民事訴訟法

被告和當事人要在規定期限內向法院提出答辯狀或準備書狀，並直接通知對方。

如果審判長認為言詞辯論準備不足，可以定期限命當事人提出完整的準備書狀或答辯狀，也可以命其就特定事項詳細說明所用證據。

法院與審判長/受命法官須在程序後儘速排定期日，並推動當事人整理、簡化爭點；必要時可命提出摘要書狀。

If a party fails to submit briefs or evidence statements as required, the court may order that party to explain its reasons in writing. If the party still does not explain, the court may apply Article 276 or consider the matter at judgment based on the overall trial record.

法院在認為必要、且為使辯論易於終結時，可以在言詞辯論前採取指定的調查與送達前置處置。

Court jurisdiction is determined by the time the lawsuit is filed.

在合議審判的訴訟中，法院必要時可以指定一名庭員為受命法官進行準備程序，並且在特定情形下命受命法官調查證據。

受命法官可以為了釐清訴訟關係，命當事人說明、陳述、整理爭點，並在認為適當時採取不公開法庭的方式或指定期間要求當事人協議簡化爭點。

準備程序筆錄應記載當事人的聲明、攻擊或防禦方法、對造的回應，以及前條第一項事項和整理爭點的結果。

The rules in the two preceding articles also apply, as appropriate, to cases tried by a sole judge.

Certain court-power provisions apply to an investigating judge when conducting preparatory procedure; some also apply only if both parties agree to let the investigating judge handle it.

If one party does not appear at the preparatory hearing date, the procedure is carried out for the party that does appear and the record is served on the absent party. Unless a new date is needed, the assigned judge may end the preparatory procedure.

受命法官或法院可以命令重新開啟已終結的準備程序。

在準備程序後進行言詞辯論時，當事人應說明準備程序要點；審判長也可以命書記官改為朗讀準備程序筆錄。

當事人在準備程序後、言詞辯論時，原則上不得再主張未在準備程序中提出的事項，但有四種例外。

A party claiming a fact favorable to itself must prove that fact, unless the law provides otherwise or the result would be manifestly unfair in the circumstances.

Facts already obvious to the court or known through official duties do not need to be proven, and the parties must be allowed to argue about the facts before judgment.

對方在書狀、言詞辯論，或在受命法官、受託法官前自認的事實，原則上無須再舉證。

If a court finds it lacks jurisdiction over all or part of a lawsuit, it must transfer the case to the competent court, either on the plaintiff’s request or on its own motion. In certain unfair agreed-jurisdiction cases involving one legal person or merchant, the other party may request transfer before oral argument, except where both parties are legal persons or merchants.

當事人對他方主張的事實如果在言詞辯論時不爭執，通常視為自認；對於「不知道」或「不記得」的說法，是否視為自認由法院判斷。

A fact presumed by law does not need to be proved if there is no rebuttal.

法院可以根據已明瞭的事實，推定應證事實的真偽。

If a party intentionally destroys, hides, or makes evidence hard to use to obstruct the other side, the court may treat the other side’s claim or the fact to be proved by that evidence as true. Before judgment, the parties must be given a chance to argue.

When the court is unaware of custom, local regulations, or foreign law, the parties must prove it; the court may investigate on its own initiative.

A person asserting facts may use any evidence that can make the court believe the claim is true.

Evidence declarations should state the facts to be proved, and they may also be made before the oral argument date.

The court must investigate evidence stated by a party, except evidence the court considers unnecessary.

If there are obstacles that prevent the court from setting an investigation period in advance, the court may set the period on application. Even after the period ends, the court must still investigate if doing so will not delay the litigation.

The court may not form its view based only on evidence stated by the parties, may investigate evidence on its own when needed to discover the truth, and must give the parties a chance to comment during that investigation.

法院可以囑託相關機關或團體進行必要調查；受託者有配合調查的義務。

If there is an urgent situation before a transfer suit, the court must make the necessary disposition on a party’s application or on its own initiative.

法院在認為適當時，可以囑託他法院指定法官調查證據。

When a judge from another court is asked to take evidence, the presiding judge must inform the parties that they may designate a place for service at that court’s location or appoint a local resident as litigation agent.

