民法

The subject matter and its price must be delivered at the same time unless the law, the contract, or custom says otherwise.

法人解散後，原則上由董事負責其財產清算，但章程另有規定或總會另有決議者，不在此限。

If the subject matter has a fixed delivery deadline, that deadline is presumed to be the deadline for paying the price.

If the item and price are to be delivered at the same time, the price must be delivered at the place where the item is delivered.

If price is calculated by weight, the weight of the skin must be deducted; however, a contract or established custom can provide otherwise.

買賣標的物的利益和危險，自交付時起由買受人承擔，但契約另有約定者除外。

If the buyer asks for delivery somewhere other than the place of payment, the buyer bears the risk once the seller hands the goods to a carrier.

在特定情況下，買受人要償還出賣人在危險移轉後、交付前支出的費用。

If the seller ignores the buyer’s specific delivery instructions for the goods without an emergency reason, the seller must compensate the buyer’s resulting losses.

If a right is sold and the seller is entitled to possess a specific thing because of that right, the four preceding articles apply by analogy.

買賣費用原則上依本條分配：買賣契約費用由雙方平均負擔，出賣人負擔移轉權利、運送到清償地及交付費用，買受人負擔受領、登記及送交到清償地以外處所的費用。

If the seller reserved a buyback right in the sale contract, the seller may return the price received and buy back the item.

When a liquidator cannot be determined under the preceding article, the court may appoint one on application or on its own initiative.

買回期限不得超過五年；如果約定期限更長，會縮短為五年。

在買受人負擔買賣費用時，買回人要連同買回價金一起償還；買回費用也由買回人負擔。

買回人必須償還買受人為改良標的物所支出的費用和其他有益費用，但只限於現存的增價額。

買受人必須向買回人交付標的物及其附屬物；如因可歸責於買受人的原因，致不能交付或標的物明顯變更，買受人應賠償損害。

This provision defines trial sale as a contract made subject to the buyer’s approval of the item.

In a sale by trial, the seller must allow the buyer to test the item being sold.

試驗後尚未交付的標的物，買受人應在約定期限內表示承認；沒有約定期限時，則應在出賣人所定的相當期限內表示承認。逾期未表示，視為拒絕。

If goods delivered for trial are not returned or rejected in time, or if the buyer pays part or all of the price or does anything beyond what is necessary for the trial, the goods are treated as accepted.

依貨樣約定買賣時，出賣人被視為擔保其交付標的物與貨樣品質相同。

分期付價買賣中，若買受人遲延，出賣人在遲付金額未達全部價金五分之一時，仍不得請求支付全部價金。

法院在認為必要時，可以解除清算人的任務。

分期付價買賣中，如果約定賣方在契約解除時可扣留已收價金，扣留金額不得超過標的物的使用代價及損害賠償額。

A sale by auction is formed when the auctioneer strikes the hammer or uses another customary method to show the sale is concluded.

Auctioneers must not bid in auctions they manage, and must not have someone else bid on their behalf.

拍賣人可以在委任人沒有反對意思表示時，把拍賣物拍定給出價最高的人。

拍賣人如果認為最高出價不夠，可以不作賣定表示而撤回標的物。

A bidder’s bid declaration loses binding force if a higher bid or the auction item is withdrawn.

The auction buyer must pay the purchase price in cash when the auction is concluded or at the time stated in the auction notice.

If the auction buyer does not pay the price on time, the auctioneer may cancel the contract and re-auction the item. If the re-auction proceeds are less than the original auction price plus re-auction costs, the original buyer must cover the difference.

If both parties agree to exchange non-monetary property rights, the sale rules apply.

如果一方約定移轉前條所定的財產權並交付金錢，金錢部分適用買賣價金的規定。

If an amount is written in both words and numbers and they conflict, the court should use the words if it cannot determine the parties’ intended meaning.

清算人要處理現務、收取債權、清償債務，並把剩餘財產交給應得的人；法人在清算終結前，於清算必要範圍內視為存續。

This provision defines “交互計算” as a contract where the parties periodically net out debts and claims arising from their transactions and pay only the balance.

If negotiable instruments entered in a clearing/settlement arrangement are not paid by the debtor, the parties may remove the entry.

