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Tanzania Judgment

TZHC

19920925 TZHC Tanga

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Professional case brief

Research organized from the available case record

Source document

01

Holding and result

The conviction for breaking and stealing was supported by credible prosecution evidence, and the sentence imposed was reasonable and justified given the value of property stolen and the appellants' breach of trust as employees.

Court disposition

appeal dismissed

Orders

  • conviction and sentence affirmed
  • alternative count conviction set aside

02

Material facts

Parties

Matovu Shita

Appellant

Ally Selemani

Appellant

Joseph Jones

Appellant

General Tyre (S.A.) Ltd.

Complainant

Amounts and remedies

  • Value of Stolen Property: TZS 103,343
  • Sentence Imposed: 7

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal / Judgment

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
Appellants argued that the conviction was not supported by evidence, that they acted under instructions, and denied involvement in the theft.
Respondent
Respondent argued that the evidence from prosecution witnesses established the appellants' guilt beyond reasonable doubt, and that the sentence was justified given the betrayal of trust.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    Criminal procedure principles

    Conviction on an alternative count cannot stand if conviction is entered on the main count.

  2. 02

    Minimum Sentences Act, 1972

    Minimum sentence for store breaking and stealing is five years imprisonment.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The conviction for breaking and stealing was supported by credible prosecution evidence, and the sentence imposed was reasonable and justified given the value of property stolen and the appellants' breach of trust as employees.

Obiter and limits

  • Alternative counts are charged as safety measures, but conviction should only be entered on one count if evidence supports it.
  • The conduct of hiding stolen property indicates guilty mind rather than innocent employee following instructions.

Court disposition

appeal dismissed

  • conviction and sentence affirmed
  • alternative count conviction set aside

Source and reliance status

TZHC · 25 September 1992

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

Judgment reading view

Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

TZHC

Judgment· 25 September 1992

19920925 TZHC Tanga

.~. •' ·-:..:;:.•, , /_'~'!'''l' ,., 't.~l.1, ¥ : ., :D.T \ oc.::c.:.,::J'i..":J.z alni:-rr:1 c11s::J ::ro.'706 OF 198D OF T:.::.J D:Cf:iT.:::,J:GT 8011:lT OF T..:J.rc:,. DIST.'..1ICT .:'di 1:'AlJ'a.t J u D G . .i Ii.d]L! L1 C.1.•ini::c1J. C,.,,...o Ho. 706 of 198D of t::,c Diut~iot Court Of TfJ.V,_)l Di::.r~l"ict, cix nccu::LcC:. ~OOolln 41~ c'··c:~~CJ)(l ll'!.t!.i t::o offc:..1co· 4>t·ctQ!'0 ·. _ br0nl-i ':lC a:.1tl otonlinc o/ o 296( 1) of t::i.c ?o::2.l Godo. Th.coo t~c:i.·o H t ~ :fac.1foi ( i:.,t Aocucot!.) .1 '.1n.-..1.:..c:Ln;ni Shit.a ( 2l:cl ..;i.oouocd.).. .J~ l ~ ~ r __.. Acc1.,mod) t Ally Sclo1:1:~u ( 4th .1ccu.".:lcc1),. J - ~ Joccrili JC..'JOG ( 5th Accuood), CJ.lC'l. Phoo1ucl-..o r:c.ttar1.'. ( G!::, ,u.001..10oc\) • T::o::..·o no.a a occoi'ld cou:1t fo:.~ tho · l~t ..:..ccu:;ccl, 1-1::doh 'Ira.-::\ lc.ic1 i:1 tho clto::;:...li:~.t ivc to fi.l.•nt. It lvtW otoalil'lG by .<; 1m.1J.io oorv2.::1t c/fJiJ 271 a;xl 265 of t1:c ro~:,d Coc:o. ..:Ul of tho J.ocu::iocl r J_)Gj,' □0110 clid dony t::.o ol\r~co. Goit1c by t:.:o ru1t~fo:1P.tod o~viclo::oc 0::.1 roco.;.•c"!.., tho oto~o lr:uoh wa,c t\lloc;aclly lJZ'okon in.to 0:1. ·t:.10 c,fto:.."1100:..1 of 13th Docon1)(;.j_', 1988 bolo11eod to 'iho TN.l(;a Office of t: . ~n Go::.cl"al T~'1'o (:J•.A.) Ltc.:, w;~i¢1 io 110&' liilc:t io populezlt know-~1 i:.1 Tc;.1.:-,2. tow:.1 c..'.J t210 11 1Jz:".:i.t;'L'!:1i I~kot • 11 Tho

