民法

If a work is lost after delivery to the publisher because of force majeure, the publisher must still pay remuneration.

出版人得在發行前因不可抗力造成出版物全部或一部滅失時，自費補行出版，且無須向出版權授與人補給報酬。

如果著作人在作品完成前死亡、喪失能力，或因非可歸責於其的原因無法完成，出版契約關係就消滅。

This provision defines a mandate/entrustment contract as an agreement where one party asks another to handle affairs and the other agrees to do so.

If a contract for labor or services is not one of the contract types otherwise provided by law, the rules on mandate apply.

社團變更章程時，決議須達出席與同意門檻；受設立許可的社團還要先取得主管機關許可。

A person who publicly says they will accept an entrustment is treated as accepting it if they do not immediately notify refusal.

If a delegated task concerns a legal act that must be in writing, the grant of authority for that task must also be in writing; the same applies to granting agency authority.

受任人的權限先看委任契約怎麼約定；如果沒有約定，就依委任事務的性質來決定。委任人也可以指定特別委任或概括委任。

受特別委任的受任人，在處理委任事務時，可以為委任人做一切必要行為。

受任人在概括委任下，可以替委任人做各種行為；但出售或設定不動產負擔、租賃逾二年、贈與、和解、起訴、提付仲裁，必須另有特別授權。

受任人處理委任事務時，應依委任人指示，並以處理自己事務同等的注意；有報酬時，還要以善良管理人的注意處理。

受任人不得變更委任人之指示，但在急迫情事且可推定委任人知情會同意變更時除外。

受任人原則上應親自處理委任事務；只有在委任人同意、另有習慣，或有不得已事由時，才可以由第三人代為處理。

受任人交由第三人處理委任事務時，若違反前條規定，對第三人的行為要負與自己行為相同的責任；若依前條規定為之，則只就第三人的選任和對其指示負責。

If the mandatary uses a third party to handle entrusted matters, the mandator has a direct claim against that third party for performance of those matters.

社員原則上可以隨時退社，但章程可改為只能在事務年度終或經過預告期間後退社；預告期間不得超過六個月。

受任人應向委任人報告委任事務的進行情況；委任關係終止時，還應明確報告其經過。

受任人必須把因處理委任事務收取的金錢、物品及孳息交付給委任人，並將以自己名義為委任人取得的權利移轉給委任人。

受任人若為自己利益使用本應交付或應為委任人利益使用的金錢，必須自使用日起支付利息；如造成損害，還必須賠償。

委任人未經受任人同意，不得將處理委任事務的請求權讓與第三人。

受任人因處理委任事務有過失，或因逾越權限造成損害時，應對委任人負賠償責任。

委任人要在受任人請求時，先預付處理委任事務所需的必要費用。

受任人處理委任事務所生的必要費用、必要債務與非可歸責損害，委任人原則上要償還、代為清償、提供擔保或賠償；若另有應負責任的人，委任人還有求償權。

If remuneration was not agreed, the appointed agent may still claim remuneration when custom or the nature of the entrusted matter requires it.

受任人通常要等委任關係終止並完成明確報告後，才能請求報酬；但若委任關係因非可歸責於受任人的原因，在事務尚未辦完前終止，受任人可就已處理部分請求報酬。

任何一方都可以隨時終止委任契約；但若在不利於對方的時期終止，通常要負損害賠償責任。

退社或被開除的社員，原則上不能向社團主張財產請求權；但非公益法人且章程另有規定者，不在此限。

委任關係在一方死亡、破產或喪失行為能力時消滅，但契約另有約定或依事務性質不能消滅的，不在此限。

在委任關係消滅且可能損害委任人利益時，受任人、其繼承人或法定代理人 պետք繼續處理委任事務，直到委任人或其繼承人或法定代理人能接手為止。

If a cause ending the mandate relationship arises from one party, the relationship is treated as continuing until the other party knows or can know that cause.

A manager is a person authorized by a business firm to manage affairs and sign, and that authority may be granted expressly or impliedly.