受託法院知道應由另一法院調查證據時，可以代為囑託該法院；在該情形下，並應通知受訴法院及當事人理由。

受訴法院、受命法官或受託法官在必要時，可以在管轄區域外調查證據。

法院書記官在特定證據調查情形下，應製作調查證據筆錄；受託法官製作的調查證據筆錄，應送交受訴法院。

Evidence to be investigated abroad should be entrusted to the foreign country’s competent authority or to ROC diplomatic or other local institutions there; foreign evidence remains effective even if the foreign procedure violated that country’s law, so long as it does not violate ROC law.

調查證據時，即使當事人一造或雙方不到場，也可以進行。

法院在調查證據前，應先向當事人說明與訴訟有關的爭點；訊問證人及當事人本人時，應採集中方式進行。

如果在受訴法院外調查證據，當事人應在言詞辯論時陳述調查結果；審判長也可以命書記官以朗讀調查證據筆錄或其他文書代替。

聲明人應表明證人及訊問事項；如有二人以上證人，還應一併聲明。

通知證人的通知書應記載指定事項；若證人非有準備不能為證言，審判長還應記載訊問事項概要。

For a person with no domicile in the Republic of China or an unknown domicile, property-rights cases may be heard by the court where the defendant’s attachable property or the subject matter of the claim is located.

When a transfer order becomes final, the receiving court is bound by it, and the prior court may not transfer the case again to another court unless the other court has exclusive jurisdiction.

If an active-duty military person is summoned as a witness, the presiding judge must also notify the competent superior to have that person attend.

當通知監所或其他拘禁處所的人作證時，審判長也要通知該管長官，請其提送到場或派員提解到場。

Except where the law provides otherwise, anyone has a duty to serve as a witness in another person’s lawsuit.

證人受合法通知而無正當理由不到場，法院得處罰鍰；再次通知仍不到場時，還可再罰並拘提。

If the witness is the head of state, questioning must be done at the witness’s location.

This provision lets the court examine a witness at the witness’s location in some cases, allows written statements and video-based questioning under certain conditions, and requires oath/attestation steps for written or tech-based testimony.

If questioning a current or former public official witness about secret-duty matters, the questioner must obtain the supervising superior’s consent.

證人在特定情形下可以拒絕作證；審判長應在訊問前或得知情形後先告知。

Certain witnesses may not refuse to testify about specified family, property, legal-act, or prior-representative matters; if a confidentiality duty has been released, refusal is also barred.

證人拒絕證言時，應說明拒絕的原因與事實；法院在酌情時可改令具結代替釋明。

移送訴訟裁定確定後，該訴訟視為自始由受移送法院繫屬；法院書記官應迅速將裁定正本附卷並送交該法院。

Deleted provision.

This provision is marked “deleted.”

（刪除）

受訴法院應在訊問到場當事人後，裁定是否可拒絕證言。

證人如果未說明拒絕原因或事實而拒絕作證，或在相關拒絕作證裁定確定後仍拒絕，法院得裁定處新臺幣三萬元以下罰鍰。

審判長通常要在訊問前命證人各別具結，並在具結前告知具結義務與偽證處罰。

證人具結時要在結文內記載相關誓詞，並朗讀結文；不能朗讀或不能簽名時，由書記官依規定代為處理。

A witness giving a statement in writing must include a sworn declaration that the statement is true and must sign it.

Certain witnesses must not be required to swear an oath, and the court may also excuse oath-taking for specified categories of witnesses.

Article 311’s rules apply to a witness who refuses to give an oath/affirmation.

