed and ordered to run concurrently with the substituted sentences for rape. The sentences were backdated to account for time spent in custody awaiting trial.

Obiter and limits

  • Courts should ensure they have sufficient information, including the mental effect on the victim, before imposing life imprisonment, especially in cases involving minors.
  • The seriousness of the offence and the interests of society must be balanced against the personal circumstances of the offenders to avoid unjust sentences.
  • Individualization of sentence is crucial, particularly where offenders differ in age, maturity, and prior criminal history.

Court disposition

Appeal partially upheld; life imprisonment sentences set aside and replaced with long-term imprisonment.

  • The appeal succeeds to the extent that the sentences of life imprisonment imposed for count 1 (rape) are set aside and substituted as follows: First appellant: 23 years imprisonment; Second appellant: 18 years imprisonment; Third appellant: 15 years imprisonment; Fourth appellant: 18 years imprisonment.
  • The sentences imposed for counts 2 and 3 (robbery and aggravated robbery) are to run concurrently with the above sentences.
  • All sentences are backdated to 25 October 2011.

Source and reliance status

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

Judgment reading view

Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

Free State High Court, Bloemfontein

Judgment

[2012] ZAFSHC 205

VRYSTAATSE HOË HOF, BLOEMFONTEIN

REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA

Appèlnommer : A311/11

In die appèl van:-

SIPHO DAVID RAMPETA .................................................1ste Appellant

MPHO DANIEL

MATENANE .............................................2de Appellant

THABO MANASE ..............................................................3de Appellant

MOTSENG

ISHMAEL MIYA ..............................................4de Appellant

en

DIE

STAAT ........................................................................................Respondent

CORAM: HANCKE, WND RP et MOCUMIE, R et MATLAPENG, WND R

AANGEHOOR: 5 NOVEMBER 2012

_____________

UITSPRAAK DEUR: HANCKE, WND RP

GELEWER OP: 8 NOVEMBER 2012

[1] Die appellante is skuldig bevind aan die volgende aanklagte:

Aanklag 1: Verkragting

Aanklag 2: Roof

Aanklag 3: Menseroof

Ten opsigte van aanklag 1 is al vier gevonnis tot lewenslange gevangenisstraf en wat aanklagte 2 en 3 betref is dit saamgeneem vir doeleindes van vonnis en is hulle tot 10 (tien) jaar gevangenisstraf gevonnis. Die hof a quo het gelas dat die vonnis op aanklagte 2 en 3 samelopend met aanklag 1 uitgedien moet word.

[2] Die appellante kom nou in hoër beroep teen die opgelegde vonnisse, in die besonder die vonnis van lewenslange gevangenisstraf wat hulle opgelê is ten opsigte van aanklag 1.

[3] By die oplegging van vonnis ten opsigte van aanklag 1 het die hof a quo gevind dat Deel 1 van Skedule II van Wet 105 van 1997, op die onderhawige saak van toepassing is en dat daar geen wesenlike en dwingende omstandighede teenwoordig is nie.

[4] Die enigste vraag is of die hof a quo korrek was in sy bevinding van afwesigheid van gemelde wesenlike en dwingende omstandighede. Dit is van belang om daarop te let dat mnr Steyn, namens die Direkteur van Openbare Vervolgings, toegegee het dat die hof a quo in hierdie verband fouteer het en versoek dat die vonnis van lewenslange gevangenisstraf vervang word met langtermyn gevangenisstraf.

[5] Al vier die appellante was tydens die pleging van die betrokke misdrywe studente en betreklik jeugdig gewees. Eerste appellant was 20 jaar oud en besig met Graad 11 toe die voorval plaasgevind het.

Tweede appellant was 18 jaar oud en besig met Graad 8 gewees.

Derde appellant was 16 jaar oud en ook besig met Graad 8.

Vierde appellant was 18 jaar oud en besig met Graad 10 op skool.

[6] Eerste, tweede en vierde appellante is grootgemaak deur ‘n grootmoeder, terwyl derde appellant deur ‘n suster grootgemaak is, d.w.s geeneen van die appellante het in ‘n gewone ouerhuis grootgeword nie.

[7] Die omstandighede van die klaagster, Mmamakgowa Prominens Mogoje, is belangrik. In NDOU v S [2012] JOL 29522 (SCA) word die volgende verklaar:

“[13] On the other hand the complainant did not suffer any serious physical injuries... Thus the degree of the trauma suffered by her cannot be quantified. All these factors must be taken into account in considering whether in this case the ultimate sentence of imprisonment for life is proportionate to the crime committed by the appellant. A balance must be struck on all the factors to avoid an unjust sentence. In my view, the sentence imposed is disproportionate to the crime committed and the legitimate interests of society.

