民法

If someone unlawfully causes another person’s death, the victim’s parents, children, and spouse may claim a reasonable amount of compensation.

被害人可在他人不法侵害其人格法益且情節重大時，請求金錢賠償；名譽受侵害時，也可請求回復名譽的適當處分。

如果有人不法毀損他人之物，被害人可以請求賠償因毀損而減少的價額。

侵權損害賠償請求權，原則上自知有損害及賠償義務人起 2 年內不行使會消滅；自侵權行為時起超過 10 年也同樣消滅。

被害人就因侵權行為取得的債權，即使其請求權因時效消滅，仍可拒絕履行。

A creditor may demand performance from a debtor based on the underlying obligation.

In civil matters, only customs that do not violate public order or good morals may be applied.

符合一定事實且足以認定有久住意思、並住在某一地域的人，視為在該地設定住所；同一人不能同時有兩個住所。

If a promised item is only identified by type and its quality cannot be determined from the contract or the parties’ intent, the debtor must deliver an item of medium quality.

If a debt is payable in a specific special currency and that currency is no longer valid legal tender when payment is due, payment must be made in another valid legal tender currency.

If an amount is stated in foreign currency, the debtor may pay in New Taiwan currency at the market price at the time and place of payment, unless the contract says payment must be made in foreign currency.

If no interest rate has been agreed and there is no legal basis, the annual interest rate is 5%.

If an agreed interest rate exceeds 12% per year, the debtor may repay the principal after one year, but must give the creditor one month’s prior notice.

If an agreed interest rate exceeds 16% per year, the excess portion is invalid.

債權人除前條限定的利息外，不得用折扣或其他方法巧取利益。

利息原則上不得再滾入本金；但若當事人以書面約定，且利息逾一年未付、經催告仍不償還時，債權人可依約將遲付利息併入本金。

在多個給付中可選其一時，選擇權屬於債務人。

If the creditor or debtor has the choice, they must declare their choice to the other party. If a third party makes the choice, the third party must declare it to both the creditor and the debtor.

Persons without capacity or with limited capacity must use their legal representative’s domicile as their domicile.

If an option is not exercised within its set period, or if a required party fails to exercise it after notice, the option shifts to the other specified party; if a third person is supposed to choose but cannot or will not, the option belongs to the debtor.

If one or more of several prestations becomes impossible, the obligation continues only for the remaining prestations, unless the cause of impossibility is one for which the party without the choice right is responsible.

The effect of the choice applies retroactively to the time the obligation arose.

負損害賠償責任者原則上應回復他方受損前的原狀；如因此需付金錢，應自損害發生時起加計利息。

If the person who must restore the original condition does not do so after the creditor gives a reasonable deadline notice, the creditor may demand money damages.

If damage cannot be restored to its original condition, or restoration is evidently very difficult, compensation must be paid in money.

損害賠償原則上以填補債權人的實際損害和所失利益為限，但法律或契約另有規定者不在此限。

If a person both suffers damage and receives a benefit from the same cause, the compensation amount must be reduced by the benefit received.

If the injured person is also at fault, the court may reduce the damages or exempt them entirely.

在損害不是因故意或重大過失造成，且賠償會嚴重影響賠償義務人生計時，法院可以減輕賠償金額。

If a person liable for damages suffers loss or damage to a thing or right, that person may ask the damage-claimant to transfer the ownership of the thing or claims against third parties arising from that right.

（刪除）

在兩種情況下，居所會被視為住所：住所無法查明，或在我國沒有住所；但依法必須依住所地法者，不在此限。

債務人對其故意或過失的行為要負責；過失責任會依事件性質輕重判定，且若事件不是為債務人帶來利益，應從輕認定。

If the debtor lacks legal capacity or has limited legal capacity, liability is determined under Article 187.

不得事先免除故意或重大過失所生的責任。

A person is liable for gross negligence even if the standard is the same care used in managing their own affairs.