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t:.,.::~t :\o ococ,:;)ocl G.f.l !Iu.oocin we:; 1Jci:13 i11tc.a.."'-i-o- Ct>,tod. Yir.1, Pi1.2, 5t::_ C,llcl 6th t -~'>•:rt'.1.·f·,1 L ..,, 1..\ cv1.·c;.•,··,'.C,•,,', '-"··-\.-''"' 1r'··l." n 1·1 u'~~1.'clo' •.• v ....., v ,,. ·, ,.._,.,\.) '.--·,.. ,-,,-.t,,,,, to ,.._l_,_ .._,.._, "'""-'- 1· r-,1,urcl t 10 c',~•.-.,...,-,u., f.-1•- i.. 1 ~ ~'--•UV of"'O'lCO 4'.' • boj,'l:>l1d ro2.-::ioD.c,:,J.o clo::1Jto, ol10 :_1:i.·oocod.o~: to :t'ojoct tho c1ofonoco o:Z tllo o.::i;.,olln.:.1tn r..::2cl 00:1.v'"lctoc.l tLon ccco:;;,l'.i'1r;ly i:1 t~:w 1 □t count c.;,lCl, 21.-'.00Ci!l WL-..~ ~r.i.n co;.r,.rictcr7. ~,,J o:~,.-.r.:;ocl L: th;:, rJ. tcL·:12,t:i.vo 2nd. cotu1t.. ::::0~1co thio D.:_J::_)OaJ.. I 1-rill nt~~:t 11:.t:. t::,c convict5.on of t:·.o 1Dt O.:_):)Ollwlt in t1.:.o 2l'ld oour:1t • .i.W ac.l'lior i:'.'.t:i.cdo(l, t~.o O.J)ol12.:.1t T~:.:rJoci.1 'ITD.:J cb.c.rc,;cc7. jointly- 1ritb. fi,vo 44 in:.10:i."' tnbco, 1 noto:: vo:d_clo t::20 2.'.1('. 2 fln.po tJ.:i.o :;_U:oj_)O~.'.'t:, of Gonc:rru. T:t.L'o (J.:... ) Lt(:. 1rhic.'._ :.in::_))0~1ocl to 'l.:io ~:~.. o ui:::)lOJ-".Jl.'• Tho 211d couat ot otooli21c tho 02.,i::ci :po::'~a•ty a.a a. p1.-,."blio □ Ol~ti:1t i:;.,. 1. oorioct of :C·,.·i.0nch1 oJ.0110 0 trc.a acldoct iE tho 2.lto:o:~1c,tivo. Foz- cll .:.::!oi:t::; c;:-:;_'_ :w..:..~:)oaoo, i ..: 0,-:-. o:r-i.nil,r-..1 =_)rococ1.u:i.•o, aJ:tornc,ti-.ro 0 cow1.to ll:4~o