[14] ... Courts should take care to elicit the necessary information to put them in a position to exercise their sentencing discretion properly. In rape cases, for instance, where a minor is a victim, more information on the mental effect of the rape on the victim should be required, perhaps in the form of calling for a report from a social worker. This is especially so in cases where it is clear that life imprisonment is being considered to be an appropriate sentence. Life imprisonment is the ultimate and most severe sentence that our courts may impose; therefore a sentencing court should be seen to have sufficient information before it to justify that sentence.”

Dit is van belang om daarop te let dat die klaagster in laasgenoemde saak 15 jaar oud was.

[8] In die huidige saak blyk dit dat die klaagster tydens die voorval ook 15 jaar oud was. Dit blyk volgens die J88, wat by ooreenkoms ingehandig is, dat die geneesheer die volgende nota ten opsigte van beserings gemaak het:

“No obvious physical injury noted.”

By die skets het hy die volgende opmerkings gemaak:

“fresh tears, bleeding and increase of friability.”

Die geneesheer se gevolgtrekking is die volgende:

“Genital injuries are strongly suggestive of forcible per vaginal penetration by foreign body.”

Geen beserings is andersins deur die geneesheer ten opsigte van die klaagster se liggaam genotuleer nie.

[9] Die klaagster het getuig dat sy gebore is op 8 Desember 1993 en dat sy self ook in Graad 10 was in ‘n skool in Qwa Qwa. Terwyl sy op 5 Desember 2009 omstreeks 18h00 gewag het vir ‘n taxi het die vier appellante haar genader, terwyl eerste appellant sy arms om haar nek geplaas het, haar selfoon afgeneem het en dit aan vierde appellant oorhandig het. Daarna het hulle haar gedwing tot by derde appellant se blyplek. Dit was eintlik die eerste appellant wat haar soontoe getrek het, terwyl die ander drie appellante gevolg het. Sy het om hulp geskree, maar tevergeefs aangesien die omgewing verlate was.

[10] Aldaar aangekom, is hulle binne die huis in waar eerste appellant haar beveel het om te ontklee sodat hy seks met haar kon hê. Sy het geweier waarna die eerste appellant ‘n voorwerp wat gelyk het na ‘n vuurwapen te voorskyn gebring het en het eerste appellant haar ontklee. Sy het weereens geskree, maar het eerste appellant haar onderklere verwyder. Daarna, in die teenwoordigheid van die ander appellante, het eerste appellant homself ontklee en seksuele omgang met haar gehad. Op daardie stadium het die ander appellante gelag en aanmerkings gemaak. Daarna het die appellante om die beurt met haar seksuele gemeenskap gehad.

[11] Nadat hierdie beproewing oor is, is sy geneem na ‘n taverne en het daar ‘n gesprek tussen appellante plaasgevind om van haar selfoon ontslae te raak deur dit by die taverne te verkoop. By die taverne is sy beveel om buite te bly, terwyl tweede en vierde appellante by haar agtergebly het, nadat eerste en derde appellante die taverne binne is. Sy is met die dood gedreig, indien sy enige persoon sou vertel wat gebeur het. Sy was bewus van die feit dat hulle messe gehad het en sy het dan ook gesien dat daar ‘n voorwerp, wat soos ‘n vuurwapen gelyk het, in een van hulle se besit was, soos hierbo vermeld. Op ‘n stadium is sy daar gelaat en het sy weggehardloop, waarna sy die voorval aan die polisie rapporteer het. Sy is geneem na die Elizabeth Ross Hospitaal in Qwa Qwa. Sy getuig dat sy sleg voel oor die voorval, aangesien sy emosioneel en psigologies geskend was en haar waardigheid aangetas was. Wat beserings betref, het sy dan ook tydens die verhoor toegegee dat sy nie enige sigbare beserings opgedoen het nie.

[12] By die oorweging of daar wesenlike en dwingende omstandighede teenwoordig is wat die oplegging van ‘n ligter vonnis betref, moet alle faktore wat die morele verwytbaarheid van ‘n oortreder betref, in ag geneem word.

“While the emphasis has shifted to the objective gravity of the type of crime and the need for effective sanctions against it, this does not mean that all other considerations are to be ignored.

All factors traditionally taken into account in sentencing (whether or not they diminish moral guilt) thus continue to play a role; none is excluded at the outset from consideration in the sentencing process.

The ultimate impact of all the circumstances relevant to sentencing must be measured against the composite yardstick ('substantial and compelling') and must be such as cumulatively justify a departure from the standardised response that the Legislature has ordained.”

S v MALGAS 2001 (1) SACR 469 (SCA) te 482 b – e.

Dit moet ook in gedagte gehou word dat

“Life imprisonment is the heaviest sentence a person can be legally obliged to serve.”