經理人對外可作管理上必要行為，但除非有書面授權，不能買賣不動產或就不動產設定負擔。

經理人在其承辦事務範圍內，被視為有權代表商號進行訴訟行為。

商號可以授權給多名經理人。

Except as provided in the listed provisions, limits on manager authority cannot be used against a good-faith third party.

代辦商是受商號委託、以商號名義在一定處所或區域內辦理事務的人；對第三人就所代辦事務，視為有為必要行為的權限。

代辦商在代辦事務時，必須隨時向其商號報告所在地或區域的商業狀況，並且要即時報告自己所為的交易。

If the calling procedure or voting method for a general meeting violates the law or the articles, a member may ask the court to annul the resolution within three months after the resolution. A resolution whose content violates the law or the articles is void.

代辦商可依契約請求報酬，並可請求償還費用。

If there is no fixed term for the agency/mandate, either party may end the contract at any time, but should give the other party three months’ notice. A party that must terminate for a reason not attributable to itself may do so without prior notice.

經理人或代辦商未經其商號允許，不得自己或替他人經營同類事業，也不得成為同類事業公司的無限責任股東。

If a manager or agent violates the previous article, the company may claim the profits made from that conduct as damages.

經理權或代辦權不會因商號所有人死亡、破產或喪失行為能力而消滅。

This provision defines “intermediation” as a contract where one party arranges or reports opportunities for making a contract for the other party, and the other party pays compensation.

If the remuneration amount is not set, payment is made according to the price list; if there is no price list, payment is made according to custom.

居間人要如實向各當事人報告已知的訂約事項；對明顯沒有履行能力或已知沒有締約能力的人，不得為其媒介；以居間為業者還有調查義務。

居間人只有在契約因其報告或媒介而成立時，才可以請求報酬；若契約附有停止條件，在條件成就前不得請求報酬。

居間人支出的費用，除非另有約定，不能請求償還。

社團可以在全體社員三分之二以上同意下，隨時解散。

Unless the contract or a custom provides otherwise, the two contracting parties must share equally the remuneration owed to the intermediary for the mediation.

A broker who breaches duties to the principal and benefits the other party, or who receives benefits contrary to honesty and good faith, may not claim remuneration or reimbursement of expenses from the principal.

如果約定報酬過高而失公平，法院可以依報酬給付義務人的請求酌減；但若報酬已經給付，就不能再請求返還。

因婚姻居間而約定報酬的人，不能請求該報酬。

居間人對其媒介成立的契約，沒有代當事人給付或受領給付的權利。

如果當事人指定居間人不要向相對人透露其姓名或商號，居間人就有不告知的義務。

“行紀”是指以自己名義，替他人計算，從事動產買賣或其他商業交易並收取報酬的營業。

除本節另有規定外，行紀適用關於委任的規定。

行紀人為委託人代為交易時，對交易相對人可以取得權利，並且自行負擔義務。

如果行紀人為委託人訂立的契約，對方不履行債務時，行紀人應對委託人負直接履行契約的義務；但契約另有約定或另有習慣者除外。

如果社團事務無法依章程運作，法院可在主管機關、檢察官或利害關係人聲請後將其解散。

行紀人如果以低於委託人指定的價格賣出，或以高於委託人指定的價格買入，應補償差額。

If an intermediary sells above the principal’s specified price or buys below it, the resulting benefit belongs to the principal.

行紀人得按約定或習慣請求報酬、寄存費、運送費，以及為委託人利益支出的費用和利息。

行紀人保管委託人代買賣的物品時，原則上適用寄託規定；除非委託人另有指示，行紀人沒有為該物投保的義務。

If consigned goods are defective when they reach the commission agent, or are easily perishable by their nature, the commission agent must handle them as they would handle their own property, to protect the consignor’s interests.

If the consignor refuses to take the goods, the commission agent may set a reasonable period and demand acceptance; if the consignor still does not accept on time, the agent may sell the goods, recover the commission-related claim from the sale proceeds, and deposit any surplus. For perishable goods, the prior demand is not required.

If the consigned goods cannot be sold, or the principal withdraws the consignment, and the principal does not take back or dispose of the goods within a reasonable time, the commission agent may exercise its rights under the preceding article.