訊問證人時，原則上要與其他證人分開進行；審判長認為必要時，可以命與其他證人或當事人對質；證人在期日結束前未經審判長許可，不得離開法院或其他訊問場所。

審判長應先訊問證人的姓名、年齡、職業及住居所；必要時，還要訊問證人與當事人的關係及其他影響證言可信度的事項。

審判長應要求證人就訊問事項從頭到尾連續陳述；證人不得讀文件或以筆記代替陳述，但經審判長許可者例外。

審判長得為必要時詢問證人；陪席法官在告明審判長後，也可以詢問證人。

法官在列明的利益衝突情形之一時，必須自行迴避，且不得執行職務。

當事人可以申請由審判長向證人發問，或經向審判長說明後自行發問；也可以就證言信用相關事項發問。

法院在特定情況下可以要求當事人或旁聽人退庭；證人陳述完後，審判長應讓當事人入庭並告知陳述要旨。

受命法官或受託法官在訊問證人時，具有與法院及審判長相同的權限。

證人可以請求法定日費及旅費；但被拘提或無正當理由拒絕具結或作證者，不在此限。

鑑定原則上準用關於人證的規定，但本目另有規定者除外。

申請鑑定的人，必須說明要鑑定的事項。

法院選任鑑定人，並決定人數；在特定情況下也可先要求當事人表示意見，且可在選任後撤換鑑定人。

對於以鑑定方式調查證據時，具有調查證據權限的受命法官或受託法官，原則上準用前條規定；但若是由受訴法院選任鑑定人，則不適用這個例外規則。

有鑑定所需特別學識經驗，或受機關委任有鑑定職務的人，在他人訴訟中有擔任鑑定人的義務。

鑑定人不得拘提。

當事人在符合特定情形時，可以聲請法官迴避；但如果已就訴訟先前聲明或陳述後，原則上不能依第二款提出，除非迴避原因是之後才發生或之後才知道。

Certain disqualified persons may not serve as expert witnesses, unless no other suitable person is available or the parties agree to appoint them. A court may also excuse an expert witness from the duty to give an appraisal if it considers the refusal justified.

當事人可以用法官迴避的理由拒卻鑑定人，但不能只因該鑑定人在同一訴訟中曾任證人或鑑定人。鑑定人一旦已就鑑定事項陳述或提出鑑定書，原則上不得再聲明拒卻；若拒卻原因之後才發生或之後才知悉，則例外。

A person challenging an expert witness must state the reasons to the court or judge who appointed the expert.

If a ruling finds an expert appraiser’s statement improper, an appeal may be filed; if the statement is found proper, objection is not allowed.

鑑定人應在鑑定前具結，並在結文中載明會作公正、誠實的鑑定；若作虛偽鑑定，可能受偽證處罰。

法院、受命法官或受託法官可以命鑑定人提出鑑定書並陳述意見；在鑑定書需要說明時，也可以命鑑定人到場說明。

If there are multiple appraisers, they may be ordered to give their opinions jointly or separately.

法院在必要時可以命證人或當事人提供鑑定所需資料；若資料已在法院，也應通知鑑定人並准其利用。

鑑定人除了法定日費、旅費外，還可以請求相當報酬；鑑定所需費用也可依其請求預先酌給。

If a person is questioned because they know past facts through special knowledge, the rules on witness evidence apply.

A person asking for a judge’s recusal must state the reasons and file the request with the judge’s court.

法院在必要時，可以委託機關、團體，或請外國機關、團體進行鑑定或審查鑑定意見；需要說明的，由該機關或團體指定的人來說明。

聲明書證應以文書提出。

使用他方持有的文書作為證據時，應向法院聲請命對方提出該文書。

法院在特定情況下，必須以裁定命對造提出文書。

當事人原則上必須提出特定文書；就涉及隱私或業務秘密且公開可能造成重大損害的第五款文書，當事人可以拒絕提出，但法院必要時可命其提出，並以不公開方式進行。

If a party disobeys an order to produce a document without justifiable reason, the court may treat the other party’s claim or the fact to be proved by that document as true. Before judgment, the party must be given a chance to argue.

When a document is held by a third party, the party relying on it must ask the court to order production or set a period for the proof party to produce it.