If a debtor’s agent or user acts intentionally or negligently in performing the debt, the debtor bears the same responsibility as for the debtor’s own intentional or negligent act, unless the parties agree otherwise.

因不可歸責於債務人的事由導致不能給付時，債務人免負給付義務；若債務人因此對第三人有損害賠償請求權，債權人可向債務人請求讓與該請求權或交付已受領的賠償物。

如果因債務人可歸責的原因導致不能給付，債權人可以請求損害賠償。

If incomplete performance is attributable to the debtor, the creditor may exercise rights under the rules on delay or impossibility, and may also claim compensation for additional damage.

If a debtor’s breach injures a creditor’s personality rights, the debtor is liable for damages under the referenced provisions.

契約成立後如果情勢變更、當時無法預料，且按原來效果顯失公平，當事人可以向法院請求增加或減少給付，或變更原有效果。

（刪除）

If a payment has a set due date, the debtor is liable for delay after that date. If there is no set due date, the debtor is liable after the creditor demands payment and payment is still not made; a demand with a stated deadline has the same effect.

If someone chooses a residence because of a particular act, their conduct is treated as domicile.

If non-performance is caused by a reason not attributable to the debtor, the debtor is not liable for delay.

If a debtor is in delay, the creditor may claim damages for loss caused by the delay.

If a delayed performance is of no benefit to the creditor, the creditor may refuse it and may claim damages caused by nonperformance.

For overdue money debts, the creditor may claim late interest at the statutory rate, unless a higher agreed rate applies. No late interest is payable on interest itself, and the creditor may also claim compensation for other proven damage.

If a creditor refuses or cannot accept a performance that has been tendered, the creditor bears delay responsibility from the time of tender.

If the debtor does not tender performance in the proper form, the tender has no legal effect. If the creditor has indicated refusal to accept, or the performance requires the creditor’s participation, the debtor may notify the creditor of readiness to perform instead of tendering.

在無確定期限的給付，或清償期前得為給付時，債權人對暫時不能受領的情形不負遲延責任。

When the creditor is in delay, the debtor is liable only for intent or gross negligence.

If the creditor is in delay, the debtor does not have to pay interest.

債務人在債權人遲延時，對已收取的孳息負返還責任。

If a person leaves their residence under facts showing an intention to abandon it, the residence is treated as abandoned.

If the creditor is in delay, the debtor may claim compensation for the necessary expenses of tendering and keeping the performance object.

A debtor who must deliver immovable property may abandon possession after the creditor is in default, but must notify the creditor in advance unless notification is impossible.

If a debtor neglects to exercise a right, a creditor may exercise that right in the creditor’s own name to preserve the claim, except for rights that belong exclusively to the debtor personally.

債權人原則上不得行使前條所指的權利，除非債務人負遲延責任；但專為保存債務人權利的行為不受此限制。

債權人在符合條件時，可以向法院聲請撤銷債務人的某些行為。

債權人的撤銷權，從知道撤銷原因起一年內不行使，或從行為時起經過十年，會消滅。

契約尚未成立時，準備或商議訂約的一方若有惡意隱匿、不實說明、洩漏秘密或其他違反誠信的行為，對因此受損的另一方負賠償責任；該賠償請求權二年不行使會消滅。

A contract whose subject matter is impossible is void, unless the impossibility can be removed and the parties expected performance after it was removed.

If a contract is void because its subject is impossible performance, a party who knew or should have known of the impossibility when contracting must compensate the other party if that party relied on the contract without negligence and suffered loss.

Contract terms prepared in advance for use in similar contracts are invalid to the extent they are grossly unfair.

如果一方收到另一方交付的定金，法律上推定契約已成立。

定金原則上依本條處理，但當事人另有約定者除外。

法人只有在依本法或其他法律規定時，才可以成立。

當事人可以約定債務人違約時支付違約金；在特定情況下，債權人還可以請求履行債務。

If the debt has been partly performed, the court may reduce the liquidated damages.