CJ..~,~cc"'. i)~• t::.o ?l'0 □ ocutiono c.c i:1c:;....o 02.foty monourc, JE:Jt in OMO t:-~oy fc.il to :nm.r..'J e, ccwiction in t::c fil:ct count, It i::: nou t:rito l ..~v tbc.t 1rl:i.01·0 c, C::)!1victfo_1 iu o;:to;.:o<J. 0:1 ono co·xit ao ·10.'t'('l.ict, 'to it of £.,7.lilty o:I! not e,v.iltJ! ri:o·L'J.c'. :x) o:1.t0rot. on t:-:..: ot).lw.' t1.lto:r.1..'>tiv•o oot.1..:.t. It wco 'IT.t'OllG t~:..or.:.:f 1 .'o, i:1 t:..o oc,oo c,t ::oK'., fc1• t:20 t:rit'.1 001.r~·t to o:1t0J:> a vm-c.1ict of { '-'''•l t;y- i:1 t:.1,l 2nd coc:'.'·.d, u'..:..ic!. wc-,o lo.ic. L1 t!w 11lto :-.::1:.~ti-,;o to T:-:.o CO!T.rict i.0.1 i;.1 t: .o o _;oo:'.:..c:. co1.:;1t ~)ci::1.,, 1)0c.1. L1 lo.'w ic.J ~10:ro1);;/ q_;.,-,...",D:1cd ~1d oat n:::: '.1 C. T:·.o no:rtionco of ton ( 10) yoc:;;o iLll)I'ioo:1.nont noted. 01..1.t to hb in ro~noot of t:.o 2;1cl ootmt io oct coiclc too., oo ol:.l'.!'col tc1 tl:o 1ct oot.i.;.1t jr1.:::t:U'ioC. bJ t:':c oviclo:co 0!1 :roco.ec1.? Tho ttro O.l)IJO.lk.nto r::r:o or-,di aovo:rc.11~ c:.YrJ l ·)"'('L:.c tL10 p.~o:./eiot.:;r of t:.w trio.l ootuit 1c clocic:i.on ( t~.1.oil" D.l):;?onlo :-:~,vo be.ca oo:1,.oli.c1, .+,eel) t o.llcc;ir:c t!r;t tho t:;:oi,.,,l co1.::1•t a::,:,od i~1 lt1,w r:.:1L: 0;1 f;:oto i:, convioti;. .c, tllo:1 in tho0 o.bao:t1ci. of coc;c:-1t ovj_Qo:100 coir~:_:; to i~1C-,?ir.1i:::o.to then. Tho ;lc.rJ::,oadont :J.op1.,,_blio of ca Ojl;:iooito viow.

I:.1 t:.~o l:i.:;l:i.t of Ib.nr;oin 'a ncln:touion thc..t i:1.:.1or tu~)OO t:'.ic::. >.cJ.1 ~:00:1 tc.:.to:1 fl."or, t>.o otOJ."o of t1:.o oc,i(1 oftioo, ottr oonoont:ro..tio;: c:,ot:..1c-:. zo:;:oo· 0:1 uhot?.~o:;: :.~o 1::;:-..d in..'10cc;ltly o.:;;- lnnf-:0.ly cone Tho :;),'.'oaocnt:'.0:1 cl:-0.:·,cc.~ t1:.c.t o..:):)01lc.:1tc vro:i."O t:.10 c:u.l):i:ito u;::.::l.J-, +.1,,..., 1-o.ttor c;r,) :1:·,oci:\~ t::.c buck to I.:C,,to:,:,:?.., T'.J.o -t.:'.'ia.l oot.U't nave:,;- 1>otij.1.t t::o ntorJ oft:.:,; c>.~,:_;ol12..:.1t::.: 0:1 t:.o b2,0jc: of t~ .c ,..:.v:1clo::.:.oo of ?.;!,.1 - p:T.6 1 It io net L:c tin_ydo t!.:c.c.~ ·,,:'.O:: -~:~(. :)Olioc off.Lc0.1~0 ato11:_)0C. the L1ot01-~ vohiol:, nt t.'.; :-;[,to of k.c G01;..:;:-.;,c-1 T;y::-;_1 Offi..;oo~ they :;;.::;k0d tlio ·--- . . i.:COO'l~1tt Yonbo, J?';i.5 ,);..:doto:6~·.o:,._' l'J.:fi'oc., Jok ;'"' ,·,,:·" ~3;-.r1 ir-:ouooc.) o;ac1. Joooph Jo.,ooo (5t:-.1. li.:1w.oo:.-:) w::i:-.·o a.ll of ono uo o:i.·C::. 0:1 t~::.o f~ct thc.--:.t ::r,,,r:;o;b told thQ offi cora • t:,i.:~t t.'.;:J t,i:x,o i.1ulo::~e;c'. ,, o ~d::.10 PU. 4 2-:1.c.l ?11 • 5 ·uc.~-'O i:1c.c- ccl1oc.1 to t: .::: uco~10 by tlio offico-:-:-rJ ·.(l'on tho L.1 hin- dofonco :::,:~::ooi:: tole'. t~·.o t:cid oocu:-t tb.n.t he tolc.1 tho officorc t~::.at ho wa.c t:.'.) ::;oc,:~·ity t;ub.l•c:. of Go:10?c:.l Tyro o..:.1cl 1rc.c unclol' inotJ:'uctiono £;:an ·1110 booo