A commission merchant may, unless the parties agreed otherwise, buy or sell for themself when handling certain goods with a market price.

行紀人如果自己作為買受人或出賣人，且只通知委託人有訂約而不告知他方當事人姓名，視為自己承擔該方當事人的義務。

寄託是指一方交付物品給他方、他方同意保管的契約；受寄人原則上不得請求報酬，但契約另有約定或依情形本來就不是受報酬而保管者除外。

財團在登記前，必須先取得主管機關許可。

受寄人保管寄託物時，原則上應以處理自己事務同等的注意來處理；如果有收取報酬，則應以善良管理人注意為之。

受寄人未經寄託人同意，不得自己使用或讓第三人使用寄託物。

受寄人原則上應自己保管寄託物；但在寄託人同意、依習慣，或有不得已事由時，可以交由第三人代為保管。

受寄人違反前條並讓第三人代為保管寄託物時，原則上要賠償因此造成的損害；但若能證明即使不交由第三人保管也仍會發生損害，則不負該賠償責任。

If the parties agreed on how to store the deposited item, the bailee must not change that method unless there is an urgent circumstance and it can be presumed the depositor would have allowed the change.

寄託人應償還受寄人因保管寄託物而支出的必要費用，並支付自支出時起的利息；但如果契約另有約定，就依約定。

寄託人原則上要賠償受寄人因寄託物的性質或瑕疵所造成的損害，但若寄託人交付時並非因過失而不知道危險性質或瑕疵，或受寄人本來就知道，則不負責。

If a return deadline was agreed, the depositor may still ask for the deposited item to be returned at any time.

If there is no fixed return deadline, the bailee may return the deposited item at any time. If there is a fixed deadline, the bailee may not return it before the deadline unless there is an unavoidable reason.

受寄人返還寄託物時，也要一併返還該物的孳息。

A person’s legal capacity begins at birth and ends at death.

設立財團者原則上應訂立捐助章程；若是遺囑捐助，這個要求不適用。捐助章程還要寫明法人目的和所捐財產。

寄託物通常在應保管的地點返還；如果受寄人依第五百九十二條或第五百九十四條把寄託物移到其他地方，則可以在物的現在地返還。

If a deposit agreement sets remuneration, payment is due when the deposit relationship ends, or at each period end if the fee is periodic.

如果第三人對寄託物主張權利，受寄人原則上仍要把寄託物返還給寄託人；但若第三人對受寄人提起訴訟或扣押時，受寄人要立刻通知寄託人。

Claims for remuneration, expense reimbursement, or damages under a deposit contract expire if they are not exercised within one year after the deposit relationship ends.

A consumption deposit exists when fungible goods are transferred to the depositee and the depositee must return goods of the same kind, quality, and quantity. If a return deadline is set, the depositor may not ask for early return unless there is an unavoidable reason, and a different commercial usage can displace that rule.

If the deposited item is money, it is presumed to be a consumer deposit.

If deposited fungible goods are not agreed to be transferred to the bailee, the bailee may, with the depositor’s consent, mix them with similar goods and later return equivalent mixed goods. The depositors share the mixed goods in proportion to what they deposited.

（刪除）

This article is deleted.

住宿場所主人對客人攜帶物品的毀損或喪失應負責任，但因不可抗力、物的性質，或客人及其伴侶、隨從、來賓的故意或過失所致者除外。

飲食店、浴堂或類似場所的主人，原則上要對客人隨身帶來的通常物品毀損或喪失負責。

客人交付金錢、有價證券、珠寶或其他貴重物品保管時，應先報明其性質及數量；否則主人不負責任。主人無正當理由拒絕保管，或因自己或使用人的故意、過失造成毀損、喪失時，應負責任。