If an agreed liquidated damages amount is too high, the court may reduce it to a reasonable amount.

在約定違約時，如果應給付的是金錢以外的內容，前三條的規定適用。

If one contract party delays payment, the other party may set a reasonable deadline to demand performance and may rescind the contract if performance is still not made within that deadline.

If timely performance is essential to the contract’s purpose and one party fails to perform on time, the other party may terminate the contract without giving the prior notice required by the previous article.

債權人在有第二百二十六條情形時，可以解除其契約。

If no time limit was set for exercising a rescission right, the other party may set a reasonable period and ask the rescission-right holder to confirm whether they will rescind.

行使解除權時，應向對方當事人以意思表示為之；若契約一方有數人，該意思表示應由全體或向全體為之；解除契約的意思表示不得撤銷。

契約解除時，雙方原則上要回復原狀，返還受領的給付；金錢給付要加計利息，勞務或物的使用要按價額以金錢償還，孳息也要返還。

法人在法令限制內，具有享受權利和負擔義務的能力；專屬於自然人的權利義務不適用。

行使解除權，不影響請求損害賠償。

契約解除後產生的相互義務，適用第264條到第267條的規定。

有解除權人若因可歸責於自己而使已受領的給付物毀損、滅失或無法返還，解除權就消滅；加工或改造使其變更種類時，也同樣如此。

Articles 258 and 260 apply mutatis mutandis when a party terminates a contract according to law.

Contracting parties owing reciprocal obligations may refuse their own performance until the other side performs counter-performance, unless they must perform first.

先給付的一方，在符合條件時可以拒絕自己履行。

在非可歸責於雙方的原因下，如果一方完全不能給付，另一方可免除相對給付；如果只部分不能，則相對給付要按比例減少。

一方因可歸責於他方而不能給付時，得請求對待給付；其因免除給付義務而取得或應得的利益，還要從可請求的對待給付中扣除。

If one contract party agrees that a third party will perform for the other party, that party is liable for damages if the third party does not perform.

如果契約約定由債務人向第三人給付，約定人可要求債務人對第三人履行，第三人也可直接向債務人請求給付。

法人應設董事；董事可代表法人，且多名董事或監察人時，原則上各自可單獨行使代表或監察權，除章程另有規定外。

The debtor may use any defenses arising from the contract against the benefiting third party.

多人對同一債務或同一債權，且給付可以分割時，原則上各自平均分擔或分受；原本不可分但後來變得可分的，也一樣。

If multiple persons owe the same debt and expressly agree that each is responsible to the creditor for the full performance, it is joint and several liability; without that express agreement, it exists only where the law provides.

A creditor of a joint and several debt may demand full or partial performance from one, some, or all debtors, at the same time or one after another. Until the debt is fully performed, all debtors remain jointly liable.

If one solidary debtor extinguishes the debt by payment, substitute performance, deposit, set-off, or merger, the other debtors are also relieved of liability.

If one joint debtor is finally judgmented and the judgment is not based on that debtor’s personal relationship, the judgment also has effect for the benefit of the other debtors.

債權人免除連帶債務人之一人的債務時，如果沒有表示要消滅全部債務，其他債務人仍要負責。

A co-debtor may set off a claim against the creditor, but only up to that debtor’s share of the debt.

If a creditor is delayed in relation to one joint debtor, the effect also applies for the benefit of the other debtors.

An event affecting one solidary debtor does not affect the other debtors, unless the prior five articles or the contract say otherwise.

法人要對其董事或其他有代表權之人在執行職務時造成他人損害，與行為人一起負賠償責任。

Joint debtors must share obligations equally unless another law or the contract provides otherwise.

A joint debtor who pays or otherwise discharges the debt may seek reimbursement from the other debtors for each person’s share, plus interest from the time of discharge.