If no special rule is set, the calculation period is once every six months.

一方當事人可以隨時終止交互計算契約；但如果契約另有約定，則不適用。

Items entered in an intercourse account may be agreed to bear interest from the time they are entered; differences arising from the accounting may also be claimed with interest from the time of the accounting.

Items in an intercalary calculation cannot be requested to be removed or corrected after one year from the calculation date.

“贈與者”是指當事人約定，由一方以自己的財產無償給與他方、且他方允受的契約關係中的一方。

（刪除）

贈與物的權利還沒移轉前，贈與人可以撤銷贈與；如果只移轉了一部分，也可以就未移轉部分撤銷。

If the donor delays the gift performance, the recipient may demand delivery of the gift. If performance becomes impossible because of a cause attributable to the recipient, the recipient may demand the value of the gift. The recipient may not claim delay interest or other damages for non-performance in that situation.

Liquidation procedures follow the rules for a company limited by shares, unless this general code provides otherwise.

贈與人只有在故意或重大過失時，才對受贈人就給付不能負責。

贈與物或權利有瑕疵時，贈與人原則上不負擔保責任；但若故意不告知瑕疵或保證無瑕疵，則要賠償受贈人因此受的損害。

受贈人不履行附帶負擔時，贈與人可以請求其履行，或撤銷贈與；若負擔屬公益目的，贈與人死亡後主管機關或檢察官也可以請求履行。

If a gift comes with a burden and the gift’s value is not enough to cover it, the recipient must perform the burden only up to the value of the gift.

If a gift with a burden has defects in the gifted thing or right, the donor must provide the same warranty as a seller, but only up to the burden borne by the donee.

A periodic gift becomes ineffective if the donor or donee dies, unless the donor has stated otherwise.

If the donee engages in certain acts, the donor may revoke the gift.

If the donee’s intentional unlawful act causes the donor’s death or prevents revocation, the donor’s heirs may revoke the gift.

贈與人如在訂立贈與約定後經濟狀況明顯變更，且贈與會嚴重影響其生計或妨礙其扶養義務時，可以拒絕履行贈與。

贈與撤銷後，贈與人可以依不當得利規定請求返還贈與物。

法人清算受法院監督；法院可以隨時做必要的檢查和處分。

贈與之撤銷權在受贈人死亡時消滅。

This provision defines a lease as a contract where one party lets another use and enjoy property in exchange for rent, and it says rent may be paid in money or in the fruits of the leased property.

A real-property lease with a term over one year must be made in writing; if it is not, it is treated as a lease with no fixed term.

承租人在契約成立後，可以請求出租人辦理地上權登記。

出租人必須交付符合約定使用、收益的租賃物，並在租賃期間保持其符合約定狀態。

If a rented dwelling has defects that endanger the tenant or cohabitants’ safety or health, the tenant may terminate the lease.

租賃物交付後、承租人仍占有期間，即使出租人把所有權讓與第三人，租賃契約對受讓人仍繼續存在；但未經公證的不動產租賃契約，如果期限超過五年或未定期限，前項規定不適用。

土地和房屋原本同屬一人所有，之後只轉讓土地、只轉讓房屋，或將兩者轉讓給不同的人時，法律推定在房屋可使用期限內有租賃關係。

出租人如果就租賃物設定物權，並因此妨礙承租人使用、收益，就準用第425條的規定。

If a leased site has a building on it, and the tenant’s ownership of the building is transferred, the site lease contract continues to apply to the person who receives the building.

基地或房屋出賣時，特定人有依同樣條件優先承買的權利；出賣人應以書面通知，受通知者十日內未書面表示承買，視為放棄。

出租人負擔租賃物應納的一切稅捐。

如果租賃物是動物，承租人要負擔飼養費。

通常由出租人負擔租賃物修繕；但契約或習慣另有約定時不在此限。

A liquidator who disobeys a court supervision order or obstructs an inspection may be fined up to 5,000 yuan; the same penalty also applies to a director who violates the preceding article’s paragraph 3.