法院在符合條件時，應裁定命第三人提出文書，或訂定舉證人提出文書的期間；作成裁定前，並應給第三人陳述意見的機會。

第三人提出文書時，適用第306條至第310條，以及第344條第1項第2款至第5款和第2項的規定。

第三人無正當理由不交出文書時，法院可以裁定處三萬元以下罰鍰；必要時，還可以命強制處分。

法院處理法官迴避聲請；原則由該法官所屬法院合議裁定，法官本人不得參與該裁定，且若聲請有理由，該法官應立即迴避。

法院得調取機關保管或公務員執掌的文書；在必要時，也可命其提出並以不公開方式進行。

第三人可以請求提出文書的費用，但如果屬於第三百四十九條第一項的情形，則不適用。

公文書通常要提出原本或經認證的繕本、影本；私文書要提出原本，但在僅爭執文書效力或解釋時，可提出繕本或影本。

法院可以命令提出文書原本；如果不提出或不能提出，法院會依自由心證判斷繕本或影本的證據力。

受訴法院可以決定，當受命法官或受託法官就文書調查證據時，筆錄應記載的事項及應附上的文書。

可認作公文書的文書，推定為真正；若公文書真偽有疑，法院得請作成名義的機關或公務員說明真偽。

法院可以依情況判定外國公文書的真偽；如果該文件已由駐在該國的中華民國使領館或其他機構證明，則推定為真正。

私文書原則上應由舉證人證明其真正；但如果他造對其真正不爭執，則不適用此規則。

If a party or agent knowingly disputes the authenticity of a genuine document, the court may fine them up to NT$30,000.

私文書在本人、代理人簽名蓋章按指印，或經法院／公證人認證時，推定為真正；若當事人對本人簽名、蓋章或按指印表示不知或不記憶，是否仍推定真正，由法院依情況判定。

文書真偽可以用筆跡或印跡比對來證明；法院也可以命當事人或第三人提出可供比對的文書。

法官迴避聲請被裁定駁回時，可以抗告；如果該聲請被認定正當，則不得聲明不服。

法院在沒有可供比對的適當筆跡時，可以指定文字，命文書的作成名義人書寫供核對。

If an original document must be returned, a copy, duplicate, or excerpt must be attached to the file. If an original document submitted in a case is suspected to be forged or altered, the court must keep it until the litigation ends, unless it must be delivered to another agency.

This provision is deleted.

法院在必要時可以命令就前二項的文書、物件或其內容書面作說明。

申請勘驗時，必須說明要勘驗的標的物和事項。

在勘驗時，受訴法院、受命法官或受託法官可以命鑑定人參與。

勘驗時，必要時應把圖畫或照片附在筆錄上，也可以把錄音、錄影或其他相關物件附在卷宗內。

Several listed provisions apply to inspection/examination mutatis mutandis.

法院必要時可以依職權訊問當事人；審判長也可以在訊問前後命當事人具結。

對依前條具結後故意作虛偽陳述、且足以影響裁判結果的人，法院得裁定新臺幣三萬元以下罰鍰。

在訊問當事人或其法定代理人時，前述多項條文規定準用。

在證據可能滅失、難以使用，或對方同意時，可以向法院聲請保全；在有法律上利益且必要時，也可以聲請鑑定、勘驗或保全書證。

Evidence-preservation applications are filed with different courts depending on whether the case has already been brought, and urgent cases may also be filed with a local district court after filing.

被聲請迴避的法官，原則上在該聲請事件終結前應停止訴訟程序；但若聲請違反特定規定或明顯是為了拖延訴訟，則不適用。

申請保全證據時，申請人要寫明指定的事項，並就第一款和第四款的理由加以釋明。

法院要裁定保全證據聲請；准許時要寫明證據與應證事實。

法院在訴訟進行中認為必要時，可以依職權作出保全證據的裁定。

This provision says the evidence-taking hearing date should be notified to the applicant, and in some cases the application documents or record and the order should be served on the other party before the date. If a party is present at that hearing date, they may be asked to state their views.

If the other party is unknown or cannot be notified in time for evidence-taking, the court may appoint a special representative to protect that party’s evidence-related rights.

調查證據筆錄由負保全證據的法院保管；如果案件繫屬另一法院，該筆錄應送交那一法院。

當事人在言詞辯論程序聲請再訊問已於保全證據程序訊問過的證人時，法院原則上應予訊問；但若法院認為沒有必要，則不在此限。

Evidence preservation procedure costs are generally treated as part of litigation costs, unless another rule provides otherwise.

在保全證據程序中，若雙方到場並就爭點達成協議，法院應把協議記入筆錄；若協議是就訴訟標的成立，還要記明法律關係與爭議情形。協議成立後，筆錄正本應在十日內送達當事人。

在保全證據程序終結後逾30日、且本案尚未繫屬時，法院可依利害關係人聲請，解除留置或作其他適當處置；在前項期間內，法院也可命保全證據聲請人負擔程序費用，且前二項裁定可抗告。

法院可以隨時進行和解；受命法官或受託法官也可以進行。第三人經法院許可可以參加和解，法院認為必要時也可以通知第三人參加。

When settlement is nearly agreed, the parties may ask the court or judge to set a settlement plan within the scope they state. The application must be in writing, and once the plan is notified or served, the parties cannot withdraw it.