揭示若是用來限制或免除前三條所定主人的責任，該揭示無效。

財團設立時，董事要向主事務所及分事務所所在地的主管機關辦理登記，並附具捐助章程或遺囑備案。

客人知道物品毀損或喪失後，應立即通知主人。

依第606條至第608條生的損害賠償請求權，若自發現喪失或毀損起6個月內不行使，就會消滅；客人離開場所後滿6個月，也適用同樣效果。

主人對客人所攜帶的行李及其他物品，在住宿、飲食、沐浴或其他服務及墊款所生債權未清償前，有留置權。

“倉庫營業人”是指受報酬替他人堆藏並保管物品的人。

倉庫除本節另有規定外，適用關於寄託的規定。

倉庫營業人收到寄託物後，若寄託人請求，應填發倉單。

倉庫營業人必須在倉單上簽名，並把前列事項記載到倉單簿的存根。

倉單持有人可以請求倉庫營業人將寄託物分割成數部分並分別發給倉單，但必須交還原倉單，且分割與新倉單發給的費用由持有人負擔。

倉單所載貨物的所有權移轉，必須由寄託人或倉單持有人在倉單上背書，並由倉庫營業人簽名，才會生效。

倉單遺失、被盜或滅失後，倉單持有人可在公示催告程序開始後，提供相當擔保並請求補發新倉單。

倉庫營業人在約定保管期間屆滿前，不得要求移走寄託物；如果沒有約定保管期間，保管滿六個月後可以隨時要求移走，但要先一個月通知。

A donor sets a foundation’s organization and management methods by deed or will; if those arrangements are incomplete or omit important management methods, a court may make the necessary order on application.

Warehouse operators must let the depositor or warehouse receipt holder inspect stored goods, take samples, or carry out necessary preservation measures when requested.

倉庫契約終止後，如果寄託人或倉單持有人拒絕或不能移走寄託物，倉庫營業人可以先定相當期限要求移走；逾期未移走的，可以拍賣寄託物，並從拍賣款中扣除拍賣費用與保管費用後，將餘額交付給應得之人。

“運送人”指以運送物品或旅客為業並收取運費的人。

貨物運送與旅客運送的特定賠償請求權，若在運送終了或應終了時起算後未在法定期間內行使，就會消滅。

託運人應在運送人請求時填給託運單，並簽名。

承運人在收到運送物後，依託運人請求，應開立提單；提單並應記載指定事項，且由承運人簽名。

託運人必須向運送人交付運送上及稅捐警察所必要的文件，並提供必要說明。

提單簽發後，運送人和提單持有人之間，就運送事項，依提單記載辦理。

A named bill of lading may still be transferred by endorsement, unless the bill of lading states that endorsement is prohibited.

將提單交付給有受領物品權利的人時，這種交付在物品所有權移轉上，和實際交付物品有同樣效力。

Article 618-1 applies to bills of lading.

法院得在為維持財團目的或保存財產時，依捐助人、董事、主管機關、檢察官或利害關係人的聲請，變更財團組織。

If the consignee requests delivery of the cargo, the consignee must return the bill of lading.

If shipped goods are likely to cause harm because of their nature, the consignor must tell the carrier before the contract is made.

託運物品要在約定期間內運送；沒有約定時依習慣，兩者都沒有時則應在相當期間內運送。

運送人原則上不得變更託運人之指示。

運送人對運送物的喪失、毀損或遲到原則上要負責；但若能證明原因是不可抗力、運送物本身性質，或託運人／受貨人的過失，則不在此限。

If goods are lost or damaged because of an obvious defect in the packaging, the carrier is liable unless it makes a reservation when receiving the goods.

This provision is marked as deleted.

Multiple successive carriers are jointly liable for loss, damage, or delay of the goods, unless one carrier can prove it has no responsibility under Article 635.

運送物發生喪失、毀損或遲到時，損害賠償額依交付時目的地的價值計算；免付的運費及其他費用要從賠償額中扣除。

託運人如果在託運時報明貴重物品的性質及價值，運送人就要負責；如果沒有報明，運送人對其喪失或毀損不負責任。

財團董事若有違反捐助章程的行為，法院可依主管機關、檢察官或利害關係人的聲請，宣告該行為無效。

Damages for delay cannot exceed the damages that could be claimed if the transported goods were totally lost.

If certain transport-delaying or cargo-endangering situations arise, the carrier must take necessary care and measures.