共同債務人無法償付其分擔額時，未償部分原則上由求償權人與其他債務人按比例分擔；但若無法償付是因求償權人的過失造成，求償權人不得向其他債務人請求分擔。

This provision defines joint creditors: when multiple persons have the same claim by law or legal act, and each may demand full performance from the debtor.

連帶債權的債務人，可以向任一債權人清償全部給付。

If one solidary creditor demands performance, that demand also has effect for the benefit of the other creditors.

If one solidary creditor has already been satisfied or the claim has otherwise been extinguished, the other creditors’ rights are extinguished too.

A final judgment in favor of one joint creditor also has effect for the other joint creditors. A final judgment against one joint creditor also has effect for the others, unless it is based on that creditor’s personal relationship.

一名連帶債權人免除債務時，除其應享有的部分外，其他債權人的權利不消滅；同樣規則也適用於一名連帶債權人消滅時效完成的情形。

If one joint creditor is in delay, the other creditors are also responsible for that delay.

法人以其主事務所所在地作為住所。

A matter affecting one joint creditor does not affect the other creditors, unless the preceding five articles or the contract provide otherwise.

除法律或契約另有規定外，連帶債權人之間應平均分受利益。

If several persons owe the same debt and performance cannot be divided, the rules on joint and several obligations apply.

When several creditors have the same indivisible claim, performance must be made to all creditors together, and a creditor’s dealings with the debtor do not affect the other creditors.

債權人原則上可以把債權讓與第三人，但法律列出的三類債權例外。

讓與債權時，該債權的擔保及其他從屬權利原則上隨同移轉給受讓人；與讓與人有不可分離關係的權利除外。未支付利息則推定隨同本金移轉。

讓與人必須把證明債權的文件交給受讓人，並告知主張該債權所必要的一切情況。

債權讓與若未通知債務人，對債務人不生效力；法律另有規定者除外。

If the assignor has notified the debtor of a claim assignment, the debtor may still raise against the assignor any defense it could raise against the assignee, even if the assignment was not made or is invalid. The notice may not be revoked without the assignee’s consent.

A debtor, after being notified of an assignment, may use against the transferee any grounds that could be used against the transferor, and may set off a claim against the transferor if the claim is due before or at the same time as the assigned claim.

When a person is required to use written text, they may have someone else write it, but they must personally sign it.

法人未向主管機關登記，不得成立。

If a third party and the creditor make a contract for the third party to assume the debtor’s debt, the debt transfers to the third party when the contract is formed.

第三人與債務人訂立承擔債務的契約，必須經債權人承認，否則對債權人不生效力。

前條債務人或承擔人可以定一個相當期限，催告債權人在期限內明確答覆是否承認；逾期不答覆，視為拒絕承認。

承擔人可以使用債務人原本可對抗債權人的事由，但不能拿屬於債務人的債權來抵銷，也不能用其承擔債務關係下對債務人的抗辯去對抗債權人。

債務承擔原則上不影響從屬於債權的權利；但若該權利與債務人有不可分離的關係，則例外。第三人就債權所作的擔保，原則上會因債務承擔而消滅，但若第三人已承認該承擔，則不在此限。

If someone takes over another person's property or business together with its assets and liabilities, notifying or publishing notice to creditors creates debt-assumption effect. In that case, the original debtor remains jointly liable with the assumer for certain claims for up to two years.

When businesses merge and take over each other’s assets and liabilities, the new business is responsible for each business’s debts.

When the debt relationship ends, the security for the claim and other accessory rights also end at the same time.

債務全部消滅時，債務人可以要求返還或塗銷負債字據。

債務人依債務本旨向債權人或其他有受領權人清償，並經其受領時，債的關係消滅。

法人完成登記後，若應登記事項未登記，或已登記事項變更後未辦理變更登記，該事項不得對抗第三人。

A payment to a third person is effective as payment in the situations listed in this article.