(RAMMOKO v THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS 2003 (1) SACR 200 (SCA) te 205 par [13])

[13] Daar bestaan geen twyfel dat hierdie verkragting van ‘n baie ernstige aard was. Hierdie is ‘n geval van ‘n bende-verkragting waar die appellante die klaagster een na die ander verkrag het. Dit vervul ‘n mens met afsku en weersin. ‘n Belangrike versagtende feit is egter dat al vier die appellante klaarblyklik onvolwasse en jeugdig is. Behalwe eerste appellant, wat ‘n vorige veroordeling vir aanranding met die opset om ernstig te beseer het (waarvoor hy ‘n 6 (ses) maande opgeskorte vonnis

opgelê is), is die ander appellante algehele eerste oortreders. (S v MATYITYI 2011 (1) SACR 40 (SCA) te par [14] op p 47 – 48)

[14] Wat die klaagster betref, is daar ook geen twyfel dat sy ernstige emosionele en psigologiese skade moes gely het en dat dit ‘n geruime tyd sal neem alvorens sy hiervan sal herstel, indien ooit. Van belang is egter die feit dat, volgens die mediese getuienis, sy weinig fisiese beserings opgedoen het, andersins sou dit erg verswarend gewees het. Vergelyk Artikel 51(3) (aA(ii) van Wet 105 van 1997.

[15] In die lig van al die feite en omstandighede, is ek van mening dat die hof a quo fouteer het deur te bevind dat daar geen wesenlike en dwingende omstandighede bestaan wat die oplegging van ‘n ligter vonnis regverdig nie.

[16] Dit staan dus hierdie hof vry om die opgelegde vonnis van lewenslange gevangenisstraf, wat opgelê is ten opsigte van aanklag 1 tersyde te stel en te vervang met ‘n gepaste vonnis. Soos reeds gemeld, is hierdie ‘n ernstige geval van verkragting en is die oplegging van langtermyn gevangenisstraf dus aangewese in die omstandighede. Ek is van mening dat dit belangrik is om te individualiseer, in aggenome die ouderdomme van elk van die appellante, die feit dat eerste appellant ‘n relevante vorige veroordeling het, asook die rol wat hulle gespeel het.

[17] Uit die rekord blyk dit dan ook dat die eerste appellant, wat die oudste is, ‘n leidende rol gespeel het, terwyl die derde appellant, wat die jongste is, die kleinste rol gespeel het, alhoewel daar nie ‘n groot verskil in hierdie verband is nie. Dit is na my mening gevolglik gepas om te differensieer wat die oplegging van vonnisse betref. By die berekening van vonnis moet ook in gedagte gehou word dat die appellante alreeds byna twee jaar verhoorafwagtend was.

[18] Wat die effektiewe vonnis van 10 (tien) jaar gevangenisstraf, wat opgelê is ten opsigte van aanklag 2 en 3 betref, is dit nie ernstig aangeval en blyk dit in orde te wees.

[19] Bygevolg word die volgende bevele verleen:

A. Die appèl slaag tot dié mate dat die vonnis van lewenslange gevangenisstraf wat opgelê is ten opsigte van aanklag 1 tersyde gestel, en vervang word met die volgende vonnisse:

Eerste appellant 23 (drie en twintig) jaar gevangenisstraf

Tweede appellant 18 (agtien) jaar gevangenisstraf

Derde appellant 15 (vyftien) jaar gevangenisstraf

Vierde appellant 18 (agtien) jaar gevangenisstraf

B. Dit word gelas dat die vonnis opgelê ten opsigte van aanklag 2 en 3 saam uitgedien moet word met bogemelde vonnisse.

C. Gemelde vonnisse word teruggedateer tot 25 Oktober 2011.

______

S.P.B. HANCKE, WND RP

Ek stem saam.

___

B.C. MOCUMIE, R

Ek stem saam.

D.I. MATLAPENG, WND R

Namens appellante: Adv L M Tshabalala

In opdrag van:

Bloemfontein Justice Centre

BLOEMFONTEIN

Namens respondent: Adv C F Steyn

Direkteur van Openbare Vervolgings

/sp

Source wording is retained. Consult the source document for its original formatting and pagination.

Authorities

Authorities used by the court

Cases, legislation, regulations, and constitutional provisions identified in the available record.

S v Malgas 2001 (1) SACR 469 (SCA)

Case cited

Rammoko v The Director of Public Prosecutions 2003 (1) SACR 200 (SCA)

Case cited

Ndou v S [2012] JOL 29522 (SCA)

Case cited

S v Matyityi 2011 (1) SACR 40 (SCA)

Case cited

Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

Section 51(3)(aA)(ii) of Act 105 of 1997

Legislation

Legislation referenced in the available case record.

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