當事人有和解可能且一方到場有困難時，法院、受命法官或受託法官可以提出和解方案；方案要送達雙方並限期表示是否接受。

For a settlement trial or settlement plan, the relevant authority may require the parties or their legal representatives to appear in person.

和解成立後，應作成和解筆錄；若屬視為和解成立，則要在10日內書面通知當事人及參加和解的第三人，且該通知視為和解筆錄。

If a judge has a ground for self-recusal, the court or presiding judge must issue a recusal ruling. A judge covered by Article 33(1)(2) may recuse with the presiding judge’s consent.

If a settlement has the same effect as a final judgment, a party may ask to continue the trial when the settlement is invalid or revocable, and must pay the refundable court fee specified in Article 84(2) when making that request.

當事人就未聲明事項或有第三人參加而成立和解時，該和解得作為執行名義。

If a case is ready for judgment, the court must give a final judgment. If several cases are being heard together and one is ready for judgment, the court must first give a final judgment, except where Article 205(3) applies.

法院在特定爭點已可裁判時，可以先就部分訴訟標的作成終局判決；本訴或反訴也是如此。

法院在爭點已達可裁判程度時，可以就獨立攻擊或防禦方法作成中間判決；對於訴訟程序上的中間爭點，也可以先作成裁定。

If a party abandons or admits the claim during oral argument, the court must enter judgment against that party.

法院在宣示捨棄或認諾判決時，可以把判決主文裁判事項和理由要領記入言詞辯論筆錄，不必另作判決書；中間判決或捨棄、認諾判決的判決書，也可以把事實及理由合併記其要領。

在言詞辯論期日，一方不到場時，法院可依在場當事人聲請或依職權進行一造辯論判決；在共同訴訟特定情形下也適用。

If any listed condition exists, the court must dismiss the prior application and extend the hearing date.

當事人即使在辯論期日到場，但如果不進行辯論，會視同未到場。

Unless another rule says otherwise, the court must not decide issues that the parties did not raise.

法院應依職權對特定判決宣告假執行。

本節規定也適用於司法事務官、法院書記官及通譯。

在財產權訴訟中，原告符合本條條件並聲請時，法院應宣告假執行；若原告表示可先提供擔保，即使沒有前項釋明，法院也應定擔保額並在供擔保後准許假執行。

如果被告說明假執行會讓他受到無法回復的損害，法院應依聲請不准假執行；若屬前條情形，則應駁回原告的假執行聲請。

法院可以命令：除非原告先提供擔保，否則不得進行假執行；也可以依聲請或依職權，允許被告提供擔保或將請求標的物提存，以免除假執行。

A request for provisional execution must be made before the end of oral argument, and the court’s decision on provisional execution must be included in the judgment’s operative part.

法院應依職權宣告假執行；如未宣告，或漏未處理假執行或免為假執行的聲請，則準用第二百三十三條的規定。

If a provisional execution declaration is reversed or changed with the main judgment, it loses effect within that reversed or changed scope. The court must, on the defendant’s request, order the plaintiff to return or compensate amounts paid or damages arising from provisional execution or exemption from provisional execution.

法院可以在判決中為給付 تعیین履行期間或命分期給付；若被告遲誤一次分期，後續期間視為都已到期，而且裁判前應給當事人辯論機會。

A party may file a new lawsuit to ask for a change to an unsatisfied final judgment’s payment or other legal effect if later changed circumstances after oral argument make the result clearly unfair, and no other legal remedy is available.

This provision says when a judgment becomes final: normally when the appeal period expires, unless a lawful appeal is filed in time; judgments that cannot be appealed become final when announced, or when published if not announced.

當事人可以聲請法院付與判決確定證明書；通常由第一審法院付與，但卷宗在上級法院時由上級法院付與，且應在聲請後七日內付與。

對生徒、受僱人或其他寄寓人而言，涉及財產權的訴訟得由寄寓地法院管轄。

These groups are recognized as having party capacity: persons with legal capacity, fetuses for benefits they may enjoy, unincorporated associations with a representative or manager, and central or local agencies.