Before notice of arrival is given to the consignee, or before the consignee asks for delivery after arrival, the consignor or bill-of-lading holder may ask the carrier to stop transport, return the goods, or take other action. The carrier may also claim proportional freight, related expenses, and reasonable damages.

運送物到達目的地時，運送人應立即通知受貨人。

When the goods reach the destination and the consignee asks for delivery, the consignee acquires the consignor’s rights arising from the carriage contract.

If transported goods are lost during transport because of force majeure, the carrier may not claim freight and must return amounts already received for the transport.

If a carrier delivers the goods before collecting freight and other charges, the carrier is liable for the freight and other charges owed to prior carriers.

運送人為保全其運費及其他費用可就運送物主張留置權；如運費或其他費用金額有爭執，受貨人可提存爭執金額並請求交付運送物。

If the consignee accepts the shipment and pays freight and other costs without reservation, the carrier’s liability ends. For hidden loss or damage that is hard to discover, the consignee must notify the carrier within 10 days after receipt; otherwise the earlier rule does not apply. If the carrier concealed the loss by fraud or caused it intentionally or by gross negligence, the carrier cannot rely on the earlier rules.

提單或其他文件中若記載免除或限制運送人責任，原則上沒有效力；但如果能證明託運人已明示同意，則例外。

If a change of circumstances makes a foundation’s purpose impossible to achieve, the competent authority may, considering the donor’s intent, change the purpose and necessary organization, or dissolve it.

當收貨人不明、提貨遲延或有其他交付障礙時，運送人應立即通知託運人並請其指示；在一定條件下，運送人可將貨物寄存倉庫或拍賣。

前條規定適用於受領權歸屬有訴訟、因此造成交付遲延的情形。

運送人可以先從拍賣代價中扣除拍賣費用、運費及其他費用，之後要把餘額交給應得之人；如果應得之人所在地不明，則應為其利益提存。

If goods are carried successively by multiple carriers, the last carrier may exercise the rights set out in Articles 647, 650, and 652 regarding freight and other expenses owed by all carriers.

Passenger carriers are liable for injury caused by transport and for transport delays, but not when the passenger is at fault or the injury is caused by force majeure.

If baggage is timely delivered to the carrier, the carrier must return it when the passenger arrives.

旅客逾一個月未領回行李時，運送人得催告取回；逾期仍未取回、旅客下落不明，或行李易腐壞時，運送人得依條件拍賣行李。

運送人處理旅客交託的行李時，即使沒有另外收運費，原則上適用關於物品運送的規定，但本款另有規定者除外。

運送人對旅客未交託的行李，若因自己或受僱人的過失而喪失或毀損，仍須負責。

運送人想在票、收據或其他文件上用條款免除或限制自己責任，原則上不生效力；只有在能證明旅客明示同意時，才例外有效。

This article defines immovable property as land and its fixtures, and says unseparated produce of immovable property counts as part of that property.

本條定義「承攬運送人」，並說明承攬運送除本節另有規定外，準用關於行紀的規定。

承攬運送人對託運物品的喪失、毀損或遲到應負責，但若能證明自己在接收保管、選定運送人、目的地交付及其他相關事項上未疏忽，則不在此限。

承攬運送人在為保全報酬與墊款清償所必要、並按比例時，對運送物有留置權。

承攬運送人原則上可以自行運送物品，但如果契約另有約定，則以契約為準。

If the transport is for the full agreed price, or the freight forwarder/carrier issues the bill of lading to the principal, it is treated as the forwarder carrying the goods itself and no additional remuneration may be claimed.

This article says the rules in Articles 631, 635, and 638 to 640 apply to contract carriage.

承攬運送人就運送物喪失、毀損或遲到所生的損害賠償請求權，須自交付或應交付時起一年內行使，逾期即消滅。

A partnership is a contract where two or more people agree to contribute capital to run a joint business.

A partner’s contributions and other partnership property are jointly owned by all partners.

合夥人原則上沒有義務在約定出資之外再加出資；因損失造成資本減少時，也沒有補足的義務。

This article defines movable property as things other than the immovable property referred to in the preceding article.