(Into:;:-u) to txa;.1r..:jm:t tho ocno to tho lo.ttor 'o l~ot:Do. Tho looifnocl t:rir:.l ::r:..:::,i.;Jt;;.~c:-,to c,cco:,toc.'. tl:o yo:;:•nio11 of the four }.).i.'ooocution On. a. cc;;;..~ofull :ro-cvn.l.udio:1 . of tl10 oviclc,co I a:.1 oc:'.tir.;fioc1 t.'~:·,t o:::.o nt1.::i cnti tloc. to .do c.o. ,Lftor o.11 0:10 irw i:1 o., '.;otto:;.~ :uooit:i.on to ._',;Joooo t~.::.ou credibility a.a cl.cc ::mu then t:.1otify in i-:.c 11it:1or.;o ~)o;x.. I :.. z-:vo fot:1:cl !1otl.d:1c noithol' in tho :roco:rd of tho txinl cc'._:::;:•t, t.\o ::o;:or2-:1c.Lt:., o:f C>):.JOal of IIu.oooir:i. 1101.· in 1:da nrc;unont w!iicl: woulc.'. :;·o to :)::i:;:,:::;;::2.clo IJC to t:d.::.11:: 1 lot c,lono -\o holc1, t:1.1,t tho trial wj;tmooooo. L?t;o;;.• ~1,ll w:i.y □>. 01..uc'. ::i.11 t>.oco wi'tno::::::::o:::; fern G.:.'l allia:.100 to victit:ii:Jo t>:. --'-:'):_,olle,:1t:::;? I >:-,7o fo1.1::cl ;.10 2.:;::>pa1·0~1t 1,on.r:.:0:1 on tho to f.'.'.t'CUO ~J.io c,))OG.l. Of co~:.i.~::io tl:.o alloc;c..tio:1 of Hnoooin wn.o C:.oniod 1)y Ihto:riJ. in l .iu JviC.0~1co c.ncl o,.·G.:"2."i::i."ioi:1c;ly ,::i:1ov.Jh no quootion 112,0 J?i.1t If tt.o tt,J.))Olknto did not obtc~L:, t:.20 tubco fron Natol'u, llou clid tho oc,no fr:,11 into thoj~,. porrnooo1on? Tl10 tric.~l coUl't founc.l tl.io quootion 2,(1oqud oly r.1.1mro::i.•0C. ~);/ t~10 oviC.oi100 of P:T .1 9 PTT• 2 a;:.rl rt;-. 3. .iiD oa:L'lior ol101m in