A final judgment generally has binding force for the claim that was adjudicated; if a set-off claim was ruled on, the binding force is limited to the amount of the set-off claim asserted.

A final judgment also has effect against certain non-parties, including successors after the lawsuit is pending and people holding the claimed item for a party or successor. The same rule applies to a declaration of provisional execution.

A final foreign court judgment is not recognized if any listed ground applies.

Certain disputes must be mediated by the court before a lawsuit is filed, unless an exception in Article 406(1) applies.

Certain cases may be taken to mediation before filing suit; if there is an agreement requiring court mediation first and a party files suit directly, the case is treated as a mediation request after the other side objects. Once oral arguments on the merits have begun, that objection is no longer allowed.

調解要依當事人的聲請進行；聲請人要說明調解標的的法律關係與爭議，若有書面證據，還要提出原本或影本。

法院在符合列舉情形時，可以直接裁定駁回調解聲請；該裁定不得聲明不服。

這條規定調解程序通常由簡易庭法官進行，特定移付調解事件可由原法院、受命法官或受託法官處理。

地方法院要先把轄區內適合擔任調解委員的人選列冊；調解委員的人數、資格、任期與聘免事項，由司法院定之。必要時，法官也可以選任名冊以外的人擔任調解委員。

法官依職權定調解期日；續行調解期日得由主任調解委員，沒有主任調解委員時得由調解委員決定。聲請書狀或言詞聲請筆錄要和調解期日通知書一起送達給對造，通知書也要記載不到場的法定效果。

調解時由調解委員指揮程序；如果調解委員有二人以上，法官指定其中一人為主任調解委員指揮。

必要時，法官可以命當事人或法定代理人本人在調解期日到場；調解委員認有必要時，也可以報請法官處理。

If a party fails to attend mediation without a valid reason, the court may impose a fine of up to NT$3,000. The same applies if a principal fails to follow the prior article’s order despite having an agent present. An appeal is allowed, and enforcement is suspended during the appeal.

法院為調解需要時，可以依當事人聲請命他造維持現狀、不得處分標的物，或命為一定作為／不作為；必要時還可要求聲請人提供擔保。

有共同利益的多數人，在不符合前條第三項時，可以互選一人或數人，代表全體起訴或被訴。

調解通常在法院進行；必要時也可以在其他適當地點進行，但由調解委員在其他地點進行時，必須先取得法官許可。

調解委員在認為調解有第四百零六條第一項所列情形之一時，應報請法官處理。

調解委員進行調解時，可以領取日費、旅費，並可酌發報酬；計算方法與金額由司法院訂定。

與調解事件有利害關係的第三人，經法官許可後可以參加調解程序。法官也可以通知該事件並命其參加。

調解時，得聽取相關人員陳述、查看現場或調解標的物；必要時，法官得調查證據。

調解時應以和平、懇切的態度，適當勸導當事人，並就調解事件酌擬平允方案，力求雙方和諧。

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財產權爭議的調解，可在雙方同意下由調解委員決定調解條款；必要時也可由法官在徵詢雙方同意後處理。

調解成立通常與訴訟上和解有同一效力；若有無效或可撤銷原因，當事人可向原法院起訴請求宣告無效或撤銷。

在財產權爭議調解中，若當事人已幾乎達成協議但仍未合意，法官應綜合情況、在有調解委員時徵詢其意見，並在不違反雙方主要意思的範圍內提出解決方案。

當事人或參加調解之利害關係人，可以在送達後十日內對前條方案提出異議；法院應通知相關人。

調解不成立時，法院可依一方聲請，按原本適用的訴訟程序直接進行訴訟辯論；另一方聲請延展期日的，法院應准許。

前條涉及訴訟當事人的選定、更換或增減時，應以書面證明。

如果當事人一方或雙方在期日不到場，法官可視情況認定調解不成立，或另訂調解期日。

During a first-instance lawsuit, the parties may agree to send the case to mediation. If mediation is settled, the lawsuit ends; if it fails, the case continues. The plaintiff may ask for a refund of two-thirds of paid court fees within three months after settlement.