在租賃期間，若修繕本應由出租人負擔而出租人未修繕，承租人可以先定期限催告，之後可終止契約，或自行修繕並請求償費或從租金扣除。

承租人為租賃物支出有益費用、使其增值時，若出租人知情且未表示反對，租約終止時出租人應償還費用，但以現存增價額為限。承租人也可取回自己加設的工作物，但必須回復原狀。

承租人要以善良管理人的注意保管租賃物；如果租賃物有生產力，還要保持其生產力。

承租人要對因其同居人或其允許使用、收益租賃物的第三人所致的租賃物毀損或滅失，負損害賠償責任。

If the leased thing is destroyed or lost because of a fire caused by the lessee’s gross negligence, the lessee must compensate the lessor for the damage.

租賃期間，若因不可歸責於承租人的原因造成租賃物一部滅失，承租人可以請求按滅失部分減少租金；如果剩餘部分已無法達到租賃目的，也可以終止契約。

The preceding article applies when a tenant cannot use or benefit from leased property as agreed because a third party claims rights in it.

承租人遇到修繕、必要設備或第三人主張權利等情形，原則上要立即通知出租人；如果出租人已經知道，則不在此限。承租人如果怠於通知，造成出租人不能及時救濟，還要賠償損害。

承租人要依約定方式使用、收益租賃物；沒有約定時，則依租賃物性質決定方法。

承租人應在約定日期、依習慣、租賃期滿、每期屆滿或收益季節終了時支付租金，視租約是否有約定、是否分期及租賃物是否有季節性收益而定。

法人解散後，剩餘財產通常要先清償債務，再依章程或總會決議處理；若沒有前述依據，則歸屬於法人住所所在地的地方自治團體。以公益為目的的法人解散時，剩餘財產不得給自然人或以營利為目的的團體。

承租人遲延付租時，出租人可以先定期限催告；承租人逾期仍不付，出租人可以終止契約，但房屋租賃和特定租金支付方式有較高門檻限制。

If the tenant’s own fault causes inability to use all or part of the leased property, the tenant cannot avoid paying rent.

If the leased property is immovable and its value rises or falls, the parties may ask the court to increase or decrease the rent; this does not apply to leases with a fixed term.

承租人原則上不能在未經出租人承諾時把租賃物轉租給他人；如果租賃物是房屋且沒有相反約定，承租人可以把其中一部分轉租。

承租人依法轉租房屋或其他租賃物後，與出租人的租賃關係仍然繼續；若因次承租人應負責的事由造成損害，承租人要負賠償責任。

不動產出租人對放在該不動產內的承租人物品，就租賃債權有留置權；但禁止扣押的物不在此限。

承租人取去留置物時，出租人的留置權通常消滅；但若是趁出租人不知取去，或出租人已提出異議，則不在此限。

出租人有異議權時，可不經法院直接阻止承租人取去留置物；承租人離開租賃不動產時，出租人也可占有該物。

承租人可以提出擔保，避免出租人行使留置權；也可以提出與個別留置物價值相當的擔保，以消滅該物的留置權。

租賃契約期限不得超過二十年；超過二十年的，會縮短為二十年。當事人可以更新前項期限。

For-profit associations obtain legal person status according to the special law.

定期租賃在期限屆滿時消滅；不定期租賃，任何一方可隨時終止，但要受有利於承租人的習慣影響。

租賃期限屆滿後，若承租人仍繼續使用收益且出租人未立即反對，契約視為以不定期限繼續。

承租人死亡時，繼承人即使面對有期限的租賃契約，仍可終止契約，但必須先期通知。

If a fixed-term lease lets one party end it before expiry, that party must give prior notice when terminating.

If a lease is terminated under the two preceding articles, the landlord must return any rent that had already been paid in advance for a period after termination.

租賃關係終止後，承租人必須返還租賃物；如果租賃物有生產力，還要保持其生產狀態後再返還給出租人。

Claims by the lessor and lessee under this lease article expire if not exercised for two years.