tl"iio Js:.r...,'o;:1.c:1t tho o.,cti-;;-itL,o of the two nr,i)ollc,nto ct tho ocouo of tho crir.~o wo:i:.·o cloool;:7 wc.tc~1oc1 by t~.,ooo ko;vo witLoooo::; 0!1 t:.:o ,:io.toriol clo.y. PW,2 ru.1c.'. J?iY.3 o..ct ..nlly orn, t:.:o t,,o n.pl101lc.nto jointly p'.:i;voioally b:a'oo.ki11C; into t:.~o Gto:-.:o ( wherein tl::.o t i..\b,) □ 2.:.:.d othor i tow:r WCXi:'O koJ.)t) a.ncl coninG' o·d wit:.~ t::i:-coo oo.ckD. Tho Do.c:co wl:.ich UC:i.'O o·:ib::;oquontly found ih thoil' J;)OfJOCUGi0-'1 f;_:,J.l Of tub9::,j ,i:.\ilO boi:•sc.; 001170yocl in tho aotor -.;o;.:,.ic1o of :It-~.nco, 1-ro1.•o '.1iclc.1on in t):.c toilot of tho ncorby :a.o.D. offico. If incloacl tho v.::i:_-,dllc!.::ltc ha.cl boon ont:i."t:totoc.1. wi t!1 tho tuboo by I:~toi•u, I ooo 110 z,oc.oon 111:;.y t'.10:/ o:~otucl ha.vc tdwn to t;;:>oublo tq l•.ido ( or ovoi. keep thoL,) :fill.on in tho n.o.:l. Office toilet. lt1s in:nooo:-l.t l)Or.Juoooox of t!·"o 00.00 could· 1:.:.r::-.,o ko1,)i; tl:oi·.: jt:J:Jt ot.rl;oiclo "UjlO oto:-i.·c po:1t.'.inc t:.10 a.vo..ilc.l)ilit3r of - I o,:.io :10 roc.Go:1 'ti.:.;;· J0;,:.1Gl.ho.ni ohodc: :.rr-,,ro roft.1.Ccd to Ol)0:i.l tJ:.o toilet cloo;r f\f'tor bo:L1c, roq\,:.oatoc. by J:J.irJ booo (:i:)~t.6)., Ho ;r·c:fu.::::oc.l to c1o ::;o boca...mo ho know tJ.:J,01~0 1ro:~o ot:.o:;,:, i11Cl'iuL:c-,ti:1c o;dioloo, fo1~ ·when t:i.o door ua.o :t'o:i.·ood 0::.,011 tiro ,:1e4•0 h,l)o□ a.nd

t1ro fln?D wo:i...o found. Thie co:1cl-..wt of tho O.J)pollrn1to 110,:::; co:.'lDi:Jtont only wit;:. t'..:o ,;rorki:1u of o. 0,'U;i.l t y ni11c1 tho.n wit:.1 tl:c,t of o;:. i;.::.:oo:mt r.1L1cl of o. onplo~;·co fc,i t~1fully cox:cy1:.1c,; out tho L10t.ructiol10 o1 L:i..r:.: .:.:···.j)OXior. -7- 1r~_1.2.t ,;_')X'ovo:~tc.:7. t:.. c.; 1 :ti.'o :t rJO u.::~Jdl'l(;' nt t2~o.il' 01:-..1•1icct fi;~·ot o;}l)o:;.•tw:li. ty, u:::.on t:1os um:, g_u.oot:i.o:,x7. b;;r f"i·i'.2 c.:.1c'. ?1-Y.3? ;.,.G tho loc;rnocl t:.•ia.1 r.1t-..:;ictr2.to :cj_ : .tl:'.· co:1cltv~.0d 0~1 ~);.•01,c:.:- cvo.lu.c.tio~1 of tho oviC:.onco tho ::it~;;· of t:·.:, ;-,,,:.1:·cl:1..o~!tu 11,..:J c :Jt,cl::: of lioo ci1:ocl nt iiJ.l)licdi:1c_; tl10 6th t:1....,_t t!u::; c; ·1, urn n :Ci.'2,.110 Ui:1 -::ic,c,::.1.wo t::orc ;_i:;:irJtoC. hD.d. 1Jlooc. ~)otwoon !lin c-110.. 1:.i: ;_:·-:.!,,_-,~:;;_•. I h£'..VO fo·.:J:c'.. no o7ic.o::oo to hwk up t:'..uo clcin vftlcll., r.r1 · ;::;~ i.io:_;_• ::,,tocl L: t:•:.ir.:: juc\::;o,.~c::.1t, WCIO :rc.ir.;ud lo.to in tLo d.:1.y i:1 l;j_a L1.o:f _;-~, J• :D\:.•t:.. :x..•no;;_•o ~:.o :.1ovo;;.• ;J~:i'...:i c:1~- c.ttcu1)t to olo)Jo:.:o.to 011 tJ:'.io. hi .. i.K: ~~·.o:i.• t;..Dtifi.:.,t. L--;J r:r ~ 1, ;J~1t ).10 11e,o :K.-;ror c:rooo-oY,.cz.:ri.nod 0:1 tLio o l(o -~:.:.o t:~•:.:t:.:.f'·.::J.nor;o of t):ic clr.~:i.n w-2..0 no-,ror l)Ut to toot in 01•000-0:::·:,: ,inc4i:.'.o::1 it