債務可以由第三人代為清償，但若當事人另有約定或依債的性質不許第三人清償，則不適用。

A third party with an interest in performance may pay the debt, and then gains the creditor’s rights to the extent of that payment, so long as the creditor’s interests are not harmed.

第二百九十七條及第二百九十九條的規定，適用於前條的承受權利。

This provision sets default rules for where an obligation is to be performed, unless law, contract, custom, or the nature of the obligation or other circumstances provide otherwise.

除非法律、契約、債之性質或其他情形另有安排，債權人可以隨時要求清償，債務人也可以隨時清償。

If a debt has a fixed performance date, the creditor may not demand performance before that date, but the debtor may perform early if there is no contrary declaration.

一般情況下，清償債務的費用由債務人負擔；但如果法律或契約另有規定，或因債權人變更住所等行為而增加費用，則增加部分由債權人負擔。

債務人沒有分期清償一部分債務的權利；但法院可在不損害債權人利益的相當期限內，准許分期給付或延後清償。

If the creditor accepts a different performance instead of the original one, the debt relationship ends.

對於受設立許可、且業務受主管機關監督的法人，主管機關可以檢查其財產狀況，以及是否違反許可條件或其他法律。

If a debtor takes on a new debt to a creditor to settle an existing debt, the old debt does not end unless the parties say otherwise; if the new debt is not performed, the old debt still remains.

If one person owes several debts of the same kind and the payment offered is not enough to cover them all, the payer may designate which debt the payment should be applied to.

If the person making payment does not designate which debt is to be satisfied, the debt is applied according to the listed priority rules.

清償人提出的給付，應先抵充費用，再抵充利息，最後抵充原本。

清償人可以要求受領清償人出具受領證書。

If a creditor gives a receipt or returns a debt certificate, the law presumes certain earlier payments or the debt itself have been paid or extinguished.

If the creditor delays accepting performance, or it is unclear who the creditor is and performance is difficult, the person performing the obligation may deposit the thing to be performed for the creditor.

Deposits must be made at the court deposit office of the place of performance.

提存後，給付物損壞或滅失的風險由債權人負擔；債務人也不用付利息或賠償未收取孳息的損害。

債權人可以隨時領取提存物；但如果債務人的清償是對債權人的給付，在債權人未先為對待給付或提出相當擔保前，債務人可以阻止其領取。

受設立許可法人的董事或監察人，如果不遵主管機關的監督命令或妨礙檢查，可能被處五千元以下罰鍰。

債權人應在提存後十年內行使與提存物有關的權利；逾期，提存物歸屬國庫。

清償人可以在給付物不適合提存、可能毀損滅失，或提存費用過高時，向清償地法院聲請拍賣給付物，並將價金提存。

If the item to be paid has a market price, the competent court may allow the person making payment to sell it at market price and deposit the money.

債權人要負擔提存拍賣及出賣的費用。

If two parties owe each other debts of the same kind and both debts are due, either party may set off its debt against the other’s.

A set-off must be made by a declaration of intent to the other party; a set-off declaration with a condition or time limit is invalid.

If debts have different places of payment, they may be set off; the person who sets off must compensate the other party for any resulting damage.

A claim right that has been extinguished by prescription may still be set off if the debt was already suitable for set-off before prescription was completed.

債務人不得就禁止扣押之債主張抵銷。

因故意侵權行為而生的債，債務人不得主張抵銷。

法人如果違反設立許可的條件，主管機關可以撤銷其許可。

A third debtor subject to a claim attachment order must not set off a claim it acquired after the attachment against the attached claim.

A debtor who has agreed to pay a third party may not offset that debt against the other party’s debt to the debtor.

抵銷時，第三百二十一條至第三百二十三條的規定適用。

If the creditor tells the debtor that the debt is released, the debt relationship ends.