耕作地承租人因不可抗力而收益減少或全無時，可以請求減少或免除租金；但不得事先放棄這項請求權。

耕作地出租人不得預收租金；承租人無法按期付清而先付一部分時，出租人不得拒絕收受。

耕作地租賃在租期屆滿前，出租人遇到法定情形之一時，可以終止契約。

對未定期限的耕作地租賃，出租人原則上只能在特定情形下終止契約。

以公益為目的的社團，登記前須先取得主管機關許可。

耕作地出租人終止契約時，終止期應安排在收益季節後、下期作業開始前。

耕作地出租人要出賣或出典耕作地時，承租人有依同樣條件優先承買或承典的權利。

耕作地承租人可向出租人請求償還因租賃終止而就未收穫孳息所支出的耕作費用，但請求額不得超過孳息價額。

耕作地承租人可以為提高產量或便利而改良耕作地，但要先把改良事項和費用金額書面通知出租人。

耕作地出租且附有農具、牲畜或其他附屬物時，訂約時要先估價並製作清單，由雙方簽名，各留一份。

耕作地承租人應在租賃終止時，將依清單受領的附屬物返還出租人；不能返還時，改賠償清單所定價值，並扣除因使用造成的通常折耗。

This section applies, as far as applicable, to the leasing of rights.

This provision defines a use loan contract as one where one party delivers a thing to the other, and the other agrees to return it after free use.

This article is deleted.

使用借貸預約成立後，預約貸與人可以撤銷約定；但如果預約借用人已請求履行，且預約貸與人未即時撤銷，則不適用這個例外。

If the lender intentionally fails to disclose defects in the borrowed item and the borrower is harmed, the lender must compensate for the damage.

借用人 must use the borrowed item as agreed, or if there is no agreement, in a way determined by the item’s nature, and must not let a third party use it without the lender’s consent.

借用人要以善良管理人的注意保管借用物；若違反義務而造成借用物毀損或滅失，應負損害賠償責任。

借用人要負擔借用物的通常保管費用；如果借用物是動物，飼養費也由借用人負擔。借用人也可以取回自己增加的工作物，但必須回復借用物原狀。

設立社團者必須訂定章程，且章程要記載法律列出的事項。

借用人要在約定期限屆滿時返還借用物；如果沒有約定期限，則在依借貸目的使用完畢時返還。

If multiple people borrow the same item, they are jointly liable to the lender.

The lender may end the loan contract if any listed ground exists.

If the lender or borrower does not exercise certain listed claims or retrieval rights within six months, those rights expire.

本條定義「消費借貸」：一方把金錢或其他代替物的所有權交給他方，並約定他方返還種類、品質、數量相同的物；若一方已負有金錢或其他代替物給付義務，並約定以該義務作為消費借貸標的，也屬消費借貸。

Deleted provision.

有利息或其他報償的消費借貸預約，在一方於預約成立後變成無支付能力時，預約貸與人得撤銷預約。

有償消費借貸中，借用物有瑕疵時，貸與人應更換無瑕疵之物，借用人也可請求損害賠償。無償消費借貸中，借用人可按有瑕疵原物的價值返還；若貸與人故意不告知瑕疵，借用人也可請求損害賠償。

Interest or other remuneration must be paid by the contract deadline, or at loan termination if no deadline is set; if the loan term exceeds one year, payment must be made at the end of each year.

借用人應在約定期限內返還同種類、同品質、同數量的物品；如果沒有約定返還期限，借用人可以隨時返還，貸與人也可以定一個月以上的相當期限催告返還。

If the borrower cannot return the same kind, quality, and quantity of item, the borrower must compensate with the item’s value at the return time and place; if those are not agreed, value is based on the contract time and place.

社團設立時，董事要向主事務所及分事務所所在地的主管機關辦理登記，並附具章程備案。

Loan repayment is governed by these rules unless the contract says otherwise.

If a loan is made by converting goods or securities into money, the loan amount is based on the market value of those items at the place of delivery when they are delivered, even if the parties agreed otherwise.

This provision defines an employment contract as one where the parties agree that one side provides labor for a fixed or indefinite period and the other side pays remuneration.

If remuneration is not fixed, payment is made according to the price list; if there is no price list, payment is made according to custom.

If a worker’s life, body, or health may be endangered while providing labor, the employer must take necessary preventive measures based on the situation.

雇用人未經受僱人同意，不得把勞務請求權讓與第三人；受僱人未經雇用人同意，不得讓第三人代為服勞務。

If a hired worker expressly or impliedly warrants special skills but does not actually have them, the employer may terminate the contract.

