Election appeal dismissed: the court upheld the result, finding no proved illegal campaigning, bribery, or material non-compliance affecting the outcome.
Illegal campaigns are acts of non-compliance under section 108(3)(c) of the Elections Act, 1985, not illegal practices. Such non-compliance must affect the result of the election to void it. In this case, the number of voters involved in illegal campaigns was insufficient to affect the outcome, given Mramba's substantial majority. The trial judge erred in law regarding the standard and burden of proof. The appeal is allowed, and Mramba's election is confirmed.