債權與債務歸於同一人時，債之關係消滅；但若該債權是他人權利的標的，或法律另有規定，則不適用。

A sale contract is an agreement where one party transfers property rights to the other party in exchange for a price, and it is formed when the parties agree on the object and the price.

If a price was not specifically agreed but can be determined from the circumstances, it is treated as agreed. If the price is stated to follow market price, it is the market price at the place of payment when performance occurs, unless the contract says otherwise.

This section applies to onerous contracts other than sale contracts, unless the nature of the contract does not allow it.

出賣人要把標的物交給買受人，並使買受人取得所有權；若是權利的出賣人，也要使買受人取得該權利。

出賣人必須擔保，第三人對買賣標的物不得對買受人主張任何權利。

公司財產無法清償債務時，董事應立即向法院聲請破產。若未聲請而使債權人受損害，過失董事要負賠償責任；有二人以上時，負連帶責任。

賣出債權或其他權利的人，必須保證該權利確實存在；賣出有價證券的人，還必須保證該證券沒有因公示催告而被宣告無效。

如果買受人在契約成立時已知道權利有瑕疵，出賣人原則上不負擔保責任；但契約另有約定者除外。

債權出賣人原則上不對債務人是否有支付能力負擔擔保責任，除非契約另有約定。

If the seller does not perform the duties set out in Articles 348 to 351, the buyer may exercise rights under the rules on non-performance of obligations.

賣方在危險移轉給買方時，必須保證標的物沒有會減少價值或通常／約定用途的瑕疵，且也要保證其具備所承諾的品質；但輕微、無關重要的減少不算瑕疵。

If the buyer knew of the defect when the contract was made, the seller has no warranty liability. The same applies if the buyer failed to know of the defect through gross negligence and the seller did not warrant the item as defect-free, unless the seller intentionally failed to disclose the defect.

買受人應儘速依通常程序檢查受領的物；發現應由出賣人負責保證的瑕疵時，應立即通知出賣人。

如果出賣人故意不告知買受人瑕疵，前條規定不適用。

買受人對於有疑似瑕疵且不願受領的外地送達物，在出賣人於受領地無代理人時，負有暫時保管責任；必要時也可或必須依情況變賣並通知出賣人。

有瑕疵的買賣中，買受人可以解除契約或請求減少價金；如果解除顯失公平，則只能請求減少價金。

如果法人目的或行為違反法律、公共秩序或善良風俗，法院可以在主管機關、檢察官或利害關係人請求下宣告解散。

If sold goods do not have the promised quality, the buyer may choose not to rescind the contract or reduce the price and may claim damages for non-performance; the same applies if the seller deliberately fails to disclose a defect.

買受人主張物有瑕疵時，出賣人可以定相當期限，催告買受人在期限內決定是否解除契約；買受人逾期未解除者，會喪失解除權。

If the accessory item is defective, the buyer may rescind only the part concerning the accessory. If the main item is defective and the contract is rescinded, that rescission also applies to the accessory.

If one item in a group sale is defective, the buyer may rescind only as to the defective item. If the items were sold together for a single total price, the buyer may also ask for a price reduction equal to the value attributable to the defective item. If separating the defective item from the others would cause obvious harm, either party may rescind the whole contract.

If goods sold only by kind are defective, the buyer may demand immediate replacement with non-defective goods instead of rescinding the contract or asking for a price reduction.

If the buyer has a right to rescind a contract or ask for a price reduction because goods are defective, that right ends if it is not used within six months after notice under Article 356, or within five years after delivery.

如果買賣契約用特約免除或限制出賣人的權利瑕疵或物瑕疵擔保責任，而出賣人又故意不告知瑕疵，該特約無效。

買受人對出賣人有義務交付約定價金，並受領標的物。

買受人在有正當理由且擔心第三人主張權利、可能失去買賣所得權利時，得拒絕支付全部或部分價金；但若出賣人已提供相當擔保，則不適用。