Remuneration must be paid when agreed, otherwise according to custom, and otherwise at the time set by the payment method or when the work is finished.

If the employer delays accepting the work, the employee does not have to make up the work and can still claim pay.

受僱人因不可歸責於自己的事由受損害時，可以向僱用人請求賠償；若另有應負責任的人，僱用人可以向該人求償。

A fixed-term employment relationship ends when the term expires. If employment has no fixed term and no term can be determined from the work’s nature or purpose, either party may end the contract at any time, unless a custom favorable to the employee applies.

一方在有重大事由時，即使僱傭契約有期限，也可以在期滿前終止；若重大事由是因一方過失造成，另一方可以請求損害賠償。

Associations may set their organization and the relationship with members in their bylaws, as long as this does not violate Articles 50 to 58.

This provision defines an undertaking contract and says that if the contractor is to supply materials, the materials’ value is presumed to be part of the remuneration.

If work is done without pay, it is treated as agreed to be paid. If the amount of pay is not fixed, payment is based on the listed price; if there is no price list, payment is based on custom.

承攬人完成工作後，必須符合約定品質，且不得有使價值減少、滅失或不適於通常或約定使用的瑕疵。

工作有瑕疵時，定作人可以定相當期限要求承攬人修補；逾期未修補時，定作人可以自行修補並請求償還必要費用。

承攬人未在期限內修補瑕疵、拒絕修補，或瑕疵不能修補時，定作人可以解除契約或請求減少報酬；但瑕疵不重要，或工作是建築物或其他土地上的工作物時，定作人不得解除契約。

如果瑕疵是因承攬人可歸責的事由造成，定作人可以請求修補、解除契約、減少報酬，並可請求損害賠償。

如果工作瑕疵是因定作人提供的材料性質或定作人指示所致，定作人不能主張前三條規定的權利；但若承攬人明知材料性質或指示不當而未告知，則不在此限。

在工作進行中，如因承攬人的過失可預見工作有瑕疵或其他違約情形，定作人可以定相當期限，要求承攬人改善或依約履行；若承攬人逾期未做，定作人可以請第三人處理，風險和費用由承攬人負擔。

定作人依第493條至第495條的權利，如瑕疵在工作交付後滿一年才發現，就不能主張。若工作性質上不需要交付，這一年的期間從工作完成時起算。

If the work is a building, another structure on land, or a major repair of such a structure, the period in the preceding article is extended to five years.

當數量以文字或號碼重複表示而彼此不一致，且法院無法判定當事人原意時，應以最低額為準。

社團的最高機關是總會；章程變更、董事及監察人任免、監督其職務執行，以及開除社員，都要經總會決議，且開除社員限於有正當理由時。

If a contractor deliberately fails to disclose defects in the work, the time limits under Article 498 are extended to five years and those under Article 499 are extended to ten years.

Deadlines set under Articles 498 and 499 may be extended by contract, but they cannot be shortened.

如果用特約免除或限制承攬人對工作瑕疵的擔保義務，但承攬人故意不告知瑕疵，該特約無效。

If the contractor delays completion for reasons attributable to the contractor, the employer may seek a reduction in fees or damages for delay.

If a delay is attributable to the contractor and it is clearly foreseeable the work cannot be finished on time, the ordering party may rescind the contract and claim damages.

If the work is delayed and the client accepts the work without making a reservation, the contractor is not responsible for the consequences of the delay.

報酬原則上應在工作交付時給付；如果不需要交付，則在工作完成時給付。

If the agreed remuneration was only estimated and later increases greatly for reasons not attributable to the employer, the employer may rescind the contract. For buildings, other structures on land, or major repairs, the employer may instead only ask for a reasonable reduction; if the work is not finished, the employer may tell the contractor to stop and may rescind. If the employer rescinds under these rules, the employer must compensate the contractor for losses.

如果工作需要定作人先做某個行為，而定作人沒有做，承攬人可以訂相當期限催告；逾期仍不做時，承攬人可以解除契約並請求損害賠償。

工作在定作人受領前毀損或滅失的，原則上由承攬人負擔風險；若定作人遲延受領，風險改由定作人負擔。

承攬人若及時通知定作人材料瑕疵或指示不當，可請求已完成工作的報酬、墊款償還；若定作人有過失，還可請求損害賠償。

董事原則上召集總會，每年至少一次；董事不召集時，監察人可召集。

If the work’s nature means no delivery is needed, the work is treated as accepted when the work is completed.