:;.,•.Jr.1ni:10 r., :,r-;.•o cl, i:·1 ::ot wol•t;.::. of ru1y o-:;:.:iouo 0 oo~mic.o:-:~tio:·, T.'_u c:::•u:'.i1'tlity' of P:T.1 coult'. not bo ta.intoll by thin -a.ftcr t:i.ouctt ,, Lft :.~· dl t::.o t'.i)l)Ol1L,.;:1to co;;.J.c: 21ot dl:ow ·why tho otLOl' 5 proaoou<"'V Lll Ollie~ ,.,, .. ,., c:.0,10 t:;c q_a:i:.:;tfon 1)000(1.. cbov0 in o..nowo;::,od in t:lo OC.DO Li.. ,., lfc--.,:r '. ; tl:o ti~ .:_:._;,l co·-:;}t l,1(,. T:.:;.;.. 36 t:.:~)OG fou.i.'lcl i"' ·" tY.w r.1oto:r ~101:d.clo and jo:i :1tly c:x'. t ·i:;ot'.·:o:i:' 0:;:-oko:1 i:.2to t~:o :::to;;_•c of t,o To.:un Th.-'2.:1c;;.: of Gonoro.l Ty~·o (S.A 0 ) L";c.1. T'..:.o t•ir.:.l cot!rt, 0~1 t: .0 ::;viclonco 011 :rooa..-:-c:, coc.ud. not :.::.;:;vo onto:;:oc.:. --,;.1y ot::.:.:,:,,:, vorc:.ict ot::...02 tJ~·;.:-.:.: tl".1,-:-,t of c;:rll ty no c;;,:-.:;;:-coc1 in tl.:.o fir:::t co,:~1t. ;.J.1 t::d.:1r..,D conciC,o:,:ocl I fincl no iJ.CZ'i t in t>.o D-1.•r>oru.o of tho n.:;,,:;:,olL:;.1to, e,3~,i:1nt thc:i;~· 00:r,.r:tction in t)J.o 1ot co::u:1t, w:uo:.1 a:ra Tho offc::.co o:f r.:to:.>o b:roa...ltinc.; n::1c: r.::tonli~1c io n. oo'.lof::;locl offonoo t.t:.1c'.o:r the l:!:i.::t:.:r::.1 So::-.tc;1coo /i..ct,, 1972. T~10 ovic.o:1c:; ootc,1)lio!:.cc.1.. tho.t ; t;:,o vo.lu:J of ·/·.::.: is•o::._;o:;:-t;r otol0:1 t-rao s:10.103,343/=• Tllo 10.1ur.1c.1;·1 Sontcnoo tt..1<10:;.• tho Le,;- fo;j,,' t::0 offonoo iu five yc~o·

inl)l•ic.:oJ.li-.iont. Tl:.9 trial n.::(::ictrn.to co. _to::coc'. t:'-uD to oo·vo:.: (7) y-onro io111·ioorJJ;1Out. Givon tb.o fc-,ct t~:.Gt t!:.o C,l)'_-,olJ.G,::lto botrn.yoc.1.. t::-.0 t:::wJt of tb.oir onployo:rn e;.1c.l tI1.o :_1t.,:)1ic in uto; ,li:;::.:·, t~:.o ::u·o;;)oxt jr they uo:;_,o ODJloyod to j_)j:'otoct :e.~or.; tb.o:t't, I fine. t).:.c uc.:'.c:. oo:.:t~nco 1•0,..:::;o::c..1-,10 ~icl jt1Dtifiod. Tho op:;ioc.lu aco.iru:rb n u Corona For :. loo:X>l:cl,- .:t; J.ll' ~ J\,na.: -~, .. ,.

11. I r.·r. I' 25/9/92 \·-r

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