合夥決議原則上要有全體合夥人同意；合夥契約可另約定由全體或部分合夥人過半數決定，但合夥契約或事業種類的變更，仍須全體合夥人三分之二以上同意。

合夥事務原則上由全體合夥人共同執行；若約定或決議由部分合夥人執行，則由該部分合夥人共同執行。通常事務可由有執行權的各合夥人單獨執行，但其他有執行權的合夥人如提出異議，應停止執行。

合夥人執行合夥事務時，應以與處理自己事務同等的注意；受有報酬的合夥人，應以善良管理人的注意處理。

合夥決議中，有表決權的合夥人，無論出資多寡，原則上每人只有一票。

執行合夥事務的合夥人，沒有正當理由不得辭任；也不得在未經其他合夥人全體同意下被解任。

A partner without management rights may inspect the partnership’s affairs and property status and review the books, even if the contract says otherwise.

合夥的決算及利益分配，原則上應在每個事務年度結束時辦理，除非契約另有約定。

If partners do not agree on the profit/loss ratio, it is set according to each partner’s contribution. A ratio stated only for profits or only for losses is treated as applying to both. A partner contributing labor is exempt from loss allocation unless the contract says otherwise.

合夥人可請求償還因合夥事務所支出的費用；但合夥人執行合夥事務時，除契約另有訂定外，不得請求報酬。

合夥人依約定或決議執行合夥事務時，在其執行範圍內，對第三人代表其他合夥人。

An accessory thing is a component that helps the utility of the principal thing and belongs to the same owner; if there is a special trade custom, that custom applies.

合夥人執行合夥事務時，適用第537條至第546條關於委任的規定。

When partnership property is not enough to pay partnership debts, each partner is jointly liable for the shortfall.

合夥人在合夥清算前，不得請求分配合夥財產；對合夥負有債務的人，也不得用對任何合夥人的債權與其債務相抵銷。

A partner may not transfer their share to a third person without the consent of all other partners; transfers to another partner are allowed.

合夥人之債權人在合夥存續期間內，不得代位行使該合夥人對合夥的權利；但利益分配請求權不受此限制。

合夥人之債權人可以聲請扣押該合夥人的股份；扣押後兩個月內若該合夥人未清償或提供相當擔保，則自扣押時起發生退夥效力。

Certain partners may withdraw from a partnership, but they must give the other partners two months’ notice and cannot withdraw at a time that is unfavorable to partnership affairs.

合夥人會因死亡、受破產或監護宣告、或被開除而退夥；但如果契約另有約定繼承人可繼承，則死亡退夥的例外不適用。

合夥人要開除其他合夥人，限於有正當理由，並且要經其他合夥人全體同意，還要通知被開除的合夥人。

退夥時，結算要看當時的合夥財產狀況；退夥人的股分也可以用金錢抵還。

This provision defines natural fruits and legal fruits.

合夥人退夥後，仍要對其退夥前合夥所負的債務負責。

未經全體合夥人同意，不得允許他人加入為合夥人；新加入的合夥人，對其加入前合夥所負債務，負與其他合夥人相同的責任。

合夥在下列任一情況發生時解散：期限屆滿、全體合夥人同意，或目的事業已完成或無法完成。

If the partnership’s fixed term ends and the partners keep carrying on the business, the partnership is treated as continuing for an indefinite term.

合夥解散後，由全體合夥人或其選任的清算人負責清算。

If there are multiple liquidators, liquidation resolutions must be made by a majority.

If a partnership contract appoints one or more partners as liquidator, Article 674 applies.

合夥財產先用來清償合夥債務；必要時先保留足夠金額，剩餘財產再返還各合夥人的出資，非金錢出資按出資時價額返還，且可在必要範圍內變現財產。

If partnership property is not enough to return all partners’ contributions, the return must be made in proportion to each partner’s contribution amount.

合夥財產在清償合夥債務並返還各合夥人出資後，如有剩餘，依各合夥人應得利益的比例分配。

A fetus that will not be stillborn is treated as already born for protecting its personal interests.

A person entitled to collect natural fruits acquires the fruits separated from the original thing during the period of that right. A person entitled to collect legal fruits acquires them in proportion to the days the right lasts.