工作未完成前，定作人可以隨時終止契約，但必須賠償承攬人因此受到的損害。

If a work contract depends on the contractor’s personal skill, the contract ends if the contractor dies or cannot finish the work without fault. If part of the work is already completed and is useful to the employer, the employer must accept it and pay reasonable remuneration.

承攬人對建築物或土地工作物及其重大修繕，得請求將抵押權登記在定作人的不動產上，並可在開工前先提出；契約已公證時，還可單獨申請登記。

定作人與承攬人的特定請求權，若在法定起算點後一年內未行使，會消滅。

“Tourism operator” means a person who, as a business, provides travel services to travelers and charges travel fees.

旅客發生身體或財產事故時，旅遊營業人應提供必要協助與處理；若事故不是可歸責於旅遊營業人的原因所致，相關費用由旅客負擔。

旅遊營業人安排旅客在特定場所購物時，如果買到有瑕疵的物品，旅客可在受領後一個月內請求旅遊營業人協助處理。

本條規定：相關請求權若自旅遊終了或應終了時起一年內未行使，就會消滅。

旅遊營業人因旅客請求，必須以書面記載指定事項並交付旅客。

If the trip needs the traveler’s cooperation, the tour operator may set a reasonable deadline and ask the traveler to act. If the traveler still does not act, the operator may end the contract and claim damages. If the trip has already started and the operator ends the contract, the traveler may ask for advance payment to be sent back to the departure point and later repay it with interest.

旅客在旅遊開始前可以改由第三人參加旅遊；旅遊營業人除非有正當理由，不得拒絕。

旅行業者原則上不得變更旅遊內容；若變更後費用減少，應退還旅客，費用增加則不得向旅客收取。

旅遊營業人提供旅遊服務時，應確保服務具備通常價值及約定品質。

旅遊服務若未達前條的價值或品質，旅客可以要求旅遊營業人改善；不能改善或不改善時，可以要求減少費用，情況嚴重時也可以終止契約。

如果因可歸責於旅遊營業人的原因，導致旅遊未按約定行程進行，旅客可以按日請求時間浪費的賠償。

旅客在旅遊尚未完成前，可以隨時終止契約，但必須賠償因終止契約造成的旅遊營業人損害。

This provision defines a publishing contract and creates a presumption that one exists when a submission to a newspaper or magazine is published.

出版人會在依出版契約收到著作交付時取得出版權；契約終了時，該出版權消滅。

出版人得在合法授權實行所必要的範圍內行使著作財產權人的權利；出版權授與人也要擔保其授權權利，並在特定情形下於契約成立前告知出版人相關情事。

出版權授與人在出版物尚未賣完時，不得就其著作全部或一部作出不利於出版人的處分；但契約另有約定者例外。

未約定版數時，出版人只能出一版；若約定可出多版或永久出版且前版賣完後未及時重製，出版權授與人可聲請法院命其在期限內再出新版，逾期不遵行會喪失出版權。

出版人不得增減或變更著作，並應以適當格式重製著作、必要廣告及通常方法推銷出版物；出版物賣價由出版人決定，但不得過高而妨礙銷售。

會員大會決議通常以出席社員過半數通過；社員有平等表決權，可依章程限制外以書面授權他人代為表決，但一人只能代理一名社員；有利益衝突風險的社員不得表決，也不得代理他人表決。

著作人可在不損害出版人利益、且不增加其責任範圍內訂正或修改著作；出版人在重製新版前，應給著作人訂正或修改的機會。

出版人不得把應分別出版交付的同一著作人之多部著作合併出版；若是為合併出版而交付的著作，也不得再分別出版。

This provision is deleted.

If the work is not delivered for remuneration in the stated circumstances, it is treated as if remuneration were agreed. If a publisher has the right to issue later editions, the remuneration and other publishing terms for the next edition are presumed to be the same as for the previous edition.

出版者在重製完成時應支付報酬；若報酬部分或全部依銷量決定，出版人還要依習慣計算、支付報酬並提出銷行證明。